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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Polices) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2017
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies |
Basis of Presentation | Basis of Presentation The Company’s financial statements as of December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 and for the years then ended have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.
Use of Estimates | Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Significant estimates include useful lives of long-lived assets, the periods over which certain revenues and expenses will be recognized including collaboration revenue recognized from non-refundable upfront licensing payments, the amount of non-cash compensation costs related to share-based payments to employees and non-employees and the period over which these costs are expensed.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements | Recent Accounting Pronouncements Pronouncements adopted in 2017 In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which amends the current stock compensation guidance. The amendments simplify the accounting for the taxes related to stock based compensation, including adjustments to how excess tax benefits and a company's payments for tax withholdings should be classified. In addition, the standard allows an entity-wide accounting policy election to either estimate the number of awards that are expected to vest, as currently required, or account for forfeitures when they occur. We adopted the new standard on January 1, 2017 and established an accounting policy election to account for forfeitures when they occur. We applied the modified retrospective approach which resulted in a cumulative-effect adjustment of an increase of $0.4 million to accumulated deficit and additional paid-in capital. The adoption will result in periodic adjustments in the recognition of stock compensation expense associated with forfeitures in the period in which they occur. The remaining aspects of adopting the new standard did not have a material impact on our financial statement position or results from operations. Pronouncements not yet effective In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, as a new Topic, Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606 (ASC 606). The new guidance for revenue recognition will be adopted in the first quarter of 2018 using the full retrospective method. ASC 606 requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers and replaces most of the existing revenue recognition standards in U.S. GAAP. A five-step model will be used to achieve the core principle: (1) identify the customer contract, (2) identify the contract’s performance obligations, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations and (5) recognize revenue when or as a performance obligation is satisfied. The Company’s assessment of the new standard’s impact is substantially complete. Under the new guidance, the timing of revenue recognition from licensing of our intellectual property that are functional and are distinct performance obligations will change from being recognized over the term of access to the license or technology to being recognized at a point in time. The other material change from adoption of ASC 606 relates to the timing of revenue under certain deliverables in our Novartis and Amgen collaborations. ASC 606 provides that revenue recognition for performance obligations related to delivery of certain goods or services occurs when control over the good or service is transferred to the customer. As a result, under ASC 606 we will recognize revenue related to certain deliverables in the Amgen and Novartis collaboration in an earlier period than under current U.S. GAAP standards. Upon adoption the Company will restate its revenues and earnings for the 2016 and 2017 periods. We estimate that the restated revenue and earnings will be $21.5 million higher in 2016 and $10.4 million higher in 2017 than originally reported because of adopting ASC 606. The increase in revenue and earnings from restatement under ASC 606 is primarily related to revenue recognized under our Amgen and Novartis arrangements. In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments – Overall: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Liabilities, which eliminates the available-for-sale classification for equity securities and requires equity securities to be measured at fair value with changes in the fair value recognized through net income. The ASU eliminates the available-for-sale classification for equity investments that recognized changes in the fair value as a component of other comprehensive income. The new standard will be effective for periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Although we intend to adopt the standard on the effective date we do not carry any equity securities in our investment portfolio. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02 Leases. The new guidance requires lessees to recognize in the statement of financial position a liability to make lease payments (the lease liability) and a right-of-use asset representing its right to use the underlying asset for the lease term for all leases not considered short term. The new standard will be effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. In January 2018 the FASB issued an exposure draft of the proposed ASU, Lease (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements, which provides an alternative transition method of adoption, permitting the recognition of cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings on the date of adoption. We intend to adopt the standard on the effective date, but have not yet selected a transition method. We are currently evaluating our leases which includes a review of our lease expenses, which are primarily operating lease arrangements for our facilities in Monrovia and San Diego. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which amends the guidance on reporting credit losses for assets held at amortized cost basis and available-for-sale debt securities. Credit losses relating to available-for-sale debt securities will be recorded through an allowance for credit losses rather than as a direct write-down to the security. Credit losses on available-for-sale securities will be required when the amortized cost is below the fair market value. The amendment is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 including interim periods within those fiscal years. We will apply the standard’s provision as a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first effective reporting period. We do not expect the adoption to have a material impact on our results of operations or financial position. In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, which addresses eight specific cash flow issues with the objective of reducing the existing diversity in practice. The standard clarifies when cash receipts and cash payments have aspects of more than one class of cash flows and cannot be separated, classification will depend on the predominant source or use. The amendment is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017 with early adoption permitted. We will adopt the new standard in the first quarter of 2018 and we do not expect the adoption to have a material impact on our statement of cash flows. In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-08, Receivables – Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310-20): Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities, which amends the guidance on the amortization period of premiums on certain purchased callable debt securities by shortening the amortization period of premiums to the earliest call date. The amendment affects all entities that hold investments in callable debt securities that have an amortized cost basis in excess of the amount that is repayable by the issuer at the earliest call date. The amendment is effective for fiscal years after December 31, 2018 with early adoption permitted. The Company will review the requirements of the standard but does not anticipate it will have a significant impact on our financial statements. In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting. The standard applies when a company changes the terms of a stock compensation award previously granted to an employee where modification accounting applies. According to the standard, modification accounting is not required if (1) the fair value of the modified award (or the award’s calculated value or intrinsic value as appropriate) is the same as the value immediately prior to its modifications, (2) the vesting conditions of the modified award are the same as the vesting conditions of the award immediately prior to its modifications; and, (3) the award’s classification as an equity or liability is the same after the modification as it was immediately prior to its modification. The Company will adopt the new standard in the first quarter of 2018 but does not anticipate that the standard will have a significant impact on its financial statements. In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02. Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, an amendment which permits companies to reclassify the income tax effects of the 2017 Tax Cust and Jobs Act (TCJA) on items within accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings. The standard also requires new disclosures about these stranded tax effects and is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted and can be applied either in the period of adoption or retrospectively to each period (or periods) in which the effect of the change in the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate in the TCJA is recognized. The Company is currently evaluating the impact the guidance will have on its financial statements. There have been no material changes to the significant accounting policies previously disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016.
