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Income taxes
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2024
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income taxes
NOTE 9 — Income taxes

The following table outlines our pre-tax net (loss) income and income tax amounts:
Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
In thousands2024202320242023
(Loss) income before income taxes$(26,083)$13,576 $(113,859)$(4,850)
(Benefit) provision for income taxes(6,429)16,144 (23,154)148 
Effective tax rate24.6 %118.9 %20.3 %(3.1)%

The (benefit) provision for income taxes is calculated by applying the projected annual effective tax rate for the year to the current period income or loss before tax plus the tax effect of any significant or unusual items (discrete events), and changes in tax laws.

The benefit for income taxes for the three months ended September 30, 2024, was mainly driven by the pre-tax book loss offset by the valuation allowances on non-deductible U.S. interest expense carryforwards, the global intangible low-taxed income inclusion and state tax expense. The benefit was calculated using an estimated annual effective tax rate of 0.9%. The estimated annual effective tax rate before discrete items is principally impacted by the global intangible low-taxed income
inclusion, valuation allowances on non-deductible interest expense carryforwards, and foreign tax expense and was partially offset by the benefit of U.S. pre-tax book loss. The estimated annual effective tax rate is based on the projected tax expense for the full year.

The benefit for income taxes for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, was mainly driven by the release of uncertain tax position reserves related to an Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") audit, the release of foreign valuation allowances and the pre-tax book loss and was partially offset by the increase in valuation allowances on non-deductible U.S. interest expense carryforwards and other miscellaneous items.

The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, may impact the effective tax rate was approximately $44.6 million and $52.6 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefit as a component of income tax expense. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company released approximately $11.1 million of the uncertain tax position reserves and approximately $4.7 million of interest and penalties related to an IRS audit in the second quarter of 2024. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the amount of accrued interest and penalties payable related to unrecognized tax benefits was $0.1 million and $4.6 million, respectively.

The provision for income taxes for the three months ended September 30, 2023, was mainly driven by an increase in the estimated annual effective tax rate applied to the full year resulting from a decrease in the net income before tax projections used in the third quarter of 2023, the change in valuation allowances on non-deductible U.S. interest expense carryforwards, and the global intangible low-taxed income inclusion. The provision was calculated using an estimated annual effective tax rate of 159.4%.

The provision for income taxes for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was mainly driven by the change in valuation allowances on non-deductible U.S. interest expense carryforwards and the global intangible low-taxed income inclusion, partially offset by the tax benefit of the year to date pre-tax book loss.