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Intangible assets | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2019
Goodwill And Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract] |
Intangible assets |
6. | Intangible assets
Intangible assets are recorded at cost, or when acquired as a part of a business combination, at estimated fair value. These assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the useful lives of the assets.
|  |  |  | December 31, |
(U.S. Dollars, in thousands) |  | Weighted Average Amortization Period |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Patents |  | 10 years |  | $ | 42,034 |  |  | $ | 39,085 |
Developed technology |  | 10 years |  |  | 39,200 |  |  |  | 12,400 |
IPR&D |  | Indefinite |  |  | — |  |  |  | 26,800 |
Customer relationships |  | 9 years |  |  | 7,430 |  |  |  | — |
License and other |  | 7 years |  |  | 15,960 |  |  |  | 14,654 |
Trademarks—finite lived |  | 10 years |  |  | 942 |  |  |  | 840 |
|  | 9 years |  |  | 105,566 |  |  |  | 93,779 |
Accumulated amortization |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Patents |  |  |  | $ | (38,246 | ) |  | $ | (35,016 | )
Developed technology |  |  |  |  | (4,523 | ) |  |  | (827 | )
Customer relationships |  |  |  |  | (535 | ) |  |  | — |
License and other |  |  |  |  | (7,701 | ) |  |  | (5,744 | )
Trademarks—finite lived |  |  |  |  | (422 | ) |  |  | (295 | )
|  |  |  |  | (51,427 | ) |  |  | (41,882 | )
Patents and other intangible assets, net |  |  |  | $ | 54,139 |  |  | $ | 51,897 |
Intangible assets related to IPR&D projects are considered to be indefinite-lived until the completion or abandonment of the associated research and development efforts. During the period the assets are considered indefinite-lived, they are not amortized but tested for impairment. Impairment testing is performed at least annually or when a triggering event occurs that could indicate a potential impairment. If and when development is complete, which generally occurs when regulatory approval to market a product is obtained, the associated assets are deemed finite-lived and are amortized over a period that best reflects the economic benefits provided by these assets. On February 6, 2019, the Company obtained FDA approval of the M6-C artificial cervical disc for patients suffering from cervical disease degeneration. Following FDA approval, the Company transferred $26.8 million from IPR&D to developed technology, and began amortization over 10 years. Amortization expense for intangible assets was $7.0 million, $2.7 million and $1.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Future amortization expense for intangible assets is estimated as follows:
(U.S. Dollars, in thousands) |  | Amortization |
2020 |  | $ | 7,420 |
2021 |  |  | 7,317 |
2022 |  |  | 7,337 |
2023 |  |  | 6,668 |
2024 |  |  | 5,799 |
Thereafter |  |  | 19,598 |
Total |  | $ | 54,139 |

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- Definition The entire disclosure for all or part of the information related to intangible assets. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 350 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2144416 + Details
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