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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM | 10-Q

x | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025
OR

o | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission file number 001-15555
Riley Exploration Permian, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 87-0267438
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
29 E. Reno Avenue, Suite 500 Oklahoma City, Oklahoma |  | 73104
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) |  | (Zip Code)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (405) 415-8699
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, par value $0.001 | REPX | NYSE American

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports); and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer" and "smaller reporting company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer | o | Accelerated filer | x
Non-accelerated filer | o | Smaller reporting company | o
|  | Emerging growth company | o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes o No x
The total number of shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, outstanding as of October 31, 2025, was 21,968,906.

RILEY EXPLORATION PERMIAN, INC.
FORM 10-Q
QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q FOR THE QUARTER ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2025
TABLE OF CONTENTS
|  | Page
Part I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. | Financial Statements | 6
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets | 6
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations | 7
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity | 8
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 9
| Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 11
Item 2. | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 30
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 40
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 41
Part II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 42
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 42
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 42
Item 5. | Other Information | 42
Item 6. | Exhibits | 43
Signatures |  | 44

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DEFINITIONS
As used in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (the "Quarterly Report"), unless otherwise noted or the context otherwise requires, we refer to Riley Exploration Permian, Inc., together with its consolidated subsidiaries, as "Riley Permian," "REPX," "the Company," "Registrant," "we," "our," or "us." In addition, this Quarterly Report includes certain terms commonly used in the oil and natural gas industry, and the following are abbreviations and definitions of certain terms used within this Quarterly Report:

Measurements.
Bbl | One barrel or 42 U.S. gallons liquid volume of oil or other liquid hydrocarbons
Boe | One stock tank barrel equivalent of oil, calculated by converting gas volumes to equivalent oil barrels at a ratio of 6 thousand cubic feet of gas to 1 barrel of oil and by converting NGL volumes to equivalent oil barrels at a ratio of 1 barrel of NGL to 1 barrel of oil
Boe/d | Stock tank barrel equivalent of oil per day
Btu | British thermal unit. One British thermal unit is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit
MBbl | One thousand barrels of oil or other liquid hydrocarbons
MBoe | One thousand Boe
MBoe/d | One thousand Boe per day
Mcf | One thousand cubic feet of gas
MMBtu | One million British thermal units
MMcf | One million cubic feet of gas
Abbreviations.
ARO | Asset Retirement Obligation
ATM | At-the-market equity sales program
CODM | Chief Operating Decision Maker as defined by the FASB under the Accounting Standards Codification 280. Together, the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer, and Chief Accounting Officer form a collaborative team that functions as the CODM.
Credit Facility | A credit agreement among Riley Exploration - Permian, LLC, as borrower, and Riley Exploration Permian, Inc, as parent guarantor, with Truist Bank and certain lenders party thereto, as amended
EOR | Enhanced Oil Recovery
ERCOT | Electric Reliability Council of Texas
FASB | Financial Accounting Standards Board
NGL | Natural gas liquids
NYMEX | New York Mercantile Exchange
NYSE | New York Stock Exchange
Oil | Crude oil and condensate
OPEC+ | Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ("OPEC") members and non-OPEC allies
RRC | Railroad Commission of Texas
SEC | Securities and Exchange Commission
Senior Notes | The Company's unsecured 10.5% senior notes due April 2028
U.S. GAAP | Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America
WTI | West Texas Intermediate

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CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Quarterly Report contains "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. All statements, other than statements of historical fact, contained in this Quarterly Report that include information concerning our possible or assumed future results of operations, business strategies, need for financing, competitive position and potential growth opportunities represent management's beliefs and assumptions based on currently available information and they do not consider the effects of future legislation or regulations. Forward-looking statements include all statements that are not historical facts and can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as the words "believes," "intends," "may," "should," "anticipates," "expects," "could," "plans," "estimates," "projects," "targets" or comparable terminology or by discussions of strategy or trends. Such statements by their nature involve risks and uncertainties that could significantly affect expected results, and actual future results could differ materially from those described in such forward-looking statements.
Among the factors that could cause actual future results to differ materially are the risks and uncertainties discussed under "Part I, Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and "Part II, Item 1A. Risk Factors" in this Quarterly Report and "Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (the "2024 Annual Report"). We continue to face many risks and uncertainties including, but not limited to:
•the volatility of oil, natural gas and NGL prices;
•regional supply and demand factors, any delays, curtailment delays or interruptions of production, and any governmental order, rule or regulation that may impose production limits;
•cost and availability of gathering, pipeline, refining, transportation, power and other midstream and downstream activities, which could result in a prolonged shut-in of our wells that may adversely affect our reserves, financial condition and results of operations;
•severe weather and other risks that lead to a lack of any available markets;
•our ability to successfully complete mergers, acquisitions or divestitures;
•the inability or failure of the Company to successfully integrate the acquired assets into our operations and development activities;
•the potential delays in the development, construction or start-up of planned projects;
•failure to realize any of the anticipated benefits of our joint ventures or other equity investments;
•risks relating to our operations, including development drilling and testing results and performance of acquired properties and newly drilled wells;
•inability to prove up undeveloped acreage and maintain production on leases;
•any reduction in our borrowing base on our Credit Facility from time to time and our ability to repay any excess borrowings as a result of such reduction;
•the impact of our derivative strategy and the results of future settlement;
•our ability to comply with the financial covenants contained in our Credit Facility and in our Senior Notes;
•changes in general economic, business or industry conditions, including changes in inflation rates, interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates;
•conditions in the capital, financial and credit markets and our ability to obtain capital needed to fund our exploration and development and midstream project on favorable terms or at all;
•the loss of certain tax deductions;
•risks associated with executing our business strategy, including any changes in our strategy;
•risks associated with concentration of operations in one major geographic area;
•legislative or regulatory changes, including initiatives related to hydraulic fracturing, regulation of greenhouse gases, water conservation, seismic activity, weatherization, or protection of certain species of wildlife, or of sensitive environmental areas;
•the ability to receive drilling and other permits or approvals and rights-of-way in a timely manner (or at all), which may be restricted by governmental regulation and legislation;
•restrictions on the use of water, including limits on the use of produced water and a moratorium on new produced water well permits recently imposed by the RRC in an effort to control induced seismicity in the Permian Basin;
•changes in government environmental policies and other environmental risks;
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•the availability of drilling equipment and the timing of production;
•tax consequences of business transactions;
•public health crises, such as pandemics and epidemics, and any related government policies and actions and the effects of such public health crises on the oil and natural gas industry, pricing and demand for oil and natural gas and supply chain logistics;
•general domestic and international economic, market and political conditions, including military conflicts, global economic growth, unpredictability of new tariffs, actions of OPEC+ countries and changes to the current political environment under the new administration;
•risks related to litigation; and
•cybersecurity threats, technology system failures and data security issues.
In light of such risks and uncertainties, we caution you not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Quarterly Report, or if earlier, as of the date they were made. We do not intend to, and disclaim any obligation to, update or revise any forward-looking statements unless required by securities law.
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Part I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements

