EX-3.1 3 d229663dex31.htm EX-3.1

Exhibit 3.1

THE COMPANIES LAW (2011 REVISION)

OF THE CAYMAN ISLANDS

COMPANY LIMITED BY SHARES

AMENDED AND RESTATED

MEMORANDUM AND ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION

OF

ICHOR HOLDINGS, LTD.

(Adopted by special resolution dated March 16, 2012)

THE COMPANIES LAW (2011 REVISION)

OF THE CAYMAN ISLANDS

COMPANY LIMITED BY SHARES

AMENDED AND RESTATED

MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION

OF

ICHOR HOLDINGS, LTD.

(Adopted by special resolution dated March 16, 2012)

1. | The name of the Company is Ichor Holdings, Ltd

2. | The Registered Office of the Company shall be at the offices of Maples Corporate Services Limited, PO Box 309, Ugland House, Grand Cayman, KY1-1104, Cayman Islands, or at such other place within the Cayman Islands as the Directors may decide.

3. | The objects for which the Company is established are unrestricted and the Company shall have full power and authority to carry out any object not prohibited by the laws of the Cayman Islands.

4. | The liability of each Member is limited to the amount unpaid on such Member’s shares.

5. | The share capital of the Company is US$40,000 divided into 250,000,000 common shares of a par value of US$0.0001 each (“Common Stock”) and 150,000,000 series A preferred shares of a par value of US$0.0001 each (“Series A Preferred Stock”).

6. | The Company has power to register by way of continuation as a body corporate limited by shares under the laws of any jurisdiction outside the Cayman Islands and to be deregistered in the Cayman Islands.

7. | Capitalised terms that are not defined in this Memorandum of Association bear the respective meanings given to them in the Articles of Association of the Company.

THE COMPANIES LAW (2011 REVISION)

OF THE CAYMAN ISLANDS

COMPANY LIMITED BY SHARES

AMENDED AND RESTATED

ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION

OF

ICHOR HOLDINGS, LTD.

(Adopted by special resolution dated March 16, 2012)

Table of Contents

|  |  |  | Page |
PART A |  |  | 1 |
1 |  | Interpretation |  |  | 1 |
2 |  | Commencement of Business |  |  | 3 |
3 |  | Issue of Shares |  |  | 4 |
4 |  | Register of Members |  |  | 4 |
5 |  | Closing Register of Members or Fixing Record Date |  |  | 4 |
6 |  | Certificates for Shares |  |  | 4 |
7 |  | Transfer of Shares |  |  | 5 |
8 |  | Redemption, Repurchase and Surrender of Shares |  |  | 6 |
9 |  | RESERVED |  |  | 7 |
10 |  | Treasury Shares |  |  | 8 |
11 |  | Variation of Rights of Shares |  |  | 8 |
12 |  | Commission on Sale of Shares |  |  | 8 |
13 |  | Non Recognition of Trusts |  |  | 8 |
14 |  | Lien on Shares |  |  | 9 |
15 |  | Call on Shares |  |  | 9 |
16 |  | Forfeiture of Shares |  |  | 10 |
17 |  | Transmission of Shares |  |  | 11 |
18 |  | Amendments of Memorandum and Articles of Association and Alteration of Capital |  |  | 11 |
19 |  | Offices and Places of Business |  |  | 12 |
20 |  | General Meetings |  |  | 12 |
21 |  | Notice of General Meetings |  |  | 13 |
22 |  | Proceedings at General Meetings |  |  | 13 |
23 |  | Votes of Members |  |  | 15 |
24 |  | Proxies |  |  | 15 |
25 |  | Corporate Members |  |  | 16 |
26 |  | Shares that May Not be Voted |  |  | 16 |
27 |  | Directors |  |  | 16 |
28 |  | Powers of Directors |  |  | 16 |
29 |  | Appointment and Removal of Directors |  |  | 17 |
30 |  | Vacation of Office of Director |  |  | 17 |
31 |  | Proceedings of Directors |  |  | 18 |
32 |  | Presumption of Assent |  |  | 19 |
33 |  | Directors’ Interests |  |  | 19 |
34 |  | Minutes |  |  | 20 |
35 |  | Delegation of Directors’ Powers |  |  | 20 |
36 |  | Alternate Directors |  |  | 21 |
37 |  | No Minimum Shareholding |  |  | 21 |
38 |  | Remuneration of Directors |  |  | 21 |
39 |  | Seal |  |  | 21 |
40 |  | Dividends, Distributions and Reserve |  |  | 22 |
41 |  | Capitalisation |  |  | 23 |
42 |  | Books of Account |  |  | 23 |
43 |  | Audit |  |  | 24 |
44 |  | Notices |  |  | 24 |
45 |  | Winding Up |  |  | 25 |
46 |  | Indemnity and Insurance |  |  | 25 |

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47 |  | Financial Year |  |  | 26 |
48 |  | Transfer by Way of Continuation |  |  | 26 |
49 |  | Mergers and Consolidations |  |  | 26 |
PART B |  |  | 26 |
50 |  | Series A Original Issue Price |  |  | 26 |
51 |  | Liquidation, Dissolution or Winding Up; Certain Mergers, Consolidations and Asset Sales |  |  | 26 |
52 |  | Voting |  |  | 28 |
53 |  | Optional Conversion |  |  | 30 |
54 |  | Mandatory Conversion |  |  | 38 |
55 |  | Redeemed or Otherwise Acquired Shares |  |  | 39 |
56 |  | Waiver |  |  | 39 |

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|  | PART A
1 |  | Interpretation
1.1 |  | In the Articles Table A in the First Schedule to the Statute does not apply and, unless there is something in the subject or context inconsistent therewith:
|  | “Articles” |  | means these articles of association of the Company.
|  | “Adoption Agreement” |  | means the adoption agreement forming Exhibit A to the Members Agreement which an incoming shareholder is required to execute prior to the entry of such Person’s name of the Register of Members.
|  | “Affiliate” |  | of any particular Member means any other Entity controlling, controlled by or under common control with such particular member, where “control” means the possession, directly or indirectly, of the power to direct the management and policies of an Entity whether through the ownership of voting securities, contract or otherwise;
|  | “Auditor” |  | means the person for the time being performing the duties of auditor of the Company (if any).
|  | “Common Stock” |  | means share in the Company described as Common Stock and having the rights provided for under these Articles.
|  | “Company” |  | means the above named company.
|  | “Directors” |  | means the directors for the time being of the Company.
|  | “Dividend” |  | means any dividend (whether interim or final) resolved to be paid on Shares pursuant to the Articles.
|  | “Electronic Record” |  | has the same meaning as in the Electronic Transactions Law.
|  | “Electronic Transactions Law” |  | means the Electronic Transactions Law (2003 Revision) of the Cayman Islands.
|  | “Entity” |  | means a partnership, a corporation, a limited liability company, an association, a joint stock company, a trust, a joint venture and a governmental entity or any department, agency or political subdivision thereof.
|  | “FP Director” |  | means any Director who has been appointed by the Investors and who has been designated as an ‘FP Director’ in the registrar of Directors.
|  | “Family Group” |  | means in the case of an individual such individual’s spouse and descendants (whether natural or adopted) or any trust established solely for the benefit of such individual and/or such individual’s spouse and/or descendants, and in the case of a trust, the beneficiaries of such trust or the spouse and descendants (whether natural or adopted) of the beneficiaries of such trust.

|  | “Investor” |  | means each of Francisco Partners III (Cayman), L.P. and Francisco Partners Parallel Fund III (Cayman), L.P., so long as each is a shareholder in the Company.
|  | “Member” |  | has the same meaning as in the Statute.
|  | “Members Agreement” |  | means the Members Agreement, dated as of March [ ], 2012 by and among the Company, the Investors, Ichor Investments, LLC and David Shimmon, as such agreement is amended from time to time.
|  | “Memorandum” |  | means the memorandum of association of the Company.
|  | “Ordinary Resolution” |  | means a resolution passed by a simple majority of the Members as, being entitled to do so, vote in person or, where proxies are allowed, by proxy at a general meeting, and includes a unanimous written resolution. In computing the majority when a poll is demanded regard shall be had to the number of votes to which each Member is entitled by the Articles.
|  | “Person” |  | means an individual, a partnership, a corporation, a limited liability company, an association, a joint stock company, a trust, a joint venture, an unincorporated organization and a governmental entity or any department, agency or political subdivision thereof.
|  | “Register of Members” |  | means the register of Members maintained in accordance with the Statute and includes (except where otherwise stated) any branch or duplicate register of Members.
|  | “Registered Office” |  | means the registered office for the time being of the Company.
|  | “Seal” |  | means the common seal of the Company and includes every duplicate seal.
|  | “Series A Preferred Stock” |  | means shares in the Company described as Series A Preferred Stock and having the rights provided for under these Articles.
|  | “Share” |  | means a share in the Company and includes a fraction of a share in the Company, including, for the avoidance of doubt, a share of Common Stock or a share of Series A Preferred Stock.
|  | “Special Resolution” |  | has the same meaning as in the Statute, and includes a unanimous written resolution, save that in respect of a special resolution to amend the Memorandum and Articles or to wind up the Company the required majority shall be two thirds of the Shares of Common Stock and at least fifty percent of the Shares of Series A Preferred Stock.
|  | “Statute” |  | means the Companies Law (2011 Revision) of the Cayman Islands.

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|  | “Subscriber” |  | means the subscriber to the Memorandum.
|  | “Treasury Share” |  | means a Share held in the name of the Company as a treasury share in accordance with the Statute.

1.2 |  | In the Articles:
|  | (a) |  | words importing the singular number include the plural number and vice versa;
|  | (b) |  | words importing the masculine gender include the feminine gender;
|  | (c) |  | words importing persons include companies as well as any other legal or natural person;
|  | (d) |  | “written” and “in writing” include all modes of representing or reproducing words in visible form, including in the form of an Electronic Record;
|  | (e) |  | “shall” shall be construed as imperative and “may” shall be construed as permissive;
|  | (f) |  | references to provisions of any law or regulation shall be construed as references to those provisions as amended, modified, re-enacted or replaced;
|  | (g) |  | any phrase introduced by the terms “including”, “include”, “in particular” or any similar expression shall be construed as illustrative and shall not limit the sense of the words preceding those terms;
|  | (h) |  | the term “and/or” is used herein to mean both “and” as well as “or.” The use of “and/or” in certain contexts in no respects qualifies or modifies the use of the terms “and” or “or” in others. The term “or” shall not be interpreted to be exclusive and the term “and” shall not be interpreted to require the conjunctive (in each case, unless the context otherwise requires);
|  | (i) |  | headings are inserted for reference only and shall be ignored in construing the Articles;
|  | (j) |  | sections 8 and 19(3) of the Electronic Transactions Law shall not apply;
|  | (k) |  | the term “clear days” in relation to the period of a notice means that period excluding the day when the notice is received or deemed to be received and the day for which it is given or on which it is to take effect; and
|  | (l) |  | the term “holder” in relation to a Share means a person whose name is entered in the Register of Members as the holder of such Share.
2 |  | Commencement of Business
2.1 |  | The business of the Company may be commenced as soon after incorporation of the Company as the Directors shall see fit.
2.2 |  | The Directors may pay, out of the capital or any other monies of the Company, all expenses incurred in or about the formation and establishment of the Company, including the expenses of registration.

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3 |  | Issue of Shares
3.1 |  | Subject to the provisions, if any, in the Memorandum or Articles (and to any direction that may be given by the Company in general meeting) and without prejudice to any rights attached to any existing Shares, the Directors may allot, issue, grant options over or otherwise dispose of Shares (including fractions of a Share) with or without preferred, deferred or other rights or restrictions, whether in regard to Dividend or other distribution, voting, return of capital or otherwise and to such persons, at such times and on such other terms as they think proper, and may also (subject to the Statute and the Articles) vary such rights.
3.2 |  | The Company shall not issue Shares to bearer.
4 |  | Register of Members
4.1 |  | The Company shall maintain or cause to be maintained the Register of Members in accordance with the Statute.
4.2 |  | The Directors may determine that the Company shall maintain one or more branch registers of Members in accordance with the Statute. The Directors may also determine which register of Members shall constitute the principal register and which shall constitute the branch register or registers, and to vary such determination from time to time.
5 |  | Closing Register of Members or Fixing Record Date
5.1 |  | For the purpose of determining Members entitled to notice of, or to vote at any meeting of Members or any adjournment thereof, or Members entitled to receive payment of any Dividend or other distribution, or in order to make a determination of Members for any other purpose, the Directors may provide that the Register of Members shall be closed for transfers for a stated period which shall not in any case exceed forty days.
5.2 |  | In lieu of, or apart from, closing the Register of Members, the Directors may fix in advance or arrears a date as the record date for any such determination of Members entitled to notice of, or to vote at any meeting of the Members or any adjournment thereof, or for the purpose of determining the Members entitled to receive payment of any Dividend or other distribution, or in order to make a determination of Members for any other purpose.
5.3 |  | If the Register of Members is not so closed and no record date is fixed for the determination of Members entitled to notice of, or to vote at, a meeting of Members or Members entitled to receive payment of a Dividend or other distribution, the date on which notice of the meeting is sent or the date on which the resolution of the Directors resolving to pay such Dividend or other distribution is passed, as the case may be, shall be the record date for such determination of Members. When a determination of Members entitled to vote at any meeting of Members has been made as provided in this Article, such determination shall apply to any adjournment thereof.
6 |  | Certificates for Shares
6.1 |  | A Member shall only be entitled to a share certificate if the Directors resolve that share certificates shall be issued. Share certificates representing Shares, if any, shall be in such form as the Directors may determine. Share certificates shall be signed by one or more Directors or other person authorised by the Directors. The Directors may authorise certificates to be issued with the authorised signature(s) affixed by mechanical process. All certificates for Shares shall be consecutively numbered or otherwise identified and shall specify the Shares to which they relate. All certificates surrendered to the Company for transfer shall be cancelled and subject to the Articles no new certificate shall be issued until the former certificate representing a like number of relevant Shares shall have been surrendered and cancelled.