Revenue Recognition | Revenue Recognition We have, to date, earned revenue from research and development collaborations, which may include research and development services, licenses of our internally-developed technologies, licenses of our internally-developed drug candidates, or combinations of these. We recognize revenue when all of the following criteria are met: persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; transfer of, or access to, the rights of our drug candidates or technologies has been completed or services have been rendered; our price to the customer is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. The terms of our license and research and development and collaboration agreements generally include non-refundable upfront payments, research funding, co-development reimbursements, license fees and, milestone and other contingent payments to us for the achievement of defined collaboration objectives and certain clinical, regulatory and sales‑based events, as well as royalties on sales of any commercialized products. The terms of our licensing agreements include non‑refundable upfront fees, annual licensing fees, and contractual payment obligations for the achievement of pre‑defined preclinical, clinical, regulatory and sales‑based events by our partners. The licensing agreements also include royalties on sales of any commercialized products by our partners. Multiple‑Element Revenue Arrangements. Certain of our collaboration and license agreements represent multiple‑element revenue arrangements. To account for such transactions, we determine the elements, or deliverables, included in the arrangement and determine which deliverables are separate units for accounting purposes. We consider delivered items to be separate units of accounting if the delivered items have stand‑alone value to the customer. If the delivered items are separate units we allocate the consideration received or due under the arrangement to the various elements based on each elements’ relative selling price. The identification of individual elements in a multiple‑element arrangement and the estimation of the selling price of each element involve significant judgment, including consideration as to whether each delivered element has standalone value to the customer. We determine the estimated selling price for deliverables within each arrangement using VSOE of selling price, if available, or third‑party evidence of selling price if VSOE is not available, or our best evidence of selling price if neither VSOE nor third‑party evidence is available. To date, we have used our best evidence of selling price for each of our deliverables. Determining the best estimate of selling price for a deliverable requires significant judgment. We use our best estimate of selling price to estimate the selling price for licenses to our technologies and product candidates, since we do not have VSOE or third‑party evidence of selling price for these deliverables. The basis of our estimate of selling price is the arm’s length negotiation with the licensee that occurs in each transaction. The potential value of our technology to a licensee in a transaction depends on a variety of factors unique to each transaction. Factors that impact the negotiation and hence that we consider in our estimates center on the specific product candidate and include: the product candidate’s potential market size, the product candidate’s stage of development, the existence of competitive technologies that could be substituted for ours by the licensee and the scientific assessment of the product candidate’s likelihood of success at various development stages. The most common deliverable for our licensing transactions is the commercial license for our technology in the product candidate, and frequently a research license with an option for commercial license. We have also entered into multiple arrangements that involve the deliverable of drug candidates at various stages of development. The upfront payments, annual license fees, contingent payments, milestones and royalties relate to these licenses and/or options and depend on the product‑specific factors described above. The other significant deliverable is research and development services and the price for these depends on estimates for our personnel and supply costs and the costs of third‑party contract research organizations necessary to support the services. We recognize consideration allocated to an individual element when all other revenue recognition criteria are met for that element. Our multiple‑element revenue arrangements may include the following:
| · |  | License arrangements The deliverables under our collaboration and license agreements generally include exclusive or non‑exclusive licenses to one or more of our technologies. The technologies can be applied to a collaborator’s product candidates for discovery, development, manufacturing and commercialization. We will also enter into agreements for the exclusive or non‑exclusive licenses to our internally developed product candidates. To account for this element of the arrangement, we evaluate whether the exclusive or non‑exclusive license has standalone value apart from the undelivered elements to the collaboration partner, which may include research and development services or options for commercial licenses, based on the consideration of the facts and circumstances of each arrangement, including the research and development capabilities of the collaboration partner and other market participants. We recognize arrangement consideration allocated to licenses upon delivery of the license, if the facts and circumstances indicate the license has standalone value apart from the undelivered elements. If facts and circumstances indicate that the delivered license does not have standalone value from the undelivered elements, we recognize the revenue as a combined unit of accounting. In those circumstances we recognize revenue from non‑refundable upfront fees in the same manner as the undelivered item(s), which is generally the period over which we provide research and developments services.
| · |  | Collaboration Arrangements The deliverables under our collaboration arrangements generally involve the license to certain rights to one or more of our product candidates in addition to a license to access one or more of our technologies. These arrangements may require us to apply our technologies to a partner-identified or provided antibody and deliver a drug candidate that incorporates one of our technologies to the partner. To account for the element of the rights to a drug candidate that we have created, we evaluate whether the rights to the drug candidate has standalone value separate from the obligation to apply our technologies to partner-identified antibodies. We recognize arrangement consideration allocated to the rights to the drug candidates upon transfer of the rights to the partner which generally occurs upon execution of the agreement. We recognize arrangement consideration allocated to the obligation to apply our technologies to partner-identified antibodies as the partner accepts the drug candidates that incorporates our technologies, subject to any substitution or replacement provisions.
| · |  | Research and Development Services The deliverables under our collaboration and license arrangements may include research and development services we perform on behalf of or with the collaboration partner. As the provision of research and development services is an integral part of our operations and we may be principally responsible for the performance of these services under the agreements, we recognize revenue on a gross basis for research and development services as we perform those services. Additionally, we recognize research related funding under collaboration research and development efforts as revenue as we perform or deliver the related services in accordance with contract terms.
Milestone Revenue. Our collaboration and license agreements generally include contingent contractual payments related to achievement of specific research, development and regulatory milestones and sales‑based milestones that are based solely upon the performance of the licensee or collaborator. Research, development and regulatory contingent contractual payments and milestone payments are typically payable under our collaborations when our collaborator selects a compound, or initiates or advances a covered product candidate in preclinical or clinical development, upon submission for marketing approval of a covered product with regulatory authorities, upon receipt of actual marketing approvals of a covered product or for additional indications, or upon the first commercial sale of a covered product. Sales‑based contingent contractual payments are typically payable when annual sales of a covered product reach specific levels. At the inception of each arrangement that includes contingent contractual payments, we evaluate whether each potential payment and milestone is substantive and at risk to both parties based on the basis of the contingent nature of the milestone event. We evaluate factors such as scientific, regulatory, commercial and other risks that we must overcome to achieve the respective milestone event, whether the contractual payment due at each milestone event is reasonable relative to all deliverables and payment terms in the arrangement in making this assessment and whether the contingent contractual payment relates solely to past performance. Additionally, certain of our product development and technology license arrangements may include milestone payments related to the achievement of specific research and development milestones, which are achieved in whole or in part on our performance. We recognize any payment that is contingent upon the achievement of a substantive milestone entirely in the period in which the milestone is achieved. A milestone is defined as an event that can only be achieved based in whole or in part either on our performance, or the performance of our collaborators, or the occurrence of a specific outcome resulting from our past performance for which there is a substantive uncertainty at the date the arrangement is entered into that the event will be achieved.