RILEY EXPLORATION PERMIAN, INC. |  |
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS |  |
|  | (Unaudited) |  |  |  |
|  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |  |
|  | (In thousands, except share amounts) |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Current Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash |  | $ | 16,459 |  |  | $ | 13,124 |  |  |
Accounts receivable, net |  | 41,080 |  |  | 44,411 |  |  |
Prepaid expenses |  | 2,378 |  |  | 1,592 |  |  |
Inventory |  | 8,901 |  |  | 5,734 |  |  |
Current derivative assets |  | 10,566 |  |  | 3,264 |  |  |
Total Current Assets |  | 79,384 |  |  | 68,125 |  |  |
Oil and natural gas properties, net (successful efforts) |  | 1,002,617 |  |  | 860,797 |  |  |
Other property and equipment, net |  | 46,376 |  |  | 30,477 |  |  |
Non-current derivative assets |  | 481 |  |  | 585 |  |  |
Equity method investment |  | 37,294 |  |  | 22,811 |  |  |
Funds held in escrow |  | 1,196 |  |  | — |  |  |
Other non-current assets, net |  | 23,990 |  |  | 10,706 |  |  |
Total Assets |  | $ | 1,191,338 |  |  | $ | 993,501 |  |  |
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity |  |  |  |  |  |
Current Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 12,155 |  |  | $ | 13,937 |  |  |
Accrued liabilities |  | 30,829 |  |  | 33,918 |  |  |
Revenue payable |  | 52,879 |  |  | 34,786 |  |  |
Current portion of long-term debt |  | 20,000 |  |  | 20,000 |  |  |
Other current liabilities |  | 11,445 |  |  | 20,123 |  |  |
Total Current Liabilities |  | 127,308 |  |  | 122,764 |  |  |
Non-current derivative liabilities |  | 321 |  |  | 414 |  |  |
Asset retirement obligations |  | 59,118 |  |  | 32,706 |  |  |
Long-term debt |  | 347,042 |  |  | 249,494 |  |  |
Deferred tax liabilities |  | 85,918 |  |  | 76,547 |  |  |
Other non-current liabilities |  | 5,134 |  |  | 961 |  |  |
Total Liabilities |  | 624,841 |  |  | 482,886 |  |  |
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 15) |  |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders' Equity: |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value, 25,000,000 shares authorized; 0 shares issued and outstanding |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Common stock, $0.001 par value, 240,000,000 shares authorized; 22,009,159 and 21,482,555 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively |  | 22 |  |  | 21 |  |  |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 315,549 |  |  | 310,232 |  |  |
Retained earnings |  | 250,926 |  |  | 200,362 |  |  |
Total Shareholders' Equity |  | 566,497 |  |  | 510,615 |  |  |
Total Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity |  | $ | 1,191,338 |  |  | $ | 993,501 |  |  |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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RILEY EXPLORATION PERMIAN, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Unaudited)
|  |  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  |  |  |  |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
|  |  |  |  |  | (In thousands, except per share amounts)
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil and natural gas sales, net |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 106,852 |  |  | $ | 102,339 |  |  | $ | 294,703 |  |  | $ | 307,106 |
Contract services - related parties |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 380 |
Total Revenues |  |  |  |  |  | 106,852 |  |  | 102,339 |  |  | 294,703 |  |  | 307,486 |
Costs and Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Lease operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  | 26,874 |  |  | 18,532 |  |  | 64,085 |  |  | 51,793 |
Production and ad valorem taxes |  |  |  |  |  | 8,278 |  |  | 7,002 |  |  | 21,074 |  |  | 21,407 |
Exploration costs |  |  |  |  |  | 217 |  |  | 375 |  |  | 273 |  |  | 439 |
Depletion, depreciation, amortization and accretion |  |  |  |  |  | 27,214 |  |  | 20,722 |  |  | 65,915 |  |  | 55,971 |
Impairment of oil and natural gas properties |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,214 |  |  | — |
Other impairments |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 30,158 |  |  | — |  |  | 30,158 |
General and administrative: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Administrative costs |  |  |  |  |  | 9,922 |  |  | 5,879 |  |  | 23,559 |  |  | 17,862 |
Share-based compensation expense |  |  |  |  |  | 2,688 |  |  | 1,720 |  |  | 6,742 |  |  | 6,693 |
Cost of contract services - related parties |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 363 |
Transaction costs |  |  |  |  |  | 2,797 |  |  | 473 |  |  | 4,723 |  |  | 1,143 |
Total Costs and Expenses |  |  |  |  |  | 77,990 |  |  | 84,861 |  |  | 187,585 |  |  | 185,829 |
Income from Operations |  |  |  |  |  | 28,862 |  |  | 17,478 |  |  | 107,118 |  |  | 121,657 |
Other Income (Expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense, net |  |  |  |  |  | (9,606) |  |  | (8,789) |  |  | (23,438) |  |  | (26,713) |
Gain on derivatives, net |  |  |  |  |  | 1,920 |  |  | 24,217 |  |  | 14,790 |  |  | 6,781 |
Loss from equity method investment |  |  |  |  |  | (19) |  |  | (210) |  |  | (267) |  |  | (235) |
Total Other Income (Expense) |  |  |  |  |  | (7,705) |  |  | 15,218 |  |  | (8,915) |  |  | (20,167) |
Net Income from Operations before Income Taxes |  |  |  |  |  | 21,157 |  |  | 32,696 |  |  | 98,203 |  |  | 101,490 |
Income tax expense |  |  |  |  |  | (4,817) |  |  | (7,033) |  |  | (22,760) |  |  | (23,521) |
Net Income |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 16,340 |  |  | $ | 25,663 |  |  | $ | 75,443 |  |  | $ | 77,969 |
Net Income per Share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.77 |  |  | $ | 1.22 |  |  | $ | 3.57 |  |  | $ | 3.79 |
Diluted |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.77 |  |  | $ | 1.21 |  |  | $ | 3.56 |  |  | $ | 3.76 |
Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  |  |  |  | 21,164 |  |  | 20,992 |  |  | 21,139 |  |  | 20,584 |
Diluted |  |  |  |  |  | 21,263 |  |  | 21,209 |  |  | 21,178 |  |  | 20,764 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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RILEY EXPLORATION PERMIAN, INC. |  |
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |
(Unaudited) |  |
(In thousands) |  |
|  | Shareholders' Equity |  |
|  | Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Shares |  | Amount |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  |  |  | Total Shareholders' Equity |  |
Balance, June 30, 2025 |  | 22,046 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 313,908 |  |  | $ | 242,951 |  |  |  |  | $ | 556,881 |  |  |
Share-based compensation expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,688 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 2,688 |  |  |
Repurchased shares for tax withholding |  | (37) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,047) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (1,047) |  |  |
Dividends declared |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,365) |  |  |  |  | (8,365) |  |  |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,340 |  |  |  |  | 16,340 |  |  |
Balance, September 30, 2025 |  | 22,009 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 315,549 |  |  | $ | 250,926 |  |  |  |  | $ | 566,497 |  |  |
Balance, June 30, 2024 |  | 21,560 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 309,341 |  |  | $ | 179,670 |  |  |  |  | $ | 489,032 |  |  |
Share-based compensation expense |  | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,720 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,720 |  |  |
Repurchased shares for tax withholding |  | (34) |  |  | — |  |  | (906) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (906) |  |  |
Dividends declared |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,104) |  |  |  |  | (8,104) |  |  |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25,663 |  |  |  |  | 25,663 |  |  |
Balance, September 30, 2024 |  | 21,541 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 310,155 |  |  | $ | 197,229 |  |  |  |  | $ | 507,405 |  |  |
|  | Shareholders' Equity |  |
|  | Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Shares |  | Amount |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  |  |  | Total Shareholders' Equity |  |
Balance, December 31, 2024 |  | 21,483 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 310,232 |  |  | $ | 200,362 |  |  |  |  | $ | 510,615 |  |  |
Share-based compensation expense |  | 575 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 6,741 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 6,742 |  |  |
Repurchased shares for tax withholding |  | (49) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,424) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (1,424) |  |  |
Dividends declared |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (24,879) |  |  |  |  | (24,879) |  |  |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 75,443 |  |  |  |  | 75,443 |  |  |
Balance, September 30, 2025 |  | 22,009 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 315,549 |  |  | $ | 250,926 |  |  |  |  | $ | 566,497 |  |  |
Balance, December 31, 2023 |  | 20,405 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 279,112 |  |  | $ | 142,463 |  |  |  |  | $ | 421,595 |  |  |
Share-based compensation expense |  | 162 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,693 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 6,693 |  |  |
Repurchased shares for tax withholding |  | (41) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,064) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (1,064) |  |  |
Issuance of common shares, net |  | 1,015 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 25,414 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 25,415 |  |  |
Dividends declared |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (23,203) |  |  |  |  | (23,203) |  |  |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 77,969 |  |  |  |  | 77,969 |  |  |
Balance, September 30, 2024 |  | 21,541 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 310,155 |  |  | $ | 197,229 |  |  |  |  | $ | 507,405 |  |  |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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RILEY EXPLORATION PERMIAN, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)
|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |
|  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
|  | (In thousands)
Cash Flows from Operating Activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 75,443 |  |  | $ | 77,969 |  |  |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Exploratory well costs and lease expirations |  | 212 |  |  | 404 |  |  |
Depletion, depreciation, amortization and accretion |  | 65,915 |  |  | 55,971 |  |  |
Impairment of oil and natural gas properties |  | 1,214 |  |  | — |  |  |
Other impairments |  | — |  |  | 30,158 |  |  |
Gain on derivatives, net |  | (14,790) |  |  | (6,781) |  |  |
Settlements on derivative contracts |  | 8,529 |  |  | (910) |  |  |
Amortization of deferred financing costs and discount |  | 3,570 |  |  | 3,975 |  |  |
Share-based compensation expense |  | 6,742 |  |  | 6,693 |  |  |
Deferred income tax expense |  | 9,371 |  |  | 8,732 |  |  |
Loss from equity method investment |  | 267 |  |  | 235 |  |  |
Other |  | (8) |  |  | — |  |  |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable, net |  | 12,075 |  |  | (5,908) |  |  |
Prepaid expenses |  | (541) |  |  | (438) |  |  |
Inventory |  | (1,765) |  |  | (1,114) |  |  |
Other non-current assets, net |  | (1,307) |  |  | (1,235) |  |  |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  | (5,335) |  |  | 1,790 |  |  |
Revenue payable |  | 3,722 |  |  | 2,959 |  |  |
Other current liabilities |  | (15,643) |  |  | 7,396 |  |  |
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities |  | 147,671 |  |  | 179,896 |  |  |
Cash Flows from Investing Activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Additions to oil and natural gas properties |  | (55,230) |  |  | (76,372) |  |  |
Additions to midstream property and equipment |  | (20,428) |  |  | — |  |  |
Additions to other property and equipment |  | (1,237) |  |  | (694) |  |  |
Net assets acquired in business combination |  | (117,827) |  |  | — |  |  |
Acquisitions of oil and natural gas properties |  | (2,161) |  |  | (19,597) |  |  |
Contributions to equity method investment |  | (14,750) |  |  | (16,662) |  |  |
Funds held in escrow |  | (1,196) |  |  | — |  |  |
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities |  | (212,829) |  |  | (113,325) |  |  |
Cash Flows from Financing Activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred financing costs |  | (243) |  |  | (80) |  |  |
Proceeds from Credit Facility |  | 155,000 |  |  | 15,000 |  |  |
Repayments under Credit Facility |  | (45,000) |  |  | (70,000) |  |  |
Repayments of Senior Notes |  | (15,000) |  |  | (15,000) |  |  |
Payment of common share dividends |  | (24,840) |  |  | (22,839) |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of common shares, net |  | — |  |  | 25,415 |  |  |
Common stock repurchased for tax withholding |  | (1,424) |  |  | (1,064) |  |  |
Net Cash (Used in) Provided by Financing Activities |  | 68,493 |  |  | (68,568) |  |  |
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash |  | 3,335 |  |  | (1,997) |  |  |
Cash, Beginning of Period |  | 13,124 |  |  | 15,319 |  |  |
Cash, End of Period |  | $ | 16,459 |  |  | $ | 13,322 |  |  |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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RILEY EXPLORATION PERMIAN, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - (Continued)
(Unaudited)
|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |
|  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
|  | (In thousands) |  |
Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash Paid For: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest, net of capitalized interest |  | $ | 21,072 |  |  | $ | 24,709 |  |  |
Income taxes, net of refunds |  | $ | 16,184 |  |  | $ | 16,043 |  |  |
Non-cash Investing and Financing Activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Changes in capital expenditures in accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  | $ | (1,842) |  |  | $ | (790) |  |  |
Transfer of inventory to oil and natural gas properties |  | $ | 2,349 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Revisions in asset retirement obligations |  | $ | 7,724 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liability |  | $ | 2,948 |  |  | $ | 632 |  |  |
Asset retirement obligations assumed in acquisitions |  | $ | 19,284 |  |  | $ | 9,727 |  |  |
Fair value of contingent consideration transferred in business combination |  | $ | 3,100 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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RILEY EXPLORATION PERMIAN, INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
(1) Nature of Business
Riley Permian is a growth-oriented, independent oil and natural gas company focused on horizontal drilling of conventional oil-saturated and liquids-rich formations in the Permian Basin that produce long-term cash flows. The majority of our acreage is located in Yoakum County, Texas, which represents our Champions field and Eddy County, New Mexico, which represents our Red Lake field.
(2) Basis of Presentation
These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements as of September 30, 2025, and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, include the accounts of Riley Permian and our consolidated subsidiaries and have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation.
Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period financial statement presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on the previously reported total assets, total liabilities, shareholders' equity, results of operations or cash flows. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements included in the Company's 2024 Annual Report.
These condensed consolidated financial statements have not been audited by an independent registered public accounting firm. In the opinion of the Company’s management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments necessary for fair presentation of the results of operations for the periods presented, which adjustments were of a normal recurring nature, except as disclosed herein. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full-year ending December 31, 2025, for various reasons, including fluctuations in prices received for oil and natural gas, natural production declines, the uncertainty of exploration and development drilling results, fluctuations in the fair value of derivative instruments, unpredictability of new tariffs, the current and future impacts of military conflicts, changes to the political environment under the new administration and other factors.
(3) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Significant Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in our condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates and assumptions may also affect disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period.
The Company evaluates these estimates on an ongoing basis, using historical experience, consultation with experts and other methods the Company considers reasonable in the particular circumstances. Actual results may differ significantly from the Company’s estimates. Any effects on the Company’s business, financial position or results of operations resulting from revisions to these estimates are recorded in the period in which the facts that give rise to the revision become known. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include, but are not limited to, estimates of proved oil and natural gas reserves and related present value estimates of future net cash flows therefrom, the carrying value of oil and natural gas properties, accounts receivable, accrued capital expenditures and operating expenses, ARO, the fair value determination of acquired assets and assumed liabilities, certain tax accruals and the fair value of derivatives.
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RILEY EXPLORATION PERMIAN, INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
Accounts Receivable, net
Accounts receivable, net is summarized below:

| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
| (In thousands)
Oil, natural gas and NGL sales | $ | 35,114 |  |  | $ | 33,632 |
Joint interest accounts receivable | 4,063 |  |  | 9,626 |
Allowance for credit losses | (365) |  |  | (62) |
Other accounts receivable | 2,268 |  |  | 1,215 |
Total accounts receivable, net | $ | 41,080 |  |  | $ | 44,411 |

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had accounts receivables, net from oil, natural gas and NGL sales of $31.1 million.
The Company estimates uncollectible amounts based on the length of time that the accounts receivable has been outstanding, historical collection experience and current and future economic and market conditions, if failure to collect is expected to occur. Allowances for credit losses are recorded as reductions to the carrying values of the accounts receivable included in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets and are recorded in administrative costs in our accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations if failure to collect an estimable portion is determined to be probable.
Other Property and Equipment, net
Other property and equipment, net is summarized below:

| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
| (In thousands)
Midstream property and equipment | $ | 26,521 |  |  | $ | 11,297 |
Furniture, fixtures and other | 7,555 |  |  | 5,882 |
Land | 16,673 |  |  | 16,673 |
| $ | 50,749 |  |  | $ | 33,852 |
Accumulated depreciation and amortization | (4,373) |  |  | (3,375) |
Total other property and equipment, net | $ | 46,376 |  |  | $ | 30,477 |

Other Non-Current Assets, net
Other non-current assets, net consisted of the following:

| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
| (In thousands)
Deferred financing costs, net (1) | $ | 4,238 |  |  | $ | 4,949 |
Right of use assets | 3,422 |  |  | 1,398 |
Prepaid capital expenditures | 11,372 |  |  | 2,124 |
Deposits | 3,758 |  |  | 2,168 |
Other | 1,200 |  |  | 67 |
Total other non-current assets, net | $ | 23,990 |  |  | $ | 10,706 |

_____________________
(1)Deferred financing costs, net reflects costs associated with the Company's Credit Facility which are amortized over the term of the Credit Facility.
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RILEY EXPLORATION PERMIAN, INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
Accrued Liabilities
Accrued liabilities consisted of the following:

| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
| (In thousands)
Accrued capital expenditures | $ | 9,520 |  |  | $ | 10,441 |
Accrued lease operating expenses | 7,905 |  |  | 7,676 |
Accrued general and administrative costs | 8,864 |  |  | 8,123 |
Accrued inventory | 117 |  |  | 1,709 |
Accrued ad valorem tax | 3,899 |  |  | 5,396 |
Other accrued expenditures | 524 |  |  | 573 |
Total accrued liabilities | $ | 30,829 |  |  | $ | 33,918 |

Other Current Liabilities
Other current liabilities consisted of the following:

| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
| (In thousands)
Advances from joint interest owners | $ | 2,041 |  |  | $ | 11,278 |
Income taxes payable | 2,438 |  |  | 5,233 |
Current ARO liabilities | 4,131 |  |  | 2,562 |
Other | 2,835 |  |  | 1,050 |
Total other current liabilities | $ | 11,445 |  |  | $ | 20,123 |

Asset Retirement Obligations
Components of the changes in ARO for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and the year ended December 31, 2024, are shown below:

| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
| (In thousands)
ARO, beginning balance | $ | 35,268 |  |  | $ | 23,044 |
Liabilities incurred | 13 |  |  | 78 |
Liabilities assumed in acquisitions | 19,284 |  |  | 9,727 |
Revision of estimated obligations | 7,724 |  |  | 1,856 |
Liability settlements and disposals | (1,457) |  |  | (2,291) |
Accretion | 2,417 |  |  | 2,854 |
ARO, ending balance | $ | 63,249 |  |  | $ | 35,268 |
Less: current ARO (1) | (4,131) |  |  | (2,562) |
ARO, long-term | $ | 59,118 |  |  | $ | 32,706 |

