16. REVENUE RECOGNITION

Adoption of ASC Topic 606, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers"

On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted Topic 606 using the modified retrospective method applied to those contracts which were not completed as of January 1, 2018. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented under Topic 606, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with our historic accounting under Topic 605.

The Company recorded a net reduction to opening retained earnings of $11.2 million, net of tax, as of January 1, 2018 due to the cumulative impact of adopting Topic 606, with the impact primarily related to our loyalty point program deferrals. The impact to revenues as a result of applying Topic 606 for the three- and six-months ended June 30, 2018 was a decrease of $0.6 million and $1.2 million, respectively.

Revenue Recognition

Net sales include products and shipping and handling charges, net of estimates for product returns and any related sales incentives. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring products. All revenue is recognized when we satisfy our performance obligations under the contract. The Company recognizes revenue by transferring the promised products to the customer, with revenue recognized at shipping point, the point in time the customer obtains control of the products. The Company recognizes revenue for shipping and handling charges at the time the products are delivered to or picked up by the customer. The Company estimates product returns based on historical return rates. The majority of the Company's contracts have a single performance obligation and are short term in nature. Sales taxes and value added taxes in foreign jurisdictions that are collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are accounted for on a net basis and therefore are excluded from net sales.

Contract Liabilities – Customer Loyalty Programs

Contract liabilities, recorded as deferred revenue within the accrued expenses line in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, include loyalty point program deferrals with certain customers which are accounted for as a reduction in the transaction price and are generally recognized as points are redeemed for additional products on an annual basis. Significant changes in these contract liability balances were as follows for the six-month period ended June 30 (U.S. dollars in thousands):

	June 30, 2018

Outstanding at beginning of period	$	13,043	⁽¹⁾
Increase (decrease) attributed to:
Customer loyalty deferrals		3,029
Customer loyalty redemptions/expirations		(1,802	)
Outstanding at end of period	$	14,270

⁽¹⁾

The company recorded customer loyalty points under the cost provision method prior to the adoption of Topic 606. The loyalty point liability under the cost provision methodology was $1.9 million as of December 31, 2017. The Company recorded an additional liability of $11.2 million due to the cumulative impact of adopting Topic 606.

Disaggregation of Revenue

Please refer to Note 6 - Segment Information for revenue by segment and product line.

Arrangements with Multiple Performance Obligations

The Company's contracts with customers may include multiple performance obligations. For such arrangements, the Company allocates revenues to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price. The Company generally determines standalone selling prices based on the prices charged to customers for individual products sales to customers.

Practical Expedients and Exemptions

The Company generally expenses sales commissions when incurred because the amortization period would have been one year or less. These costs are recorded within selling expenses.

The Company does not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original expected length of one year or less.