Collaborative Research and Licensing Agreements | Collaborative Research and Licensing Agreements Novartis In June 2016, the Company entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement (the Novartis Agreement) with Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., (Novartis), to develop and commercialize bispecific and other Fc engineered antibody drug candidates using the Company’s proprietary XmAb® technologies and drug candidates. Pursuant to the Novartis Agreement:
| · |  | The Company granted Novartis certain exclusive rights to research, develop and commercialize XmAb14045 and XmAb13676, two development stage products that incorporate the Company’s bispecific Fc technology,
| · |  | The Company will apply its bispecific technology in up to four target pair antibodies identified by Novartis (each a Global Discovery Program) and,
| · |  | The Company will provide Novartis with a non-exclusive license to certain of its Fc technologies to apply against up to ten targets identified by Novartis.
The Company received a non-refundable upfront payment under the Novartis Agreement of $150 million in July 2016 and is eligible to receive up to $2.4 billion in future development, regulatory and sales milestones in total for all programs that could be developed under the Agreement. Under the Novartis Agreement, the Company granted Novartis a worldwide co-exclusive license with Xencor to research, develop and manufacture XmAb14045 and XmAb13676. The Company also granted Novartis an exclusive license to commercialize XmAb14045 and XmAb13676 in all worldwide territories outside the United States (U.S.). The Company and Novartis will co-develop XmAb14045 and XmAb13676 worldwide and share development costs. The Company may elect to opt-out of the development of either program by providing notice to Novartis. If the Company elects to opt-out with respect to a program, Novartis will receive the Company’s U.S. rights to the program and the Company will receive low double-digit royalties on U.S. net sales in addition to the royalties on net sales outside the U.S. Pursuant to the Novartis Agreement, the Company will apply its bispecific technology to up to four target pair antibodies selected, if available for exclusive license to Novartis and not subject to a Xencor internal program. The Company will apply its bispecific technology to generate bispecific antibody candidates from starting target pair antibodies provided by Novartis for each of the four Global Discovery Programs and return the bispecific product candidate to Novartis for further testing, development and commercialization. Novartis has the right to substitute up to four of the original selected target pair antibodies during the research term provided that Novartis has not filed and received acceptance for an Investigational New Drug Application (IND) with the Xencor provided bispecific candidate. The research term is five years from the date of the Novartis Agreement. Novartis will assume full responsibility for development and commercialization of each product candidate under each of the Global Discovery Programs. Under the Novartis Agreement, the Company has the right to participate in the development and commercialization of one of the Global Discovery Programs prior to filing an IND for the Global Discovery Program. If the Company elects to participate in development, it will assume responsibility for 25% of the worldwide development costs for the program and 50% of commercialization costs and will receive 50% of the US profits on net sales of the product. Under the Novartis Agreement, the Company is also granting Novartis a non-exclusive research license to use certain of the Company’s Fc technologies, specifically Cytotoxic, Xtend and Immune Inhibitor to research, develop, commercialize and manufacture antibodies against up to ten targets selected by Novartis, if available for non-exclusive license and not subject to a Xencor internal program. Novartis will assume all research, development and commercialization costs for products that are developed from application of the Fc technologies. The Company evaluated the Novartis Agreement and determined that it is a revenue arrangement with multiple deliverables or performance obligations. The Company’s substantive performance obligations under the Agreement include:
| · |  | delivery of an exclusive license to commercialize XmAb14045 in worldwide territories outside the U.S., with worldwide co-exclusive rights with Xencor to research, develop and manufacture XmAb14045
| · |  | delivery of an exclusive license to commercialize XmAb13676 in worldwide territories outside the U.S., with worldwide co-exclusive rights with Xencor to research, develop and manufacture XmAb13676
| · |  | application of its bispecific technology to four Novartis selected target pair antibodies and delivery of four bispecific product candidates and,
| · |  | delivery of a non-exclusive license to its Fc technologies: Cytotoxic, Xtend and Immune Inhibitor.
The Company determined that the $150 million upfront payment represents the total initial consideration and was allocated to each of the deliverables using the best estimate of selling price which was allocated using the relative selling price method. The Company determined that each of the development and regulatory milestones is substantive. Although sales milestones are not considered substantive, they are still recognized upon achievement of a milestone. After identifying each of the deliverables included in the arrangement, the Company determined the relative selling price using its best estimate of selling price for each of the deliverables. The estimated selling price for the licensing rights to the XmAb13676 Program are the Company’s best estimate of selling price and was determined based on market conditions, similar arrangements entered into by third parties including the Company’s understanding of pricing terms offered for comparable transactions that involve licensing bispecific antibody development candidates. The Company reviewed recent published market transactions that are comparable to the license of the XmAb13676 Program in the Novartis Agreement. The Company adjusted the value of the published market information to reflect differences in stage of development and rights and potential markets to determine the estimated selling price for the license rights to the XmAb13676 program. This amount represents the value that a third party would be willing to pay for certain rights to the XmAb13676 Program including the exclusive right to commercialize XmAb13676 in all territories outside the U.S. The Company determined the estimated selling price for the rights to the XmAb14045 Program using the income approach by calculating a risk-adjusted present value of the potential revenue that could be earned from the license reduced by the minimum development costs that the Company is obligated to fund under the Agreement. This amount represents the value that a third party would be willing to pay for certain rights to the XmAb14045 Program including the right to commercialize XmAb14045 in all territories outside the U.S. The best estimated selling price for each Global Discovery Programs was determined using the income approach by calculating a risk-adjusted net present value of the potential revenue that could be earned from each Global Program license reduced by the estimated cost of the Company’s efforts to deliver the completed Global Program bispecific candidate to Novartis. These amounts represent the value that a third party would be willing to pay as an upfront for access to the Company’s bispecific technology and capabilities. The Company’s best estimated selling price for the Fc licenses is its best estimate and was determined by considering market and entity-specific factors. The Company has previously licensed its Fc technologies on a limited basis to third parties. The Company considered the term of the Novartis license, scope of the rights granted for each license, the type of technologies subject to the license, and the potential number of targets that may be applied in establishing its best estimate for the Fc license. The total allocable consideration of $150 million was allocated to the deliverables based on the relative selling price method as follows:
| * |  | $27.1 million to the XmAb14045 Program,
| * |  | $31.4 million to the XmAb13676 Program,
| * |  | $20.05 million to each of the four Global Discovery Programs and,
| * |  | $11.3 million to the Fc licenses.