_____________________
(1)Current ARO is included within other current liabilities in our accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
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RILEY EXPLORATION PERMIAN, INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
Revenue Recognition
The following table presents oil and natural gas sales, net disaggregated by product:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
| (In thousands)
Oil and natural gas sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil sales, net | $ | 108,051 |  |  | $ | 105,303 |  |  | $ | 292,564 |  |  | $ | 308,648 |
Natural gas sales, net | (721) |  |  | (1,170) |  |  | (11) |  |  | (1,464) |
NGL sales, net | (478) |  |  | (1,794) |  |  | 2,150 |  |  | (78) |
Total oil and natural gas sales, net (1) | $ | 106,852 |  |  | $ | 102,339 |  |  | $ | 294,703 |  |  | $ | 307,106 |

_____________________
(1) The Company's oil, natural gas and NGL sales are presented net of gathering, processing and transportation costs. The costs, related to natural gas and NGLs, at times exceeded the price received and resulted in negative average realized prices.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which is intended to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. The amendments in this standard provide for enhanced income tax information primarily through changes to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. This ASU is effective for the Company prospectively to all annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company does not expect this standard to have a material impact on our disclosures.
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement (Subtopic 220-40) Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures, which broadens the disclosures required for certain costs and expenses in the Company’s annual and interim consolidated financial statements. This ASU is effective prospectively for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. The Company is currently evaluating the impact to disclosures related to our annual report for fiscal year 2027.
(4) Acquisitions of Oil and Natural Gas Properties
Silverback Acquisition
On July 1, 2025, the Company completed the acquisition of 100% of the ownership interests of Silverback Exploration II, LLC and its subsidiaries ("Silverback") which own oil and natural gas assets and operations located primarily in the Yeso trend of the Permian Basin in Eddy County, New Mexico (the “Silverback Acquisition”) for approximately $123 million before final customary purchase price adjustments, which includes approximately $120 million paid in cash and approximately $3 million of estimated fair value for earnout payments.
The Silverback Acquisition qualified as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting. The assets acquired and liabilities assumed were recognized at fair value as of the acquisition date. The preliminary purchase price allocation is subject to change for up to one year subsequent to the closing date of the acquisition due to final customary purchase price adjustments. The assets acquired and liabilities assumed were recognized on the condensed consolidated balance sheet at fair value as of the acquisition date. The fair value measurements of the oil and natural gas properties acquired and asset retirement obligations assumed were derived utilizing an income approach and based, in part, on significant inputs not observable in the market. These inputs represent Level 3 measurements in the fair value hierarchy and include, but are not limited to, estimates of reserves, future development, future operating costs, future cash flows and the use of weighted average cost of capital. These inputs required the use of significant judgments and estimates at the date of valuation, and use of different estimates and judgments could yield different results.
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RILEY EXPLORATION PERMIAN, INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
The following table presents the preliminary allocation of the Silverback Acquisition to the identified assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on estimated fair value as of the closing date of the acquisition:

Preliminary purchase price allocation as of September 30, 2025 (in thousands): |
Consideration: |  |
Cash consideration paid to sellers upon closing |  | $ | 119,684 |
Preliminary estimated fair value of earnout payments |  | 3,100 |
Total consideration transferred |  | $ | 122,784 |
Fair value of assets acquired: |  |
Cash |  | $ | 1,857 |
Accounts receivable |  | 8,234 |
Prepaid expenses |  | 313 |
Inventory |  | 5,371 |
Current derivative assets |  | 1,029 |
Oil and natural gas properties (successful efforts) |  | 139,996 |
Other property and equipment |  | 602 |
Other non-current assets |  | 1,416 |
Amount attributable to assets acquired |  | $ | 158,818 |
Fair value of liabilities assumed: |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 554 |
Accrued liabilities |  | 1,825 |
Revenue payable |  | 14,371 |
Asset retirement obligations |  | 19,284 |
Amount attributable to liabilities assumed |  | $ | 36,034 |
Net assets acquired |  | $ | 122,784 |

Cash consideration included deposits into escrow of $14.2 million at signing and $6.9 million at closing for title defects. As of September 30, 2025, $4.6 million of the escrow was returned to the Company, $1.1 million was paid to the sellers and $1.2 million remains in escrow and is reflected as funds held in escrow in our accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
The Company may potentially pay the sellers quarterly earnout payments of up to $1.875 million per fiscal quarter during calendar years 2026 and 2027 if the NYMEX WTI quarterly average exceeds certain stated amounts set forth in the Purchase Agreement, ranging from $70 to $75 per barrel or higher. See additional information on the fair value measurement of the earnout payments in Note 7 - Fair Value Measurements.
The Company funded the acquisition with cash on hand and borrowings under our Credit Facility. Transaction costs associated with the acquisition were approximately $2.6 million and $4.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively.
Post-Acquisition Operating Results
The results of operations attributable to the Silverback Acquisition since the closing date of the acquisition have been included in the consolidated statements of operations and include $14.8 million of total revenues, net and $8.3 million of earnings, which represents total revenues, net less production taxes and lease operating expenses ("LOE"), for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025.
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RILEY EXPLORATION PERMIAN, INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
Unaudited Pro Forma Operating Results
The results of operations of the Silverback Acquisition have been included in the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements since the closing date of the acquisition. The following supplemental, unaudited pro forma combined financial information for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, reflect the consolidated results of operations of the Company as if the Silverback Acquisition had occurred on January 1, 2024. The information below reflects pro forma adjustments based on available information and certain assumptions that the Company believes are factual and supportable. The unaudited pro forma information includes adjustments for (i) transaction costs being reclassified to the first quarter of 2024 instead of being recorded in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, (ii) depletion, depreciation and amortization expense and (iii) interest expense related to the financing for the Silverback Acquisition. In addition, the pro forma information has been effected for income taxes with a blended statutory rate of 25.7% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |
|  | (In thousands, except per share amounts)
Total revenues, net |  | $ | 106,852 |  |  | $ | 118,582 |  |  |  | $ | 331,297 |  |  | $ | 364,335 |  |
Net income |  | $ | 17,515 |  |  | $ | 26,585 |  |  |  | $ | 82,755 |  |  | $ | 80,730 |  |
Basic net income per common share |  | $ | 0.83 |  |  | $ | 1.27 |  |  |  | $ | 3.91 |  |  | $ | 3.92 |  |
Diluted net income per common share |  | $ | 0.82 |  |  | $ | 1.25 |  |  |  | $ | 3.91 |  |  | $ | 3.89 |  |

The unaudited pro forma combined financial information is for informational purposes only and is not intended to represent or to be indicative of the combined results of operations that the Company would have reported had the Silverback Acquisition been completed as of January 1, 2024, and should not be taken as indicative of the Company's future combined results of operations. The actual results may differ significantly from that reflected in the unaudited pro forma combined financial information for a number of reasons, including, but not limited to, differences in assumptions used to prepare the unaudited pro forma combined financial information and actual results.
New Mexico Mineral Rights Acquisition
In April 2025, the Company closed on its acquisition of undivided interests in oil, natural gas and minerals, which added approximately 175 contiguous net acres to our Red Lake field for approximately $2.1 million.
2024 New Mexico Asset Acquisition
On May 7, 2024, the Company completed the acquisition of oil and natural gas properties in Eddy County, New Mexico ("2024 New Mexico Asset Acquisition"), for a cash purchase price of approximately $19.1 million plus $0.5 million in transaction costs. The 2024 New Mexico Asset Acquisition was accounted for as an asset acquisition, with the final purchase price and transaction costs being capitalized to oil and natural gas properties. This acquisition was funded through a combination of proceeds from the 2024 equity issuance ("2024 Equity Offering") discussed in Note 11 - Shareholders' Equity and cash on hand.
(5) Oil and Natural Gas Properties
Oil and natural gas properties, net are summarized below:

| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
| (In thousands)
Proved | $ | 1,163,919 |  |  | $ | 1,027,183 |
Unproved | 173,439 |  |  | 100,974 |
Work-in-progress | 14,625 |  |  | 21,318 |
| $ | 1,351,983 |  |  | $ | 1,149,475 |
Accumulated depletion, amortization and impairment | (349,366) |  |  | (288,678) |
Total oil and natural gas properties, net | $ | 1,002,617 |  |  | $ | 860,797 |

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RILEY EXPLORATION PERMIAN, INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
Depletion and amortization expense for proved oil and natural gas properties was $24.2 million and $18.8 million, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024 and $59.5 million and $52.3 million, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024.
The cost of proved and unproved oil and natural gas properties are assessed for impairment at least annually or whenever events and circumstances indicate that a decline in the recoverability of their carrying value may have occurred. We compare the undiscounted future cash flows to the carrying amount to determine if the carrying amount is recoverable. If the carrying amount exceeds the estimated undiscounted future cash flows, we adjust the carrying amount to their estimated fair value which is considered a Level 3 measurement.
Impairments
Impairments of Oil and Natural Gas Properties
During the second quarter of 2025, certain oil and natural gas property in New Mexico outside of the Company's acreage in the Red Lake field failed the initial step assessment, which looked at the carrying value compared to undiscounted cash flows for this property. Based on this assessment of our long-lived assets impairment test, the carrying value exceeded the estimated fair market value and we recognized a $1.2 million non-cash impairment on proved properties during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.
Other Impairments
As part of the impairment review during the third quarter 2024, the Company made the decision to discontinue its EOR Project, which was in work-in-process, in favor of redeploying the required future capital and salvaging the assets for use in its conventional vertical and horizontal development programs. As a result of this decision, the remaining fair value for the EOR Project was determined to be zero and the Company recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $28.9 million and a cash impairment charge of $1.3 million. The total $30.2 million impairment is included in other impairments in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.
(6) Derivative Instruments
Oil and Natural Gas Contracts
The Company uses commodity based derivative contracts to reduce exposure to fluctuations in oil and natural gas prices. While the use of these contracts partially limits the downside risk for adverse price changes, their use also partially limits future revenues from favorable price changes. We have not designated our derivative contracts as hedges for accounting purposes, and therefore changes in the fair value of derivatives are included and recognized in other income (expense) in our accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations.
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RILEY EXPLORATION PERMIAN, INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
As of September 30, 2025, the Company’s oil and natural gas derivative contracts consisted of fixed price swaps, costless collars and basis swaps. The following table summarizes the open financial derivative positions as of September 30, 2025, related to our future oil and natural gas production:

|  | 2025 |  | 2026 |  | 2027
|  | Fourth Quarter |  | First Quarter |  | Second Quarter |  | Third Quarter |  | Fourth Quarter |  | First Quarter |  | Second Quarter
Oil |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
WTI Oil Swaps |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Volume (Bbl) |  | 679,947 |  |  | 561,000 |  |  | 525,000 |  |  | 465,000 |  |  | 495,000 |  |  | 245,000 |  |  | 80,000 |
Weighted average price ($/Bbl) |  | $ | 66.93 |  |  | $ | 62.22 |  |  | $ | 61.93 |  |  | $ | 61.30 |  |  | $ | 60.85 |  |  | $ | 61.37 |  |  | $ | 61.83 |
WTI Oil Collars |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Volume (Bbl) |  | 480,000 |  |  | 516,000 |  |  | 486,000 |  |  | 465,000 |  |  | 375,000 |  |  | 355,000 |  |  | 477,000 |
Weighted average floor price ($/Bbl) |  | $ | 63.10 |  |  | $ | 59.55 |  |  | $ | 57.78 |  |  | $ | 57.05 |  |  | $ | 56.63 |  |  | $ | 57.03 |  |  | $ | 55.31 |
Weighted average ceiling price ($/Bbl) |  | $ | 77.07 |  |  | $ | 77.16 |  |  | $ | 73.54 |  |  | $ | 72.57 |  |  | $ | 69.39 |  |  | $ | 66.19 |  |  | $ | 68.35 |
Natural Gas |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
NYMEX Natural Gas Swaps |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Volume (MMBtu) |  | 965,000 |  |  | 1,005,000 |  |  | 450,000 |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | 500,000 |  |  | 600,000 |  |  |
Weighted average price ($/MMBtu) |  | $ | 3.74 |  |  | $ | 3.97 |  |  | $ | 3.64 |  |  | $ | 3.59 |  |  | $ | 4.07 |  |  | $ | 4.19 |  |  |
NYMEX Natural Gas Collars |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Volume (MMBtu) |  | 400,000 |  |  | 225,000 |  |  | 900,000 |  |  | 900,000 |  |  | 600,000 |  |  | 450,000 |  |  |
Weighted average floor price ($/MMBtu) |  | $ | 3.30 |  |  | $ | 3.67 |  |  | $ | 3.05 |  |  | $ | 3.05 |  |  | $ | 3.43 |  |  | $ | 3.80 |  |  |
Weighted average ceiling price ($/MMBtu) |  | $ | 4.00 |  |  | $ | 4.30 |  |  | $ | 3.74 |  |  | $ | 3.74 |  |  | $ | 4.79 |  |  | $ | 5.84 |  |  |
Waha Basis Swaps |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Volume (MMBtu) |  | 450,000 |  |  | 450,000 |  |  | 450,000 |  |  | 450,000 |  |  | 600,000 |  |  | 675,000 |  |  |
Weighted average price ($/MMBtu) |  | $ | (2.07) |  |  | $ | (2.01) |  |  | $ | (2.26) |  |  | $ | (2.26) |  |  | $ | (1.31) |  |  | $ | (0.99) |  |  |