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6.2 |  | The Company shall not be bound to issue more than one certificate for Shares held jointly by more than one person and delivery of a certificate to one joint holder shall be a sufficient delivery to all of them.
6.3 |  | If a share certificate is defaced, worn out, lost or destroyed, it may be renewed on such terms (if any) as to evidence and indemnity and on the payment of such expenses reasonably incurred by the Company in investigating evidence, as the Directors may prescribe, and (in the case of defacement or wearing out) upon delivery of the old certificate.
6.4 |  | Every share certificate sent in accordance with the Articles will be sent at the risk of the Member or other person entitled to the certificate. The Company will not be responsible for any share certificate lost or delayed in the course of delivery.
7 |  | Transfer of Shares
7.1 |  | Prior to the consummation of a Sale of the Company (as defined in Article 10.1), no Member other than the Investors shall sell, transfer, assign, pledge or otherwise dispose of (whether with or without consideration and whether voluntarily or involuntarily or by operation of law or otherwise) any interest in any Shares (a “Transfer”), except (i) pursuant to a Sale of the Company (an “Exempt Transfer”), (ii) to Permitted Transferees in compliance with the provisions of Article 7.4 below or (iii) in compliance with the provisions of this Article 7 if such Transfer is first approved in writing by the Company and the Investors that hold a majority of the Shares then held by all of the Investors.
7.2 |  | Subject to Article 7.1, prior to making any Transfer other than an Exempt Transfer or a Transfer to a Permitted Transferee, the Member transferring any Shares (a “Transferring Member”) shall deliver a written notice (a “Sale Notice”) to the Company and the Investors. The Sale Notice shall disclose in reasonable detail the identity of the prospective transferee(s), the number of Shares to be transferred and the terms and conditions of the proposed Transfer. In no event shall any Transfer (other than an Exempt Transfer or a Transfer to a Permitted Transferee) of Shares pursuant to this Article 7 be made by any Member for any consideration other than cash payable upon consummation of such Transfer or in installments over time. No Member shall consummate any Transfer until 45 days after the Sale Notice has been given to the Company and the Investors (the “Election Period”), unless the parties to the Transfer have been finally determined pursuant to this Article 7 prior to the expiration of such 45-day period. The date of the first to occur of such events is referred to herein as the “Authorization Date.”
7.3 |  | Each of the Investors may elect to purchase all or any portion of the Transferring Member’s Shares to be transferred upon the same terms and conditions as those set forth in the Sale Notice by delivering a written notice of such election to such Transferring Member within 30 days after the Sale Notice has been delivered to the Investors. If the Investors have not elected to purchase all of such Transferring Member’s Shares to be transferred, the Company may elect to purchase all or any portion of the remaining Shares to be transferred upon the same terms and conditions as those set forth in the Sale Notice by delivering written notice of such election to the Transferring Member within 35 days after the Sale Notice has been given to the Investors. If more than one Investor elects to purchase such Shares, the Shares to be sold to such Investors shall be allocated among the Investors pro rata according to the number of Shares owned by each such Investor. If the Company and the Investors have not elected to purchase all of such Transferring Member’s Shares specified in the Sale Notice, such Transferring Member may Transfer the Shares specified in the Sale Notice for which no purchase election has been made at a price and on terms no more favorable to the transferee(s) thereof than specified in the Sale Notice (subject to the provisions of Article 7.4) during the 60-day period immediately following the Authorization Date. Any Transferring Member’s

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|  | Shares not transferred within such 60-day period shall be subject to the provisions of this Article 7.3 upon subsequent Transfer. If any of the Company or the Investors have elected to purchase any Shares hereunder, the Transfer of such Shares shall be consummated as soon as practical after the delivery of the election notice(s) to the Transferring Member, but in any event within 30 days after the expiration of the Election Period. The Investors may nominate one or more of their affiliated investment funds to receive all or any portion of their repurchase rights under this Article 7.3 by providing written notice to the Company of such nomination.
7.4 |  | The Transfer restrictions contained in this Article 7 shall not apply with respect to any Transfer of Shares by a Member (i) to an Exempt Transfer, (ii) to an Investor, (iii) pursuant to Article 18 (Transmission of Shares), (iv) among such member’s Family Group or (iv) to an Affiliate of such Member (collectively referred to herein as “Permitted Transferees”); provided that the Directors shall not permit any Transfer of Shares unless and until the instrument of transfer if accompanied by a duly executed Adoption Agreement.
7.5 |  | For so long as the Members Agreement remains in force, each certificate representing the Shares shall bear the following legend:
|  | “THE SHARES EVIDENCED HEREBY ARE SUBJECT TO A MEMBERS AGREEMENT, AS MAY BE AMENDED FROM TIME TO TIME, (A COPY OF WHICH MAY BE OBTAINED UPON WRITTEN REQUEST FROM THE COMPANY), AND BY ACCEPTING ANY INTEREST IN SUCH SHARES THE PERSON ACCEPTING SUCH INTEREST SHALL BE DEEMED TO AGREE TO AND SHALL BECOME BOUND BY ALL THE PROVISIONS OF THAT MEMBERS AGREEMENT, INCLUDING CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSFER AND OWNERSHIP AS SET FORTH THEREIN.”
7.6 |  | No Member shall sell, transfer, assign, pledge or otherwise dispose of (whether with or without consideration and whether voluntarily or involuntarily or by operation of law or otherwise), other than as required hereunder or with the consent of the Investors that hold a majority of the Shares then held by all of the Investors, (i) any option to purchase Common Stock (ii) any equity security other than Shares or (iii) any security convertible into any equity security of the Company.
7.7 |  | The Company shall not approve or consent to any Transfer of any Shares by any Member (other than an Exempt Transfer or a Transfer to an Investor (or any of its affiliated investment funds) pursuant to Article 7.3 above) unless the Shares subject to such Transfer shall thereafter be subject to the provisions of this Article 7.
7.8 |  | In the event that a Person acquires shares via a Permitted Transfer or the Company enters into an agreement with any Person to issue shares of capital stock to such Person, following which such Person shall hold Shares (including as a result of exercising stock options), then, the Company shall cause such Person, to execute an Adoption Agreement.
8 |  | Redemption, Repurchase and Surrender of Shares
8.1 |  | Subject to the provisions of the Statute the Company may issue Shares that are to be redeemed or are liable to be redeemed at the option of the Member or the Company. The redemption of such Shares shall be effected in such manner and upon such other terms as the board of Directors may determine before the issue of the Shares.

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8.2 |  | Subject to the provisions of the Statute, the Company may purchase its own Shares (including any redeemable Shares) in such manner and on such other terms as the Directors may agree with the relevant Member.
8.3 |  | The Company may make a payment in respect of the redemption or purchase of its own Shares in any manner permitted by the Statute, including out of capital.
8.4 |  | The Directors may accept the surrender for no consideration of any fully paid Share.
9 |  | RESERVED
10 |  | Drag-Along/Bring-Along Rights
10.1 |  | A “Sale of the Company” shall mean either: (a) a transaction or series of related transactions in which a Person, or a group of related Persons, acquires from Members of the Company shares representing more than fifty percent (50%) of the outstanding voting power of the Company (a “Stock Sale”); or (b) a transaction other than a Stock Sale that qualifies as a Deemed Liquidation Event.
10.2 |  | In the event that the Investors approve a Sale of the Company (an “Approved Sale”), then each Member shall:
|  | (a) |  | If such transaction is a Stock Sale, to sell the same proportion of shares of capital stock of the Company as all other holders of the Company’s capital stock are selling in the Approved Sale for the same form of consideration, and on the same terms and conditions as set forth in the definitive agreement with respect to the Approved Sale; provided that no Member shall have the right to receive securities of any acquiror in the event that such acquirer does not desire to issue securities to such Member.
|  | (b) |  | To execute and deliver all related documentation and take such other action in support of the Approved Sale as shall reasonably be requested by the Company or the Investors in order to carry out the terms and provision of this Article 10, including without limitation executing and delivering instruments of conveyance and transfer, and any purchase agreement, merger agreement, indemnity agreement, escrow agreement, consent, waiver, governmental filing, share certificates duly endorsed for transfer (free and clear of impermissible liens, claims and encumbrances) and any similar or related documents.
|  | (c) |  | Not to deposit, and to cause their Affiliates not to deposit, except as provided in these Articles, any Shares of the Company owned by such party or Affiliate in a voting trust or subject any Shares to any arrangement or agreement with respect to the voting of such Shares, unless specifically requested to do so by the acquiror in connection with the Approved Sale.
|  | (d) |  | To refrain from exercising any dissenters’ rights or rights of appraisal under applicable law at any time with respect to such Approved Sale.
|  | (e) |  | If the consideration to be paid in exchange for the Shares pursuant to this Article 10 includes any securities and due receipt thereof by any Member would require under applicable law (x) the registration or qualification of such securities or of any person as a broker or dealer or agent with respect to such securities or (y) the provision to any Member of any information other than such information as a prudent issuer would generally furnish in an offering made solely to “accredited investors” as defined in Regulation D promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the Company may purchase the Shares which would have been otherwise sold by such Member for an amount in cash equal to the fair value (as determined in good faith by the Company) of the securities which such Member would otherwise receive as of the date of the issuance of such securities in exchange for the Shares.

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11 |  | Treasury Shares
11.1 |  | The Directors may, prior to the purchase, redemption or surrender of any Share, determine that such Share shall be held as a Treasury Share.
11.2 |  | The Directors may determine to cancel a Treasury Share or transfer a Treasury Share on such terms as they think proper (including, without limitation, for nil consideration).
12 |  | Variation of Rights of Shares
12.1 |  | If at any time the share capital of the Company is divided into different classes of Shares, all or any of the rights attached to any class (unless otherwise provided by the terms of issue of the Shares of that class) may, whether or not the Company is being wound up, be varied without the consent of the holders of the issued Shares of that class where such variation is considered by the Directors not to have a material adverse effect upon such rights; otherwise, any such variation shall be made only with the consent in writing of the holders of not less than two thirds of the issued Shares of that class, or with the sanction of a resolution passed by a majority of not less than two thirds of the votes cast at a separate meeting of the holders of the Shares of that class. For the avoidance of doubt, the Directors reserve the right, notwithstanding that any such variation may not have a material adverse effect, to obtain consent from the holders of Shares of the relevant class. To any such meeting all the provisions of the Articles relating to general meetings shall apply mutatis mutandis, except that the necessary quorum shall be one person holding or representing by proxy at least one third of the issued Shares of the class and that any holder of Shares of the class present in person or by proxy may demand a poll.
12.2 |  | For the purposes of a separate class meeting, the Directors may treat two or more or all the classes of Shares as forming one class of Shares if the Directors consider that such class of Shares would be affected in the same way by the proposals under consideration, but in any other case shall treat them as separate classes of Shares.
12.3 |  | The rights conferred upon the holders of the Shares of any class issued with preferred or other rights shall not, unless otherwise expressly provided by the terms of issue of the Shares of that class, be deemed to be varied by the creation or issue of further Shares ranking pari passu therewith.
13 |  | Commission on Sale of Shares
|  | The Company may, in so far as the Statute permits, pay a commission to any person in consideration of his subscribing or agreeing to subscribe (whether absolutely or conditionally) or procuring or agreeing to procure subscriptions (whether absolutely or conditionally) for any Shares. Such commissions may be satisfied by the payment of cash and/or the issue of fully or partly paid-up Shares. The Company may also on any issue of Shares pay such brokerage as may be lawful.
14 |  | Non Recognition of Trusts
|  | The Company shall not be bound by or compelled to recognise in any way (even when notified) any equitable, contingent, future or partial interest in any Share, or (except only as is otherwise provided by the Articles or the Statute) any other rights in respect of any Share other than an absolute right to the entirety thereof in the holder.

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15 |  | Lien on Shares
15.1 |  | The Company shall have a first and paramount lien on all Shares (whether fully paid-up or not) registered in the name of a Member (whether solely or jointly with others) for all debts, liabilities or engagements to or with the Company (whether presently payable or not) by such Member or his estate, either alone or jointly with any other person, whether a Member or not, but the Directors may at any time declare any Share to be wholly or in part exempt from the provisions of this Article. The registration of a transfer of any such Share shall operate as a waiver of the Company’s lien thereon. The Company’s lien on a Share shall also extend to any amount payable in respect of that Share.
15.2 |  | The Company may sell, in such manner as the Directors think fit, any Shares on which the Company has a lien, if a sum in respect of which the lien exists is presently payable, and is not paid within fourteen clear days after notice has been received or deemed to have been received by the holder of the Shares, or to the person entitled to it in consequence of the death or bankruptcy of the holder, demanding payment and stating that if the notice is not complied with the Shares may be sold.
15.3 |  | To give effect to any such sale the Directors may authorise any person to execute an instrument of transfer of the Shares sold to, or in accordance with the directions of, the purchaser. The purchaser or his nominee shall be registered as the holder of the Shares comprised in any such transfer, and he shall not be bound to see to the application of the purchase money, nor shall his title to the Shares be affected by any irregularity or invalidity in the sale or the exercise of the Company’s power of sale under the Articles.
15.4 |  | The net proceeds of such sale after payment of costs, shall be applied in payment of such part of the amount in respect of which the lien exists as is presently payable and any balance shall (subject to a like lien for sums not presently payable as existed upon the Shares before the sale) be paid to the person entitled to the Shares at the date of the sale.
16 |  | Call on Shares
16.1 |  | Subject to the terms of the allotment and issue of any Shares, the Directors may make calls upon the Members in respect of any monies unpaid on their Shares (whether in respect of par value or premium), and each Member shall (subject to receiving at least fourteen clear days’ notice specifying the time or times of payment) pay to the Company at the time or times so specified the amount called on the Shares. A call may be revoked or postponed, in whole or in part, as the Directors may determine. A call may be required to be paid by instalments. A person upon whom a call is made shall remain liable for calls made upon him notwithstanding the subsequent transfer of the Shares in respect of which the call was made.
16.2 |  | A call shall be deemed to have been made at the time when the resolution of the Directors authorising such call was passed.
16.3 |  | The joint holders of a Share shall be jointly and severally liable to pay all calls in respect thereof.
16.4 |  | If a call remains unpaid after it has become due and payable, the person from whom it is due shall pay interest on the amount unpaid from the day it became due and payable until it is paid at such rate as the Directors may determine (and in addition all expenses that have been incurred by the Company by reason of such non-payment), but the Directors may waive payment of the interest or expenses wholly or in part.
16.5 |  | An amount payable in respect of a Share on issue or allotment or at any fixed date, whether on account of the par value of the Share or premium or otherwise, shall be deemed to be a call and if it is not paid all the provisions of the Articles shall apply as if that amount had become due and payable by virtue of a call.

