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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended December 31, 2024

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _____________ to ___________

Commission File Number 001-08462

GRAHAM CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware | 16-1194720
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
20 Florence Avenue, Batavia, New York | 14020
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)

585-343-2216

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, Par Value $0.10 Per Share |  | GHM |  | NYSE

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Accelerated filer | ☒
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☒
Emerging growth company | ☐ |  |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes ☐ No ☒

As of February 6, 2025, there were outstanding 10,902,937 shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.10 per share.

Graham Corporation and Subsidiaries

Index to Form 10-Q

As of December 31, 2024 and March 31, 2024 and for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

|  | Page
Part I. | FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 3
Item 2. | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 19
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 29
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 30
Part II. | OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 31
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 31
Item 6. | Exhibits | 32
Signatures | 33

2

GRAHAM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

FORM 10-Q

DECEMBER 31, 2024

PART I – FINANCI AL INFORMATION

Item 1. Unaudited Condensed Con solidated Financial Statements

GRAHAM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS O F OPERATIONS

(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)

(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Nine Months Ended |
|  | December 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Net sales |  | $ | 47,037 |  |  | $ | 43,818 |  |  | $ | 150,551 |  |  | $ | 136,463 |
Cost of products sold |  |  | 35,351 |  |  |  | 34,095 |  |  |  | 113,698 |  |  |  | 108,572 |
Gross profit |  |  | 11,686 |  |  |  | 9,723 |  |  |  | 36,853 |  |  |  | 27,891 |
Other operating expenses and income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative |  |  | 9,260 |  |  |  | 8,429 |  |  |  | 26,821 |  |  |  | 21,563 |
Selling, general and administrative – amortization |  |  | 436 |  |  |  | 383 |  |  |  | 1,309 |  |  |  | 930 |
Other operating income |  |  | (220 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (946 | ) |  |  | — |
Operating income |  |  | 2,210 |  |  |  | 911 |  |  |  | 9,669 |  |  |  | 5,398 |
Loss on extinguishment of debt |  |  | — |  |  |  | 726 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 726 |
Other expense, net |  |  | 91 |  |  |  | 93 |  |  |  | 273 |  |  |  | 280 |
Interest (income) expense, net |  |  | (128 | ) |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | (442 | ) |  |  | 277 |
Income before provision (benefit) for income taxes |  |  | 2,247 |  |  |  | 55 |  |  |  | 9,838 |  |  |  | 4,115 |
Provision (benefit) for income taxes |  |  | 659 |  |  |  | (110 | ) |  |  | 2,003 |  |  |  | 899 |
Net income |  | $ | 1,588 |  |  | $ | 165 |  |  | $ | 7,835 |  |  | $ | 3,216 |
Per share data |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 0.15 |  |  | $ | 0.02 |  |  | $ | 0.72 |  |  | $ | 0.30 |
Diluted: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 0.14 |  |  | $ | 0.02 |  |  | $ | 0.71 |  |  | $ | 0.30 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  | 10,890 |  |  |  | 10,775 |  |  |  | 10,880 |  |  |  | 10,709 |
Diluted |  |  | 11,057 |  |  |  | 10,920 |  |  |  | 11,016 |  |  |  | 10,792 |

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

3

GRAHAM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEM ENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(Dollar amounts in thousands)

(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Nine Months Ended |
|  | December 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Net income |  | $ | 1,588 |  |  | $ | 165 |  |  | $ | 7,835 |  |  | $ | 3,216 |
Other comprehensive (expense) income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  | (208 | ) |  |  | 137 |  |  |  | (105 | ) |  |  | (173 | )
Defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans net of income tax expense of $45 and $47 for the three months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $135 and $140 for the nine months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively |  |  | 151 |  |  |  | 164 |  |  |  | 451 |  |  |  | 492 |
Total other comprehensive (expense) income |  |  | (57 | ) |  |  | 301 |  |  |  | 346 |  |  |  | 319 |
Total comprehensive income |  | $ | 1,531 |  |  | $ | 466 |  |  | $ | 8,181 |  |  | $ | 3,535 |

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

4

GRAHAM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)

(Unaudited)

|  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | March 31, 2024 |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 30,046 |  |  | $ | 16,939 |
Trade accounts receivable, net of allowances ($402 and $79 at December 31 and March 31, 2024, respectively) |  |  | 34,951 |  |  |  | 44,400 |
Unbilled revenue |  |  | 37,777 |  |  |  | 28,015 |
Inventories |  |  | 39,026 |  |  |  | 33,410 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | 3,866 |  |  |  | 3,561 |
Income taxes receivable |  |  | 46 |  |  |  | — |
Total current assets |  |  | 145,712 |  |  |  | 126,325 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  |  | 44,133 |  |  |  | 32,080 |
Prepaid pension asset |  |  | 6,571 |  |  |  | 6,396 |
Operating lease assets |  |  | 6,433 |  |  |  | 7,306 |
Goodwill |  |  | 25,520 |  |  |  | 25,520 |
Customer relationships, net |  |  | 13,444 |  |  |  | 14,299 |
Technology and technical know-how, net |  |  | 10,499 |  |  |  | 11,065 |
Other intangible assets, net |  |  | 6,939 |  |  |  | 7,181 |
Deferred income tax asset |  |  | 2,928 |  |  |  | 2,983 |
Other assets |  |  | 2,071 |  |  |  | 724 |
Total assets |  | $ | 264,250 |  |  | $ | 233,879 |
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Current portion of finance lease obligations |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 20 |
Accounts payable |  |  | 25,390 |  |  |  | 20,788 |
Accrued compensation |  |  | 16,695 |  |  |  | 16,800 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | 4,645 |  |  |  | 6,666 |
Customer deposits |  |  | 92,971 |  |  |  | 71,987 |
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | 1,138 |  |  |  | 1,237 |
Income taxes payable |  |  | 65 |  |  |  | 715 |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 140,925 |  |  |  | 118,213 |
Finance lease obligations |  |  | 51 |  |  |  | 65 |
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | 5,630 |  |  |  | 6,449 |
Accrued pension and postretirement benefit liabilities |  |  | 1,257 |  |  |  | 1,254 |
Other long-term liabilities |  |  | 1,956 |  |  |  | 2,332 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 149,819 |  |  |  | 128,313 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 10) |  |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $1.00 par value, 500 shares authorized |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.10 par value, 25,500 shares authorized, 11,064 and 10,993 shares issued and 10,890 and 10,850 shares outstanding at December 31 and March 31, 2024, respectively |  |  | 1,106 |  |  |  | 1,099 |
Capital in excess of par value |  |  | 33,546 |  |  |  | 32,015 |
Retained earnings |  |  | 89,834 |  |  |  | 81,999 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | (6,667 | ) |  |  | (7,013 | )
Treasury stock (174 and 143 shares at December 31 and March 31, 2024, respectively) |  |  | (3,388 | ) |  |  | (2,534 | )
Total stockholders’ equity |  |  | 114,431 |  |  |  | 105,566 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 264,250 |  |  | $ | 233,879 |

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

5

GRAHAM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Dollar amounts in thousands)

(Unaudited)

|  | Nine Months Ended |
|  | December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Operating activities: |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 7,835 |  |  | $ | 3,216 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation |  |  | 2,712 |  |  |  | 2,375 |
Amortization of intangible assets |  |  | 1,663 |  |  |  | 1,487 |
Amortization of actuarial losses |  |  | 586 |  |  |  | 632 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs |  |  | — |  |  |  | 131 |
Equity-based compensation expense |  |  | 1,204 |  |  |  | 1,002 |
Loss on extinguishment of debt |  |  | — |  |  |  | 726 |
Change in fair value of contingent consideration |  |  | (946 | ) |  |  | — |
Deferred income taxes |  |  | (91 | ) |  |  | 935 |
(Increase) decrease in operating assets, net of acquisition: |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  |  | 9,394 |  |  |  | (11,335 | )
Unbilled revenue |  |  | (9,879 | ) |  |  | 11,213 |
Inventories |  |  | (5,628 | ) |  |  | (4,357 | )
Prepaid expenses and other current and non-current assets |  |  | (1,665 | ) |  |  | (1,526 | )
Income taxes receivable |  |  | (46 | ) |  |  | (459 | )
Operating lease assets |  |  | 965 |  |  |  | 894 |
Prepaid pension asset |  |  | (175 | ) |  |  | (215 | )
Increase (decrease) in operating liabilities, net of acquisition: |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  |  | 3,914 |  |  |  | (3,949 | )
Accrued compensation, accrued expenses and other current and non-current liabilities |  |  | (1,380 | ) |  |  | 2,948 |
Customer deposits |  |  | 21,000 |  |  |  | 16,590 |
Income taxes payable |  |  | (646 | ) |  |  | — |
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | (948 | ) |  |  | (825 | )
Long-term portion of accrued compensation, accrued pension and postretirement benefit liabilities |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | — |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 27,873 |  |  |  | 19,483 |
Investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchase of property, plant and equipment |  |  | (13,800 | ) |  |  | (5,193 | )
Proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment |  |  | — |  |  |  | 38 |
Acquisition of P3 Technologies, LLC |  |  | (170 | ) |  |  | (6,812 | )
Net cash used by investing activities |  |  | (13,970 | ) |  |  | (11,967 | )
Financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Borrowings of short-term debt obligations |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,000 |
Principal repayments on debt |  |  | — |  |  |  | (22,522 | )
Payment of debt exit costs |  |  | — |  |  |  | (752 | )
Repayments on financing lease obligations |  |  | (237 | ) |  |  | (224 | )
Payment of debt issuance costs |  |  | — |  |  |  | (241 | )
Issuance of common stock |  |  | 334 |  |  |  | 225 |
Purchase of treasury stock |  |  | (854 | ) |  |  | (57 | )
Net cash used by financing activities |  |  | (757 | ) |  |  | (10,571 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash |  |  | (39 | ) |  |  | (39 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 13,107 |  |  |  | (3,094 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  |  | 16,939 |  |  |  | 18,257 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 30,046 |  |  | $ | 15,163 |

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

6

GRAHAM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(Dollar amounts in thousands)

