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There were no discounts taken on the collateral that comprises the balance of foreclosed assets as of December 31, 2024. The Company maintains a master netting agreement with each counterparty and settles collateral on a net basis for all interest rate swaps with counterparty banks. Reclassified into interest expense on short-term borrowings on the consolidated statements of income. Refer to “NOTE 25 Derivative Instruments” for further details. Reclassified into net gains (losses) on investment securities in the consolidated statements of income. Refer to “NOTE 5 Investment Securities” for further details. Derivative assets are included in other assets on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. Reclassified into taxable and/or exempt from federal income taxes interest income on investment securities on the consolidated statements of income. Refer to “NOTE 5 Investment Securities” for further details. Associated income was reported within mortgage banking income, net on the consolidated statements of income. Associated valuation reserve was reported within mortgage and lending expenses on the consolidated statements of income. The difference in the credit loss expense reported herein compared to the consolidated statements of income is associated with the credit loss expense of ($1.5) million related to off-balance sheet credit exposure and ($2) thousand related to HTM investment securities. The difference in the credit loss expense reported herein compared to the consolidated statements of income is associated with the credit loss expense of ($793) million related to off-balance sheet credit exposure and ($6) thousand related to HTM investment securities. Excludes assets held for sale. All of the tax benefits recognized were included in income tax expense. The Company manages its net exposure on its customer loan swaps by obtaining collateral as part of the normal loan policy and underwriting practices. The Company does not post collateral to its customers as part of its contract. The amortization expense for low income housing tax credits were included in income tax expense. All amounts net of tax. Derivative liabilities are included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. Includes amounts related to residential agency mortgage-backed securities currently designated as the hedged item in a fair value hedge using the portfolio layer method. At December 31, 2024, the amortized cost of the closed portfolios used in these hedging relationships was $296.9 million. Reclassified into interest income on loans, including fees and/or interest income on taxable investment securities on the consolidated statements of income. 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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2025

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File Number: 001-39036

ALERUS FINANCIAL CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware | 45-0375407
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
organization) |
401 Demers Avenue |
Grand Forks, ND | 58201
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)

(701) 795‑3200

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading symbol |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $1.00 per share |  | ALRS |  | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b‑2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐ | Accelerated filer ☒ | Non-accelerated filer ☐ | Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b‑2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The number of shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding at May 2, 2025 was 25,365,662.

Table of Contents

Alerus Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries

Table of Contents

|  | Page
Part 1: | FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Consolidated Financial Statements | 1
| Consolidated Balance Sheets | 1
| Consolidated Statements of Income | 2
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity | 4
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 5
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 7
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 36
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 57
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 58
Part 2: | OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 59
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 59
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 59
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 59
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 59
Item 5. | Other Information | 59
Item 6. | Exhibits | 60
Signatures |  | 61

Table of Contents

PART 1. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1 - Consolidated Financial Statements

Alerus Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
(dollars in thousands, except share and per share data) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 82,979 |  |  | $ | 61,239 |
Investment securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trading |  |  | 3,047 |  |  |  | 3,309 |
Available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost of $652,004 and $686,556, respectively) |  |  | 567,728 |  |  |  | 588,053 |
Held-to-maturity, at amortized cost (fair value of $234,575 and $236,986, respectively, with an allowance for credit losses on investments of $129 and $131, respectively) |  |  | 268,631 |  |  |  | 275,585 |
Loans held for sale |  |  | 12,905 |  |  |  | 16,518 |
Loans |  |  | 4,085,483 |  |  |  | 3,992,534 |
Allowance for credit losses on loans |  |  | (61,929 | ) |  |  | (59,929 | )
Net loans |  |  | 4,023,554 |  |  |  | 3,932,605 |
Land, premises and equipment, net |  |  | 40,733 |  |  |  | 39,780 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  |  | 12,983 |  |  |  | 13,438 |
Accrued interest receivable |  |  | 20,505 |  |  |  | 20,075 |
Bank-owned life insurance |  |  | 36,392 |  |  |  | 36,033 |
Goodwill |  |  | 85,634 |  |  |  | 85,634 |
Other intangible assets, net |  |  | 41,172 |  |  |  | 43,882 |
Servicing rights |  |  | 7,351 |  |  |  | 7,918 |
Deferred income taxes, net |  |  | 45,162 |  |  |  | 52,885 |
Other assets |  |  | 90,844 |  |  |  | 84,719 |
Total assets |  | $ | 5,339,620 |  |  | $ | 5,261,673 |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing |  | $ | 889,270 |  |  | $ | 903,466 |
Interest-bearing |  |  | 3,596,021 |  |  |  | 3,474,944 |
Total deposits |  |  | 4,485,291 |  |  |  | 4,378,410 |
Short-term borrowings |  |  | 200,000 |  |  |  | 238,960 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 59,098 |  |  |  | 59,069 |
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | 18,515 |  |  |  | 18,991 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities |  |  | 62,484 |  |  |  | 70,833 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 4,825,388 |  |  |  | 4,766,263 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 12) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $1 par value, 2,000,000 shares authorized: 0 issued and outstanding |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Common stock, $1 par value, 30,000,000 shares authorized: 25,365,662 and 25,344,803 issued and outstanding |  |  | 25,366 |  |  |  | 25,345 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 270,159 |  |  |  | 269,708 |
Retained earnings |  |  | 281,961 |  |  |  | 273,723 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | (63,254 | ) |  |  | (73,366 | )
Total stockholders’ equity |  |  | 514,232 |  |  |  | 495,410 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 5,339,620 |  |  | $ | 5,261,673 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited)

1

Table of Contents

Alerus Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited)

|  | Three months ended |
|  | March 31, |
(dollars and shares in thousands, except per share data) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Interest Income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans, including fees |  | $ | 61,495 |  |  | $ | 39,294 |
Investment securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable |  |  | 5,707 |  |  |  | 4,568 |
Exempt from federal income taxes |  |  | 160 |  |  |  | 174 |
Other |  |  | 819 |  |  |  | 5,002 |
Total interest income |  |  | 68,181 |  |  |  | 49,038 |
Interest Expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  |  | 23,535 |  |  |  | 20,152 |
Short-term borrowings |  |  | 2,839 |  |  |  | 5,989 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 650 |  |  |  | 678 |
Total interest expense |  |  | 27,024 |  |  |  | 26,819 |
Net interest income |  |  | 41,157 |  |  |  | 22,219 |
Provision for credit losses |  |  | 863 |  |  |  | — |
Net interest income after provision for credit losses |  |  | 40,294 |  |  |  | 22,219 |
Noninterest Income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retirement and benefit services |  |  | 16,106 |  |  |  | 15,655 |
Wealth |  |  | 6,905 |  |  |  | 6,118 |
Mortgage banking |  |  | 1,527 |  |  |  | 1,670 |
Service charges on deposit accounts |  |  | 651 |  |  |  | 389 |
Other |  |  | 2,443 |  |  |  | 1,491 |
Total noninterest income |  |  | 27,632 |  |  |  | 25,323 |
Noninterest Expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation |  |  | 22,961 |  |  |  | 19,332 |
Employee taxes and benefits |  |  | 7,762 |  |  |  | 6,188 |
Occupancy and equipment expense |  |  | 2,907 |  |  |  | 1,906 |
Business services, software and technology expense |  |  | 5,752 |  |  |  | 5,345 |
Intangible amortization expense |  |  | 2,710 |  |  |  | 1,324 |
Professional fees and assessments |  |  | 2,996 |  |  |  | 1,993 |
Marketing and business development |  |  | 965 |  |  |  | 685 |
Supplies and postage |  |  | 630 |  |  |  | 528 |
Travel |  |  | 287 |  |  |  | 292 |
Mortgage and lending expenses |  |  | 536 |  |  |  | 441 |
Other |  |  | 2,859 |  |  |  | 985 |
Total noninterest expense |  |  | 50,365 |  |  |  | 39,019 |
Income before income taxes |  |  | 17,561 |  |  |  | 8,523 |
Income tax expense |  |  | 4,246 |  |  |  | 2,091 |
Net income |  | $ | 13,315 |  |  | $ | 6,432 |
Per Common Share Data |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.52 |  |  | $ | 0.32 |
Diluted earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.52 |  |  | $ | 0.32 |
Dividends declared per common share |  | $ | 0.20 |  |  | $ | 0.19 |
Average common shares outstanding |  |  | 25,359 |  |  |  | 19,739 |
Diluted average common shares outstanding |  |  | 25,653 |  |  |  | 19,986 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited)

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Alerus Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)

|  | Three months ended |
|  | March 31, |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Net Income |  | $ | 13,315 |  |  | $ | 6,432 |
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net change in unrealized gains (losses) on debt securities |  |  | 14,174 |  |  |  | (3,517 | )
Net change in unrealized gain (losses) on cash flow hedging derivatives |  |  | (441 | ) |  |  | 684 |
Net change in unrealized gain (losses) on other derivatives |  |  | (232 | ) |  |  | 2,031 |
Total other comprehensive income (loss), before tax |  |  | 13,501 |  |  |  | (802 | )
Income tax expense (benefit) related to items of other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | 3,389 |  |  |  | (201 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  | 10,112 |  |  |  | (601 | )
Total comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | 23,427 |  |  | $ | 5,831 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited)

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Alerus Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited)

|  | Three months ended |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | Additional |  |  |  |  |  |  | Other |  |  |  |  |
|  | Common |  |  | Paid-in |  |  | Retained |  |  | Comprehensive |  |  |  |  |
(dollars and shares in thousands) |  | Stock |  |  | Capital |  |  | Earnings |  |  | Income (Loss) |  |  | Total |
Balance as of December 31, 2023 |  |  | 19,734 |  |  | $ | 150,343 |  |  | $ | 272,705 |  |  | $ | (73,655 | ) |  | $ | 369,127 |
Net income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,432 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,432 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (601 | ) |  |  | (601 | )
Common stock repurchased |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | (146 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (153 | )
Common stock dividends |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,763 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,763 | )
Share‑based compensation expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | 593 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 593 |
Vesting of restricted stock |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | (50 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Balance as of March 31, 2024 |  |  | 19,777 |  |  | $ | 150,740 |  |  | $ | 275,374 |  |  | $ | (74,256 | ) |  | $ | 371,635 |
Balance as of December 31, 2024 |  |  | 25,345 |  |  | $ | 269,708 |  |  | $ | 273,723 |  |  | $ | (73,366 | ) |  | $ | 495,410 |
Net income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,315 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,315 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10,112 |  |  |  | 10,112 |
Common stock repurchased |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | (121 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (127 | )
Common stock dividends |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (5,077 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (5,077 | )
Share‑based compensation expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | 599 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 599 |
Vesting of restricted stock |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | (27 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Balance as of March 31, 2025 |  |  | 25,366 |  |  | $ | 270,159 |  |  | $ | 281,961 |  |  | $ | (63,254 | ) |  | $ | 514,232 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited)