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16.6 |  | The Directors may issue Shares with different terms as to the amount and times of payment of calls, or the interest to be paid.
16.7 |  | The Directors may, if they think fit, receive an amount from any Member willing to advance all or any part of the monies uncalled and unpaid upon any Shares held by him, and may (until the amount would otherwise become payable) pay interest at such rate as may be agreed upon between the Directors and the Member paying such amount in advance.
16.8 |  | No such amount paid in advance of calls shall entitle the Member paying such amount to any portion of a Dividend or other distribution payable in respect of any period prior to the date upon which such amount would, but for such payment, become payable.
17 |  | Forfeiture of Shares
17.1 |  | If a call or instalment of a call remains unpaid after it has become due and payable the Directors may give to the person from whom it is due not less than fourteen clear days’ notice requiring payment of the amount unpaid together with any interest which may have accrued and any expenses incurred by the Company by reason of such non-payment. The notice shall specify where payment is to be made and shall state that if the notice is not complied with the Shares in respect of which the call was made will be liable to be forfeited.
17.2 |  | If the notice is not complied with, any Share in respect of which it was given may, before the payment required by the notice has been made, be forfeited by a resolution of the Directors. Such forfeiture shall include all Dividends, other distributions or other monies payable in respect of the forfeited Share and not paid before the forfeiture.
17.3 |  | A forfeited Share may be sold, re-allotted or otherwise disposed of on such terms and in such manner as the Directors think fit and at any time before a sale, re-allotment or disposition the forfeiture may be cancelled on such terms as the Directors think fit. Where for the purposes of its disposal a forfeited Share is to be transferred to any person the Directors may authorise some person to execute an instrument of transfer of the Share in favour of that person.
17.4 |  | A person any of whose Shares have been forfeited shall cease to be a Member in respect of them and shall surrender to the Company for cancellation the certificate for the Shares forfeited and shall remain liable to pay to the Company all monies which at the date of forfeiture were payable by him to the Company in respect of those Shares together with interest at such rate as the Directors may determine, but his liability shall cease if and when the Company shall have received payment in full of all monies due and payable by him in respect of those Shares.
17.5 |  | A certificate in writing under the hand of one Director or officer of the Company that a Share has been forfeited on a specified date shall be conclusive evidence of the facts stated in it as against all persons claiming to be entitled to the Share. The certificate shall (subject to the execution of an instrument of transfer) constitute a good title to the Share and the person to whom the Share is sold or otherwise disposed of shall not be bound to see to the application of the purchase money, if any, nor shall his title to the Share be affected by any irregularity or invalidity in the proceedings in reference to the forfeiture, sale or disposal of the Share.
17.6 |  | The provisions of the Articles as to forfeiture shall apply in the case of non payment of any sum which, by the terms of issue of a Share, becomes payable at a fixed time, whether on account of the par value of the Share or by way of premium as if it had been payable by virtue of a call duly made and notified.

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18 |  | Transmission of Shares
18.1 |  | If a Member dies the survivor or survivors (where he was a joint holder) or his legal personal representatives (where he was a sole holder), shall be the only persons recognised by the Company as having any title to his Shares. The estate of a deceased Member is not thereby released from any liability in respect of any Share, for which he was a joint or sole holder.
18.2 |  | Any person becoming entitled to a Share in consequence of the death or bankruptcy or liquidation or dissolution of a Member (or in any other way than by transfer) may, upon such evidence being produced as may be required by the Directors, elect, by a notice in writing sent by him to the Company, either to become the holder of such Share or to have some person nominated by him registered as the holder of such Share. If he elects to have another person registered as the holder of such Share he shall sign an instrument of transfer of that Share to that person. The Directors shall, in either case, have the same right to decline or suspend registration as they would have had in the case of a transfer of the Share by the relevant Member before his death or bankruptcy or liquidation or dissolution, as the case may be.
18.3 |  | A person becoming entitled to a Share by reason of the death or bankruptcy or liquidation or dissolution of a Member (or in any other case than by transfer) shall be entitled to the same Dividends, other distributions and other advantages to which he would be entitled if he were the holder of such Share. However, he shall not, before becoming a Member in respect of a Share, be entitled in respect of it to exercise any right conferred by membership in relation to general meetings of the Company and the Directors may at any time give notice requiring any such person to elect either to be registered himself or to have some person nominated by him be registered as the holder of the Share (but the Directors shall, in either case, have the same right to decline or suspend registration as they would have had in the case of a transfer of the Share by the relevant Member before his death or bankruptcy or liquidation or dissolution or any other case than by transfer, as the case may be). If the notice is not complied with within ninety days of being received or deemed to be received (as determined pursuant to the Articles) the Directors may thereafter withhold payment of all Dividends, other distributions, bonuses or other monies payable in respect of the Share until the requirements of the notice have been complied with.
19 |  | Amendments of Memorandum and Articles of Association and Alteration of Capital
19.1 |  | The Company may by resolution approved by the Investors (and Ordinary Resolution in the event such resolution is materially detrimental to the Common Stock):
|  | (a) |  | increase its share capital by such sum as the resolution (or Ordinary Resolution) shall prescribe and with such rights, priorities and privileges annexed thereto, as the Company in general meeting may determine;
|  | (b) |  | consolidate and divide all or any of its share capital into Shares of larger amount than its existing Shares;
|  | (c) |  | convert all or any of its paid-up Shares into stock, and reconvert that stock into paid-up Shares of any denomination;
|  | (d) |  | by subdivision of its existing Shares or any of them divide the whole or any part of its share capital into Shares of smaller amount than is fixed by the Memorandum or into Shares without par value; and

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|  | (e) |  | cancel any Shares that at the date of the passing of the resolution (or Ordinary Resolution) have not been taken or agreed to be taken by any person and diminish the amount of its share capital by the amount of the Shares so cancelled.
19.2 |  | All new Shares created in accordance with the provisions of the preceding Article shall be subject to the same provisions of the Articles with reference to the payment of calls, liens, transfer, transmission, forfeiture and otherwise as the Shares in the original share capital.
19.3 |  | Subject to the provisions of the Statute and the provisions of the Articles as regards the matters to be dealt with by Ordinary Resolution, the Company may by Special Resolution of the Investors:
|  | (a) |  | change its name;
|  | (b) |  | alter or add to the Articles;
|  | (c) |  | alter or add to the Memorandum with respect to any objects, powers or other matters specified therein; and
|  | (d) |  | reduce its share capital or any capital redemption reserve fund.
20 |  | Offices and Places of Business
|  | Subject to the provisions of the Statute, the Company may by resolution of the Directors change the location of its Registered Office. The Company may, in addition to its Registered Office, maintain such other offices or places of business as the Directors determine.
21 |  | General Meetings
21.1 |  | All general meetings other than annual general meetings shall be called extraordinary general meetings.
21.2 |  | The Company may, but shall not (unless required by the Statute) be obliged to, in each year hold a general meeting as its annual general meeting, and shall specify the meeting as such in the notices calling it. Any annual general meeting shall be held at such time and place as the Directors shall appoint and if no other time and place is prescribed by them, it shall be held at the Registered Office on the second Wednesday in December of each year at ten o’clock in the morning. At these meetings the report of the Directors (if any) shall be presented.
21.3 |  | The Directors may call general meetings, and they shall on a Members’ requisition, made in accordance with Article 19.4 forthwith proceed to convene an extraordinary general meeting of the Company.
21.4 |  | A Members’ requisition is a requisition of Members holding at the date of deposit of the requisition not less than ten per cent. in par value of the issued Shares which as at that date carry the right to vote at general meetings of the Company.
21.5 |  | The Members’ requisition must state the objects of the meeting and must be signed by the requisitionists and deposited at the Registered Office, and may consist of several documents in like form each signed by one or more requisitionists.
21.6 |  | If there are no Directors as at the date of the deposit of the Members’ requisition or if the Directors do not within twenty-one days from the date of the deposit of the Members’ requisition duly proceed to convene a general meeting to be held within a further twenty-one days, the requisitionists, or any of them representing more than one-half of the total voting rights of all of the requisitionists, may themselves convene a general meeting, but any meeting so convened shall be held no later than the day which falls three months after the expiration of the said twenty-one day period.

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21.7 |  | A general meeting convened as aforesaid by requisitionists shall be convened in the same manner as nearly as possible as that in which general meetings are to be convened by Directors.
22 |  | Notice of General Meetings
22.1 |  | At least two clear days’ notice shall be given of any general meeting. Every notice shall specify the place, the day and the hour of the meeting and the general nature of the business to be conducted at the general meeting and shall be given in the manner hereinafter mentioned or in such other manner if any as may be prescribed by the Company, provided that a general meeting of the Company shall, whether or not the notice specified in this Article has been given and whether or not the provisions of the Articles regarding general meetings have been complied with, be deemed to have been duly convened if it is so agreed:
|  | (a) |  | in the case of an annual general meeting, by all of the Members entitled to attend and vote thereat; and
|  | (b) |  | in the case of an extraordinary general meeting, by a majority in number of the Members having a right to attend and vote at the meeting, together holding Shares which carry not less than ninety five per cent. of the total votes which may be counted on each resolution to be considered at the meeting.
22.2 |  | The accidental omission to give notice of a general meeting to, or the non receipt of notice of a general meeting by, any person entitled to receive such notice shall not invalidate the proceedings of that general meeting.
23 |  | Proceedings at General Meetings
23.1 |  | No business shall be transacted at any general meeting unless a quorum is present. Two Members (one of which shall be an Investor for such time that any Investor is a Member of the Company) being individuals present in person or by proxy or if a company or other non-natural person by its duly authorised representative or proxy shall be a quorum unless the Company has only one Member entitled to vote at such general meeting in which case the quorum shall be that one Member present in person or by proxy or (in the case of a company or other non-natural person) by its duly authorised representative or proxy, save that where a Special Resolution has been tabled to the meeting, the quorum to proceed to business to pass the Special Resolution shall be two Members (or one Member if there is only one member entitled to vote at such general meeting) and at least one Investor, for such time that any Investor is a Member of the Company.
23.2 |  | A person may participate at a general meeting by conference telephone or other communications equipment by means of which all the persons participating in the meeting can communicate with each other. Participation by a person in a general meeting in this manner is treated as presence in person at that meeting.
23.3 |  | A resolution (including a Special Resolution) in writing (in one or more counterparts) signed by or on behalf of all of the Members for the time being entitled to receive notice of and to attend and vote at general meetings (or, being companies or other non-natural persons, signed by their duly authorised representatives) shall be as valid and effective as if the resolution had been passed at a general meeting of the Company duly convened and held.

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23.4 |  | If a quorum is not present within half an hour from the time appointed for the meeting to commence or if during such a meeting a quorum ceases to be present, the meeting, if convened upon a Members’ requisition, shall be dissolved and in any other case it shall stand adjourned to the same day in the next week at the same time and/or place or to such other day, time and/or place as the Directors may determine, and if at the adjourned meeting a quorum is not present within half an hour from the time appointed for the meeting to commence, the Members present shall be a quorum.
23.5 |  | The Directors may, at any time prior to the time appointed for the meeting to commence, appoint any person to act as chairman of a general meeting of the Company or, if the Directors do not make any such appointment, the chairman, if any, of the board of Directors shall preside as chairman at such general meeting. If there is no such chairman, or if he shall not be present within fifteen minutes after the time appointed for the meeting to commence, or is unwilling to act, the Directors present shall elect one of their number to be chairman of the meeting.
23.6 |  | If no Director is willing to act as chairman or if no Director is present within fifteen minutes after the time appointed for the meeting to commence, the Members present shall choose one of their number to be chairman of the meeting.
23.7 |  | The chairman may, with the consent of a meeting at which a quorum is present (and shall if so directed by the meeting) adjourn the meeting from time to time and from place to place, but no business shall be transacted at any adjourned meeting other than the business left unfinished at the meeting from which the adjournment took place.
23.8 |  | When a general meeting is adjourned for thirty days or more, notice of the adjourned meeting shall be given as in the case of an original meeting. Otherwise it shall not be necessary to give any such notice of an adjourned meeting.
23.9 |  | A resolution put to the vote of the meeting shall be decided on a show of hands unless before, or on the declaration of the result of, the show of hands, the chairman demands a poll, or any other Member or Members collectively present in person or by proxy (or in the case of a company or other non-natural person, by its duly authorised representative or proxy) and holding at least ten per cent. in par value of the Shares giving a right to attend and vote at the meeting demand a poll.
23.10 |  | Unless a poll is duly demanded and the demand is not withdrawn a declaration by the chairman that a resolution has been carried or carried unanimously, or by a particular majority, or lost or not carried by a particular majority, an entry to that effect in the minutes of the proceedings of the meeting shall be conclusive evidence of that fact without proof of the number or proportion of the votes recorded in favour of or against such resolution.
23.11 |  | The demand for a poll may be withdrawn.
23.12 |  | Except on a poll demanded on the election of a chairman or on a question of adjournment, a poll shall be taken as the chairman directs, and the result of the poll shall be deemed to be the resolution of the general meeting at which the poll was demanded.
23.13 |  | A poll demanded on the election of a chairman or on a question of adjournment shall be taken forthwith. A poll demanded on any other question shall be taken at such date, time and place as the chairman of the general meeting directs, and any business other than that upon which a poll has been demanded or is contingent thereon may proceed pending the taking of the poll.