Interest Rate Contracts
In March 2024, the Company entered into a fixed-to-floating interest rate swap for the period from May 2024 to December 2024, to reduce our interest rate exposure, which resulted in a gain of approximately $1 million on a notional amount of $80 million. This gain was realized upon settlement of the contracts throughout 2024.
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RILEY EXPLORATION PERMIAN, INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
The following table summarizes the open interest rate derivative positions as of September 30, 2025:

Open Coverage Period |  | Position |  | Notional Amount |  | Fixed Rate
|  |  |  | (In thousands) |  |
October 2025 - April 2026 |  | Long |  | $ | 30,000 |  |  | 3.18 | %
October 2025 - April 2026 |  | Long |  | $ | 50,000 |  |  | 3.04 | %
October 2026 - April 2027 |  | Long |  | $ | 45,000 |  |  | 3.90 | %

Balance Sheet Presentation of Derivatives
The following tables present the location and fair value of the Company’s derivative contracts included in our accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets:

|  | September 30, 2025
Balance Sheet Classification |  | Gross Fair Value |  | Amounts Netted |  | Net Fair Value
|  | (In thousands)
Current derivative assets |  | $ | 15,656 |  |  | $ | (5,090) |  |  | $ | 10,566 |
Non-current derivative assets |  | 7,429 |  |  | (6,948) |  |  | 481 |
Current derivative liabilities |  | (5,090) |  |  | 5,090 |  |  | — |
Non-current derivative liabilities |  | (7,269) |  |  | 6,948 |  |  | (321) |
Total |  | $ | 10,726 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,726 |
|  | December 31, 2024
Balance Sheet Classification |  | Gross Fair Value |  | Amounts Netted |  | Net Fair Value
|  | (In thousands)
Current derivative assets |  | $ | 9,817 |  |  | $ | (6,553) |  |  | $ | 3,264 |
Non-current derivative assets |  | 6,661 |  |  | (6,076) |  |  | 585 |
Current derivative liabilities |  | (6,553) |  |  | 6,553 |  |  | — |
Non-current derivative liabilities |  | (6,490) |  |  | 6,076 |  |  | (414) |
Total |  | $ | 3,435 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,435 |

The following table presents the components of the Company's gain (loss) on derivatives, net for the periods presented below:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
| (In thousands)
Settlements on derivative contracts | $ | 2,263 |  |  | $ | 815 |  |  | $ | 8,529 |  |  | $ | (910) |
Non-cash gain (loss) on derivatives | (343) |  |  | 23,402 |  |  | 6,261 |  |  | 7,691 |
Gain on derivatives, net | $ | 1,920 |  |  | $ | 24,217 |  |  | $ | 14,790 |  |  | $ | 6,781 |

(7) Fair Value Measurements
The FASB has established a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy consists of three broad levels. Level 1 inputs are the highest priority and consist of unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities. Level 2 are inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 3 are unobservable inputs for an asset or liability.
The carrying values of financial instruments comprising cash, payables, receivables and advances from joint interest owners approximate fair values due to the short-term maturities of these instruments and are classified as Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy. The carrying value reported for the Credit Facility approximates fair value because the underlying instruments are at interest rates which approximate current market rates. The fair value of the Senior Notes is based on estimates of current
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RILEY EXPLORATION PERMIAN, INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
rates available for similar issuances with similar maturities and is classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. The oil and natural gas properties acquired and ARO assumed in the Silverback Acquisition and 2024 New Mexico Asset Acquisition in addition to the fair value of assets and liabilities when considered for impairment are considered Level 3 measurements.
Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring Basis
The fair values of commodity derivatives and interest rate swaps are estimated using discounted cash flow calculations based on forward curves and are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy. The following table summarizes these instruments that were accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy:

| September 30, 2025
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
| (In thousands)
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commodity derivative assets | $ | — |  |  | $ | 22,867 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 22,867 |
Interest rate assets | $ | — |  |  | $ | 218 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 218 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commodity derivative liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | (12,164) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (12,164) |
Interest rate liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | (195) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (195) |
| December 31, 2024
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
| (In thousands)
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commodity derivative assets | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15,301 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15,301 |
Interest rate assets | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,177 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,177 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commodity derivative liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | (13,043) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (13,043) |

Earnout Payments
The earnout payments in connection with the Silverback Acquisition were valued using a Monte Carlo simulation model that incorporated forward strip pricing as of September 30, 2025. The valuation process involved modeling the potential earnout payments over numerous scenarios based on WTI futures prices. The average expected value from the simulations was then discounted using the Company's cost of debt. The fair value of the earnout payments is considered a Level 3 measurement due to the unobservable inputs including volatility and the discount rate, as well as the detailed modeling required to estimate fair value. See Note 4 - Acquisitions of Oil and Natural Gas Properties for additional information on the earnout payments.

| September 30, 2025
| Fair Value
| (In thousands)
Earnout Payments (Level 3) | $ | 3,100 |

As of September 30, 2025, $0.7 million is accrued in other current liabilities and $2.4 million is accrued in other long-term liabilities in our accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
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RILEY EXPLORATION PERMIAN, INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
Liabilities Not Measured on a Recurring Basis
The following table summarizes the fair value and carrying amount of the Company's financial instruments:

| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
| Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value
| (In thousands)
Credit Facility (Level 2) | $ | 225,000 |  |  | $ | 225,000 |  |  | $ | 115,000 |  |  | $ | 115,000 |
Senior Notes (Level 2)(1) | $ | 142,042 |  |  | $ | 152,826 |  |  | $ | 154,494 |  |  | $ | 172,864 |

_____________________
(1)The carrying value for the Senior Notes is shown net of unamortized discount and unamortized deferred financing costs.
The carrying value reported for the Credit Facility approximates fair value because the underlying instruments are at interest rates which approximate current market rates. The fair value of the Senior Notes was determined utilizing a discounted cash flow approach.
(8) Equity Method Investment
RPC Power
RPC Power LLC ("RPC Power") is our power-focused joint venture with Conduit Power LLC, in which we have 50% ownership. The Company is involved in two current projects with RPC Power.
The first project provides a portion of our electric power needs for our field operation in our Champions field. This project consists of two sites located within the Company's operating area, each having a 10MW nameplate capacity facility. The power generated and delivered by RPC Power is consumed by operating activities and not sold to the electric grid.
The second project is intended to provide power for the sale into ERCOT, the primary electric grid of Texas, with none of the generation consumed by Riley Permian. This project consists of four sites located outside of the Company's operating area, but in the west Texas region, each having a 10 MW nameplate capacity facility. These facilities have planned in-service dates throughout 2026.
As the Company has significant influence due to our ownership percentage, but lacks control, RPC Power is accounted for as an equity method investment. In November 2024, the Company signed the Second Amendment to the A&R LLC Agreement, which increased the capital commitment for each owner from $42.5 million to $51.5 million. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had invested $38.5 million in the joint venture, comprised of $36.2 million in cash and $2.3 million of contributed assets, which was reduced by the Company's share of losses and increased by our share of income in the joint venture. The Company had a remaining commitment to invest up to an additional $13.0 million, if required, to fund our portion of the capital budget for the RPC Power joint venture.
See Note 9 - Transactions with Related Parties for further discussion of the contractual agreements between the Company and RPC Power and its affiliates and Note 15 - Commitments and Contingencies for additional information on future commitments.
The following table presents the Company's equity method investment activity:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
| (In thousands)
Equity method investment, beginning balance | $ | 28,813 |  |  | $ | 20,757 |  |  | $ | 22,811 |  |  | $ | 5,620 |
Contributions | 8,500 |  |  | 1,500 |  |  | 14,750 |  |  | 16,662 |
Loss from equity method investment | (19) |  |  | (210) |  |  | (267) |  |  | (235) |
Equity method investment, ending balance | $ | 37,294 |  |  | $ | 22,047 |  |  | $ | 37,294 |  |  | $ | 22,047 |

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RILEY EXPLORATION PERMIAN, INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
(9) Transactions with Related Parties
RPC Power
In January 2023, the Company entered into a 10-year agreement with RPC Power, which provides for the conversion of specified quantities of the Company’s produced natural gas to electricity to power a portion of our oilfield operations in our Champions field ("Tolling Agreement"). The Tolling Agreement was amended and restated in June 2024 ("A&R Tolling Agreement") primarily to reflect the new in-service date of September 2024. The Company also entered into a 10-year agreement (“Asset Optimization Agreement”) in January 2023 that requires RPC Power to provide operational expertise on the implementation and management of the power generating assets subject to the A&R Tolling Agreement for a monthly fee of $20 thousand.
In May 2024, the Company entered into the Second Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement (“A&R LLC Agreement”) to expand the scope of our joint venture to include the constructing, owning and operating of additional new power generation and storage assets, for the sale of energy and ancillary services to ERCOT ("Merchant Deal").
In May 2024, the Company entered into a 10-year natural gas supply agreement ("Supply Agreement") with RPC Merchant LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of RPC Power ("RPC Merchant"), to supply natural gas to fuel the natural gas generators under the Merchant Deal. The Company's commitment under the Supply Agreement is contingent upon project start-up which is expected to occur before the end of 2026.
The Company incurred LOE from RPC Power of approximately $2.0 million and $1.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively, and approximately $5.7 million and $2.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively. As of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, the Company had approximately $0.6 million and $1.2 million accrued for RPC Power, which was included in accrued liabilities in our accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
See additional information related to RPC Power in Note 8 - Equity Method Investment and Note 15 - Commitments and Contingencies for additional information on future commitments.
Contract Services
The Company and Combo Resources, LLC (“Combo”) own interests in six established units in Lee and Fayette Counties, Texas, which were jointly developed by the parties pursuant to participation agreements (collectively, the "Combo PA") and are currently operated by Riley Permian Operating Company, LLC ("RPOC"). RPOC also provided certain administrative and operational services to Combo pursuant to a management services agreement (the "Combo MSA") for a monthly fee and reimbursement of all third party expenses until the Combo MSA was terminated on January 31, 2024. Separately, the Combo PA was also terminated as of December 31, 2023, and pursuant to a letter agreement effective as of December 31, 2023, the Company agreed to relinquish our right to acquire additional working interests within a specified area. The rights of the Company in the six jointly owned units were not affected by this letter agreement and remain subject to the existing joint operating agreements between the parties.
The Company also provided certain administrative services pursuant to a services agreement (the "REG MSA") with Riley Exploration Group, LLC (“REG”) for a monthly fee and reimbursement of all third party expenses until the REG MSA was terminated effective May 31, 2024.
The following table presents revenues from and related cost for contract services for related parties:

|  |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
|  |  | (In thousands)
Combo |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 100 |
REG |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 280 |
Contract services - related parties |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 380 |
Cost of contract services - related parties |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 363 |

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RILEY EXPLORATION PERMIAN, INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
The Company had no revenues from or related cost for contract services for related parties as of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, and no amounts payable or receivable to Combo or REG at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024.
Consulting and Legal Fees
The Company has an engagement agreement with di Santo Law PLLC ("di Santo Law"), a law firm owned by Beth di Santo, a member of our Board of Directors, pursuant to which di Santo Law's attorneys provide legal services to the Company.
The Company incurred legal fees from di Santo Law of approximate ly $0.6 million and $0.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively, and approximately $1.3 million and $1.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively. As of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, the Company had approximately $1.0 million and $0.3 million, respectively, in amounts accrued for di Santo Law, which was included in other current liabilities in our accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(10) Long-Term Debt
The following table summarizes the Company's outstanding debt:

| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
| (In thousands)
Credit Facility | $ | 225,000 |  |  | $ | 115,000 |
Senior Notes |  |  |
Principal | $ | 150,000 |  |  | $ | 165,000 |
Less: Unamortized discount(1) | 5,704 |  |  | 7,547 |
Less: Unamortized deferred financing costs(1) | 2,254 |  |  | 2,959 |
Total Senior Notes | $ | 142,042 |  |  | $ | 154,494 |
Total debt | $ | 367,042 |  |  | $ | 269,494 |
Less: Current portion of long-term debt(2) | 20,000 |  |  | 20,000 |
Total long-term debt | $ | 347,042 |  |  | $ | 249,494 |

