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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Note 2. Summary of Significant Ac counting Policies Basis of Presentation The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) regarding annual reporting. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Personalis, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Personalis (UK) Ltd. and Personalis (Shanghai) Ltd. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. The estimates include, but are not limited to, revenue recognition, useful lives assigned to long-lived assets, discount rates for lease accounting, the valuation of stock options, the valuation of common stock warrants, provisions for income taxes, and fair value of lease right-of-use assets. Actual results could differ from these estimates, and such differences could be material to the Company’s consolidated financial position and results of operations. Follow-On and At-the-Market Equity Offerings In January 2021, the Company completed a follow-on equity offering in which it issued and sold 4,542,500 shares of its common stock at a public offering price of $38.00 per share. The Company received net proceeds of $162.3 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions. In December 2021, the Company entered into an At-the-Market ("ATM") Sales Agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) with BTIG, LLC (“BTIG”) under which it may offer and sell its common stock from time to time through BTIG as its sales agent. The Sales Agreement initially capped the amount of common stock that could be sold under the Sales Agreement to $100.0 million. In December 2023, the Sales Agreement was amended to, among other things, remove the maximum dollar amount of common stock that can be sold under the Sales Agreement. BTIG will use commercially reasonable efforts to sell the Company’s common stock from time to time, based upon instructions from the Company (including any price, time or size limits or other customary parameters or conditions the Company may impose). The Company will pay BTIG a commission of up to 3% of the gross sales proceeds of any common stock sold through BTIC under the Sales Agreement. The Company is not obligated to make any sales of common stock under the Sales Agreement. During 2023, the Company issued and sold 1,935,214 shares of its common stock at a weighted-average price of $1.85 per share under the Sales Agreement and received $3.5 million in proceeds, net of commissions. Concentration of Credit Risk and Other Risks and Uncertainties The Company is subject to credit risk from its portfolio of cash and cash equivalents. The Company’s cash and cash equivalents are deposited with high-quality financial institutions. Deposits at these institutions may, at times, exceed federally insured limits. Management believes these financial institutions are financially sound and, accordingly, that minimal credit risk exists. The Company also invests in investment‑grade debt instruments and has policy limits for the amount it can invest in any one type of security, except for securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government. The goals of the Company’s investment policy are as follows: preservation of principal; liquidity of investments sufficient to meet cash flow requirements; avoidance of inappropriate concentration and credit risk; competitive after‑tax rate of returns; and fiduciary control of cash and investments. Under its investment policy, the Company limits the amounts invested in such securities by credit rating, maturity, investment type, and issuer. As a result, management believes that these financial instruments do not expose the Company to any significant concentrations of credit risk. The Company purchases various reagents and sequencing materials from sole source suppliers. Any extended interruption in the supply of these materials could result in the Company’s inability to secure sufficient materials to conduct business and meet customer demand. The Company routinely assesses the creditworthiness of its customers and does not require collateral. Historically, the Company has not experienced significant credit losses from accounts receivable. Multiple customers have provided more than 10% of total revenue in the periods presented, or accounted for more than 10% of accounts receivable at each respective balance sheet date, as follows:
|  | Revenue |  | Accounts Receivable
|  | Year Ended December 31, |  | December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Natera, Inc. |  | 43% |  | 41% |  | 10% |  | 36% |  | 43%
VA MVP |  | 13% |  | 13% |  | 53% |  | * |  | *
Merck & Co., Inc. |  | * |  | 11% |  | * |  | * |  | *
GSK plc |  | * |  | * |  | * |  | * |  | 12%
Pfizer Inc. |  | * |  | * |  | * |  | * |  | 10%
* Less than 10% of revenue or accounts receivable |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue Recognition The Company applies the revenue recognition guidance in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“Topic 606”). The Company derives revenue from the sale of sequencing and data analysis services. Contracts are in the form of a combination of signed agreements, statements of work, and/or purchase orders. The Company accounts for a contract with a customer when there is approval and commitment from both parties, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance, and it is probable that the Company will collect substantially all of the consideration to which it will be entitled. The sequencing and data analysis services are the only distinct services that meet the definition of a performance obligation and are accounted for as one performance obligation under Topic 606. Revenue is recognized at a point in time when test results are transferred to the customer. The Company has elected to exclude all sales and value added taxes from the measurement of the transaction price. Standard payment terms are typically 90 days or less from the invoice date, but may vary. In instances where the timing of revenue recognition differs from the timing of invoicing, the Company does not assess whether a contract has a significant financing component if the expectation at contract inception is such that the period between payment by the customer and the transfer of the promised services to the customer will be one year or less. After assessing each of its revenue-generating arrangements to determine whether a significant financing component exists, the Company concluded that a significant financing component does not exist in any of its arrangements. The primary purpose of the Company's invoicing terms is to provide customers with simplified and predictable ways of purchasing services and to provide payment protection for the Company. Practical Expedients and Exemptions As a practical expedient, the Company recognizes the incremental costs of obtaining contracts, such as sales commissions, as an expense when incurred since the amortization period of the asset the Company otherwise would have recognized is one year or less. Sales commissions are recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. Cost of Revenue Cost of revenue consists of raw materials costs, personnel costs (salaries, bonuses, benefits, payroll taxes, and stock-based compensation), laboratory supplies and consumables, depreciation and maintenance on equipment, and allocated facilities and information technology (“IT”) costs. Research and Development Expenses The Company charges research and development costs to expenses as incurred, including lab and automation development costs. The expenses primarily consist of personnel costs (salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation, payroll taxes, and benefits); laboratory supplies and consumables; costs of processing samples for research, product development, collaborations, and studies; depreciation and maintenance on equipment; and allocated facilities and IT costs. Stock-Based Compensation For options granted to employees, non-employees, and directors, stock-based compensation is measured at grant date based on the fair value of the award. The Company determines the grant-date fair value of options using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, except for certain performance-based awards for which an alternative valuation method may be used. The Company determines the fair value of restricted stock unit awards using the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. Grant-date fair value of awards is amortized over the employees’ requisite service period on a straight-line basis, or the non-employees’ vesting period as the goods are received or services rendered. Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur. Additionally, the Company’s 2019 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) is deemed to be a compensatory plan and therefore is included in stock-based compensation expense. Inputs used in Black-Scholes option-pricing models to measure fair value of options are summarized as follows: Expected Term. The expected term is calculated using the simplified method, which is available if there is insufficient historical data about exercise patterns and post-vesting employment termination behavior. The simplified method is based on the vesting period and the contractual term for each grant, or for each vesting tranche for awards with graded vesting. The midpoint of the vesting date and the contractual expiration date is used as the expected term under this method. For awards with multiple vesting tranches, the assumed period for each tranche is computed separately and then averaged together to determine the expected term for the award. Expected Volatility. The Company used an average historical stock price volatility of a peer group of publicly traded companies to be representative of its expected future stock price volatility, as sufficient trading history for the Company's common stock does not yet exist. For purposes of identifying these peer companies, the Company considered the industry, stage of development, size, and financial leverage of potential comparable companies. For each grant, the Company measured historical volatility over a period equivalent to the expected term. Risk-Free Interest Rate. The risk-free interest rate is based on the implied yield currently available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with remaining terms equivalent to the expected term of a stock award. Expected Dividend Rate. The Company has not paid and does not anticipate paying any dividends in the near future. Accordingly, estimated dividend yield is zero. Foreign Currency Translation The Company considers the functional currencies of its foreign subsidiaries to be the local currency. Assets and liabilities recorded in foreign currencies are translated at the exchange rate as of the balance sheet date, and costs and expenses are translated at average exchange rates in effect during the period. Equity transactions are translated using historical exchange rates. The effects of foreign currency translation adjustments are recorded as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated balance sheets. Comprehensive Loss Comprehensive loss includes all changes in equity (net assets) during the period from nonowner sources. Comprehensive loss consists of net loss, cumulative translation adjustments, and unrealized gains or losses on available-for-sale debt securities. Income Taxes The Company uses the asset and liability method under ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, in accounting for income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the consolidated financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Deferred tax expenses or benefits are the result of changes in the deferred tax assets and liabilities. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets where it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized. ASC Topic 740 clarifies the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in the financial statements. ASC Topic 740 provides that a tax benefit from an uncertain tax position may be recognized when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon audit, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. ASC Topic 740 also provides guidance on measurement, derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure, and transition. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within the income tax expense line in the consolidated statements of operations. Accrued interest and penalties are included within the related liability line in the consolidated balance sheets. Undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries are assumed to be indefinitely reinvested and, accordingly, no U.S. income taxes have been provided thereon. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments with original maturities at the time of purchase of three months or less. Cash equivalents include bank demand deposits and money market accounts that invest primarily in cash, U.S. Treasury bills, notes, and other obligations issued or guaranteed as to principal and interest by the U.S. Government, its agencies or instrumentalities, and repurchase agreements secured by such obligations or cash. Cash equivalents also include commercial paper and U.S. Treasury bills, which are marketable debt securities recorded at fair value and accounted for in the same manner as other marketable debt securities described below. Short-term Investments Investments in marketable debt securities are classified as available-for-sale and recorded at fair value. Investments with original maturities of greater than three months and remaining maturities of less than one year are classified as short-term investments. Investments with maturities beyond one year are also classified as short-term based on their highly liquid nature and because such marketable securities represent the investment of cash that is available for current operations. Short-term investments primarily consist of U.S. Treasury notes, U.S. Treasury bills, commercial paper, and U.S. government agency bonds. Any discount or premium arising at purchase is accreted or amortized to interest income or expense. Unrealized gains and losses are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in stockholders’ equity. Realized gains and losses are reported in other income (expense), net. When securities are sold, any associated unrealized gain or loss initially recorded as a separate component of stockholders’ equity is reclassified out of stockholders’ equity on a specific-identification basis and recorded in earnings for the period. If an available-for-sale debt security's fair value is less than its amortized cost basis, the Company evaluates whether the decline is the result of a credit loss, in which case an impairment is recorded through an allowance for credit losses. Fair Value Measurements Financial assets and liabilities are recorded at fair value. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the reporting date. The hierarchy below lists three levels of fair value based on the extent to which inputs used in measuring fair value are observable in the market. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources while unobservable inputs reflect market assumptions made by the reporting entity. The three-level hierarchy for the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value is briefly summarized as follows: Level 1 — Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible to the reporting entity at the measurement date for identical assets and liabilities. Level 2 — Inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities that are observable either directly or indirectly for substantially the full term of the asset or liability. Level 2 inputs include the following: • Quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets. • Quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active. • Observable inputs other than quoted prices that are used in the valuation of the assets or liabilities (e.g., interest rate and yield curve quotes at commonly quoted intervals). • Inputs that are derived principally from or are corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means. Level 3 — Unobservable inputs for the assets or liabilities (i.e., supported by little or no market activity). Level 3 inputs include management’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability (including assumptions about risk). This hierarchy requires the Company to use observable market data, when available, and to minimize the use of unobservable inputs when determining fair value. Accounts Receivable, Net Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and are noninterest bearing. The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses, consisting of known specific troubled accounts as well as an amount based on overall estimated potential uncollectible accounts receivable based on historical experience and review of their current credit quality. Expected credit losses are recorded as selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. Inventory and Other Deferred Costs Inventory consists of raw materials and supplies used to fulfill customer contracts and the Company's research and development activities, and is valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using actual costs, on a first-in, first-out basis. Other deferred costs relate to materials consumed and work performed on customer orders that have yet to be completed and recognized as revenue and cost of revenue. Other deferred costs are also comprised of direct labor and overhead costs incurred. Property and Equipment, Net Property and equipment are recorded at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization, and are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the related assets, which is generally three to five years for computer equipment, two years for software, three years for furniture and equipment, and five years for machinery and equipment. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life of the related asset. Upon retirement or sale, the cost and related accumulated depreciation and amortization are removed from the consolidated balance sheet, and the resulting gain or loss is reflected in the consolidated statements of operations. Maintenance and repairs that are not considered improvements and do not extend the useful lives of the assets are charged to expense as incurred. Construction-in-process assets consist primarily of laboratory equipment and computer equipment that have not yet been placed in service. These assets are stated at cost and are not depreciated. Once the assets are placed into service, assets are reclassified to the appropriate asset class based on their nature and depreciated in accordance with the useful lives above. Leases The Company categorizes leases with contractual terms longer than 12 months as either operating or finance leases. Finance leases are generally those leases that allow the Company to substantially utilize or pay for the entire asset over its estimated life. All other leases are categorized as operating leases. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had no finance leases. Certain lease contracts include obligations to pay for other services, such as maintenance. The Company elected to account for these other services as a component of the lease (i.e., the Company elected the practical expedient not to separate lease and non-lease components). Lease liabilities are recognized at the present value of the fixed lease payments using a discount rate based on the Company’s current borrowing rate at the lease commencement date, adjusted for various factors including level of collateralization and term (the “incremental borrowing rate”), unless the rate implicit in the lease is readily determinable. The current portion of lease liabilities is included in “Accrued and other current liabilities.” Lease assets are recognized based on the initial present value of the fixed lease payments plus any direct costs from executing the leases and any lease prepayments. Lease assets are presented as “Operating lease right-of-use assets” as a long-term asset. Leasehold improvements are capitalized at cost and amortized over the lesser of their expected useful life or the lease term. Costs associated with operating lease assets are recognized on a straight-line basis within operating expenses over the term of the lease. The Company has made an accounting policy election not to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities that arise from leases with a term of 12 months or less. Fixed lease payments are recognized as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Variable lease costs are amounts owed by us to a lessor that are not fixed, such as reimbursement for common area maintenance, operating expenses, utilities, or other costs that are subject to fluctuation from period to period. The Company has also elected to include expenses related to leases with a term of one month or less in the short-term lease cost disclosure. Warrant Liability Changes in fair value of liability classified warrants are recognized within "Other income (expense), net" in the consolidated statements of operations. Warrant liabilities are classified as short-term or long-term based on their remaining contractual periods. Cash proceeds in connection with the issuance of warrants for the Company's common stock are presented as financing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. Recent Accounting Pronouncements New Accounting Pronouncements Adopted In June 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which amends the impairment model by requiring entities to use a forward-looking approach based on expected losses to estimate credit losses on certain types of financial instruments, including trade receivables. The accounting update also made minor changes to the impairment model for available-for-sale debt securities. The Company adopted the new guidance as of the beginning of the first quarter of 2023 by means of a cumulative-effect adjustment to opening retained earnings. The adoption did not have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statements. New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which enhances transparency about income tax information through improvements to income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. The guidance will be effective for the Company's annual period ending December 31, 2025. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on its income tax disclosures.

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