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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D. C. 20549
_____________________________________________________________
FORM 10-K
_____________________________________________________________
(Mark One)

x | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 27, 2024
or

o | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from_______ to _______
Commission File Number 001-37961
_____________________________________________________________
ICHOR HOLDINGS, LTD.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
_____________________________________________________________

Cayman Islands |  |  |  | Not Applicable
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  |  |  | (IRS Employer Identification No.)

3185 Laurelview Ct.
Fremont, California 94538
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
(510) 897-5200
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Ordinary Shares, par value $0.0001 per share |  | ICHR |  | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None
_____________________________________________________________
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well‑known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S‑T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non‑accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b‑2 of the Exchange Act.

| Large accelerated filer | x |  | Accelerated filer | o
| Non-accelerated filer | o |  | Smaller reporting company | o
|  |  |  | Emerging Growth Company | o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. x
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. o
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b‑2 of the Act). Yes o No x
There were 34,003,244 ordinary shares, $0.0001 par value, outstanding as of February 18, 2025.
The aggregate market value of voting ordinary shares held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $1,280,861,000 based on the closing price of the ordinary shares as reported on The Nasdaq Global Select Market as of June 28, 2024, the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter. There are no non-voting ordinary shares held by non-affiliates of the registrant.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
The information required by Part III of Form 10‑K is incorporated herein by reference to portions of the registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement relating to its 2025 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 27, 2024.

Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS

| Page
PART I |  |
ITEM 1. | BUSINESS | 1
ITEM 1A. | RISK FACTORS | 11
ITEM 1B. | UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS | 30
ITEM 1C. | CYBERSECURITY | 31
ITEM 2. | PROPERTIES | 32
ITEM 3. | LEGAL PROCEEDINGS | 32
ITEM 4. | MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES | 32
PART II |  |
ITEM 5. | MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES | 32
ITEM 6. | [RESERVED] | 34
ITEM 7. | MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS | 34
ITEM 7A. | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK | 45
ITEM 8. | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA | 46
ITEM 9. | CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE | 46
ITEM 9A. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES | 46
ITEM 9B. | OTHER INFORMATION | 47
ITEM 9C. | DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS | 47
PART III |  |
ITEM 10. | DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE | 47
ITEM 11. | EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION | 47
ITEM 12. | SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS | 48
ITEM 13. | CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE | 48
ITEM 14. | PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES | 48
PART IV |  |
ITEM 15. | EXHIBIT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES | 48
ITEM 16. | FORM 10-K SUMMARY | 48
EXHIBIT INDEX |
SIGNATURES |

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CAUTIONARY STATEMENT CONCERNING FORWARD‑LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains "forward-looking statements" made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “contemplate,” “designed,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “goal,” “guidance,” “intend,” “may,” “outlook,” “plan,” “predict,” “project,” “see,” “seek,” “target,” “would” and similar expressions or variations or negatives of these words are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. Examples of forward-looking statements include statements relating to our future financial condition, industry outlooks and trends, and operating results, plans, objectives and goals, as well as any other statement that does not directly relate to any historical or current fact. These statements are contained in many sections of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including those entitled Item 1. – Business and Item 7. – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Although we believe that our plans, intentions and expectations reflected in or suggested by such forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot assure you that we will achieve those plans, intentions or expectations. All forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from those that we expected.
Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations, or cautionary statements, are disclosed under the sections entitled Item 1A. – Risk Factors and Item 7. – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. You should evaluate all forward-looking statements made in this report in the context of these risks and uncertainties.
We caution you that the important factors referenced above may not contain all of the factors that are important to you. In addition, we cannot assure you that we will realize the results or developments we expect or anticipate or, even if substantially realized, that they will result in the consequences or affect us or our operations in the way we expect. The forward-looking statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are made only as of the date hereof. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as otherwise required by law.

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PART I
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Unless expressly indicated or the context requires otherwise, the terms “Ichor,” “Company,” “we,” “us,” “our,” and similar terms in this Annual Report on Form 10-K refer to Ichor Holdings, Ltd. and its consolidated subsidiaries.
We were originally incorporated as Celerity, Inc. (“Celerity”) in 1999. Ichor Holdings, Ltd., an exempt limited company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, was formed in March 2012. We completed the initial public offering of our ordinary shares in December 2016.
We use a 52- or 53-week fiscal year ending on the last Friday in December. The following table details our fiscal periods included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. All references to 2024, 2023, and 2022, including the quarters thereto, relate to our fiscal periods as so detailed.

Fiscal Period |  | Period Ending |  | Weeks in Period
Fiscal Year 2024: |  | December 27, 2024 |  | 52
First Quarter |  | March 29, 2024 |  | 13
Second Quarter |  | June 28, 2024 |  | 13
Third Quarter |  | September 27, 2024 |  | 13
Fourth Quarter |  | December 27, 2024 |  | 13
Fiscal Year 2023: |  | December 29, 2023 |  | 52
First Quarter |  | March 31, 2023 |  | 13
Second Quarter |  | June 30, 2023 |  | 13
Third Quarter |  | September 29, 2023 |  | 13
Fourth Quarter |  | December 29, 2023 |  | 13
Fiscal Year 2022: |  | December 30, 2022 |  | 52
First Quarter |  | April 1, 2022 |  | 13
Second Quarter |  | July 1, 2022 |  | 13
Third Quarter |  | September 30, 2022 |  | 13
Fourth Quarter |  | December 30, 2022 |  | 13

Company Overview

We are a leader in the design, engineering, and manufacturing of critical fluid delivery subsystems and components for semiconductor capital equipment. Our primary product offerings include gas and chemical delivery systems and subsystems, collectively known as fluid delivery systems and subsystems, which are key elements of the process tools used in the manufacturing of semiconductor devices. Our gas delivery subsystems deliver, monitor, and control precise quantities of the specialized gases used in semiconductor manufacturing processes such as etch and deposition. Our chemical delivery systems and subsystems precisely blend and dispense the reactive liquid chemistries used in semiconductor manufacturing processes such as chemical-mechanical planarization, electroplating, and cleaning. We also provide precision-machined components, weldments, electron beam (“e‑beam”) and laser-welded components, precision vacuum and hydrogen brazing and surface treatment technologies, and other proprietary products for the commercial space, aerospace, defense, medical device, and general-industrial industries. This vertically integrated portion of our business is primarily focused on metal and plastic parts that are used in gas and chemical systems, respectively.
1

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Fluid delivery subsystems ensure accurate measurement and uniform delivery of specialty gases and chemicals at critical steps in the semiconductor manufacturing processes. Any malfunction or material degradation in fluid delivery reduces yields and increases the likelihood of manufacturing defects in these processes. Most original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) outsource all or a portion of the design, engineering, and manufacturing of their gas delivery subsystems to a few specialized suppliers, including us. Additionally, many OEMs are outsourcing the design, engineering, and manufacturing of their chemical delivery subsystems due to the increased fluid expertise required to manufacture these subsystems. Outsourcing these subsystems allows OEMs to leverage suppliers’ highly specialized engineering, design, and production skills while focusing their internal resources on their own value-added processes. Outsourcing enables OEMs to reduce their costs and development time, providing growth opportunities for specialized subsystems suppliers like us.
Our goal is to be a leading supplier of fluid delivery subsystems and components to OEMs engaged in manufacturing capital equipment to produce semiconductors and to leverage our technology and products to expand the share of our addressable markets. To achieve this goal, we engage with our customers early in their design and development processes and utilize our deep engineering resources and operating expertise, as well as our expanded product portfolio, to jointly create innovative and advanced solutions that are designed to meet the current and future needs of our customers. We believe this approach enables us to design products that meet the precise specifications our customers demand, allows us to be the sole supplier of these subsystems during the initial production ramp, and positions us to be the preferred supplier for the full lifespan of the process tool.
The broad technical expertise of our engineering team, coupled with our early customer engagement approach, enables us to offer innovative and reliable solutions to complex fluid delivery challenges. With over two decades of experience developing complex fluid delivery subsystems and meeting the constantly changing production requirements of leading semiconductor OEMs, we have developed expertise in fluid delivery that we offer to our OEM customers. With an aim to provide superior customer service, we have a global footprint with many facilities strategically located in close proximity to our customers. We have long standing relationships with top tier OEM customers, including Lam Research, Applied Materials, and ASML which were our largest customers by sales in 2024.
We generated revenue of $849.0 million, $811.1 million, and $1,280.1 million in 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. We generated net income (loss) of $(20.8) million, $(43.0) million, and $72.8 million, calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”) in 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively, and $5.9 million, $12.3 million, and $104.9 million on a non-GAAP basis in 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. See Item 7. – Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, Non-GAAP Results for a discussion of non-GAAP net income, an accompanying presentation of the most directly comparable financial measure, GAAP net income, and a reconciliation of the differences between non-GAAP net income and GAAP net income.

Our Competitive Strengths

As a leader in the fluid delivery industry, we believe that our key competitive strengths include the following:
Deep Fluids Engineering Expertise
We believe that our engineering team, comprised of chemical, mechanical, electrical, software, and systems engineers, has positioned us to expand the scope of our solutions, provide innovative products and subsystems, and strengthen our incumbent position at our OEM customers. Our engineering team works with our customers’ product development teams, providing our customers with technical expertise in fluid delivery system design.
2

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Early Engagement with Customers on Product Development
We seek to engage with our customers and potential customers very early in their process for new product development. We believe this approach enables us to collaborate on product design, qualification, manufacturing, and testing in order to provide a comprehensive, customized solution. Through early engagement during the complex design stages, our engineering team gains early insight into our customers’ technology roadmaps, which enables us to pioneer innovative and advanced solutions. In many cases, our early engagement with our customers enables us to be the sole source supplier when the product is initially introduced.
Long History and Strong Relationships with Top Tier Customers
We have established deep relationships with top tier OEMs, including Lam Research, Applied Materials, and ASML. Our customers are global leaders by sales in the semiconductor capital equipment industry. Our existing relationships with our customers have enabled us to effectively compete for new fluid delivery subsystems for our customers’ next generation products in development. We leverage our deep-rooted existing customer relationships with these market leaders to penetrate new business opportunities created through industry consolidation. Our close collaboration with our global customers has contributed to our established market position and several key supplier awards.
Operational Excellence with Scale to Support the Largest Customers
With over 20 years of experience in designing and building fluid delivery systems, we have developed deep capabilities in operations. We have strategically located our manufacturing facilities near our customers’ locations in order to provide fast and efficient responses to new product introductions and accommodate configuration or design changes late in the manufacturing process. We will continue to add capacity as needed to support future growth. In addition to providing high quality and reliable fluid delivery subsystems and components, one of our principal strategies is delivering the lead-times that provide our customers with the required flexibility needed in their production processes. We have accomplished this by investing in manufacturing systems and processes and an efficient supply chain. Our focus on operational efficiency and flexibility allows us to reduce manufacturing cycle times in order to respond quickly to customer requests.
Capital Efficient and Scalable Business Model
Our business requires modest levels of capital investments to support production capacity and new product development. The amount of necessary investment fluctuates over time depending on business outlook, new product strategy, and timing of introductions. In 2024, 2023, and 2022, our total capital expenditures were $17.6 million, $15.5 million, and $29.4 million, respectively, representing 2.1%, 1.9%, and 2.3%, of sales, respectively. The semiconductor capital equipment market has historically been cyclical. We have structured our business to reduce fixed manufacturing overhead and operating expenses to enable us to grow net income at a higher rate than sales during periods of growth.

Our Growth Strategy

Our objective is to enhance our position as a leader in providing fluid delivery solutions, including subsystems, components, and legacy tool refurbishment, to our customers by leveraging our core strengths. The key elements of our growth strategy are:
Grow Our Market Share within Existing Customer Base
We intend to grow our position within our existing customers by continuing to leverage our specialized engineering talent, early collaboration approach with OEMs to foster long-term relationships, and expanded product offerings. Each of our customers produces many different process tools for various process steps. At each customer, we are an outsourced supplier of fluid delivery subsystems and components for a subset of their entire process tool offerings. We are constantly looking to expand our market share at our existing customers. We believe that our early collaborative approach with customers positions us to deliver innovative and dynamic solutions, offer timely deployment and meet competitive cost targets, further increasing our market share.
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Grow Our Total Available Market and Share of the Market with Expanded Product Offerings
We continue to work with our existing customer base on additional opportunities, including machined products, proprietary components, and chemical delivery systems and components as a few of our important potential growth areas. Our internally developed proprietary components can be integrated into our existing fluid delivery systems as well as our next generation gas panel. We believe that the industries we serve have a growing need for the unique expertise we offer in precision machining, fluid mechanics, controls, and the component needed for next generation processes. For example, as semiconductor devices become more complex, atomic layer deposition (“ALD”), etch, and chemical vapor deposition (“CVD”) require more precise gas control, with faster response times, tighter repeatability, and cleaner, more corrosion-resistant systems. By leveraging our existing customer relationships and strong history of solving these challenges, we believe this will grow market share. We have expanded our served customer base with expanded product offerings through both internal development and opportunistic acquisitions. This has enabled us to manufacture and assemble the complex products and precision machined components for the semiconductor equipment market, including at our existing customer base, as well as for the commercial space, aerospace, defense, medical device, and general-industrial industries.
Expand Our Total Customer Base within Fluid Delivery Market
We have expanded our customer base to include a leading lithography system manufacturer and a leading ALD system manufacturer. We continue to actively engage with new customers that are considering outsourcing their gas and chemical delivery needs and we continue to expand our components business.
Our acquisition of IMG Companies, LLC and its subsidiaries (“IMG”) in November 2021 further expanded our total customer base with new customers in the medical, aerospace, and defense sectors.
Continue to Improve Our Manufacturing Process Efficiency
We continually strive to improve our processes to reduce our manufacturing process cycle time, increase our ability to respond to short lead-time and last-minute configuration changes, reduce our manufacturing costs, and improve our inventory efficiency requirements in order to improve profitability and make our product offerings more attractive to new and existing customers.
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Our Products and Services

We are a leader in the design, engineering and manufacturing of critical fluid delivery subsystems and components. Our product and service offerings are classified in the following categories:
Gas Delivery Subsystems
Gas delivery is among the most technologically complex functions in semiconductor capital equipment and is used to deliver, monitor and control precise quantities of the vapors and gases critical to the manufacturing process. Our gas delivery systems consist of a number of gas lines, each controlled by a series of mass flow controllers, regulators, pressure transducers, valves, and an integrated electronic control system. Our gas delivery subsystems are primarily used in equipment for “dry” manufacturing processes, such as etch, chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, epitaxy, and strip.
Chemical Delivery Products and Subsystems
Our chemical delivery products and subsystems are used to precisely blend and dispense reactive chemistries and colloidal slurries critical to the specific “wet” front-end process, such as wet clean, electro chemical deposition, and chemical-mechanical planarization (“CMP”). In addition to the chemical delivery subsystem, we also manufacture the process modules that apply the various chemicals directly to the wafer in a process-and application-unique manner to create the desired chemical reaction.
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The image below shows a typical wet-process front end semiconductor tool, with a chemical delivery subsystem and corresponding application process module highlighted:
Weldments and Specialty Joining
Our complete offering of weldments support the delivery of gases through the process tool. We have developed both automated and manual welding processes to support world class workmanship on all types of metals needed to support fluid delivery within the semiconductor market. The welded assemblies are used in both wet and dry processes, as well as non-semiconductor applications including in the aerospace, commercial space, defense, medical device, and general industrial markets. We offer a wide range of specialty joining technologies including orbital, tungsten inert gas, e‑beam, and laser welding, as well as hydrogen and vacuum brazing.
Precision Machining
Precision machining provides us the ability to supply our customers with components used in our gas delivery systems and weldments, while also providing custom machined solutions throughout customers’ equipment. Many of these items are used downstream of the gas system and in process-critical applications. Our precision machined products can be used in both wet and dry applications and include both small- and large‑format machining applications. Machined components are also provided to other critical non‑semiconductor markets, including aerospace and medical device.
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Customers, Sales, and Marketing

We primarily market and sell our products directly to equipment OEMs in the semiconductor equipment market. We are dependent upon a small number of customers, as the semiconductor equipment manufacturer market is highly concentrated with five companies accounting for over 70% of all process tool revenues. For 2024, two customers with individual sales over 10%, Lam Research and Applied Materials, accounted for a combined 73% of total sales. We do not have long-term contracts that require customers to place orders with us in fixed or minimum volumes, and we generally operate on a purchase order basis with customers.
Our sales and marketing efforts focus on fostering close business relationships with our customers. As a result, we locate many of our account managers near the customer they support. Our sales process involves close collaboration between our account managers and engineering and operations teams. Account managers and engineers work together with customers and in certain cases provide on-site support, including attending customers’ internal meetings related to production and engineering design. Each customer project is supported by our account managers and customer support team who ensure we are aligned with all of the customer’s quality, cost, and delivery expectations.

Operations, Manufacturing, and Supply Chain Management

We have developed a highly flexible manufacturing model with cost-effective locations situated nearby the manufacturing facilities of our largest customers. We have facilities in the United States, Singapore, Malaysia, the United Kingdom, Korea, and Mexico.
Operations
Our product cycle engagements begin by working closely with our customers to outline the solution specifications before design and prototyping even begin. Our design and manufacturing process is highly flexible, enabling our customers to make alterations to their final requirements throughout the design, engineering, and manufacturing process. This flexibility results in significantly decreased order-to-delivery cycle times for our customers. For instance, it can take as little as 20 to 30 days for us to manufacture a gas delivery system with fully evaluated performance metrics after receiving an order.
Manufacturing
We are ISO 9001 certified or compliant at our manufacturing locations, and our manufactured subsystems and modules strive to adhere to strict design tolerances and specifications. We operate clean rooms at our facilities in Singapore, Oregon, Texas, and Korea that meet Class 100 and Class 10,000 standards for customer-specified testing, assembly, and integration of high-purity gas and chemical delivery systems at our locations. We operate additional facilities in Malaysia, Oregon, Texas, and California for weldments and related components used in our gas delivery subsystems, and we operate facilities in Oregon and Malaysia for critical components used in our chemical delivery subsystems. We operate facilities in California, Minnesota, and Mexico for precision machining of components for sale to our customers and internal use, as well as specialty joining and plating technologies. Many of our facilities are located in close proximity to our largest customers to allow us to collaborate with them on a regular basis and to aid us in delivering our products on a just-in-time basis, regardless of order size or the degree of changes in the applicable configuration or specifications.
We qualify and test key components that are integrated into our subsystems and test our fluid delivery subsystems during the design process and again prior to shipping. Our quality management system allows us to access real-time corrective action reports, non-conformance reports, customer complaints, and controlled documentation. In addition, our senior management conducts quarterly reviews of our quality control system to evaluate effectiveness. Our customers also complete quarterly surveys which allow us to measure satisfaction.
Supply Chain Management
We use a wide range of components and materials in the production of our gas and chemical delivery systems, including filters, mass flow controllers, regulators, pressure transducers, substrates, and valves. We obtain components and materials from a large number of sources, including single source and sole source suppliers.
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We use supplier-consigned material and just-in-time stocking programs for a portion of our inventories to effectively manage our component inventories and better respond to changing customer requirements. These approaches are designed to reduce our inventory levels and maintain flexibility in responding to changes in product demand. A key part of our strategy is to identify multiple suppliers with a strong global reach that are located within close proximity to our manufacturing locations.

Technology Development and Engineering

We have a long history of engineering innovation and development. We continue to transition from being an integration engineering and components company into a gas and chemical delivery system and subsystem leader with product development and systems engineering, as well as integration expertise. Our industry continues to experience rapid technological change, requiring us to continuously invest in technology and product development and regularly introduce new products and features that meet our customers’ evolving requirements.
We have built a team of fluid delivery experts. Our engineering team consists of engineers and designers with chemical, mechanical, electrical, software, systems, and manufacturing-engineering expertise. Our engineers are closely connected with our customers and typically work at our customers’ sites and operate as an extension of our customers’ design team. We engineer within our customers’ processes, design vaults, drawing standards, and part numbering systems. These development efforts are designed to meet specific customer requirements in the areas of subsystem design, materials, component selection, and functionality. The majority of our sales are generated from projects during which our engineers cooperated with our customer early in the design cycle. Through this early collaborative process, we become an integral part of our customers’ design and development processes, and we are able to quickly anticipate and respond to our customers’ changing requirements.
Our engineering team also works directly with our suppliers to help them identify new component technologies and make necessary changes in, and enhancements to, the components that we integrate into our products. Our analytical and testing capabilities enable us to evaluate multiple supplier component technologies and provide customers with a wide range of appropriate component and design choices for their gas and chemical delivery systems and other critical subsystems. These capabilities also help us anticipate technological changes and the requirements in component features for next-generation gas delivery systems and other critical subsystems.

Competition

The market for our products is very competitive. When we compete for new business, we face competition from other suppliers of gas or chemical delivery subsystems, and in some cases with the internal manufacturing groups of OEMs. While many OEMs have outsourced the design and manufacturing of their gas and chemical delivery systems, we would face additional competition if in the future these OEMs elected to develop and build these systems internally.
The fluid delivery subsystem market is concentrated, and we face competition from Ultra Clean Technology, with additional competition from other suppliers. The chemical delivery subsystem, weldments, and precision machining industries are fragmented, and we face competition from numerous smaller suppliers. In addition, the market for tool refurbishment is fragmented, and we compete with many regional competitors. The primary competitive factors we emphasize include:
•customer relationships;
•early engagement with customers;
•large and experienced engineering staff;
•design-to-delivery cycle times; and
•flexible manufacturing capabilities.
We expect our competitors to continue to improve the performance of their current products and to introduce new products or new technologies that could adversely affect sales of our current and future products. In addition, the limited number of potential customers in our industry further intensifies competition. We anticipate that increased competitive pressures may cause intensified price-based competition and we may have to reduce the prices of our products. In addition, we expect to face new competitors as we enter new markets.
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Intellectual Property

Our success depends, in part, upon our ability to develop, maintain, and protect our technology and products and to conduct our business without infringing the proprietary rights of others. We continue to invest in securing intellectual property protection for our technology and products and protect our technology by, among other things, filing patent applications. We also rely on a combination of trade secrets and confidentiality provisions, and to a much lesser extent, copyrights and trademarks, to protect our proprietary rights. As of December 27, 2024, we had 81 granted patents and 95 pending patent applications, of which 38 and 27, respectively, were filed in the U.S. The expiration dates of our granted patents range from 2027 to 2042. While we consider our patents to be valuable assets, we do not believe the success of our business or our overall operations are dependent upon any single patent or group of related patents. In addition, we do not believe that the loss or expiration of any single patent or group of related patents would materially affect our business.
We develop intellectual property for our own use in our products, as well as for our customers. Intellectual property developed on behalf of our customers is generally owned exclusively by those customers. In addition, we have agreed to indemnify certain of our customers against claims of infringement of the intellectual property rights of others with respect to our products. Historically, we have not paid any claims under these indemnification obligations, and we do not have any pending indemnification claims against us.