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Alerus Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

|  | Three months ended |
|  | March 31, |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Operating Activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 13,315 |  |  | $ | 6,432 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided (used) by operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred income taxes |  |  | 4,334 |  |  |  | — |
Provision for credit losses |  |  | 863 |  |  |  | — |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 3,839 |  |  |  | 2,100 |
Amortization and accretion of premiums/discounts on investment securities |  |  | 185 |  |  |  | 424 |
Amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets |  |  | (21 | ) |  |  | (8 | )
Share‑based compensation expense |  |  | 599 |  |  |  | 593 |
Purchase accounting accretion, net |  |  | (5,074 | ) |  |  | (278 | )
Originations of loans held for sale |  |  | (64,866 | ) |  |  | (53,129 | )
Proceeds on loans held for sale |  |  | 70,108 |  |  |  | 55,362 |
Realized loss (gain) on loans sold |  |  | (1,645 | ) |  |  | (1,438 | )
Servicing rights capitalized upon sale of mortgage loans |  |  | (54 | ) |  |  | — |
(Increase) in value of bank-owned life insurance |  |  | (221 | ) |  |  | (160 | )
Realized loss (gain) on derivative instruments |  |  | (289 | ) |  |  | (678 | )
Realized loss (gain) on sale of foreclosed assets |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | — |
Change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights |  |  | 621 |  |  |  | — |
Realized loss (gain) on servicing rights |  |  | — |  |  |  | (20 | )
Net change in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrued interest receivable |  |  | (430 | ) |  |  | (449 | )
Other assets |  |  | (4,900 | ) |  |  | (1,071 | )
Accrued expenses and other liabilities |  |  | (8,668 | ) |  |  | 4,032 |
Net cash provided (used) by operating activities |  |  | 7,715 |  |  |  | 11,712 |
Investing Activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from sales of trading investment securities |  |  | 3,377 |  |  |  | 5,502 |
Purchases of trading investment securities |  |  | (3,145 | ) |  |  | (10,008 | )
Proceeds from sales or calls of investment securities available-for-sale |  |  | 10,000 |  |  |  | — |
Proceeds from maturities of investment securities available-for-sale |  |  | 24,563 |  |  |  | 10,818 |
Proceeds from calls of investment securities held-to-maturity |  |  | 146 |  |  |  | 251 |
Proceeds from maturities and paydowns of investment securities held-to-maturity |  |  | 6,562 |  |  |  | 7,043 |
Net (increase) decrease in loans |  |  | (88,793 | ) |  |  | (39,945 | )
Net (increase) decrease in FHLB stock |  |  | 786 |  |  |  | 5,075 |
Purchases of BOLI |  |  | (138 | ) |  |  | — |
Purchases of premises and equipment |  |  | (2,054 | ) |  |  | (881 | )
Proceeds from sales of foreclosed assets |  |  | — |  |  |  | 34 |
Net cash provided (used) by investing activities |  |  | (48,696 | ) |  |  | (22,111 | )
Financing Activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net increase (decrease) in deposits |  |  | 106,881 |  |  |  | 189,358 |
Net increase (decrease) in short-term borrowings |  |  | (38,960 | ) |  |  | 240,830 |
Cash dividends paid on common stock |  |  | (5,073 | ) |  |  | (3,757 | )
Repurchase of common stock |  |  | (127 | ) |  |  | (153 | )
Net cash provided (used) by financing activities |  |  | 62,721 |  |  |  | 426,278 |
Net change in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 21,740 |  |  |  | 415,879 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  |  | 61,239 |  |  |  | 129,893 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 82,979 |  |  | $ | 545,772 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited)

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|  | Three months ended |
|  | March 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Supplemental Cash Flow Disclosures |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest paid |  | $ | 29,227 |  |  | $ | 22,339 |
Income taxes paid |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |
Cash dividends declared, not paid |  |  | 5,078 |  |  |  | 3,763 |
Supplemental Disclosures of Noncash Investing and Financing Activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loan collateral transferred to foreclosed assets |  |  | (511 | ) |  |  | (5 | )
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities, net |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 108 |
Change in fair value hedges presented within residential real estate loans and other assets |  |  | — |  |  |  | 268 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited)

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Alerus Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

NOTE 1 Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated interim financial statements and notes thereto of the Company have been prepared in accordance with instructions for Form 10-Q and, therefore, do not include all disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for complete presentation of financial statements. In the opinion of management, the consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring accruals) necessary to present fairly the consolidated balance sheets of Alerus Financial Corporation (“the Company”) as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the consolidated statements of income for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, and the consolidated statements of cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. The Company’s principal operating subsidiary is Alerus Financial, National Association (the “Bank”). Certain items previously reported have been reclassified to conform to the current period’s reporting format. Such reclassifications did not affect net income or stockholders’ equity. The results of operations for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results for the full year or any other period. The Company has also evaluated all subsequent events for potential recognition and disclosure through the date of the filing of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. These interim unaudited financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024, included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 14, 2025.

NOTE 2 Recent Accounting Pronouncements

The following Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Updates (“ASUs”) are divided into pronouncements which have been adopted by the Company since January 1, 2025, and those which are not yet effective and have been evaluated or are currently being evaluated by management as of March 31, 2025.

Adopted Pronouncements

There have been no new ASUs adopted by the Company since January 1, 2025.

Pronouncements Not Yet Effective

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The amendments in this ASU related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disclosures, to improve the transparency of income tax disclosures by requiring consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction disclosures. The amendments allow investors to better assess, in their capital allocation decisions, how an entity’s worldwide operations and related tax risks and tax planning and operational opportunities affect its income tax rate and prospects for future cash flows. The other amendments in this ASU improve the effectiveness and comparability of disclosures by adding disclosures of pretax income (or loss) and income tax expense (or benefit) to be consistent with U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) Regulation S-X 210.4-08(h), Rules of General Application—General Notes to Financial Statements: Income Tax Expense, and removing disclosures that no longer are considered cost beneficial or relevant. For public business entities, the amendments in this ASU are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The amendments in this ASU should be applied on a prospective basis. Retrospective application is also permitted.

NOTE 3 Investment Securities

Trading securities are reported on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet at fair value. The fair value of the Company’s trading securities was $3.0 million and $3.3 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Changes in the fair value of trading securities are recorded in other noninterest income on the Company’s consolidated statements of income.

The following tables present amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) and fair value of the available-for-sale (“AFS”) investment securities and the amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and fair value of held-to-maturity (“HTM”) securities as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

|  | March 31, 2025 |
|  | Amortized |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Allowance for |  |  | Fair |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Cost |  |  | Gains |  |  | Losses |  |  | Credit Losses |  |  | Value |
Available-for-sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and agencies |  | $ | 10,676 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,676 |
Mortgage backed securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential agency |  |  | 581,983 |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | (80,318 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 501,700 |
Commercial |  |  | 1,343 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (69 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,274 |
Asset backed securities |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 18 |
Corporate bonds |  |  | 57,984 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,924 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 54,060 |
Total available-for-sale investment securities |  |  | 652,004 |  |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | (84,313 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 567,728 |
Held-to-maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of state and political agencies |  |  | 115,636 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (9,941 | ) |  |  | 76 |  |  |  | 105,695 |
Mortgage backed securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential agency |  |  | 153,124 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (24,244 | ) |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | 128,880 |
Total held-to-maturity investment securities |  |  | 268,760 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (34,185 | ) |  |  | 129 |  |  |  | 234,575 |
Total investment securities |  | $ | 920,764 |  |  | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | (118,498 | ) |  | $ | 129 |  |  | $ | 802,303 |

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|  | December 31, 2024 |
|  | Amortized |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Allowance for |  |  | Fair |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Cost |  |  | Gains |  |  | Losses |  |  | Credit Losses |  |  | Value |
Available-for-sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and agencies |  | $ | 30,691 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | (2 | ) |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 30,707 |
Mortgage backed securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential agency |  |  | 596,510 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | (92,805 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 503,706 |
Commercial |  |  | 1,350 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (99 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,251 |
Asset backed securities |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 19 |
Corporate bonds |  |  | 57,986 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (5,616 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 52,370 |
Total available-for-sale investment securities |  |  | 686,556 |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | (98,522 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 588,053 |
Held-to-maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of state and political agencies |  |  | 119,623 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (11,638 | ) |  |  | 77 |  |  |  | 107,985 |
Mortgage backed securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential agency |  |  | 156,093 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (27,092 | ) |  |  | 54 |  |  |  | 129,001 |
Total held-to-maturity investment securities |  |  | 275,716 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (38,730 | ) |  |  | 131 |  |  |  | 236,986 |
Total investment securities |  | $ | 962,272 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | (137,252 | ) |  | $ | 131 |  |  | $ | 825,039 |

The adequacy of the ACL on investment securities is assessed at the end of each quarter. The Company does not believe that the AFS debt securities that were in an unrealized loss position as of March 31, 2025 represented a credit loss impairment. As of both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the gross unrealized loss positions were primarily related to mortgage-backed securities issued by U.S. government agencies or U.S. government-sponsored enterprises. These securities carry the explicit and/or implicit guarantee of the U.S. government, are widely recognized as “risk free,” and have a long history of zero credit loss. Additionally, there were corporate bonds in gross unrealized loss positions as of both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024; however, all such bonds had an investment grade rating as of both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Total gross unrealized losses were attributable to changes in interest rates, relative to when the investment securities were purchased, and not due to the credit quality of the investment securities. The Company does not intend to sell the investment securities that were in an unrealized loss position and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the investment securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis, which may be at maturity.

