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Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Income Taxes

Schedule of components of income loss before income taxes

The components of loss before income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows (in thousands):

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		2022			2023			2024
U.S.	​	$	(58,431)	​	$	(99,749)	​	$	(79,710)
Foreign	​		(939)	​		(772)	​		(1,287)
Total loss before income taxes	​	$	(59,370)	​	$	(100,521)	​	$	(80,997)

Schedule of provision for income taxes

The provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 consists of the following (in thousands):

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		2022			2023			2024
Current:		​			​			​
State	​	$	47	​	$	92	​	$	62
Foreign	​		—	​		—	​		—
Total current	​		47	​		92	​		62
Deferred:	​			​			​
Federal	​		78	​		(318)	​		876
State	​		95	​		(197)	​		1,754
Total deferred	​		173	​		(515)	​		2,630
Total expense	​	$	220	​	$	(423)	​	$	2,692

Schedule of reconciliation of federal income tax rate to the actual effective tax rate

A reconciliation of the income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, with the amount computed using the federal income tax rate of 21% as of December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, consists of the following (in thousands):

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		2022			2023			2024
Computed expected tax (benefit)	​	$	(12,468)	​	$	(21,110)	​	$	(17,009)
Nondeductible expenses	​		4,218	​		1,062	​		2,892
Tax rate differential on foreign earnings	​		197	​		162	​		270
Joint ventures	​		441	​		1,035	​		2,297
Amazon warrants	​		1,134	​	​	5,381	​	​	10,114
Tax credits	​		(6,065)	​		(6,250)	​		(7,208)
Other	​		843	​		(48)	​		1,447
Change in valuation allowance	​		11,920	​		19,345	​		9,889
Total tax expense	​	$	220	​	$	(423)	​	$	2,692

Schedule of tax effect of temporary differences that give rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities

Deferred tax assets and liabilities result from differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of existing assets and liabilities. The tax effect of temporary differences that give rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows (in thousands):

​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		2023			2024
Deferred tax assets:		​			​
Accrued expenses	​	$	6,178	​	$	6,915
Lease obligations	​	​	25,574	​	​	25,993
Alternative minimum tax and general business credits	​		7,011	​		7,011
Stock option expense	​		11,756	​		11,280
Amazon warrants	​	​	20,002	​	​	18,271
Other	​		6,096	​		7,455
Depreciation and amortization	​	​	4,270	​	​	4,404
Loss carryforwards	​		152,310	​		161,931
Total deferred tax assets	​		233,197	​		243,260
Less valuation allowance	​		(202,242)	​		(211,709)
Net deferred tax assets	​		30,955	​		31,551
Deferred tax liabilities:	​			​
Right-of-use assets	​	​	(24,650)	​	​	(24,196)
Commodity swap contracts	​		(741)	​		(706)
Goodwill	​		(3,160)	​		(3,473)
Investments in joint ventures and partnerships	​		(2,989)	​		(6,391)
Total deferred tax liabilities	​		(31,540)	​		(34,766)
Net deferred tax liabilities	​	$	(585)	​	$	(3,215)

Schedule of reconciliation of the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits

The following is a tabular reconciliation of the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 (in thousands):

​	​	​	​
Unrecognized tax benefit—December 31, 2022		$	54,672
Gross increases—tax positions in current year		​	4,517
Gross increases—tax positions in prior year	​	​	—
Gross decreases—tax positions in prior year	​	​	(93)
Unrecognized tax benefit—December 31, 2023	​	​	59,096
Gross increases—tax positions in current year	​	​	5,285
Gross increases—tax positions in prior year	​	​	—
Gross decreases—tax positions in prior year	​	​	(92)
Unrecognized tax benefit—December 31, 2024	​	$	64,289

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Tabular disclosure of the components of income tax expense attributable to continuing operations for each year presented including, but not limited to: current tax expense (benefit), deferred tax expense (benefit), investment tax credits, government grants, the benefits of operating loss carryforwards, tax expense that results from allocating certain tax benefits either directly to contributed capital or to reduce goodwill or other noncurrent intangible assets of an acquired entity, adjustments of a deferred tax liability or asset for enacted changes in tax laws or rates or a change in the tax status of the entity, and adjustments of the beginning-of-the-year balances of a valuation allowance because of a change in circumstances that causes a change in judgment about the realizability of the related deferred tax asset in future years.

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Tabular disclosure of the components of net deferred tax asset or liability recognized in an entity's statement of financial position, including the following: the total of all deferred tax liabilities, the total of all deferred tax assets, the total valuation allowance recognized for deferred tax assets.

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Tabular disclosure of the reconciliation using percentage or dollar amounts of the reported amount of income tax expense attributable to continuing operations for the year to the amount of income tax expense that would result from applying domestic federal statutory tax rates to pretax income from continuing operations.

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Tabular disclosure of income before income tax between domestic and foreign jurisdictions.

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Tabular disclosure of the change in unrecognized tax benefits.

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