Human Capital Resources

As a global industry leader, we recognize that our success is driven by the talent, dedication, and well-being of our employees. We are committed to being responsible corporate citizens, fostering a workplace that is safe, inclusive, and rewarding. Our employees are the foundation of our company, and our core values of innovation, collaboration, honesty, operational excellence, and reliability define our culture, shape our decisions, and guide our actions. We embrace diverse backgrounds and perspectives, fostering an environment that supports continuous personal and professional growth. Below, we outline key initiatives that reflect our dedication to sound human capital management practices.
Workforce
As of December 27, 2024, we employed approximately 1,820 full‑time employees and 560 contingent/temporary workers. Our workforce strategy is designed to balance flexibility with stability, allowing us to adapt to evolving business needs and geographic demand.
Total Rewards
We are committed to attracting, engaging, and retaining top talent by offering competitive and equitable compensation and benefits. Our pay-for-performance philosophy aims to ensure that employees are recognized and rewarded based on their contributions, while also upholding our commitment to pay equity across gender, race, and ethnicity. Our compensation structure includes a mix of fixed and variable pay, tailored to business and functional needs. For key leaders and high-potential employees, we provide equity-based long-term incentives aligned with our strategic objectives. Our benefits portfolio includes locally competitive health and wellness programs, retirement savings plans with company contributions, and a discounted employee stock purchase plan. We also invest in holistic well-being initiatives that support employees’ physical, emotional, and financial health. In 2024, we continued our employee cash spot bonus and continuous improvement programs to recognize and reward outstanding contributions.
Learning and Development
We believe in empowering our employees through continuous learning and career development. Our multi-faceted approach includes tuition reimbursement, digital learning platforms, on-the-job training, and leadership development programs. We invest in preparing the next generation of leaders. Our structured performance management framework, which is comprised of goal-setting, quarterly check-ins, and annual evaluations, ensures ongoing growth and alignment with business objectives. In addition, we support employee resource groups that foster connection, inclusion, and a sense of belonging.
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Health and Safety
Providing a safe and engaging work environment is a top priority. Our manufacturing sites implement a “Caught You Safe” program to reinforce a culture of safety. We actively seek employee feedback through annual engagement surveys, skip-level meetings, and open communication forums. Our professional human resources team ensures employees have access to guidance and support, including a confidential whistleblower hotline for reporting concerns. In alignment with global regulatory standards, we implement best practices to safeguard the health and well-being of our workforce and communities.
Through these initiatives, we remain committed to fostering a high-performing, inclusive, and resilient workforce that drives our company’s long-term success.

Environmental, Health, and Safety Regulations

Our operations and facilities are subject to a variety of federal, state, and local regulatory requirements and laws, as well as foreign laws and regulations. These laws and regulations include regulations related to employment, tax, product, anti-bribery, environmental, waste management, and health and safety matters, including those relating to the release, use, storage, treatment, transportation, discharge, disposal, and remediation of contaminants, hazardous substances, and wastes, as well as practices and procedures applicable to the construction and operation of our facilities.
We believe that our business is operated in substantial compliance with applicable laws and regulations. In 2024, compliance with the governmental regulations applicable to us, including environmental regulations, did not have a material effect on our capital expenditures, earnings, or competitive position.
However, in the future we could incur substantial costs, including cleanup costs, fines or civil or criminal sanctions, or third-party property damage, or personal injury claims, in the event of violations or liabilities under these laws and regulations, or non-compliance with the environmental permits required at our facilities. Potentially significant expenditures could be required in order to comply with environmental laws that may be adopted or imposed in the future. We are not aware of any threatened or pending environmental investigations, lawsuits, or claims involving us, our operations, or our current or former facilities, nor do we expect to incur material capital expenditures related to compliance with regulations during 2025.

Available Information

Our internet address is ichorsystems.com. We make a variety of information available, free of charge, at our Investor Relations website, ir.ichorsystems.com. This information includes our Annual Reports on Form 10‑K, our Quarterly Reports on Form 10‑Q, our Current Reports on Form 8‑K, and any amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file those reports with or furnish them to the SEC, as well as our Code of Business Ethics and Conduct and other governance documents.
The SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file documents electronically with the SEC at sec.gov.
The contents of these websites, or the information connected to those websites, are not incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K. References to websites in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are provided as a convenience and do not constitute, and should not be viewed as, incorporation by reference of the information contained on, or available through, the website.
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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
There are many factors that affect our business and the results of operations, some of which are beyond our control. The following is a description of some important factors that may cause the actual results of operations in future periods to differ materially from those currently expected or desired.

Risk Factor Summary

The following is a summary of some important risk factors that could adversely affect our business, operations, and financial results.
Economic and Strategic Risks
•Our business depends significantly on expenditures by manufacturers in the semiconductor capital equipment industry.
•We rely on a very small number of OEM customers for a significant portion of our sales.
•Our customers exert a significant amount of negotiating leverage over us.
•The industries in which we participate are highly competitive and rapidly evolving.
•We are exposed to risks associated with weakness in the global economy and geopolitical instability.
•If we do not keep pace with developments in the industries we serve and with technological innovation generally, our products and services may not be competitive.
•We must design, develop, and introduce new products that are accepted by OEMs in order to retain our existing customers and obtain new customers.
•Acquisitions may present integration challenges, and the goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible assets, and other long-term assets recorded in connection with such acquisitions may become impaired.
•We are subject to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.
Business and Operational Risks
•The manufacturing of our products is highly complex.
•Defects in our products could damage our reputation, decrease market acceptance of our products, and result in potentially costly litigation.
•We may incur unexpected warranty and performance guarantee claims.
•Our dependence on a limited number of suppliers may harm our production output and increase our costs.
•We may face supply chain disruptions, manufacturing interruptions or delays.
•We are subject to order and shipment uncertainties.
•Our customers generally require that they qualify our engineering, documentation, manufacturing and quality control procedures.
•We may be subject to interruptions or failures in our information technology systems.
•Certain of our customers require that we consult with them in connection with specified fundamental changes in our business.
•Our business is largely dependent on the know-how of our employees, and we generally do not have an intellectual property position that is protected by patents.
•Our business will suffer if we are unable to attract, hire, integrate, and retain key personnel and other necessary employees, particularly in the highly competitive technology labor market, or if we experience labor disruptions at our facilities.
•The technology labor market is very competitive, and labor disruptions could materially adversely affect our business.
•Our business is subject to the risks of catastrophic events.
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Legal and Regulatory Risks
•Our business is subject to a variety of U.S. and international laws, rules, policies, and other obligations regarding privacy, data protection, and other matters.
•Third parties have claimed and may in the future claim we are infringing their intellectual property.
•From time to time, we may become involved in other litigation and regulatory proceedings.
•As a global company, we are subject to the risks of doing business internationally.
•Changes in U.S. or international trade policy, tariffs, and import/export regulations may have a material adverse effect on our business.
•We are subject to numerous environmental laws and regulations.
•We previously identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, and the failure to maintain an effective system of internal controls and procedures may cause investors to lose confidence in our financial reporting.
•Changes in tax laws, tax rates or tax assets and liabilities could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Liquidity and Capital Resources Risks
•We have a substantial amount of indebtedness and are subject to restrictive covenants.
•We are subject to interest rate risk associated with variable rates on our outstanding indebtedness.
•If one or more of our counterparty financial institutions default on their obligations to us or fail, we may incur significant losses.
Ordinary Share Ownership Risks
•Our quarterly sales and operating results fluctuate significantly from period to period, and the price of our ordinary shares may fluctuate substantially.
•Our articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could adversely affect the rights of our shareholders.
•The issuance of preferred shares could adversely affect holders of ordinary shares.
•Our shareholders may face difficulties in protecting their interests under the laws of the Cayman Islands compared to the laws of the U.S.
•There can be no assurance that we will not be a passive foreign investment company for any taxable year.
•If a U.S. person is treated as owning at least 10% of our shares, such person may be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences.
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Economic and Strategic Risks

Our business depends significantly on expenditures by manufacturers in the semiconductor capital equipment industry, which, in turn, is dependent upon the semiconductor device industry. When that industry experiences cyclical downturns, demand for our products and services generally decreases, resulting in decreased sales. We may also be forced to reduce our prices during cyclical downturns without being able to proportionally reduce costs.
Our business, financial condition and results of operations depend significantly on expenditures by manufacturers in the semiconductor capital equipment industry. In turn, the semiconductor capital equipment industry depends upon the current and anticipated market demand for semiconductor devices. The semiconductor device industry is subject to cyclical and volatile fluctuations in supply and demand and in the past has experienced significant downturns, including in the fourth quarter of 2022, which often occur in connection with declines in general economic conditions, and which have resulted in significant volatility in the semiconductor capital equipment industry and resulted in weakened customer demand. The semiconductor device industry has also experienced recurring periods of over-supply of products that have had a severe negative effect on the demand for capital equipment used to manufacture such products. Even as the industry recovers from periods of downturns, inventory digestion at our customers and the relative spending levels within our primary served markets, in particular lower spending levels for deposition and etch equipment, may result in decreased demand from our customers, such as in 2023 and early 2024. We anticipate that we will continue to experience significant fluctuations in customer orders for our products and services as a result of such fluctuations and cycles, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, we must be able to appropriately align our cost structure with prevailing market conditions, effectively manage our supply chain and motivate and retain employees, particularly during periods of decreasing demand for our products. We may be forced to reduce our prices during periods of decreasing demand. During the fourth quarter of 2022, we initiated labor cost reduction initiatives to better align our resources with the decreased demand environment, which continued through the second quarter of 2024. While we operate under a low fixed cost model, we may not be able to proportionally reduce all of our costs if we are required to reduce our prices. The cyclical and volatile nature of the semiconductor device industry and the absence of long-term fixed or minimum volume contracts make any effort to project a material reduction in future sales volume difficult. If we overbuild inventory in a period of decreased demand, or we expand our operations and workforce too rapidly, or procure excessive resources in anticipation of increased demand for our products, and that demand does not materialize at the pace at which we expect, or declines, our operating results may be adversely affected as a result of underutilization of capacity, charges related to excess or obsolete inventory, asset impairment or inventory write-downs, increased operating expenses or reduced margins. For example, in the fourth quarter of 2024, gross margin was impacted by costs related to our efforts to ramp headcount and other resources to address expected incremental demand in early 2025, which were unable to be fully absorbed during the quarter. Further, any future capacity expansion by us or our competitors could also lead to overcapacity and oversaturation in our target markets, which could lead to price erosion that could adversely impact our operating results.
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We rely on a very small number of OEM customers for a significant portion of our sales. Any adverse change in our relationships with these customers could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The semiconductor capital equipment industry is highly concentrated and has experienced significant consolidation in recent years. As a result, a relatively small number of OEM customers have historically accounted for a significant portion of our sales, and we expect this trend to continue for the foreseeable future. For 2024, two customers with individual sales over 10%, Lam Research and Applied Materials, accounted for a combined 73% of total sales, and we expect that our sales will continue to be concentrated among a very small number of customers. We do not have any long-term contracts that require customers to place orders with us in fixed or minimum volumes. Accordingly, the success of our business depends on the success of our customers and those customers and other OEMs continuing to outsource the manufacturing of critical subsystems and process solutions to us. Because of the small number of OEMs in the markets we serve, a number of which are already our customers, it is difficult to replace lost sales resulting from the loss of, or the reduction, cancellation or delay in purchase orders by, any one of these customers, whether due to a reduction in the amount of outsourcing they do, their giving orders to our competitors, an adverse change to their business or financial condition, their acquisition by an OEM who is not a customer or with whom we do less business, or otherwise. We have in the past lost business from customers for a number of these reasons. If we are unable to replace sales from customers who reduce the volume of products and services they purchase from us or terminate their relationship with us entirely, such events could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our ability to lessen the adverse effect of any loss of, or reduction in sales to, an existing customer through the rapid addition of one or more new customers is limited because onboarding a new customer is a time-consuming process as our customers generally require that they qualify our engineering, documentation, manufacturing and quality control procedures. Consequently, the risk that our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially adversely affected by the loss of, or any reduction in orders by, any of our significant customers is increased. Moreover, if we lost our existing status as a qualified supplier to any of our customers, such customer could cancel its orders from us or otherwise terminate its relationship with us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Additionally, if one or more of the largest OEMs were to decide to single- or sole-source all or a significant portion of manufacturing and assembly work to a single equipment manufacturer, such a development would heighten the risks discussed above.
Our customers exert a significant amount of negotiating leverage over us, which requires us to accept lower prices and gross margins or take on increased liability risk in order to retain or expand our market share with them.
By virtue of our largest customers’ size and the significant portion of our sales that is derived from them, as well as the competitive landscape, our customers exert significant influence and pricing pressure in the negotiation of our commercial arrangements and the conduct of our business with them. Our customers often require price reductions and quality or delivery commitments as conditions to their purchasing from us, which have, among other things, resulted in reduced gross margins in order for us to maintain or expand our market share. Our customers’ negotiating leverage also can result in customer arrangements that contain significant liability risk to us. For example, some of our customers require that we provide them indemnification against certain liabilities in our arrangements with them, including claims of losses by their customers caused by our products. Pursuant to certain of these arrangements, we indemnify, hold harmless, and agree to reimburse the indemnified parties for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party for third party claims in connection with our breach of the agreement, our negligence or willful misconduct in connection with the agreement, or any trade secret, copyright, patent or other intellectual property infringement claim with respect to our products. Any increase in our customers’ negotiating leverage may expose us to increased liability risk in our arrangements with them, which, if realized, may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, new products often carry lower gross margins than existing products for several quarters following their introduction. If we are unable to retain and expand our business with our customers on favorable terms, or if we are unable to achieve gross margins on new products that are similar to or more favorable than the gross margins we have historically achieved, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.
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The industries in which we participate are highly competitive and rapidly evolving, and if we are unable to compete effectively, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
We face intense competition from other suppliers of gas or chemical delivery subsystems, as well as the internal manufacturing groups of OEMs. Increased competition has in the past resulted, and could in the future result, in price reductions, reduced gross margins or loss of market share, any of which would materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We are subject to significant pricing pressure as we attempt to maintain and increase market share with our existing customers. Our competitors may offer reduced prices or introduce new products or services for the markets currently served by our products and services. These products may have better performance, lower prices and achieve broader market acceptance than our products. OEMs also typically own the design rights to their products. Further, if our competitors obtain proprietary rights to these designs such that we are unable to obtain the designs necessary to manufacture products for our OEM customers, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
Certain of our competitors may have or may develop greater financial, technical, manufacturing and marketing resources than we do. As a result, they may be able to respond more quickly to new or emerging technologies and changes in customer requirements, devote greater resources to the development, promotion, sale and support of their products and services, and reduce prices to increase market share. In addition to organic growth by our competitors, there may be merger and acquisition activity among our competitors and potential competitors that may provide our competitors and potential competitors with an advantage over us by enabling them to expand their product offerings and service capabilities to meet a broader range of customer needs. The introduction of new technologies and new market entrants may also increase competitive pressures.
Additionally, from time to time, governments around the world may provide incentives or make other investments that could benefit and give competitive advantages to our competitors. For example, in August 2022, the U.S. government enacted the CHIPS and Science Act of 2022 to provide financial incentives to the U.S. semiconductor industry. Government incentives, including any that may be offered in connection with the CHIPS Act, may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all and to the extent that the current administration modifies or repeals the CHIPS Act the availability of any such incentives may be even less certain. If our competitors can benefit from such government incentives and we cannot, it could strengthen our competitors’ relative position and have a material adverse effect on our business.
We are exposed to risks associated with weakness in the global economy and geopolitical instability.
Continuing uncertainty regarding the global economy and geopolitical instability continues to pose challenges to our business. Geopolitical instability, including the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the conflict in the Middle East, actual and potential shifts in U.S. (including as a result of the 2024 U.S. presidential and congressional elections) and foreign trade, economic and other policies, and rising trade tensions between the U.S. and China, as well as other global events, have significantly increased macroeconomic uncertainty at a global level. The current macroeconomic environment is characterized by high inflation, supply chain challenges, shortages of skilled labor and higher labor costs, high interest rates, foreign currency exchange volatility, volatility in the global capital markets, and uncertainty in debt markets, which exacerbates negative trends in business and consumer spending and causes certain of our customers to push out, cancel or refrain from placing orders for products or services, which may reduce sales, reduce our backlog, increase our inventory and materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. While inflation has slowed from its peak in 2022 and the U.S. Federal Reserve decreased the federal funds rate in 2024, the rate continues to be elevated and there can be no assurances that the rate will continue to decrease or that it will not be increased in 2025 or beyond. Further, difficulties in obtaining capital, uncertain market conditions or reduced profitability may also cause some customers to scale back operations, exit businesses, merge with other manufacturers, or file for bankruptcy protection and potentially cease operations, leading to customers’ reduced research and development funding or capital expenditures and, in turn, lower orders from our customers or additional slow moving or obsolete inventory or bad debt expense for us. These conditions may also similarly affect our key suppliers, which could impair their ability to deliver parts and result in delays for our products or require us to procure products from higher-cost suppliers, or if no additional suppliers exist, to reconfigure the design and manufacture of our products, and we may be unable to fulfill some customer orders. Any of these conditions or events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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If we do not keep pace with developments in the industries we serve and with technological innovation generally, our products and services may not be competitive.
Rapid technological innovation in the markets we serve requires us to anticipate and respond quickly to evolving customer requirements and could render our current product offerings, services and technologies obsolete. In particular, the design and manufacturing of semiconductors is constantly evolving and becoming more complex in order to achieve greater power, performance and efficiency with smaller devices. Capital equipment manufacturers need to keep pace with these changes by refining their existing products and developing new products.
We believe that our future success will depend upon our ability to design, engineer and manufacture products that meet the changing needs of our current and potential customers, including potentially through the incorporation or use of software or artificial intelligence technology, which as a novel business model could expose us to new risks. This requires that we successfully anticipate and respond to technological changes in design, engineering and manufacturing processes in a cost-effective and timely manner. If we are unable to integrate new technical specifications into competitive product designs, develop the technical capabilities necessary to manufacture new products or make necessary modifications or enhancements to existing products, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
The timely development of new or enhanced products is a complex and uncertain process which requires that we:
•design innovative and performance-enhancing features that differentiate our products from those of our competitors;
•identify emerging technological trends in the industries we serve, including new standards for our products;
•accurately identify and design new products to meet market needs;
•collaborate with OEMs to design and develop products on a timely and cost-effective basis;
•ramp-up production of new products, especially new subsystems, in a timely manner and with acceptable yields;
•manage our costs of product development and the costs of producing the products that we sell;
•successfully manage development production cycles; and
•respond quickly and effectively to technological changes or product announcements by others.
If we are unsuccessful in keeping pace with technological developments for the reasons above or other reasons, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
We must design, develop, and introduce new products that are accepted by OEMs in order to retain our existing customers and obtain new customers.
While we continue to invest in research and development initiatives for new products, the introduction of new products is inherently risky because it is difficult to foresee the adoption of new standards, coordinate our technical personnel and strategic relationships and win acceptance of new products by OEMs. Further, we cannot ensure that we will be able to successfully introduce, market and cost-effectively manufacture new products, or that we will be able to develop new or enhanced products and processes that satisfy customer needs. In addition, new capital equipment typically has a lifespan of five to ten years, and OEMs frequently specify which systems, subsystems, components and instruments are to be used in their equipment. Once a specific system, subsystem, component or instrument is incorporated into a piece of capital equipment, it will often continue to be purchased for that piece of equipment on an exclusive basis for 18 to 24 months before the OEM generates enough sales volume to consider adding alternative suppliers. Accordingly, it is important that our products are designed into the new systems introduced by the OEMs. If any of the new products we develop are not launched or successful in the market, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
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Acquisitions may present integration challenges, and if the goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible assets, and other long-term assets recorded in connection with such acquisitions become impaired, we would be required to record impairment charges, which may be significant.
We have acquired strategic businesses in the past and if we find appropriate opportunities in the future, we may acquire businesses, products or technologies that we believe are strategic. The process of integrating an acquired business, product or technology may produce unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures, fail to result in expected synergies or other benefits or absorb significant attention of our management that would otherwise be available for the ongoing development of our business. Our ability to realize anticipated benefits of acquisitions and other strategic initiatives may also be affected by the incurrence of additional indebtedness in connection with financing; regulatory challenges; our ability to retain key employees and customers of the acquired company; our ability to successfully integrate personnel from the acquired company; our ability to establish, integrate or combine operations and systems; or our ability to retain the customers of an acquired business. In addition, we may record a portion of the assets we acquire as goodwill, other indefinite-lived intangible assets or finite-lived intangible assets. We review goodwill for impairment on an annual basis or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that its carrying value may not be recoverable. The recoverability of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets is dependent on our ability to generate sufficient future earnings and cash flows. Changes in estimates, circumstances or conditions, resulting from both internal and external factors, could have a significant impact on our fair valuation determination, which could then have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We are subject to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, which could cause operating results and reported financial results to vary significantly from period to period.
The vast majority of our sales are denominated in U.S. dollars. Many of the costs and expenses associated with our Singapore, Malaysian, Korean, U.K., Mexico and European Union operations are paid in Singapore dollars, Malaysian ringgit, Korean won, British pounds, Mexican pesos or euros, respectively, and we expect our exposure to these currencies to increase as we increase our operations in those jurisdictions. As a result, our risk exposure from transactions denominated in non-U.S. currencies is primarily related to the Singapore dollar, Malaysian ringgit, Korean won, British pound, Mexican peso and euro. In addition, because the majority of our sales are denominated in the U.S. dollar, if one or more of our competitors sells to our customers in a different currency than the U.S. dollar, we are subject to the risk that the competitors’ products will be relatively less expensive than our products due to exchange rate effects. We have not historically established transaction-based hedging programs. Foreign currency exchange risks inherent in doing business in foreign countries could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Business and Operational Risks