___________________
(1)Unamortized discount and unamortized deferred financing costs are attributable to and amortized over the term of the Senior Notes.
(2)As of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, the current portion of long-term debt reflects $20 million due on the Senior Notes over the next twelve months.
Credit Facility
As of September 30, 2025, Riley Exploration - Permian, LLC ("REP LLC"), as borrower, and the Company, as parent guarantor, are parties to a credit agreement with Truist Bank and certain lenders party thereto, as amended, which provides for a Credit Facility with a borrowing base of $400 million. On December 13, 2024, the Company entered into the sixteenth amendment to the Credit Facility to, among other things, extend the stated maturity date from April 2026 to December 2028 (or if any Senior Notes are then outstanding, the date that is 181 days prior to the earliest stated maturity date of such Senior Notes, in this case October 2027) and increased the borrowing base from $375 million to $400 million, which was reaffirmed in May 2025. Substantially all of the Company’s assets are pledged to secure the Credit Facility.
The Credit Facility contains certain covenants, which, among other things, require the maintenance of (i) a total leverage ratio of not greater than 3.00 to 1.00 and (ii) a minimum current ratio of not less than 1.0 to 1.0 as of the last day of any quarter. The Credit Facility also contains a total leverage ratio for the regulation of Restricted Payments, as defined in the credit agreement after giving pro forma effect to such Restricted Payments, which includes payments to any holder of the Company's shares, would not exceed 2.50 to 1.00. If the Company's leverage ratio, after giving pro forma effect to such Restricted Payments (as defined in the Credit Agreement), is above 2.0 to 1.0, then an additional test of free cash flow is applied, and the Company will only be permitted to make such Restricted Payments if such payment does not exceed the Company's free cash flow. In addition to and after giving effect to such Restricted Payments, the availability of funds under the Company's Credit Facility must be greater than or equal to 20% of the elected commitments. The Company must maintain a minimum hedging
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RILEY EXPLORATION PERMIAN, INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
requirement for oil and natural gas based on our proved developed producing projected volumes for oil and natural gas on a rolling 24-month basis.
The following table summarizes the Credit Facility balances:

| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
| (In thousands)
Outstanding borrowings | $ | 225,000 |  |  | $ | 115,000 |
Available under the borrowing base | $ | 175,000 |  |  | $ | 285,000 |

Senior Notes
On April 3, 2023, the Company (as issuer) completed our issuance of $200 million aggregate principal amount of 10.50% senior unsecured notes with final maturity in April 2028 pursuant to a note purchase agreement (the "Note Purchase Agreement"), with the Senior Notes issued at a 6% discount.
Interest is due and payable at the end of each quarter. In addition to interest, the Company will repay 2.50% of the original principal amount each quarter resulting in $5 million quarterly principal payments until the maturity of the Senior Notes. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had $20 million in current liabilities in our accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets related to the quarterly principal payments due within the next 12 months.
The Company may, at our option, redeem, at any time and from time to time on or prior to April 3, 2026, some or all of the Senior Notes at 100% of the principal amount thereof plus the make-whole amount plus a premium of 5.25% as set forth in the Note Purchase Agreement plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. After April 3, 2026, but on or prior to October 3, 2026, the Company may, at our option, redeem, at any time and from time to time some or all of the Senior Notes at 100% of the principal amount thereof plus a premium of 5.25% as set forth in the Note Purchase Agreement plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. After October 3, 2026, the Company may redeem some or all of the Senior Notes at 100% of the principal amount thereof plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. The principal remaining outstanding at the time of maturity is required to be paid in full by the Company. Certain note features, including those discussed above, were evaluated and deemed to be remote. Due to the remote nature, the fair value of these features was estimated to be approximately zero.
The Senior Notes contain certain covenants, which, among other things, require the maintenance of (i) a total leverage ratio of not greater than 3.00 to 1.00 and (ii) an asset coverage ratio greater than 1.50 to 1.00. The Senior Notes also contain a total leverage ratio and an asset coverage ratio for Restricted Payments, as defined in the Note Purchase Agreement. The leverage ratio, after giving pro forma effect to such Restricted Payments, cannot exceed 2.00 to 1.00, and the asset coverage ratio, after giving effect to such Restricted Payments, must be greater than or equal to 1.50 to 1.00. In addition to and after giving effect to such Restricted Payments, the availability of funds under the Company's Credit Facility must be greater than or equal to 15% of the Aggregate Elected Commitment Amount, as defined in the Note Purchase Agreement. Upon issuance of the Senior Notes, the Company must maintain a minimum hedging requirement included within the Senior Notes for oil and natural gas based on our proved developed producing projected volumes for oil and natural gas on a rolling 18-month basis.
The Senior Notes are general unsecured obligations ranking equally in right of payment with all other senior unsecured indebtedness of the Company and are senior in right of payment to all existing and future subordinated indebtedness of the Company. The Note Purchase Agreement contains customary terms and covenants, including limitations on the Company’s ability to incur additional secured and unsecured indebtedness.
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RILEY EXPLORATION PERMIAN, INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
The following table summarizes the Company's interest expense:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
| (In thousands)
Interest expense | $ | 8,669 |  |  | $ | 7,597 |  |  | $ | 20,922 |  |  | $ | 24,749 |
Interest income | (198) |  |  | (229) |  |  | (477) |  |  | (672) |
Capitalized interest | (260) |  |  | (140) |  |  | (1,315) |  |  | (1,938) |
Amortization of deferred financing costs | 582 |  |  | 690 |  |  | 1,726 |  |  | 2,041 |
Amortization of discount on Senior Notes | 615 |  |  | 653 |  |  | 1,844 |  |  | 1,934 |
Unused commitment fees on Credit Facility | 198 |  |  | 218 |  |  | 738 |  |  | 599 |
Total interest expense, net | $ | 9,606 |  |  | $ | 8,789 |  |  | $ | 23,438 |  |  | $ | 26,713 |

As of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, the weighted average interest rate on outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facility was 7.58% and 7.79%, respectively.
As of September 30, 2025, the Senior Notes had $5.7 million of unamortized discount and $2.3 million of unamortized deferred financing costs, resulting in an effective interest rate of 13.38% during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. As of December 31, 2024, the Senior Notes had $7.5 million of unamortized discount and $3.0 million of unamortized deferred financing costs, resulting in an effective interest rate of 13.38% during the year ended December 31, 2024.
As of September 30, 2025, the Company was in compliance with all covenants contained in the Credit Agreement and Note Purchase Agreement.
(11) Shareholders' Equity
Dividends
For the three months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, the Company declared quarterly dividends on our common stock totaling approximately $8.4 million and $8.1 million, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, the Company declared quarterly dividends on its common stock totaling approximately $24.9 million and $23.2 million, respectively.
Share-Based Compensation
The Company's stockholders approved the Amended and Restated 2021 Long Term Incentive Plan (the "A&R LTIP") which authorized up to 2,337,022 shares of common stock that may be granted as awards under the A&R LTIP. In March 2025, the Company introduced performance-based restricted stock awards in addition to time-based restricted stock awards to further align the compensation of the Company's executive officers with the long-term growth and the interests of its shareholders. Performance-based restricted stock awards represent 30% of total executive award value and may be earned based on the Company’s achievement of total shareholder return relative to its peer group during the applicable three-year performance period. Payouts for the executive officers can range from 0% to 200% of the target and have cliff-vesting after three years. As a result, the Company has reduced the remaining shares available to be granted as awards under the A&R LTIP by 168,406 shares (the full 200%), which assumes the highest percentage payout for the performance-based restricted stock awards. As of September 30, 2025, the A&R LTIP had 345,302 shares remaining that are available for future awards.
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RILEY EXPLORATION PERMIAN, INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
2021 Long-Term Incentive Plan
The following table presents the Company's restricted stock activity during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, under the A&R LTIP:

Amended and Restated 2021 Long-Term Incentive Plan
|  | Restricted Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested at December 31, 2024 |  | 387,915 |  |  | $ | 26.57 |
Granted |  | 478,390 |  |  | $ | 30.06 |
Vested |  | (151,373) |  |  | $ | 23.18 |
Forfeited |  | (6,311) |  |  | $ | 27.31 |
Unvested at September 30, 2025 |  | 708,621 |  |  | $ | 29.64 |

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, the total share-based compensation expense was $2.7 million and $1.7 million, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, the total share-based compensation expense was $6.7 million. Share-based compensation expense is included in general and administrative costs in the Company's accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations for the restricted stock awards granted under the A&R LTIP. Approximately $17.1 million of additional share-based compensation expense is expected to be recognized over the weighted average life of 26 months for the unvested restricted stock awards as of September 30, 2025.
At-The-Market Equity Sales Program
The Company's Equity Distribution Agreement in connection with an ATM allows the Company to offer and sell from time to time up to an aggregate $50 million in shares of the Company's common stock through our agents. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company did not execute any sales under the ATM program. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had remaining capacity to sell up to an additional $49.7 million of common stock under the ATM program.
2024 Equity Offering
On April 8, 2024, the Company issued and sold 1,015,000 shares of common stock at a price of $27.00 per share. Net proceeds from the 2024 Equity Offering were approximately $25.4 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and expenses. The proceeds were used for financing an acquisition, repayment of outstanding debt and general corporate purposes.
(12) Income Taxes
The components of the Company's consolidated provision for income taxes from operations are as follows:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
| (In thousands)
Current income tax (benefit) expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | (1,750) |  |  | $ | 3,091 |  |  | $ | 11,719 |  |  | $ | 13,620 |
State | 236 |  |  | 283 |  |  | 1,670 |  |  | 1,169 |
Total current income tax (benefit) expense | $ | (1,514) |  |  | $ | 3,374 |  |  | $ | 13,389 |  |  | $ | 14,789 |
Deferred income tax expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | 5,207 |  |  | $ | 3,034 |  |  | $ | 7,873 |  |  | $ | 7,088 |
State | 1,124 |  |  | 625 |  |  | 1,498 |  |  | 1,644 |
Total deferred income tax expense | $ | 6,331 |  |  | $ | 3,659 |  |  | $ | 9,371 |  |  | $ | 8,732 |
Total income tax expense | $ | 4,817 |  |  | $ | 7,033 |  |  | $ | 22,760 |  |  | $ | 23,521 |

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RILEY EXPLORATION PERMIAN, INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
A reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax rate to the Company's effective income tax rate is as follows:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
| (In thousands)
Tax at statutory rate | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | %
Nondeductible compensation | 1.5 | % |  | (0.6) | % |  | 0.8 | % |  | 0.3 | %
Share-based compensation | 0.2 | % |  | (1.1) | % |  | (0.1) | % |  | (0.3) | %
State income taxes, net of federal benefit | 5.1 | % |  | 2.2 | % |  | 2.5 | % |  | 2.2 | %
Tax Credit | (3.0) | % |  | — | % |  | (0.6) | % |  | — | %
Other | (4.3) | % |  | — | % |  | (0.9) | % |  | — | %
Effective income tax rate | 20.5 | % |  | 21.5 | % |  | 22.7 | % |  | 23.2 | %

The Company's federal income tax returns for the years subsequent to December 31, 2020, remain subject to examination. The Company's income tax returns in major state income tax jurisdictions remain subject to examination for various periods subsequent to December 31, 2019. The Company currently believes that all other significant filing positions are highly certain and that all of our other significant income tax positions and deductions would be sustained under audit or the final resolution would not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements. Therefore, the Company has not established any reserves for uncertain tax positions.
On July 4, 2025, new tax legislation known as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act ("OBBBA") was signed into law. The legislation, among other things, makes permanent, extends or modifies certain provisions under the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, including permanent extension of 100% bonus depreciation for certain capital expenditures and the limitation on interest expense deductions. Pursuant to ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, the effects of changes in tax law are recognized in the period of enactment. As such, this legislation is reflected in the Company's unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements as of September 30, 2025. The enactment of the OBBBA resulted in a $4.9 million reduction in our current income tax expense, with an offsetting increase in deferred income tax expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025.
(13) Net Income Per Share
The Company calculated net income per share using the treasury stock method. The table below sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net income per share:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
|  | (In thousands, except per share amounts)
Net income |  | $ | 16,340 |  |  | $ | 25,663 |  |  | $ | 75,443 |  |  | $ | 77,969 |
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding |  | 21,164 |  |  | 20,992 |  |  | 21,139 |  |  | 20,584 |
Restricted shares |  | 99 |  |  | 217 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 180 |
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding |  | 21,263 |  |  | 21,209 |  |  | 21,178 |  |  | 20,764 |
Basic net income per share |  | $ | 0.77 |  |  | $ | 1.22 |  |  | $ | 3.57 |  |  | $ | 3.79 |
Diluted net income per share |  | $ | 0.77 |  |  | $ | 1.21 |  |  | $ | 3.56 |  |  | $ | 3.76 |

The following shares were excluded from the calculation of diluted net income per share due to their anti-dilutive effect:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
| (In thousands)
Restricted shares | 674 |  |  | 365 |  |  | 735 |  |  | 402 |