(Unaudited)

|  | Common Stock |  |  | Capital in |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated Other |  |  |  |  |  | Total |
|  |  |  |  | Par |  |  | Excess of |  |  | Retained |  |  | Comprehensive |  |  | Treasury |  |  | Stockholders' |
|  | Shares |  |  | Value |  |  | Par Value |  |  | Earnings |  |  | Loss |  |  | Stock |  |  | Equity |
Balance at April 1, 2024 |  |  | 10,993 |  |  | $ | 1,099 |  |  | $ | 32,015 |  |  | $ | 81,999 |  |  | $ | (7,013 | ) |  | $ | (2,534 | ) |  | $ | 105,566 |
Comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,966 |  |  |  | 122 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,088 |
Issuance of shares |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Recognition of equity-based compensation expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 344 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 344 |
Purchase of treasury stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (810 | ) |  |  | (810 | )
Balance at June 30, 2024 |  |  | 11,043 |  |  |  | 1,104 |  |  |  | 32,354 |  |  |  | 84,965 |  |  |  | (6,891 | ) |  |  | (3,344 | ) |  |  | 108,188 |
Comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,281 |  |  |  | 281 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,562 |
Issuance of shares |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 332 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 334 |
Recognition of equity-based compensation expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 434 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 434 |
Purchase of treasury stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (44 | ) |  |  | (44 | )
Balance at September 30, 2024 |  |  | 11,064 |  |  |  | 1,106 |  |  |  | 33,120 |  |  |  | 88,246 |  |  |  | (6,610 | ) |  |  | (3,388 | ) |  |  | 112,474 |
Comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,588 |  |  |  | (57 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | 1,531 |
Recognition of equity-based compensation expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 426 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 426 |
Balance at December 31, 2024 |  |  | 11,064 |  |  | $ | 1,106 |  |  | $ | 33,546 |  |  | $ | 89,834 |  |  | $ | (6,667 | ) |  | $ | (3,388 | ) |  | $ | 114,431 |

|  | Common Stock |  |  | Capital in |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated Other |  |  |  |  |  | Total |
|  |  |  |  | Par |  |  | Excess of |  |  | Retained |  |  | Comprehensive |  |  | Treasury |  |  | Stockholders' |
|  | Shares |  |  | Value |  |  | Par Value |  |  | Earnings |  |  | Loss |  |  | Stock |  |  | Equity |
Balance at April 1, 2023 |  |  | 10,774 |  |  | $ | 1,075 |  |  | $ | 28,061 |  |  | $ | 77,443 |  |  | $ | (7,463 | ) |  | $ | (2,183 | ) |  | $ | 96,933 |
Comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,640 |  |  |  | (88 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | 2,552 |
Issuance of shares |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Forfeiture of shares |  |  | (9 | ) |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Recognition of equity-based compensation expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 293 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 293 |
Issuance of treasury stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 294 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (294 | ) |  |  | — |
Purchase of treasury stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (57 | ) |  |  | (57 | )
Balance at June 30, 2023 |  |  | 10,818 |  |  |  | 1,082 |  |  |  | 28,641 |  |  |  | 80,083 |  |  |  | (7,551 | ) |  |  | (2,534 | ) |  |  | 99,721 |
Comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 411 |  |  |  | 106 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 517 |
Issuance of shares |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 223 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 225 |
Recognition of equity-based compensation expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 332 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 332 |
Balance at September 30, 2023 |  |  | 10,846 |  |  |  | 1,084 |  |  |  | 29,196 |  |  |  | 80,494 |  |  |  | (7,445 | ) |  |  | (2,534 | ) |  |  | 100,795 |
Comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 165 |  |  |  | 301 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 466 |
Issuance of shares for purchase of P3 Technologies, LLC |  |  | 125 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 2,104 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,117 |
Recognition of equity-based compensation expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 378 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 378 |
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  |  | 10,971 |  |  | $ | 1,097 |  |  | $ | 31,678 |  |  | $ | 80,659 |  |  | $ | (7,144 | ) |  | $ | (2,534 | ) |  | $ | 103,756 |

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

7

GRAHAM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except per share data)

(Unaudited)

NOTE 1 – BASIS OF PRESENTATION:

Graham Corporation's (the "Company's") Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include its wholly-owned subsidiaries located in Arvada, Colorado, Suzhou, China and Ahmedabad, India at December 31 and March 31, 2024, and its recently acquired wholly-owned subsidiary, P3 Technologies, LLC ("P3"), located in Jupiter, Florida (see Note 2). The Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. ("GAAP") for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10-Q and Rule 8-03 of Regulation S-X, each as promulgated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. The Company's Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements do not include all information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. The unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of March 31, 2024 presented herein was derived from the Company’s audited Consolidated Balance Sheet as of March 31, 2024. For additional information, please refer to the consolidated financial statements and notes included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024 ("fiscal 2024"). In the opinion of management, all adjustments, including normal recurring accruals considered necessary for a fair presentation, have been included in the Company's Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

The Company's results of operations and cash flows for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the current fiscal year, which ends March 31, 2025 ("fiscal 2025").

NOTE 2 – ACQUISITION:

On November 9, 2023, the Company completed its acquisition of P3, a privately-owned custom turbomachinery engineering, product development, and manufacturing business located in Jupiter, Florida that serves the space, new energy, defense, and medical industries. The Company believes this acquisition advances its growth strategy, further diversifies its market and product offerings, and broadens its turbomachinery solutions. P3 is managed through the Company's Barber-Nichols, LLC ("BN") subsidiary and is highly complementary to BN's technology and enhances its turbomachinery solutions.

This transaction was accounted for as a business combination which requires that assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recognized at their fair value as of the acquisition date. The purchase price of $11,238 was comprised of 125 shares of the Company's common stock, representing a value of $1,930, and cash consideration of $7,268. The cash consideration was funded through borrowings on the Company's line of credit. The purchase agreement included a contingent earn-out dependent upon certain financial measures of P3 post-acquisition, in which the sellers are eligible to receive up to $3,000 in additional cash consideration. A rollforward of the P3 contingent earn-out liability since the date of acquisition is as follows:

Balance at November 9, 2023 |  | $ | 2,040 |
Change in fair value |  |  | 80 |
Payments |  |  | — |
Balance at March 31, 2024 |  |  | 2,120 |
Change in fair value |  |  | (130 | )
Payments |  |  | — |
Balance at June 30, 2024 |  |  | 1,990 |
Change in fair value |  |  | (596 | )
Payments |  |  | — |
Balance at September 30, 2024 |  |  | 1,394 |
Change in fair value |  |  | (220 | )
Payments |  |  | — |
Balance at December 31, 2024 |  | $ | 1,174 |

The change in fair value of the contingent earn-out liability was included in other operating income in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The cost of the acquisition was allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based upon their estimated fair value at the date of acquisition and the amount exceeding the fair value of $1,997 was recorded as goodwill, which is deductible for tax purposes.

8

Goodwill generated in the acquisition is related to P3’s assembled workforce, synergies between the Company’s other operations and P3 that are expected to occur as a result of the combined engineering knowledge, the ability of each of the operations to leverage each other’s technology solutions, and the Company’s ability to utilize acquired management knowledge in providing complementary product offerings to the Company’s customers. The following table summarizes the final purchase price allocation of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed:

|  | November 9, |
|  | 2023 |
Assets acquired: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 286 |
Trade accounts receivable, net of allowances |  |  | 465 |
Unbilled revenue |  |  | 302 |
Inventories |  |  | 808 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | 93 |
Property, plant & equipment, net |  |  | 542 |
Operating lease assets |  |  | 130 |
Goodwill |  |  | 1,997 |
Customer relationships |  |  | 4,400 |
Technology and technical know-how |  |  | 2,500 |
Tradename |  |  | 300 |
Total assets acquired |  |  | 11,823 |
Liabilities assumed: |  |  |
Accrued compensation |  |  | 62 |
Customer deposits |  |  | 389 |
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | 134 |
Total liabilities assumed |  |  | 585 |
Purchase price |  | $ | 11,238 |

The fair value of acquisition-related intangible assets includes customer relationships, technology and technical know-how, and tradename. The tradename is included in the line item other intangible assets, net in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The fair value of customer relationships was calculated using an income approach, specifically the Multi Period Excess Earnings method, which incorporates assumptions regarding retention rate, new customer growth and customer related costs. The fair value of tradename and technology and technical know-how were both calculated using a Relief from Royalty method, which develops a market based royalty rate used to reflect the after tax royalty savings attributable to owning the intangible asset.

Customer relationships and tradename are amortized in selling, general and administrative expense on a straight line basis over their estimated useful lives of eight years and three years respectively. Technology and technical know-how is amortized in cost of products sold on a straight line basis over its estimated useful life of ten years.

During the three months ended June 30, 2024, the seller received $170 for tax liabilities owed in accordance with the purchase agreement.

The Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2024 includes net sales for P3 of $963 and $3,400, respectively and net (loss) income of ($92) and $184, respectively. The following unaudited pro forma information presents the consolidated results of operations of the Company as if the P3 acquisition had occurred at the beginning of each of the fiscal periods presented:

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Nine Months Ended |
|  | December 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Net sales |  | $ | 47,037 |  |  | $ | 44,186 |  |  | $ | 150,551 |  |  | $ | 140,019 |
Net income |  |  | 1,588 |  |  |  | 464 |  |  |  | 7,835 |  |  |  | 4,554 |
Income per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 0.15 |  |  | $ | 0.04 |  |  | $ | 0.72 |  |  | $ | 0.42 |
Diluted |  | $ | 0.14 |  |  | $ | 0.04 |  |  | $ | 0.71 |  |  | $ | 0.42 |

The unaudited pro forma information presents the combined operating results of the Company and P3 with the results prior to the acquisition date adjusted to include the pro forma impact of the adjustment of depreciation of fixed assets based on the preliminary purchase price allocation, the adjustment to interest expense reflecting the cash paid in connection with the acquisition, including acquisition-related expenses, at the Company’s weighted average interest rate, amortization expense related to the fair value adjustments

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for intangible assets, non-recurring acquisition-related costs, and the impact of income taxes on the pro forma adjustments utilizing the applicable statutory tax rate.

The unaudited pro forma results are presented for illustrative purposes only. These pro forma results do not purport to be indicative of the results that would have actually been obtained if the acquisition occurred as of the beginning of each of the periods presented, nor does the pro forma data intend to be a projection of results that may be obtained in the future.

NOTE 3 – REVENUE RECOGNITION:

The Company recognizes revenue on contracts when or as it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control of the product to the customer. For contracts in which revenue is recognized upon shipment, control is generally transferred when products are shipped, title is transferred, significant risks of ownership have transferred, the Company has rights to payment, and rewards of ownership pass to the customer. For contracts in which revenue is recognized over time, control is generally transferred as the Company creates an asset that does not have an alternative use to the Company and the Company has an enforceable right to payment for the performance completed to date.

The following table presents the Company’s revenue disaggregated by product line and geographic area:

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Nine Months Ended |
|  | December 31, |  |  | December 31, |
Market |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Refining |  | $ | 6,418 |  |  | $ | 7,638 |  |  | $ | 23,076 |  |  | $ | 21,794 |
Chemical/Petrochemical |  |  | 6,791 |  |  |  | 4,130 |  |  |  | 16,996 |  |  |  | 14,536 |
Defense |  |  | 27,023 |  |  |  | 24,330 |  |  |  | 87,014 |  |  |  | 72,265 |
Space |  |  | 3,821 |  |  |  | 2,931 |  |  |  | 11,184 |  |  |  | 10,528 |
Other |  |  | 2,984 |  |  |  | 4,789 |  |  |  | 12,281 |  |  |  | 17,340 |
Net sales |  | $ | 47,037 |  |  | $ | 43,818 |  |  | $ | 150,551 |  |  | $ | 136,463 |
Geographic Region |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asia |  | $ | 2,275 |  |  | $ | 4,016 |  |  | $ | 11,851 |  |  | $ | 12,898 |
Canada |  |  | 2,441 |  |  |  | 1,116 |  |  |  | 5,102 |  |  |  | 3,107 |
Middle East |  |  | 1,551 |  |  |  | 501 |  |  |  | 3,328 |  |  |  | 2,219 |
South America |  |  | 495 |  |  |  | 65 |  |  |  | 864 |  |  |  | 264 |
U.S. |  |  | 39,675 |  |  |  | 36,822 |  |  |  | 126,065 |  |  |  | 113,567 |
All other |  |  | 600 |  |  |  | 1,298 |  |  |  | 3,341 |  |  |  | 4,408 |
Net sales |  | $ | 47,037 |  |  | $ | 43,818 |  |  | $ | 150,551 |  |  | $ | 136,463 |

A performance obligation represents a promise in a contract to provide a distinct good or service to a customer. The Company accounts for a contract when it has approval and commitment from both parties, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance and collectability of consideration is probable. Transaction price reflects the amount of consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for transferred products. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and revenue is recognized as the performance obligation is satisfied. In certain cases, the Company may separate a contract into more than one performance obligation, while in other cases, several products may be part of a fully integrated solution and are bundled into a single performance obligation. If a contract is separated into more than one performance obligation, the Company allocates the total transaction price to each performance obligation in an amount based on the estimated relative standalone selling prices of the promised goods underlying each performance obligation. The Company has made an accounting policy election to exclude from the measurement of the contract price all taxes assessed by government authorities that are collected by the Company from its customers. The Company does not adjust the contract price for the effects of a financing component if the Company expects, at contract inception, that the period between when a product is transferred to a customer and when the customer pays for the product will be one year or less. Shipping and handling fees billed to the customer are recorded in revenue and the related costs incurred for shipping and handling are included in cost of products sold.