The manufacturing of our products is highly complex, and if we are not able to manage our manufacturing and procurement process effectively, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.
The manufacturing of our products is a highly complex process that involves the integration of multiple components and requires effective management of our supply chain while meeting our customers’ design-to-delivery cycle time requirements. Through the course of the manufacturing process, our customers may modify design and system configurations in response to changes in their own customers’ requirements. In order to rapidly respond to these modifications and deliver our products to our customers in a timely manner, we must effectively manage our manufacturing and procurement process. If we fail to manage this process effectively, we risk losing customers and damaging our reputation. We may also be subject to liability under our agreements with our customers if we or our suppliers fail to re-configure manufacturing processes or components in response to these modifications. In addition, the acquisition of inventory in excess of demand, or that does not meet customer specifications, causes us to incur excess or obsolete inventory charges. We have from time to time experienced bottlenecks and production difficulties that have caused delivery delays and quality control problems. These risks are even greater as we seek to expand our business into new subsystems. In addition, certain of our suppliers have been, and may in the future be, forced out of business as a result of the economic environment. In such cases, we may be required to procure products from higher-cost suppliers or, if no additional suppliers exist, reconfigure the design and manufacture of our products. This could materially limit our growth, adversely impact our ability to win future business and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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Defects in our products could damage our reputation, decrease market acceptance of our products, and result in potentially costly litigation.
A number of factors, including design flaws, material and component failures, contamination in the manufacturing environment, impurities in the materials used and unknown sensitivities to process conditions, such as temperature and humidity, as well as equipment failures, may cause our products to contain undetected errors or defects. Errors, defects or other problems with our products may:
•cause delays in product introductions and shipments;
•result in increased costs and diversion of development resources;
•cause us to incur increased charges due to unusable inventory;
•require design modifications;
•result in liability for the unintended release of hazardous materials;
•result in product warranty liability;
•create claims for rework, replacement or damages under our contracts with customers, as well as indemnification claims from customers;
•decrease market acceptance of, or customer satisfaction with, our products, which could result in decreased sales and increased product returns;
•result in the loss of existing customers or impair our ability to attract new customers; or
•result in lower yields for semiconductor manufacturers.
If any of our products contain defects or have reliability, quality or compatibility problems, our reputation may be damaged and customers may be reluctant to buy our products. We may also face a higher rate of product defects as we increase our production levels in periods of significant growth. In addition, we may not find defects or failures in our products until after they are installed in a manufacturer’s fabrication facility. We may have to invest significant capital and other resources to correct these problems. Our customers also might seek to recover from us any losses resulting from defects or failures in our products. In addition, hazardous materials flow through and are controlled by certain of our products and an unintended release of these materials could result in serious injury or death. Liability claims could require us to spend significant time and money in litigation or pay significant damages.
We may incur unexpected warranty and performance guarantee claims that could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In connection with our products and services, we provide various product warranties, performance guarantees and indemnification rights. Warranty or other performance guarantee or indemnification claims against us could cause us to incur significant expense to repair or replace defective products or indemnify the affected customer for losses. In addition, quality issues have various other ramifications, including delays in the recognition of sales, loss of sales, loss of future sales opportunities, increased costs associated with repairing or replacing products, and a negative impact on our reputation, all of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our dependence on a limited number of suppliers may harm our production output and increase our costs, and may prevent us from delivering acceptable products on a timely basis.
Our ability to meet our customers’ demand for our products depends upon obtaining adequate supplies of quality components and other raw materials on a timely basis. In addition, our customers often specify components from particular suppliers that we must incorporate into our products. We also use consignment and just-in-time stocking programs, which means we carry very little inventory of components or other raw materials, and we rely on our suppliers to deliver necessary components and raw materials in a timely manner. However, our suppliers are under no obligation to continue to provide us with components or other raw materials. As a result, the loss of or failure to perform by any of our key suppliers could materially adversely affect our ability to deliver products on a timely basis. In addition, if a supplier is unable to provide the volume of components we require on a timely basis and at acceptable prices and quality, we would have to identify and qualify replacements from alternative sources of supply, and the process of qualifying new suppliers for complex components is lengthy and could delay our production. We may also experience difficulty in obtaining sufficient supplies of components and raw materials in times of significant growth in our business. If we are unable to procure sufficient quantities of components or raw materials from suppliers, our customers may elect to delay or cancel existing orders or not place future orders, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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Supply chain disruptions, manufacturing interruptions or delays, or the failure to accurately forecast customer demand could affect our ability to meet customer demand, lead to higher costs, or result in excess or obsolete inventory.
Our business depends on our timely supply of equipment, services and related products to meet the changing requirements of our customers, which depends in part on the timely delivery of parts, materials and services from suppliers and contract manufacturers. Shortages of parts, materials and services needed to manufacture our products, as well as delays in and unpredictability of shipments due to transportation interruptions, have adversely impacted, and may continue to adversely impact, our manufacturing operations and our ability to meet customer demand. Ongoing supply chain constraints may continue to increase costs of logistics and parts for our products and may cause us to pass on increased costs to our customers, which may lead to reduced demand for our products and materially and adversely impact our operating results. Supply chain disruptions have caused and may continue to cause delays in our equipment production and delivery schedules, which could have an adverse impact on our operating and financial results.
We may experience supply chain disruptions, significant interruptions of our manufacturing operations, delays in our ability to deliver or install products or services, increased costs, customer order cancellations or reduced demand for our products as a result of:
•global trade issues and changes in and uncertainties with respect to trade and export regulations, trade policies and sanctions, tariffs (including uncertainty around increased, new, or retaliatory tariffs and trade restrictions resulting from the current presidential administration), international trade disputes and new and unchanging regulations for exports of certain technologies to China, where a portion of our supply chain is located, and any retaliatory measures, that adversely impact us or our suppliers;
•the failure or inability to accurately forecast demand and obtain quality parts on a cost-effective basis;
•volatility in the availability and cost of parts, commodities, energy and shipping related to our products, including increased costs due to high inflation or interest rates or other market conditions;
•difficulties or delays in obtaining required import or export licenses and approvals;
•shipment delays due to transportation interruptions or capacity constraints;
•a worldwide shortage of manufacturing components as a result of sharp increases in demand for semiconductor products in general;
•cybersecurity incidents or information technology or infrastructure failures, including those of a third-party supplier or service provider; and
•natural disasters, the impacts of climate change or other events beyond our control (such as earthquakes, utility interruptions, tsunamis, hurricanes, typhoons, floods, storms or extreme weather conditions, fires, regional economic downturns, regional or global health epidemics, geopolitical turmoil, increased trade restrictions between the U.S. and China and other countries, social unrest, political instability, terrorism or acts of war) in locations where we or our customers or suppliers have manufacturing, research, engineering, or other operations.
If we need to rapidly increase our business and manufacturing capacity to meet increases in demand or expedited shipment schedules, this may strain our manufacturing and supply chain operations and negatively impact our working capital.
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We are subject to order and shipment uncertainties, and any significant reductions, cancellations or delays in customer orders could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our sales are difficult to forecast because we generally do not have a material backlog of unfilled orders and because of the short timeframe within which we are often required to manufacture and deliver products to our customers. Most of our sales for a particular quarter depend on customer orders placed during that quarter or shortly before it commences. Our contracts generally do not require our customers to commit to minimum purchase volumes. While most of our customers provide periodic rolling forecasts for product orders, those forecasts do not become binding until a formal purchase order is submitted, which generally occurs only a short time prior to shipment. As a result of the foregoing and the cyclicality and volatility of the industries we serve, it is difficult to predict future orders with precision and we may incur unexpected or additional costs to align our business operations with changes in demand. Occasionally, we order component inventory and build products in advance of the receipt of actual customer orders. Customers may cancel order forecasts, change production quantities from forecasted volumes, change product specifications or delay production for reasons beyond our control. Furthermore, reductions, cancellations or delays in customer order forecasts may occur from time to time without penalty to, or compensation from, the customer. Reductions, cancellations or delays in forecasted orders could cause us to hold inventory longer than anticipated, which could reduce our gross profit, restrict our ability to fund our operations, and result in unanticipated reductions or delays in sales. If we do not obtain orders as we anticipate, we could have excess components for a specific product or finished goods inventory that we would not be able to sell to another customer, likely resulting in inventory write-offs or selling inventory at lower margins, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may be subject to interruptions or failures in our information technology systems.
We rely on our information technology systems to process transactions, summarize our operating results and manage our business. Our information technology systems are subject to damage or interruption from power outages, computer and telecommunications failures, computer viruses, cyber-attack or other security breaches, catastrophic events, such as fires, floods, earthquakes, tornadoes, hurricanes, severe weather, acts of war or terrorism, and usage errors by our employees. If our information technology systems are damaged or cease to function properly, we may have to make a significant investment to fix or replace them, and we may suffer loss of critical data and interruptions or delays in our operations.
We may be the target of attempted cyber-attacks, computer viruses, malicious code, phishing attacks, denial of service attacks and other information security threats. In addition, to the extent artificial intelligence capabilities improve and are increasingly adopted, they may be used to identify vulnerabilities and to implement increasingly sophisticated cyber-attacks. To date, cyber-attacks have not had a material impact on our financial condition, results or business; however, our efforts to maintain the security and integrity of our information technology systems may not be effective and security breaches or disruptions could result in material financial or other losses in the future, especially if we are not able to predict the probability and the severity of these attacks. Our risk and exposure to these matters remains heightened because of, among other things, the evolving nature of these threats, the current global economic and political environment, our prominent size and scale, the outsourcing of some of our business operations to foreign jurisdictions, the ongoing shortage of qualified cyber-security professionals, and the interconnectivity and interdependence of third parties to our systems. The occurrence of a cyber-attack, breach, unauthorized access, misuse, computer virus or other malicious code or other cyber-security event could jeopardize or result in the unauthorized disclosure, gathering, monitoring, misuse, corruption, loss or destruction of confidential and other information that belongs to us, our customers, our counterparties, third-party service providers or borrowers that is processed and stored in, and transmitted through, our computer systems and networks. The occurrence of such an event could also result in damage to our software, computers or systems, or otherwise cause interruptions or malfunctions in our, our customers’, our counterparties’ or third parties’ operations. This could result in significant losses, loss of customers and business opportunities, reputational damage, litigation, regulatory fines, penalties or intervention, reimbursement or other compensatory costs, or otherwise materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. While we have purchased cyber-security insurance, there can be no assurance that the coverage will be sufficient to cover all financial losses. Moreover, as cyber-security events increase in frequency and magnitude, we may be unable to obtain cyber-security insurance in amounts and on terms we view as appropriate for our operations.
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The reliability and capacity of our information technology systems is critical to our operations and the implementation of our growth initiatives. Any material disruption in our information technology systems, or delays or difficulties in implementing or integrating new systems or enhancing current systems, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Certain of our customers require that we consult with them in connection with specified fundamental changes in our business and that we address any concerns or requests such customer may have in connection with a fundamental change.
Certain of our key customers require that we consult with them in connection with specified fundamental changes in our business, including, among other things:
•entering into any new line of business;
•amending or modifying our organizational documents;
•selling all or substantially all of our assets, or merging or amalgamating with a third party;
•incurring borrowings in excess of a specific amount;
•making senior management changes; and
•entering into any joint venture arrangement.
These customers do not have contractual approval or veto rights with respect to any fundamental changes in our business. However, our failure to consult with such customers or to satisfactorily respond to their requests in connection with any such fundamental change could potentially constitute a breach of contract or otherwise be detrimental to our relationships with such customers, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our business is largely dependent on the know-how of our employees, and we generally do not have an intellectual property position that is protected by patents.
We believe that the success of our business depends in part on our proprietary technology, information, processes and know-how and on our ability to operate without infringing on the proprietary rights of third parties. We rely on a combination of trade secrets and contractual confidentiality provisions and, to a much lesser extent, patents, copyrights and trademarks to protect our proprietary rights. Accordingly, our intellectual property position is more vulnerable than it would be if it were protected primarily by patents. We cannot ensure that we have adequately protected or will be able to adequately protect our technology, that our competitors will not be able to utilize our existing technology or develop similar technology independently, that the claims allowed with respect to any patents held by us will be broad enough to protect our technology or that foreign intellectual property laws will adequately protect our intellectual property rights. If we fail to protect our proprietary rights successfully, our competitive position could suffer. Any future litigation to enforce patents issued to us, to protect trade secrets or know-how possessed by us or to defend ourselves or to indemnify others against claimed infringement of the intellectual property rights of others could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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Our business will suffer if we are unable to attract, hire, integrate and retain key personnel and other necessary employees, particularly in the highly competitive technology labor market, or if we experience labor disruptions at our facilities.
Our business will suffer if we are unable to attract, employ and retain highly skilled personnel as our future success depends in part on the continued service of our key executive officers, as well as our research, engineering, sales and manufacturing personnel, most of whom are not subject to employment or non-competition agreements. Competition for qualified personnel in the technology industry is particularly intense, and we operate in geographic locations in which labor markets are competitive. Our management team has significant industry experience, substantial institutional knowledge of our business and operations and deep customer relationships, and therefore would be difficult to replace. In addition, our business is dependent to a significant degree on the expertise and relationships which only a limited number of engineers possess. Many of these engineers often work at our customers’ sites and serve as an extension of our customers’ product design teams. The loss of any of our key executive officers or key engineers and other personnel, including our engineers working at our customers’ sites, or the failure to attract additional personnel as needed, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and could lead to higher labor costs, the use of less-qualified personnel and the loss of customers. We initiated labor cost reduction initiatives in the fourth quarter of 2022, continuing through the second quarter of 2024, which may adversely affect us as a result of decreased employee morale, the loss of institutional knowledge held by departing employees and the allocation of resources to reorganize and reassign job roles and responsibilities. Furthermore, we do not maintain key person life insurance with respect to any of our employees. In addition, if any of our key executive officers or other key employees were to join a competitor or form a competing company, we could lose customers, suppliers, know-how and key personnel.
As of December 27, 2024, we had approximately 1,820 full time employees and 560 contract or temporary workers worldwide. None of our employees are unionized, but in various countries, local law requires our participation in works councils. While we have not experienced any material work stoppages at any of our facilities, any stoppage or slowdown could cause material interruptions in manufacturing, and we cannot ensure that alternate qualified personnel would be available on a timely basis, or at all. As a result, labor disruptions at any of our facilities could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our business is subject to the risks of severe weather, earthquakes, fire, power outages, floods, and other catastrophic events, including weather events resulting from climate change, and to interruption by man-made disruptions, such as terrorism.
Our facilities could be subject to a catastrophic loss caused by natural disasters, including severe weather, fires, earthquakes or other events, including a terrorist attack, a pandemic, epidemic or outbreak of a disease. Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gasses in the Earth’s atmosphere and climate change may produce significant physical effects on weather conditions, such as increased frequency and severity of droughts, storms, floods, extreme temperatures, and other climatic events. While we maintain disaster recovery plans, they might not adequately protect us. These events, including terrorist attacks, pandemics, epidemics or outbreaks of a disease, hurricanes, fires, floods and ice and snow storms, could result in damage to and closure of our or our customers’ facilities or the infrastructure on which such facilities rely. Additionally, it could delay production and shipments, reduce sales, result in large expenses to repair or replace the facility, and we may experience extended power outages at our facilities. Disruption in supply resulting from natural disasters or other causalities or catastrophic events may result in certain of our suppliers being unable to deliver sufficient quantities of components or raw materials at all or in a timely manner, which could cause disruptions in our operations or disruptions in our customers’ operations. Although we carry business interruption insurance policies and typically have provisions in our contracts that protect us in certain events, our coverage might not be adequate to compensate us for all losses that may occur. To the extent that natural disasters or other calamities or causalities should result in delays or cancellations of customer orders, or the delay in the manufacture or shipment of our products, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially adversely affected.
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Legal and Regulatory Risks