The ACL on HTM debt securities is estimated using relevant information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Using a probability of default and loss given default analysis, the ACL on HTM debt securities was $129 thousand and $131 thousand as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The change in the ACL on HTM debt securities was due to a change in the provision for credit losses, with no charge-offs or recoveries for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Accrued interest receivable on AFS investment securities and HTM investment securities is recorded in accrued interest receivable and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. As of March 31, 2025, the accrued interest receivable on AFS investment securities and HTM investment securities totaled $2.0 million and $0.9 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, the accrued interest receivable on AFS investment securities and HTM investment securities totaled $2.0 million and $1.3 million, respectively.

The Company had no sales of AFS investment securities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. The Company had calls with proceeds of $10.0 million of AFS investment securities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and no calls for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

The Company had no sales of HTM investment securities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

The following tables present investment securities with gross unrealized losses, for which an ACL was not recorded at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual investment securities have been in a continuous loss position:

|  |  |  |  |  | March 31, 2025 |
|  |  |  |  |  | Less than 12 Months |  |  | Over 12 Months |  |  | Total |
|  | Number of |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Fair |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Fair |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Fair |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Holdings |  |  | Losses |  |  | Value |  |  | Losses |  |  | Value |  |  | Losses |  |  | Value |
Available-for-sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and agencies |  |  | 2 |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | 351 |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | 308 |  |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | 659 |
Mortgage backed securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential agency |  |  | 117 |  |  |  | (262 | ) |  |  | 56,036 |  |  |  | (80,056 | ) |  |  | 387,207 |  |  |  | (80,318 | ) |  |  | 443,243 |
Commercial |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (69 | ) |  |  | 1,274 |  |  |  | (69 | ) |  |  | 1,274 |
Asset backed securities |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 18 |
Corporate bonds |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,924 | ) |  |  | 54,060 |  |  |  | (3,924 | ) |  |  | 54,060 |
Total available-for-sale investment securities |  |  | 135 |  |  | $ | (263 | ) |  | $ | 56,387 |  |  | $ | (84,050 | ) |  | $ | 442,867 |  |  | $ | (84,313 | ) |  | $ | 499,254 |

|  |  |  |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
|  |  |  |  |  | Less than 12 Months |  |  | Over 12 Months |  |  | Total |
|  | Number of |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Fair |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Fair |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Fair |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Holdings |  |  | Losses |  |  | Value |  |  | Losses |  |  | Value |  |  | Losses |  |  | Value |
Available-for-sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and agencies |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | 327 |  |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | 327 |
Mortgage backed securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential agency |  |  | 124 |  |  |  | (1,715 | ) |  |  | 116,800 |  |  |  | (91,090 | ) |  |  | 386,864 |  |  |  | (92,805 | ) |  |  | 503,664 |
Commercial |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (99 | ) |  |  | 1,251 |  |  |  | (99 | ) |  |  | 1,251 |
Asset backed securities |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 18 |
Corporate bonds |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (5,616 | ) |  |  | 52,370 |  |  |  | (5,616 | ) |  |  | 52,370 |
Total available-for-sale investment securities |  |  | 141 |  |  | $ | (1,715 | ) |  | $ | 116,800 |  |  | $ | (96,807 | ) |  | $ | 440,830 |  |  | $ | (98,522 | ) |  | $ | 557,630 |

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As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, none of the Company’s HTM debt securities were past due or on nonaccrual status. The Company did not recognize any interest income on nonaccrual HTM debt securities during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

The following table presents the carrying value and fair value of HTM investment securities and the amortized cost and fair value of AFS investment securities as of March 31, 2025, by contractual maturity:

|  | Held-to-maturity |  |  | Available-for-sale |
|  | Carrying |  |  | Fair |  |  | Amortized |  |  | Fair |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Value |  |  | Value |  |  | Cost |  |  | Value |
Due within one year or less |  | $ | 6,911 |  |  | $ | 6,808 |  |  | $ | 4,999 |  |  | $ | 4,999 |
Due after one year through five years |  |  | 54,015 |  |  |  | 50,595 |  |  |  | 6,667 |  |  |  | 6,598 |
Due after five years through ten years |  |  | 47,247 |  |  |  | 41,740 |  |  |  | 58,002 |  |  |  | 54,077 |
Due after 10 years |  |  | 7,463 |  |  |  | 6,552 |  |  |  | 353 |  |  |  | 354 |
|  |  | 115,636 |  |  |  | 105,695 |  |  |  | 70,021 |  |  |  | 66,028 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential agency |  |  | 153,124 |  |  |  | 128,880 |  |  |  | 581,983 |  |  |  | 501,700 |
Total investment securities |  | $ | 268,760 |  |  | $ | 234,575 |  |  | $ | 652,004 |  |  | $ | 567,728 |

Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

Investment securities with a total carrying value of $509.4 million and $340.2 million were pledged as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, to secure public deposits and for other purposes required or permitted by law.

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the carrying value of the Company’s Federal Reserve stock and Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines (“FHLB”) stock was as follows:

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Federal Reserve |  | $ | 8,331 |  |  | $ | 7,519 |
FHLB |  |  | 12,871 |  |  |  | 13,656 |

These securities can only be redeemed or sold at their par value and only to the respective issuing institution or to another member institution. The Company records these non-marketable equity securities as a component of other assets and periodically evaluates these securities for impairment. Management considers these non-marketable equity securities to be long-term investments. Accordingly, when evaluating these securities for impairment, management considers the ultimate recoverability of the par value rather than recognizing temporary declines in value.

Visa Class B Restricted Shares

In 2008, the Company received Visa Class B restricted shares as part of Visa’s initial public offering. These shares are transferable only under limited circumstances until they can be converted into the publicly traded Class A common shares. This conversion will not occur until the settlement of certain litigation which will be indemnified by Visa members, including the Company. Visa funded an escrow account from its initial public offering to settle these litigation claims. Should this escrow account be insufficient to cover these litigation claims, Visa is entitled to fund additional amounts to the escrow account by reducing each member bank’s Class B conversion ratio to unrestricted Class A shares. As of March 31, 2025, the conversion ratio was 1.5653. Based on the existing transfer restriction and the uncertainty of the outcome of the Visa litigation mentioned above, the 6,924 Class B shares (10,838 Class A equivalents) that the Company owned as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, were carried at a zero cost basis.

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NOTE 4 Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses

The following table presents total loans outstanding, by portfolio segment, as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 658,446 |  |  | $ | 666,727 |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction, land and development |  |  | 360,024 |  |  |  | 294,677 |
Multifamily |  |  | 353,060 |  |  |  | 363,123 |
Non-owner occupied |  |  | 951,559 |  |  |  | 967,025 |
Owner occupied |  |  | 424,880 |  |  |  | 371,418 |
Total commercial real estate |  |  | 2,089,523 |  |  |  | 1,996,243 |
Agricultural |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land |  |  | 68,894 |  |  |  | 61,299 |
Production |  |  | 64,240 |  |  |  | 63,008 |
Total agricultural |  |  | 133,134 |  |  |  | 124,307 |
Total commercial |  |  | 2,881,103 |  |  |  | 2,787,277 |
Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First lien |  |  | 907,534 |  |  |  | 921,019 |
Construction |  |  | 38,553 |  |  |  | 33,547 |
HELOC |  |  | 175,600 |  |  |  | 162,509 |
Junior lien |  |  | 43,740 |  |  |  | 44,060 |
Total residential real estate |  |  | 1,165,427 |  |  |  | 1,161,135 |
Other consumer |  |  | 38,953 |  |  |  | 44,122 |
Total consumer |  |  | 1,204,380 |  |  |  | 1,205,257 |
Total loans |  | $ | 4,085,483 |  |  | $ | 3,992,534 |

Total loans included net deferred loan fees and costs of $1.0 million and $1.1 million at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Unearned discounts associated with bank acquisitions totaled $65.1 million and $70.6 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Accrued interest receivable on loans is recorded within accrued interest receivable, and totaled $17.0 million at March 31, 2025 and $16.4 million at December 31, 2024.

The Company manages its loan portfolio proactively to effectively identify problem credits and assess trends early, implement effective work-out strategies, and take charge-offs as promptly as practical. In addition, the Company continuously reassesses its underwriting standards in response to credit risk posed by changes in economic conditions. The Company monitors and manages credit risk through the following governance structure:

| ● | The Credit Risk team, Collection and Special Assets team and the Credit Governance Committee, which is an internal management committee comprised of various executives and senior managers across business lines, including Accounting and Finance, Credit Underwriting, Collections and Special Assets, Risk, and Commercial and Retail Banking, oversee the Company’s systems and procedures to monitor the credit quality of its loan portfolio, conduct a loan review program, and maintain the integrity of the loan rating system.

| ● | The Loan Committee is responsible for reviewing and approving all credit requests that exceed individual limits that have not been countersigned by an individual with sufficient assigned authority. This committee has full authority to commit the Bank to any request that fits within its assigned approval authority.

| ● | The adequacy of the ACL is overseen by the ACL Governance Committee, which is an internal management committee comprised of various Company executives and senior managers across business lines, including Accounting and Finance, Credit Underwriting, Collections and Special Assets, Risk, and Commercial and Retail Banking. The ACL Governance Committee supports the oversight efforts of the Bank’s Board of Directors.

| ● | The Bank’s Board of Directors has approval authority and responsibility for all matters regarding loan policy, reviews all loans approved or declined by the Loan Committee, approves lending authority and monitors asset quality and concentration levels.

| ● | The ACL Governance Committee and Bank Board of Directors has approval authority and oversight responsibility for the ACL adequacy and methodology.

Loans with a carrying value of $2.9 billion, as of both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, were pledged to secure public deposits, and for other purposes required or permitted by law.