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RILEY EXPLORATION PERMIAN, INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
(14) Segments
The Company’s oil and gas exploration and production activities are solely focused in the U.S. For financial reporting purposes, the Company aggregates our operating segments into one reporting segment due to the similar nature of these operations.
The following table presents consolidated net income, the significant measure of profit and loss used by the CODM, as well as total assets, capital expenditures and our equity method investment for the Company's single reportable segment:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
| (In thousands)
Total Revenues | $ | 106,852 |  |  | $ | 102,339 |  |  | $ | 294,703 |  |  | $ | 307,486 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Lease operating expenses | 26,874 |  |  | 18,532 |  |  | 64,085 |  |  | 51,793 |
Production and ad valorem taxes | 8,278 |  |  | 7,002 |  |  | 21,074 |  |  | 21,407 |
Exploration costs | 217 |  |  | 375 |  |  | 273 |  |  | 439 |
Depletion, depreciation, amortization and accretion | 27,214 |  |  | 20,722 |  |  | 65,915 |  |  | 55,971 |
Impairment of oil and natural gas properties | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,214 |  |  | — |
Other impairments | — |  |  | 30,158 |  |  | — |  |  | 30,158 |
Administrative Costs | 9,922 |  |  | 5,879 |  |  | 23,559 |  |  | 17,862 |
Share-based compensation expense | 2,688 |  |  | 1,720 |  |  | 6,742 |  |  | 6,693 |
Other segment items(1) | 2,797 |  |  | 473 |  |  | 4,723 |  |  | 1,506 |
Interest expense, net of capitalized interest(2) | 9,804 |  |  | 9,018 |  |  | 23,915 |  |  | 27,385 |
Interest income | (198) |  |  | (229) |  |  | (477) |  |  | (672) |
Gain on derivatives, net | (1,920) |  |  | (24,217) |  |  | (14,790) |  |  | (6,781) |
Loss from equity method investment | 19 |  |  | 210 |  |  | 267 |  |  | 235 |
Income tax expense | 4,817 |  |  | 7,033 |  |  | 22,760 |  |  | 23,521 |
Segment net income(3) | $ | 16,340 |  |  | $ | 25,663 |  |  | $ | 75,443 |  |  | $ | 77,969 |
Total assets | $ | 1,191,338 |  |  | $ | 997,875 |  |  | $ | 1,191,338 |  |  | $ | 997,875 |
Capital expenditures(4) | $ | 18,019 |  |  | $ | 30,018 |  |  | $ | 69,805 |  |  | $ | 77,638 |
Equity method investment | $ | 37,294 |  |  | $ | 22,047 |  |  | $ | 37,294 |  |  | $ | 22,047 |

_____________________
(1)Other segment items include transaction costs and cost of contract services - related parties.
(2)Interest expense is shown gross of or prior to the effect of interest income.
(3)There are no reconciling items between net income presented in our accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations and segment net income.
(4)Capital expenditures are accrual (activity-based) before acquisitions.
(15) Commitments and Contingencies
Legal Matters
Due to the nature of the Company's business, the Company may at times be subject to claims and legal actions. The Company accrues liabilities when it is probable that future costs will be incurred, and such costs can be reasonably estimated. Such accruals are based on developments to date and the Company’s estimates of the outcomes of these matters. The Company did not recognize any material liability for legal matters as of September 30, 2025, or December 31, 2024. Management believes it is remote that the impact of such matters will have a materially adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.
Environmental Matters
The Company is subject to various federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment. These laws, which are often changing, regulate the discharge of materials into the environment and may require
28

Table of Contents
RILEY EXPLORATION PERMIAN, INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
the Company to remove or mitigate the environmental effects of the disposal or release of petroleum or chemical substances at various sites. The Company had no material environmental liabilities as of September 30, 2025, or December 31, 2024.
Contractual Commitments
The Company is a party to a gas gathering, treating and processing agreement with our primary midstream counterparty in Texas. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company agreed to deliver an annual minimum volume during the contract term. As of September 30, 2025, approximately six years remain under this contract.
Under the A&R Tolling Agreement with RPC Power, the Company has committed to provide specified quantities of our natural gas for 10 years following the in-service date, for a fee based on a per MMBtu basis adjusted for contractual usage factors. The Company also entered into the Asset Optimization Agreement that requires RPC Power to provide operational expertise on the implementation and management of the power generating assets subject to the A&R Tolling Agreement for a monthly fee of $20 thousand.
Under the Supply Agreement with RPC Merchant, the Company agreed to supply natural gas to fuel the natural gas generators under the Merchant Deal for 10 years. The Company's commitment under the Supply Agreement is contingent upon project start-up which is expected to occur before the end of 2026.
Under the A&R LLC Agreement with RPC Power, the Company agreed to make additional capital contributions to fund its portion of the capital budget for RPC Power. The Company's remaining commitment, if required, is $13.0 million.
See Note 8 - Equity Method Investment and Note 9 - Transactions with Related Parties for additional information related to RPC Power.
Midstream Gas Purchase Agreement
On December 31, 2024, the Company signed a long-term gas purchase agreement (the "Midstream Gas Purchase Agreement") for the Company's New Mexico field with a new midstream counterparty, which includes dedicated acreage for a significant portion of the Company’s oil and gas assets in New Mexico, reimbursement by the Company of construction costs incurred by the midstream counterparty to connect to the Company’s pipeline (subject to a monetary cap of $18.7 million) and an initial 15-year term from the in-service date followed by a year-to-year continuation until terminated by either party upon 180 days written notice. In conjunction with the agreement, the Company intends to construct, own and operate low and high-pressure gathering lines and compression facilities that will connect to the new high capacity 20-inch natural gas pipeline to be constructed by the Company and designed to deliver gas volumes of up to 150 MMcf per day. In March 2025, the Company entered into a $10.9 million purchase agreement for two compressors as part of the midstream buildout plan. In June 2025, the Company entered into a $15.6 million pipe purchase agreement to further the midstream buildout plan. In August 2025, the Company entered into a $17.2 million purchase agreement for an additional three compressors. The remaining amounts owed for the compressors and pipe purchase agreements at September 30, 2025, was $33.4 million.
(16) Subsequent Events
Dividend Declaration
On October 7, 2025, the Board of Directors of the Company declared a cash dividend of $0.40 per share of common stock payable on November 6, 2025 to our shareholders of record at the close of business on October 21, 2025.
29

Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto presented in this report as well as the Company's audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in the Company's Annual Report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024. The following discussion contains "forward-looking statements" that reflect the Company’s future plans, estimates, beliefs and expected performance. The Company’s actual results could differ materially from those discussed in these forward-looking statements. See "Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" and "Part II, Item 1A. Risk Factors" below and the information set forth in the Risk Factors under Part I, Item 1A of the Company's Annual Report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.
Overview
Riley Permian is a growth-oriented, independent oil and natural gas company focused on horizontal drilling of conventional oil-saturated and liquids-rich formations in the Permian Basin that produce long-term cash flows. The majority of our acreage is located in Yoakum County, Texas and Eddy County, New Mexico.
Our strategic business objectives include enhancing the rate of return on our invested capital, generating sustainable free cash flow, maintaining a strong and flexible balance sheet and maximizing returns to shareholders. We implement this strategy primarily through identification and capture of attractive development opportunities, optimization of our assets and pursuing complementary growth opportunities that increase our scale and meet our strategic and financial objectives.
Recent Developments
Geopolitical and Economic Conditions
Commodity prices remain volatile. General domestic and international economic, market and political conditions, including military conflicts, global economic growth, unpredictability of new tariffs, actions of OPEC+ countries and changes to the current political environment under the new administration could prolong market volatility and continue to cause a decline in commodity prices.
Inflation continues to be an ongoing concern. Although inflation has moderated from highs experienced during 2021, inflationary pressures remain elevated or uncertain, which in turn may cause our capital expenditures and operating costs to increase. During inflationary periods, interest rates have historically increased. Increased interest rates could have the effects of raising our cost of capital and the potential for depressing economic growth, either of which (or the combination thereof) could hurt the financial and operating results of our business.
The Company cannot estimate the length or gravity of the future impact these events will have on the Company's results of operations, financial position, liquidity and the value of oil and natural gas reserves.
Silverback Acquisition
On July 1, 2025, the Company closed on the acquisition of 100% of the ownership interests of Silverback. The Silverback Acquisition added approximately 47,000 net acres directly adjacent to and overlapping with the Company's existing core acreage primarily in Eddy County, New Mexico. The Company funded the acquisition with cash on hand and borrowings under our Credit Facility. See Note 4 - Acquisitions of Oil and Natural Gas Properties.
30

Results of Operations
Comparison for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Revenues (in thousands):(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil sales, net |  | $ | 108,051 |  |  | $ | 105,303 |  |  | $ | 292,564 |  |  | $ | 308,648 |
Natural gas sales, net |  | (721) |  |  | (1,170) |  |  | (11) |  |  | (1,464) |
NGL sales, net |  | (478) |  |  | (1,794) |  |  | 2,150 |  |  | (78) |
Oil and natural gas sales, net |  | $ | 106,852 |  |  | $ | 102,339 |  |  | $ | 294,703 |  |  | $ | 307,106 |
Production Data, net: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil (MBbls) |  | 1,690 |  |  | 1,424 |  |  | 4,478 |  |  | 4,055 |
Natural gas (MMcf) |  | 3,380 |  |  | 1,940 |  |  | 7,821 |  |  | 5,179 |
NGLs (MBbls) |  | 722 |  |  | 408 |  |  | 1,609 |  |  | 1,031 |
Total (MBoe) |  | 2,975 |  |  | 2,155 |  |  | 7,391 |  |  | 5,949 |
Daily combined volumes (Boe/d) |  | 32,337 |  | 23,424 |  | 27,073 |  | 21,712
Daily oil volumes (Bbls/d) |  | 18,370 |  | 15,478 |  | 16,403 |  | 14,799
Average Realized Prices:(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil ($ per Bbl) |  | $ | 63.94 |  |  | $ | 73.95 |  |  | $ | 65.33 |  |  | $ | 76.12 |
Natural gas ($ per Mcf) |  | $ | (0.21) |  |  | $ | (0.60) |  |  | $ | 0.00 |  |  | $ | (0.28) |
NGLs ($ per Bbl) |  | $ | (0.66) |  |  | $ | (4.40) |  |  | $ | 1.34 |  |  | $ | (0.08) |
Average Realized Prices, including derivative settlements:(1)(2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil ($ per Bbl) |  | $ | 65.17 |  |  | $ | 73.84 |  |  | $ | 67.28 |  |  | $ | 75.03 |
Natural gas ($ per Mcf) |  | $ | (0.16) |  |  | $ | (0.10) |  |  | $ | (0.02) |  |  | $ | 0.39 |
NGLs ($ per Bbl)(3) |  | $ | (0.66) |  |  | $ | (4.40) |  |  | $ | 1.34 |  |  | $ | (0.08) |

_____________________
(1)The Company's oil, natural gas and NGL sales are presented net of gathering, processing and transportation costs. The costs, related to natural gas and NGLs, at times exceeded the price received and resulted in negative average realized prices.
(2)The Company's calculation of the effects of derivative settlements includes gains and losses on the settlement of our commodity derivative contracts. These gains and losses are included under other income (expense) on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations.
(3)During the periods presented, the Company did not have any NGL derivative contracts in place.
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Oil and Natural Gas Revenues
Our revenues are derived from the sale of our oil and natural gas production, including the sale of NGLs that are extracted from our natural gas during processing. Realized prices and revenues from product sales are a function of the volumes produced, product quality, market prices, gas Btu content, as well as gathering, processing and transportation costs. Gathering, processing and transportation costs ("GP&T costs") are allocated across natural gas and NGLs based on revenue, which leads to heightened fluctuations in such cost allocations across periods. Our revenues from oil, natural gas and NGL sales do not include the effects of derivatives. Our revenues may vary significantly from period to period as a result of changes in the volume of production sold or changes in commodity prices. The following table presents the Company's oil and natural gas sales prior to and net of GP&T costs:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
|  | (In thousands)
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil sales, gross |  | $ | 108,069 |  |  | $ | 105,309 |  |  | $ | 292,599 |  |  | $ | 308,688 |
Less: GP&T costs |  | (18) |  |  | (6) |  |  | (35) |  |  | (40) |
Oil sales, net |  | $ | 108,051 |  |  | $ | 105,303 |  |  | $ | 292,564 |  |  | $ | 308,648 |
Natural gas sales, gross |  | $ | 2,967 |  |  | $ | (980) |  |  | $ | 9,549 |  |  | $ | 333 |
Less: GP&T costs |  | (3,688) |  |  | (190) |  |  | (9,560) |  |  | (1,797) |
Natural gas sales, net |  | $ | (721) |  |  | $ | (1,170) |  |  | $ | (11) |  |  | $ | (1,464) |
NGL sales, gross |  | $ | 12,382 |  |  | $ | 7,747 |  |  | $ | 31,436 |  |  | $ | 21,019 |
Less: GP&T costs |  | (12,860) |  |  | (9,541) |  |  | (29,286) |  |  | (21,097) |
NGL sales, net |  | $ | (478) |  |  | $ | (1,794) |  |  | $ | 2,150 |  |  | $ | (78) |
Oil and natural gas sales, gross |  | $ | 123,418 |  |  | $ | 112,076 |  |  | $ | 333,584 |  |  | $ | 330,040 |
Less: GP&T costs |  | (16,566) |  |  | (9,737) |  |  | (38,881) |  |  | (22,934) |
Oil and natural gas sales, net |  | $ | 106,852 |  |  | $ | 102,339 |  |  | $ | 294,703 |  |  | $ | 307,106 |

32

Three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to three months ended September 30, 2024
The Company’s total oil and natural gas revenues, net increased by $4.5 million. The following tables summarize the effects of price, volume and GP&T costs changes on our revenues from oil, natural gas and NGLs (in thousands):
Oil revenues
Oil revenues increased by $2.7 million.