The Company recognizes revenue over time when contract performance results in the creation of a product for which the Company does not have an alternative use and the contract includes an enforceable right to payment in an amount that corresponds directly with the value of the performance completed. To measure progress towards completion on performance obligations for which revenue is recognized over time the Company utilizes an input method based upon a ratio of direct labor hours incurred to date to management’s estimate of the total labor hours to be incurred on each contract, an input method based upon a ratio of total contract costs incurred to date to management’s estimate of the total contract costs to be incurred or an output method based upon completion of operational milestones, depending upon the nature of the contract. The Company has established the systems and procedures essential to developing the estimates required to account for performance obligations over time. These procedures include monthly review by management of

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costs incurred, progress towards completion, identified risks and opportunities, sourcing determinations, changes in estimates of costs yet to be incurred, availability of materials, and execution by subcontractors. Sales and earnings are adjusted in current accounting periods based on revisions in the contract value due to pricing changes and estimated costs at completion. Losses on contracts are recognized immediately when evident to management. Revenue on the majority of the Company's contracts, as measured by number of contracts, is recognized upon shipment to the customer. Revenue on larger contracts, which are fewer in number but represent the majority of revenue, is recognized over time. The following table presents the Company's revenue percentages disaggregated by revenue recognized over time or upon shipment:

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Nine Months Ended |
|  | December 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Revenue recognized over time |  |  | 75 | % |  |  | 76 | % |  |  | 79 | % |  |  | 77 | %
Revenue recognized at shipment |  |  | 25 | % |  |  | 24 | % |  |  | 21 | % |  |  | 23 | %

The timing of revenue recognition, invoicing and cash collections affect trade accounts receivable, unbilled revenue (contract assets) and customer deposits (contract liabilities) on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Unbilled revenue represents revenue on contracts that is recognized over time and exceeds the amount that has been billed to the customer. Unbilled revenue is separately presented in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company may have an unconditional right to payment upon billing and prior to satisfying the performance obligations. The Company will then record a contract liability and an offsetting asset of equal amount until the deposit is collected and the performance obligations are satisfied. Customer deposits are separately presented in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Customer deposits are not considered a significant financing component as they are generally received less than one year before the product is completed or used to procure specific material on a contract, as well as related overhead costs incurred during design and construction.

Net contract assets (liabilities) consisted of the following:

|  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | March 31, 2024 |  |  | Change |  |  |  | Change due to revenue recognized |  |  | Change due to invoicing customers/ additional deposits |
Unbilled revenue - contract assets |  | $ | 37,777 |  |  | $ | 28,015 |  |  | $ | 9,762 |  |  |  | $ | 77,291 |  |  | $ | (67,529 | )
Customer deposits - contract liabilities |  |  | (92,971 | ) |  |  | (71,987 | ) |  |  | (20,984 | ) |  |  |  | 33,402 |  |  |  | (54,386 | )
Net contract (liabilities) assets |  | $ | (55,194 | ) |  | $ | (43,972 | ) |  | $ | (11,222 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Contract liabilities at December 31, and March 31, 2024 include $7,122 and $21,426, respectively, of customer deposits for which the Company has an unconditional right to collect payment. Trade accounts receivable, as presented on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, includes corresponding balances at December 31, and March 31, 2024, respectively.

Receivables billed but not paid under retainage provisions in the Company’s customer contracts were $1,618 and $1,875 at December 31, and March 31, 2024, respectively.

The Company’s remaining unsatisfied performance obligations represent a measure of the total dollar value of work to be performed on contracts awarded and in progress. The Company also refers to this measure as backlog. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had remaining unsatisfied performance obligations of $384,701. The Company expects to recognize revenue on approximately 45% to 50% of the remaining performance obligations within one year, 35% to 40% i n one to two years and the remaining beyond two years.

NOTE 4 – INVENTORIES:

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, using the average cost method. Major classifications of inventories are as follows:

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|  | December 31, |  |  | March 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2024 |
Raw materials and supplies |  | $ | 5,808 |  |  | $ | 4,396 |
Work in process |  |  | 31,542 |  |  |  | 27,065 |
Finished products |  |  | 1,676 |  |  |  | 1,949 |
Total |  | $ | 39,026 |  |  | $ | 33,410 |

NOTE 5 – INTANGIBLE ASSETS:

Intangible assets are comprised of the following:

| Weighted Average Amortization Period |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  |  | Accumulated Amortization |  |  | Net Carrying Amount |
At December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Intangibles subject to amortization: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer relationships | 8 - 20 years |  | $ | 16,200 |  |  | $ | 2,756 |  |  | $ | 13,444 |
Technology and technical know-how | 10 - 20 years |  |  | 12,600 |  |  |  | 2,101 |  |  |  | 10,499 |
Backlog | 4 years |  |  | 3,900 |  |  |  | 3,844 |  |  |  | 56 |
Tradename | 3 years |  |  | 300 |  |  |  | 117 |  |  |  | 183 |
|  |  | $ | 33,000 |  |  | $ | 8,818 |  |  | $ | 24,182 |
Intangibles not subject to amortization: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill | Indefinite |  | $ | 25,520 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25,520 |
Tradename | Indefinite |  |  | 6,700 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,700 |
|  |  | $ | 32,220 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 32,220 |

| Weighted Average Amortization Period |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  |  | Accumulated Amortization |  |  | Net Carrying Amount |
At March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Intangibles subject to amortization: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer relationships | 8 - 20 years |  | $ | 16,200 |  |  | $ | 1,901 |  |  | $ | 14,299 |
Technology and technical know-how | 10 - 20 years |  |  | 12,600 |  |  |  | 1,535 |  |  |  | 11,065 |
Backlog | 4 years |  |  | 3,900 |  |  |  | 3,677 |  |  |  | 223 |
Tradename | 3 years |  |  | 300 |  |  |  | 42 |  |  |  | 258 |
|  |  | $ | 33,000 |  |  | $ | 7,155 |  |  | $ | 25,845 |
Intangibles not subject to amortization: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill | Indefinite |  | $ | 25,520 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25,520 |
Tradename | Indefinite |  |  | 6,700 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,700 |
|  |  | $ | 32,220 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 32,220 |

Intangible amortization was $554 and $596 for the three months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $1,663 and $1,487 for the nine months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The estimated annual future amortization expense by fiscal year is as follows:

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|  | Annual Amortization |
Remainder of 2025 |  | $ | 555 |
2026 |  |  | 1,995 |
2027 |  |  | 1,953 |
2028 |  |  | 1,895 |
2029 |  |  | 1,895 |
2030 and thereafter |  |  | 15,889 |
Total intangible amortization |  | $ | 24,182 |

NOTE 6 – EQUITY-BASED COMPENSATION:

The 2020 Graham Corporation Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (the "2020 Plan"), provides for the issuance of 722 shares of common stock in connection with grants of incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, restricted stock units and stock awards to officers, key employees and outside directors, including 112 shares that became available under the 2020 Plan from the Company’s prior plan, the Amended and Restated 2000 Graham Corporation Incentive Plan to Increase Shareholder Value (the "2000 Plan"). As of August 11, 2020, the effective date of the 2020 Plan, no further awards will be granted under the 2000 Plan.

No time vesting restricted stock units ("RSUs") or performance based restricted stock units ("PSUs") were awarded in the three months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. The following restricted stock units were awarded in the nine months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

|  | Vest 100% on First |  |  | Vest One-Third Per Year |  |  | Vest 100% on Third |  |  |
|  | Anniversary (1) |  |  | Over Three-Year Term (1) |  |  | Anniversary (1) |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | Officers and |  |  | Officers and |  |  | Total Shares
Nine months ended December 31, |  | Directors |  |  | Key Employees |  |  | Key Employees |  |  | Awarded
2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Time Vesting RSUs |  | 18 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 55
Performance Vesting PSUs |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | 62 |  |  | 62
2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Time Vesting RSUs |  | 38 |  |  | 40 |  |  |  | — |  |  | 78
Performance Vesting PSUs |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | 79 |  |  | 79

(1)Subject to the terms of the applicable award.

The Company has an Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as amended (the "ESPP"), which allows eligible employees to purchase shares of the Company's common stock at a discount of up to 15% of its fair market value on the lower of the last or first day of the six-month offering period. As of December 31, 2024, a total of 400 shares of common stock may be purchased under the ESPP.

The Company has recognized equity-based compensation costs, which is primarily included in selling, general and administrative costs, as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Nine Months Ended |
|  | December 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Restricted stock awards |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | 241 |
Restricted stock units |  |  | 392 |  |  |  | 256 |  |  |  | 1,074 |  |  |  | 701 |
Employee stock purchase plan |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | 97 |  |  |  | 60 |
|  | $ | 426 |  |  | $ | 377 |  |  | $ | 1,204 |  |  | $ | 1,002 |
Income tax benefit recognized |  | $ | 98 |  |  | $ | 84 |  |  | $ | 277 |  |  | $ | 223 |

NOTE 7 – INCOME PER SHARE:

Basic income per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted income per share is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding

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and, when applicable, potential common shares outstanding during the period. A reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of basic and diluted income per share is presented below:

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Nine Months Ended |
|  | December 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Basic income per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 1,588 |  |  | $ | 165 |  |  | $ | 7,835 |  |  | $ | 3,216 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  | 10,890 |  |  |  | 10,775 |  |  |  | 10,880 |  |  |  | 10,709 |
Basic income per share |  | $ | 0.15 |  |  | $ | 0.02 |  |  | $ | 0.72 |  |  | $ | 0.30 |
Diluted income per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 1,588 |  |  | $ | 165 |  |  | $ | 7,835 |  |  | $ | 3,216 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  | 10,890 |  |  |  | 10,775 |  |  |  | 10,880 |  |  |  | 10,709 |
Restricted stock units outstanding |  |  | 167 |  |  |  | 145 |  |  |  | 136 |  |  |  | 83 |
Weighted average common and potential common shares outstanding |  |  | 11,057 |  |  |  | 10,920 |  |  |  | 11,016 |  |  |  | 10,792 |
Diluted income per share |  | $ | 0.14 |  |  | $ | 0.02 |  |  | $ | 0.71 |  |  | $ | 0.30 |

NOTE 8 – PRODUCT WARRANTY LIABILITY:

The reconciliation of the changes in the product warranty liability is as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Nine Months Ended |
|  | December 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 637 |  |  | $ | 638 |  |  | $ | 806 |  |  | $ | 578 |
Expense for product warranties |  |  | 151 |  |  |  | 63 |  |  |  | 199 |  |  |  | 266 |
Product warranty claims paid |  |  | (27 | ) |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | (244 | ) |  |  | (150 | )
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 761 |  |  | $ | 694 |  |  | $ | 761 |  |  | $ | 694 |

The product warranty liability is included in the line item accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

NOTE 9 – CASH FLOW STATEMENT:

Interest and income taxes paid as well as non-cash investing and financing activities are as follows:

|  | For the Nine Months Ended |
|  | December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Interest paid |  | $ | 243 |  |  | $ | 726 |
Income taxes paid |  |  | 2,826 |  |  |  | 424 |
Issuance of shares as part of the consideration of the P3 acquisition |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,117 |
Capital purchases recorded in accounts payable |  |  | 1,587 |  |  |  | 699 |

NOTE 10 – COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES:

The Company has been named as a defendant in lawsuits alleging personal injury from exposure to asbestos allegedly contained in, or accompanying, products made by the Company or from exposure to asbestos at the Company's facilities. The Company is a co-defendant with numerous other defendants in these lawsuits and intends to vigorously defend itself against these claims. The claims in most of the Company’s current lawsuits are similar to those made in previous asbestos-related suits that named the Company as a

14

defendant, which either were dismissed when it was shown that the Company had not supplied products to the plaintiffs’ places of work or were settled for immaterial amounts. The Company believes that the resolution of these asbestos-related lawsuits will not have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial position or results of operations. However, legal matters are subject to inherent uncertainties and there exists the possibility that the ultimate resolution of these asbestos-related lawsuits could have a material adverse impact on the Company's financial position and the results of operations.