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ACL on Loans

The following tables present, by loan portfolio segment, a summary of the changes in the ACL on loans for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

|  | Three months ended March 31, 2025 |
|  | Beginning |  |  | Provision for |  |  | Loan |  |  | Loan |  |  | Ending |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Balance |  |  | Credit Losses(1) |  |  | Charge-offs |  |  | Recoveries |  |  | Balance |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 8,170 |  |  | $ | (311 | ) |  | $ | (169 | ) |  | $ | 270 |  |  | $ | 7,960 |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction, land and development |  |  | 16,277 |  |  |  | 2,092 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 18,369 |
Multifamily |  |  | 4,716 |  |  |  | 33 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,749 |
Non-owner occupied |  |  | 16,513 |  |  |  | (171 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 16,342 |
Owner occupied |  |  | 3,226 |  |  |  | 275 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 3,512 |
Total commercial real estate |  |  | 40,732 |  |  |  | 2,229 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 42,972 |
Agricultural |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land |  |  | 597 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 603 |
Production |  |  | 631 |  |  |  | 270 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 913 |
Total agricultural |  |  | 1,228 |  |  |  | 276 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 1,516 |
Total commercial |  |  | 50,130 |  |  |  | 2,194 |  |  |  | (169 | ) |  |  | 293 |  |  |  | 52,448 |
Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First lien |  |  | 6,921 |  |  |  | 175 |  |  |  | (54 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,042 |
Construction |  |  | 357 |  |  |  | 110 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 467 |
HELOC |  |  | 1,339 |  |  |  | 91 |  |  |  | (250 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,180 |
Junior lien |  |  | 742 |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | (300 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 439 |
Total residential real estate |  |  | 9,359 |  |  |  | 373 |  |  |  | (604 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,128 |
Other consumer |  |  | 440 |  |  |  | (160 | ) |  |  | (39 | ) |  |  | 112 |  |  |  | 353 |
Total consumer |  |  | 9,799 |  |  |  | 213 |  |  |  | (643 | ) |  |  | 112 |  |  |  | 9,481 |
Total |  | $ | 59,929 |  |  | $ | 2,407 |  |  | $ | (812 | ) |  | $ | 405 |  |  | $ | 61,929 |

(1) | The difference in the credit loss expense reported herein compared to the consolidated statements of income is associated with the credit loss expense of ($1.5) million related to off-balance sheet credit exposure and ($2) thousand related to HTM investment securities.

|  | Three months ended March 31, 2024 |
|  | Beginning |  |  | Provision for |  |  | Loan |  |  | Loan |  |  | Ending |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Balance |  |  | Credit Losses(1) |  |  | Charge-offs |  |  | Recoveries |  |  | Balance |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 9,705 |  |  | $ | (156 | ) |  | $ | (164 | ) |  | $ | 123 |  |  | $ | 9,508 |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction, land and development |  |  | 6,135 |  |  |  | (213 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,922 |
Multifamily |  |  | 1,776 |  |  |  | 372 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,148 |
Non-owner occupied |  |  | 7,726 |  |  |  | 379 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,105 |
Owner occupied |  |  | 2,449 |  |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | (29 | ) |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 2,460 |
Total commercial real estate |  |  | 18,086 |  |  |  | 567 |  |  |  | (29 | ) |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 18,635 |
Agricultural |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land |  |  | 96 |  |  |  | 152 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 248 |
Production |  |  | 84 |  |  |  | 135 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 219 |
Total agricultural |  |  | 180 |  |  |  | 287 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 467 |
Total commercial |  |  | 27,971 |  |  |  | 698 |  |  |  | (193 | ) |  |  | 134 |  |  |  | 28,610 |
Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First lien |  |  | 6,087 |  |  |  | 64 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,151 |
Construction |  |  | 485 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 489 |
HELOC |  |  | 835 |  |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 865 |
Junior lien |  |  | 264 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 284 |
Total residential real estate |  |  | 7,671 |  |  |  | 118 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,789 |
Other consumer |  |  | 201 |  |  |  | (17 | ) |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 185 |
Total consumer |  |  | 7,872 |  |  |  | 101 |  |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 7,974 |
Total |  | $ | 35,843 |  |  | $ | 799 |  |  | $ | (205 | ) |  | $ | 147 |  |  | $ | 36,584 |

(1) | The difference in the credit loss expense reported herein compared to the consolidated statements of income is associated with the credit loss expense of ($793) million related to off-balance sheet credit exposure and ($6) thousand related to HTM investment securities.

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The ACL on loans at March 31, 2025 was $61.9 million, an increase of $2.0 million, or 3.3%, from December 31, 2024. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $2.1 million in the provision for credit losses on construction, land and development loans. This increase was primarily due to organic loan growth driven by existing commitments funded during the period.

Credit Concentrations

The Company focuses on maintaining a well-balanced and diversified loan portfolio. Despite such efforts, it is recognized that credit concentrations may occasionally emerge as a result of economic conditions, changes in local demand, natural loan growth and runoff. To identify credit concentrations effectively, all commercial and industrial and owner occupied real estate loans are assigned Standard Industrial Classification codes, North American Industry Classification System codes and state and county codes. Property type coding is used for investment real estate. There were no industry concentrations exceeding 10% of the Company’s total loan portfolio as of March 31, 2025.

Credit Quality Indicators

The Company’s consumer loan portfolio is primarily comprised of secured loans that are evaluated at origination on a centralized basis against standardized underwriting criteria. The Company generally does not risk rate consumer loans unless a default event such as bankruptcy or extended nonperformance takes place. Credit quality for the consumer loan portfolio is measured by delinquency rates, nonaccrual amounts and actual losses incurred. These loans are rated as either performing or nonperforming.

The Company assigns a risk rating to all commercial loans, except pools of homogeneous loans, and performs detailed internal and external reviews of risk rated loans over a certain threshold to identify credit risks and to assess the overall collectability of the portfolio. These risk ratings are also subject to examination by the Company’s regulators. During the internal reviews, management monitors and analyzes the financial condition of borrowers and guarantors, trends in the industries in which the borrowers operate and the estimated fair values of collateral securing the loans. These credit quality indicators are used to assign a risk rating to each individual loan.

The Company’s ratings are aligned to pass and criticized categories. The criticized category includes special mention, substandard, and doubtful risk ratings. The risk ratings are defined as follows:

| ● | Pass: A pass loan is a credit with no existing or known potential weaknesses deserving of management’s close attention.

| ● | Special Mention: Loans classified as special mention have a potential weakness that deserves management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in the deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or in the Company’s credit position at some future date. Special mention loans are not adversely classified and do not expose the Company to sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification.

| ● | Substandard: Loans classified as substandard are not adequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the borrower or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified have a well‑defined weakness, or weaknesses that jeopardize the repayment of the debt. Well-defined weaknesses include a borrower’s lack of marketability, inadequate cash flow or collateral support, failure to complete construction on time, or the failure to fulfill expectations. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

| ● | Doubtful: Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or repayment in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.

| ● | Loss: Loans classified as loss are considered uncollectible and charged off immediately.