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23.14 |  | In the case of an equality of votes, whether on a show of hands or on a poll, the chairman shall be entitled to a second or casting vote.
24 |  | Votes of Members
24.1 |  | Subject to any rights or restrictions attached to any Shares, on a show of hands every Member who (being an individual) is present in person or by proxy or, if a company or other non-natural person is present by its duly authorised representative or by proxy, shall have one vote and on a poll every Member present in any such manner shall have one vote for every Share of which he is the holder.
24.2 |  | In the case of joint holders the vote of the senior holder who tenders a vote, whether in person or by proxy (or, in the case of a company or other non-natural person, by its duly authorised representative or proxy), shall be accepted to the exclusion of the votes of the other joint holders, and seniority shall be determined by the order in which the names of the holders stand in the Register of Members.
24.3 |  | A Member of unsound mind, or in respect of whom an order has been made by any court, having jurisdiction in lunacy, may vote, whether on a show of hands or on a poll, by his committee, receiver, curator bonis, or other person on such Member’s behalf appointed by that court, and any such committee, receiver, curator bonis or other person may vote by proxy.
24.4 |  | No person shall be entitled to vote at any general meeting unless he is registered as a Member on the record date for such meeting nor unless all calls or other monies then payable by him in respect of Shares have been paid.
24.5 |  | No objection shall be raised as to the qualification of any voter except at the general meeting or adjourned general meeting at which the vote objected to is given or tendered and every vote not disallowed at the meeting shall be valid. Any objection made in due time in accordance with this Article shall be referred to the chairman whose decision shall be final and conclusive.
24.6 |  | On a poll or on a show of hands votes may be cast either personally or by proxy (or in the case of a company or other non-natural person by its duly authorised representative or proxy). A Member may appoint more than one proxy or the same proxy under one or more instruments to attend and vote at a meeting. Where a Member appoints more than one proxy the instrument of proxy shall state which proxy is entitled to vote on a show of hands and shall specify the number of Shares in respect of which each proxy is entitled to exercise the related votes.
24.7 |  | On a poll, a Member holding more than one Share need not cast the votes in respect of his Shares in the same way on any resolution and therefore may vote a Share or some or all such Shares either for or against a resolution and/or abstain from voting a Share or some or all of the Shares and, subject to the terms of the instrument appointing him, a proxy appointed under one or more instruments may vote a Share or some or all of the Shares in respect of which he is appointed either for or against a resolution and/or abstain from voting a Share or some or all of the Shares in respect of which he is appointed.
25 |  | Proxies
25.1 |  | The instrument appointing a proxy shall be in writing and shall be executed under the hand of the appointor or of his attorney duly authorised in writing, or, if the appointor is a company or other non natural person, under the hand of its duly authorised representative. A proxy need not be a Member.

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25.2 |  | The Directors may, in the notice convening any meeting or adjourned meeting, or in an instrument of proxy sent out by the Company, specify the manner by which the instrument appointing a proxy shall be deposited and the place and the time (being not later than the time appointed for the commencement of the meeting or adjourned meeting to which the proxy relates) at which the instrument appointing a proxy shall be deposited. In the absence of any such direction from the Directors in the notice convening any meeting or adjourned meeting or in an instrument of proxy sent out by the Company, the instrument appointing a proxy shall be deposited physically at the Registered Office not less than 48 hours before the time appointed for the meeting or adjourned meeting to commence at which the person named in the instrument proposes to vote.
|  | The chairman may in any event at his discretion declare that an instrument of proxy shall be deemed to have been duly deposited. An instrument of proxy that is not deposited in the manner permitted, or which has not been declared to have been duly deposited by the chairman, shall be invalid.
25.3 |  | The instrument appointing a proxy may be in any usual or common form (or such other form as the Directors may approve) and may be expressed to be for a particular meeting or any adjournment thereof or generally until revoked. An instrument appointing a proxy shall be deemed to include the power to demand or join or concur in demanding a poll.
25.4 |  | Votes given in accordance with the terms of an instrument of proxy shall be valid notwithstanding the previous death or insanity of the principal or revocation of the proxy or of the authority under which the proxy was executed, or the transfer of the Share in respect of which the proxy is given unless notice in writing of such death, insanity, revocation or transfer was received by the Company at the Registered Office before the commencement of the general meeting, or adjourned meeting at which it is sought to use the proxy.
26 |  | Corporate Members
|  | Any company or other non-natural person which is a Member may in accordance with its constitutional documents, or in the absence of such provision by resolution of its directors or other governing body, authorise such person as it thinks fit to act as its representative at any meeting of the Company or of any class of Members, and the person so authorised shall be entitled to exercise the same powers on behalf of the company which he represents as the company could exercise if it were an individual Member.
27 |  | Shares that May Not be Voted
|  | Shares in the Company that are beneficially owned by the Company shall not be voted, directly or indirectly, at any meeting and shall not be counted in determining the total number of outstanding Shares at any given time.
28 |  | Directors
|  | There shall be a board of Directors consisting of not less than one person (exclusive of alternate Directors) provided however that the Company may by Ordinary Resolution increase or reduce the limits in the number of Directors. The first Directors of the Company shall be determined in writing by, or appointed by a resolution of, the Subscriber.
29 |  | Powers of Directors
29.1 |  | Subject to the provisions of the Statute, the Memorandum and the Articles (including without limitation, Article 52.3 and Article 53.2) and to any directions given by Special Resolution, the business of the Company shall be managed by the Directors who may exercise all the powers of the Company. No alteration of the Memorandum or Articles and no such direction shall invalidate any prior act of the Directors which would have been valid if that alteration had not been made or that direction had not been given. A duly convened meeting of Directors at which a quorum is present may exercise all powers exercisable by the Directors.

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29.2 |  | All cheques, promissory notes, drafts, bills of exchange and other negotiable or transferable instruments and all receipts for monies paid to the Company shall be signed, drawn, accepted, endorsed or otherwise executed as the case may be in such manner as the Directors shall determine by resolution.
29.3 |  | The Directors on behalf of the Company may pay a gratuity or pension or allowance on retirement to any Director who has held any other salaried office or place of profit with the Company or to his widow or dependants and may make contributions to any fund and pay premiums for the purchase or provision of any such gratuity, pension or allowance.
29.4 |  | The Directors may exercise all the powers of the Company to borrow money and to mortgage or charge its undertaking, property and assets (present and future) and uncalled capital or any part thereof and to issue debentures, debenture stock, mortgages, bonds and other such securities whether outright or as security for any debt, liability or obligation of the Company or of any third party.
30 |  | Appointment and Removal of Directors
30.1 |  | The Investors may, by written notice to the Company, appoint any person to be a Director or may remove any Director. The Investors may appoint an “FP Director” if upon appointment of any Director, such Director is designated by the Investors as an “FP Director” and a note is made in the register of Directors of such designation.
30.2 |  | The Directors may appoint any person to be a Director, either to fill a vacancy or as an additional Director provided that the appointment does not cause the number of Directors to exceed any number fixed by or in accordance with the Articles as the maximum number of Directors.
31 |  | Vacation of Office of Director
|  | The office of a Director shall be vacated if:
|  | (a) |  | the Director gives notice in writing to the Company that he resigns the office of Director; or
|  | (b) |  | the Director absents himself (for the avoidance of doubt, without being represented by proxy or an alternate Director appointed by him) from three consecutive meetings of the board of Directors without special leave of absence from the Directors, and the Directors pass a resolution that he has by reason of such absence vacated office; or
|  | (c) |  | the Director dies, becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors generally; or
|  | (d) |  | the Director is found to be or becomes of unsound mind; or
|  | (e) |  | all of the other Directors (being not less than two in number) determine that he should be removed as a Director, either by a resolution passed by all of the other Directors at a meeting of the Directors duly convened and held in accordance with the Articles or by a resolution in writing signed by all of the other Directors.

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32 |  | Proceedings of Directors
32.1 |  | The quorum for the transaction of the business of the Directors may be fixed by the Directors, and unless so fixed shall be two if there are two or more Directors, and shall be one if there is only one Director, provided always that if at any time there is an FP Director on the Board of Directors, then the quorum shall be two Directors, including the FP Director. A person who holds office as an alternate Director shall, if his appointor is not present, be counted in the quorum. A Director who also acts as an alternate Director shall, if his appointor is not present, count twice towards the quorum.
32.2 |  | Subject to the provisions of the Articles, the Directors may regulate their proceedings as they think fit. Questions arising at any meeting shall be decided by a majority of votes. In the case of an equality of votes, the chairman shall have a second or casting vote. A Director who is also an alternate Director shall be entitled in the absence of his appointor to a separate vote on behalf of his appointor in addition to his own vote.
32.3 |  | A person may participate in a meeting of the Directors or committee of Directors by conference telephone or other communications equipment by means of which all the persons participating in the meeting can communicate with each other at the same time. Participation by a person in a meeting in this manner is treated as presence in person at that meeting. Unless otherwise determined by the Directors the meeting shall be deemed to be held at the place where the chairman is located at the start of the meeting.
32.4 |  | A resolution in writing (in one or more counterparts) signed by all the Directors or all the members of a committee of the Directors or, in the case of a resolution in writing relating to the removal of any Director or the vacation of office by any Director, all of the Directors other than the Director who is the subject of such resolution (an alternate Director being entitled to sign such a resolution on behalf of his appointor and if such alternate Director is also a Director, being entitled to sign such resolution both on behalf of his appointer and in his capacity as a Director) shall be as valid and effectual as if it had been passed at a meeting of the Directors, or committee of Directors as the case may be, duly convened and held.
32.5 |  | A Director or alternate Director may, or other officer of the Company on the direction of a Director or alternate Director shall, call a meeting of the Directors by at least two days’ notice in writing to every Director and alternate Director which notice shall set forth the general nature of the business to be considered unless notice is waived by all the Directors (or their alternates) either at, before or after the meeting is held. To any such notice of a meeting of the Directors all the provisions of the Articles relating to the giving of notices by the Company to the Members shall apply mutatis mutandis.
32.6 |  | The continuing Directors (or a sole continuing Director, as the case may be) may act notwithstanding any vacancy in their body, but if and so long as their number is reduced below the number fixed by or pursuant to the Articles as the necessary quorum of Directors the continuing Directors or Director may act for the purpose of increasing the number of Directors to be equal to such fixed number, or of summoning a general meeting of the Company, but for no other purpose.
32.7 |  | The Directors may elect a chairman of their board and determine the period for which he is to hold office; but if no such chairman is elected, or if at any meeting the chairman is not present within five minutes after the time appointed for the meeting to commence, the Directors present may choose one of their number to be chairman of the meeting.
32.8 |  | All acts done by any meeting of the Directors or of a committee of the Directors (including any person acting as an alternate Director) shall, notwithstanding that it is afterwards discovered that there was some defect in the appointment of any Director or alternate Director, and/or that they or any of them were disqualified, and/or had vacated their office and/or were not entitled to vote, be as valid as if every such person had been duly appointed and/or not disqualified to be a Director or alternate Director and/or had not vacated their office and/or had been entitled to vote, as the case may be.

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32.9 |  | A Director but not an alternate Director may be represented at any meetings of the board of Directors by a proxy appointed in writing by him. The proxy shall count towards the quorum and the vote of the proxy shall for all purposes be deemed to be that of the appointing Director.
33 |  | Presumption of Assent
|  | A Director or alternate Director who is present at a meeting of the board of Directors at which action on any Company matter is taken shall be presumed to have assented to the action taken unless his dissent shall be entered in the minutes of the meeting or unless he shall file his written dissent from such action with the person acting as the chairman or secretary of the meeting before the adjournment thereof or shall forward such dissent by registered post to such person immediately after the adjournment of the meeting. Such right to dissent shall not apply to a Director or alternate Director who voted in favour of such action.
34 |  | Directors’ Interests
34.1 |  | A Director or alternate Director may hold any other office or place of profit under the Company (other than the office of Auditor) in conjunction with his office of Director for such period and on such terms as to remuneration and otherwise as the Directors may determine.
34.2 |  | A Director or alternate Director may act by himself or by, through or on behalf of his firm in a professional capacity for the Company and he or his firm shall be entitled to remuneration for professional services as if he were not a Director or alternate Director.
34.3 |  | A Director or alternate Director may be or become a director or other officer of or otherwise interested in any company promoted by the Company or in which the Company may be interested as a shareholder, a contracting party or otherwise, and no such Director or alternate Director shall be accountable to the Company for any remuneration or other benefits received by him as a director or officer of, or from his interest in, such other company.
34.4 |  | No person shall be disqualified from the office of Director or alternate Director or prevented by such office from contracting with the Company, either as vendor, purchaser or otherwise, nor shall any such contract or any contract or transaction entered into by or on behalf of the Company in which any Director or alternate Director shall be in any way interested be or be liable to be avoided, nor shall any Director or alternate Director so contracting or being so interested be liable to account to the Company for any profit realised by or arising in connection with any such contract or transaction by reason of such Director or alternate Director holding office or of the fiduciary relationship thereby established. A Director (or his alternate Director in his absence) shall be at liberty to vote in respect of any contract or transaction in which he is interested provided that the nature of the interest of any Director or alternate Director in any such contract or transaction shall be disclosed by him at or prior to its consideration and any vote thereon.
34.5 |  | A general notice that a Director or alternate Director is a shareholder, director, officer or employee of any specified firm or company and is to be regarded as interested in any transaction with such firm or company shall be sufficient disclosure for the purposes of voting on a resolution in respect of a contract or transaction in which he has an interest, and after such general notice it shall not be necessary to give special notice relating to any particular transaction.