Our business is subject to a variety of U.S. and international laws, rules, policies, and other obligations regarding privacy, data protection, and other matters.
We are subject to federal, state, and international laws relating to the collection, use, retention, security, and transfer of customer, employee, and business partner personally identifiable information, including the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”) and similar effective or proposed state legislation in the U.S. In many cases, these laws apply not only to third-party transactions, but also to transfers of information between one company and its subsidiaries, and among the subsidiaries and other parties with which we have commercial relations. The introduction of new products or expansion of our activities in certain jurisdictions may subject us to additional laws and regulations. Foreign data protection, privacy, and other laws and regulations, including GDPR, can be more restrictive than those in the U.S. These U.S. federal and state and foreign laws and regulations, including GDPR, which can be enforced by private parties or government entities, are constantly evolving and can be subject to significant change. In addition, the application and interpretation of these laws and regulations, including GDPR, are often uncertain, particularly in the new and rapidly evolving industry in which we operate, and may be interpreted and applied inconsistently from country to country and inconsistently with our current policies and practices. These existing and proposed laws and regulations can be costly to comply with and can delay or impede the development of new products, result in negative publicity, increase our operating costs, require significant management time and attention, and subject us to inquiries or investigations, claims or other remedies, including fines, which may be significant, or demands that we modify or cease existing business practices.
A failure by us, our suppliers, or other parties with whom we do business to comply with posted privacy policies or with other federal, state, or international privacy-related or data protection laws and regulations, including GDPR and CCPA, could result in proceedings against us by governmental entities or others, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Third parties have claimed and may in the future claim we are infringing their intellectual property, which could subject us to litigation or licensing expenses, and we may be prevented from selling our products if any such claims prove successful.
We have received claims, and may in the future, that our products, processes or technologies infringe the patents or other proprietary rights of third parties. Any litigation regarding our patents or other intellectual property could be costly and time-consuming and divert our management and key personnel from our business operations, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The complexity of the technology involved in our products, the uncertainty of intellectual property litigation, and the uncertainty of the intellectual property rights of others that may be applicable to our products increase these risks. Claims of intellectual property infringement may also require us to enter into costly license agreements which we may not be able to obtain on terms acceptable to us, or at all. We also may be subject to significant damages or injunctions against the development, manufacture and sale of certain of our products if any such claims prove successful. We rely on design specifications and other intellectual property of our customers in the manufacture of products for such customers. While our customer agreements generally provide for indemnification of us by a customer if we are subjected to litigation for third-party claims of infringement of such customer’s intellectual property, such indemnification provisions may not be sufficient to fully protect us from such claims, or our customers may breach such indemnification obligations to us, which could result in costly litigation to defend against such claims or enforce our contractual rights to such indemnification.
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From time to time, we may become involved in other litigation and regulatory proceedings, which could require significant attention from our management and result in significant expense to us and disruptions in our business.
We may in the future be named as a defendant from time to time in other lawsuits and regulatory actions relating to our business, such as commercial contract claims, employment claims and tax examinations, some of which may claim significant damages or cause us reputational harm. Due to the inherent uncertainties of litigation and regulatory proceedings, we cannot predict the ultimate outcome of any such proceeding. An unfavorable outcome could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations or limit our ability to engage in certain of our business activities. In addition, regardless of the outcome of any litigation or regulatory proceeding, such proceedings are often expensive, time-consuming and disruptive to normal business operations and require significant attention from our management. As a result, any such lawsuits or proceedings could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
As a global company, we are subject to the risks of doing business internationally, including periodic foreign economic downturns and political instability, which may adversely affect our sales and cost of doing business in those regions of the world.
Foreign economic downturns have adversely affected our business and results of operations in the past and could adversely affect our business and results of operations in the future. In addition, other factors relating to the operation of our business outside of the U.S. may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations in the future, including:
•the imposition of governmental controls or changes in government regulations, including tax regulations;
•difficulties in enforcing our intellectual property rights;
•difficulties in developing relationships with local suppliers;
•difficulties in attracting new international customers;
•difficulties in complying with foreign and international laws and treaties;
•restrictions on the export of technology, including those based on positions taken by governmental agencies regarding possible national, commercial or security issues posed by the development, sale or export of certain products and technologies;
•compliance with U.S. and international laws involving international operations, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, export control laws and export license requirements;
•difficulties in achieving headcount reductions due to unionized labor and works councils;
•restrictions on transfers of funds and assets between jurisdictions;
•geopolitical instability;
•change in currency controls; and
•trade restrictions and changes in taxes and tariffs.
In the future, we may seek to expand our presence in certain foreign markets or enter emerging markets. Evaluating or entering an emerging market may require considerable management time, as well as start-up expenses for market development before any significant sales and earnings are generated. Operations in new foreign markets may achieve low margins or may be unprofitable, and expansion in existing markets may be affected by local political, economic and market conditions. As we continue to operate our business globally, our success will depend, in part, on our ability to anticipate and effectively manage these and the other risks noted above. The impact of any one or more of these factors could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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Changes in U.S. or international trade policy, tariffs, and import/export regulations may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our international operations and transactions depend upon favorable trade relations between the U.S. and the foreign countries in which our customers and suppliers have operations. Changes in U.S. or international social, political, regulatory and economic conditions or in laws and policies governing foreign trade, manufacturing, development and investment in the territories or countries where we currently sell our products or conduct our business, as well as any negative sentiment toward the U.S. as a result of such changes, could adversely affect our business. Legislators in the U.S. may institute or propose changes to trade policies that include the negotiation or termination of trade agreements, the imposition of higher tariffs on imports into the U.S., economic sanctions on individuals, corporations or countries, and other government regulations affecting trade between the U.S. and other countries where we conduct our business. It may be time-consuming and expensive for us to alter our business operations in order to adapt to or comply with any such changes, and we may face competition from companies that exist in a more favorable legal or regulatory environment than we do who are able to sell products for certain applications to certain customers that we are prohibited from selling to under applicable export controls.
As a result of recent trade policy changes in the U.S., there may be greater restrictions and economic disincentives on international trade and a resulting impact on our operations, sales and financial condition. For example, the Bureau of Industry and Security (“BIS") has issued multiple rules in the last several years (the "BIS Rules"), most recently on December 2, 2024, that restrict the export of advanced computing and semiconductor manufacturing items when provided for use in certain semiconductor manufacturing activities in China, which have impacted and may continue to impact our sales and operations. We have had some delays in export activity as we analyze available emergency authorizations and assess the new licensing requirements for our business. While we have applied and received licenses from the BIS for our products, we recognize that the BIS could revise or expand the BIS Rules in response to public comments and the BIS may issue guidance clarifying the scope of the BIS Rules. Such revisions, expansions or guidance could change the impact of the BIS Rules on our business and require us to apply for additional licenses. If the BIS denies our license applications or there are delays in issuing licenses, we may have to cease or delay exports, which would cause a reduction in revenue. Furthermore, to the extent any of our customers or counterparties are designated on the Entity List or Unverified List maintained by the BIS, to which BIS may continue to add customers, we could suffer additional disruptions to sales and operations.
More broadly, if customers do not view us as a reliable supplier because we cannot obtain the necessary licenses, we may lose business opportunities to competitors. In particular, competitors outside the U.S. whose products are not subject to the BIS Rules may replace us if we cannot obtain licenses in a timely manner. In the longer term, if our supply is less reliable due to the BIS Rules, Chinese entities that currently purchase our products may begin to develop their own products instead. China's investments in technology development and manufacturing capability in support of its stated policy of reducing its dependence on foreign semiconductor manufacturers and other technology companies has likely already resulted, and we expect will continue to result, in reduced demand for our products in China and other key markets as well as reduced supply of critical materials for our products. To the extent that the BIS or other relevant regulators impose additional export restrictions that apply to our business, it will have an adverse impact on our revenues and operations as well.
In addition, geopolitical changes in China-Taiwan relations could disrupt the operations of companies in China or Taiwan that are suppliers to, or third-party partners of, the Company, our customers and our customers’ other suppliers. Disruption of certain critical operations in China or Taiwan would adversely affect our ability to manufacture certain products and would likely have substantial negative effects on the entire semiconductor industry.
Tariffs and other changes in U.S. trade policy could trigger retaliatory actions by affected countries, and certain foreign governments have instituted or are considering imposing trade sanctions on certain U.S. goods. For example, further U.S. government escalation of restrictions related to China and increased restrictions on Chinese exports, such as those tariffs contemplated by the current U.S. administration on goods originating from China, may lead to regulatory retaliation by the Chinese government and possibly further escalate geopolitical tensions, and any such scenarios may adversely impact our business. Such changes have the potential to adversely impact the U.S. economy or certain sectors thereof, our industry and the global demand for our products. We may not succeed in developing and implementing policies and strategies to counter the foregoing factors effectively in each location where we do business and the foregoing factors may cause a reduction in our sales, profitability or cash flows, or cause an increase in our liabilities.
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We are subject to numerous environmental laws and regulations, including laws and regulations addressing climate change, which could require us to incur environmental liabilities, increase our manufacturing and related compliance costs or otherwise adversely affect our business.
We are subject to a variety of federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations governing the protection of the environment or addressing climate change. These environmental laws and regulations include those relating to the use, storage, handling, discharge, emission, disposal and reporting of toxic, volatile or otherwise hazardous materials (such as regulations imposed on the use or sale of PFAS or PFAS-containing products) used in our manufacturing processes. These materials may have been or could be released into the environment at properties currently or previously owned or operated by us, at other locations during the transport of materials or at properties to which we send substances for treatment or disposal. In addition, we may not be aware of all environmental laws or regulations that could subject us to liability in the U.S. or internationally. If we were to violate or become liable under environmental laws and regulations or become non-compliant with permits required at some of our facilities, we could be held financially responsible and incur substantial costs, including cleanup costs, fines and civil or criminal sanctions, third-party property damage or personal injury claims. We could also be required to alter or discontinue our product design, manufacturing and operations in certain jurisdictions and incur substantial expense in order to comply. In addition, our operations may be interrupted or restricted by the phase-out or ban of certain substances, materials or processes, which may impact the sourcing, supply and pricing of materials used in manufacturing our products.
Concern over climate change may continue to result in new or increased legal and regulatory requirements to reduce or mitigate the effects of climate change. Increased costs of energy or compliance with emissions standards due to legal or regulatory requirements related to climate change may cause disruptions in or increased costs associated with manufacturing our products.
We previously identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, and if we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, disclosure controls, and procedures, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results, prevent fraud, or file our periodic reports in a timely manner, which may cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information and may lead to a decline in our share price.
As a publicly traded company, we are required to comply with the SEC’s rules implementing Section 302 and 404 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act, which require management to certify financial and other information in our quarterly and annual reports and to provide an annual management report on the effectiveness of controls over financial reporting. Our independent registered public accounting firm is required to attest to the effectiveness of
our internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. In 2021, we identified material weaknesses related to ineffective information technology general controls in the areas of user access and program change management over certain information technology systems that support our financial reporting processes. Such weaknesses have since been remediated. However, we cannot assure that the measures we have taken will be sufficient to avoid additional material weaknesses in future periods and that we will not identify other material weaknesses in the future. If we are unable to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting or disclosure controls and procedures, our ability to record, process, and report financial information accurately and to prepare financial statements within required time periods could be adversely affected, which could subject us to litigation, investigations, or penalties; negatively affect our liquidity, our access to capital markets, perceptions of our creditworthiness, our ability to complete acquisitions, our ability to maintain compliance with covenants under our debt instruments or derivative arrangements regarding the timely filing of periodic reports, or investor confidence in our financial reporting, any of which may divert management resources or cause our stock price to decline.
Changes in tax laws, tax rates or tax assets and liabilities could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
As a global company, we are subject to taxation in the U.S. and various other countries. Significant judgment is required to determine and estimate worldwide tax liabilities. Our future annual and quarterly tax rates could be affected by numerous factors, including changes in applicable tax laws, the amount and composition of pre-tax income in countries with differing tax rates or valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities. We have significant operations in the U.S. and our holding company structure includes entities organized in the Cayman Islands, Netherlands, Singapore and Scotland. As a result, changes in applicable tax laws in these jurisdictions could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
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We are also subject to regular examination by the Internal Revenue Service and other tax authorities, and from time to time we initiate amendments to previously filed tax returns. We regularly assess the likelihood of favorable or unfavorable outcomes resulting from these examinations and amendments to determine the adequacy of our provision for income taxes, which requires estimates and judgments. Although we believe our tax estimates are reasonable, we cannot ensure that the tax authorities will agree with such estimates. We may have to engage in litigation to achieve the results reflected in the estimates, which may be time-consuming and expensive. We cannot ensure that we will be successful or that any final determination will not be materially different from the treatment reflected in our historical income tax provisions and accruals, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
The U.S. enacted the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”) in August 2022, which, among other provisions, creates a new corporate alternative minimum tax ("CAMT") of at least 15% for certain large corporations that have at least an average of $1 billion in adjusted financial statement income over a consecutive three-year period effective in tax years beginning after December 31, 2022. The IRA also includes a 1% excise tax on new corporate stock repurchases beginning in 2023. We do not expect to meet the CAMT threshold in the near term nor expect the IRA to have a material impact on our financial statements. On January 21, 2025, U.S. President Trump signed an executive order to immediately pause the disbursement of funds appropriated under the IRA. The pause applies to specific programs or activities related to climate change mitigation. While this executive order is not expected to materially adversely affect our operations, there can be no assurance that our customers, counterparties and suppliers will not be negatively impacted. In addition, it is possible that the U.S. Congress could advance other tax legislation proposals in the future that could have a material impact on our financial statements.
In October 2021, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”) issued model rules for a new global minimum tax framework, commonly referred to as “Pillar Two,” which includes the introduction of a 15% global minimum tax. Certain jurisdictions in which we operate have adopted rules locally consistent with the Pillar Two framework, including Singapore, a jurisdiction in which we earn significant profit and were granted a tax holiday expiring in 2026. Additionally, prior decisions by tax authorities regarding corporate tax treatments and positions could change, resulting in a change in tax policies or prior tax rulings. While we are still evaluating the impact of Pillar Two, these rules and/or changes to prior tax treatments and positions may materially and adversely impact our provision for income taxes, net income, and cash flows.

Liquidity and Capital Resources Risks

We have a substantial amount of indebtedness, which could adversely affect us, including by decreasing our business flexibility. The agreement that governs our indebtedness contains covenants that could impact our ability to perform certain transactions without obtaining pre-approval from our lenders.
As of December 27, 2024, we had total principal outstanding of $129.4 million under our term loan facility and no outstanding balance under our revolving credit facility (collectively “credit facilities”). We may incur additional indebtedness in the future. Our credit facilities contain certain restrictive covenants and conditions, including limitations on our ability to, among other things:
•incur additional indebtedness or contingent obligations;
•create or incur liens, negative pledges or guarantees;
•make investments;
•make loans;
•sell or otherwise dispose of assets;
•merge, consolidate or sell substantially all of our assets;
•make certain payments on indebtedness;
•pay dividends on or make distributions in respect of capital stock or make certain other restricted payments or investments;
•enter into certain agreements that restrict distributions from restricted subsidiaries;
•enter into transactions with affiliates;
•change the nature of our business; and
•amend the terms of our organizational documents.
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As a result of these covenants, we may be restricted in our ability to pursue new business opportunities or strategies or to respond quickly to changes in the industries that we serve. A violation of any of these covenants would be deemed an event of default under our credit facilities. In such event, upon the election of the lenders, the loan commitments under our credit facilities would terminate and the principal amount of the loans and accrued interest then outstanding would be due and payable immediately. A default may also result in the acceleration of any other debt to which a cross-acceleration or cross-default provision applies. In the event our lenders accelerate the repayment of our borrowings, we cannot ensure that we and our subsidiaries would have sufficient funds to repay such indebtedness or be able to obtain replacement financing on a timely basis or at all. These events could force us into bankruptcy or liquidation, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We also may need to negotiate changes to the covenants in the agreements governing our credit facilities in the future if there are material changes in our business, financial condition or results of operations, but we cannot ensure that we will be able to do so on terms favorable to us or at all.
Furthermore, our ability to make scheduled payments on or to refinance our indebtedness, including under our credit facilities, depends on our financial condition and results of operations, which are subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and other factors beyond our control. We may be unable to maintain a level of cash flows from operating activities sufficient to permit us to fund our day-to-day operations or to pay the principal, premium, if any, and interest on our indebtedness. If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we could face substantial liquidity problems and could be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures or to sell assets or operations, seek additional capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. If we cannot make scheduled payments on our debt, we will be in default and, as a result, the lenders under our credit facilities could terminate their commitments to loan money, or foreclose against the assets securing such borrowings, and we could be forced into bankruptcy or liquidation, in each case, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The interest expense associated with our indebtedness is subject to variable rates, and increased debt service costs as a result of higher interest rates could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Borrowings under our credit facilities are generally subject to variable interest rates, which fluctuate depending on macroeconomic factors, and expose us to interest rate risk. If interest rates increase, our debt service costs on these borrowings would also increase, even if the amount borrowed remains the same, and would require us to use more of our available cash to service our indebtedness, resulting in decreased net income and cash flows, including cash available for servicing our indebtedness. There can also be no assurance that we will be able to enter into swap agreements or other hedging arrangements in the future if we desire to do so, or that any future hedging arrangements will offset increases in interest rates.

Ordinary Share Ownership Risks

Our quarterly sales and operating results fluctuate significantly from period to period, and this may cause volatility in our share price.
Our quarterly sales and operating results have fluctuated significantly in the past, and we expect them to continue to fluctuate in the future for a variety of reasons, including the following:
•demand for and market acceptance of our products as a result of the cyclical nature of the industries we serve or otherwise, often resulting in reduced sales during industry downturns and increased sales during periods of industry recovery or growth;
•overall economic conditions;
•changes in the timing and size of orders by our customers;
•strategic decisions by our customers to terminate their outsourcing relationship with us or give market share to our competitors;
•consolidation by our customers;
•cancellations and postponements of previously placed orders;
•pricing pressure from either our competitors or our customers, resulting in the reduction of our product prices or loss of market share;
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•disruptions or delays in the manufacturing of our products or in the supply of components or raw materials that are incorporated into or used to manufacture our products, thereby causing us to delay the shipment of products;
•decreased margins for several or more quarters following the introduction of new products, especially as we introduce new subsystems or other products or services;
•changes in design-to-delivery cycle times;
•inability to reduce our costs quickly in step with reductions in our prices or in response to decreased demand for our products;
•changes in our mix of products sold;
•write-offs of excess or obsolete inventory;
•increased fixed overhead;
•one-time expenses or charges; and
•announcements by our competitors of new products, services or technological innovations, which may, among other things, render our products less competitive.
As a result of the foregoing, we believe that quarter-to-quarter comparisons of our sales and results of operations may not be meaningful and that these comparisons may not be an accurate indicator of our future performance. Changes in the timing or terms of a small number of transactions could disproportionately affect our results of operations in any particular quarter. Moreover, our results of operations in one or more future quarters may fail to meet our guidance or the expectations of securities analysts or investors. If this occurs, we would expect to experience an immediate and significant decline in the trading price of our ordinary shares.
Further, if the market for stocks in our industry or industries related to our industry, or the stock market in general, experiences a loss of investor confidence, the trading price of our ordinary shares could decline for reasons unrelated to our business, financial condition and results of operations. If any of the foregoing occurs, it could cause our share price to fall and may expose us to lawsuits that, even if unsuccessful, could be costly to defend and a distraction to management.
Our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association contains anti-takeover provisions that could adversely affect the rights of our shareholders.
Our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association contains provisions to limit the ability of others to acquire control of the Company or cause us to engage in change-of-control transactions, including, among other things:
•provisions that authorize our Board of Directors, without action by our shareholders, to issue additional ordinary shares and preferred shares with preferential rights determined by our Board of Directors;
•provisions that permit only a majority of our Board of Directors or the chairman of our Board of Directors to call shareholder meetings and therefore do not permit shareholders to call shareholder meetings; and
•provisions that impose advance notice requirements, grant the Board of Directors the right to decline to register any transfer of shares, and ownership thresholds, and other requirements and limitations on the ability of shareholders to propose matters for consideration at shareholder meetings.
These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of the Company in a tender offer or similar transaction.
The issuance of preferred shares could adversely affect holders of ordinary shares.
Our Board of Directors is authorized to issue preferred shares without any action on the part of holders of our ordinary shares. Our Board of Directors also has the power, without shareholder approval, to set the terms of any such preferred shares that may be issued, including voting rights, dividend rights, and preferences over our ordinary shares with respect to dividends or if we liquidate, dissolve or wind up our business and other terms. If we issue preferred shares in the future that have preference over our ordinary shares with respect to the payment of dividends or upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, or if we issue preferred shares with voting rights that dilute the voting power of our ordinary shares, the rights of holders of our ordinary shares or the price of our ordinary shares could be adversely affected.
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Our shareholders may face difficulties in protecting their interests as a shareholder, as Cayman Islands law provides substantially less protection when compared to the laws of the U.S.
Our corporate affairs are governed by our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association and by the Companies Law (2013 Revision) and common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take legal action against our directors and us, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from English common law, which has persuasive, but not binding, authority on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedents in the U.S. In particular, the Cayman Islands have a less exhaustive body of securities laws as compared to the U.S. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action before the U.S. federal courts.
Furthermore, since we are a Cayman Islands company with a portion our assets located outside of the U.S., it may be difficult or impossible for shareholders to bring an action against us in the U.S. in the event that shareholders believe that their rights have been infringed under U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if shareholders are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands may render shareholders unable to enforce a judgment against our assets. There is no statutory recognition in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the U.S..
As a result of all of the above, our shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests through actions against us or our officers, directors or major shareholders than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction in the U.S..
If a U.S. person is treated as owning at least 10% of our shares, such person may be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences.
If a U.S. person is treated as owning (directly, indirectly, or constructively) at least 10% of the value or voting power of our shares, such person may be treated as a “United States shareholder” with respect to each “controlled foreign corporation” in our group (if any). Because our group includes one or more U.S. subsidiaries, in certain circumstances we could be treated as a controlled foreign corporation or certain of our non-U.S. subsidiaries could be treated as controlled foreign corporations (regardless of whether we are or are not treated as a controlled foreign corporation).
A U.S. shareholder of a controlled foreign corporation may be required to annually report and include in its U.S. taxable income its pro rata share of “Subpart F income,” “global intangible low-taxed income” and investments in U.S. property by controlled foreign corporations, whether or not we make any distributions. An individual that is a U.S. shareholder with respect to a controlled foreign corporation generally would not be allowed certain tax deductions or foreign tax credits that would be allowed to a U.S. shareholder that is a U.S. corporation. A failure to comply with these reporting obligations may subject a U.S. shareholder to significant monetary penalties and may prevent starting of the statute of limitations with respect to such shareholder’s U.S. federal income tax return for the year for which reporting was due. We do not intend to monitor whether we are or any of our current or future non-U.S. subsidiaries is treated as a controlled foreign corporation or whether any investor is treated as a U.S. shareholder with respect to us or any of our controlled foreign corporation subsidiaries. In addition, we cannot provide assurances that we will furnish to any U.S. shareholders information that may be necessary to comply with the aforementioned reporting and tax paying obligations.
A U.S. investor should consult its tax advisors regarding the potential application of these rules to an investment in our shares in its particular circumstances.
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
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ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY

Risk Management and Strategy

Our cybersecurity program is designed from a risk- and compliance-based approach to achieve system-wide resilience and protection across our operations. We regularly assess risks from cybersecurity threats and monitor our information systems for potential vulnerabilities. We model our cybersecurity program after the National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework to deliver clear and proactive processes, multi-layered defenses, and relevant technologies that are designed to control, audit, monitor, and protect access to sensitive information. Our cybersecurity program includes physical, administrative, and technical safeguards, and we maintain plans and procedures the objective of which is to help us prevent, detect and timely and effectively respond to, and as necessary, recover from, cybersecurity incidents. Through our cybersecurity risk management program, we have established operational processes to address issues including monitoring and patching of vulnerabilities, regularly updating our information systems, and evaluating new countermeasures made to defend against an evolving landscape of threats. This process is overseen by the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors.
In addition, we periodically engage third-party consultants and providers to assist us in assessing, testing, enhancing and monitoring our cybersecurity risk management programs and responding to any incidents. These third parties work in conjunction with our information security team in an effort to continuously improve our cyber risk posture. Examples of third-party actions include the engagement of a security operations center for real-time monitoring and response to incidents, independent audits, risk assessments and security certifications. We have established processes to help identify and manage cybersecurity risks associated with the use of these third-party consultants and providers, which include the completion of due diligence before engaging with a third-party and assessments and reviews throughout the relationship.
We believe cybersecurity awareness is important in helping prevent cyber threats. To that end, we provide monthly cybersecurity awareness training and regular phishing awareness exercises to our tech-enabled employees. We monitor and assess the success rate of employees reporting phishing scams, and the results inform the development of our security trainings, systems and programs. Additionally, role-based security training is provided to employees in certain higher-risk positions (including those who handle sensitive information, technology or funds), which is tailored to the heightened cybersecurity risks they face.
We have experienced, and may in the future experience, whether directly or through our third-party service providers or other channels, cybersecurity incidents. While prior incidents have not had a material impact on us, future incidents could have a material impact on our business, operations and reputation. Although our processes are designed to help prevent, detect, respond to and mitigate the impact of such incidents, there is no guarantee that they will be sufficient to prevent or mitigate the risk of a cyberattack or the potentially serious reputational, operational, legal or financial impacts that may result. Refer to “Item 1A. – Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including, “We may be subject to interruptions or failures in our information technology systems,” for additional discussion on our cybersecurity related risks.

Cybersecurity Governance

Cybersecurity is an important part of our risk management and strategy activities and an area of focus for our Board of Directors and management. Our Board of Directors has delegated to the Audit Committee oversight of our cybersecurity and information security policies and our internal controls regarding cybersecurity and information security. Our Audit Committee receives regular reports from members of our senior management and other personnel that include assessments and potential mitigation of the risks and exposures to cybersecurity incidents.
Our cybersecurity risk management and strategy activities are overseen by executive management, made up of the IT Steering Committee and Chief Information Officer. Our Chief Information Officer has over 25 years of experience in information technology and security as well as extensive experience working in and leading our information systems and technology function. The IT Steering Committee and Chief Information Officer receive regular updates on cybersecurity matters, results of mitigation efforts and cybersecurity incident response and remediation through the management of, and participation in, the cybersecurity risk management and strategy activities described above, and report to the Audit Committee quarterly on any appropriate items.
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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Our principal executive offices are located at 3185 Laurelview Ct., Fremont, California 94538. As of December 27, 2024, our principal manufacturing and administrative facilities, including our executive offices, are comprised of approximately 1,110,400 square feet. All of our facilities are leased, which allows for flexibility as business conditions and geographic demand change. The table below sets forth the approximate square footage of each of our facilities.

Location |  | Approximate Square Footage
Malaysia |  | 271,500
California |  | 271,400
Oregon |  | 157,100
Minnesota |  | 133,300
Singapore |  | 97,700
Mexico |  | 62,900
Texas |  | 47,800
Scotland |  | 37,700
Korea |  | 18,500
Nevada |  | 12,500

We do not anticipate difficulty in either retaining occupancy of any of our facilities through lease renewals prior to expiration or through month-to-month occupancy or replacing them with equivalent facilities. We believe that our existing facilities and equipment are well maintained, in good operating condition, and are adequate to meet our currently anticipated requirements.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
We may be subject to various legal claims and proceedings involving claims incidental to our business, including employment-related claims. We are presently not a party to any material litigation or regulatory proceeding and are not aware of any pending or threatened litigation or regulatory proceeding against us which, individually or in the aggregate, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information and Holders of Record

Our ordinary shares are listed for trading on The NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “ICHR.”
As of February 18, 2025, all of our issued ordinary shares were held in “nominee” or “street” name or in our treasury account.
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Dividends

We do not anticipate that we will pay any cash dividends on our ordinary shares for the foreseeable future. Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend upon our financial condition, results of operations, contractual restrictions (including those under our credit facilities and any potential indebtedness we may incur in the future), restrictions imposed by applicable law, tax considerations, and other factors our Board of Directors deems relevant.