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The following tables set forth the amortized cost basis of loans by credit quality indicator and vintage based on the most recent analysis performed, as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Revolving |  |  |  |  |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  | Loans Amortized |  |  |  |  |
As of March 31, 2025 |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Cost Basis |  |  | Total |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 36,409 |  |  | $ | 191,806 |  |  | $ | 116,433 |  |  | $ | 56,163 |  |  | $ | 30,781 |  |  | $ | 72,289 |  |  | $ | 122,299 |  |  | $ | 626,180 |
Special mention |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,330 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,342 |
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,332 |  |  |  | 11,498 |  |  |  | 3,416 |  |  |  | 577 |  |  |  | 10,831 |  |  |  | 2,205 |  |  |  | 29,859 |
Doubtful |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 65 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 65 |
Subtotal |  | $ | 36,409 |  |  | $ | 193,150 |  |  | $ | 127,931 |  |  | $ | 59,579 |  |  | $ | 33,688 |  |  | $ | 83,185 |  |  | $ | 124,504 |  |  | $ | 658,446 |
Gross charge-offs for the period ended |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 169 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 169 |
CRE − Construction, land and development |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 4,271 |  |  | $ | 134,716 |  |  | $ | 145,354 |  |  | $ | 29,385 |  |  | $ | 1,546 |  |  | $ | 1,596 |  |  | $ | 2,677 |  |  | $ | 319,545 |
Special mention |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 173 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 173 |
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,073 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 31,758 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 175 |  |  |  | 300 |  |  |  | 40,306 |
Doubtful |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Subtotal |  | $ | 4,271 |  |  | $ | 142,789 |  |  | $ | 145,354 |  |  | $ | 61,316 |  |  | $ | 1,546 |  |  | $ | 1,771 |  |  | $ | 2,977 |  |  | $ | 360,024 |
Gross charge-offs for the period ended |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
CRE − Multifamily |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 2,586 |  |  | $ | 32,645 |  |  | $ | 44,470 |  |  | $ | 124,305 |  |  | $ | 33,908 |  |  | $ | 63,093 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 301,007 |
Special mention |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 32,968 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 973 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 33,941 |
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 18,112 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 18,112 |
Doubtful |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Subtotal |  | $ | 2,586 |  |  | $ | 32,645 |  |  | $ | 44,470 |  |  | $ | 157,273 |  |  | $ | 33,908 |  |  | $ | 82,178 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 353,060 |
Gross charge-offs for the period ended |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
CRE − Non-owner occupied |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 36,402 |  |  | $ | 184,017 |  |  | $ | 143,295 |  |  | $ | 220,689 |  |  | $ | 87,218 |  |  | $ | 227,119 |  |  | $ | 1,989 |  |  | $ | 900,729 |
Special mention |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,695 |  |  |  | 5,423 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,405 |  |  |  | 1,074 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 25,597 |
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,701 |  |  |  | 2,530 |  |  |  | 20,908 |  |  |  | 94 |  |  |  | 25,233 |
Doubtful |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Subtotal |  | $ | 36,402 |  |  | $ | 189,712 |  |  | $ | 148,718 |  |  | $ | 222,390 |  |  | $ | 103,153 |  |  | $ | 249,101 |  |  | $ | 2,083 |  |  | $ | 951,559 |
Gross charge-offs for the period ended |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
CRE − Owner occupied |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 21,948 |  |  | $ | 61,617 |  |  | $ | 58,652 |  |  | $ | 63,668 |  |  | $ | 44,869 |  |  | $ | 143,229 |  |  | $ | 1,426 |  |  | $ | 395,409 |
Special mention |  |  | — |  |  |  | 451 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,575 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,026 |
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,593 |  |  |  | 2,985 |  |  |  | 2,393 |  |  |  | 16,895 |  |  |  | 579 |  |  |  | 24,445 |
Doubtful |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Subtotal |  | $ | 21,948 |  |  | $ | 62,068 |  |  | $ | 60,245 |  |  | $ | 66,653 |  |  | $ | 47,262 |  |  | $ | 164,699 |  |  | $ | 2,005 |  |  | $ | 424,880 |
Gross charge-offs for the period ended |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Agricultural − Land |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 1,581 |  |  | $ | 10,340 |  |  | $ | 9,007 |  |  | $ | 12,698 |  |  | $ | 5,688 |  |  | $ | 13,088 |  |  | $ | 7,691 |  |  | $ | 60,093 |
Special mention |  |  | — |  |  |  | 69 |  |  |  | 624 |  |  |  | 3,372 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,065 |
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 303 |  |  |  | 3,598 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 835 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,736 |
Doubtful |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Subtotal |  | $ | 1,581 |  |  | $ | 10,409 |  |  | $ | 9,934 |  |  | $ | 19,668 |  |  | $ | 5,688 |  |  | $ | 13,923 |  |  | $ | 7,691 |  |  | $ | 68,894 |
Gross charge-offs for the period ended |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Agricultural − Production |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 6,491 |  |  | $ | 8,743 |  |  | $ | 6,065 |  |  | $ | 3,998 |  |  | $ | 1,233 |  |  | $ | 1,734 |  |  | $ | 31,090 |  |  | $ | 59,354 |
Special mention |  |  | — |  |  |  | 445 |  |  |  | 133 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 445 |  |  |  | 414 |  |  |  | 1,437 |
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 577 |  |  |  | 1,889 |  |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 932 |  |  |  | 3,449 |
Doubtful |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Subtotal |  | $ | 6,491 |  |  | $ | 9,212 |  |  | $ | 6,775 |  |  | $ | 5,887 |  |  | $ | 1,260 |  |  | $ | 2,179 |  |  | $ | 32,436 |  |  | $ | 64,240 |
Gross charge-offs for the period ended |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Residential real estate − First lien |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 5,830 |  |  | $ | 45,798 |  |  | $ | 139,237 |  |  | $ | 225,539 |  |  | $ | 247,642 |  |  | $ | 240,955 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 905,001 |
Nonperforming |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 575 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 734 |  |  |  | 1,224 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,533 |
Subtotal |  | $ | 5,830 |  |  | $ | 45,798 |  |  | $ | 139,812 |  |  | $ | 225,539 |  |  | $ | 248,376 |  |  | $ | 242,179 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 907,534 |
Gross charge-offs for the period ended |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 47 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 54 |
Residential real estate − Construction |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 2,993 |  |  | $ | 22,838 |  |  | $ | 5,578 |  |  | $ | 1,208 |  |  | $ | 1,256 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 33,873 |
Nonperforming |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,680 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,680 |
Subtotal |  | $ | 2,993 |  |  | $ | 22,838 |  |  | $ | 5,578 |  |  | $ | 5,888 |  |  | $ | 1,256 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 38,553 |
Gross charge-offs for the period ended |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Residential real estate − HELOC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 169 |  |  | $ | 3,160 |  |  | $ | 5,019 |  |  | $ | 5,622 |  |  | $ | 1,520 |  |  | $ | 4,018 |  |  | $ | 154,701 |  |  | $ | 174,209 |
Nonperforming |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 1,100 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 226 |  |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 1,391 |
Subtotal |  | $ | 169 |  |  | $ | 3,160 |  |  | $ | 5,054 |  |  | $ | 6,722 |  |  | $ | 1,520 |  |  | $ | 4,244 |  |  | $ | 154,731 |  |  | $ | 175,600 |
Gross charge-offs for the period ended |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 250 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 250 |
Residential real estate − Junior lien |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 1,589 |  |  | $ | 7,525 |  |  | $ | 11,239 |  |  | $ | 9,160 |  |  | $ | 4,823 |  |  | $ | 6,449 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 40,835 |
Nonperforming |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,775 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 107 |  |  |  | 1,023 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,905 |
Subtotal |  | $ | 1,589 |  |  | $ | 9,300 |  |  | $ | 11,239 |  |  | $ | 9,160 |  |  | $ | 4,930 |  |  | $ | 7,472 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 43,740 |
Gross charge-offs for the period ended |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 300 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 300 |
Other consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 3,515 |  |  | $ | 5,882 |  |  | $ | 4,144 |  |  | $ | 4,335 |  |  | $ | 410 |  |  | $ | 5,562 |  |  | $ | 15,031 |  |  | $ | 38,879 |
Nonperforming |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 63 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 74 |
Subtotal |  | $ | 3,515 |  |  | $ | 5,882 |  |  | $ | 4,155 |  |  | $ | 4,335 |  |  | $ | 410 |  |  | $ | 5,625 |  |  | $ | 15,031 |  |  | $ | 38,953 |
Gross charge-offs for the period ended |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 39 |
Total loans |  | $ | 123,784 |  |  | $ | 726,963 |  |  | $ | 709,265 |  |  | $ | 844,410 |  |  | $ | 482,997 |  |  | $ | 856,556 |  |  | $ | 341,508 |  |  | $ | 4,085,483 |
Gross charge-offs for the period ended |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 572 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 226 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 812 |

13

Table of Contents

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Revolving |  |  |  |  |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  | Loans Amortized |  |  |  |  |
As of December 31, 2024 |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Cost Basis |  |  | Total |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 209,001 |  |  | $ | 141,028 |  |  | $ | 61,254 |  |  | $ | 34,645 |  |  | $ | 38,342 |  |  | $ | 36,136 |  |  | $ | 111,194 |  |  | $ | 631,600 |
Special mention |  |  | 1,367 |  |  |  | 495 |  |  |  | 3,286 |  |  |  | 2,239 |  |  |  | 5,575 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1,651 |  |  |  | 14,614 |
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12,663 |  |  |  | 220 |  |  |  | 780 |  |  |  | 3,154 |  |  |  | 2,447 |  |  |  | 1,198 |  |  |  | 20,462 |
Doubtful |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 51 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 51 |
Subtotal |  | $ | 210,368 |  |  | $ | 154,186 |  |  | $ | 64,760 |  |  | $ | 37,664 |  |  | $ | 47,071 |  |  | $ | 38,635 |  |  | $ | 114,043 |  |  | $ | 666,727 |
Gross charge-offs for the year ended |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 218 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 397 |  |  | $ | 2,768 |  |  | $ | 342 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,727 |
CRE − Construction, land and development |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 97,244 |  |  | $ | 112,845 |  |  | $ | 40,890 |  |  | $ | 1,560 |  |  | $ | 517 |  |  | $ | 1,187 |  |  | $ | 2,801 |  |  | $ | 257,044 |
Special mention |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 172 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 172 |
Substandard |  |  | 5,406 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 31,585 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 170 |  |  |  | 300 |  |  |  | 37,461 |
Doubtful |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Subtotal |  | $ | 102,650 |  |  | $ | 112,845 |  |  | $ | 72,647 |  |  | $ | 1,560 |  |  | $ | 517 |  |  | $ | 1,357 |  |  | $ | 3,101 |  |  | $ | 294,677 |
Gross charge-offs for the year ended |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
CRE − Multifamily |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 35,112 |  |  | $ | 62,982 |  |  | $ | 138,698 |  |  | $ | 33,782 |  |  | $ | 33,157 |  |  | $ | 32,204 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 335,935 |
Special mention |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,644 |  |  |  | 272 |  |  |  | 1,241 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,157 |
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 17,732 |  |  |  | 299 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 18,031 |
Doubtful |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Subtotal |  | $ | 35,112 |  |  | $ | 62,982 |  |  | $ | 146,342 |  |  | $ | 34,054 |  |  | $ | 52,130 |  |  | $ | 32,503 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 363,123 |
Gross charge-offs for the year ended |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
CRE − Non-owner occupied |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 189,068 |  |  | $ | 149,368 |  |  | $ | 223,349 |  |  | $ | 98,309 |  |  | $ | 71,432 |  |  | $ | 188,617 |  |  | $ | 1,709 |  |  | $ | 921,852 |
Special mention |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,694 |  |  |  | 8,603 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,148 |  |  |  | 4,195 |  |  |  | 18,640 |
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,767 |  |  |  | 6,347 |  |  |  | 12,419 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 26,533 |
Doubtful |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Subtotal |  | $ | 189,068 |  |  | $ | 149,368 |  |  | $ | 225,043 |  |  | $ | 114,679 |  |  | $ | 77,779 |  |  | $ | 205,184 |  |  | $ | 5,904 |  |  | $ | 967,025 |
Gross charge-offs for the year ended |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
CRE − Owner occupied |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 63,721 |  |  | $ | 41,918 |  |  | $ | 60,788 |  |  | $ | 44,957 |  |  | $ | 38,941 |  |  | $ | 91,804 |  |  | $ | 1,652 |  |  | $ | 343,781 |
Special mention |  |  | 451 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 937 |  |  |  | 2,981 |  |  |  | 2,735 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,104 |
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  |  | 311 |  |  |  | 3,023 |  |  |  | 2,694 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,538 |  |  |  | 967 |  |  |  | 20,533 |
Doubtful |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Subtotal |  | $ | 64,172 |  |  | $ | 42,229 |  |  | $ | 63,811 |  |  | $ | 48,588 |  |  | $ | 41,922 |  |  | $ | 108,077 |  |  | $ | 2,619 |  |  | $ | 371,418 |
Gross charge-offs for the year ended |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 97 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 128 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 237 |
Agricultural − Land |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 10,496 |  |  | $ | 8,864 |  |  | $ | 14,369 |  |  | $ | 5,840 |  |  | $ | 5,103 |  |  | $ | 8,473 |  |  | $ | 120 |  |  | $ | 53,265 |
Special mention |  |  | 69 |  |  |  | 1,612 |  |  |  | 3,275 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,956 |
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  |  | 303 |  |  |  | 2,166 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 609 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,078 |
Doubtful |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Subtotal |  | $ | 10,565 |  |  | $ | 10,779 |  |  | $ | 19,810 |  |  | $ | 5,840 |  |  | $ | 5,712 |  |  | $ | 8,473 |  |  | $ | 120 |  |  | $ | 61,299 |
Gross charge-offs for the year ended |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Agricultural − Production |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 10,445 |  |  | $ | 6,440 |  |  | $ | 4,356 |  |  | $ | 724 |  |  | $ | 1,121 |  |  | $ | 582 |  |  | $ | 34,527 |  |  | $ | 58,195 |
Special mention |  |  | 130 |  |  |  | 704 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 420 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,518 |  |  |  | 2,772 |
Substandard |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,987 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 54 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,041 |
Doubtful |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Subtotal |  | $ | 10,575 |  |  | $ | 7,144 |  |  | $ | 6,343 |  |  | $ | 724 |  |  | $ | 1,541 |  |  | $ | 636 |  |  | $ | 36,045 |  |  | $ | 63,008 |
Gross charge-offs for the year ended |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 26 |
Residential real estate − First lien |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 49,414 |  |  | $ | 144,460 |  |  | $ | 226,993 |  |  | $ | 251,006 |  |  | $ | 127,200 |  |  | $ | 118,958 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 918,031 |
Nonperforming |  |  | — |  |  |  | 576 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 744 |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 1,656 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,988 |
Subtotal |  | $ | 49,414 |  |  | $ | 145,036 |  |  | $ | 226,993 |  |  | $ | 251,750 |  |  | $ | 127,212 |  |  | $ | 120,614 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 921,019 |
Gross charge-offs for the year ended |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Residential real estate − Construction |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 19,229 |  |  | $ | 6,449 |  |  | $ | 1,900 |  |  | $ | 1,289 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 28,867 |
Nonperforming |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,680 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,680 |
Subtotal |  | $ | 19,229 |  |  | $ | 6,449 |  |  | $ | 6,580 |  |  | $ | 1,289 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 33,547 |
Gross charge-offs for the year ended |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Residential real estate − HELOC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 3,290 |  |  | $ | 5,558 |  |  | $ | 6,217 |  |  | $ | 1,622 |  |  | $ | 939 |  |  | $ | 2,717 |  |  | $ | 140,707 |  |  | $ | 161,050 |
Nonperforming |  |  | — |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 74 |  |  |  | 1,350 |  |  |  | 1,459 |
Subtotal |  | $ | 3,290 |  |  | $ | 5,593 |  |  | $ | 6,217 |  |  | $ | 1,622 |  |  | $ | 939 |  |  | $ | 2,791 |  |  | $ | 142,057 |  |  | $ | 162,509 |
Gross charge-offs for the year ended |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 19 |
Residential real estate − Junior lien |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 7,762 |  |  | $ | 11,557 |  |  | $ | 9,553 |  |  | $ | 4,990 |  |  | $ | 2,760 |  |  | $ | 4,178 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 40,850 |
Nonperforming |  |  | 1,775 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 300 |  |  |  | 108 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,027 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,210 |
Subtotal |  | $ | 9,537 |  |  | $ | 11,557 |  |  | $ | 9,853 |  |  | $ | 5,098 |  |  | $ | 2,760 |  |  | $ | 5,205 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 44,060 |
Gross charge-offs for the year ended |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 638 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 638 |
Other consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 9,618 |  |  | $ | 4,695 |  |  | $ | 4,853 |  |  | $ | 502 |  |  | $ | 2,541 |  |  | $ | 4,069 |  |  | $ | 17,505 |  |  | $ | 43,783 |
Nonperforming |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 272 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 49 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 339 |
Subtotal |  | $ | 9,618 |  |  | $ | 4,706 |  |  | $ | 5,125 |  |  | $ | 502 |  |  | $ | 2,548 |  |  | $ | 4,118 |  |  | $ | 17,505 |  |  | $ | 44,122 |
Gross charge-offs for the year ended |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 51 |
Total loans |  | $ | 713,598 |  |  | $ | 712,874 |  |  | $ | 853,524 |  |  | $ | 503,370 |  |  | $ | 360,131 |  |  | $ | 527,593 |  |  | $ | 321,444 |  |  | $ | 3,992,534 |
Gross charge-offs for the year ended |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 232 |  |  | $ | 99 |  |  | $ | 428 |  |  | $ | 2,774 |  |  | $ | 1,161 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,698 |