During the third quarter of fiscal 2024, the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, with the assistance of external counsel and forensic professionals, concluded an investigation into a whistleblower complaint received regarding its wholly-owned subsidiary Graham India Private Limited ("GIPL"). The investigation identified evidence supporting the complaint and other misconduct by employees. The other misconduct totaled $150 over a period of four years and was isolated to GIPL. All involved employees have been terminated and the Company has implemented remedial actions, including strengthening its compliance program and internal controls. As a result of the investigation, during the third quarter of fiscal 2024, the statutory auditor and bookkeeper of GIPL tendered their resignations and new firms were appointed. The Company has voluntarily reported the findings of its investigation to the appropriate authorities in India, the U.S. Department of Justice, and the Securities and Exchange Commission and will continue to cooperate with those authorities. Although the resolutions of these matters are inherently uncertain, we do not believe any remaining impact will be material to the Company’s overall consolidated results of operations, financial position, or cash flows.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company was subject to the claims noted above, as well as other potential claims that have arisen in the ordinary course of business. Although the outcome of the lawsuits, legal proceedings or potential claims to which the Company is, or may become, a party to cannot be determined and an estimate of the reasonably possible loss or range of loss cannot be made for the majority of the claims, management does not believe that the outcomes, either individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or cash flows.

The Company previously entered into operating leases with Ascent Properties Group, LLC, a limited liability company of which our Chief Executive Officer holds a majority interest, for two building lease agreements and two equipment lease agreements in Arvada, Colorado. In connection with such leases, the Company made fixed minimum lease payments to the lessor of $248 and $243 during the three months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $742 and $709 during the nine months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company is obligated to make payments of $248 during the remainder of fiscal 2025. Future fixed minimum lease payments under these leases as of December 31, 2024 are $5,043.

NOTE 11 – INCOME TAXES:

The Company files federal and state income tax returns in several domestic and international jurisdictions. In most tax jurisdictions, returns are subject to examination by the relevant tax authorities for a number of years after the returns have been filed. The Company is subject to U.S. federal examination for the tax years 2020 through 2023 and examination in state tax jurisdictions for the tax years 2019 through 2023. The Company is subject to examination in the People’s Republic of China for tax years 2020 through 2023 and in India for tax years 2018 through 2023.

There was no liability for unrecognized tax benefits at either December 31, 2024 or March 31, 2024.

The income tax provision for interim periods is determined using an estimate of the annual effective tax rate, adjusted for discrete items, if any, that are taken into account in the relevant period. Each quarter, the estimate of the annual effective tax rate is updated, and if the estimated effective tax rate changes, a cumulative adjustment is made. There is a potential for volatility of the effective tax rate due to several factors, including discrete items, changes in the mix and amount of projected pre-tax income and the jurisdictions to which it relates, changes in tax laws and foreign tax holidays, business reorganizations, settlements with taxing authorities and foreign currency fluctuations. In addition, the Company continues to explore tax planning opportunities that may have a material impact on its effective tax rate. The Company's effective tax rate as of the third quarter of 2025 was 29.3% on $2,247 of income before taxes compared to 20.4% on $9,838 of income before taxes for the first nine months of fiscal 2025. The in crease in the Company's effective tax rate in the third quarter was primarily a result of return to provision adjustments due to changes in estimates.

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NOTE 12 – CHANGES IN ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS:

The changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss by component for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

|  | Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Items |  |  | Foreign Currency Items |  |  | Total |
Balance at April 1, 2024 |  | $ | (6,776 | ) |  | $ | (237 | ) |  | $ | (7,013 | )
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications |  |  | — |  |  |  | (28 | ) |  |  | (28 | )
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | 150 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 150 |
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | 150 |  |  |  | (28 | ) |  |  | 122 |
Balance at June 30, 2024 |  |  | (6,626 | ) |  |  | (265 | ) |  |  | (6,891 | )
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications |  |  | — |  |  |  | 131 |  |  |  | 131 |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | 150 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 150 |
Net current-period other comprehensive income |  |  | 150 |  |  |  | 131 |  |  |  | 281 |
Balance at September 30, 2024 |  |  | (6,476 | ) |  |  | (134 | ) |  |  | (6,610 | )
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications |  |  | — |  |  |  | (208 | ) |  |  | (208 | )
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | 151 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 151 |
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | 151 |  |  |  | (208 | ) |  |  | (57 | )
Balance at December 31, 2024 |  | $ | (6,325 | ) |  | $ | (342 | ) |  | $ | (6,667 | )

|  | Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Items |  |  | Foreign Currency Items |  |  | Total |
Balance at April 1, 2023 |  | $ | (7,470 | ) |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | (7,463 | )
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications |  |  | — |  |  |  | (252 | ) |  |  | (252 | )
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | 164 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 164 |
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | 164 |  |  |  | (252 | ) |  | $ | (88 | )
Balance at June 30, 2023 |  |  | (7,306 | ) |  |  | (245 | ) |  |  | (7,551 | )
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications |  |  | — |  |  |  | (58 | ) |  |  | (58 | )
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | 164 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 164 |
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | 164 |  |  |  | (58 | ) |  |  | 106 |
Balance at September 30, 2023 |  |  | (7,142 | ) |  |  | (303 | ) |  |  | (7,445 | )
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications |  |  | — |  |  |  | 137 |  |  |  | 137 |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | 164 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 164 |
Net current-period other comprehensive income |  |  | 164 |  |  |  | 137 |  |  |  | 301 |
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  | $ | (6,978 | ) |  | $ | (166 | ) |  | $ | (7,144 | )

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The reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive loss by component for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Components |  | Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  |  |  | Affected Line Item in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income
|  | Three Months Ended |  |  |  |
|  | December 31, |  |  |  |
|  | 2024 |  |  |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
Pension and other postretirement benefit items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of actuarial loss |  | $ | 196 |  | (1) |  | $ | 211 |  | (1) |  | Income before provision (benefit) for income taxes
Tax effect |  |  | 45 |  |  |  |  | 47 |  |  |  | Provision (benefit) for income taxes
|  | $ | 151 |  |  |  | $ | 164 |  |  |  | Net income

Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Components |  | Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  |  |  | Affected Line Item in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income
|  | Nine Months Ended |  |  |  |
|  | December 31, |  |  |  |
|  | 2024 |  |  |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
Pension and other postretirement benefit items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of actuarial loss |  | $ | 586 |  | (1) |  | $ | 632 |  | (1) |  | Income before provision for income taxes
Tax effect |  |  | 135 |  |  |  |  | 140 |  |  |  | Provision for income taxes
|  | $ | 451 |  |  |  | $ | 492 |  |  |  | Net income

(1)
These accumulated other comprehensive loss components are included within the computation of pension and other postretirement benefit costs.

NOTE 13 – DEBT:

On October 13, 2023, the Company terminated its revolving credit facility and repaid its term loan with Bank of America and entered into a new five-year revolving credit facility with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association ("Wells Fargo") that provides a $50,000 line of credit (the "New Revolving Credit Facility"). The New Revolving Credit Facility has a $25,000 sub-limit for letters of credit. As of December 31, 2024, there was $0 borrowed and $7,202 letters of credit outstanding on the New Revolving Credit Facility.

The New Revolving Credit Facility contains customary terms and conditions, including representations and warranties and affirmative and negative covenants, as well as financial covenants for the benefit of Wells Fargo, which require the Company to maintain (i) a consolidated total leverage ratio not to exceed 3.50:1.00 and (ii) a consolidated fixed charge coverage ratio of at least 1.20:1.00, in both cases computed in accordance with the definitions and requirements specified in the New Revolving Credit Facility. As of December 31, 2024, the Company was in compliance with the financial covenants of the New Revolving Credit Facility.

Borrowings under the New Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at a rate equal to, at the Company’s option, either (i) a forward-looking term rate based on the secured overnight financing rate ("SOFR") for the applicable interest period, subject to a floor of 0.0% per annum or (ii) a base rate determined by reference to the highest of (a) the rate of interest per annum publicly announced by the Lender as its prime rate, (b) the federal funds rate plus 0.50% per annum and (c) one-month term SOFR plus 1.00% per annum, subject to a floor of 1.00% per annum, plus, in each case, an applicable margin. The applicable margins range between (i) 1.25% per annum and 2.50% per annum in the case of any term SOFR loan and (ii) 0.25% per annum and 1.50% per annum in the case of any base rate loan, in each case based upon the Company’s then-current consolidated total leverage ratio; provided, however, for a period of one year following the closing date, the applicable margin shall be set at 1.25% per annum in the case of any term SOFR loan and 0.25% per annum in the case of any base rate loan. As of December 31, 2024, the SOFR rate was 4.49%.

The Company is required to pay a quarterly commitment fee on the unused portion of the New Revolving Credit Facility during the applicable quarter at a per annum rate also determined by reference to the Company’s then-current consolidated total leverage ratio, which fee ranges between 0.10% per annum and 0.20% per annum; provided, however, for a period of one year following the closing date, the quarterly commitment fee will be set at 0.10% per annum. Any outstanding letters of credit that are cash secured will bear a fee equal to the daily amount available to be drawn under such letters of credit multiplied by 0.65% per annum. Any outstanding letters of credit issued under the New Revolving Credit Facility will bear a fee equal to the daily amount drawn under such letters of credit multiplied by the applicable margin for term SOFR loans. As of December 31, 2024, the amount available under the New Revolving Credit Facility was $42,798, subject to the interest and leverage covenants.

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As of December 31, 2024, $150 letters of credit remain outstanding with Bank of America and are cash secured. These outstanding letters of credit are subject to a fee of 0.60% per annum. As of December 31, 2024, $4,442 letters of credit are outstanding with HSBC Bank USA, N.A and are cash secured. These outstanding letters of credit are subject to a fee of between 0.75% and 0.85% per annum, depending on the term of the letter of credit. As of December 31, 2024, $11 letters of credit are outstanding with China Construction Bank and are cash secured. Additionally, we have a 20,000 RMB bank guaranty line of credit with China Citic Bank Co. LTD which had $1,038 letters of credit outstanding as of December 31, 2024. Outstanding letters of credit under this agreement are subject to a fee of 0.60% per annum.

On July 15, 2024, the Company and Wells Fargo entered into an amendment to the New Revolving Credit Facility, which increased the maximum aggregate principal amount of indebtedness of Foreign Subsidiaries and Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries, as defined in the New Revolving Credit Facility, allowed under the New Revolving Credit Facility from $2,000 to $3,500.

Total letters of credit outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and March 31, 2024 were $12,843 and $8,442, respectively.