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35 |  | Minutes
|  | The Directors shall cause minutes to be made in books kept for the purpose of all appointments of officers made by the Directors, all proceedings at meetings of the Company or the holders of any class of Shares and of the Directors, and of committees of the Directors, including the names of the Directors or alternate Directors present at each meeting.
36 |  | Delegation of Directors’ Powers
36.1 |  | The Directors may delegate any of their powers, authorities and discretions, including the power to sub-delegate, to any committee consisting of one or more Directors. They may also delegate to any managing director or any Director holding any other executive office such of their powers, authorities and discretions as they consider desirable to be exercised by him provided that an alternate Director may not act as managing director and the appointment of a managing director shall be revoked forthwith if he ceases to be a Director. Any such delegation may be made subject to any conditions the Directors may impose and either collaterally with or to the exclusion of their own powers and any such delegation may be revoked or altered by the Directors. Subject to any such conditions, the proceedings of a committee of Directors shall be governed by the Articles regulating the proceedings of Directors, so far as they are capable of applying.
36.2 |  | The Directors may establish any committees, local boards or agencies or appoint any person to be a manager or agent for managing the affairs of the Company and may appoint any person to be a member of such committees, local boards or agencies. Any such appointment may be made subject to any conditions the Directors may impose, and either collaterally with or to the exclusion of their own powers and any such appointment may be revoked or altered by the Directors. Subject to any such conditions, the proceedings of any such committee, local board or agency shall be governed by the Articles regulating the proceedings of Directors, so far as they are capable of applying.
36.3 |  | The Directors may by power of attorney or otherwise appoint any person to be the agent of the Company on such conditions as the Directors may determine, provided that the delegation is not to the exclusion of their own powers and may be revoked by the Directors at any time.
36.4 |  | The Directors may by power of attorney or otherwise appoint any company, firm, person or body of persons, whether nominated directly or indirectly by the Directors, to be the attorney or authorised signatory of the Company for such purpose and with such powers, authorities and discretions (not exceeding those vested in or exercisable by the Directors under the Articles) and for such period and subject to such conditions as they may think fit, and any such powers of attorney or other appointment may contain such provisions for the protection and convenience of persons dealing with any such attorneys or authorised signatories as the Directors may think fit and may also authorise any such attorney or authorised signatory to delegate all or any of the powers, authorities and discretions vested in him.
36.5 |  | The Directors may appoint such officers of the Company (including, for the avoidance of doubt and without limitation, any secretary) as they consider necessary on such terms, at such remuneration and to perform such duties, and subject to such provisions as to disqualification and removal as the Directors may think fit. Unless otherwise specified in the terms of his appointment an officer of the Company may be removed by resolution of the Directors or Members. An officer of the Company may vacate his office at any time if he gives notice in writing to the Company that he resigns his office. Each officer of the Company shall perform such duties subject to the supervision and oversight of the Directors and in accordance with the Company business plan and annual budget, as approved by the Directors. An officer’s authority shall be expressly limited by those matters which, pursuant to these Articles, are subject to a vote or other approval by the Directors or the Members. No officer shall permit the Company or any of its subsidiaries to take any action or engage in any transaction in connection with which any Member has approval rights, including, for the avoidance of doubt, all rights contained in Article 53.2, without the prior approval of such Member(s).

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37 |  | Alternate Directors
37.1 |  | Any Director (but not an alternate Director) may by writing appoint any other Director, or any other person willing to act, to be an alternate Director and by writing may remove from office an alternate Director so appointed by him.
37.2 |  | An alternate Director shall be entitled to receive notice of all meetings of Directors and of all meetings of committees of Directors of which his appointor is a member, to attend and vote at every such meeting at which the Director appointing him is not personally present, to sign any written resolution of the Directors, and generally to perform all the functions of his appointor as a Director in his absence.
37.3 |  | An alternate Director shall cease to be an alternate Director if his appointor ceases to be a Director.
37.4 |  | Any appointment or removal of an alternate Director shall be by notice to the Company signed by the Director making or revoking the appointment or in any other manner approved by the Directors.
37.5 |  | Subject to the provisions of the Articles, an alternate Director shall be deemed for all purposes to be a Director and shall alone be responsible for his own acts and defaults and shall not be deemed to be the agent of the Director appointing him.
38 |  | No Minimum Shareholding
|  | The Company in general meeting may fix a minimum shareholding required to be held by a Director, but unless and until such a shareholding qualification is fixed a Director is not required to hold Shares.
39 |  | Remuneration of Directors
39.1 |  | The remuneration to be paid to the Directors, if any, shall be such remuneration as the Directors shall determine. The Directors shall also be entitled to be paid all travelling, hotel and other expenses properly incurred by them in connection with their attendance at meetings of Directors or committees of Directors, or general meetings of the Company, or separate meetings of the holders of any class of Shares or debentures of the Company, or otherwise in connection with the business of the Company or the discharge of their duties as a Director, or to receive a fixed allowance in respect thereof as may be determined by the Directors, or a combination partly of one such method and partly the other.
39.2 |  | The Directors may by resolution approve additional remuneration to any Director for any services which in the opinion of the Directors go beyond his ordinary routine work as a Director. Any fees paid to a Director who is also counsel, attorney or solicitor to the Company, or otherwise serves it in a professional capacity shall be in addition to his remuneration as a Director.
40 |  | Seal
40.1 |  | The Company may, if the Directors so determine, have a Seal. The Seal shall only be used by the authority of the Directors or of a committee of the Directors authorised by the Directors. Every instrument to which the Seal has been affixed shall be signed by at least one person who shall be either a Director or some officer of the Company or other person appointed by the Directors for the purpose.

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40.2 |  | The Company may have for use in any place or places outside the Cayman Islands a duplicate Seal or Seals each of which shall be a facsimile of the common Seal of the Company and, if the Directors so determine, with the addition on its face of the name of every place where it is to be used.
40.3 |  | A Director or officer, representative or attorney of the Company may without further authority of the Directors affix the Seal over his signature alone to any document of the Company required to be authenticated by him under seal or to be filed with the Registrar of Companies in the Cayman Islands or elsewhere wheresoever.
41 |  | Dividends, Distributions and Reserve
41.1 |  | Subject to the Statute and this Article and except as otherwise provided by the rights attached to any Shares, the Directors may resolve to pay Dividends and other distributions on Shares in issue and authorise payment of the Dividends or other distributions out of the funds of the Company lawfully available therefor. A Dividend shall be deemed to be an interim Dividend unless the terms of the resolution pursuant to which the Directors resolve to pay such Dividend specifically state that such Dividend shall be a final Dividend. No Dividend or other distribution shall be paid except out of the realised or unrealised profits of the Company, out of the share premium account or as otherwise permitted by the Statute.
41.2 |  | Except as otherwise provided by the rights attached to any Shares, all Dividends and other distributions shall be paid according to the par value of the Shares that a Member holds. If any Share is issued on terms providing that it shall rank for Dividend as from a particular date, that Share shall rank for Dividend accordingly.
41.3 |  | The Directors may deduct from any Dividend or other distribution payable to any Member all sums of money (if any) then payable by him to the Company on account of calls or otherwise.
41.4 |  | The Directors may resolve that any Dividend or other distribution be paid wholly or partly by the distribution of specific assets and in particular (but without limitation) by the distribution of shares, debentures, or securities of any other company or in any one or more of such ways and where any difficulty arises in regard to such distribution, the Directors may settle the same as they think expedient and in particular may issue fractional Shares and may fix the value for distribution of such specific assets or any part thereof and may determine that cash payments shall be made to any Members upon the basis of the value so fixed in order to adjust the rights of all Members and may vest any such specific assets in trustees in such manner as may seem expedient to the Directors.
41.5 |  | Except as otherwise provided by the rights attached to any Shares, Dividends and other distributions may be paid in any currency. The Directors may determine the basis of conversion for any currency conversions that may be required and how any costs involved are to be met.
41.6 |  | The Directors may, before resolving to pay any Dividend or other distribution, set aside such sums as they think proper as a reserve or reserves which shall, at the discretion of the Directors, be applicable for any purpose of the Company and pending such application may, at the discretion of the Directors, be employed in the business of the Company.
41.7 |  | Any Dividend, other distribution, interest or other monies payable in cash in respect of Shares may be paid by wire transfer to the holder or by cheque or warrant sent through the post directed to the registered address of the holder or, in the case of joint holders, to the registered address of the holder who is first named on the Register of Members or to such person and to such address as such holder or joint holders may in writing direct. Every such cheque or warrant shall be made payable to the order of the person to whom it is sent. Any one of two or more joint holders may give effectual receipts for any Dividends, other distributions, bonuses, or other monies payable in respect of the Share held by them as joint holders.

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41.8 |  | No Dividend or other distribution shall bear interest against the Company.
41.9 |  | Any Dividend or other distribution which cannot be paid to a Member and/or which remains unclaimed after six months from the date on which such Dividend or other distribution becomes payable may, in the discretion of the Directors, be paid into a separate account in the Company’s name, provided that the Company shall not be constituted as a trustee in respect of that account and the Dividend or other distribution shall remain as a debt due to the Member. Any Dividend or other distribution which remains unclaimed after a period of six years from the date on which such Dividend or other distribution becomes payable shall be forfeited and shall revert to the Company.
42 |  | Capitalisation
|  | The Directors may at any time capitalise any sum standing to the credit of any of the Company’s reserve accounts or funds (including the share premium account and capital redemption reserve fund) or any sum standing to the credit of the profit and loss account or otherwise available for distribution; appropriate such sum to Members in the proportions in which such sum would have been divisible amongst such Members had the same been a distribution of profits by way of Dividend or other distribution; and apply such sum on their behalf in paying up in full unissued Shares for allotment and distribution credited as fully paid-up to and amongst them in the proportion aforesaid. In such event the Directors shall do all acts and things required to give effect to such capitalisation, with full power given to the Directors to make such provisions as they think fit in the case of Shares becoming distributable in fractions (including provisions whereby the benefit of fractional entitlements accrue to the Company rather than to the Members concerned). The Directors may authorise any person to enter on behalf of all of the Members interested into an agreement with the Company providing for such capitalisation and matters incidental or relating thereto and any agreement made under such authority shall be effective and binding on all such Members and the Company.
43 |  | Books of Account
43.1 |  | The Directors shall cause proper books of account (including, where applicable, material underlying documentation including contracts and invoices) to be kept with respect to all sums of money received and expended by the Company and the matters in respect of which the receipt or expenditure takes place, all sales and purchases of goods by the Company and the assets and liabilities of the Company. Such books of account must be retained for a minimum period of five years from the date on which they are prepared. Proper books shall not be deemed to be kept if there are not kept such books of account as are necessary to give a true and fair view of the state of the Company’s affairs and to explain its transactions.
43.2 |  | The Directors shall determine whether and to what extent and at what times and places and under what conditions or regulations the accounts and books of the Company or any of them shall be open to the inspection of Members not being Directors and no Member (not being a Director) shall have any right of inspecting any account or book or document of the Company except as conferred by Statute or authorised by the Directors or by the Company in general meeting.
43.3 |  | The Directors may cause to be prepared and to be laid before the Company in general meeting profit and loss accounts, balance sheets, group accounts (if any) and such other reports and accounts as may be required by law.

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44 |  | Audit
44.1 |  | The Directors may appoint an Auditor of the Company who shall hold office on such terms as the Directors determine.
44.2 |  | Every Auditor of the Company shall have a right of access at all times to the books and accounts and vouchers of the Company and shall be entitled to require from the Directors and officers of the Company such information and explanation as may be necessary for the performance of the duties of the Auditor.
44.3 |  | Auditors shall, if so required by the Directors, make a report on the accounts of the Company during their tenure of office at the next annual general meeting following their appointment in the case of a company which is registered with the Registrar of Companies as an ordinary company, and at the next extraordinary general meeting following their appointment in the case of a company which is registered with the Registrar of Companies as an exempted company, and at any other time during their term of office, upon request of the Directors or any general meeting of the Members.
45 |  | Notices
45.1 |  | Notices shall be in writing and may be given by the Company to any Member either personally or by sending it by courier, post, cable, telex, fax or e-mail to him or to his address as shown in the Register of Members (or where the notice is given by e-mail by sending it to the e-mail address provided by such Member). Any notice, if posted from one country to another, is to be sent by airmail.
45.2 |  | Where a notice is sent by courier, service of the notice shall be deemed to be effected by delivery of the notice to a courier company, and shall be deemed to have been received on the third day (not including Saturdays or Sundays or public holidays) following the day on which the notice was delivered to the courier. Where a notice is sent by post, service of the notice shall be deemed to be effected by properly addressing, pre paying and posting a letter containing the notice, and shall be deemed to have been received on the fifth day (not including Saturdays or Sundays or public holidays in the Cayman Islands) following the day on which the notice was posted. Where a notice is sent by cable, telex or fax, service of the notice shall be deemed to be effected by properly addressing and sending such notice and shall be deemed to have been received on the same day that it was transmitted. Where a notice is given by e-mail service shall be deemed to be effected by transmitting the e-mail to the e-mail address provided by the intended recipient and shall be deemed to have been received on the same day that it was sent, and it shall not be necessary for the receipt of the e-mail to be acknowledged by the recipient.
45.3 |  | A notice may be given by the Company to the person or persons which the Company has been advised are entitled to a Share or Shares in consequence of the death or bankruptcy of a Member in the same manner as other notices which are required to be given under the Articles and shall be addressed to them by name, or by the title of representatives of the deceased, or trustee of the bankrupt, or by any like description at the address supplied for that purpose by the persons claiming to be so entitled, or at the option of the Company by giving the notice in any manner in which the same might have been given if the death or bankruptcy had not occurred.
45.4 |  | Notice of every general meeting shall be given in any manner authorised by the Articles to every holder of Shares carrying an entitlement to receive such notice on the record date for such meeting except that in the case of joint holders the notice shall be sufficient if given to the joint holder first named in the Register of Members and every person upon whom the ownership of a Share devolves by reason of his being a legal personal representative or a trustee in bankruptcy of a Member where the Member but for his death or bankruptcy would be entitled to receive notice of the meeting, and no other person shall be entitled to receive notices of general meetings.