The Company recognized as license revenue the amount of the total allocable consideration allocated to the XmAb13676 and XmAb14045 Programs upon delivery of the exclusive license to Novartis both of which were transferred as of the effective date of the Agreement. At the time that each Global Discovery Program is accepted by Novartis, the Company will recognize collaboration revenue of $20.05 million for each program. Since Novartis has substitution rights for up to four target pair antibodies, revenue recognition may be delayed until the earlier that Novartis has an open IND for a delivered bispecific Discovery Program or the right to substitute the target pair lapses. No Global Discovery Programs were delivered in 2016. In 2017, we delivered bispecific antibodies under a Global Discovery Program. The Company will recognize as licensing revenue the amount of the total consideration allocated to the Fc license over the five-year research term beginning from the effective date of the Agreement. During the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, we recognized $2.3 million and $59.7 million of revenue respectively. As of December 31, 2017 there is a receivable of $1.1 million and $88.0 million in deferred revenue related to the arrangement. Amgen Inc. 2015 Agreement In September 2015, the Company entered into a research and license agreement (the 2015 Agreement) with Amgen Inc. (Amgen) to develop and commercialize bispecific antibody product candidates using the Company’s proprietary XmAb® bispecific Fc technology. Under the 2015 Agreement, the Company granted an exclusive license to Amgen to develop and commercialize bispecific drug candidates from the Company’s preclinical program that bind the CD38 antigen and the cytotoxic T-cell binding domain CD3, (the CD38 Program). The Company will also apply its bispecific technology to five previously identified Amgen provided targets (each a Discovery Program). The Company received a $45 million upfront payment from Amgen and is eligible to receive up to $1.7 billion in future development, regulatory and sales milestones in total for all six programs and is eligible to receive royalties on any global net sales of products. Following the Company’s transfer of the DNA sequences, constructs and preclinical data related to its CD38 Program to Amgen, Amgen will assume full responsibility for the further development and commercialization of product candidates under the CD38 Program. Under the 2015 Agreement, for each of the five Discovery Programs, the Company will apply its bispecific technology to antibody molecules provided by Amgen that bind Discovery Program Targets and return the bispecific product candidates to Amgen for further testing, development and commercialization. Amgen has the right to substitute up to three of the previously identified targets during the research term provided that Amgen has not initiated non-human primate studies with the Xencor provided bispecific candidate. The initial research term is three years from the date of the agreement but Amgen, at its option, may request an extension of one year if Xencor has not completed delivery of all five Discovery Program bispecific candidates to Amgen. Amgen will assume full responsibility for development and commercialization of product candidates under each of the Discovery Programs. The Company evaluated the 2015 Agreement with Amgen and determined that it is a revenue arrangement with multiple deliverables or performance obligations. The Company’s substantive performance obligations under the 2015 Agreement include delivery of the DNA sequences, constructs and preclinical data related to its CD38 Program and application of its bispecific technology to five Amgen provided targets and delivery of the five bispecific product candidates. The Company evaluated the 2015 Agreement with Amgen and determined that the CD38 Program and each of the five Discovery Programs represent separate units of accounting. The $45 million upfront payment represents the total initial consideration and was allocated to each of the deliverables using the relative selling price method. After identifying each of the deliverables included in the arrangement, the Company determined its best estimate of selling price for each of the deliverables. In order to determine the best estimate of selling price for the CD38 Program, the Company determined the value of the CD38 Program by calculating a risk-adjusted present value of the potential revenue from the future development and regulatory milestones under the 2015 Agreement. This amount represents the value that a third party would be willing to pay as an upfront fee to license the Company’s CD38 Program. The Company determined the value of each of the Discovery Programs by calculating a risk-adjusted net present value of the potential revenue from future development and regulatory milestones reduced by the estimated cost of the Company’s efforts to apply its bispecific technology to the Amgen targets and deliver the five bispecific product candidates. These amounts represent the value that a third party would be willing to pay as an upfront fee for access to the Company’s bispecific technology and capabilities. The total allocable consideration of $45 million was allocated to the deliverables based on the relative selling price method as follows: $13.75 million to the CD38 Program and, $6.25 million to each of the five Discovery Programs During the fourth quarter of 2015 we delivered the CD38 DNA sequences, constructs and preclinical data to Amgen. At the time that each bispecific Discovery Program is accepted by Amgen, the Company will recognize as collaboration revenue $6.25 million for each program. Since Amgen has substitution rights for up to three targets, revenue recognition may be delayed until the earlier that Amgen initiates non-human primate studies for a delivered bispecific Discovery Program or the right to substitute the target lapses. During 2016, the Company recognized as collaboration revenue the amount of consideration for delivery of three Discovery Programs. The Company completed delivery of bispecific antibody candidates for all five Discovery Programs by the September 15, 2016 one-year anniversary date of the 2015 Agreement. Amgen elected to substitute one of the originally identified antibody candidates in the first quarter of 2016. There were no additional Discovery Programs delivered during 2017. In 2017 Amgen exercised its option to substitute one of the originally identified candidates and its option to substitute a third candidate lapsed effective September 15, 2017. In the fourth quarter of 2017, Amgen notified the Company of its IND filing for a CD38 bispecific drug candidate (AMG 424) for which we earned a $10 million milestone. During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, we recognized $16.2 million, $18.75 million and $13.75 million in revenue, respectively, under this arrangement. As of December 31, 2017 there was $6.25 million in deferred revenue related to the arrangement. Novo Nordisk A/S In December 2014, we entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement with Novo Nordisk A/S (Novo). Under the terms of the agreement, we granted Novo a research license to use certain Xencor technologies including our bispecific, IIb, Xtend and others during a two year research term. We received an upfront payment of $2.5 million and received research funding of $1.6 million per year over the research term. We recognized the $2.5 million upfront payment as income over the two year research term. The research funding is being recognized into income over the period that the services are being provided. We determined that future milestone payments were substantive and contingent and we did not allocate any of the upfront consideration to these milestones. The total revenue recognized under this agreement was zero, $2.7 million and $2.