NOTE 14 – ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING CHANGES:

In the normal course of business, management evaluates all new accounting pronouncements issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB"), the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Emerging Issues Task Force, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants or any other authoritative accounting bodies to determine the potential impact they may have on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In November 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2023-07, "Segment Reporting (Topic 280)," which requires companies to enhance disclosure of significant segment expenses by requiring disclosure of significant segment expenses regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker, extend certain annual disclosures to interim periods, and permits more than one measure of segment profit or loss to be reported under certain conditions. The amendments are effective for the Company in years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of this ASU will have on its consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740)-Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The ASU requires additional quantitative and qualitative income tax disclosures to allow readers of the consolidated financial statements to assess how the Company’s operations, related tax risks and tax planning affect its tax rate and prospects for future cash flows. For public business entities, the ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of this ASU will have on its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03 “Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses.” This ASU requires public business entities to disclose, for interim and annual reporting periods, additional information about certain income statement expense categories. The requirements are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and for interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Entities are permitted to apply either the prospective or retrospective transition methods. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of this ASU will have on its consolidated financial statements.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

(Dollar and share amounts in thousands, except per share data)

Overview

We are a global leader in the design and manufacture of mission critical fluid, power, heat transfer and vacuum technologies for the defense, space, energy and process industries. For the defense industry, our equipment is used in nuclear and non-nuclear propulsion, power, fluid transfer, and thermal management systems. For the space industry, our equipment is used in propulsion, power and energy management systems, and for life support systems. We supply equipment for vacuum, heat transfer, and fluid transfer applications used in energy and new energy markets including oil refining, cogeneration, and multiple alternative and clean power applications including hydrogen. For the chemical and petrochemical industries, our equipment is used in fertilizer, ammonia, ethylene, methanol, and downstream chemical facilities.

Our brands are built upon engineering expertise and close customer collaboration to design, develop, and produce mission critical equipment and systems that enable our customers to meet their economic and operational objectives. Continual improvement of our processes and systems to ensure qualified and compliant equipment are hallmarks of our brand. Our early engagement with customers and support until the end of service life are values upon which our brands are built.

Our corporate headquarters is located with our production facilities in Batavia, New York, where surface condensers and ejectors are designed, engineered, and manufactured for the defense, energy, and petrochemical industries. Our wholly-owned subsidiary, Barber-Nichols, LLC ("BN"), based in Arvada, Colorado, designs, develops, manufactures and sells specialty turbomachinery products for the space, aerospace, cryogenic, defense, and energy markets. In November 2023, we acquired P3 Technologies, LLC ("P3"), located in Jupiter, Florida (See "Acquisition" below). We also have wholly-owned foreign subsidiaries, Graham Vacuum and Heat Transfer Technology Co., Ltd. ("GVHTT"), located in Suzhou, China and Graham India Private Limited ("GIPL"), located in Ahmedabad, India. GVHTT provides sales and engineering support for us throughout Southeast Asia. GIPL provides sales and engineering support for us in India and the Middle East.

Our fiscal year ends on March 31 of each year. We refer to our fiscal year, which ends March 31, 2025, as fiscal 2025. Likewise, we refer to our fiscal year that ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023 as fiscal 2024 and fiscal 2023, respectively.

Acquisition

On November 9, 2023, we completed our acquisition of P3, a privately-owned custom turbomachinery engineering, product development, and manufacturing business located in Jupiter, Florida that serves the space, new energy, defense, and medical industries. We believe this acquisition advances our growth strategy, further diversifies our market and product offerings, and broadens our turbomachinery solutions. P3 will be managed through BN and is highly complementary to BN's technology and enhances its turbomachinery solutions.

The purchase price for P3 was $11,238 and was comprised of 125 shares of our common stock, representing a value of $1,930, and cash consideration of $7,268. The cash consideration was funded through borrowings on our line of credit. The purchase agreement included a contingent earn-out dependent upon certain financial measures of P3 post-acquisition, in which the sellers are eligible to receive up to $3,000 in additional cash consideration. See Note 2 to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the third quarter ended December 31, 2024 (the "Form 10-Q") for additional information.

Summary

Highlights for the three months ended December 31, 2024 include:

•
Net sales for the third quarter of fiscal 2025 were $47,037 up 7% compared with the third quarter of fiscal 2024. This increase was across multiple markets including an 11% increase in sales to the defense industry, due to new programs, growth in existing programs, better execution, improved pricing, and timing. Additionally, net sales for the quarter for the chemical/petrochemical market increased 64%, driven by increased sales of capital equipment, partially offset by a 16% decline in refining revenue due to lower sales in India due to project timing. Aftermarket sales to the refining, chemical/petrochemical, and defense markets of $9,704 remained strong and were 2% higher than the prior year. Note that historically the third quarter of our fiscal year is our lowest revenue quarter due to the holidays and a higher level of vacation being taken by our direct labor force.
•
Gross profit and margin for the third quarter of fiscal 2025 were $11,686 and 24.8%, respectively. The 260 basis point improvement in gross profit margin over the comparable period of fiscal 2024 reflected increased leverage on fixed overhead costs due to the higher volume of sales discussed above, as well as better execution, and improved pricing, partially offset by higher incentive compensation in comparison with the prior year. Additionally, third quarter fiscal 2025 gross profit benefited $255 due to a $2,100 grant received from the BlueForge Alliance to reimburse us for the cost of our defense welder training programs in Batavia and related equipment. To date we have received $1,460 of funding under this grant.

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The BlueForge Alliance is a nonprofit, neutral integrator that supports the United States ("U.S.") Navy's Submarine Industrial Base Initiatives.
•
Selling, general and administrative expenses ("SG&A"), including intangible amortization, for the third quarter of fiscal 2025 increased $884 over the same period of fiscal 2024 and reflects the investments we are making in our people, our processes, and our technology. More specifically, SG&A increased $419 over the prior year quarter due to bad debt reserves related to foreign and smaller space customers, which was offset by lower professional fees of $420. The increase in SG&A is also due to costs related to the implementation of a new enterprise resource planning ("ERP") system at our Batavia facility, incremental costs related to P3, increased research and development investment, and increased personnel costs in connection with our growth and strategic initiatives. In connection with the acquisition of BN, we entered into a Performance Bonus Agreement to provide employees of BN with a supplemental performance-based award based on the achievement of BN performance objectives for the fiscal years ending March 31, 2024, 2025, and 2026, which can range between $2,000 to $4,000 per year (the "BN Performance Bonus). During the third quarter of fiscal 2025, we recorded $1,076 related to the BN Performance Bonus, a $188 decrease from the prior year.
•
Net income and income per diluted share for the third quarter of fiscal 2025 were $1,588 and $0.14, respectively, compared with net income and income per diluted share of $165 and $0.02, respectively, for the third quarter of fiscal 2024. Adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share for the third quarter of fiscal 2025 were $1,966 and $0.18, respectively, compared with adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share of $1,451 and $0.13, respectively, for the third quarter of fiscal 2024. See "Non-GAAP Measures" below for a reconciliation of adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share to the comparable GAAP amount.
•
Orders booked in the third quarter of fiscal 2025 decreased to $24,786 compared with $123,267 in the third quarter of fiscal 2024. This decrease was primarily due to a record level of orders in the third quarter of fiscal 2024 as a result of follow-on orders for critical U.S. Navy programs related to the Columbia Class submarine and Ford Class carrier programs. After-market orders for the refining, petrochemical, and defense markets for the third quarter of fiscal 2025 increased 51% to $13,013 compared with the prior-year period. Note that our orders tend to be lumpy given the nature of our business (i.e. large capital projects) and in particular, orders to the defense industry, which span multiple years and are larger in size. For more information on this key performance indicator see "Orders and Backlog" below.
•
Backlog was $384,701 at December 31, 2024, compared with $390,868 at March 31, 2024. This decrease was primarily driven by the timing of orders in our defense market. For more information on this key performance indicator see "Orders and Backlog" below.
•
Cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2024 were $30,046, compared with $16,939 at March 31, 2024. This increase was primarily due to cash provided by operating activities of $27,873, partially offset by capital expenditures of $13,800 as we continue to invest in process improvement and longer-term growth opportunities. Cash flow from operations during the quarter was primarily driven by cash net income and a reduction in working capital as a result of strong cash management and favorable contract terms.
•
In February 2025, we announced a leadership change to provide for executive succession, strengthen our core leadership team, and support continued growth. As part of our established succession plan, President & CEO, Daniel J. Thoren is expected to transition to Executive Chairman and Strategic Advisor effective June 2025. With this change, Jonathan W. Painter, Chairman of the Board of Directors, will transition to Lead Independent Director. Additionally, Matthew J. Malone, current Vice President and General Manager of BN, was appointed to President & COO effective February 2025 and is expected to assume the CEO role of Graham Corporation in June 2025. Michael E. Dixon, current Director of Sales and Marketing of BN, was promoted to General Manager of BN effective February 2025 and is expected to assume the role of Vice President of Graham Corporation and General Manager of BN in June 2025.

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Form 10-Q and other documents we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") include forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. All statements other than statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements for purposes of this Form 10-Q. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results to be materially different from any future results implied by the forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are indicated by words such as "anticipate," "believe," "continue," "could," "estimate," "can," "may," "intend," "expect," "plan," "goal," "predict," "project," "outlook," "potential," "will," and similar words and expressions.

Forward-looking statements are not a guarantee of future performance and involve risks and uncertainties, and there are certain important factors that could cause our actual results to differ, possibly materially, from expectations or estimates reflected in such forward-looking statements including, but not limited to, those described in the "Risk Factors" section in Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal 2024 and elsewhere in the reports we file with the SEC. Undue reliance should not be placed on our

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forward-looking statements. New risks and uncertainties arise from time to time and we cannot predict these events or how they may affect us and cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements. Therefore, you should not rely on our forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. When considering these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, you should keep in mind the cautionary statements contained in this report and any documents incorporated herein by reference. You should read this document and the documents that we reference in this Form 10-Q completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. All forward-looking statements attributable to us are expressly qualified by these cautionary statements.

All forward-looking statements included in this Form 10-Q are made only as of the date indicated or as of the date of this Form 10-Q. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or announce any revisions to forward-looking statements contained in this report, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

Current Market Conditions

Demand for our equipment and systems for the defense industry is expected to remain strong and continue to expand, based on defense budget plans, accelerated ship build schedules, increased geopolitical tensions, the projected build schedules of submarines, aircraft carriers, and undersea propulsion and power systems, and the solutions we provide. We also don't believe that changes made by the new U.S. presidential administration will materially impact our defense business. In addition to U.S. Navy applications, we also provide specialty pumps, turbines, compressors, and controllers for various fluid and thermal management systems used in U.S. Department of Defense radar, laser, electronics, and power systems. We have built a leading position, and in most instances a sole source position, for certain systems and equipment for the defense industry.

Our traditional energy markets are undergoing significant transition. While we expect that fossil fuels will continue to be an important component in the global energy industry for many years to come, there are significant changes in the priorities for capital investments by our customers and the regions in which those investments are being made. We expect that the systemic changes in the energy markets, which are influenced by the increasing use by consumers of alternative fuels and government policies to stimulate their usage, may lead to demand growth for fossil-based fuels that is less than the global growth rate. The timing and catalyst for a recovery in this market remain uncertain. Accordingly, we believe that in the near term the quantity of projects available for us to compete for will remain low and that new project pricing will remain challenging. Additionally, we believe that the majority of new capital investment orders in our traditional energy markets will be outside the U.S., such as India and the Middle-East. Finally, over the last few years we have experienced an increase in our energy and chemical aftermarket orders primarily from the domestic market as our customers continue to maintain and invest in the facilities they currently operate. We expect this trend to continue for the foreseeable future.

Over the long-term, we expect that population growth, an expanding global middle class, and an increasing desire for improved quality of life and access to consumer products will drive increased demand for industrial goods within the plastics and resins value chain along with fertilizers and related products. As such, we expect investment in new global chemical and petrochemical capacity will continue and drive growth in demand for our products and services.