Stock Performance Graph

The information included under the heading Item 5. – Stock Performance Graph is “furnished” and not “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section, nor shall it be deemed to be “soliciting material” subject to Regulation 14A or incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended or the Exchange Act regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference in such filing.
The Stock Price Performance Graph set forth below plots the cumulative total shareholder return on a quarterly basis of our ordinary shares from December 27, 2019 through December 27, 2024, with the cumulative total return of the Nasdaq Composite Index and the PHLX Semiconductor Sector Index over the same period. The comparison assumes $100 was invested on December 27, 2019 in the ordinary shares of Ichor Holdings, Ltd., in the Nasdaq Composite Index, and in the PHLX Semiconductor Sector Index and assumes reinvestment of dividends, if any.
The stock price performance shown on the graph above is not necessarily indicative of future price performance. Information used in the graph was obtained from the Nasdaq Stock Market, a source believed to be reliable, but we are not responsible for any errors or omissions in such information.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

None.
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Issuer Purchase of Equity Securities

None.
ITEM 6. [RESERVED]
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon our current plans, expectations and beliefs that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly in the section entitled Item 1A. – Risk Factors. For a comparison of our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows for 2023 to 2022, refer to Part II, Item 7. in our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10‑K, which was filed with the SEC on February 23, 2024.

Overview

We are a leader in the design, engineering, and manufacturing of critical fluid delivery subsystems and components for semiconductor capital equipment. Our primary product offerings include gas and chemical delivery systems and subsystems, collectively known as fluid delivery systems and subsystems, which are key elements of the process tools used in the manufacturing of semiconductor devices. Our gas delivery subsystems deliver, monitor, and control precise quantities of the specialized gases used in semiconductor manufacturing processes such as etch and deposition. Our chemical delivery systems and subsystems precisely blend and dispense the reactive liquid chemistries used in semiconductor manufacturing processes such as chemical-mechanical planarization, electroplating, and cleaning. We also provide precision-machined components, weldments, electron beam (“e‑beam”) and laser-welded components, precision vacuum and hydrogen brazing and surface treatment technologies, and other proprietary products for the commercial space, aerospace, defense, medical device, and general-industrial industries. This vertically integrated portion of our business is primarily focused on metal and plastic parts that are used in gas and chemical systems, respectively.
Fluid delivery subsystems ensure accurate measurement and uniform delivery of specialty gases and chemicals at critical steps in the semiconductor manufacturing processes. Any malfunction or material degradation in fluid delivery reduces yields and increases the likelihood of manufacturing defects in these processes. Most original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) outsource all or a portion of the design, engineering, and manufacturing of their gas delivery subsystems to a few specialized suppliers, including us. Additionally, many OEMs are outsourcing the design, engineering, and manufacturing of their chemical delivery subsystems due to the increased fluid expertise required to manufacture these subsystems. Outsourcing these subsystems allows OEMs to leverage suppliers’ highly specialized engineering, design, and production skills while focusing their internal resources on their own value-added processes. Outsourcing enables OEMs to reduce their costs and development time, as well as provide growth opportunities for specialized subsystems suppliers like us.
We have a global footprint with production facilities in California, Minnesota, Oregon, Texas, Singapore, Malaysia, the United Kingdom, Korea, and Mexico.
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The following table summarizes key financial information for the periods indicated. Amounts are presented in accordance with GAAP unless explicitly identified as being a non-GAAP metric. For a description of our non-GAAP metrics and reconciliations to the most comparable GAAP metrics, please refer to Item 7. – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Non-GAAP Financial Results within this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

| Year Ended
| December 27, 2024 |  | December 29, 2023
| (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
Net sales | $ | 849,040 |  |  | $ | 811,120 |
Gross margin | 12.2 | % |  | 12.7 | %
Gross margin, non-GAAP | 12.7 | % |  | 13.4 | %
Operating margin | (0.9) | % |  | (1.3) | %
Operating margin, non-GAAP | 2.2 | % |  | 2.9 | %
Net loss | $ | (20,820) |  |  | $ | (42,985) |
Net income, non-GAAP | $ | 5,888 |  |  | $ | 12,257 |
Diluted EPS | $ | (0.64) |  |  | $ | (1.47) |
Diluted EPS, non-GAAP | $ | 0.18 |  |  | $ | 0.42 |

Key Factors Affecting Our Business

Investment in Semiconductor Manufacturing Equipment
The design and manufacturing of semiconductor devices is constantly evolving and becoming more complex in order to achieve greater performance and efficiency. To keep pace with these changes, OEMs need to refine their existing products and invest in developing new products. In addition, semiconductor device manufacturers will continue to invest in new wafer fabrication equipment to expand their production capacity and to support new manufacturing processes.
Outsourcing of Subsystems by Semiconductor OEMs
Faced with increasing manufacturing complexities, more complex subsystems, shorter product lead times, shorter industry spend cycles, and significant capital requirements, outsourcing of subsystems and components by OEMs has continued to grow. In the past two decades, OEMs have outsourced most of their gas delivery systems to suppliers such as us. OEMs have also started to outsource their chemical delivery systems in recent years. Our results will be affected by the degree to which outsourcing of these fluid delivery systems by OEMs continues to grow.
Cyclicality of Semiconductor Capital Equipment Industry
Our business is subject to the cyclicality of the capital expenditures of the semiconductor industry, which drives cyclicality in the semiconductor capital equipment industry in which we operate. In 2024, we derived over 90% of our sales from the semiconductor capital equipment industry. Demand for semiconductor capital equipment can fluctuate significantly based on changes in regulatory intervention and general economic conditions, including consumer spending, increased tariffs and trade restrictions, demand for semiconductor products, pricing, and other factors. In the past, these fluctuations have resulted in significant variations in the levels of spending within the semiconductor capital equipment industry, and as a result, our results of operations. The cyclicality of the semiconductor industry will continue to impact our results of operations in the future.
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Customer Concentration
The number of capital equipment manufacturers for the semiconductor device industry is significantly consolidated, resulting in a small number of large manufacturers. Our customers are a significant component of this consolidation, resulting in our sales being concentrated in a few customers. For 2024, two customers with individual sales over 10%, Lam Research and Applied Materials, accounted for a combined 73% of total sales. Our customers often require reduced prices or other pricing, quality, or delivery commitments as a condition to their purchasing from us or increasing their purchase volume, which can, among other things, result in reduced gross margins in order to maintain or expand our market share. Although we do not have any long-term contracts that require customers to place certain order quantities with us, Lam Research and Applied Materials have been our customers for over 20 years.
Macroeconomic Conditions
The semiconductor industry is cyclical in nature and is impacted by macroeconomic factors in the markets and industries in which we operate. Such factors include market trends, supply chain shortages, availability of skilled labor, geopolitical tension and retaliatory trade policies, and other factors. The industry entered a cyclical downturn in the fourth quarter of 2022 for the primary semiconductor equipment markets we serve, resulting in weakened customer demand. Although the total market for semiconductor capital equipment has experienced year-over-year stability and growth, inventory digestion at our customers and the relative spending levels within the markets we primarily serve, in particular lower spending levels for deposition and etch equipment, has resulted in continued lower demand from our customers over the past two years relative to the total semiconductor capital equipment market, despite incremental growth in demand. To help mitigate these impacts and to better align our resources and cost structure with current and expected future levels of business, we initiated labor cost reduction initiatives starting in the fourth quarter of 2022, which continued through the second quarter of 2024.
Industry overcapacity and a number of macroeconomic factors may contribute to a reduced spending environment, which combined with increased export controls for advanced semiconductor-related goods and services shipped to China and delayed business investment in electronic memory capacity may have varying levels of unfavorable consequences to our business. We are continually monitoring the global trade environment and any changes in tariffs, trade agreements, restrictions or sanctions that may impact us, our manufacturing facilities, or our customers. President Trump has issued executive orders directing the U.S. to impose new tariffs on imports from China, temporarily stayed an order imposing new tariffs on Canada and Mexico, issued the imposition of tariffs on imported steel and aluminum products, and may impose additional tariffs on these or other nations. Given our manufacturing presence in Mexico, we are currently evaluating the potential impact of potential tariffs on Mexican imports on our business.
While challenging macroeconomic conditions have impacted and will continue to impact our business and customers in the near term, we believe demand for semiconductors, semiconductor capital equipment, and our products will return to growth, fueled by the long-term growing need for more semiconductor productive capacity and enhanced process technologies.

Components of Our Results of Operations

The following discussion sets forth certain components of our statements of operations as well as significant factors impacting those items.
Net sales
We generate sales primarily from the design, manufacture, and sale of subsystems and components for semiconductor capital equipment. Sales are recognized when control of promised goods or services is transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. Sales are recognized at a point-in-time, upon "delivery," as such term is defined within the contract, which is generally at the time of shipment, as that is when control of the promised good has transferred.
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Cost of sales, gross profit, and gross margin
Cost of sales consists primarily of purchased materials, direct labor, indirect labor, factory overhead cost, and depreciation expense for our manufacturing facilities and equipment. Our business has a variable cost structure, with fixed costs comprising a smaller percentage of cost of sales compared to variable costs. Our existing global manufacturing plant capacity is scalable, and we are able to adjust to increased customer demand for our products without significant additional capital investment. We operate our business in this manner to avoid having excessive fixed costs during a cyclical downturn, while retaining flexibility to expand our production volumes during periods of growth. However, during a cyclical downturn, fixed costs become a larger percentage of cost of sales, which could result in a decrease to gross margin. Additionally, since the gross margin on each of our products can differ, our overall gross margin as a percentage of our sales can change based on the mix of products we sell in any period.
Operating expenses
Our operating expenses primarily include research and development and sales, general, and administrative expenses. Personnel costs are the most significant component of operating expenses and consist of salaries, benefits, bonuses, and share-based compensation. Operating expenses also include overhead costs for facilities, IT, and depreciation. In addition, our operating expenses include amortization expense of acquired intangible assets.
Research and development – Research and development expense consists primarily of activities related to product design and other development activities, new component testing and evaluation, and test equipment and fixture development. We expect research and development expense will continue to increase in absolute dollars due to continued development of our own intellectual property and product offerings for existing and new customer markets and increases in our customers’ demand for new product designs.
Selling, general, and administrative – Selling expense consists primarily of salaries and commissions paid to our sales and sales support employees and other costs related to the sales of our products. General and administrative expense consists primarily of salaries, professional fees, and overhead associated with our administrative staff. We expect selling expenses to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to invest in expanding our markets and as we expand our international operations. We expect general and administrative expenses to also increase in absolute dollars as our business grows, due to an increase in employee-related costs, regulatory compliance, and accounting-related expenses.
Amortization of intangibles – Amortization of intangible assets is related to our finite-lived intangible assets and is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated economic life of the asset.
Interest expense, net
Interest expense, net of interest income on our cash deposits, consists of interest on our outstanding debt under our credit facilities, including amortization of debt issuance costs, and any other indebtedness we may incur in the future. Borrowings under our credit facilities are generally subject to variable interest rates, which fluctuate depending on macroeconomic factors and can result in increased interest expense in periods of rising interest rates.
Other expense, net
The functional currency of our international operations is the U.S. dollar. Transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency generate foreign exchange gains and losses that are included in other expense (income), net on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Substantially all of our sales contracts, and most of our agreements with third-party suppliers, provide for pricing and payment in U.S. dollars. Accordingly, these transactions are not subject to material exchange rate fluctuations.
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Income tax expense
Income tax expense consists primarily of taxes on our taxable income related to our domestic and foreign operations, offset by the benefit of our tax holiday in Singapore, which expires in 2026. In 2024, the tax benefit resulting from our Singapore tax holiday, compared to the Singapore statutory tax rate, was approximately $7.1 million. During 2024, we maintained a valuation allowance against our U.S. state and federal deferred tax assets; therefore, we are not recording income tax benefits related to our U.S. GAAP losses. Income tax is also impacted by certain withholding taxes, stock option and restricted share unit (“RSU”) activity, and credit generation.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, sales, expenses, and related disclosures. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Actual results may differ from these estimates. To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and our actual results, our future financial statements will be affected.
The critical accounting policies requiring estimates, assumptions, and judgments that we believe have the most significant impact on our consolidated financial statements are described below.
Inventory Valuation
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The majority of our inventories are valued on a standard cost basis, which approximates actual costs on a first-in, first-out basis. The remainder of our inventories are valued on an average cost basis, which approximates actual costs on a first-in, first-out basis. Quarterly, we assess the value of our inventory and periodically write it down for excess quantities or obsolescence to its estimated net realizable value. This assessment is based on estimated future consumption compared to inventory quantities on-hand. The estimate for future consumption is based on how assumptions of historical consumption, recency of purchases, backlog, and other factors indicate future consumption. Once the value of inventory is adjusted, the original cost of our inventory, less the write-down, represents its new cost basis. During 2024, 2023, and 2022, we wrote down inventory determined to be excessive or obsolete by $8.6 million, $9.8 million, and $5.0 million, respectively. We believe the accounting estimate related to excess and obsolete inventory is a critical accounting estimate because it requires us to make assumptions about future inventory consumption and recoverability of cost, which can be uncertain. Changes in these estimates can have a material impact on our financial statements.
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Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our results of operations for the periods presented. The period-to-period comparison of results is not necessarily indicative of results for future periods.

| Year Ended
| December 27, 2024 |  | December 29, 2023
| (in thousands)
Net sales | $ | 849,040 |  |  | $ | 811,120 |
Cost of sales | 745,706 |  |  | 707,724 |
Gross profit | 103,334 |  |  | 103,396 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |
Research and development | 23,018 |  |  | 20,223 |
Selling, general, and administrative | 79,384 |  |  | 79,334 |
Amortization of intangible assets | 8,572 |  |  | 14,734 |
Total operating expenses | 110,974 |  |  | 114,291 |
Operating loss | (7,640) |  |  | (10,895) |
Interest expense, net | 9,266 |  |  | 19,379 |
Other expense, net | 1,148 |  |  | 804 |
Loss before income taxes | (18,054) |  |  | (31,078) |
Income tax expense | 2,766 |  |  | 11,907 |
Net loss | $ | (20,820) |  |  | $ | (42,985) |

The following table sets forth our results of operations as a percentage of our total net sales for the periods presented.

| Year Ended
| December 27, 2024 |  | December 29, 2023
Net sales | 100.0 |  |  | 100.0 |
Cost of sales | 87.8 |  |  | 87.3 |
Gross profit | 12.2 |  |  | 12.7 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |
Research and development | 2.7 |  |  | 2.5 |
Selling, general, and administrative | 9.3 |  |  | 9.8 |
Amortization of intangible assets | 1.0 |  |  | 1.8 |
Total operating expenses | 13.1 |  |  | 14.1 |
Operating loss | (0.9) |  |  | (1.3) |
Interest expense, net | 1.1 |  |  | 2.4 |
Other expense, net | 0.1 |  |  | 0.1 |
Loss before income taxes | (2.1) |  |  | (3.8) |
Income tax expense | 0.3 |  |  | 1.5 |
Net loss | (2.5) |  |  | (5.3) |

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Comparison of 2024 and 2023

Net sales

| Year Ended |  | Change
| December 27, 2024 |  | December 29, 2023 |  | Amount |  | %
| (dollars in thousands)
Net sales | $ | 849,040 |  |  | $ | 811,120 |  |  | $ | 37,920 |  |  | 4.7 | %

The increase in net sales from 2023 to 2024 was primarily due to increased customer demand stemming from increased spending within the semiconductor capital equipment industry. Further detail is provided above under the section entitled "Key Factors Affecting Our Business".
Gross margin

| Year Ended |  | Change
| December 27, 2024 |  | December 29, 2023 |  | Amount |  | %
| (dollars in thousands)
Cost of sales | $ | 745,706 |  |  | $ | 707,724 |  |  | $ | 37,982 |  |  | 5.4 | %
Gross profit | $ | 103,334 |  |  | $ | 103,396 |  |  | $ | (62) |  |  | (0.1 | %)
Gross margin | 12.2 | % |  | 12.7 | % |  |  |  | -50 | bps

The decrease in gross margin from 2023 to 2024 was primarily due to unfavorable sales mix and increased factory labor and overhead costs, partially offset by lower severance costs associated with our global reduction-in-force programs (+20bps) and lower excess and obsolete inventory expense (+10bps).
Research and development

| Year Ended |  | Change
| December 27, 2024 |  | December 29, 2023 |  | Amount |  | %
| (dollars in thousands)
Research and development | $ | 23,018 |  |  | $ | 20,223 |  |  | $ | 2,795 |  |  | 13.8 | %

The increase in research and development expenses from 2023 to 2024 was primarily due to increased material and service costs from our new product development programs of $1.9 million and increased employee-related expenses of $0.8 million, inclusive of share-based compensation expense.
Selling, general, and administrative

| Year Ended |  | Change
| December 27, 2024 |  | December 29, 2023 |  | Amount |  | %
| (dollars in thousands)
Selling, general, and administrative | $ | 79,384 |  |  | $ | 79,334 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | 0.1 | %

Selling, general, and administrative expense remained approximately unchanged from 2023 to 2024.
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Amortization of intangible assets

| Year Ended |  | Change
| December 27, 2024 |  | December 29, 2023 |  | Amount |  | %
| (dollars in thousands)
Amortization of intangibles assets | $ | 8,572 |  |  | $ | 14,734 |  |  | $ | (6,162) |  |  | (41.8) | %

The decrease in amortization expense from 2023 to 2024 was primarily due to certain intangible assets becoming fully amortized in the fourth quarter of 2023.
Interest expense, net

| Year Ended |  | Change
| December 27, 2024 |  | December 29, 2023 |  | Amount |  | %
| (dollars in thousands)
Interest expense, net | $ | 9,266 |  |  | $ | 19,379 |  |  | $ | (10,113) |  |  | (52.2 | %)
Weighted average borrowings outstanding | $ | 159,427 |  |  | $ | 292,661 |  |  | $ | (133,234) |  |  | (45.5 | %)
Weighted average borrowing rate | 7.31 | % |  | 6.80 | % |  |  |  | +51 | bps

The decrease in interest expense, net from 2023 to 2024 was primarily due to decreases in the weighted average amounts borrowed, partially offset by an increase in our weighted average borrowing rate. The reduction in our weighted average borrowings outstanding was primarily due to paying off our revolving credit facility in the first quarter of 2024. The increase in our weighted average borrowing rate was due to higher applicable margin as a result of higher leverage ratios in 2024 (+29bps) and higher Bloomberg Short-Term Bank Yield ("BSBY") and Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") rates as a result of a higher short-term borrowing interest rate macroeconomic environment (+22bps).
Other expense, net

| Year Ended |  | Change
| December 27, 2024 |  | December 29, 2023 |  | Amount |  | %
| (dollars in thousands)
Other expense, net | $ | 1,148 |  |  | $ | 804 |  |  | $ | 344 |  |  | 42.8 | %

The change in other expense, net from 2023 to 2024 was primarily due to currency exchange rate fluctuations during the year related to our local currency payables of our foreign operations.
Income tax expense

| Year Ended |  | Change
| December 27, 2024 |  | December 29, 2023 |  | Amount |  | %
| (dollars in thousands)
Income tax expense | $ | 2,766 |  |  | $ | 11,907 |  |  | $ | (9,141) |  |  | (76.8 | %)
Loss before income taxes | $ | (18,054) |  |  | $ | (31,078) |  |  | $ | 13,024 |  |  | (41.9 | %)
Effective tax rate | (15.3) | % |  | (38.3) | % |  |  |  | +2,300 | bps

The decrease in income tax expense from 2023 to 2024 was primarily due to recording a valuation allowance against our U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets in the second quarter of 2023, resulting in an $11.1 million charge to income tax expense. Because we have a valuation allowance recorded against our U.S. state and federal deferred income taxes, we did not record tax benefits from our U.S. taxable losses during 2024.
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Non-GAAP Financial Results

Management uses certain non-GAAP metrics to evaluate our operating and financial results. We believe the presentation of non-GAAP results is useful to investors for analyzing business trends and comparing performance to prior periods, along with enhancing investors’ ability to view our results from management’s perspective. All non-GAAP adjustments are presented on a gross basis. Non-GAAP gross profit, operating income, and net income (loss) are defined as: gross profit, operating income (loss), or net income (loss), respectively, excluding (1) amortization of intangible assets, share-based compensation expense, and discrete or infrequent charges and gains that are outside of normal business operations, including transaction-related costs, contract and legal settlement gains and losses, facility shutdown costs, and severance costs associated with reduction-in-force programs, to the extent they are present in gross profit, operating income (loss), and net income (loss), respectively; and (2) with respect to non-GAAP net income (loss), the tax impacts associated with these non-GAAP adjustments, as well as non-recurring discrete tax items, including deferred tax asset valuation allowance charges. All non-GAAP adjustments are presented on a gross basis; the related income tax effects, including current and deferred income tax expense, are included in the adjustment line under the heading "Tax adjustments related to non-GAAP adjustments". Non-GAAP diluted earnings per share ("EPS") is defined as non-GAAP net income divided by weighted average diluted ordinary shares outstanding during the period. Non-GAAP gross margin and non-GAAP operating margin are defined as non-GAAP gross profit and non-GAAP operating income, respectively, divided by net sales.
Non-GAAP results have limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider them in isolation or as a substitute for our results reported under GAAP. Other companies may calculate non-GAAP results differently or may use other measures to evaluate their performance, both of which could reduce the usefulness of our non-GAAP results as a tool for comparison.
Because of these limitations, you should consider non-GAAP results alongside other financial performance measures and results presented in accordance with GAAP. In addition, in evaluating non-GAAP results, you should be aware that in the future we will incur expenses such as those that are the subject of adjustments in deriving non-GAAP results and you should not infer from our presentation of non-GAAP results that our future results will not be affected by these expenses or other discrete or infrequent charges and gains that are outside of normal business operations.
The following table presents our unaudited non‑GAAP gross profit and non-GAAP gross margin and a reconciliation from gross profit, the most comparable GAAP measure, for the periods indicated:

| Year Ended
| December 27, 2024 |  | December 29, 2023
| (dollars in thousands)
U.S. GAAP gross profit | $ | 103,334 |  |  | $ | 103,396 |
Non-GAAP adjustments: |  |  |
Share-based compensation | 3,360 |  |  | 3,130 |
Other (1) | 908 |  |  | 2,191 |
Non-GAAP gross profit | $ | 107,602 |  |  | $ | 108,717 |
U.S. GAAP gross margin | 12.2 | % |  | 12.7 | %
Non-GAAP gross margin | 12.7 | % |  | 13.4 | %