14

Table of Contents

Past Due and Nonaccrual Loans

The Company closely monitors the performance of its loan portfolio. A loan is placed on nonaccrual status when the financial condition of the borrower is deteriorating, payment in full of both principal and interest is not expected as scheduled or principal or interest has been in default for 90 days or more. Exceptions may be made if the asset is secured by collateral sufficient to satisfy both the principal and accrued interest in full and collection is reasonably assured. When one loan to a borrower is placed on nonaccrual status, all other loans to the borrower are re-evaluated to determine if they should also be placed on nonaccrual status. All previously accrued and unpaid interest is reversed at that time. A loan will return to accrual when collection of principal and interest is assured and the borrower has demonstrated timely payments of principal and interest for a reasonable period, generally at least six months.

The following tables present a past due aging analysis of total loans outstanding, by portfolio segment, as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

|  | March 31, 2025 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 90 Days |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Accruing |  |  | 30 - 59 Days |  |  | 60 - 89 Days |  |  | or More |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Current |  |  | Past Due |  |  | Past Due |  |  | Past Due |  |  | Nonaccrual |  |  | Loans |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 646,332 |  |  | $ | 9,159 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,955 |  |  | $ | 658,446 |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction, land and development |  |  | 327,138 |  |  |  | 175 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 32,711 |  |  |  | 360,024 |
Multifamily |  |  | 353,060 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 353,060 |
Non-owner occupied |  |  | 951,559 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 951,559 |
Owner occupied |  |  | 421,567 |  |  |  | 1,296 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,017 |  |  |  | 424,880 |
Total commercial real estate |  |  | 2,053,324 |  |  |  | 1,471 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 34,728 |  |  |  | 2,089,523 |
Agricultural |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land |  |  | 68,115 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 180 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 599 |  |  |  | 68,894 |
Production |  |  | 63,171 |  |  |  | 417 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 652 |  |  |  | 64,240 |
Total agricultural |  |  | 131,286 |  |  |  | 417 |  |  |  | 180 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,251 |  |  |  | 133,134 |
Total commercial |  |  | 2,830,942 |  |  |  | 11,047 |  |  |  | 180 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 38,934 |  |  |  | 2,881,103 |
Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First lien |  |  | 903,810 |  |  |  | 1,191 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,533 |  |  |  | 907,534 |
Construction |  |  | 33,873 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,680 |  |  |  | 38,553 |
HELOC |  |  | 173,919 |  |  |  | 290 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,391 |  |  |  | 175,600 |
Junior lien |  |  | 40,636 |  |  |  | 188 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,905 |  |  |  | 43,740 |
Total residential real estate |  |  | 1,152,238 |  |  |  | 1,669 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,509 |  |  |  | 1,165,427 |
Other consumer |  |  | 38,787 |  |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 74 |  |  |  | 38,953 |
Total consumer |  |  | 1,191,025 |  |  |  | 1,742 |  |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,583 |  |  |  | 1,204,380 |
Total |  | $ | 4,021,967 |  |  | $ | 12,789 |  |  | $ | 210 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 50,517 |  |  | $ | 4,085,483 |

|  | December 31, 2024 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 90 Days |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Accruing |  |  | 30 - 59 Days |  |  | 60 - 89 Days |  |  | or More |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Current |  |  | Past Due |  |  | Past Due |  |  | Past Due |  |  | Nonaccrual |  |  | Loans |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 654,073 |  |  | $ | 903 |  |  | $ | 133 |  |  | $ | 8,400 |  |  | $ | 3,218 |  |  | $ | 666,727 |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction, land and development |  |  | 264,633 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 30,044 |  |  |  | 294,677 |
Multifamily |  |  | 363,123 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 363,123 |
Non-owner occupied |  |  | 961,808 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,217 |  |  |  | 967,025 |
Owner occupied |  |  | 369,176 |  |  |  | 225 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,017 |  |  |  | 371,418 |
Total commercial real estate |  |  | 1,958,740 |  |  |  | 225 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 37,278 |  |  |  | 1,996,243 |
Agricultural |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land |  |  | 60,690 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 609 |  |  |  | 61,299 |
Production |  |  | 62,269 |  |  |  | 87 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 652 |  |  |  | 63,008 |
Total agricultural |  |  | 122,959 |  |  |  | 87 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,261 |  |  |  | 124,307 |
Total commercial |  |  | 2,735,772 |  |  |  | 1,215 |  |  |  | 133 |  |  |  | 8,400 |  |  |  | 41,757 |  |  |  | 2,787,277 |
Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First lien |  |  | 915,167 |  |  |  | 2,104 |  |  |  | 707 |  |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | 2,988 |  |  |  | 921,019 |
Construction |  |  | 28,867 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,680 |  |  |  | 33,547 |
HELOC |  |  | 160,430 |  |  |  | 169 |  |  |  | 450 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,460 |  |  |  | 162,509 |
Junior lien |  |  | 40,454 |  |  |  | 396 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,210 |  |  |  | 44,060 |
Total residential real estate |  |  | 1,144,918 |  |  |  | 2,669 |  |  |  | 1,157 |  |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | 12,338 |  |  |  | 1,161,135 |
Other consumer |  |  | 43,651 |  |  |  | 103 |  |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 338 |  |  |  | 44,122 |
Total consumer |  |  | 1,188,569 |  |  |  | 2,772 |  |  |  | 1,187 |  |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | 12,676 |  |  |  | 1,205,257 |
Total |  | $ | 3,924,341 |  |  | $ | 3,987 |  |  | $ | 1,320 |  |  | $ | 8,453 |  |  | $ | 54,433 |  |  | $ | 3,992,534 |

15

Table of Contents

In calculating expected credit losses, the Company includes loans on nonaccrual status and loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing. The following tables present the amortized cost basis on nonaccrual status loans and loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

|  | As of March 31, 2025 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 90 Days |
|  | Nonaccrual |  |  |  |  |  |  | or More |
|  | with no Allowance |  |  |  |  |  |  | Past Due |
(dollars in thousands) |  | for Credit Losses |  |  | Nonaccrual |  |  | and Accruing |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 2,885 |  |  | $ | 2,955 |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction, land and development |  |  | 24,638 |  |  |  | 32,711 |  |  |  | — |
Multifamily |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Non-owner occupied |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Owner occupied |  |  | 1,706 |  |  |  | 2,017 |  |  |  | — |
Total commercial real estate |  |  | 26,344 |  |  |  | 34,728 |  |  |  | — |
Agricultural |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land |  |  | 599 |  |  |  | 599 |  |  |  | — |
Production |  |  | — |  |  |  | 652 |  |  |  | — |
Total agricultural |  |  | 599 |  |  |  | 1,251 |  |  |  | — |
Total commercial |  |  | 29,828 |  |  |  | 38,934 |  |  |  | — |
Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First lien |  |  | 2,128 |  |  |  | 2,533 |  |  |  | — |
Construction |  |  | 4,680 |  |  |  | 4,680 |  |  |  | — |
HELOC |  |  | 1,272 |  |  |  | 1,391 |  |  |  | — |
Junior lien |  |  | 2,697 |  |  |  | 2,905 |  |  |  | — |
Total residential real estate |  |  | 10,777 |  |  |  | 11,509 |  |  |  | — |
Other consumer |  |  | — |  |  |  | 74 |  |  |  | — |
Total consumer |  |  | 10,777 |  |  |  | 11,583 |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 40,605 |  |  | $ | 50,517 |  |  | $ | — |

