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Income Taxes (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2020
Income Taxes [Abstract]  
Consolidated Income Before Provision for Income Taxes
Consolidated income before provision for income taxes consists of the following for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 (U.S. dollars in thousands):

 
2020
   
2019
   
2018
 
U.S.
 
$
71,138
   
$
24,211
   
$
(67,087
)
Foreign
   
185,094
     
230,961
     
286,753
 
Total
 
$
256,232
   
$
255,172
   
$
219,666
 
Current and Deferred Taxes
The provision for current and deferred taxes for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 consists of the following (U.S. dollars in thousands):

 
2020
   
2019
   
2018
 
Current
                 
Federal
 
$
   
$
   
$
 
State
   
1,629
     
2,213
     
652
 
Foreign
   
77,079
     
79,694
     
116,303
 
     
78,708
     
81,907
     
116,955
 
Deferred
                       
Federal
   
(14,430
)
   
(8,878
)
   
(17,836
)
State
   
(563
)
   
(473
)
   
(1,974
)
Foreign
   
1,162
     
9,063
     
634
 
     
(13,831
)
   
(288
)
   
(19,176
)
Provision for income taxes
 
$
64,877
   
$
81,619
   
$
97,779
 
Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities
The principal components of deferred taxes are as follows (U.S. dollars in thousands):

 
Year Ended December 31,
 
   
2020
   
2019
 
Deferred tax assets:
           
Inventory differences
 
$
6,181
   
$
5,040
 
Foreign tax credit and other foreign benefits
   
57,720
     
69,820
 
Stock-based compensation
   
8,925
     
7,441
 
Accrued expenses not deductible until paid
   
42,694
     
35,374
 
Foreign currency exchange
   
1,403
     
163
 
Net operating losses
   
8,667
     
6,341
 
Capitalized research and development
   
23,019
     
18,716
 
R&D credit carryforward
   
1,229
     
881
 
Other
   
45
     
37
 
Gross deferred tax assets
   
149,883
     
143,813
 
Deferred tax liabilities:
               
Foreign currency exchange
   
     
721
 
Foreign withholding taxes
   
20,207
     
20,986
 
Intangibles step-up
   
4,623
     
4,958
 
Overhead allocation to inventory
   
2,684
     
3,611
 
Amortization of intangibles
   
18,551
     
15,393
 
Other
   
1,690
     
1,063
 
Gross deferred tax liabilities
   
47,755
     
46,732
 
Valuation allowance
   
(67,340
)
   
(77,042
)
Deferred taxes, net
 
$
34,788
   
$
20,039
 
Deferred Tax Asset Valuation Adjustments
The deferred tax asset valuation adjustments for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 are as follows (U.S. dollars in thousands):

 
Year Ended December 31,
 
   
2020
   
2019
   
2018
 
Balance at the beginning of period
 
$
77,042
   
$
68,697
   
$
56,906
 
Additions charged to cost and expenses
   
2,154
(1) 
   
10,913
(4) 
   
27,902
(6) 
Decreases
   
(12,100
)(2)
   
(3,343
)(5)
   
(16,215
)(7)
Adjustments
   
244
(3) 
   
775
(3) 
   
104
(3) 
Balance at the end of the period
 
$
67,340
   
$
77,042
   
$
68,697
 

(1)
Increase in valuation is due primarily to net operating losses in foreign markets.
(2)
The decrease was due to the utilization of prior year foreign tax credits that had previously had a valuation allowance recorded against the asset.
(3)
Represents the net currency effects of translating valuation allowances at current rates of exchange.

(4)  Increase in valuation is due primarily to $9.8 million that was recorded on the foreign tax credit carryforward. The additional amount is due to net operating losses in foreign markets.

(5)  The decrease was due primarily to the utilization of foreign tax credits, and expiration of foreign net operating losses.
(6)
Increase in valuation is due primarily to the $27.2 million that was recorded on the foreign tax credit carryforward. The additional amount is due to net operating losses in foreign markets
(7)
The decrease was due primarily to the utilization of foreign tax credits. Decrease is due primarily to the write-off of Brazil deferred tax assets, which had no impact to the income statement, as a valuation allowance had been previously recorded against the asset.
Deferred Taxes, Net on a Jurisdiction Basis
The components of deferred taxes, net on a jurisdiction basis are as follows (U.S. dollars in thousands):

 
Year Ended December 31,
 
   
2020
   
2019
 
Net noncurrent deferred tax assets
 
$
35,414
   
$
30,780
 
Net noncurrent deferred tax liabilities
   
626
     
10,741
 
Deferred taxes, net
 
$
34,788
   
$
20,039
 
Reconciliation of Statutory to Effective Tax Rate
The actual tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 compared to the statutory U.S. Federal tax rate is as follows:

 
Year Ended December 31,
 
   
2020
   
2019
   
2018
 
Income taxes at statutory rate
   
21.00
%
   
21.00
%
   
21.00
%
Indefinite reinvestment
   
     
     
(2.73
)%
Excess tax benefit from equity award
   
0.70
%
   
0.02
%
   
(1.41
)%
Non-U.S. income taxed at different rates
   
3.37
%
   
3.09
%
   
7.37
%
Foreign withholding taxes
   
5.21
%
   
4.10
%
   
7.68
%
Change in reserve for uncertain tax positions
   
1.98
%
   
1.07
%
   
3.68
%
Valuation allowance recognized foreign tax credit & others
   
(4.59
)%
   
2.56
%
   
5.54
%
Revaluation of deferred taxes
   
     
     
1.61
%
Foreign-Derived Intangible Income (FDII)
   
(2.78
)%
   
(0.70
)%
   
 
Other
   
0.43
%
   
0.85
%
   
1.77
%
     
25.32
%
   
31.99
%
   
44.51
%