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. As of December 31, 2017 we have no deferred revenue related to the agreement. MorphoSys Ag In June 2010, we entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement with MorpohSys AG (MorphoSys), which we subsequently amended in March 2012. The agreement provided us an upfront payment of $13 million in exchange for an exclusive worldwide license to our patents and know‑how to research, develop and commercialize our XmAb5574 product candidate (subsequently renamed MOR208) with the right to sublicense under certain conditions. Under the agreement, we agreed to collaborate with MorphoSys to develop and commercialize XmAb5574/MOR208. If certain developmental, regulatory and sales milestones are achieved, we are eligible to receive future milestone payments and royalties. In June 2017, MorphoSys initiated a Phase III clinical trial under the arrangement for which we received a milestone payment of $12.5 million. We recognized the payment as revenue in the period that the milestone event occurred. We recognized $12.5 million of revenue for the year end December 31, 2017. There were no revenues recognized under this arrangement for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. As of December 31, 2017, we have no deferred revenue related to this agreement. Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. In January 2013, we entered into an option and license agreement with Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Alexion). Under the terms of the agreement, we granted to Alexion an exclusive research license, with limited sublicensing rights, to make and use our Xtend technology to evaluate and advance compounds against six different target programs during a five‑year research term under the agreement, up to completion of the first multi‑dose human clinical trial for each target compound. Under the agreement, we received an upfront payment of $3.0 million. Alexion is also required to pay an annual maintenance fee of $0.5 million during the research term of the agreement and $1.0 million during any extension of the research term plus additional maintenance fees of $2 million if the term is extended. In addition, if certain development, regulatory and commercial milestones are achieved, we are eligible to receive up to $66.5 million for the first product to achieve such milestones on a target‑by‑target basis. If licensed products are successfully commercialized, we are also entitled to receive royalties based on a percentage of net sales of such products sold by Alexion, its affiliates or its sub licensees, which percentage is in the low single digits. Alexion’s royalty obligations continue on a product‑by‑product and country‑by‑ country basis until the expiration of the last‑to‑expire valid claim in a licensed patent covering the applicable product in such country. In the third quarter of 2014, Alexion achieved a clinical development milestone with ALXN1210. In the fourth quarter of 2015, Alexion exercised its option to take an exclusive commercial license and achieved a further clinical development milestone for ALXN1210. In December 2016, Alexion achieved a Phase 3 clinical development milestone for ALXN1210. The total revenue recognized under this arrangement was $1.0 million, $6.0 million and $8.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. As of December 31, 2017 there was $83,000 of deferred revenue under this agreement. Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH In 2007 we entered into a Research Licensee and Collaboration Agreement with Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH (BI). Under the agreement, we provided BI with a three‑year research license to one of our technologies and commercial options. We identified the deliverables under the agreement at inception as the research licenses and options to acquire commercial licenses to up to two compounds. Upon exercise of an option to a commercial license, we are eligible to receive future milestone payments and royalties. We determined that the future milestones and related payments were substantive and contingent and we did not allocate any of the upfront consideration to the milestones. The upfront payment and the annual license fees were recognized ratably into income over the research license term which expired in 2011 and payments for the commercial options were recognized in the period the commercial option was exercised since the options were contingent and substantive. During 2012, BI advanced a compound that incorporates our technology into clinical development and we received a milestone payment of $1.2 million and recognized the payment as revenue in the period the milestone event occurred. No revenue related to this arrangement was recognized in 2017, 2016 or 2015. There is no deferred revenue related to this agreement at December 31, 2017. CSL Limited 2009 Agreement In 2009 we entered into a Research License and Commercialization Agreement with CSL Limited (CSL-2009). Under the agreement, we provided CSL with a research license to one of our technologies and up to five commercial options. The upfront payment of $0.75 million received at inception and the annual research license renewal payments were recognized as revenue ratably over the five‑year term of the research license. In 2013 CSL sublicensed CSL362 (now called JNJ-56022473) to Janssen Biotech Inc. (Janssen Biotech). In March 2017, CSL, through its sublicensee, Janssen Biotech, initiated a Phase 3 clinical trial for CSL362 for which we received a $3.5 million milestone payment. Total revenue recognized for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $3.5 million, zero and $2.5 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2017 we have no deferred revenue related to this agreement. Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. In July 2013, we entered into a License Agreement with Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp (Merck). Under the terms of the agreement, we provided Merck with a non‑exclusive commercial license to certain patent rights to our Fc domains to apply to one of their compounds. We also provided Merck with contingent options to take additional non‑exclusive commercial licenses. The contingent options provide Merck an opportunity to take non‑exclusive commercial licenses at an amount less than the amount paid for the original license. The agreement provided for an upfront payment of $1.0 million and annual maintenance fees totaling $0.5 million. We are also eligible to receive future milestones and royalties as Merck advances the compound into clinical development. In the first quarter of 2014, Merck initiated a Phase 1 clinical trial which triggered a $0.5 million milestone payment to us. For each of the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 total revenue recognized was $0.1 million. In February 2018, Merck provided notice that it is terminating the agreement. As of December 31, 2017, we had deferred revenue of $50,000 related to this agreement. Potential Milestones As of December 31, 2017, the Company may be eligible to receive the following maximum payments from its collaborative partners and licensees based upon contractual terms in the agreements assuming all options are exercised and all milestones are achieved:
|  | Potential Milestones (in millions) |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |
Partner |  | Development-based |  | Regulatory-based |  | Sales-based |  | Milestones |
Alexion (1) |  | $ | — |  | $ | 28.0 |  | $ | 30.0 |  | $ | 58.0 |
Amgen |  |  | 222.5 |  |  | 345.0 |  |  | 1,080.0 |  |  | 1,647.5 |
BI (1) |  |  | 9.0 |  |  | 6.0 |  |  | 12.0 |  |  | 27.0 |
CSL Janssen 2009 (1) |  |  | — |  |  | 4.0 |  |  | 5.0 |  |  | 9.0 |
Janssen (1) |  |  | 6.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 4.0 |  |  | 10.0 |
MorphoSys (1) |  |  | 49.5 |  |  | 187.0 |  |  | 50.0 |  |  | 286.5 |
Novartis |  |  | 540.0 |  |  | 920.0 |  |  | 950.0 |  |  | 2,410.0 |
Total |  | $ | 827.0 |  | $ | 1,490.0 |  | $ | 2,131.0 |  | $ | 4,448.0 |
| (1) |  | The payments are solely dependent upon activities of the collaborative partner or licensee.