(1)Represents severance costs associated with our global reduction-in-force programs.
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The following table presents our unaudited non‑GAAP operating income and non-GAAP operating margin and a reconciliation from operating income (loss), the most comparable GAAP measure, for the periods indicated:

| Year Ended
| December 27, 2024 |  | December 29, 2023
| (dollars in thousands)
U.S. GAAP operating loss | $ | (7,640) |  |  | $ | (10,895) |
Non-GAAP adjustments: |  |  |
Amortization of intangible assets | 8,572 |  |  | 14,734 |
Share-based compensation | 15,576 |  |  | 17,338 |
Transaction-related costs (1) | 785 |  |  | — |
Other (2) | 1,600 |  |  | 2,298 |
Non-GAAP operating income | $ | 18,893 |  |  | $ | 23,475 |
U.S. GAAP operating margin | (0.9) | % |  | (1.3) | %
Non-GAAP operating margin | 2.2 | % |  | 2.9 | %

(1)Represents transaction-related costs incurred in connection with our acquisitions pipeline.
(2)Represents severance costs associated with our global reduction-in-force programs, and, for 2024, the amount includes $0.5 million of costs incurred in connection with exiting and consolidating one of our U.S.-based manufacturing facilities.
The following table presents our unaudited non‑GAAP net income and non-GAAP diluted EPS and a reconciliation from net income (loss), the most comparable GAAP measure, for the periods indicated. All non-GAAP adjustments are presented on a gross basis; the related income tax effects, including current and deferred income tax expense, are included in the adjustment line under the heading "Tax adjustments related to non-GAAP adjustments."

| Year Ended
| December 27, 2024 |  | December 29, 2023
| (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
U.S. GAAP net loss | $ | (20,820) |  |  | $ | (42,985) |
Non-GAAP adjustments: |  |  |
Amortization of intangible assets | 8,572 |  |  | 14,734 |
Share-based compensation | 15,576 |  |  | 17,338 |
Transaction-related costs (1) | 785 |  |  | — |
Other (2) | 1,600 |  |  | 2,298 |
Tax adjustments related to non-GAAP adjustments (3) | 175 |  |  | 9,778 |
Tax expense from valuation allowance (4) | — |  |  | 11,094 |
Non-GAAP net income | $ | 5,888 |  |  | $ | 12,257 |
U.S. GAAP diluted EPS | $ | (0.64) |  |  | $ | (1.47) |
Non-GAAP diluted EPS | $ | 0.18 |  |  | $ | 0.42 |
Shares used to compute diluted non-GAAP EPS | 33,135,552 |  | 29,514,553

(1)Represents transaction-related costs incurred in connection with our acquisition pipeline.
(2)Represents severance costs associated with our global reduction-in-force programs. Additionally, for 2024, the amount includes $0.5 million of costs incurred in connection with exiting and consolidating one of our U.S.-based manufacturing facilities.
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(3)Adjusts U.S. GAAP income tax expense for the impact of our non-GAAP adjustments, which are presented on a gross basis. During the second quarter of 2023, we recorded a valuation allowance against our U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets on a GAAP basis. In the first quarter of 2024, we determined that the valuation allowance should be recognized against our U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets on a non-GAAP basis as we were not in a three-year cumulative U.S. income position on a non-GAAP basis. Accordingly, from the first quarter of 2024 and forward, tax expense on a GAAP and non-GAAP basis reflects a valuation allowance against our U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets. Refer to footnote 6 below.
(4)During the second quarter of 2023, we recorded a valuation allowance of $11.1 million against our U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets. The valuation allowance was recorded based on an assessment of available positive and negative evidence, including an estimate of being in a three-year cumulative loss position in the U.S. by the end of 2023, projections of future taxable income, and other quantitative and qualitative information.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The following section discusses our liquidity and capital resources, including our primary sources of liquidity and our material cash requirements. Our cash and cash equivalents are maintained in highly liquid and accessible accounts with no significant restrictions.
Material Cash Requirements
Our primary liquidity requirements arise from: (i) working capital requirements, including procurement of raw materials inventory for use in our factories and employee-related costs, (ii) business acquisitions, (iii) interest and principal payments under our credit facilities, (iv) research and development investments and capital expenditures, (v) payment of income taxes, and (vi) payments associated with our noncancellable leases and related occupancy costs. We have no significant long-term purchase commitments related to procuring raw materials inventory. Our ability to fund these requirements will depend, in part, on our future cash flows, which are determined by our future operating performance and are therefore subject to prevailing global macroeconomic conditions, such as interest rates, increased tariffs and retaliatory trade policies, geopolitical events, and financial, business, and other factors, some of which are beyond our control.
We believe that our cash and cash equivalents, the amounts available under our credit facilities, and our operating cash flow will be sufficient to fund our business and our current obligations for at least the next 12 months and beyond.
Sources and Conditions of Liquidity
Our ongoing sources of liquidity to fund our material cash requirements are primarily derived from: (i) sales to our customers and the related changes in our net operating assets and liabilities and (ii) proceeds from our credit facilities and equity offerings, when applicable.
Summary of Cash Flows
We ended 2024 with cash and cash equivalents of $108.7 million, an increase of $28.7 million from 2023, which was primarily due to net proceeds of $136.7 million from our issuance of 3.8 million ordinary shares in March 2024 in connection with an underwritten public offering and net cash provided by operating activities of $27.9 million, partially offset by net payments on credit facilities of $120.6 million and capital expenditures of $17.6 million.
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The following table sets forth a summary of operating, investing, and financing activities for the periods presented:

| Year Ended
| December 27, 2024 |  | December 29, 2023 |  | December 30, 2022
| (in thousands)
Cash provided by operating activities | $ | 27,880 |  |  | $ | 57,632 |  |  | $ | 31,453 |
Cash used in investing activities | (17,636) |  |  | (15,496) |  |  | (28,933) |
Cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 18,470 |  |  | (48,651) |  |  | 8,455 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash | $ | 28,714 |  |  | $ | (6,515) |  |  | $ | 10,975 |

Our cash provided by operating activities of $27.9 million during 2024 consisted of net non-cash charges of $46.0 million, which consisted primarily of depreciation and amortization of $30.7 million and share-based compensation expense of $15.6 million, and a decrease in our net operating assets and liabilities of $2.7 million, partially offset by net loss of $20.8 million.
The decrease in our net operating assets and liabilities of $2.7 million during 2024 was primarily due to an increase in accounts payable of $29.1 million, partially offset by an increase in accounts receivable of $19.9 million, a decrease in accrued and other liabilities of $4.6 million, and an increase in inventories of $4.2 million.
Cash used in investing activities during 2024 and 2023 consisted of capital expenditures.
Cash provided by financing activities during 2024 consisted of net proceeds of $136.7 million from our issues of 3.8 million ordinary shares in March 2024 in connection with an underwritten public offering and net proceeds from share-based compensation activity of $2.4 million, partially offset by net payments on our credit facilities of $120.6 million. The increase in cash provided by financing activities from 2023 to 2024 was primarily due to net proceeds from our issuance of shares, partially offset by increased net payments on our credit facilities.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

From time to time, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) or other standards setting bodies issue new accounting pronouncements. Updates to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification are communicated through issuance of an Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”).
To understand the impact of recently issued guidance, whether adopted or to be adopted, please review the information provided in Note 1 – Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of our consolidated financial statements in Part IV, Item 15 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
We are exposed to financial market risks, including changes in currency exchange rates and interest rates.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

Substantially all of our sales arrangement with customers, and the significant majority of our arrangements with third-party suppliers, provide for pricing and payment in U.S. dollars and, therefore, are not subject to material exchange rate fluctuations. As a result, we do not expect foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations to have a material effect on our results of operations. However, increases in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies would make our products more expensive relative to competing products priced in such other currencies, which could negatively impact our ability to compete. Conversely, decreases in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies could result in our foreign suppliers raising their prices in order to continue doing business with us.
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We have certain operating expenses that are denominated in currencies of the countries in which our operations are located, and may be subject to fluctuations due to foreign currency exchange rates, particularly the Singapore dollar, Malaysian ringgit, British pound, euro, Korean won, and Mexican peso. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates may cause us to recognize transaction gains and losses in our statement of operations. To date, foreign currency transaction gains and losses have not been material to our financial statements, and we have not engaged in any foreign currency hedging transactions.

Interest Rate Risk

We had total indebtedness of $129.4 million as of December 27, 2024, exclusive of $0.9 million in debt issuance costs, of which $7.5 million was payable within the next 12 months. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes and have not used any derivative financial instruments to manage our interest rate risk exposure. We have not been, nor do we anticipate being exposed to, material risks due to changes in interest rates. As of December 27, 2024, the interest rate on our outstanding debt was based on SOFR, plus an applicable rate depending on our leverage ratio. A hypothetical 100 basis point change in the interest rate on our outstanding debt would have resulted in a $1.3 million change to interest expense on an annualized basis.
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
The financial statements and supplementary financial information required to be filed under this Item 8 are presented beginning on page F‑1 in Part IV, Item 15 of this Annual Report on Form 10‑K and are incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer (the certifying officers), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a‑15(e) and 15d‑15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of December 27, 2024. There are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any system of disclosure controls and procedures, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of the controls and procedures. Accordingly, even effective disclosure controls and procedures can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives. Based on this evaluation, our certifying officers concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 27, 2024.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a‑15(f) and 15d‑15(f) under the Exchange Act). With the participation of our certifying officers, our management, under the oversight of our Board of Directors, evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 27, 2024, using the framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013). Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance with U.S. GAAP and includes those policies and procedures that: (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect our transactions and the dispositions of our assets; (2) provide reasonable assurance that our transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of the financial statements in accordance with GAAP and that our receipts and expenditures are being made in accordance with appropriate authorizations; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding the prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements. Based on that evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 27, 2024.
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The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 27, 2024 has been audited by KPMG LLP, an independent registered accounting firm, as stated in their attestation report which appears in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a‑15(f) or 15d‑15(f) of the Exchange Act) that occurred during the fourth quarter ended December 27, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, a company’s principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. In addition, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. If we cannot provide reliable financial information, our business, operating results, and share price could be negatively impacted.
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
During the fourth quarter of 2024, none of our directors or officers (as defined in Section 16 of the Exchange Act), adopted or terminated a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or a "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" (each as such term is defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K).
ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS
None.
PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Code of Conduct
We have adopted a code of business ethics and conduct (the “Code of Conduct”) that applies to all employees, officers, and directors, including the principal executive officer, principal financial officer, and principal accounting officer. The Code of Conduct is available on our investor relations website at ir.ichorsystems.com. We intend to post on our investor relations website all disclosures that are required by law or NASDAQ listing rules regarding any amendment to, or a waiver of, any provision of the Code of Conduct for the principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions.
All other information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our Definitive Proxy Statement for our 2025 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders (the “Proxy Statement”) to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the close of the year ended December 27, 2024.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the close of the year ended December 27, 2024.
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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the close of the year ended December 27, 2024.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the close of the year ended December 27, 2024.
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the close of the year ended December 27, 2024.
PART IV
ITEM 15. EXHIBIT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a)The following documents are filed as a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:
(1)Financial Statements.
The following Consolidated Financial Statements are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K under Item 8. – Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (KPMG LLP, Portland, Oregon, PCAOB ID: 185) | F-1
Consolidated Balance Sheets | F‑4
Consolidated Statements of Operations | F-5
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity | F‑6
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | F‑7
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | F‑8

(2)Financial Statement Schedules. All financial statement schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is shown in the financial statements or the notes thereto.
(3)Exhibits. Exhibits are listed on the Exhibit Index at the end of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY
None.
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
Ichor Holdings, Ltd.:
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited Ichor Holdings, Ltd. and subsidiaries' (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 27, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 27, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 27, 2024 and December 29, 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 27, 2024, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 21, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ KPMG LLP
Portland, Oregon
February 21, 2025
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
Ichor Holdings, Ltd.:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Ichor Holdings, Ltd. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 27, 2024 and December 29, 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 27, 2024, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 27, 2024 and December 29, 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 27, 2024, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 27, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 21, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
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Evaluation of excess and obsolete inventory
As discussed in Notes 1 and 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company reported inventories of $250.1 million as of December 27, 2024, including an adjustment for excess and obsolete inventory of $36.4 million. The Company states its inventories at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The Company records an adjustment to the cost basis of inventory when evidence exists that the net realizable value of inventory is lower than its cost, which occurs when the Company has excess and/or obsolete inventory. The Company’s model to estimate excess and/or obsolete inventory is based on an analysis of existing inventory quantities on-hand compared to estimated future consumption. Future consumption is estimated based upon assumptions about how historical consumption, recent purchases, backlog, and other factors indicate future consumption.
We identified the evaluation of excess and obsolete inventory as a critical audit matter. There was subjective auditor judgement in evaluating whether historical consumption reasonably indicates future consumption used by the Company in their determination that inventory is recorded at the lower of its cost or net realizable value.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address the critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the Company’s excess and obsolete inventory process, including controls over the determination of the assumptions used to estimate future consumption of inventory. We evaluated whether historical consumption reasonably indicates future consumption by (1) examining historical write-down trends; (2) inspecting publicly available industry and market information to assess relevant changes to the overall business environment; and (3) selected a sample of inventory items and for each selection we evaluated whether the historical data accurately supported the Company’s estimate of future consumption.
/s/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2011.
Portland, Oregon
February 21, 2025
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ICHOR HOLDINGS, LTD.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)

| December 27, 2024 |  | December 29, 2023
Assets |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 108,669 |  |  | $ | 79,955 |
Accounts receivable, net | 86,619 |  |  | 66,721 |
Inventories | 250,102 |  |  | 245,885 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 7,230 |  |  | 8,804 |
Total current assets | 452,620 |  |  | 401,365 |
Property and equipment, net | 94,867 |  |  | 92,755 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 44,461 |  |  | 36,611 |
Other non-current assets | 15,182 |  |  | 11,912 |
Deferred tax assets, net | 4,316 |  |  | 3,148 |
Intangible assets, net | 48,716 |  |  | 57,288 |
Goodwill | 335,402 |  |  | 335,402 |
Total assets | $ | 995,564 |  |  | $ | 938,481 |
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 91,719 |  |  | $ | 60,490 |
Accrued liabilities | 15,992 |  |  | 14,871 |
Other current liabilities | 8,965 |  |  | 6,638 |
Current portion of long-term debt | 7,500 |  |  | 7,500 |
Current portion of lease liabilities | 11,494 |  |  | 9,463 |
Total current liabilities | 135,670 |  |  | 98,962 |
Long-term debt, less current portion, net | 121,023 |  |  | 241,183 |
Lease liabilities, less current portion | 34,189 |  |  | 28,187 |
Deferred tax liabilities, net | 1,555 |  |  | 1,169 |
Other non-current liabilities | 4,791 |  |  | 4,303 |
Total liabilities | 297,228 |  |  | 373,804 |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |
Preferred shares ($0.0001 par value; 20,000,000 shares authorized; zero shares issued and outstanding) | — |  |  | — |
Ordinary shares ($0.0001 par value; 200,000,000 shares authorized; 33,859,542 and 29,435,398 shares outstanding, respectively; 38,296,981 and 33,872,837 shares issued, respectively) | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Additional paid in capital | 606,060 |  |  | 451,581 |
Treasury shares at cost (4,437,439 shares) | (91,578) |  |  | (91,578) |
Retained earnings | 183,851 |  |  | 204,671 |
Total shareholders’ equity | 698,336 |  |  | 564,677 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | $ | 995,564 |  |  | $ | 938,481 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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ICHOR HOLDINGS, LTD.
Consolidated Statements of Operations
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)

| Year Ended
| December 27, 2024 |  | December 29, 2023 |  | December 30, 2022
Net sales | $ | 849,040 |  |  | $ | 811,120 |  |  | $ | 1,280,069 |
Cost of sales | 745,706 |  |  | 707,724 |  |  | 1,068,205 |
Gross profit | 103,334 |  |  | 103,396 |  |  | 211,864 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |
Research and development | 23,018 |  |  | 20,223 |  |  | 19,564 |
Selling, general, and administrative | 79,384 |  |  | 79,334 |  |  | 88,572 |
Amortization of intangible assets | 8,572 |  |  | 14,734 |  |  | 17,905 |
Total operating expenses | 110,974 |  |  | 114,291 |  |  | 126,041 |
Operating Income (loss) | (7,640) |  |  | (10,895) |  |  | 85,823 |
Interest expense, net | 9,266 |  |  | 19,379 |  |  | 11,056 |
Other expense (income), net | 1,148 |  |  | 804 |  |  | (563) |
Income (Loss) before income taxes | (18,054) |  |  | (31,078) |  |  | 75,330 |
Income tax expense | 2,766 |  |  | 11,907 |  |  | 2,526 |
Net income (loss) | $ | (20,820) |  |  | $ | (42,985) |  |  | $ | 72,804 |
Net income (loss) per share |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | (0.64) |  |  | $ | (1.47) |  |  | $ | 2.54 |
Diluted | $ | (0.64) |  |  | $ | (1.47) |  |  | $ | 2.51 |
Shares used to compute Net income (loss) per share: |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 32,759,896 |  | 29,200,796 |  | 28,714,550
Diluted | 32,759,896 |  | 29,200,796 |  | 28,963,031

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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ICHOR HOLDINGS, LTD.
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity
(dollars in thousands)

| Ordinary Shares |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Treasury Shares |  | Retained Earnings |  | Total Shareholders' Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  | Amount |  |
Balance at December 31, 2021 | 28,551,160 |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 417,438 |  |  | 4,437,439 |  | $ | (91,578) |  |  | $ | 174,852 |  |  | $ | 500,715 |
Ordinary shares issued from exercise of stock options | 89,045 |  | — |  |  | 1,937 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,937 |
Ordinary shares issued from vesting of restricted share units | 179,679 |  | — |  |  | (2,813) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,813) |
Ordinary shares issued from employee share purchase plan | 42,065 |  | — |  |  | 929 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 929 |
Share-based compensation expense | — |  | — |  |  | 13,924 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,924 |
Net income | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 72,804 |  |  | 72,804 |
Balance at December 30, 2022 | 28,861,949 |  | 3 |  |  | 431,415 |  |  | 4,437,439 |  | (91,578) |  |  | 247,656 |  |  | 587,496 |
Ordinary shares issued from exercise of stock options | 215,884 |  | — |  |  | 4,467 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,467 |
Ordinary shares issued from vesting of restricted share units | 259,944 |  | — |  |  | (3,672) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,672) |
Ordinary shares issued from employee share purchase plan | 97,621 |  | — |  |  | 2,033 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,033 |
Share-based compensation expense | — |  | — |  |  | 17,338 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,338 |
Net loss | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (42,985) |  |  | (42,985) |
Balance at December 29, 2023 | 29,435,398 |  | 3 |  |  | 451,581 |  |  | 4,437,439 |  | (91,578) |  |  | 204,671 |  |  | 564,677 |
Ordinary shares issued, net of transaction costs | 3,833,334 |  | — |  |  | 136,738 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 136,738 |
Ordinary shares issued from exercise of stock options | 216,439 |  | — |  |  | 5,301 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,301 |
Ordinary shares issued from vesting of restricted share units | 293,331 |  | — |  |  | (5,443) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,443) |
Ordinary shares issued from employee share purchase plan | 81,040 |  | — |  |  | 2,307 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,307 |
Share-based compensation expense | — |  | — |  |  | 15,576 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,576 |
Net loss | — |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (20,820) |  |  | (20,820) |
Balance at December 27, 2024 | 33,859,542 |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 606,060 |  |  | 4,437,439 |  | $ | (91,578) |  |  | $ | 183,851 |  |  | $ | 698,336 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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ICHOR HOLDINGS, LTD.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(in thousands)

| Year Ended
| December 27, 2024 |  | December 29, 2023 |  | December 30, 2022
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | (20,820) |  |  | $ | (42,985) |  |  | $ | 72,804 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 30,744 |  |  | 34,577 |  |  | 35,100 |
Share-based compensation | 15,576 |  |  | 17,338 |  |  | 13,924 |
Deferred income taxes | (782) |  |  | 9,314 |  |  | (3,215) |
Amortization of debt issuance costs | 465 |  |  | 465 |  |  | 465 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable, net | (19,898) |  |  | 69,600 |  |  | 6,669 |
Inventories | (4,217) |  |  | 37,775 |  |  | (47,527) |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | 2,343 |  |  | 10,204 |  |  | 4,508 |
Accounts payable | 29,110 |  |  | (50,974) |  |  | (50,175) |
Accrued liabilities | 929 |  |  | (9,766) |  |  | 3,648 |
Other liabilities | (5,570) |  |  | (17,916) |  |  | (4,748) |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 27,880 |  |  | 57,632 |  |  | 31,453 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures | (17,636) |  |  | (15,496) |  |  | (29,433) |
Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired | — |  |  | — |  |  | 500 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (17,636) |  |  | (15,496) |  |  | (28,933) |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Issuance of ordinary shares, net of fees | 136,738 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Issuance of ordinary shares under share-based compensation plans | 7,800 |  |  | 7,521 |  |  | 3,768 |
Employees' taxes paid upon vesting of restricted share units | (5,443) |  |  | (3,672) |  |  | (2,813) |
Borrowings on revolving credit facility | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25,000 |
Repayments on revolving credit facility | (115,000) |  |  | (45,000) |  |  | (10,000) |
Repayments on term loan | (5,625) |  |  | (7,500) |  |  | (7,500) |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 18,470 |  |  | (48,651) |  |  | 8,455 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash | 28,714 |  |  | (6,515) |  |  | 10,975 |
Cash at beginning of period | 79,955 |  |  | 86,470 |  |  | 75,495 |
Cash at end of period | $ | 108,669 |  |  | $ | 79,955 |  |  | $ | 86,470 |
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid during the period for interest | $ | 11,650 |  |  | $ | 20,368 |  |  | $ | 10,590 |
Cash paid during the period for taxes, net of refunds | $ | 3,333 |  |  | $ | 3,877 |  |  | $ | 3,285 |
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash activities: |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures included in accounts payable | $ | 4,961 |  |  | $ | 625 |  |  | $ | 1,543 |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities, including those acquired through acquisitions | $ | 16,418 |  |  | $ | 4,789 |  |  | $ | 17,889 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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ICHOR HOLDINGS, LTD.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(dollar figures in tables in thousands, except per share data)