We intend to stay competitive in our traditional energy and chemical/petrochemical markets by investing in technology such as our NextGen steam ejector nozzle, which has been engineered to reduce steam consumption, lower operating costs, and increase system capacity, allowing refineries and process plants to enhance throughput while minimizing their carbon footprint. We estimate that the total market opportunity for our NextGen nozzle exceeds $50 million over the next 5 to 10 years.

Our turbomachinery, pumps, and cryogenic products and market access provide revenue and growth potential in the commercial space/aerospace markets. The commercial space market has grown and evolved rapidly, and we provide rocket engine turbopump systems and components to many of the launch providers for satellites. We expect that in the long-term, extended space exploration will become more prevalent, and we anticipate that our thermal/fluid management and environmental control and life support system turbomachinery will play important roles. We are also participating in future aerospace power and propulsion system development through supply of fluid and thermal management systems components. Small power dense systems are imperative for these applications, and we believe our technology and expertise will enable us to achieve sales growth in this market. Sales and orders to the space industry are variable in nature and many of our customers, who are key players in the industry, have yet to achieve profitability and may be unable to continue operations without additional funding. As a result, future revenue and growth to this market can be uncertain and may negatively impact our business.

The alternative and clean energy opportunities for our heat transfer, power production, and fluid transfer systems are expected to continue to grow. We assist in designing, developing and producing equipment for hydrogen production, distribution and fueling systems, concentrated solar power and storage, small modular nuclear systems, bioenergy products, and geothermal power generation with lithium extraction. We are positioning the Company to be a more significant contributor as these markets continue to develop.

As illustrated below, we have succeeded over the last several years with our strategy to increase our participation in the defense market, which comprised 80% of our total backlog at December 31, 2024.

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*Note: "FYE" refers to fiscal year ended March 31

Results of Operations

To better understand the significant factors that influenced our performance during the periods presented, the following discussion should be read in conjunction with our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes to our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1, of this Form 10-Q.

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Nine Months Ended |
|  | December 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Net sales |  | $ | 47,037 |  |  | $ | 43,818 |  |  | $ | 150,551 |  |  | $ | 136,463 |
Gross profit |  | $ | 11,686 |  |  | $ | 9,723 |  |  | $ | 36,853 |  |  | $ | 27,891 |
Gross profit margin |  |  | 25 | % |  |  | 22 | % |  |  | 24 | % |  |  | 20 | %
SG&A expenses |  | $ | 9,696 |  |  | $ | 8,812 |  |  | $ | 28,130 |  |  | $ | 22,493 |
SG&A as a percent of sales |  |  | 21 | % |  |  | 20 | % |  |  | 19 | % |  |  | 16 | %
Net income |  | $ | 1,588 |  |  | $ | 165 |  |  | $ | 7,835 |  |  | $ | 3,216 |
Income per diluted share |  | $ | 0.14 |  |  | $ | 0.02 |  |  | $ | 0.71 |  |  | $ | 0.30 |

The following tables provide our net sales by product line and geographic region including the percentage of total and change in comparison to the prior year for each category and period presented. Percentages may not sum to the total due to rounding:

Third Quarter and First Nine Months of Fiscal 2025 Compared with Third Quarter and First Nine Months of Fiscal 2024

Net sales for the third quarter of fiscal 2025 were $47,037 up 7% compared with the third quarter of fiscal 2024. This increase was across multiple markets including an 11% increase in sales to the defense industry, due to new programs, growth in existing

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programs, better execution, improved pricing, and timing. Net sales for the quarter for the chemical/petrochemical market increased 64%, driven by increased sales of capital equipment, partially offset by a 16% decline in refining revenue due to lower sales in India due to project timing. Aftermarket sales to the refining, chemical/petrochemical, and defense markets of $9,704 remained strong and were 2% higher than the prior year. Note that historically the third quarter of our fiscal year is our lowest revenue quarter due to the holidays and a higher level of vacation being taken by our direct labor force.

Domestic sales as a percentage of aggregate sales were 84% in the third quarter of fiscal 2025, comparable to the 84% in the third quarter of fiscal 2024, reflecting our continued presence in the defense industry, which is U.S. based. Sales for the three months ended December 31, 2024 were 57% to the defense industry compared to 56% for the comparable quarter in fiscal 2024.

Net sales for the first nine months of fiscal 2025 increased $14,088, or 10%, from the first nine months of fiscal 2024. Approximately $2,373 of this increase was due to the acquisition of P3 which primarily serves the defense and space markets. Additionally, the increase over the prior year was due to a 20% increase in sales to the defense industry, due to new programs, growth in existing programs, better execution, improved pricing, and timing. Net sales for the first nine months of fiscal 2025 to the refining and chemical/petrochemical markets increased 6% and 17%, respectively, driven by the timing of larger capital projects, partially offset by lower aftermarket sales. Aftermarket sales to the refining, chemical, petrochemical, and defense markets of $27,314 remained strong but were 12% lower than the prior year record levels. These increases were partially offset by a $5,059 decrease in "Other" sales due to project timing across multiple markets and customers including sales to our new energy markets. The new energy market remains a key strategic focus for our business with significant opportunities for growth over the long-term but are lumpy in nature.

Domestic sales as a percentage of aggregate sales were 84% for the first nine months of fiscal 2025, comparable to the 83% for the same period of fiscal 2024, reflecting our continued presence in the defense industry, which is U.S. based. Sales for the nine months ended December 31, 2024 were 58% to the defense industry compared to 53% for the comparable quarter in fiscal 2024. Fluctuation in sales among markets, products and geographic locations varies, sometimes significantly, from quarter-to-quarter based on timing and magnitude of projects. See also "Current Market Conditions," above. For additional information on anticipated future sales and our markets, see "Orders and Backlog" below.

Gross profit and margin for the third quarter of fiscal 2025 was $11,686 and 24.8%, respectively, and $36,853 and 24.5%, respectively, for the first nine months of fiscal 2025. These 260 and 410 basis point improvements in gross profit margin over the comparable quarter and year-to-date periods of fiscal 2024, respectively, reflected increased leverage on fixed overhead costs due to the higher volume of sales discussed above, as well as better execution and improved pricing, partially offset by higher incentive compensation in comparison with the prior year. Additionally, third quarter and the first nine months of fiscal 2025 gross profit benefited $254 and $1,172, respectively, from a $2,100 grant received from the BlueForge Alliance to reimburse us for the cost of our defense welder training programs in Batavia and related equipment. To date we have received $1,460 of funding under this grant.

Changes in SG&A expense, including amortization expense, for the three and nine months ending December 31, 2024 versus the comparable prior year period is as follows:

|  | Change Q3 FY25 vs. Q3 FY24 |  |  | Change YTD Q3 FY25 vs. YTD Q3 FY24 |
BN Performance Bonus |  | $ | (188 | ) |  | $ | 395 |
Amortization of intangibles |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | 379 |
P3 Technologies |  |  | 151 |  |  |  | 406 |
ERP implementation costs |  |  | 101 |  |  |  | 648 |
Equity based compensation |  |  | 256 |  |  |  | 566 |
Performance-based compensation |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | 29 |
Professional fees |  |  | (420 | ) |  |  | 54 |
Research & development |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | 558 |
Personnel costs |  |  | 315 |  |  |  | 1,565 |
Bad debt expense |  |  | 419 |  |  |  | 383 |
All other |  |  | 176 |  |  |  | 654 |
Total SG&A change |  | $ | 884 |  |  | $ | 5,637 |

In connection with the acquisition of BN, we entered into a Performance Bonus Agreement to provide employees of BN with a supplemental performance-based award based on the achievement of BN performance objectives for fiscal years ending March 31, 2024, 2025 and 2026, which can range between $2,000 and $4,000 per year. The increase in research and development costs reflects the increased level of investment we are making in our products and technology. The increase in ERP implementation costs related to the new ERP system at our Batavia facility. Other increases to SG&A include personnel cost increases due to normal merit increases and increased staffing to support growth, as well as an increase in bad debt reserves related to foreign and smaller space customers.

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Other operating income represents the change in fair value of the P3 contingent earn-out liability and was $220 and $946 for the three and nine month periods ended December 31, 2024, respectively, versus $0 for the comparable prior year periods of fiscal 2024. The change in fair value was due to delayed orders/projects that extended beyond the earnout period.

Net interest income for the third quarter and first nine months of fiscal 2025 was $128 and $442, respectively, compared to net interest expense of $37 and $277 for the comparable periods of fiscal 2024, respectively. This increase in interest income was due to our strong cash position and lower debt levels versus fiscal 2024.

Our effective tax rate for the third quarter of fiscal 2025 was 29%, compared with (200)% in the third quarter of fiscal 2024. Our effective tax rate for the first nine months of fiscal 2025 was 20%, compared with 22% for the first nine months of fiscal 2024. Our effective tax rate can vary significantly from quarter to quarter depending on the level of projected pre-tax income, the amount of projected income derived from our higher tax rate foreign subsidiaries, as well as the timing of discrete tax items, primarily related to the vesting of restricted stock awards. The decrease in our effective tax rate for the first nine months of fiscal 2025 versus the prior year was primarily due to a discrete tax benefit recognized in the first quarter of fiscal 2025 related to the vesting of restricted stock awards and the Company's improved stock price over the prior year, partially offset by return to provision adjustments recognized in the third quarter of fiscal 2025 due to changes in estimates. For fiscal 2025, we expect our effective tax rate to be between 20% and 22%, as the impact of these discrete tax items on our full year effective tax rate lessens over the course of the year.

The result of the above is that net income and income per diluted share for the third quarter of fiscal 2025 were $1,588 and $0.14, respectively, compared with $165 and $0.02, respectively, for the third quarter of fiscal 2024. Adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share for the third quarter of fiscal 2025 were $1,966 and $0.18, respectively, compared with adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share of $1,451 and $0.13, respectively, for the third quarter of fiscal 2024. See "Non-GAAP Measures" below for a reconciliation of adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share to the comparable GAAP amount.

Net income and income per diluted share for the first nine months of fiscal 2025 were $7,835 and $0.71, respectively, compared with net income of $3,216 and $0.30, respectively, for the first nine months of fiscal 2024. Adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share for the first nine months of fiscal 2025 were $8,965 and $0.81, respectively, compared with adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share of $5,188 and $0.48, respectively, for the first nine months of fiscal 2024. See "Non-GAAP Measures" below for a reconciliation of adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share to the comparable GAAP amount.

Non-GAAP Measures

Adjusted net income before interest (income) expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA"), adjusted net income, and adjusted net income per diluted share are provided for informational purposes only and are not measures of financial performance under accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. ("GAAP").

Management believes the presentation of these financial measures reflecting non-GAAP adjustments provides important supplemental information to investors and other users of our financial statements in evaluating the operating results of the Company. In particular, those charges and credits that are not directly related to our operating performance, and are not reflective of our underlying business particularly in light of their unpredictable nature. These non-GAAP disclosures have limitations as analytical tools, should not be viewed as a substitute for net income or net income per diluted share determined in accordance with GAAP, and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP, nor are they necessarily comparable to non-GAAP performance measures that may be presented by other companies. In addition, supplemental presentation should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by similar adjustments to net income or net income per diluted share determined in accordance with GAAP. Adjusted EBITDA, adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share are key metrics used by management and our board of directors to assess the Company’s financial and operating performance and adjusted EBITDA is a basis for a significant portion of management's performance-based compensation.

Adjusted EBITDA excludes charges for depreciation, amortization, interest (income) expense, income taxes, acquisition related (income) expenses, equity-based compensation, ERP implementation costs, and other unusual/nonrecurring items. Adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share exclude intangible amortization, acquisition related (income) expenses, other unusual/nonrecurring items, and the related tax impacts of those adjustments.

A reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA, adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share to net income in accordance with GAAP is as follows:

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| Three Months Ended |  |  | Nine Months Ended |
| December 31, |  |  | December 31, |
| 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Net income | $ | 1,588 |  |  | $ | 165 |  |  | $ | 7,835 |  |  | $ | 3,216 |
Acquisition & integration (income) expense |  | (220 | ) |  |  | 274 |  |  |  | (900 | ) |  |  | 274 |
Equity-based compensation |  | 426 |  |  |  | 377 |  |  |  | 1,204 |  |  |  | 1,002 |
ERP implementation costs |  | 157 |  |  |  | 56 |  |  |  | 704 |  |  |  | 56 |
Debt amendment costs |  | - |  |  |  | 744 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 744 |
Net interest (income) expense |  | (128 | ) |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | (442 | ) |  |  | 277 |
Income tax expense (benefit) |  | 659 |  |  |  | (110 | ) |  |  | 2,003 |  |  |  | 899 |
Depreciation & amortization |  | 1,545 |  |  |  | 1,422 |  |  |  | 4,375 |  |  |  | 3,862 |
Adjusted EBITDA(1) | $ | 4,027 |  |  | $ | 2,965 |  |  | $ | 14,779 |  |  | $ | 10,330 |
Net Sales |  | 47,037 |  |  |  | 43,818 |  |  |  | 150,551 |  |  |  | 136,463 |
Net income as a % of revenue |  | 3.4 | % |  |  | 0.4 | % |  |  | 5.2 | % |  |  | 2.4 | %
Adjusted EBITDA as a % of revenue |  | 8.6 | % |  |  | 6.8 | % |  |  | 9.8 | % |  |  | 7.6 | %
(1) Beginning in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2024, adjusted EBITDA no longer excludes the BN Performance Bonus, but now excludes the impact of non-cash equity-based compensation expense in order to be more consistent with market practice. Prior period results have been adjusted to reflect these changes on a comparable basis. The BN Performance Bonus expense was $1,076 and $3,228 for the third quarter and first nine months of fiscal 2025, respectively, and $1,264 and $2,833 for the third quarter and first nine months of fiscal 2024, respectively, and will be completed at the end of fiscal 2026. |

| Three Months Ended |  |  | Nine Months Ended |
| December 31, |  |  | December 31, |
| 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Net income | $ | 1,588 |  |  | $ | 165 |  |  | $ | 7,835 |  |  | $ | 3,216 |
Acquisition & integration (income) expense |  | (220 | ) |  |  | 274 |  |  |  | (900 | ) |  |  | 274 |
Amortization of intangible assets |  | 554 |  |  |  | 596 |  |  |  | 1,663 |  |  |  | 1,487 |
ERP implementation costs |  | 157 |  |  |  | 56 |  |  |  | 704 |  |  |  | 56 |
Debt amendment costs |  | - |  |  |  | 744 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 744 |
Normalized tax rate(1) |  | (113 | ) |  |  | (384 | ) |  |  | (337 | ) |  |  | (589 | )
Adjusted net income(2) | $ | 1,966 |  |  | $ | 1,451 |  |  | $ | 8,965 |  |  | $ | 5,188 |
GAAP net income per diluted share | $ | 0.14 |  |  | $ | 0.02 |  |  | $ | 0.71 |  |  | $ | 0.30 |
Adjusted net income per diluted share | $ | 0.18 |  |  | $ | 0.13 |  |  | $ | 0.81 |  |  | $ | 0.48 |
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding |  | 11,057 |  |  |  | 10,920 |  |  |  | 11,016 |  |  |  | 10,792 |
(1) Applies a normalized tax rate to non-GAAP adjustments, which are pre-tax, based upon the statutory tax rate. |
(2) Beginning in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2024, adjusted net income no longer excludes the BN Performance Bonus. Prior period results have been adjusted to reflect this change on a comparable basis. The BN Performance Bonus expense, net-of-tax, was $829 and $2,486 for the third quarter and first nine months of fiscal 2025, respectively, and $973 and $2,181 for the third quarter and first nine months of fiscal 2024, respectively, and will be completed at the end of fiscal 2026. |

Acquisition and integration (income) expense are incremental costs that are directly related to and as a result of the P3 acquisition. These costs (income) may include, among other things, professional, consulting and other fees, system integration costs, and contingent consideration fair value adjustments. ERP implementation costs primarily relate to consulting costs (training, data conversion, and project management) incurred in connection with the ERP system being implemented throughout our Batavia, New York facility in order to enhance efficiency and productivity and are not expected to recur once the project is completed. Debt amendment costs consist

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of accelerated write-offs of unamortized deferred debt issuance costs and discounts, prepayment penalties, and attorney fees in connection with the amendment of our credit facility in October 2023.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows:

|  | December 31, |  |  | March 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2024 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 30,046 |  |  | $ | 16,939 |
Working capital (1) |  |  | 4,787 |  |  |  | 8,112 |
Working capital ratio(1) |  |  | 1.0 |  |  |  | 1.1 |

(1)
Working capital equals current assets minus current liabilities. Working capital ratio equals current assets divided by current liabilities.

Net cash provided by operating activities for the first nine months of fiscal 2025 was $27,873 compared with $19,483 for the first nine months of fiscal 2024. This increase was primarily a result of higher cash net income and a reduction in working capital. Over the last nine months, cash flow from operations benefited approximately $11,000 from an increase in customer deposits, net of unbilled revenue, primarily from long-term U.S. Navy defense contracts/projects, that will require cash expenditures over the next 12 to 24 months, which could reduce cash flow from operations.

Capital expenditures for the first nine months of fiscal 2025 were $13,800 compared to $5,193 for the comparable period in fiscal 2024. Capital expenditures for fiscal 2025 were primarily for machinery and equipment, land, buildings and leasehold improvements to support our growth and productivity improvement initiatives and included expenditures related to the expansion of defense production capabilities at our Batavia facility, which is primarily being funded by a $13,500 strategic grant from one of our defense customers. We have increased our expected fiscal 2025 capital expenditures to be in the range of $15,000 to $19,000 from our previous expectations of $10,000 to $15,000 at the beginning of the year due to an opportunistic land purchase in Arvada, Colorado and our plans to construct a cryogenic propellant (LH2, LOX, LCH4) testing facility in Florida to support future growth and customer needs, and were not contemplated at the beginning of the year. Approximately half of our planned capital expenditures for fiscal 2025 are discretionary, with the other half being related to the Batavia facility defense expansion. We estimate that our maintenance capital spend is approximately $2,000 per year. However, for the next several years we expect capital expenditures to be approximately 7% to 10% of sales as we continue to invest in our business in order to support our long-term organic growth goals.

Cash and cash equivalents were $30,046 at December 31, 2024 compared with $16,939 at March 31, 2024, up $13,107 primarily due to cash provided by operations, offset by capital expenditures. At December 31, 2024, $4,603 of our cash and cash equivalents was used to secure our letters of credit and $4,377 of our cash was held by foreign subsidiaries.

On October 13, 2023, we terminated our revolving credit facility and repaid our term loan with Bank of America, and entered into a new five-year revolving credit facility with Wells Fargo that provides a $50,000 line of credit (the "New Revolving Credit Facility"). As of December 31, 2024, there were no borrowings and $7,202 letters of credit outstanding on the New Revolving Credit Facility and the amount available to borrow was $42,798, subject to interest and leverage covenants.

The New Revolving Credit Facility contains customary terms and conditions, including representations and warranties and affirmative and negative covenants, as well as financial covenants for the benefit of Wells Fargo, which require us to maintain (i) a consolidated total leverage ratio not to exceed 3.50:1.00 and (ii) a consolidated fixed charge coverage ratio of at least 1.20:1.00, in both cases computed in accordance with the definitions and requirements specified in the New Revolving Credit Facility. As of December 31, 2024, we were in compliance with the financial covenants of the New Revolving Credit Facility and our leverage ratio as calculated in accordance with the terms of the New Revolving Credit Facility was 0.6x.

The New Revolving Credit Facility contains terms that may, under certain circumstances as defined in the agreement, restrict our ability to declare or pay dividends. Any determination by our Board of Directors regarding dividends in the future will depend on a variety of factors, including our future financial performance, organic and inorganic growth opportunities, general economic conditions, and financial, competitive, regulatory, and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. We did not pay any dividends during the first nine months of fiscal 2025 or during fiscal 2024 and currently have no intention to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.

We did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as of December 31, 2024 and March 31, 2024, other than letters of credit incurred in the ordinary course of business.

We believe that cash generated from operations combined with the liquidity provided by our New Revolving Credit Facility will be adequate to meet our cash needs for the immediate future.

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Orders and Backlog

In addition to the non-GAAP measures discussed above, management uses the following key performance metrics to analyze and measure our financial performance and results of operations: orders, backlog, and book-to-bill ratio. Management uses orders and backlog as measures of current and future business and financial performance and these may not be comparable with measures provided by other companies. Orders represent written communications received from customers requesting us to provide products and/or services. Backlog is defined as the total dollar value of net orders received for which revenue has not yet been recognized. Management believes tracking orders and backlog are useful as it often times is a leading indicator of future performance. In accordance with industry practice, contracts may include provisions for cancellation, termination, or suspension at the discretion of the customer.

The book-to-bill ratio is an operational measure that management uses to track the growth prospects of the Company. The Company calculates the book-to-bill ratio for a given period as net orders divided by net sales.

Given that each of orders, backlog, and book-to-bill ratio is an operational measure and that the Company's methodology for calculating orders, backlog and book-to-bill ratio does not meet the definition of a non-GAAP measure, as that term is defined by the SEC, a quantitative reconciliation for each is not required or provided.

The following tables provide our orders by market and geographic region including the percentage of total orders and change in comparison to the prior year for each category and period presented. Percentages may not sum to the total due to rounding:

Orders booked in the third quarter of fiscal 2025 decreased to $24,786 compared with $123,267 in the third quarter of fiscal 2024. This decrease was primarily due to a record level of orders in the third quarter of fiscal 2024 as a result of follow-on orders for critical U.S. Navy programs related to the Columbia Class submarine and Ford Class carrier programs. After-market orders for the refining, petrochemical, and defense markets for the third quarter of fiscal 2025 increased 51% to $13,013 compared with the prior-year period. Note that our orders tend to be lumpy given the nature of our business (i.e., large capital projects) and in particular, orders to the defense industry, which span multiple years and are larger in size. Orders for the first nine months of fiscal 2025 benefited from a contract to provide cryogenic pumps for a space launch vehicle and a contract to provide the MK19 Air Turbine Pump for the U.S. Navy Columbia-class submarine, which is a new program for the Company. Additionally, orders for the first nine months of fiscal 2025 included follow-on orders for the second option year of alternators and regulators for the U.S. Navy MK48 Torpedo program, as well as an order for a three surface condenser system for the world's first net-zero carbon emissions integrated ethylene cracker and derivatives site located in North America. After-market orders for the refining and petrochemical markets for the first nine months of fiscal 2025 were $34,773, consistent with the prior-year period. Orders for the first nine months of fiscal 2024 included $9,100 for a vacuum distillation system for a refinery in India, $22,000 related to a strategic investment by one of our larger defense customers, and the follow-on defense orders discussed above. For the first nine months of fiscal 2025 our book-to-bill ratio was 1.0x.

Orders to the U.S. represented 76% of total orders for the first nine months of fiscal 2025 compared to 88% for the prior year. These orders were primarily to the defense market, which are U.S. based, and tend to be lumpy given their large size and are long-term in nature.