Revenue earned The $35.7 million, $87.5 million and $27.8 million of revenue recorded for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, was earned principally from the following licensees (in millions):
|  | Year Ended |
|  | December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |
Amgen |  | $ | 16.2 |  | $ | 18.7 |  | $ | 13.8 |
Alexion |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 6.0 |  |  | 8.5 |
MorphoSys |  |  | 12.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Novo Nordisk |  |  | — |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | 2.9 |
Novartis |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | 59.7 |  |  | — |
CSL |  |  | 3.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 2.5 |
Other |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 0.1 |
Total |  | $ | 35.7 |  | $ | 87.5 |  | $ | 27.8 |
A portion of our revenue is earned from collaboration partners outside the United States. Non‑U.S. revenue is denominated in U.S. dollars. A breakdown of our revenue from U.S. and Non‑U.S. sources for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 is as follows (in millions):
|  | Year Ended |
|  | December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |
U.S. Revenue |  | $ | 19.7 |  | $ | 84.8 |  | $ | 22.4 |
Non-U.S. Revenue |  |  | 16.0 |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | 5.4 |
Total |  | $ | 35.7 |  | $ | 87.5 |  | $ | 27.8 |
Deferred Revenue | Deferred Revenue Deferred revenue arises from payments received in advance of the culmination of the earnings process. We have classified deferred revenue for which we stand ready to perform within the next 12 months as a current liability. We recognize deferred revenue as revenue in future periods when the applicable revenue recognition criteria have been met. The total amounts reported as deferred revenue were $94.4 million and $103.4 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Research and Development Expenses | Research and Development Expenses Research and development expenses include costs we incur for our own and for our collaborators research and development activities. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. These costs consist primarily of salaries and benefits, including associated stock‑based compensation, laboratory supplies, facility costs, and applicable overhead expenses of personnel directly involved in the research and development of new technology and products, as well as fees paid to other entities that conduct certain research development activities on our behalf. We estimate preclinical study and clinical trial expenses based on the services performed pursuant to the contracts with research institutions and clinical research organizations that conduct and manage preclinical studies and clinical trials on our behalf based on the actual time and expenses incurred by them. Further, we accrue expenses related to clinical trials based on the level of patient enrollment and activity according to the related agreement. We monitor patient enrollment levels and related activity to the extent reasonably possible and adjust estimates accordingly. We capitalize acquired research and development technology licenses and third‑party contract rights and amortize the costs over the shorter of the license term or the expected useful life. We review the license arrangements and the amortization period on a regular basis and adjust the carrying value or the amortization period of the licensed rights if there is evidence of a change in the carrying value or useful life of the asset
Cash and Cash Equivalents | Cash and Cash Equivalents We consider cash equivalents to be only those investments which are highly liquid, readily convertible to cash and which mature within three months from the date of purchase.
Marketable Securities | Marketable Securities The Company has an investment policy that includes guidelines on acceptable investment securities, minimum credit quality, maturity parameters and concentration and diversification. The Company invests its excess cash primarily in marketable securities issued by investment grade institutions. The Company considers its marketable securities to be “available-for-sale”, as defined by authoritative guidance issued by the FASB. These assets are carried at fair value and the unrealized gains and losses are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Accrued interest on marketable securities is included in marketable securities. Accrued interest was $1.7 million and $1.4 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. If a decline in the value of a marketable security in the Company’s investment portfolio is deemed to be other-than-temporary, the Company writes down the security to its current fair value and recognizes a loss as a charge against income. The Company reviews its portfolio of marketable securities, using both quantitative and qualitative factors, to determine if declines in fair value below cost are other-than-temporary.
Concentrations of Risk | Concentrations of Risk Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities are financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of risk. Xencor invests its cash in corporate debt securities and U.S. sponsored agencies with strong credit ratings. Xencor has established guidelines relative to diversification and maturities that are designed to help ensure safety and liquidity. These guidelines are periodically reviewed to take advantage of trends in yields and interest rates. Cash and cash equivalents are maintained at financial institutions and, at times, balances may exceed federally insured limits. We have never experienced any losses related to these balances. Amounts on deposit in excess of federally insured limits at December 31, 2017 and 2016 approximated $16.0 million and $14.0 million, respectively. We have payables with two service providers that represent 40% of our total payables and three service providers that represented 28% of our total payables at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. We rely on three critical suppliers for the manufacture of our drug product for use in our clinical trials. While we believe that there are alternative vendors available, a change in manufacturing vendors could cause a delay in the availability of drug product and result in a delay of conducting and completing our clinical trials. No other vendor accounted for more than 10% of total payables at December 31, 2017 or 2016.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments | Fair Value of Financial Instruments Our financial instruments primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses. Marketable securities and cash equivalents are carried at fair value. The fair value of the other financial instruments closely approximate their fair value due to their short maturities. The Company accounts for recurring and non-recurring fair value measurements in accordance with FASB Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (ASC 820). ASC 820 defines fair value, establishes a fair value hierarchy for assets and liabilities measured at fair value, and requires expanded disclosure about fair value measurements. The ASC 820 hierarchy ranks the quality of reliable inputs, or assumptions, used in the determination of fair value and requires assets and liabilities carried at fair value to be classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories: Level 1—Fair Value is determined by using unadjusted quoted prices that are available in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2—Fair Value is determined by using inputs other than Level 1 quoted prices that are directly or indirectly observable. Inputs can include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets or quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in markets that are not active. Related inputs can also include those used in valuation or other pricing models, such as interest rates and yield curves that can be corroborated by observable market data. Level 3—Fair value is determined by inputs that are unobservable and not corroborated by market data. Use of these inputs involves significant and subjective judgments to be made by the reporting entity –e.g. determining an appropriate discount factor for illiquidity associated with a given security. The Company measures the fair value of financial assets using the highest level of inputs that are reasonably available as of the measurement date. The assets recorded at fair value are classified within the hierarchy as follows for the periods reported (in thousands):
|  | December 31, 2017
|  | Total |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2
Money Market Funds in Cash and Cash Equivalents |  | $ | 5,175 |  | $ | 5,175 |  | $ | —
Corporate Securities |  |  | 123,270 |  |  | — |  |  | 123,270
Government Securities |  |  | 223,530 |  |  | — |  |  | 223,530
|  | $ | 351,975 |  | $ | 5,175 |  | $ | 346,800
|  | December 31, 2016
|  | Total |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2
Money Market Funds in Cash and Cash Equivalents |  | $ | 12,137 |  | $ | 12,137 |  | $ | —
Corporate Securities |  |  | 181,483 |  |  | — |  |  | 181,483
Government Securities |  |  | 207,465 |  |  | — |  |  | 207,465
|  | $ | 401,085 |  | $ | 12,137 |  | $ | 388,948
Property and Equipment | Property and Equipment Property and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated using the straight‑line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred while renewals and improvements are capitalized. Useful lives by asset category are as follows:
Computers, software and equipment |  | 3 - 5 years |
Furniture and fixtures |  | 5 - 7 years |
Leasehold improvements |  | 5 - 7 years or remaining |
|  | lease term, whichever is less |
Patents, Licenses, and Other Intangible Assets | Patents, Licenses, and Other Intangible Assets The cost of acquiring licenses is capitalized and amortized on the straight‑ line basis over the shorter of the term of the license or its estimated economic life, ranging from five to 25 years. Third‑party costs incurred for acquiring patents are capitalized. Capitalized costs are accumulated until the earlier of the period that a patent is issued or we abandon the patent claims. Cumulative capitalized patent costs are amortized on a straight‑line basis from the date of issuance over the shorter of the patent term or the estimated useful economic life of the patent, ranging from 13 to 20 years. Our senior management, with advice from outside patent counsel, assesses three primary criteria to determine if a patent will be capitalized initially: i) technical feasibility, ii) magnitude and scope of new technical function covered by the patent compared to the company’s existing technology and patent portfolio, particularly assessing the value added to our product candidates or licensing business, and iii) legal issues, primarily assessment of patentability and prosecution cost. We review our intellectual property on a regular basis to determine if there are changes in the estimated useful life of issued patents and if any capitalized costs for unissued patents should be abandoned. Capitalized patent costs related to abandoned patent filings are charged off in the period of the decision to abandon. During 2017, 2016 and 2015, we abandoned previously capitalized patent and licensing related charges of $396,000 $356,000 and $296,000, respectively. The carrying amount and accumulated amortization of patents, licenses, and other intangibles is as follows (in thousands):
|  | December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |
Patents, definite life |  | $ | 8,915 |  | $ | 7,570 |
Patents, pending issuance |  |  | 4,360 |  |  | 4,134 |
Licenses and other amortizable intangible assets |  |  | 2,011 |  |  | 2,011 |
Nonamortizable intangible assets (trademarks) |  |  | 399 |  |  | 399 |
Total gross carrying amount |  |  | 15,685 |  |  | 14,114 |
Accumulated amortization—patents |  |  | (3,413) |  |  | (2,792) |
Accumulated amortization—licenses and other |  |  | (1,124) |  |  | (960) |
Total intangible assets, net |  | $ | 11,148 |  | $ | 10,362 |
Amortization expense for patents, licenses, and other intangible assets was $784,000, $755,000 and $594,000 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Future amortization expense for patent, licenses, and other intangible assets recorded as of December 31, 2017, and for which amortization has commenced, is as follows:
|  | Year ended |
|  | December 31, |
|  | (in thousands) |
2018 |  | $ | 838 |
2019 |  |  | 827 |
2020 |  |  | 780 |
2021 |  |  | 704 |
2022 |  |  | 676 |
Thereafter |  |  | 2,364 |
Total |  | $ | 6,189 |
The above amortization expense forecast is an estimate. Actual amounts of amortization expense may differ from estimated amounts due to additional intangible asset acquisitions, impairment of intangible assets, accelerated amortization of intangible assets, and other events. As of December 31, 2017, the Company has $4.4 million of intangible assets which are in‑process and have not been placed in service and, accordingly amortization on these assets has not commenced.
Long-Lived Assets | Long‑Lived Assets Management reviews long‑lived assets which include fixed assets and amortizable intangibles for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset (or asset group) may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. We did not recognize a loss from impairment for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 or 2015.
Income Taxes | Income Taxes We account for income taxes in accordance with accounting guidance which requires an asset and liability approach to financial accounting and reporting for income taxes. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are computed annually for differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities that will result in taxable or deductible amounts in the future based on enacted tax laws and rates applicable to the periods in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. Income tax expense is the tax payable or refundable for the period plus or minus the change during the period in deferred tax assets and liabilities. We assess our income tax positions and record tax benefits for all years subject to examination based upon our evaluation of the facts, circumstances and information available at the reporting date. For those tax positions where there is greater than 50% likelihood that a tax benefit will be sustained, we have recorded the largest amount of tax benefit that may potentially be realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. For those income tax positions where there is a 50% or less likelihood that a tax benefit will be sustained, no tax benefit has been recognized in the financial statements. We did not have any material uncertain tax positions at December 31, 2017 or 2016. Our policy is to recognize interest and penalties on taxes, if any, as a component of income tax expense. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (tax reform) was enacted on December 22, 2017 and has several key provisions impacting accounting for and reporting of income taxes. The most significant provision reduces the U.S. corporate statutory tax rate from 35% to 21% and eliminate the Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) system beginning on January 1, 2018. Although most provisions of the tax reform are not effective until 2018, we are required to record the effect of a change in tax law in the period of enactment (2017).
Stock-Based Compensation | Stock‑Based Compensation We recognize compensation expense using a fair‑value‑based method for costs related to all share‑based payments, including stock options and shares issued under our Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP). Stock‑based compensation cost related to employees and directors is measured at the grant date, based on the fair‑value-based measurement of the award using the Black‑Scholes method, and is recognized as expense over the requisite service period on a straight‑line basis. We account for forfeitures when they occur. We recorded stock‑based compensation and expense for stock‑based awards to employees, directors and consultants of approximately $13.7 million, $7.8 million and $4.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 respectively. Included in the 2017 and 2016 balances for total compensation expense is $498,000 and $378,000, respectively, relating to our ESPP. Options granted to individual service providers that are not employees or directors are accounted for at estimated fair value using the Black‑Scholes option‑pricing method and are subject to periodic re‑measurement over the period during which the services are rendered.
Net Income (Loss) Per Share | Net Income (Loss) Per Share Basic net income (loss) per common share is computed by dividing the net income or loss by the weighted‑average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Potentially dilutive securities consisting of stock options for 2017 and 2015, and stock purchases under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan were not included in the diluted net loss per common shares calculation because the inclusion of such shares would have had an antidilutive effect as follows:
|  | Year Ended |
|  | December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |
|  | (in thousands) |
Options to purchase common stock |  | 1,291 |  | — |  | 1,281 |
Employee stock purchase plan shares |  | — |  | — |  | 75 |
Total |  | 1,291 |  | — |  | 1,356 |
|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |
|  | (in thousands, except |
|  | share and per share data) |
Basic |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders for basic net income (loss) per share |  | $ | (48,925) |  | $ | 23,625 |  | $ | (17,592) |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding |  |  | 46,817,756 |  |  | 41,267,329 |  |  | 39,015,131 |
Basic net income (loss) per common share |  | $ | (1.05) |  | $ | 0.57 |  | $ | (0.45) |
Diluted |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders for diluted net income (loss) per share |  | $ | (48,925) |  | $ | 23,625 |  | $ | (17,592) |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding used in computing basic net income (loss) per common share |  |  | 46,817,756 |  |  | 41,267,329 |  |  | 39,015,131 |
Dilutive effect of employee stock options and ESPP |  |  | — |  |  | 1,121,538 |  |  | — |
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding used in computing diluted net income (loss) per common share |  |  | 46,817,756 |  |  | 42,388,867 |  |  | 39,015,131 |
Diluted net income (loss) per common share |  | $ | (1.05) |  | $ | 0.56 |  | $ | (0.45) |
Segment Reporting | Segment Reporting The Company determines its segment reporting based upon the way the business is organized for making operating decisions and assessing performance. The Company has only one operating segment related to the development of pharmaceutical products.