|  | December 31, 2024 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 90 Days |
|  | Nonaccrual |  |  |  |  |  |  | or More |
|  | with no Allowance |  |  |  |  |  |  | Past Due |
(dollars in thousands) |  | for Credit Losses |  |  | Nonaccrual |  |  | and Accruing |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 2,952 |  |  | $ | 3,218 |  |  | $ | 8,400 |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction, land and development |  |  | 24,638 |  |  |  | 30,044 |  |  |  | — |
Multifamily |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Non-owner occupied |  |  | 5,217 |  |  |  | 5,217 |  |  |  | — |
Owner occupied |  |  | 1,706 |  |  |  | 2,017 |  |  |  | — |
Total commercial real estate |  |  | 31,561 |  |  |  | 37,278 |  |  |  | — |
Agricultural |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land |  |  | 609 |  |  |  | 609 |  |  |  | — |
Production |  |  | 652 |  |  |  | 652 |  |  |  | — |
Total agricultural |  |  | 1,261 |  |  |  | 1,261 |  |  |  | — |
Total commercial |  |  | 35,774 |  |  |  | 41,757 |  |  |  | 8,400 |
Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First lien |  |  | 2,614 |  |  |  | 2,988 |  |  |  | 53 |
Construction |  |  | 4,680 |  |  |  | 4,680 |  |  |  | — |
HELOC |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,460 |  |  |  | — |
Junior lien |  |  | 2,696 |  |  |  | 3,210 |  |  |  | — |
Total residential real estate |  |  | 9,990 |  |  |  | 12,338 |  |  |  | 53 |
Other consumer |  |  | — |  |  |  | 338 |  |  |  | — |
Total consumer |  |  | 9,990 |  |  |  | 12,676 |  |  |  | 53 |
Total |  | $ | 45,764 |  |  | $ | 54,433 |  |  | $ | 8,453 |

Interest income that would have been recognized if loans on nonaccrual status had been current in accordance with their original terms for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, is estimated to have been $1.1 million and $0.7 million, respectively.

The Company’s policy is to reverse previously recorded interest income when a loan is placed on nonaccrual status. As a result, the Company did not record any interest income on its nonaccrual loans for the three months ended March 31, 2025 or 2024. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, total accrued interest receivable on loans, which had been excluded from reported amortized cost basis on loans, was $17.0 million and $16.4 million, respectively, and was reported within accrued interest receivable on the consolidated statements of condition. An allowance was not carried on the accrued interest receivable at either date.

16

Table of Contents

In cases where a borrower experiences financial difficulty, the Company may make certain concessions for which the terms of the loan are modified. Loans experiencing financial difficulty can include modifications for an interest rate reduction below current market rates, a forgiveness of principal balance, an extension of the loan term, an-other than significant payment delay, or some combination of similar types of modifications. During both the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company did not provide any modifications to loans under these circumstances that were experiencing financial difficulty.

The following tables present the amortized cost basis of collateral dependent loans, by the primary collateral type, which are individually evaluated to determine expected credit losses, and the related ACL allocated to these loans, as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

|  | As of March 31, 2025 |
|  | Primary Type of Collateral |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Allowance for |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Real estate |  |  | Equipment |  |  | Other |  |  | Total |  |  | Credit Losses |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 2,885 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,885 |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction, land and development |  |  | 32,711 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 32,711 |  |  |  | 4,984 |
Multifamily |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Non-owner occupied |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Owner occupied |  |  | 1,936 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,936 |  |  |  | 9 |
Total commercial real estate |  |  | 34,647 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 34,647 |  |  |  | 4,993 |
Agricultural |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land |  |  | 599 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 599 |  |  |  | — |
Production |  |  | — |  |  |  | 652 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 652 |  |  |  | 384 |
Total agricultural |  |  | 599 |  |  |  | 652 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,251 |  |  |  | 384 |
Total commercial |  |  | 38,131 |  |  |  | 652 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 38,783 |  |  |  | 5,377 |
Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First lien |  |  | 2,195 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,195 |  |  |  | — |
Construction |  |  | 4,680 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,680 |  |  |  | — |
HELOC |  |  | 1,270 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,270 |  |  |  | — |
Junior lien |  |  | 2,804 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,804 |  |  |  | 30 |
Total residential real estate |  |  | 10,949 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10,949 |  |  |  | 30 |
Other consumer |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 3 |
Total consumer |  |  | 10,949 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 10,959 |  |  |  | 33 |
Total |  | $ | 49,080 |  |  | $ | 652 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 49,742 |  |  | $ | 5,410 |

|  | As of December 31, 2024 |
|  | Primary Type of Collateral |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Allowance for |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Real estate |  |  | Equipment |  |  | Other |  |  | Total |  |  | Credit Losses |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 2,885 |  |  | $ | 275 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,160 |  |  | $ | 4 |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction, land and development |  |  | 30,044 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 30,044 |  |  |  | 4,984 |
Multifamily |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Non-owner occupied |  |  | 5,217 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,217 |  |  |  | — |
Owner occupied |  |  | 1,936 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,936 |  |  |  | 9 |
Total commercial real estate |  |  | 37,197 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 37,197 |  |  |  | 4,993 |
Agricultural |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land |  |  | 609 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 609 |  |  |  | — |
Production |  |  | — |  |  |  | 652 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 652 |  |  |  | — |
Total agricultural |  |  | 609 |  |  |  | 652 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,261 |  |  |  | — |
Total commercial |  |  | 40,691 |  |  |  | 927 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 41,618 |  |  |  | 4,997 |
Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First lien |  |  | 2,514 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,514 |  |  |  | 7 |
Construction |  |  | 4,680 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,680 |  |  |  | — |
HELOC |  |  | 1,366 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,366 |  |  |  | 252 |
Junior lien |  |  | 3,105 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,105 |  |  |  | 330 |
Total residential real estate |  |  | 11,665 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,665 |  |  |  | 589 |
Other consumer |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 289 |  |  |  | 289 |  |  |  | 50 |
Total consumer |  |  | 11,665 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 289 |  |  |  | 11,954 |  |  |  | 639 |
Total |  | $ | 52,356 |  |  | $ | 927 |  |  | $ | 289 |  |  | $ | 53,572 |  |  | $ | 5,636 |

Collateral dependent loans are loans for which the repayment is expected to be provided substantially by the underlying collateral when there are no other available and reliable sources of repayment.

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NOTE 5 Land, Premises and Equipment, Net

Components of land, premises and equipment, net at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were as follows:

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Land (1) |  | $ | 7,155 |  |  | $ | 7,155 |
Buildings and improvements (1) |  |  | 37,862 |  |  |  | 36,961 |
Leasehold improvements |  |  | 2,657 |  |  |  | 2,657 |
Furniture, fixtures, and equipment |  |  | 39,770 |  |  |  | 38,540 |
|  |  | 87,444 |  |  |  | 85,313 |
Less accumulated depreciation |  |  | (46,711 | ) |  |  | (45,533 | )
Total |  | $ | 40,733 |  |  | $ | 39,780 |

(1) | Excludes assets held for sale.

Depreciation expense was $1.1 million and $0.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The Company’s West Fargo, North Dakota branch is listed for sale for $3.8 million and is expected to sell within the next 12 months. At March 31, 2025, the facility had a carrying value of approximately $0.4 million. The Company expects to record a gain on the sale upon closing, as the expected sale price is greater than the property’s carrying value. Total assets held for sale by the Company at March 31, 2025 were $0.4 million and was included in other assets on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet and not included in the table above.

NOTE 6 Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

The following table summarizes the carrying amount of goodwill, by segment, as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Banking |  | $ | 74,111 |  |  | $ | 74,111 |
Retirement and benefit services |  |  | 11,523 |  |  |  | 11,523 |
Total goodwill |  | $ | 85,634 |  |  | $ | 85,634 |

Goodwill is evaluated for impairment on an annual basis, at a minimum, and more frequently when the economic environment or specific circumstances warrant. The Company determined that there was no goodwill impairment as of March 31, 2025.

The gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization for each type of identifiable intangible asset, as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, were as follows:

|  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  |  | Accumulated Amortization |  |  | Total |  |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  |  | Accumulated Amortization |  |  | Total |
Identifiable customer intangibles |  | $ | 27,504 |  |  | $ | (20,477 | ) |  | $ | 7,027 |  |  | $ | 41,423 |  |  | $ | (33,736 | ) |  | $ | 7,687 |
Core deposit intangible assets |  |  | 41,092 |  |  |  | (6,947 | ) |  |  | 34,145 |  |  |  | 41,092 |  |  |  | (4,897 | ) |  |  | 36,195 |
Total intangible assets |  | $ | 68,596 |  |  | $ | (27,424 | ) |  | $ | 41,172 |  |  | $ | 82,515 |  |  | $ | (38,633 | ) |  | $ | 43,882 |

Amortization of total intangible assets was $2.7 million and $1.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

NOTE 7 Loan Servicing

Loans serviced for others are not included in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The unpaid principal balances of loans serviced for others totaled $718.2 million and $728.5 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Servicing loans for others generally consists of collecting mortgage payments, maintaining escrow accounts, disbursing payments to investors and collection and foreclosure processing. Loan servicing income is recorded on an accrual basis and includes servicing fees from investors and certain charges collected from borrowers, such as late payment fees, and is net of fair value adjustments to capitalized mortgage servicing rights. As of and for the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company elected to subsequently measure mortgage servicing rights (“MSRs”) at fair value. The Company accounted for MSRs at the lower of amortized cost or fair value for all periods prior to December 31, 2024.

The following table presents the changes in fair value of the Company’s MSR portfolio for the three months ended March 31, 2025:

|  | Three months ended |
|  | March 31, |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 7,918 |
Additions from loans sold with servicing rights retained |  |  | 54 |
Change in fair value |  |  | (621 | )
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 7,351 |

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The following table summarizes the Company’s activity related to servicing rights for the three months ended March 31, 2024:

|  | Three months ended, |
|  | March 31, |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2024 |
Servicing Assets: |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 2,052 |
Additions, net of valuation reserve (1) |  |  | 300 |
Amortization (2) |  |  | (91 | )
Balance at end of period |  |  | 2,261 |
Less valuation reserve (3) |  |  | (296 | )
Balance at end of period, net of valuation reserve |  | $ | 1,965 |
Fair value, beginning of period |  | $ | 2,314 |
Fair value, end of period |  | $ | 2,062 |

(1) | Associated income was reported within mortgage banking income, net on the consolidated statements of income.