Oil sales, net for the three months ended September 30, 2024 |  | $ | 105,303 |
Price |  | (16,911) |
Volume |  | 19,671 |
GP&T costs |  | (12) |
Oil sales, net for the three months ended September 30, 2025 |  | $ | 108,051 |

Our realized oil prices decreased by $10.01, which was the result of a $10.65 decrease in the average WTI price. Average daily oil volumes increased by 19%, primarily due to increased production in our Red Lake field from an increase in wells turned to sales and the contribution of the Silverback Acquisition.
Natural gas revenues
Natural gas revenues increased by $0.4 million.

Natural gas sales, net for the three months ended September 30, 2024 |  | $ | (1,170) |
Price |  | 4,674 |
Volume |  | (727) |
GP&T costs |  | (3,498) |
Natural gas sales, net for the three months ended September 30, 2025 |  | $ | (721) |

Our realized natural gas prices before GP&T costs increased by $0.37, which was the result of a $0.92 increase in the average Henry Hub price, partially offset by higher allocated GP&T costs due to increased volumes.
NGL revenues
NGL revenues increased by $1.3 million.

NGL sales, net for the three months ended September 30, 2024 | $ | (1,794) |
Price | (1,327) |
Volume | 5,962 |
GP&T costs | (3,319) |
NGL sales, net for the three months ended September 30, 2025 | $ | (478) |

Our realized NGL prices before GP&T costs decreased by $1.84, which was the result of a $10.65 decrease in the average WTI price. Our realized NGL prices after GP&T costs increased by $3.74 due to higher Permian Basin natural gas prices, partially offset by higher allocated GP&T costs due to increased volumes.
33

Nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to nine months ended September 30, 2024
The Company’s total oil and natural gas revenues, net decreased by $12.4 million. The following tables summarize the effects of price, volume and GP&T costs changes on our revenues from oil, natural gas and NGLs (in thousands):
Oil revenues
Oil revenues decreased by $16.1 million.

Oil sales, net for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 |  | $ | 308,648 |
Price |  | (48,290) |
Volume |  | 32,201 |
GP&T costs |  | 5 |
Oil sales, net for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 |  | $ | 292,564 |

Our realized oil prices decreased by $10.79, which was the result of a $11.27 decrease in the average WTI price. Daily oil volumes increased by 11%, primarily due to increased production in our Red Lake field from an increase in wells turned to sales and the contribution of the Silverback Acquisition.
Natural gas revenues
Natural gas revenues increased by $1.5 million.

Natural gas sales, net for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 |  | $ | (1,464) |
Price |  | 9,046 |
Volume |  | 170 |
GP&T costs |  | (7,763) |
Natural gas sales, net for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 |  | $ | (11) |

Our realized natural gas prices before GP&T costs increased $1.29, which was the result of a $1.34 increase in the average Henry Hub price, partially offset by higher allocated GP&T costs due to increased volumes.
NGL revenues
NGL revenues increased by $2.2 million.

NGL sales, net for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 | $ | (78) |
Price | (1,367) |
Volume | 11,784 |
GP&T costs | (8,189) |
NGL sales, net for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 | $ | 2,150 |

Our realized NGL prices before GP&T costs decreased by $0.85, which was the result of a $11.27 decrease in the average WTI price. Our realized NGL prices after GP&T costs increased by $1.42 due to higher Permian Basin natural gas prices, partially offset by higher allocated GP&T costs due to increased volumes.
34

Costs and Expenses
The following table presents the Company's operating costs and expenses and other (income) expenses:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Costs and Expenses: | (In thousands)
Lease operating expenses | $ | 26,874 |  |  | $ | 18,532 |  |  | $ | 64,085 |  |  | $ | 51,793 |
Production and ad valorem taxes | $ | 8,278 |  |  | $ | 7,002 |  |  | $ | 21,074 |  |  | $ | 21,407 |
Exploration costs | $ | 217 |  |  | $ | 375 |  |  | $ | 273 |  |  | $ | 439 |
Depletion, depreciation, amortization and accretion | $ | 27,214 |  |  | $ | 20,722 |  |  | $ | 65,915 |  |  | $ | 55,971 |
Impairment of oil and natural gas properties | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,214 |  |  | $ | — |
Other impairments | $ | — |  |  | $ | 30,158 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 30,158 |
Administrative costs | $ | 9,922 |  |  | $ | 5,879 |  |  | $ | 23,559 |  |  | $ | 17,862 |
Share-based compensation | 2,688 |  |  | 1,720 |  |  | 6,742 |  |  | 6,693 |
General and administrative expense | $ | 12,610 |  |  | $ | 7,599 |  |  | $ | 30,301 |  |  | $ | 24,555 |
Transaction costs | $ | 2,797 |  |  | $ | 473 |  |  | $ | 4,723 |  |  | $ | 1,143 |
Interest expense, net | $ | 9,606 |  |  | $ | 8,789 |  |  | $ | 23,438 |  |  | $ | 26,713 |
Gain on derivatives, net | $ | (1,920) |  |  | $ | (24,217) |  |  | $ | (14,790) |  |  | $ | (6,781) |
Loss from equity method investment | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 210 |  |  | $ | 267 |  |  | $ | 235 |
Income tax expense | $ | 4,817 |  |  | $ | 7,033 |  |  | $ | 22,760 |  |  | $ | 23,521 |

Lease Operating Expenses ("LOE")
LOE are the costs incurred in the operation and maintenance of producing properties. Expenses for electricity, compression, direct labor, saltwater disposal and materials and supplies comprise the most significant portion of our lease operating expenses. Certain operating cost components, such as direct labor and materials and supplies, generally remain relatively fixed across broad production volume ranges, but can fluctuate depending on activities performed during a specific period. For instance, repairs to our pumping equipment or surface facilities or subsurface maintenance result in increased production expenses in periods during which they are performed. Certain operating cost components, such as saltwater disposal associated with produced water, are variable and increase or decrease as hydrocarbon production levels and the volume of completion water disposal increases or decreases.
The Company’s LOE increased by $8.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024, due to a $4.0 million increase due to Silverback production, a $2.1 million increase due to higher production in our historical Red Lake field, and a $2.0 million increase in workovers.
The Company’s LOE increased by $12.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024, due to a $4.0 million increase due to Silverback production and a $5.5 million increase due to higher production in our historical Red Lake field, and a $1.4 million increase in workovers.
Production and Ad Valorem Tax Expense
Production taxes are paid on produced oil, natural gas and NGLs based on a percentage of revenues at fixed rates established by federal, state or local taxing authorities. In general, the production taxes we pay correlate to changes in our oil, natural gas and NGL revenues. We are also subject to ad valorem taxes in the counties where our production is located. Ad valorem taxes are generally based on the valuation of our oil and natural gas properties, which also trend with oil and natural gas prices and vary across the different counties in which we operate.
Production and ad valorem taxes increased by $1.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024, primarily due to higher revenues across all commodities, as well as a higher percentage of volumes produced in New Mexico, which has a higher tax rate than Texas.
35

Production and ad valorem taxes decreased by $0.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024, primarily due to lower oil revenues in addition to the reversal of a previously accrued liability related to the Environmental Protection Agency’s waste emission charge that was nullified in the first quarter of 2025, partially offset by higher natural gas and NGL revenues.
Depletion, Depreciation, Amortization and Accretion ("DD&A") Expense
DD&A expense is the systematic expensing of the capitalized costs incurred to acquire, explore and develop oil, natural gas and NGLs. All costs incurred in the acquisition, exploration and development of properties (excluding costs of surrendered and abandoned leaseholds, delay lease rentals, dry holes and overhead related to exploration activities) are capitalized. Capitalized costs are depleted using the units of production method.
Accretion expense relates to ARO. We record the fair value of the liability for ARO in the period in which the liability is incurred (at the time the wells are drilled or acquired) with the offset to property cost. The liability accretes each period until it is settled or the well is sold, at which time the liability is removed.
DD&A expense increased by $6.5 million and $9.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, primarily due to higher production volumes in our Red Lake field and the Silverback Acquisition.
Impairments
Impairments of Oil and Natural Gas Properties
There was no impairment loss during the three months ended September 30, 2025, while the Company recognized a non-cash impairment loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, on proved properties of $1.2 million which related to a decrease in fair value of certain properties in New Mexico outside of the Company's acreage in the Red Lake field. There was no impairment loss during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.
Other Impairments
The Company recognized an impairment charge of $30.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, which consisted of a non-cash impairment charge of $28.9 million and a cash impairment charge of $1.3 million. The impairment charge related to the discontinuation of the Company's EOR project.
General and Administrative ("G&A") Expense
G&A expenses consist of administrative costs and share-based compensation expense. Administrative costs include corporate overhead such as payroll and benefits for our staff, office costs, fees for professional services such as audit and legal services, technology costs, insurance and other. Share-based compensation expense reflects costs associated with our stock granted to employees and members of our board of directors. G&A expenses are reported net of overhead recoveries.
G&A expense increased by $5.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024, primarily due to Silverback integration costs, increased headcount, and an increase in incentive compensation accruals.
G&A expense increased by $5.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024, primarily due to Silverback integration costs, increased headcount, and an increase in professional services.
Transaction Costs
Transaction costs represent costs incurred on successful or unsuccessful commercial transactions, business combinations or unsuccessful asset acquisitions. The transaction costs of $2.8 million and $4.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, are primarily related to the Silverback Acquisition. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the transaction costs of $0.5 million and $1.1 million relate to our RPC Power joint venture and unsuccessful transactions the Company decided not to pursue further.
36

Interest Expense, net
Interest expense, net increased by $0.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024, primarily due to a higher principal balance under the Credit Facility from the Silverback Acquisition, partially offset by slightly lower interest rates.
Interest expense, net decreased by $3.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024, primarily due to lower principal balances on the Credit Facility during the first half of the year and on the Senior Notes for the nine months ended September 30, 2025.
Gain (Loss) on Derivatives
The Company recognizes settlements and changes in the fair value of our derivative contracts as a single component within other income (expense) in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. We have oil and natural gas derivative contracts, including fixed price swaps, basis swaps and collars, that settle against various indices. The following table presents the components of the Company's gain (loss) on derivatives, net:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
| (In thousands)
Settlements on derivative contracts | $ | 2,263 |  |  | $ | 815 |  |  | $ | 8,529 |  |  | $ | (910) |
Non-cash gain (loss) on derivatives | (343) |  |  | 23,402 |  |  | 6,261 |  |  | 7,691 |
Gain on derivatives, net | $ | 1,920 |  |  | $ | 24,217 |  |  | $ | 14,790 |  |  | $ | 6,781 |

Cash gains or losses on settled derivative contracts related to contracts that settle during the period and are a function of the difference in settled versus contractual prices and the associated hedged volumes for each underlying commodity. Non-cash gains or losses on derivatives relate to unsettled contracts and are a function of changes in derivative fair values associated with fluctuations in the forward price curves for the commodities relative to contractual pricing and the associated hedged volumes for each underlying commodity for our derivative contracts outstanding.
Income Tax Expense
Current income taxes represent the amount the Company expects to owe to federal and state tax authorities in the current period, based on our taxable income. Deferred income taxes are provided to reflect the future tax consequences or benefits of differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the financial statements using enacted tax rates. See Note 12 - Income Taxes for further discussion of income taxes. Total income tax expense is summarized below:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
| (In thousands)
Current income tax (benefit) expense | $ | (1,514) |  |  | $ | 3,374 |  |  | $ | 13,389 |  |  | $ | 14,789 |
Deferred income tax expense | 6,331 |  |  | 3,659 |  |  | 9,371 |  |  | 8,732 |
Total income tax expense | $ | 4,817 |  |  | $ | 7,033 |  |  | $ | 22,760 |  |  | $ | 23,521 |
Effective income tax rate | 20.5 | % |  | 21.5 | % |  | 22.7 | % |  | 23.2 | %