Note 1 – Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Organization and Operations of the Company
Ichor Holdings, Ltd. and Subsidiaries (“we”, “us”, “our”, the “Company”) designs, develops, manufactures, and distributes gas and liquid delivery subsystems and components purchased by capital equipment manufacturers for use in the semiconductor markets. We also provide precision-machined components, weldments, electron beam and laser-welded components, precision vacuum and hydrogen brazing, and surface treatment technologies, and other proprietary products. We are headquartered in Fremont, California and have operations in the United States, the United Kingdom, Singapore, Malaysia, Korea, and Mexico.
On December 30, 2011, Ichor Systems Holdings, LLC consummated a sales transaction with Icicle Acquisition Holdings, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company. Shortly after consummation of the sale transaction, Icicle Acquisition Holdings, LLC changed its name to Ichor Holdings, LLC.
In March 2012, Ichor Holdings, LLC completed a reorganization of its legal structure, forming Ichor Holdings, Ltd., a Cayman Islands entity. Ichor Holdings, Ltd. is now the reporting entity and the ultimate parent company of the operating entities.
Basis of Presentation
These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. (“GAAP”). All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation. All dollar figures presented in tables in the notes to consolidated financial statements are in thousands, except per share amounts.
Year End
We use a 52‑ or 53‑week fiscal year ending on the last Friday in December. The years ended December 27, 2024, December 29, 2023, and December 30, 2022 were each 52 weeks. All references to 2024, 2023, and 2022 are references to the fiscal years then ended.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods presented. We base our estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ from the estimates made by management. Significant estimates include inventory valuation, uncertain tax positions, valuation allowance on deferred tax assets, and impairment analyses for both definite‑lived intangible assets and goodwill.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents consist of deposits and financial instruments which are readily convertible into cash and have original maturities of 90 days or less at the time of acquisition.
Revenue Recognition
We recognize revenue when control of promised goods or services is transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. This amount is recorded as net sales in our consolidated statements of operations.
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Transaction price – In most of our contracts, prices are generally determined by a customer-issued purchase order and generally remain fixed over the duration of the contract. Certain contracts contain variable consideration, including early-payment discounts and rebates. When a contract includes variable consideration, we evaluate the estimate of the variable consideration to determine whether the estimate needs to be constrained; therefore, we include the variable consideration in the transaction price only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal will not occur. Variable consideration estimates are updated at each reporting date. Historically, we have not incurred significant costs to obtain a contract. All amounts billed to a customer relating to shipping and handling are classified as net sales, while all costs incurred by us for shipping and handling are classified as cost of sales.
Performance obligations – Substantially all of our performance obligations pertain to promised goods (“products”), which are primarily comprised of fluid delivery subsystems, weldments, and other components. Most of our contracts contain a single performance obligation and are generally completed within 12 months. Product sales are recognized at a point-in-time, upon "delivery," as such term is defined within the contract, which is generally at the time of shipment, as that is when control of the promised good has transferred. Products are covered by a standard assurance warranty, generally extended for a period of one to two years depending on the customer, which promises that delivered products conform to contract specifications. As such, we account for such warranties under ASC 460, Guarantees, and not as a separate performance obligation.
Contract balances – Accounts receivable represents our unconditional right to receive consideration from our customers. Accounts receivable are carried at invoice price less an estimate for doubtful accounts and estimated payment discounts. Payment terms vary by customer but are generally due within 15 to 60 days. Historically, we have not incurred significant payment issues with our customers. We had no significant contract assets or liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets in any of the periods presented.
Commitments and Contingencies
We are periodically involved in legal actions and claims that arise as a result of events that occur in the normal course of operations. The ultimate resolution of these actions is not expected to have a material adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations.
We periodically enter into contractual arrangements with third parties that include indemnification obligations. Under these agreements, we may be required to indemnify, hold harmless, and reimburse the indemnified parties for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party for third party claims. These claims may arise from our breach of the agreement, our negligence or willful misconduct in connection with the agreement, or from any claims related to trade secret, copyright, patent, or other intellectual property infringement with respect to our products. The maximum potential amount of future payments under these indemnification obligations is difficult to determine or reasonably estimate due to the varying terms of these obligations, the absence of a history of prior indemnification claims, the unique facts and circumstances surrounding each contractual arrangement, and the contingency of potential liabilities, which depend on events that are not reasonably determinable. We do not expect the potential indemnification obligations to have a material adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations.
Concentrations
Financial instruments that subject us to concentration risk consist of accounts receivable, accounts payable, and long-term debt. At December 27, 2024 and December 29, 2023, four and three customers (with each single customer representing 10% or more of the balance of accounts receivable) represented, in the aggregate, approximately 77% and 63%, respectively, of the balance of accounts receivable.
We establish an allowance for doubtful accounts based upon the credit risk of specific customers, historical trends, and other information. We require collateral, typically cash, in the normal course of business if customers do not meet the criteria established for offering credit. If the financial condition of our customers were to deteriorate and result in an impaired ability to make payments, additions to the allowance may be required. Accounts receivable are written off when deemed uncollectible. Recoveries of accounts receivable previously written off are recorded to income when received. Activity and balances related to our allowance for doubtful accounts was not significant during any period presented.
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We use qualified manufacturers to supply many components and subassemblies of our products. We obtain the majority of our components from a limited group of suppliers. A majority of the purchased components used in our products are customer specified. An interruption in the supply of a particular component would have a temporary adverse impact on our operating results.
We maintain cash balances at global systematically important banks ("G-SIBs") in both United States and internationally. Cash balances in the United States exceed amounts that are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC"). The majority of the cash maintained in foreign-based commercial banks is insured by the government where the foreign banking institutions are based. Cash held in foreign-based commercial banks totaled $47.1 million and $59.7 million at December 27, 2024 and December 29, 2023, respectively, and at times exceeds insured amounts. No losses have been incurred as of December 27, 2024 or December 29, 2023 for amounts exceeding the insured limits.
Fair Value Measurements
We estimate the fair value of financial assets and liabilities based upon comparison of such assets and liabilities to the current market values for instruments of a similar nature and degree of risk. We utilize valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible. We determine fair value based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability in the principal or most advantageous market. When considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, the following fair value hierarchy distinguishes between observable and unobservable inputs, which are categorized in one of the following levels:
▪Level 1 Inputs: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities accessible to the reporting entity at the measurement date
▪Level 2 Inputs: Other than quoted prices included in Level 1 inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability
▪Level 3 Inputs: Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available, thereby allowing for situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at the measurement date
There were no changes to our valuation techniques during 2024. We estimate the recorded value of our financial assets and liabilities approximates fair value as of December 27, 2024 and December 29, 2023.
The carrying values of financial instruments including cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate their fair values due to their short-term maturities. The carrying value of amounts borrowed under our credit facilities approximate their fair values because the interest rates on these borrowings are floating.
We estimate the value of acquired intangible assets, on a nonrecurring basis, based on an income approach utilizing discounted cash flows. Under this approach, we estimate the future cash flows from our asset groups and discount the income stream to its present value to arrive at fair value. Future cash flows are based on recently prepared operating forecasts. Operating forecasts and cash flows include, among other things, revenue growth rates that are calculated based on management’s forecasted sales projections. A discount rate is utilized to convert the forecasted cash flows to their present value equivalent. The discount rate applied to the future cash flows includes a subject-company risk premium, an equity market risk premium, a beta, and a risk-free rate. As this approach contains unobservable inputs, the measurement of fair value for intangible assets is classified as Level 3.
Inventories
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The majority of our inventories are valued on a standard cost basis, which approximates actual costs on a first-in, first-out basis. The remainder of our inventories are valued on an average cost basis, which approximates actual costs on a first-in, first-out basis. Quarterly, we assess the value of our inventory and periodically write it down for excess quantities or obsolescence to its estimated net realizable value. This assessment is based on estimated future consumption compared to inventory quantities on-hand. The estimate for future consumption is based on how assumptions of historical consumption, recency of purchases, backlog, and other factors indicate future consumption. Once the value of inventory is adjusted, the original cost of our inventory, less the write-down, represents its new cost basis.
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Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives:

| Estimated useful lives of property & equipment
Machinery | 5-10 years
Leasehold improvements | 10 years
Computer software, hardware, and equipment | 3-5 years
Office furniture, fixtures, and equipment | 5-7 years
Vehicles | 5 years

Maintenance and repairs that neither add material value to the asset nor appreciably prolong its useful life are charged to expense as incurred. Gains or losses on the disposal of property and equipment are included in selling, general, and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of operations.
Leases
We determine if an arrangement is a lease, or contains a lease, at the inception of the arrangement. If we determine the arrangement is a lease, or contains a lease, at lease inception, we then determine whether the lease is an operating lease or a finance lease. Operating and finance leases result in recording a right-of-use (“ROU”) asset and lease liability on our consolidated balance sheets. ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. For purposes of calculating operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities, we use the non-cancellable lease term plus options to extend that we are reasonably certain to take. Lease expense for operating lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Our leases generally do not provide an implicit rate. As such, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. This rate is generally consistent with the interest rate we pay on borrowings under our credit facilities, as this rate approximates our collateralized borrowing capabilities over a similar term of lease payments. We utilize the consolidated group incremental borrowing rate for all leases, as we have centralized treasury operations. We have elected not to recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities that arise from short-term (12 months or less) leases for any class of underlying asset. We have elected not to separate lease and non-lease components for any class of underlying asset.
Intangible Assets
We account for intangible assets that have a definite life and are amortized on a basis consistent with their expected cash flows over the following estimated useful lives:

| Estimated useful lives of intangible assets
Customer relationships | 6-10 years
Developed technology | 10 years

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Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
Long-lived assets, which include property and equipment, ROU assets and amortizable intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate, in management’s judgment, that the carrying amount of an asset (or asset group) may not be recoverable. In analyzing potential impairments, projections of future cash flows from the asset group are used to estimate fair value. If the sum of the expected future undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the asset group, a loss is recognized for the difference between the estimated fair value and the carrying value of the asset group. During 2024, 2023, and 2022, we did not identify any triggering events that would indicate impairment.
Goodwill
Goodwill represents the future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired in a business combination that are not individually identified and separately recognized. We review goodwill for impairment annually and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of goodwill may not be recoverable. We first make a qualitative assessment of whether it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying amount before applying a quantitative goodwill impairment test. Under the quantitative test, the fair value of the reporting unit is compared to its carrying value and an impairment loss is recognized for any excess of carrying amount over the reporting unit’s fair value. Fair value of the reporting unit is determined using a discounted cash flow analysis. For purposes of testing goodwill for impairment, we have concluded that we operate as one reporting unit.
We performed a qualitative goodwill assessment at December 27, 2024 and December 29, 2023. This assessment indicated that it was more likely than not our reporting unit’s fair value exceeded its carrying value.
Research and Development Costs
Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.
Income Taxes
We recognize deferred income taxes using the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under the asset and liability method, deferred income taxes are recognized for differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities at enacted statutory tax rates in effect for the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.
When tax returns are filed, it is highly certain that some positions taken would be sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities, while others may be subject to uncertainty about the merits of the position taken or the amount of the position that would be ultimately sustained. The benefit of a tax position is recognized in the consolidated financial statements in the period during which, based on all available evidence, management believes it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including the resolution of appeals or litigation processes, if any. Tax positions taken are not offset or aggregated with other positions. Tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold are measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement with the applicable taxing authority. The portion of the benefits associated with tax positions taken that exceeds the amount measured as described above is reflected as a liability for unrecognized tax benefits in our consolidated balance sheets along with any associated interest and penalties that would be payable to the taxing authorities upon examination. We recognize interest and penalties as a component of income tax expense.
Foreign Operations
The functional currency of our international operations is the U.S. dollar. Transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency generate foreign exchange gains and losses that are included in other expense (income), net on our consolidated statements of operations. Substantially all of our sales contracts, and most of our agreements with third-party suppliers, provide for pricing and payment in U.S. dollars. Accordingly, these transactions are not subject to material exchange rate fluctuations.
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Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (Topic 280). This ASU updates reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant expenses. The ASU requires disclosures to include significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (CODM), a description of other segment items by reportable segment, and any additional measures of a segment's profit or loss used by the CODM when deciding how to allocate resources. The ASU also requires all annual disclosures currently required by Topic 280 to be included in interim periods. The update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption p ermitted and requires retrospective application to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. We adopted this standard in the fourth quarter of 2024 for the annual period ended December 27, 2024, and it did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. The standard is effective for our interim periods beginning in 2025.
Accounting Pronouncements Recently Issued
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (Topic 740). The ASU is intended to enhance the transparency, decision usefulness, and effectiveness of income tax disclosures. The ASU requires a public entity to disclose a tabular tax rate reconciliation, using both percentages and currency, with specific categories. The ASU also requires a public entity to provide a qualitative description of the states and local income tax category and the net amount of income taxes paid, disaggregated by federal, state, and foreign taxes as well as by individual jurisdictions. The ASU is effective on a prospective basis for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, and early adoption and retrospective application are permitted. We are currently evaluating the effect that the adoption of this ASU may have on our consolidated financial statements.
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (Subtopic 220-40). The ASU requires disaggregation of certain expense captions into specified natural expense categories in the disclosures within the notes to the financial statements. In addition, it requires disclosure of selling expenses and its definition. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The guidance can be applied either prospectively or retrospectively. We are currently evaluating the effect that the adoption of this ASU may have on our consolidated financial statements.

Note 2 – Inventories

Inventories consist of the following:

| December 27, 2024 |  | December 29, 2023
Raw materials | $ | 197,975 |  |  | $ | 190,027 |
Work in process | 45,075 |  |  | 36,849 |
Finished goods | 43,445 |  |  | 47,449 |
Excess and obsolete adjustment | (36,393) |  |  | (28,440) |
Total inventories | $ | 250,102 |  |  | $ | 245,885 |

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The following table presents changes to our excess and obsolete adjustment:

| Excess and obsolete adjustment
Balance at December 31, 2021 | $ | (14,051) |
Charge to cost of sales | (4,981) |
Disposition of inventory | 1,489 |
Balance at December 30, 2022 | (17,543) |
Charge to cost of sales | (9,784) |
Disposition of inventory | (1,113) |
Balance at December 29, 2023 | (28,440) |
Charge to cost of sales | (8,584) |
Disposition of inventory | 631 |
Balance at December 27, 2024 | $ | (36,393) |

Note 3 – Property and Equipment

Property and equipment consist of the following:

| December 27, 2024 |  | December 29, 2023
Machinery | $ | 123,509 |  |  | $ | 113,529 |
Leasehold improvements | 48,487 |  |  | 46,129 |
Computer software, hardware, and equipment | 8,707 |  |  | 10,316 |
Office furniture, fixtures, and equipment | 1,593 |  |  | 1,320 |
Vehicles | 395 |  |  | 396 |
Construction-in-process | 12,612 |  |  | 4,216 |
| 195,303 |  |  | 175,906 |
Less accumulated depreciation | (100,436) |  |  | (83,151) |
Total property and equipment, net | $ | 94,867 |  |  | $ | 92,755 |

Depreciation expense for 2024, 2023, and 2022 was $21.0 million, $18.8 million, and $17.2 million, respectively.
Cloud Computing Implementation Costs
The Company incurs costs to implement cloud computing arrangements that are service contracts. In accordance with ASC 350-40, Goodwill and other, Internal-Use Software, for cloud computing arrangements that meet the definition of a service contract, we capitalize qualifying implementation costs incurred during the application development stage which are recorded in other non-current assets. To-date, these costs are those incurred to implement a new company-wide ERP system. The balance of capitalized cloud computing implementation costs, net of accumulated amortization, was $11.2 million and $8.1 million as of December 27, 2024 and December 29, 2023, respectively, and is included in other non-current assets on our consolidated balance sheets. The related amortization expense was $1.2 million, $1.1 million, and $0.9 million during 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively, and is included in selling, general, and administrative expense on our consolidated statements of operations.
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Note 4 – Intangible Assets and Goodwill

Definite-lived intangible assets consist of the following:

| December 27, 2024
| Gross value |  | Accumulated amortization |  | Accumulated impairment charges |  | Carrying amount |  | Weighted average useful life
Customer relationships | $ | 73,142 |  |  | $ | (28,779) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 44,363 |  |  | 9.9 years
Developed technology | 11,047 |  |  | (6,694) |  |  | — |  |  | 4,353 |  |  | 10.0 years
Total intangible assets | $ | 84,189 |  |  | $ | (35,473) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 48,716 |  |  |

| December 29, 2023
| Gross value |  | Accumulated amortization |  | Accumulated impairment charges |  | Carrying amount |  | Weighted average useful life
Customer relationships | $ | 105,542 |  |  | $ | (53,680) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 51,862 |  |  | 8.7 years
Developed technology | 11,047 |  |  | (5,621) |  |  | — |  |  | 5,426 |  |  | 10.0 years
Total intangible assets | $ | 116,589 |  |  | $ | (59,301) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 57,288 |  |  |

Future projected annual amortization expense consists of the following:

| Future amortization expense
2025 | $ | 8,312 |
2026 | 7,729 |
2027 | 7,289 |
2028 | 7,055 |
2029 | 6,579 |
Thereafter | 11,752 |
| $ | 48,716 |

The following tables present the changes to goodwill:

| Goodwill
Balance at December 31, 2021 | $ | 335,902 |
Acquisitions | (500) |
Balance at December 30, 2022 | 335,402 |
Acquisitions | — |
Balance at December 29, 2023 | 335,402 |
Acquisitions | — |
Balance at December 27, 2024 | $ | 335,402 |

Note 5 – Leases

We lease facilities under various non-cancellable operating leases expiring through 2037. In addition to base rental payments, we are generally responsible for our proportionate share of operating expenses, including facility maintenance, insurance, and property taxes. As these amounts are variable, they are not included in lease liabilities. As of December 27, 2024, we had no operating leases executed for which the rental period had not yet commenced.
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The components of lease expense are as follows:

| Year Ended
| December 27, 2024 |  | December 29, 2023 |  | December 30, 2022
Operating lease cost | $ | 10,009 |  |  | $ | 9,656 |  |  | $ | 8,760 |

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases is as follows:

| Year Ended
| December 27, 2024 |  | December 29, 2023 |  | December 30, 2022
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Operating cash flows from operating leases | $ | 9,834 |  |  | $ | 9,494 |  |  | $ | 8,164 |

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases is as follows:

| December 27, 2024 |  | December 29, 2023
Weighted-average remaining lease term of operating leases | 6.1 years |  | 4.6 years
Weighted-average discount rate of operating leases | 4.7% |  | 3.4%

Future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable leases as of December 27, 2024 are as follows:

2025 | $ | 11,494 |
2026 | 11,097 |
2027 | 10,232 |
2028 | 5,619 |
2029 | 3,170 |
Thereafter | 12,268 |
Total future minimum lease payments | 53,880 |
Less imputed interest | (8,197) |
Total lease liabilities | 45,683 |
Less current portion | (11,494) |
Total lease Liabilities, less current portion | $ | 34,189 |

Note 6 – Income Taxes

Income (loss) before tax was as follows:

| Year Ended
| December 27, 2024 |  | December 29, 2023 |  | December 30, 2022
United States | $ | (58,245) |  |  | $ | (69,040) |  |  | $ | (353) |
Foreign | 40,191 |  |  | 37,962 |  |  | 75,683 |
Income (loss) before tax | $ | (18,054) |  |  | $ | (31,078) |  |  | $ | 75,330 |

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Significant components of income tax expense consist of the following:

| Year Ended
| December 27, 2024 |  | December 29, 2023 |  | December 30, 2022
Current: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | (115) |  |  | $ | (56) |  |  | $ | 1,605 |
State | 585 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 912 |
Foreign | 3,078 |  |  | 2,633 |  |  | 3,224 |
Total current tax expense | 3,548 |  |  | 2,593 |  |  | 5,741 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | 326 |  |  | 8,471 |  |  | (2,604) |
State | 62 |  |  | 1,529 |  |  | (45) |
Foreign | (1,170) |  |  | (686) |  |  | (566) |
Total deferred tax expense (benefit) | (782) |  |  | 9,314 |  |  | (3,215) |
Income tax expense | $ | 2,766 |  |  | $ | 11,907 |  |  | $ | 2,526 |

The reconciliation of income tax computed at the U.S. federal statutory tax rates to income tax expense consist of the following:

| Year Ended
| December 27, 2024 |  | December 29, 2023 |  | December 30, 2022
Effective rate reconciliation: |  |  |  |  |
U.S. federal tax expense | $ | (3,791) |  |  | $ | (6,527) |  |  | $ | 15,819 |
State income taxes, net | (781) |  |  | (1,713) |  |  | 752 |
Permanent items | 1,508 |  |  | 928 |  |  | 248 |
Foreign rate differential | (745) |  |  | (1,190) |  |  | (2,595) |
Tax holiday | (7,078) |  |  | (4,962) |  |  | (11,676) |
Credits | (1,683) |  |  | (1,661) |  |  | (1,882) |
Tax contingencies | 475 |  |  | (331) |  |  | 462 |
Share-based compensation | (441) |  |  | (122) |  |  | 166 |
Withholding tax | 815 |  |  | 717 |  |  | 1,170 |
Other, net | 244 |  |  | (763) |  |  | 112 |
Valuation allowance | 14,243 |  |  | 27,531 |  |  | (50) |
Income tax expense | $ | 2,766 |  |  | $ | 11,907 |  |  | $ | 2,526 |