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- Definition Disclosure of accounting policy for intangible assets. This accounting policy may address both intangible assets subject to amortization and those that are not. The following also may be disclosed: (1) a description of intangible assets (2) the estimated useful lives of those assets (3) the amortization method used (4) how the entity assesses and measures impairment of such assets (5) how future cash flows are estimated (6) how the fair values of such asset are determined. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 350 -SubTopic 30 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=66006027&loc=d3e16265-109275 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 3 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84158767&loc=d3e18780-107790 + Details
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- Definition Disclosure of accounting policy for recognizing and measuring the impairment of long-lived assets. An entity also may disclose its accounting policy for long-lived assets to be sold. This policy excludes goodwill and intangible assets. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 360 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 5.CC) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=27011434&loc=d3e125687-122742 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 3 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84158767&loc=d3e18780-107790 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 360 -SubTopic 10 -Section 05 -Paragraph 4 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=64802544&loc=d3e202-110218 + Details
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- Definition Disclosure of accounting policy for income taxes, which may include its accounting policies for recognizing and measuring deferred tax assets and liabilities and related valuation allowances, recognizing investment tax credits, operating loss carryforwards, tax credit carryforwards, and other carryforwards, methodologies for determining its effective income tax rate and the characterization of interest and penalties in the financial statements. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 3 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84158767&loc=d3e18780-107790 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 19 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84230637&loc=d3e32840-109319 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 30 -Section 05 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65884525&loc=d3e40913-109327 Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 954 -SubTopic 740 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6491622&loc=d3e9504-115650 Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 17 -Subparagraph (b) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84230637&loc=d3e32809-109319 Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 45 -Paragraph 25 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84176650&loc=d3e32247-109318 Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 45 -Paragraph 28 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84176650&loc=d3e32280-109318 + Details
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- Definition Disclosure of accounting policy for investments in debt and equity securities that have readily determinable fair values (marketable securities). At a minimum, the disclosure might address accounting policies for investments classified as trading, available for sale, or held to maturity and may include how the entity determines whether impairments of available for sale or held to maturity investments are other than temporary, how the fair values of the entity's securities are determined, and the entity's accounting treatment for transfers between investment categories. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 942 -SubTopic 210 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-03(6)) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6876686&loc=d3e534808-122878 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 944 -SubTopic 210 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-03(a)(1)) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6879938&loc=d3e572229-122910 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 320 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 5.M) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65877573&loc=d3e87990-122713 Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 210 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(12)) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6877327&loc=d3e13212-122682 Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 3 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84158767&loc=d3e18780-107790 Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 320 -SubTopic 10 -Section S50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6381980&loc=d3e87707-122711 Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 942 -SubTopic 320 -Section 50 -Paragraph 5 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=75019621&loc=d3e62652-112803 Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 210 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(2)) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6877327&loc=d3e13212-122682 Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 942 -SubTopic 210 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-03(5)) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6876686&loc=d3e534808-122878 + Details
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- Definition Disclosure of accounting policy for long-lived, physical assets used in the normal conduct of business and not intended for resale. Includes, but is not limited to, basis of assets, depreciation and depletion methods used, including composite deprecation, estimated useful lives, capitalization policy, accounting treatment for costs incurred for repairs and maintenance, capitalized interest and the method it is calculated, disposals and impairments. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 360 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6391035&loc=d3e2868-110229 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 3 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84158767&loc=d3e18780-107790 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 210 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.13(a)) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6877327&loc=d3e13212-122682 + Details
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- Definition Disclosure of accounting policy for costs it has incurred (1) in a planned search or critical investigation aimed at discovery of new knowledge with the hope that such knowledge will be useful in developing a new product or service, a new process or technique, or in bringing about a significant improvement to an existing product or process; or (2) to translate research findings or other knowledge into a plan or design for a new product or process or for a significant improvement to an existing product or process. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 3 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84158767&loc=d3e18780-107790 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 730 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6420194&loc=d3e21568-108373 + Details
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- Definition Disclosure of accounting policy for recognizing unearned income or deferred revenue related to transactions involving the sale of a product or performance of services. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 605 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 13.B.Q1) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65893310&loc=d3e214044-122780 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 3 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84158767&loc=d3e18780-107790 + Details
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- Definition Disclosure of accounting policy for revenue recognition. If the entity has different policies for different types of revenue transactions, the policy for each material type of transaction is generally disclosed. If a sales transaction has multiple element arrangements (for example, delivery of multiple products, services or the rights to use assets) the disclosure may indicate the accounting policy for each unit of accounting as well as how units of accounting are determined and valued. The disclosure may encompass important judgment as to appropriateness of principles related to recognition of revenue. The disclosure also may indicate the entity's treatment of any unearned or deferred revenue that arises from the transaction. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 4 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84158767&loc=d3e18823-107790 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 605 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 13.B.Q1) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65893310&loc=d3e214044-122780 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 3 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84158767&loc=d3e18780-107790 Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84158767&loc=d3e18726-107790 + Details
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- Definition Disclosure of accounting policy for segment reporting. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 3 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84158767&loc=d3e18780-107790 + Details
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- Definition Disclosure of accounting policy for stock option and stock incentive plans. This disclosure may include (1) the types of stock option or incentive plans sponsored by the entity (2) the groups that participate in (or are covered by) each plan (3) significant plan provisions and (4) how stock compensation is measured, and the methodologies and significant assumptions used to determine that measurement. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=96867065&loc=d3e5047-113901 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 3 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84158767&loc=d3e18780-107790 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (b),(f) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=96867065&loc=d3e5070-113901 + Details
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- Definition Disclosure of accounting policy for the use of estimates in the preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 275 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 4 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84177426&loc=d3e6061-108592 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 275 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 9 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84177426&loc=d3e6143-108592 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 275 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 8 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84177426&loc=d3e6132-108592 + Details
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