The decrease in our effective income tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, was primarily due to the federal marginal well tax credit, partially offset by the Silverback Acquisition increasing our taxable income in New Mexico. The decrease in our current income tax expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, was primarily due to the enactment of the OBBBA.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
The business of exploring for, developing and producing oil and natural gas is capital intensive. Because oil, natural gas and NGL reserves are a depleting resource, like all upstream operators, we must make capital investments to sustain and grow production. The Company’s principal liquidity requirements are to finance our operations, fund capital expenditures, fund acquisitions and joint venture commitments, pay dividends and satisfy any indebtedness obligations. Cash flows are subject to a number of variables, including the level of oil and natural gas production and prices, and the significant capital expenditures
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required to more fully develop the Company’s oil and natural gas properties. Historically, our primary sources of capital funding and liquidity have been our cash on hand, cash flow from operations, borrowings under our Credit Facility and the issuance of our Senior Notes. At times and as needed, we may also issue debt or equity securities, including through transactions under our shelf registration statement filed with the SEC. In April 2024, the Company issued equity securities and used the proceeds to finance an acquisition, repay outstanding debt and for general corporate purposes. We estimate the combination of the sources of capital discussed above will continue to be adequate to meet our short and long-term liquidity needs.
Cash on hand and operating cash flow can be subject to fluctuations due to trends and uncertainties that are beyond our control. Likewise, our ability to issue equity, debt and obtain credit facilities on favorable terms may be impacted by a variety of market factors as well as fluctuations in our results of operations.
For further discussion of risks related to our liquidity and capital resources, see "Item 1A. Risk Factors."
Working Capital
Working capital represents the funds available to meet day-to-day operational needs and is the difference in our current assets and our current liabilities. Working capital is an indication of liquidity and potential need for short-term funding. The change in our working capital requirements is driven generally by changes in accounts receivable, accounts payable, commodity prices, credit extended to, and the timing of collections from customers, the level and timing of spending for expansion activity, and the timing of debt maturities. Our working capital fluctuates as our drilling and completion activity changes with periods of higher and lower activity. As of September 30, 2025, we had a working capital deficit of $47.9 million compared to a deficit of $54.6 million as of December 31, 2024. The current portion of our Senior Notes, which includes our regularly scheduled principal payments of $5 million per quarter, accounts for $20 million of our working capital deficit as of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024. We utilize our Credit Facility and cash on hand to manage the timing of cash flows and fund short-term working capital deficits. At September 30, 2025, we had cash on hand of $16.5 million and $175 million of undrawn capacity under our Credit Facility.
Cash Flows
The following table summarizes the Company’s cash flows:

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |
|  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | (In thousands) |  |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | $ | 147,671 |  |  | $ | 179,896 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net cash used in investing activities |  | $ | (212,829) |  |  | $ | (113,325) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  | $ | 68,493 |  |  | $ | (68,568) |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities were $147.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $179.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, and primarily consisted of the following:

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
|  | 2025 |  | 2024
|  | (In thousands)
Total revenues |  | $ | 294,703 |  |  | $ | 307,486 |
Operating expenses (1) |  | $ | (113,487) |  |  | $ | (92,603) |
Advances from joint interest owners |  | $ | (9,237) |  |  | 8,065 |
Settlements on derivative contracts |  | $ | 8,529 |  |  | $ | (910) |
Interest paid, net of capitalized interest |  | $ | (21,072) |  |  | $ | (24,709) |
Tax liabilities paid |  | $ | (16,184) |  |  | $ | (16,043) |

_____________________
(1)Operating expenses include LOE, production and ad valorem taxes, administrative costs, transaction costs and other miscellaneous operating expenses.
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The decrease in net cash provided by operating activities was due to lower revenues and higher operating expenses. Operating expenses increased due to higher production volumes but lower realized prices more than offset the benefits from these higher volumes.
Investing Activities
Net cash flows used in investing activities were $212.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $113.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, and primarily consisted of the following:

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
|  | 2025 |  | 2024
|  | (In thousands)
Additions to oil and natural gas properties |  | $ | (55,230) |  |  | $ | (76,372) |
Additions to midstream property and equipment |  | $ | (20,428) |  |  | $ | — |
Net assets acquired in business combination |  | $ | (117,827) |  |  | $ | — |
Acquisitions of oil and natural gas properties |  | $ | (2,161) |  |  | $ | (19,597) |
Contributions to equity method investment |  | $ | (14,750) |  |  | $ | (16,662) |

Capital expenditures for oil and natural gas properties decreased by $21.1 million due to fewer wells completed. Construction of our midstream project in New Mexico resulted in additions to midstream property and equipment. Net assets acquired in business combinations increased due to the Silverback Acquisition, which closed on July 1, 2025. Acquisitions of oil and natural gas properties decreased due to completing only a small mineral rights acquisition in the current year versus the 2024 New Mexico Acquisition.
Financing Activities
Net cash flows provided by financing activities were $68.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to net cash flows used in financing activities of $68.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, and primarily consisted of the following:

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2025 |  | 2024
|  | (In thousands)
Proceeds (repayments) under credit facility, net |  | $ | 110,000 |  |  | $ | (55,000) |
Proceeds (repayments) from Senior Notes |  | $ | (15,000) |  |  | $ | (15,000) |
Payment of common share dividends |  | $ | (24,840) |  |  | $ | (22,839) |
Proceeds from issuance of common shares, net |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25,415 |

Proceeds under our Credit Facility increased primarily to fund the Silverback Acquisition and for general working capital purposes compared to a net repayment position in 2024. The increase was partially of offset by the net proceeds from the 2024 Equity Offering.
Credit Facility and Senior Notes
The borrowing base under the Company's Credit Facility was $400 million with outstanding borrowings of $225 million and $175 million of available borrowing capacity at September 30, 2025.
In December 2024, the Company entered into the sixteenth amendment to the Credit Facility to, among other things, extend the stated maturity date from April 2026 to December 2028 (or if any Senior Notes are then outstanding, the date that is 181 days prior to the earliest stated maturity date of such Senior Notes, which is October 2027) and increase the borrowing base from $375 million to $400 million.
The Senior Notes had a principal balance of $150 million as of September 30, 2025.
See further discussion in Note 10 - Long-Term Debt for additional information.
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Dividends
For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company recognized quarterly dividends totaling approximately $24.9 million, with $24.8 million paid in cash and $0.1 million accrued for the holders of unvested restricted stock awards.
Contractual Obligations
As of September 30, 2025, the Company had a remaining volume commitment of approximately six years with our primary midstream counterparty in Texas. The Company also had natural gas delivery commitments under the A&R Tolling Agreement and the Supply Agreement and a remaining equity commitment under the Second Amendment to the A&R LLC Agreement of $13.0 million to fund our portion of the capital budget for the RPC Power joint venture. Further, the Company entered into a 15-year gas purchase agreement that required an acreage dedication to a midstream counterparty for a significant portion of our oil and gas assets in New Mexico. This agreement is expected to begin before the end of 2026. As a result of entering into the Midstream Gas Purchase Agreement, the Company is committed to spend approximately $130 million in capital expenditures through 2026 to complete the initial projects of our midstream buildout plan. The Company has incurred approximately $26.5 million since beginning the midstream project. See Note 15 - Commitments and Contingencies for additional information.
Critical Accounting Estimates
The Company's critical accounting estimates are described in "Critical Accounting Estimates" within "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2024 Annual Report. The accounting estimates used in preparing our interim condensed consolidated financial statements for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, are the same as those described in the 2024 Annual Report.
See Note 3 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the Company's consolidated financial statements in "Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules" in the 2024 Annual Report for a full discussion of our significant accounting policies.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
The primary objective of the following information is to provide both quantitative and qualitative insights into our exposure to market risk. Market risk refers to the potential for financial loss arising from adverse changes in commodity prices and interest rates. These disclosures are not intended to serve as precise forecasts of future losses, but rather to offer a framework for understanding reasonably possible risks. The forward-looking information presented reflects our approach to managing and mitigating market risk exposure within the context of our ongoing operational and financial strategy.
Commodity Price Risk
Our results of operations and cash flows are highly sensitive to fluctuations in the prices of crude oil, natural gas and NGLs. The volatility in these prices is influenced by various factors, including market conditions, geopolitical events, supply-demand imbalances, regulatory changes and other external factors outside of the Company's control. To partially reduce the impact of price volatility on our revenues and cash flows, we utilize commodity-based derivative contracts.
See Note 6 - Derivative Instruments for a full discussion of our derivative contracts and Note 7 - Fair Value Measurements for a full discussion of the fair value measurements associated with our derivatives.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, oil and natural gas sales, net was $294.7 million, excluding any effect of our derivative contracts. Oil and natural gas sales, net would have increased or decreased by approximately $29.5 million if there was a 10% change in realized pricing. As of September 30, 2025, the fair value of our oil and natural gas derivative contracts was a net asset of $11 million. A 10% change in the forward curves associated with our oil and natural gas derivative contracts would have changed our net position by approximately $33 million.
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Interest Rate Risk
Our business is subject to the effects of market interest rates. These interest rates are influenced by macroeconomic factors such as inflation, consumer spending and federal reserve monetary policy. Interest rate risk could increase our cost of capital and potentially slow economic growth, either of which (or the combination thereof) could hurt the financial and operating results of our business. To mitigate this risk, the Company utilizes interest rate derivative contracts to partially reduce exposure to interest rate fluctuations.
See Note 10 - Long-Term Debt for a full discussion of our long-term debt.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management establishes and maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms. Such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") and Chief Financial Officer ("CFO"), as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. We evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2025, with the participation of our CEO and CFO, as well as other key members of our management. Based on this evaluation, our CEO and CFO concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2025.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended September 30, 2025, that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
From time to time, we may be involved in various legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business. The ultimate outcome of any such proceedings or claims, and any resulting impact on us, cannot be predicted with certainty. The Company believes that the amount of the liability, if any, ultimately incurred with respect to any such proceedings or claims will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, liquidity, capital resources, results of operations or cash flows.
Refer to "Part I, Item 3 - Legal Proceedings" of the 2024 Annual Report, and "Part I, Item 1. Note 15 - Commitments and Contingencies" in the notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements set forth in this Quarterly Report (which is incorporated by reference herein) for additional information.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
In addition to the information set forth in this Quarterly Report, the risks that are discussed in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, under the headings "Part I, Item 1. and Item 2. Business and Properties," "Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and "Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors," and in "Part II, Item 1A. Risk Factors" of our subsequently filed Quarterly Reports should be carefully considered, as such risks could materially affect the Company's business, financial condition or future results. There has been no material change in the Company's risk factors from those that were described in the Company's 2024 Annual Report and subsequently filed Quarterly Report.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Issuer Repurchases of Equity Securities
The Total Number of Shares Purchased below reflect the shares received by us from employees for the payment of personal income tax withholding on vesting transactions. The acquisition of the surrendered shares was not part of a publicly announced program to repurchase shares of our common stock. Any shares repurchased by the Company for personal tax withholdings are immediately retired upon repurchase. Our common stock repurchase activity during the third quarter of 2025 was as follows:

Month Ended |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plan or Programs |  | Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plan or Programs
July 31 |  | 3,249 |  |  | $ | 26.11 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
August 31 |  | 115 |  |  | $ | 25.98 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
September 30 |  | 33,085 |  |  | $ | 28.92 |  |  | — |  |  | — |

Item 5. Other Information
On June 29, 2025, Bobby Riley, our Chief Executive Officer, adopted a trading plan intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c) providing for the sale of up to 50,000 shares of Common Stock. The expiration date for Bobby Riley's plan is August 31, 2026.
On July 12, 2025, Corey Riley, our Chief Information and Compliance Officer, adopted a trading plan intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c) providing for the sale of up to 14,000 shares of Common Stock. The expiration date for Corey Riley's plan is November 30, 2026.
Except as noted above, during the quarter or year ended September 30, 2025, none of our directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Exchange Act) adopted or terminated a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as each term is defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K.
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Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit Number | Description
2.1 | Securities Purchase Agreement dated May 3, 2025, by and between Silverback Legacy, LLC and Silverback Blocker, LLC, as Seller, and Riley Exploration - Permian, LLC, as Purchaser (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 7, 2025).
3.1 | First Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Riley Exploration Permian, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 1, 2021, Registration No. 333-253750).
3.2 | Third Amended and Restated Bylaws of Riley Exploration Permian, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 23, 2022).
4.1 | Description of Registrant's Securities (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 6, 2024).
4.2 | Note Purchase Agreement, dated as of April 3, 2023, among Riley Exploration - Permian, LLC, as Issuer, Riley Exploration Permian, Inc., as Parent, each of the subsidiaries of the Issuer party thereto as guarantors, each of the holders from time to time party thereto, and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as agent for the holders (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 4, 2023).
4.3 | First Amendment to Note Purchase Agreement dated as of December 13, 2024 by and among Riley Exploration - Permian, LLC, as Issuer, Riley Exploration Permian, Inc., as Parent, each of the subsidiaries of the Issuer party thereto as guarantors, each of the holders from time to time party thereto, and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as agent for the holders (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 18, 2024).
31.1* | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2* | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1* | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C., Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2* | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C., Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS* | XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH* | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL* | XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF* | XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB* | XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE* | XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document

* Filed herewith.
† Compensatory plan or arrangement.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.

| RILEY EXPLORATION PERMIAN, INC.
Date: November 5, 2025 | By: | /s/ Bobby Riley
|  | Bobby Riley
|  | Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
| By: | /s/ Philip Riley
|  | Philip Riley
|  | Chief Financial Officer and Executive Vice President of Strategy

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