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Deferred income tax assets and liabilities consist of the following:

| December 27, 2024 |  | December 29, 2023
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
Inventory | $ | 8,701 |  |  | $ | 7,962 |
Share-based compensation | 3,103 |  |  | 3,563 |
Accrued payroll | 1,580 |  |  | 1,306 |
Net operating loss carryforwards | 16,817 |  |  | 8,092 |
Tax credits | 6,678 |  |  | 4,987 |
Interest carryforwards | 6,298 |  |  | 4,099 |
Capitalized research expenses | 9,838 |  |  | 7,096 |
Intercompany interest | 2,906 |  |  | 2,758 |
Operating lease liabilities | 11,140 |  |  | 9,379 |
Other assets | 534 |  |  | 663 |
Deferred tax assets | 67,595 |  |  | 49,905 |
Valuation allowance | (42,281) |  |  | (28,038) |
Total deferred tax assets | 25,314 |  |  | 21,867 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
Intangible assets | (5,438) |  |  | (3,631) |
Property, plant and equipment | (5,851) |  |  | (6,743) |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | (10,890) |  |  | (9,149) |
Other liabilities | (374) |  |  | (365) |
Total deferred tax liabilities | (22,553) |  |  | (19,888) |
Net deferred tax asset | $ | 2,761 |  |  | $ | 1,979 |

At December 27, 2024, we had federal, state, and foreign net operating loss carryforwards ("NOLs") of $66.1 million, $42.4 million and $2.0 million, respectively. The federal NOLs carry forward indefinitely. The state and foreign NOLs, if not utilized, will begin to expire in 2028 and 2034, respectively. At December 27, 2024, we had federal and state research and development credits of $2.5 million and $0.3 million, respectively, which, if not utilized, will begin to expire in 2042 and 2029, respectively. At December 27, 2024, we had foreign tax credits of $2.1 million, which, if not utilized, will begin to expire in 2032.
We have determined the amount of our valuation allowance based on our estimates of taxable income by jurisdiction in which we operate over the periods in which the related deferred tax assets will be recoverable. As of December 27, 2024, we believe it is not more-likely-than-not that our U.S. entities will generate sufficient taxable income to offset reversing deductible timing differences and to fully utilize carryforward tax attributes. Accordingly, we have recorded a valuation allowance against U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets, net of deferred tax liabilities related to indefinite-lived intangible assets for which no future realization can be expected.
We were granted a tax holiday for our Singapore operations, which expires in 2026. The net impact of the tax holiday in Singapore as compared to the Singapore statutory rate was a benefit of $7.1 million, $5.0 million, and $11.7 million during 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. Our income tax fluctuates based on the geographic mix of earnings and is calculated quarterly based on actual results pursuant to ASC Topic 740‑270.
We recognize tax benefits from uncertain tax positions when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination. As of December 27, 2024, we had reserves of $3.3 million related to these uncertain tax positions, which are included in the balance of other non-current liabilities on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. If recognized, $1.5 million of this amount would impact our effective tax rate. We expect a decrease to this reserve of $0.2 million over the next 12 months.
We recognize estimated accrued interest and penalties related to these unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. In 2024, we recognized a net increase of $0.2 million in estimated interest and penalties. At December 27, 2024, we had approximately zero and $0.6 million of accrued estimated interest and penalties, which are excluded from the unrecognized tax benefits table below.
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The following table summarizes the activity related to our unrecognized tax benefits:

| Unrecognized tax benefits
Balance at December 31, 2021 | $ | 2,995 |
Increase related to current year tax positions | 689 |
Decrease in tax positions related to lapse of statute of limitations | (89) |
Balance at December 30, 2022 | 3,595 |
Increase related to current year tax positions | 488 |
Decrease in tax positions related to lapse of statute of limitations | (10) |
Decrease in tax positions related to settlements | (916) |
Balance at December 29, 2023 | 3,157 |
Increase related to current year tax positions | 435 |
Decrease in tax positions related to lapse of statute of limitations | (336) |
Balance at December 27, 2024 | $ | 3,256 |

We assert indefinite reinvestment of our U.S. and Netherlands unremitted earnings. With regard to these unremitted earnings, we have not, nor do we anticipate the need to repatriate funds from the U.S. to the Netherlands or from the Netherlands to the Cayman entity to satisfy liquidity needs. Determination of the amount of unrecognized withholding tax liability related to the indefinitely reinvested earnings is not practicable.
Our three major filing jurisdictions are the United States, Singapore, and Malaysia. We are no longer subject to U.S. Federal examination for tax years ending before 2021, to state examinations before 2020, or to foreign examinations before 2020. However, to the extent allowed by law, the tax authorities may have the right to examine prior periods where net operating losses or tax credits were generated and carried forward, and make adjustments up to the amount of the net operating losses or credit carryforward. As of December 27, 2024, we were under examination by the California tax authorities for fiscal years 2020-2022.

Note 7 – Employee Benefit Programs

401(k) Plan
We sponsor a 401(k) plan available to employees of our U.S.‑based subsidiaries. Participants may make salary deferral contributions not to exceed 50% of a participant’s annual compensation or the maximum amount otherwise allowed by law. Eligible employees receive a discretionary matching contribution equal to 50% of a participant’s deferral, up to an annual maximum of 4% of a participant’s annual compensation. For 2024, 2023, and 2022, matching contributions were $2.6 million, $2.7 million, and $3.0 million, respectively.

Note 8 – Long-Term Debt

Long-term debt consists of the following:

| December 27, 2024 |  | December 29, 2023
Term loan | $ | 129,375 |  |  | $ | 135,000 |
Revolving credit facility | — |  |  | 115,000 |
Total principal amount of long-term debt | 129,375 |  |  | 250,000 |
Less unamortized debt issuance costs | (852) |  |  | (1,317) |
Total long-term debt, net | 128,523 |  |  | 248,683 |
Less current portion | (7,500) |  |  | (7,500) |
Total long-term debt, less current portion, net | $ | 121,023 |  |  | $ | 241,183 |

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Maturities of long-term debt consist of the following:

2025 | $ | 7,500 |
2026 | 121,875 |
Total | $ | 129,375 |

The weighted average interest rate across our credit facilities was 7.31%, 6.80%, and 3.37% during 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.
On October 29, 2021, we entered into an amended and restated credit agreement, which includes a group of financial institutions as direct lenders underlying the agreement that was subsequently amended on September 30, 2024 (the "credit agreement"). The credit agreement includes a $150.0 million term loan facility and a $250.0 million revolving credit facility (together, “credit facilities”). Term loan payments of $1.9 million are due on a quarterly basis. The credit agreement matures on October 29, 2026.
Our credit agreement is secured by our tangible and intangible assets and includes customary representations, warranties, and covenants. We are required to maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.25 : 1 and a maximum leverage ratio of 3.50 : 1.
Interest is charged at either the Base Rate or SOFR (as such terms are defined in the credit agreement) at our option, plus an applicable margin. The Base Rate is equal to the higher of i) the Prime Rate, ii) the Federal Funds Rate plus 0.5%, or iii) SOFR plus 1.00%. The applicable margin on Base Rate and SOFR loans is 0.375‑1.375% and 1.375‑2.375% per annum, respectively, depending on our leverage ratio, which is based on trailing 12‑month EBITDA, as defined in our credit agreement. We are also charged a commitment fee of 0.175-0.350%, depending on our leverage ratio, on the unused portion of our revolving credit facility. Base Rate interest payments and commitment fees are due quarterly. SOFR rate interest payments are due on the last day of the applicable interest period, or quarterly for applicable interest periods longer than three months. At December 27, 2024, our credit facilities bore interest under the SOFR option of 6.56%.
Prior to September 30, 2024, the variable, or floating, portion of our borrowing rate was based on BSBY instead of SOFR.

Note 9 – Share-Based Compensation

2016 Plan
In December 30, 2016, we adopted the 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan (“the 2016 Plan”). The 2016 Plan provides for grants of share‑based awards to employees, directors, and consultants. Under the 2016 Plan, 1,888,000 ordinary shares were reserved for issuance. The number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2016 Plan increases annually beginning in fiscal year 2018 by the lesser of (i) 2% of the ordinary shares outstanding on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year or (ii) such amount determined by our Board of Directors. Awards may be in the form of share call options (“options”), restricted share units (“RSUs”), and other share‑based awards. Forfeited or expired awards are returned to the incentive plan pool for future grants.
Share‑based compensation expense across all plans for options, RSUs, and employee share purchase rights was $15.6 million, $17.3 million, and $13.9 million during 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.
Stock Options
Options are valued based on the Black-Scholes-Merton model on the date of grant. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury rates in effect on the date of grant. Estimated volatility is based on the historical volatility of our ordinary shares. Options generally vest over 4 years, with 25% vesting on the first grant-date anniversary and the remaining vesting on a quarterly basis over the remaining 3 years. Options granted under the 2016 Plan have a contractual term of 7 years.
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The following table summarizes option activity:

| Number of Stock Options |  |  |  |  |  |
| Service condition |  | Weighted average exercise price per share |  | Weighted average remaining contractual term |  | Aggregate intrinsic value
Outstanding, December 29, 2023 | 582,163 |  | $ | 24.36 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | (216,439) |  | $ | 24.49 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited or expired | (639) |  | $ | 21.76 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding, December 27, 2024 | 365,085 |  | $ | 24.28 |  |  | 1.1 years |  | $ | 2,623 |
Exercisable, December 27, 2024 | 365,085 |  | $ | 24.28 |  |  | 1.1 years |  | $ | 2,623 |

The intrinsic value of options exercised are as follows:

| Year Ended
| December 27, 2024 |  | December 29, 2023 |  | December 30, 2022
Total intrinsic value of options exercised | $ | 3,276 |  |  | $ | 3,041 |  |  | $ | 1,232 |

At December 27, 2024, there was no unrecognized share-based compensation expense relating to options.
Restricted Share Units
RSUs are valued based on the closing market price of our ordinary shares on the date of grant. RSUs that vest pursuant to a service condition generally vest over 4 years, with 25% vesting on the first grant-date anniversary and the remaining vesting on a quarterly basis over the remaining 3 years. RSUs that vest pursuant to a performance condition are generally earned over 3 years, depending on the achievement of certain financial and non-financial targets, and vest on or around the third grant-date anniversary. RSUs that vest pursuant to a market condition are valued based on a Monte Carlo simulation model and generally earned over 3 years based on a relative total shareholder return model and vest on or around the third grant-date anniversary. Upon vesting of RSUs, employees may elect to have shares withheld to cover statutory minimum withholding taxes. Shares withheld are not reflected as an issuance of ordinary shares within our consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity, as the shares were never issued, and the associated tax payments are reflected as financing activities within our consolidated statements of cash flows.
The following table summarizes RSU activity:

| Number of RSUs |  |
| Service condition |  | Performance condition |  | Market condition |  | Weighted average grant-date fair value per share
Unvested, December 29, 2023 | 1,088,083 |  | 97,299 |  | 171,101 |  | $ | 30.37 |
Granted | 455,023 |  | 100,941 |  | 62,776 |  | $ | 39.61 |
Vested | (432,280) |  | (6,609) |  | (8,617) |  | $ | 31.68 |
Forfeited | (79,371) |  | (13,021) |  | (23,419) |  | $ | 30.36 |
Unvested, December 27, 2024 | 1,031,455 |  | 178,610 |  | 201,841 |  | $ | 33.92 |

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Fair value information for RSUs granted and vested is as follows:

| Year Ended
| December 27, 2024 |  | December 29, 2023 |  | December 30, 2022
Weighted average grant-date fair value per share of RSUs granted | $ | 39.61 |  |  | $ | 30.70 |  |  | $ | 27.24 |
Total grant-date fair value of shares vested | $ | 14,177 |  |  | $ | 11,550 |  |  | $ | 9,644 |

At December 27, 2024, total unrecognized share-based compensation expense relating to RSUs was $34.8 million, with a weighted average remaining service period of 2.5 years.
2017 ESPP
In May 2017, we adopted the 2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2017 ESPP”). The 2017 ESPP grants employees the ability to designate a portion of their base-pay to purchase ordinary shares at a price equal to 85% of the fair market value of our ordinary shares on the first or last day of each 6 month purchase period. Purchase periods begin on January 1 or July 1 and end on June 30 or December 31, or the next business day if such date is not a business day. Shares are purchased on the last day of the purchase period. As of December 27, 2024, 2.1 million ordinary shares remained eligible for issuance under the 2017 ESPP.
The table below sets forth the weighted average assumptions used to measure the fair value of 2017 ESPP rights:

| Year Ended
| December 27, 2024 |  | December 29, 2023 |  | December 30, 2022
Weighted average expected term | 0.5 years |  | 0.5 years |  | 0.5 years
Risk-free interest rate | 5.3% |  | 5.1% |  | 1.4%
Dividend yield | 0.0% |  | 0.0% |  | 0.0%
Volatility | 60.4% |  | 63.4% |  | 63.8%

We recognize share-based compensation expense associated with the 2017 ESPP over the duration of the purchase period. We recognized $1.0 million, $0.9 million, and $1.0 million of share-based compensation expense associated with the 2017 ESPP during 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. At December 27, 2024, there was no unrecognized share-based compensation expense related to the 2017 ESPP.

Note 10 – Segment Information

We operate as a single business operating segment, which includes all activities related to the design, engineering, and manufacturing of critical fluid delivery subsystems and components for semiconductor capital equipment. Accordingly, we report as one reportable segment. The determination of a single business operating segment is consistent with the consolidated financial information regularly provided to our chief operating decision maker (“CODM”). The consolidated financial information provided to our CODM does not contain significant disaggregated expenses outside of what is already disclosed in our statements of operations and notes thereto included in these consolidated financial statements. Our CODM is our Chief Executive Officer, and the CODM reviews and evaluates consolidated net income for purposes of assessing performance, making operating decisions, allocating resources, and planning and forecasting for future periods.
Foreign operations are conducted primarily through our wholly owned subsidiaries in Singapore and Malaysia, and to a lesser degree, Scotland, Korea, and Mexico. Our principal markets include North America, Asia, and to a lesser degree, Europe.
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The following table sets forth sales by geographic area, which represents sales to unaffiliated customers based upon the location to which the products were shipped:

| Year Ended
| December 27, 2024 |  | December 29, 2023 |  | December 30, 2022
Singapore | $ | 353,219 |  |  | $ | 318,790 |  |  | $ | 460,569 |
United States of America | 268,946 |  |  | 281,298 |  |  | 572,129 |
Europe | 98,855 |  |  | 116,316 |  |  | 109,547 |
Other | 128,020 |  |  | 94,716 |  |  | 137,824 |
Total net sales | $ | 849,040 |  |  | $ | 811,120 |  |  | $ | 1,280,069 |

The following table sets forth our major customers with 10% or more of sales, which comprised 73%, 82%, and 79% of net sales in 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively:

| Year Ended
| December 27, 2024 |  | December 29, 2023 |  | December 30, 2022
Lam Research | $ | 319,099 |  |  | $ | 286,836 |  |  | $ | 616,391 |
Applied Materials | $ | 300,263 |  |  | $ | 295,082 |  |  | $ | 396,261 |
ASML (1) | — |  | $ | 85,589 |  |  | —

(1)ASML did not represent 10% or more of sales in 2024 and 2022.
Foreign long-lived assets, exclusive of deferred tax assets, were $62.5 million and $48.2 million at December 27, 2024 and December 29, 2023, respectively.

Note 11 – Earnings per Share

The following table sets forth the computation of our basic and diluted net income (loss) per share and a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator used in the calculation:

| Year Ended
| December 27, 2024 |  | December 29, 2023 |  | December 30, 2022
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | (20,820) |  |  | $ | (42,985) |  |  | $ | 72,804 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |
Basic weighted average ordinary shares outstanding | 32,759,896 |  | 29,200,796 |  | 28,714,550
Dilutive effect of options | — |  |  | — |  |  | 165,855
Dilutive effect of RSUs | — |  |  | — |  |  | 74,853
Dilutive effect of ESPP | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,773
Diluted weighted average ordinary shares outstanding | 32,759,896 |  | 29,200,796 |  | 28,963,031
Securities excluded from the calculation of diluted weighted average ordinary shares outstanding (1) | 2,557,000 |  | 2,632,000 |  | 959,000
Earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) per share: |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | (0.64) |  |  | $ | (1.47) |  |  | $ | 2.54 |
Diluted | $ | (0.64) |  |  | $ | (1.47) |  |  | $ | 2.51 |

(1)Represents potentially dilutive options and RSUs that were excluded from the calculation of net income per share, because including them would have been antidilutive under the treasury stock method.
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EXHIBIT INDEX
The following exhibits are filed with this Form 10‑K or are incorporated herein by reference:

Exhibit Number |  | Description of Exhibit
2.1 |  | Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated November 11, 2021, by and among Ichor Systems, Inc., Incline Merger Sub, LLC, IMG Companies, LLC, and Brian J. Miller (solely in his capacity as the Equityholders’ Representative thereunder) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Ichor Holdings, Ltd.’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 16, 2021).
3.1 |  | Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association of Ichor Holdings, Ltd., effective as of May 24, 2022 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Ichor Holdings, Ltd.'s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 24, 2023).
4.1 |  | Description of Securities of Ichor Holdings, Ltd. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Ichor Holdings, Ltd.'s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 24, 2023).
10.1 |  | Second A mended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of October 29, 2021, by and among Icicle Acquisition Holding B.V., Ichor Holdings, LLC, and Ichor Systems, Inc. as borrowers, Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, and the financial institutions party thereto, as lenders (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Ichor Holdings, Ltd.’s Annual Report on Form 10‑K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2022).
10.2* |  | First Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of September 30, 2024, by and among Ichor Systems, Inc., as borrower representative, and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent.
10.3+ |  | Ichor Holdings, Ltd. 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to Ichor Holdings, Ltd.’s Amendment No. 2 to Registration Statement on Form S‑1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 29, 2016).
10.4+ |  | Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to Ichor Holdings, Ltd.’s Amendment No. 2 to Registration Statement on Form S‑1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 29, 2016).
10.5+ |  | Form of Restricted Stock Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to Ichor Holdings, Ltd.’s Amendment No. 2 to Registration Statement on Form S‑1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 29, 2016).
10.6+ |  | Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to Ichor Holdings, Ltd.’s Amendment No. 2 Registration Statement on Form S‑1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 29, 2016).
10.7+ |  | Offer Letter, dated as of January 8, 2013, by and between Ichor Systems, Inc. and Philip Barros (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to Ichor Holdings, Ltd.’s Registration Statement on Form S‑1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 14, 2016).
10.8+ |  | Offer Letter, dated as of September 30, 2015, by and between Ichor Systems, Inc. and Philip Barros (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to Ichor Holdings, Ltd.’s Registration Statement on Form S‑1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 14, 2016).
10.10* |  | Amended and Restated S elect Severance Plan, dated as of November 22, 2024, by and among Ichor Holdings, Ltd. and certain officers and directors party thereto.
10.11+ |  | Offer Letter, dated November 20, 2019, between Ichor Systems, Inc. and Jeffrey Andreson (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to Ichor Holdings, Ltd.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 6, 2020).
10.12+ |  | Letter Agreement, dated December 23, 2021 between Ichor Systems, Inc. and Thomas Rohrs (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to Ichor Holdings, Ltd.’s Annual Report on Form 10‑K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2022).
10.13+ |  | Offer Letter, dated April 24, 2019, between Ichor Systems, Inc. and Christopher Smith (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to Ichor Holdings, Ltd.'s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 23, 2024).
10.14+ |  | Offer Letter, dated November 15, 2022, between Ichor Systems, Inc. and Bruce Ragsdale (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Ichor Holdings, Ltd.’s Current Report on Form 8‑K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 28, 2022).
10.15+ |  | Offer Letter, dated July 6, 2023, between Ichor Systems, Inc. and Gregory F. Swyt (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 10, 2023).
19.1* |  | Ichor Holdings, Ltd. Insider Trading Policy, date d November 9, 2021.

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21.1* |  | List of subsidiaries.
23.1* |  | Consent of KPMG LLP.
31.1* |  | Certifications of Chief Executive Officer of the Company under Rule 13a‑14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2* |  | Certifications of Chief Financial Officer of the Company under Rule 13a‑14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1** |  | Certifications of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002. This certification accompanies this report and shall not, except to the extent required by the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002, be deemed filed for purposes of §18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
32.2** |  | Certifications of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002. This certification accompanies this report and shall not, except to the extent required by the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002, be deemed filed for purposes of §18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
97.1 |  | Ichor Holdings, Ltd. Clawback Polic y (Inc orporate d by reference to Exhibit 97.1 to Ichor Holdings, Ltd.'s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Sec urities and Exchange Commission on February 23, 2024).
101.INS* |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104* |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document contained in Exhibit 101).

_____________________________________________
* Filed herewith
** Furnished herewith
+ A management contract or compensatory arrangement required to be filed as an exhibit pursuant to Item 601 of Regulation S‑K

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Dated: February 21, 2025 | ICHOR HOLDINGS, LTD.
| By: |  | /s/ Jeffrey S. Andreson
|  |  | Jeffrey S. Andreson
|  |  | Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature |  | Name and Title |  | Date
/s/ Jeffrey S. Andreson |  | Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer) |  | February 21, 2025
Jeffrey S. Andreson |  |
/s/ Greg Swyt |  | Chief Financial Officer (Principal Accounting and Financial Officer) |  | February 21, 2025
Greg Swyt |  |
/s/ Thomas M. Rohrs |  | Executive Chairman and Director |  | February 21, 2025
Thomas M. Rohrs |  |
/s/ Iain MacKenzie |  | Lead Independent Director |  | February 21, 2025
Iain MacKenzie |  |
/s/ Marc Haugen |  | Director |  | February 21, 2025
Marc Haugen |  |
/s/ John Kispert |  | Director |  | February 21, 2025
John Kispert
/s/ Laura Black |  | Director |  | February 21, 2025
Laura Black |  |
/s/ Wendy Arienzo |  | Director |  | February 21, 2025
Wendy Arienzo |  |
/s/ Sarah O’Dowd |  | Director |  | February 21, 2025
Sarah O’Dowd
/s/ Jorge Titinger |  | Director |  | February 21, 2025
Jorge Titinger
/s/ Yuval Wasserman |  | Director |  | February 21, 2025
Yuval Wasserman |  |