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46 |  | Winding Up
46.1 |  | If the Company shall be wound up the liquidator shall apply the assets of the Company in satisfaction of creditors’ claims in such manner and order as such liquidator thinks fit. Subject to the rights attaching to any Shares, in a winding up:
|  | (a) |  | if the assets available for distribution amongst the Members shall be insufficient to repay the whole of the Company’s issued share capital, such assets shall be distributed so that, as nearly as may be, the losses shall be borne by the Members in proportion to the par value of the Shares held by them; or
|  | (b) |  | if the assets available for distribution amongst the Members shall be more than sufficient to repay the whole of the Company’s issued share capital at the commencement of the winding up, the surplus shall be distributed amongst the Members in proportion to the par value of the Shares held by them at the commencement of the winding up subject to a deduction from those Shares in respect of which there are monies due, of all monies payable to the Company for unpaid calls or otherwise.
46.2 |  | If the Company shall be wound up the liquidator may, subject to the rights attaching to any Shares and with the sanction of a Special Resolution of the Company and any other sanction required by the Statute, divide amongst the Members in kind the whole or any part of the assets of the Company (whether such assets shall consist of property of the same kind or not) and may for that purpose value any assets and determine how the division shall be carried out as between the Members or different classes of Members. The liquidator may, with the like sanction, vest the whole or any part of such assets in trustees upon such trusts for the benefit of the Members as the liquidator, with the like sanction, shall think fit, but so that no Member shall be compelled to accept any asset upon which there is a liability.
47 |  | Indemnity and Insurance
47.1 |  | Every Director and officer of the Company (which for the avoidance of doubt, shall not include auditors of the Company), together with every former Director and former officer of the Company (each an “Indemnified Person”) shall be indemnified out of the assets of the Company against any liability, action, proceeding, claim, demand, costs, damages or expenses, including legal expenses, whatsoever which they or any of them may incur as a result of any act or failure to act in carrying out their functions other than such liability (if any) that they may incur by reason of their own actual fraud or wilful default. No Indemnified Person shall be liable to the Company for any loss or damage incurred by the Company as a result (whether direct or indirect) of the carrying out of their functions unless that liability arises through the actual fraud or wilful default of such Indemnified Person. No person shall be found to have committed actual fraud or wilful default under this Article unless or until a court of competent jurisdiction shall have made a finding to that effect.
47.2 |  | The Company shall advance to each Indemnified Person reasonable attorneys’ fees and other costs and expenses incurred in connection with the defence of any action, suit, proceeding or investigation involving such Indemnified Person for which indemnity will or could be sought. In connection with any advance of any expenses hereunder, the Indemnified Person shall execute an undertaking to repay the advanced amount to the Company if it shall be determined by final judgment or other final adjudication that such Indemnified Person was not entitled to indemnification pursuant to this Article. If it shall be determined by a final judgment or other final adjudication that such Indemnified Person was not entitled to indemnification with respect to such judgment, costs or expenses, then such party shall not be indemnified with respect to such judgment, costs or expenses and any advancement shall be returned to the Company (without interest) by the Indemnified Person.

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47.3 |  | The Directors, on behalf of the Company, may purchase and maintain insurance for the benefit of any Director or other officer of the Company against any liability which, by virtue of any rule of law, would otherwise attach to such person in respect of any negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust of which such person may be guilty in relation to the Company.
48 |  | Financial Year
|  | Unless the Directors otherwise prescribe, the financial year of the Company shall end on 31st December in each year and, following the year of incorporation, shall begin on 1st January in each year.
49 |  | Transfer by Way of Continuation
|  | If the Company is exempted as defined in the Statute, it shall, subject to the provisions of the Statute and with the approval of a Special Resolution, have the power to register by way of continuation as a body corporate under the laws of any jurisdiction outside the Cayman Islands and to be deregistered in the Cayman Islands.
50 |  | Mergers and Consolidations
|  | The Company shall, with the approval of a Special Resolution, have the power to merge or consolidate with one or more constituent companies (as defined in the Statute), upon such terms as the Directors may determine.
|  | PART B
51 |  | Series A Original Issue Price
|  | The “Series A Original Issue Price” shall mean $1.00 per Series A Preferred Stock, subject to appropriate adjustment in the event of any stock dividend, stock split, combination or other similar recapitalization with respect to the Series A Preferred Stock.
52 |  | Liquidation, Dissolution or Winding Up; Certain Mergers, Consolidations and Asset Sales
52.1 |  | Preferential Payments to Holders of Series A Preferred Stock. In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, the holders of Series A Preferred Stock then outstanding shall be entitled to be paid out of the assets of the Company available for distribution to its Members before any payment shall be made to the holders of Common Stock by reason of their ownership thereof, an amount per Share equal to the greater of (i) the Series A Original Issue Price, plus any dividends declared but unpaid thereon on the relevant Share, or (ii) such amount per Share as would have been payable had all Series A Preferred Stock been converted into Common Stock pursuant to Article 54 immediately prior to such liquidation, dissolution or winding up. If upon any such liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, the assets of the Company available for distribution to its Members shall be insufficient to pay the holders of Series A Preferred Stock the full amount to which they shall be entitled under this Article 52.1, the holders of Series A Preferred Stock shall share ratably in any distribution of the assets available for distribution in proportion to the respective amounts which would otherwise be payable in respect of the Series A Preferred Stock held by them upon such distribution if all amounts payable on or with respect to such Series A Preferred Stock were paid in full. The aggregate amount which a holder of Series A Preferred Stock is entitled to receive under this Article 52.1 is hereinafter referred to as the “Series A Liquidation Amount.”
52.2 |  | Distribution of Remaining Assets. In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, after the payment of all preferential amounts required to be paid to the holders of Series A Preferred Stock the remaining assets of the Company available for distribution to its Members shall be distributed among the holders of Common Stock, pro rata based on the number of Common Stock held by each such holder.

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52.3 |  | Deemed Liquidation Events.
|  | (a) |  | Definition. Each of the following events shall be considered a “Deemed Liquidation Event” unless the holders of at least a majority of the outstanding Series A Preferred Stock elect otherwise by written notice sent to the Company prior to the effective date of any such event:
|  |  |  | (i) |  | a merger, reorganization or consolidation in which (i) the Company is a constituent party or (ii) a subsidiary of the Company is a constituent party and the Company issues shares pursuant to such merger or consolidation, except any such merger or consolidation involving the Company or a subsidiary in which the holders of shares of the Company outstanding immediately prior to such merger or consolidation continue to hold, as a result of their holdings immediately prior to the merger or consolidation, shares, stock or other corresponding ownership interests representing a majority of the voting power of (1) the surviving or resulting company or (2) if the surviving or resulting company is a wholly owned subsidiary of another company immediately following such merger or consolidation, the parent company of such surviving or resulting company;
|  |  |  | (ii) |  | the sale, lease, transfer, exclusive license or other disposition, in a single transaction or series of related transactions, by the Company or any subsidiary of the Company of all or substantially all the assets of the Company and its subsidiaries taken as a whole, or the sale or disposition (whether by merger or otherwise) of one or more subsidiaries of the Company if substantially all of the assets of the Company and its subsidiaries taken as a whole are held by such subsidiary or subsidiaries, except where such sale, lease, transfer, exclusive license or other disposition is to a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company; or
|  |  |  | (iii) |  | any sale, transfer or issuance or series of sales, transfers and/or issuances of shares of the Company by the Company or any holders thereof which results in any Person(s) other than the holders of Company’s Common Stock immediately prior to the relevant sale, transfer or issuance, owning more than 50% of the Company’s Common Stock (assuming conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock) or having the right to elect a majority of the Company’s directors at the time of such sale, transfer or issuance or series of sales, transfers and/or issuances.
|  | (b) |  | Effecting a Deemed Liquidation Event. The Company shall not effect a Deemed Liquidation Event referred to in Article 52.3(a)(i) or Article 52.3(a)(iii) unless the sale agreement or plan of merger or consolidation for such transaction provides that the consideration payable to the Members of the Company shall be allocated among the holders of Shares of the Company in accordance with Article 52.1 and 52.2. If a Deemed Liquidation Event involves the payment by a successor or purchasing entity to the Company’s Members of consideration in whole or in part other than cash, then at the election of the holders of a majority of the outstanding Series A Preferred Stock the amounts payable to the holders of Series A Preferred Stock pursuant to this Article 50 shall be paid in the same form of consideration that is paid to the Company’s other Members, and if any of the Company’s other Members are given an option as to the form of consideration to be received, then all holders of Series A Preferred Stock shall be given the same option (with it being understood that the value of any such non-cash consideration shall be determined as provided in Article 52.3(d)).

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|  | (c) |  | Allocation of Deferred Consideration. In the event of a Deemed Liquidation Event, if any portion of the consideration payable to the Members of the Company is placed into escrow and/or is payable to the Members of the Company subject to contingencies (“Deferred Consideration”), the definitive agreement providing for such Deemed Liquidation Event shall provide that the consideration paid at closing, together with the Deferred Consideration, shall be deemed payable at closing and shall be allocated among the holders of Shares of the Company in accordance with Article 52.1 and 52.2, and the Deferred Consideration shall, when paid, be allocated among the holders of Shares of the Company in accordance with Article 52.1 and 52.2 (after taking into account all prior payments of proceeds of such Deemed Liquidation Event).
|  | (d) |  | Amount Deemed Paid or Distributed. If the amount deemed paid or distributed under this Article 52 is made in property other than in cash, the value of such distribution shall be the fair market value of such property, determined as follows:
|  |  |  | (i) |  | For securities not subject to investment letters or other similar restrictions on free marketability,
|  |  |  |  |  | (A) |  | if traded on a securities exchange, the value shall be deemed to be the average of the closing prices of the securities on such exchange or market over the 30-period ending three trading days prior to the closing of such transaction;
|  |  |  |  |  | (B) |  | if actively traded over-the-counter, the value shall be deemed to be the average of the closing bid prices over the 30-day period ending three trading days prior to the closing of such transaction; or
|  |  |  |  |  | (C) |  | if there is no active public market, the value shall be the fair market value thereof, as determined in good faith by the board of Directors.
|  |  |  | (ii) |  | The method of valuation of securities subject to investment letters or other similar restrictions on free marketability (other than restrictions arising solely by virtue of a Member’s status as an affiliate or former affiliate) shall take into account an appropriate discount (as determined in good faith by the board of Directors) from the market value as determined pursuant to clause (a) above so as to reflect the approximate fair market value thereof.
53 |  | Voting
53.1 |  | General. On any matter presented to the Members of the Company for their action or consideration at any meeting of Members of the Company (or by written consent of Members in lieu of meeting), each holder of outstanding Series A Preferred Stock shall be entitled to cast the number of votes equal to the number of whole shares of Common Stock into which the Series A Preferred Stock held by such holder are convertible as of the record date for determining Members entitled to vote on such matter. Except as provided by law or by the other provisions of the Articles, holders of Series A Preferred Stock shall vote together with the holders of Common Stock as a single class.
53.2 |  | Series A Preferred Stock Protective Provisions. The Company shall not, either directly or indirectly by amendment, merger, consolidation or otherwise, and shall procure that its subsidiaries, direct or indirect, shall not, do any of the following without (in addition to any other vote required by law or these Articles) the written consent or affirmative vote of the holders of at least a majority of the then outstanding Series A Preferred Stock, given in writing or by vote at a meeting, consenting or voting (as the case may be) separately as a class; provided, however, for the purposes of this Article 53.2, the written consent or

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|  | affirmative vote of the holders of at least a majority of the then outstanding Series A Preferred Stock shall not be necessary where any FP Director approves, either by written consent or affirmative vote, any matter presented to the Directors of the Company. Each reference to the Company in this Article 53 shall mean the Company and / or each of its direct and indirect subsidiaries.
|  | (a) |  | alter the rights, preferences or privileges of any class of shares in the Company;
|  | (b) |  | dissolve or wind-up the business and affairs of the Company;
|  | (c) |  | effect any Deemed Liquidation Event;
|  | (d) |  | increase or decrease the authorized number of shares or create, or authorize the creation of, or issue or obligate itself to issue shares of, any additional class or series of shares;
|  | (e) |  | pay any dividend or other distribution on any shares of the Company;
|  | (f) |  | purchase or redeem any shares of the Company other than (i) redemptions of or dividends or distributions on the Series A Preferred Stock as expressly authorized herein, (ii) dividends or other distributions payable with respect to previously authorized options, warrants, or convertible securities and pursuant to the terms thereof, or (iii) repurchases of shares from former employees, officers, directors, consultants or other persons who performed services for the Company in connection with the cessation of such employment or service and pursuant to the terms of the governing documents thereof;
|  | (g) |  | create, or authorize the creation of, or authorize the issuance of any debt security outside the ordinary course of business, unless specifically approved in the Company business plan and / or annual budget;
|  | (h) |  | enter into, amend, modify or supplement, or waive any provisions of, or permit any subsidiary to enter into, amend, modify or supplement, or waive any provisions of, any agreement, transaction, commitment or arrangement with any of the Company’s or any of its subsidiaries’ or any of its affiliates’ direct or indirect officers, managers, directors, key employees, members, partners, Members or affiliates or with any individual related by blood, marriage or adoption to any such individual or any entity in which any of the foregoing owns a beneficial interest, except for entering into customary employment arrangements (but not employment agreements) and benefit programs (other than equity or equity-like incentive plans), in each case on reasonable terms as approved by the compensation committee of the board of Directors;
|  | (i) |  | amend or modify any equity incentive plan, employee equity ownership plan, profit sharing plan, phantom equity plan, equity appreciation rights plan or any similar plan, program or arrangement of the Company or any of its subsidiaries as in existence as of the date hereof (including increasing the number of shares of capital stock available for issuance thereunder or allocating additional aggregate profits interests or profits participation rights to any such plan, program or arrangement);
|  | (j) |  | materially change the Company’s principal business;
|  | (k) |  | formation of any new subsidiary or the entering into of any joint venture or similar arrangement or commencement of any new line of business;
|  | (l) |  | merger with, acquisition of or investment in, or loan, advance or other extension of credit to or guarantee of any indebtedness or other obligation of, any third party;

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|  | (m) |  | recapitalization or reorganization or commencement of bankruptcy, winding up or other similar proceedings;
|  | (n) |  | change in the Company’s fiscal year;
|  | (o) |  | capital expenditures outside the ordinary course of business unless specifically approved in the Company business plan and / or annual budget;
|  | (p) |  | approval of the Company business plan and / or annual budget; or
|  | (q) |  | any commitment or agreement to do any of the foregoing.
54 |  | Optional Conversion
The holders of the Series A Preferred Stock shall have conversion rights as follows (the “Conversion Rights”):
54.1 |  | Right to Convert.
|  | (a) |  | Conversion Ratio. At any time and from time to time, and without the payment of additional consideration by the holder thereof, into such number of fully paid and non-assessable Common Stock as is determined by dividing the Series A Original Issue Price by the Series A Conversion Price (as defined below) in effect at the time of conversion, (A) each Series A Preferred Stock shall be convertible, at the option of the holder thereof, and (B) all Series A Preferred Stock shall be convertible at the option of the Members holding a majority of the issued and outstanding Series A Preferred Stock immediately prior to such conversion. The “Series A Conversion Price” shall initially be equal to $1.00. Such initial Series A Conversion Price, and the rate at which shares of Series A Preferred Stock may be converted into shares of Common Stock, shall be subject to adjustment as provided below.
|  | (b) |  | Termination of Conversion Rights. In the event of a notice of redemption of any shares of Series A Preferred Stock pursuant to Article 54, the Conversion Rights of the shares designated for redemption shall terminate at the close of business on the last full day preceding the date fixed for redemption, unless the redemption price is not fully paid on such redemption date, in which case the Conversion Rights for such shares shall continue until such price is paid in full. In the event of a voluntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company or a Deemed Liquidation Event, the Conversion Rights shall terminate at the close of business on the last full day preceding the effective date of such event; provided that the Conversion Rights shall not terminate with respect to any shares of Series A Preferred Stock that remain outstanding following a Deemed Liquidation Event.
54.2 |  | Fractional Shares. No fractional Common Stock shall be issued upon conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock. In lieu of any fractional shares to which the holder would otherwise be entitled, the Company shall pay cash equal to such fraction multiplied by the fair market value of Common Stock as determined in good faith by the board of Directors. Whether or not fractional shares would be issuable upon such conversion shall be determined on the basis of the total number of shares of Series A Preferred Stock the holder is at the time converting into Common Stock and the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon such conversion.