The following table provides our backlog by market, including the percentage of total backlog, for each category and period presented. Percentages may not sum to the total due to rounding:

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|  | December 31, |  |  |  |  | December 31, |  |  |  | Change |
Market |  | 2024 |  | % |  |  | 2023 |  | % |  | $ |  |  | % |
Refining |  | $ | 30,010 |  |  | 8 | % |  | $ | 27,428 |  |  | 7 | % | $ | 2,582 |  |  |  | 9 | %
Chemical/Petrochemical |  |  | 18,717 |  |  | 5 | % |  |  | 14,815 |  |  | 4 | % |  | 3,902 |  |  |  | 26 | %
Space |  |  | 17,594 |  |  | 5 | % |  |  | 11,059 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 6,535 |  |  |  | 59 | %
Defense |  |  | 307,138 |  |  | 80 | % |  |  | 334,455 |  |  | 84 | % |  | (27,317 | ) |  |  | -8 | %
Other |  |  | 11,242 |  |  | 3 | % |  |  | 11,487 |  |  | 3 | % |  | (245 | ) |  |  | -2 | %
Total backlog |  | $ | 384,701 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 399,244 |  |  | 100 | % | $ | (14,543 | ) |  |  | -4 | %

We expect to recognize revenue on approximately 45% to 50% of the backlog within one year, 35% to 40% in one to two years and the remaining beyond two years. The majority of the orders that are expected to convert beyond twenty-four months are for the defense industry, specifically the U.S. Navy that have a long conversion cycle (up to six years).

Outlook

We are providing the following updated fiscal 2025 outlook ($ in thousands):

| New Guidance |  | Previous Guidance
Net Sales | $200,000 to $210,000 |  | $200,000 to $210,000
Gross Profit | 24% - 25% of sales |  | 23% - 24% of sales
SG&A Expenses (Including Amortization)(1) | 18% - 19% of sales |  | 17% - 18% of sales
Tax Rate | 20% to 22% |  | 20% to 22%
Adjusted EBITDA(2) | $18,000 to $21,000 |  | $18,000 to $21,000
Capital Expenditures | $15,000 to $19,000 |  | $13,000 to $18,000
(1) Includes approximately $6,500 to $7,500 of BN Performance Bonus, equity-based compensation, and ERP conversion costs included in SG&A expense.
(2) Excludes net interest (income) expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization from net income, as well as approximately $2,000 to $3,000 of equity-based compensation and ERP conversion costs included in SG&A expense and approximately $950 of acquisition & integration income, net.

See "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statement" and "Non-GAAP Measures" above for additional information about forward-looking statements and non-GAAP measures. We have not reconciled non-GAAP forward-looking adjusted EBITDA to its most directly comparable GAAP measure, as permitted by Item 10(e)(1)(i)(B) of Regulation S-K. Such reconciliation would require unreasonable efforts to estimate and quantify various necessary GAAP components largely because forecasting or predicting our future operating results is subject to many factors out of our control or not readily predictable.

We have made significant progress with the advancements in our business, which puts us on schedule in achieving our fiscal 2027 goals of 8% to 10% average annualized organic revenue growth and adjusted EBITDA margins in the low to mid-teens.

Our expectations for sales and profitability assume that we will be able to operate our production facilities at planned capacity, have access to our global supply chain including our subcontractors, do not experience significant global health related disruptions, and assumes no further impact from any other unforeseen events.

Contingencies and Commitments

We have been named as a defendant in lawsuits alleging personal injury from exposure to asbestos allegedly contained in or accompanying our products or from exposure to asbestos at the Company's facilities. We are a co-defendant with numerous other defendants in these lawsuits and intend to vigorously defend ourselves against these claims. The claims in most of our current lawsuits are similar to those made in previous asbestos lawsuits that named us as a defendant. Such previous lawsuits either were dismissed when it was shown that we had not supplied products to the plaintiffs’ places of work, or were settled by us for immaterial amounts. We believe that the resolution of these asbestos-related lawsuits will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations. However, legal matters are subject to inherent uncertainties and there exists the possibility that the ultimate resolution of these asbestos-related lawsuits could have a material adverse impact on our financial position and results of operations.

During the third quarter of fiscal 2024, the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, with the assistance of external counsel and forensic professionals, concluded an investigation into a whistleblower complaint received regarding GIPL. The investigation identified evidence supporting the complaint and other misconduct by employees. The other misconduct totaled $150 over a period of four years and was isolated to GIPL. All involved employees have been terminated and we have implemented remedial actions, including strengthening our compliance program and internal controls. As a result of the investigation, during the third quarter of fiscal 2024, the statutory auditor and bookkeeper of GIPL tendered their resignations and new firms were appointed. We have voluntarily reported the findings of our investigation to the appropriate authorities in India, the U.S. Department of Justice, and the SEC and will continue to

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cooperate with those authorities. Although the resolutions of these matters are inherently uncertain, we do not believe any remaining impact will be material to our overall consolidated results of operations, financial position, or cash flows.

As of December 31, 2024, we are subject to the claims noted above, as well as other legal proceedings and potential claims that have arisen in the ordinary course of business. Although the outcome of the lawsuits, legal proceedings or potential claims to which we are or may become a party cannot be determined and an estimate of the reasonably possible loss or range of loss cannot be made for the majority of the claims, we do not believe that the outcomes, either individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position or cash flows. See Note 10 to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for additional information.

Critical Accounting Policies, Estimates, and Judgments

Our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are based on the selection of accounting policies and the application of significant accounting estimates, some of which require management to make significant assumptions. We believe that the most critical accounting estimates used in the preparation of our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements relate to labor hour estimates, total cost, and establishment of operational milestones which are used to recognize revenue over time, accounting for contingencies, under which we accrue a loss when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated, accounting for business combinations and intangible assets, and accounting for pensions and other postretirement benefits. There have been no material changes to the aforementioned critical accounting policies and estimates. For further information, refer to Item 7 "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended March 31, 2024.

New Accounting Pronouncements

In the normal course of business, management evaluates all new Accounting Standards Updates and other accounting pronouncements issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, SEC, or other authoritative accounting bodies to determine the potential impact they may have on the Company's Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. Other than those discussed in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, management does not expect any of the recently issued accounting pronouncements, which have not already been adopted, to have a material impact on the Company's Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. For discussion of the newly issued accounting pronouncements see Note 14 to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for additional information.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

The principal market risks (i.e., the risk of loss arising from market changes) to which we are exposed are foreign currency exchange rates, price risk, and interest rate risk.

The assumptions applied in preparing the following qualitative and quantitative disclosures regarding foreign currency exchange rate, price risk and interest rate risk are based upon volatility ranges experienced by us in relevant historical periods, our current knowledge of the marketplace, and our judgment of the probability of future volatility based upon the historical trends and economic conditions of the markets in which we operate.

Foreign Currency

International consolidated sales for the first nine months of fiscal 2025 were 16% of total sales. Operating in markets throughout the world exposes us to movements in currency exchange rates. Currency movements can affect sales in several ways, the foremost being our ability to compete for orders against foreign competitors that base their prices on relatively weaker currencies. Business lost due to competition for orders against competitors using a relatively weaker currency cannot be quantified. In addition, cash can be adversely impacted by the conversion of sales made by us in a foreign currency to U.S. dollars. In the first nine months of fiscal 2025, substantially all sales by us and our wholly-owned subsidiaries, for which we were paid, were denominated in the local currency of the respective subsidiary (U.S. dollars, Chinese RMB or India INR). For the first nine months of fiscal 2025, foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations decreased our cash balances by $39 primarily due to the strengthening of the U.S. dollar.

We have limited exposure to foreign currency purchases. In the first nine months of fiscal 2025, our purchases in foreign currencies represented approximately 5% of the cost of products sold. At certain times, we may enter into forward foreign currency exchange rate agreements to hedge our exposure against potential unfavorable changes in foreign currency values on significant sales and purchase contracts negotiated in foreign currencies. Forward foreign currency exchange rate contracts were not used in the periods being reported in this Form 10-Q and as of December 31, 2024 and March 31, 2024, we held no forward foreign currency contracts.

Price Risk

Operating in a global market place requires us to compete with other global manufacturers which, in some instances, benefit from lower production costs and more favorable economic conditions, such as lower tariffs. Although we believe that our customers differentiate our products on the basis of our manufacturing quality, engineering experience, and customer service, among other things, such lower production costs and more favorable economic conditions mean that our competitors are able to offer products similar to

29

ours at lower prices. In extreme market downturns, we typically see depressed price levels. Additionally, we have faced, and may continue to face, significant cost inflation, specifically in labor costs, raw materials, tariffs, and other supply chain costs due to increased demand for raw materials and resources caused by the broad disruption of the global supply chain. International conflicts or other geopolitical events, including the on-going Russia and Ukraine war, the Israel-Hamas conflict, and increased government regulations affecting trade between the United States and other countries as a result of the recent presidential and congressional elections, may further contribute to increased supply chain costs due to shortages in raw materials, increased costs for transportation and energy, disruptions in supply chains, increased tariffs, and heightened inflation. Further escalation of tariffs or geopolitical tensions may also lead to changes to foreign exchange rates and financial markets, any of which may adversely affect our business and supply chain, and consequently our results of operations. While there could ultimately be a material impact on our operations and liquidity, at the time of this report, the impact could not be determined.

Interest Rate Risk

In order to fund our strategic growth objectives, including acquisitions, from time to time we may borrow funds under our New Revolving Credit Facility that bears interest at a variable rate. As part of our risk management activities, we evaluate the use of interest rate derivatives to add stability to interest expense and to manage our exposure to interest rate movements. As of December 31, 2024, we had no variable rate debt outstanding on our New Revolving Credit Facility and no interest rate derivatives outstanding. See "Debt" in Note 13 to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for additional information about our outstanding debt.

Item 4. Control s and Procedures

Conclusion regarding the effectiveness of disclosure controls and procedures

Our Chief Executive Officer (our principal executive officer) and Vice President - Finance and Chief Financial Officer (our principal financial officer) each have evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) as of the end of the period covered by this Form 10-Q. Based on such evaluation, and as of such date, our Chief Executive Officer and Vice President - Finance and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective in all material respects.

Changes in internal control over financial reporting

There has been no change to our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter covered by this Form 10-Q that has materially affected, or that is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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P ART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1A. Risk Fa ctors

There have been no material changes from the risk factors previously disclosed in Part 1 – Item 1A of the Company’s Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Dividend Policy

Our revolving credit facility with Wells Fargo contains terms that may, under certain circumstances as defined in the agreement, restrict our ability to declare or pay dividends. Any determination by our Board of Directors regarding dividends in the future will depend on a variety of factors, including our future financial performance, organic and inorganic growth opportunities, general economic conditions and financial, competitive, regulatory, and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. We did not pay any dividends during the nine months ended December 31, 2024 or during fiscal 2024 and we currently have no intention to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.

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Item 6. Exhibits

INDEX OF EXHIBITS

(31) |  | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certifications
+ |  | 31.1 | Certification of Principal Executive Officer
+ |  | 31.2 | Certification of Principal Financial Officer
(32) |  | Section 1350 Certification
++ |  | 32.1 | Section 1350 Certifications
(101) |  | Interactive Data File
+ |  | 101.INS | Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
+ |  | 101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
+ |  | 101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
+ |  | 101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
+ |  | 101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
+ |  | 101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

(104) |  |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File embedded within the Inline XBRL document
|  | + ++ | Exhibit filed with this report Exhibit furnished with this report

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SIGNA TURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| GRAHAM CORPORATION
By: |  |  | /s/ CHRISTOPHER J. THOME
|  |  | Christopher J. Thome
|  |  | Vice President-Finance, Chief Financial Officer,
|  |  | Chief Accounting Officer, and Corporate Secretary
|  |  | (On behalf of the Registrant and as Principal Financial Officer)

Date: February 7, 2025

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