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54.3 |  | Mechanics of Conversion.

|  | (a) |  | Notice of Conversion. In order for a holder of Series A Preferred Stock to voluntarily convert shares of Series A Preferred Stock into Common Stock, such holder shall surrender the certificate or certificates for such Series A Preferred Stock (or, if such registered holder alleges that such certificate has been lost, stolen or destroyed, a lost certificate affidavit and agreement reasonably acceptable to the Company to indemnify the Company against any claim that may be made against the Company on account of the alleged loss, theft or destruction of such certificate), at the office of the transfer agent for the Series A Preferred Stock (or at the principal office of the Company if the Company serves as its own transfer agent), together with written notice that such holder elects to convert all or any number of the Series A Preferred Stock represented by such certificate or certificates and, if applicable, any event on which such conversion is contingent. Such notice shall state such holder’s name or the names of the nominees in which such holder wishes the certificate or certificates for Common Stock to be issued. If required by the Company, certificates surrendered for conversion shall be endorsed or accompanied by a written instrument or instruments of transfer, in form satisfactory to the Company, duly executed by the registered holder or his, her or its attorney duly authorized in writing. The close of business on the date of receipt by the transfer agent (or by the Company if the Company serves as its own transfer agent) of such certificates (or lost certificate affidavit and agreement) and notice shall be the time of conversion (the “Conversion Time”) and the conversion shall be effected by redemption of the relevant Series A Preferred Stock and the issue of the relevant Common Stock. The Company shall, as soon as practicable after the Conversion Time (i) issue and deliver to such holder of Series A Preferred Stock, or to his, her or its nominees, a certificate or certificates for the Common Stock issuable upon such conversion in accordance with the provisions hereof and a certificate for the Series A Preferred Stock represented by the surrendered certificate that was not converted into Common Stock, (ii) pay in cash such amount as provided in Article 54.2 in lieu of any fraction of a share of Common Stock otherwise issuable upon such conversion and (iii) pay all declared but unpaid dividends on the Series A Preferred Stock converted.
|  | (b) |  | Reservation of Shares. The Company shall at all times when the Series A Preferred Stock shall be outstanding, reserve and keep available out of its authorized but unissued share capital, for the purpose of effecting the conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock, such number of its duly authorized Common Stock as shall from time to time be sufficient to effect the conversion of all outstanding Series A Preferred Stock; and if at any time the number of authorized but unissued shares of Common Stock shall not be sufficient to effect the conversion of all then outstanding shares of the Series A Preferred Stock, the Company shall take such corporate action as may be necessary to increase its authorized but unissued Common Stock to such number of shares as shall be sufficient for such purposes, including, without limitation, engaging in best efforts to obtain the requisite Member approval of any necessary amendment to the Articles. Before taking any action which would cause an adjustment reducing the Series A Conversion Price below the then par value of the shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock, the Company will take any corporate action which may, be necessary in order that the Company may validly and legally issue fully paid and non-assessable Common Stock at such adjusted Series A Conversion Price.
|  | (c) |  | Effect of Conversion. All shares of Series A Preferred Stock which shall have been surrendered for conversion as herein provided shall no longer be deemed to be outstanding and all rights with respect to such shares shall immediately cease and terminate at the Conversion Time, except only the right of the holders thereof to receive Common Stock in exchange therefor, to receive payment in lieu of any fraction of a share otherwise issuable upon such conversion as provided in Article 54.4 and to receive payment of any dividends declared but unpaid thereon. Any Series A Preferred Stock so converted shall be cancelled and the authorised share capital reduced by such number of redeemed Series A Preferred Stock and the Company may thereafter take such appropriate action as may be necessary to reduce the authorized number of Series A Preferred Stock accordingly.

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|  | (d) |  | No Further Adjustment. Upon any such conversion, no adjustment to the Series A Conversion Price shall be made for any declared but unpaid dividends on the Series A Preferred Stock surrendered for conversion or on the Common Stock delivered upon conversion.
|  | (e) |  | Taxes. The Company shall pay any and all issue and other similar taxes that may be payable in respect of any issuance or delivery of Common Stock upon conversion of Series A Preferred Stock pursuant to this Article 54. The Company shall not, however, be required to pay any tax which may be payable in respect of any transfer involved in the issuance and delivery of shares of Common Stock in a name other than that in which the Series A Preferred Stock so converted were registered, and no such issuance or delivery shall be made unless and until the person or entity requesting such issuance has paid to the Company the amount of any such tax or has established, to the satisfaction of the Company, that such tax has been paid.
54.4 |  | Adjustments to Series A Conversion Price for Diluting Issues.
|  | (a) |  | Special Definitions. For purposes of this Part B, the following definitions shall apply:
|  |  |  | (i) |  | “Additional Shares of Common Stock” shall mean all Common Stock issued (or, pursuant to Article 54.4(c) below, deemed to be issued) by the Company after the Series A Original Issue Date, other than (1) the following Common Stock and (2) Common Stock deemed issued pursuant to the following Options and Convertible Securities (clauses (1) and (2), collectively, “Exempted Securities”):
|  |  |  |  |  | (A) |  | Common Stock, Options or Convertible Securities issued as a dividend or distribution on Series A Preferred Stock;
|  |  |  |  |  | (B) |  | Common Stock, Options or Convertible Securities issued by reason of a dividend, share split or other distribution on Common Stock that is covered by Article 54.5, 54.6, 54.7 or 54.8;
|  |  |  |  |  | (C) |  | Common Stock or Options issued to employees or directors of, or consultants or advisors to, the Company or any of its subsidiaries pursuant to the Equity Plan or any other plan, agreement or arrangement approved by the board of Directors;
|  |  |  |  |  | (D) |  | Common Stock or Convertible Securities actually issued upon the exercise of Options or Common Stock or actually issued upon the conversion or exchange of Convertible Securities, in each case provided such issuance is pursuant to the terms of such Option or Convertible Security;
|  |  |  |  |  | (E) |  | Common Stock, Options or Convertible Securities issued to banks, equipment lessors or other financial institutions, or to real property lessors, pursuant to a debt financing, equipment leasing or real property leasing transaction approved by the board of Directors;
|  |  |  |  |  | (F) |  | Common Stock, Options or Convertible Securities issued to suppliers or third party service providers in connection with the provision of goods or services pursuant to transactions approved by the board of Directors; or

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|  |  |  | (G) |  | Common Stock, Options or Convertible Securities issued pursuant to the acquisition of another Company by the Company by merger, purchase of substantially all of the assets or other reorganization or to a joint venture agreement, provided, that such issuances are approved by the board of Directors.
|  | (ii) |  | “Convertible Securities” shall mean any evidences of indebtedness, shares or other securities directly or indirectly convertible into or exchangeable for Common Stock, but excluding Options.
|  | (iii) |  | “Equity Plan” shall mean the any stock option plan approved by the board of Directors.
|  | (iv) |  | “Option” shall mean rights, options or warrants to subscribe for, purchase or otherwise acquire Common Stock or Convertible Securities.
|  | (v) |  | “Series A Original Issue Date” shall mean the date on which the first Series A Preferred Stock was issued.
(b) |  | No Adjustment of Series A Conversion Price. No adjustment in the Series A Conversion Price shall be made as the result of the issuance or deemed issuance of Additional Shares of Common Stock if the Company receives written notice from the holders of at least a majority of the then outstanding Series A Preferred Stock agreeing that no such adjustment shall be made as the result of the issuance or deemed issuance of such Additional Shares of Common Stock.
(c) |  | Deemed Issuance of Additional Shares of Common Stock.
|  | (i) |  | If the Company at any time or from time to time after the Series A Original Issue Date shall issue any Options or Convertible Securities (excluding Options or Convertible Securities which are themselves Exempted Securities) or shall fix a record date for the determination of holders of any class of securities entitled to receive any such Options or Convertible Securities, then the maximum number of Common Stock (as set forth in the instrument relating thereto, assuming the satisfaction of any conditions to exercisability, convertibility or exchangeability but without regard to any provision contained therein for a subsequent adjustment of such number) issuable upon the exercise of such Options or, in the case of Convertible Securities and Options therefor, the conversion or exchange of such Convertible Securities, shall be deemed to be Additional Shares of Common Stock issued as of the time of such issue or, in case such a record date shall have been fixed, as of the close of business on such record date.
|  | (ii) |  | If the terms of any Option or Convertible Security, the issuance of which resulted in an adjustment to the Series A Conversion Price pursuant to the terms of Article 54.4(d), are revised as a result of an amendment to such terms or any other adjustment pursuant to the provisions of such Option or Convertible Security (but excluding automatic adjustments to such terms pursuant to anti-dilution or similar provisions of such Option or Convertible Security) to provide for either (1) any increase or decrease in the number of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise, conversion and/or exchange of any such Option or Convertible Security or (2) any increase or decrease in the consideration payable to the Company upon such exercise, conversion and/or exchange, then, effective upon such increase or decrease becoming effective, the Series A Conversion Price computed upon the original issue of such Option or Convertible Security (or upon the occurrence of a record date with respect thereto) shall be readjusted to such Series A Conversion Price as would have obtained had such revised terms been in effect upon the original date of

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|  |  |  |  |  | issuance of such Option or Convertible Security. Notwithstanding the foregoing, no readjustment pursuant to this clause (ii) shall have the effect of increasing the Series A Conversion Price to an amount which exceeds the lower of (i) the Series A Conversion Price in effect immediately prior to the original adjustment made as a result of the issuance of such Option or Convertible Security, or (ii) the Series A Conversion Price that would have resulted from any issuances of Additional Shares of Common Stock (other than deemed issuances of Additional Shares of Common Stock as a result of the issuance of such Option or Convertible Security) between the original adjustment date and such readjustment date.
|  |  |  | (iii) |  | If the terms of any Option or Convertible Security (excluding Options or Convertible Securities which are themselves Exempted Securities), the issuance of which did not result in an adjustment to the Series A Conversion Price pursuant to the terms of Article 54.4(d) (either because the consideration per share (determined pursuant to Article 54.4(d)) of the Additional Shares of Common Stock subject thereto was equal to or greater than the Series A Conversion Price then in effect, or because such Option or Convertible Security was issued before the Series A Original Issue Date), are revised after the Series A Original Issue Date as a result of an amendment to such terms or any other adjustment pursuant to the provisions of such Option or Convertible Security (but excluding automatic adjustments to such terms pursuant to anti-dilution or similar provisions of such Option or Convertible Security) to provide for either (1) any increase in the number of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise, conversion or exchange of any such Option or Convertible Security or (2) any decrease in the consideration payable to the Company upon such exercise, conversion or exchange, then such Option or Convertible Security, as so amended or adjusted, and the Additional Shares of Common Stock subject thereto (determined in the manner provided in Article 54.4(c)(i) ) shall be deemed to have been issued effective upon such increase or decrease becoming effective.
|  |  |  | (iv) |  | Upon the expiration or termination of any unexercised Option or unconverted or unexchanged Convertible Security (or portion thereof) which resulted (either upon its original issuance or upon a revision of its terms) in an adjustment to the Series A Conversion Price pursuant to the terms of Article 54.4(d), the Series A Conversion Price shall be readjusted to such Series A Conversion Price as would have obtained had such Option or Convertible Security (or portion thereof) never been issued.
|  |  |  | (v) |  | If the number of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise, conversion and/or exchange of any Option or Convertible Security, or the consideration payable to the Company upon such exercise, conversion and/or exchange, is calculable at the time such Option or Convertible Security is issued or amended but is subject to adjustment based upon subsequent events, any adjustment to the Series A Conversion Price provided for in this Article 54.4(c) shall be effected at the time of such issuance or amendment based on such number of shares or amount of consideration without regard to any provisions for subsequent adjustments (and any subsequent adjustments shall be treated as provided in clauses (b) and (c) of this Article 54.4(c)). If the number of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise, conversion and/or exchange of any Option or Convertible Security, or the consideration payable to the Company upon such exercise, conversion and/or exchange, cannot be calculated at all at the time such Option or Convertible Security is issued or amended, any adjustment to the Series A Conversion Price that would result under the terms of this Article 54.4(c) at the time of such issuance or amendment shall instead be effected at the time such number of shares and/or amount of consideration is first calculable (even if subject to subsequent adjustments), assuming for purposes of calculating such adjustment to the Series A Conversion Price that such issuance or amendment took place at the time such calculation can first be made.

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(d) |  | Adjustment of Series A Conversion Price Upon Issuance of Additional Shares of Common Stock. In the event the Company shall at any time after the Series A Original Issue Date issue Additional Shares of Common Stock (including Additional Shares of Common Stock deemed to be issued pursuant to Article 54.4(c)), without consideration or for a consideration per share less than the Series A Conversion Price in effect immediately prior to such issue, then the Series A Conversion Price shall be reduced, concurrently with such issue, to a price (calculated to the nearest one-hundredth of a cent) determined in accordance with the following formula:
|  | CP2 = CP1 * ((A + B) ÷ (A + C))
For purposes of the foregoing formula, the following definitions shall apply:
|  | (i) |  | “CP2 ” shall mean the Series A Conversion Price in effect immediately after such issue of Additional Shares of Common Stock
|  | (ii) |  | “CP1 ” shall mean the Series A Conversion Price in effect immediately prior to such issue of Additional Shares of Common Stock;
|  | (iii) |  | “A” shall mean the number of Common Stock outstanding immediately prior to such issue of Additional Shares of Common Stock (treating for this purpose as outstanding all Common Stock issuable upon exercise of Options outstanding immediately prior to such issue or upon conversion or exchange of Convertible Securities (including the Series A Preferred Stock) outstanding (assuming exercise of any outstanding Options therefor) immediately prior to such issue);
|  | (iv) |  | “B” shall mean the number of shares of Common Stock that would have been issued if such Additional Shares of Common Stock had been issued at a price per share equal to CP1 (determined by dividing the aggregate consideration received by the Company in respect of such issue by CP1); and
|  | (v) |  | “C” shall mean the number of such Additional Shares of Common Stock issued in such transaction.
(e) |  | Determination of Consideration. For purposes of this Article 54.4, the consideration received by the Company for the issue of any Additional Shares of Common Stock shall be computed as follows:
|  | (i) |  | Cash and Property: Such consideration shall:
|  |  |  | (A) |  | insofar as it consists of cash, be computed at the aggregate amount of cash received by the Company, excluding amounts paid or payable for accrued interest;
|  |  |  | (B) |  | insofar as it consists of property other than cash, be computed at the fair market value thereof at the time of such issue, as determined in good faith by the board of Directors; and
|  |  |  | (C) |  | in the event Additional Shares of Common Stock are issued together with other shares or securities or other assets of the Company for consideration which covers both, be the proportion of such consideration so received, computed as provided in clauses (i) and (ii) above, as determined in good faith by the board of Directors.

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|  |  |  | (ii) |  | Options and Convertible Securities. The consideration per share received by the Company for Additional Shares of Common Stock deemed to have been issued pursuant to Article 54.4(c), relating to Options and Convertible Securities, shall be determined by dividing
|  |  |  |  |  | (A) |  | the total amount, if any, received or receivable by the Company as consideration for the issue of such Options or Convertible Securities, plus the minimum aggregate amount of additional consideration (as set forth in the instruments relating thereto, without regard to any provision contained therein for a subsequent adjustment of such consideration) payable to the Company upon the exercise of such Options or the conversion or exchange of such Convertible Securities, or in the case of Options for Convertible Securities, the exercise of such Options for Convertible Securities and the conversion or exchange of such Convertible Securities, by
|  |  |  |  |  | (B) |  | the maximum number of Common Stock (as set forth in the instruments relating thereto, without regard to any provision contained therein for a subsequent adjustment of such number) issuable upon the exercise of such Options or the conversion or exchange of such Convertible Securities, or in the case of Options for Convertible Securities, the exercise of such Options for Convertible Securities and the conversion or exchange of such Convertible Securities.
|  | (f) |  | Multiple Closing Dates. In the event the Company shall issue on more than one date Additional Shares of Common Stock that are a part of one transaction or a series of related transactions and that would result in an adjustment to the Series A Conversion Price pursuant to the terms of Article 54.4(d) then, upon the final such issuance, the Series A Conversion Price shall be readjusted to give effect to all such issuances as if they occurred on the date of the first such issuance (and without giving effect to any additional adjustments as a result of any such subsequent issuances within such period).
54.5 |  | Adjustment for Stock Splits and Combinations. If the Company shall at any time or from time to time after the Series A Original Issue Date effect a subdivision of the outstanding Common Stock, the Series A Conversion Price in effect immediately before that subdivision shall be proportionately decreased so that the number of shares of Common Stock issuable on conversion of each share of such series shall be increased in proportion to such increase in the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock outstanding. If the Company shall at any time or from time to time after the Series A Original Issue Date combine the outstanding shares of Common Stock, the Series A Conversion Price in effect immediately before the combination shall be proportionately increased so that the number of shares of Common Stock issuable on conversion of each share of such series shall be decreased in proportion to such decrease in the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock outstanding. Any adjustment under this Article 54.5 shall become effective at the close of business on the date the subdivision or combination becomes effective.
54.6 |  | Adjustment for Certain Dividends and Distributions. In the event the Company at any time or from time to time after the Series A Original Issue Date shall make or issue, or fix a record date for the determination of holders of Common Stock entitled to receive, a dividend or other distribution payable on the Common Stock in additional shares of Common Stock, then and in each such event the Series A Conversion Price in effect immediately before such event shall be decreased as of the time of such issuance or, in the event such a record date shall have been fixed, as of the close of business on such record date, by multiplying the Series A Conversion Price then in effect by a fraction:

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|  | (a) |  | the numerator of which shall be the total number of shares of Common Stock issued and outstanding immediately prior to the time of such issuance or the close of business on such record date, and
|  | (b) |  | the denominator of which shall be the total number of shares of Common Stock issued and outstanding immediately prior to the time of such issuance or the close of business on such record date plus the number of shares of Common Stock issuable in payment of such dividend or distribution.
|  | Notwithstanding the foregoing, (a) if such record date shall have been fixed and such dividend is not fully paid or if such distribution is not fully made on the date fixed therefor, the Series A Conversion Price shall be recomputed accordingly as of the close of business on such record date and thereafter the Series A Conversion Price shall be adjusted pursuant to this Article 54.6 as of the time of actual payment of such dividends or distributions; and (b) that no such adjustment shall be made if the holders of Series A Preferred Stock simultaneously receive a dividend or other distribution of Common Stock in a number equal to the number of Common Stock as they would have received if all outstanding Series A Preferred Stock had been converted into Common Stock on the date of such event.
54.7 |  | Adjustments for Other Dividends and Distributions. In the event the Company at any time or from time to time after the Series A Original Issue Date shall make or issue, or fix a record date for the determination of holders of Common Stock entitled to receive, a dividend or other distribution payable in securities of the Company (other than a distribution of shares of Common Stock in respect of outstanding shares of Common Stock) or in other property and the provisions of Article 51 do not apply to such dividend or distribution, then and in each such event the holders of Series A Preferred Stock shall receive, simultaneously with the distribution to the holders of Common Stock, a dividend or other distribution of such securities or other property in an amount equal to the amount of such securities or other property as they would have received if all outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock had been converted into Common Stock on the date of such event.
54.8 |  | Adjustment for Merger or Reorganization, etc. Subject to the provisions of Article 52.3, if there shall occur any reorganization, recapitalization, reclassification, consolidation or merger involving the Company in which the Common Stock (but not the Series A Preferred Stock) is converted into or exchanged for securities, cash or other property (other than a transaction covered by Articles 54.4, 54.6 or 54.7), then, following any such reorganization, recapitalization, reclassification, consolidation or merger, each Series A Preferred Stock shall thereafter be convertible in lieu of the Common Stock into which it was convertible prior to such event into the kind and amount of securities, cash or other property which a holder of the number of shares of Common Stock of the Company issuable upon conversion of one Series A Preferred Stock immediately prior to such reorganization, recapitalization, reclassification, consolidation or merger would have been entitled to receive pursuant to such transaction; and, in such case, appropriate adjustment (as determined in good faith by the board of Directors) shall be made in the application of the provisions in this Article 54 with respect to the rights and interests thereafter of the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock, to the end that the provisions set forth in this Article 54 (including provisions with respect to changes in and other adjustments of the Series A Conversion Price) shall thereafter be applicable, as nearly as reasonably may be, in relation to any securities or other property thereafter deliverable upon the conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock.

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54.9 |  | Certificate as to Adjustments. Upon the occurrence of each adjustment or readjustment of the Series A Conversion Price pursuant to this Article 54, the Company at its expense shall, as promptly as reasonably practicable but in any event not later than 15 days thereafter, compute such adjustment or readjustment in accordance with the terms hereof and furnish to each holder of Series A Preferred Stock a certificate setting forth such adjustment or readjustment (including the kind and amount of securities, cash or other property into which the Series A Preferred Stock is convertible) and showing in detail the facts upon which such adjustment or readjustment is based. The Company shall, as promptly as reasonably practicable after the written request at any time of any holder of Series A Preferred Stock (but in any event not later than 15 days thereafter), furnish or cause to be furnished to such holder a certificate setting forth (i) the Series A Conversion Price then in effect, and (ii) the number of Common Stock and the amount, if any, of other securities, cash or property which then would be received upon the conversion of Series A Preferred Stock.
54.10 |  | Notice of Record Date. In the event:
|  | (a) |  | the Company shall take a record of the holders of its Common Stock (or other shares or securities at the time issuable upon conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock) for the purpose of entitling or enabling them to receive any dividend or other distribution, or to receive any right to subscribe for or purchase any shares of any class or any other securities, or to receive any other security; or
|  | (b) |  | of any capital reorganization of the Company, any reclassification of the Common Stock of the Company, or any Deemed Liquidation Event; or
|  | (c) |  | of the voluntary dissolution, liquidation or winding-up of the Company,
|  | then, and in each such case, the Company will send or cause to be sent to the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock a notice specifying, as the case may be, (i) the record date for such dividend, distribution or right, and the amount and character of such dividend, distribution or right, or (ii) the effective date on which such reorganization, reclassification, consolidation, merger, transfer, dissolution, liquidation or winding-up is proposed to take place, and the time, if any is to be fixed, as of which the holders of record of Common Stock (or such other shares or securities at the time issuable upon the conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock) shall be entitled to exchange their shares of Common Stock (or such other capital stock or securities) for securities or other property deliverable upon such reorganization, reclassification, consolidation, merger, transfer, dissolution, liquidation or winding-up, and the amount per share and character of such exchange applicable to the Series A Preferred Stock and the Common Stock. Such notice shall be sent at least 10 days prior to the record date or effective date for the event specified in such notice.
55 |  | Mandatory Conversion
55.1 |  | Trigger Events. Upon the date and time, or the occurrence of an event, specified by vote or written consent of the holders of a majority of the then outstanding Series A Preferred Stock (the time of such closing or the date and time specified or the time of the event specified in such vote or written consent is referred to herein as the “Mandatory Conversion Time”), (i) all outstanding Series A Preferred Stock shall automatically be converted into Common Stock pursuant to the formula set forth in Article 54.1(a) and (ii) such Series A Preferred Stock may not be reissued by the Company.
55.2 |  | Procedural Requirements. All holders of record of Series A Preferred Stock shall be sent written notice of the Mandatory Conversion Time and the place designated for mandatory conversion of all such Series A Preferred Stock pursuant to this Article 55. Such notice need not be sent in advance of the occurrence of the Mandatory Conversion Time. Upon receipt of such notice, each holder of Series A Preferred Stock shall surrender his, her or its certificate or certificates for all such shares (or, if such holder alleges that such certificate has been lost, stolen or destroyed, a lost certificate affidavit and agreement reasonably acceptable to the Company to indemnify the Company against any claim that may be made against the Company on account of the alleged loss, theft or destruction of such certificate) to the Company at the

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|  |  |  | place designated in such notice. If so required by the Company, certificates surrendered for conversion shall be endorsed or accompanied by written instrument or instruments of transfer, in a form satisfactory to the Company, duly executed by the registered holder or by his, her or its attorney duly authorized in writing. All rights with respect to the Series A Preferred Stock converted pursuant to Article 53.1, including the rights, if any, to receive notices and vote (other than as a holder of Common Stock), will terminate at the Mandatory Conversion Time (notwithstanding the failure of the holder or holders thereof to surrender the certificates at or prior to such time), except only the rights of the holders thereof, upon surrender of their certificate or certificates (or lost certificate affidavit and agreement) therefor, to receive the items provided for in the next sentence of this Article 53.2. As soon as practicable after the Mandatory Conversion Time and the surrender of the certificate or certificates (or lost certificate affidavit and agreement) for Series A Preferred Stock, the Company shall issue and deliver to such holder, or to his, her or its nominees, a certificate or certificates for the Common Stock issuable on such conversion in accordance with the provisions hereof, together with cash as provided in Article 52.2 in lieu of any fraction of a share of Common Stock otherwise issuable upon such conversion and the payment of any declared but unpaid dividends on the Series A Preferred Stock converted. Such converted Series A Preferred Stock shall be retired and cancelled and may not be reissued as shares of such series, and the Company may thereafter take such appropriate action (without the need for Member action) as may be necessary to reduce the authorized number of shares of Series A Preferred Stock accordingly.
56 |  |  |  | Redeemed or Otherwise Acquired Shares
Any Series A Preferred Stock that are redeemed or otherwise acquired by the Company or any of its subsidiaries shall be cancelled and shall not be reissued, sold or transferred. Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries may exercise any voting or other rights granted to the holders of Series A Preferred Stock following redemption.
57 |  |  |  | Waiver
Any of the rights, powers, preferences and other terms of the Series A Preferred Stock set forth herein may be waived on behalf of all holders of Series A Preferred Stock by the affirmative written consent or vote of the holders of at least a majority of the Series A Preferred Stock then outstanding.

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