(2) | Associated amortization expense was reported within other noninterest income on the consolidated statements of income.

(3) | Associated valuation reserve was reported within mortgage and lending expenses on the consolidated statements of income.

The following is a summary of key data and assumptions used in the valuation of servicing rights as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Increases or decreases in any one of these assumptions would result in lower or higher fair value measurements.

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Fair value of servicing rights |  | $ | 7,351 |  |  | $ | 7,918 |
Weighted-average remaining term, years |  |  | 21.9 |  |  |  | 22.0 |
Prepayment speeds |  |  | 11.5 | % |  |  | 9.9 | %
Discount rate |  |  | 10.5 | % |  |  | 10.5 | %

NOTE 8 Leases

A lease is defined as a contract, or part of a contract, that conveys the right to control the use of an identified property, plant or equipment for a period of time in exchange for consideration. Substantially all of the leases in which the Company is the lessee are comprised of real property for offices and office equipment rentals with terms extending through 2041. Portions of certain properties are subleased for terms extending through July 2025. Substantially all of the Company’s leases are classified as operating leases. The Company has no existing finance leases.

The Company elected not to include short-term leases (i.e., leases with initial terms of twelve months or less), or equipment leases (deemed immaterial) on the consolidated financial statements. The following table presents the classification of the Company’s right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities on the consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

|  |  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
(dollars in thousands) |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Lease Right-of-Use Assets | Classification |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | $ | 12,983 |  |  | $ | 13,438 |
Lease Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease liabilities | Operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 18,515 |  |  | $ | 18,991 |

The calculated amount of the ROU assets and lease liabilities in the table above are impacted by the length of the lease term and the discount rate used to present value the minimum lease payments. The Company’s lease agreements often include one or more options to renew at the Company’s discretion. If at lease inception the Company considers the exercising of a renewal option to be reasonably certain, the Company will include the extended term in the calculation of the ROU asset and lease liability. The Company utilizes its incremental borrowing rate at lease inception, on a collateralized basis, over a similar term for the discount rate. For the Company’s only finance lease, the Company utilized its incremental borrowing rate at lease inception.

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Weighted-average remaining lease term, years |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  |  | 12.5 |  |  |  | 12.6 |
Weighted-average discount rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  |  | 4.6 | % |  |  | 4.5 | %

As the Company elected, for all classes of underlying assets, not to separate lease and non‑lease components and instead to account for them as a single lease component, the variable lease cost primarily represents variable payments such as common area maintenance and utilities. Variable lease cost also includes payments for usage or maintenance of those capitalized equipment operating leases.

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The following table presents lease costs and other lease information for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

|  | Three months ended |
|  | March 31, |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Lease costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease cost |  | $ | 619 |  |  | $ | 461 |
Variable lease cost |  |  | 58 |  |  |  | 266 |
Short-term lease cost |  |  | 290 |  |  |  | 36 |
Finance lease cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest on lease liabilities |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Amortization of right-of-use assets |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Sublease income |  |  | (41 | ) |  |  | (48 | )
Net lease cost |  | $ | 926 |  |  | $ | 715 |
Other information |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities operating cash flows from operating leases |  | $ | 598 |  |  | $ | 460 |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 108 |

Future minimum payments for finance and operating leases with initial or remaining terms of one year or more as of March 31, 2025 were as follows:

|  | Operating |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Leases |
Twelve months ended |  |  |  |
March 31, 2026 |  | $ | 2,494 |
March 31, 2027 |  |  | 2,255 |
March 31, 2028 |  |  | 1,820 |
March 31, 2029 |  |  | 1,535 |
March 31, 2030 |  |  | 1,216 |
Thereafter |  |  | 25,218 |
Total future minimum lease payments |  | $ | 34,538 |
Amounts representing interest |  |  | (16,023 | )
Total operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 18,515 |

NOTE 9 Deposits

The components of deposits in the consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were as follows:

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Noninterest-bearing |  | $ | 889,270 |  |  | $ | 903,466 |
Interest-bearing |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand |  |  | 1,283,031 |  |  |  | 1,220,173 |
Savings accounts |  |  | 177,341 |  |  |  | 165,882 |
Money market savings |  |  | 1,472,127 |  |  |  | 1,381,924 |
Time deposits |  |  | 663,522 |  |  |  | 706,965 |
Total interest-bearing |  |  | 3,596,021 |  |  |  | 3,474,944 |
Total deposits |  | $ | 4,485,291 |  |  | $ | 4,378,410 |

Certificates of deposit in excess of $250,000 totaled $227.4 million and $248.1 million at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

NOTE 10 Short‑Term Borrowings

Short-term borrowings at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 consisted of the following:

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Fed funds purchased |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 38,960 |
FHLB short-term advances |  |  | 200,000 |  |  |  | 200,000 |
Total |  | $ | 200,000 |  |  | $ | 238,960 |

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NOTE 11 Long‑Term Debt

Long‑term debt as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 consisted of the following:

|  | March 31, 2025
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Period End |  |  |  |  |
|  | Face |  |  | Carrying |  |  |  |  | Interest |  |  | Maturity |  |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Value |  |  | Value |  |  | Interest Rate |  | Rate |  |  | Date |  | Call Date
Subordinated notes payable |  | $ | 50,000 |  |  | $ | 50,000 |  |  | Fixed |  |  | 3.50 | % |  | 3/30/2031 |  | 3/31/2026
Junior subordinated debenture (Trust I) |  |  | 4,124 |  |  |  | 3,639 |  |  | Three-month CME SOFR + 0.26% + 3.10% |  |  | 7.66 | % |  | 6/26/2033 |  | 6/26/2008
Junior subordinated debenture (Trust II) |  |  | 6,186 |  |  |  | 5,459 |  |  | Three-month CME SOFR + 0.26% + 1.80% |  |  | 6.36 | % |  | 9/15/2036 |  | 9/15/2011
Total long-term debt |  | $ | 60,310 |  |  | $ | 59,098 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

|  | December 31, 2024
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Period End |  |  |  |  |
|  | Face |  |  | Carrying |  |  |  |  | Interest |  |  | Maturity |  |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Value |  |  | Value |  |  | Interest Rate |  | Rate |  |  | Date |  | Call Date
Subordinated notes payable |  | $ | 50,000 |  |  | $ | 50,000 |  |  | Fixed |  |  | 3.50 | % |  | 3/30/2031 |  | 3/31/2026
Junior subordinated debenture (Trust I) |  |  | 4,124 |  |  |  | 3,628 |  |  | Three-month CME SOFR + 0.26% + 3.10% |  |  | 7.69 | % |  | 6/26/2033 |  | 6/26/2008
Junior subordinated debenture (Trust II) |  |  | 6,186 |  |  |  | 5,441 |  |  | Three-month CME SOFR + 0.26% + 1.80% |  |  | 6.42 | % |  | 9/15/2036 |  | 9/15/2011
Total long-term debt |  | $ | 60,310 |  |  | $ | 59,069 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

NOTE 12 Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments

In the normal course of business, the Company has outstanding commitments and contingent liabilities, such as commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit, which are not included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instruments for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit is represented by the contractual or notional amount of those instruments. The Company uses the same credit policies in making such commitments as it does for instruments that are included in the statements of financial condition.

A summary of the contractual amounts of the Company’s exposure to off-balance sheet risk as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, was as follows:

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Commitments to extend credit |  | $ | 1,047,185 |  |  | $ | 1,090,114 |
Standby letters of credit |  |  | 18,424 |  |  |  | 30,033 |
Total |  | $ | 1,065,609 |  |  | $ | 1,120,147 |

The Company establishes an ACL on unfunded commitments, except those that are unconditionally cancellable by the Company. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the ACL on unfunded commitments was $6.0 million and $7.5 million, respectively. The ACL on unfunded commitments was presented within accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the provision (recovery) for credit losses on unfunded commitments was ($1.5) million and ($793) thousand, respectively.

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a client as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses, and may require payment of a fee. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The Company evaluates each client’s creditworthiness on a case by case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by the Company upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation. Collateral held varies but may include accounts receivable, inventory, property and equipment, and income producing commercial properties.

The Company was not required to perform on any financial guarantees and did not incur any losses on its commitments during the past two years.

The Company utilizes standby letters of credit issued by either the FHLB or the Bank of North Dakota to secure public unit deposits. The Company had letters of credit outstanding with the FHLB in the amount of $6.4 million as of March 31, 2025 and $12.0 million as of December 31, 2024. With the Bank of North Dakota, the Company had no letters of credit outstanding as of March 31, 2025 and had letters of credit outstanding in the amount of $50.0 million as of December 31, 2024. Letters of credit with the Bank of North Dakota were collateralized by loans pledged to the Bank of North Dakota in the amount of $517.9 million and $524.9 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

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Legal Contingencies

In the normal course of business, including in connection with business combinations pursued by the Company, the Company and its subsidiaries are subject to pending and threatened litigation, claims investigations and legal and administrative cases and proceedings.

Under applicable accounting standards, reserves are established for legal claims only when losses associated with the claims are judged to be probable, and the loss can be reasonably estimated. When a material loss contingency is reasonably possible, but not probable, the Company does not record a liability, but instead discloses the nature of the matter and an estimate of the loss or range of losses, to the extent such estimate can be made. Significant judgment is required in both the determination of possibility or probability, and whether the loss or range of losses is reasonably estimable. The Company’s judgments are subjective and based on the status of the legal or regulatory proceedings, the merits of the Company’s defenses and consultation with in-house and outside legal counsel. Because of uncertainties related to these matters, accruals are based on the best information available to the Company and its advisors at the time, including, among other information, settlement agreements. As additional information becomes available, the Company reassesses the potential liability related to pending claims and litigation and may revise its estimates accordingly. Due to the inherent uncertainties of the legal and regulatory processes, such judgments may be materially different than the actual outcomes. Legal costs such as outside counsel fees are expensed in the period in which the services are rendered.

Assessments of litigation exposure are difficult because they involve inherently unpredictable factors including, but not limited to: whether the proceeding is in the early stages; whether damages are unspecified, unsupported or uncertain; whether there is a potential for punitive or other pecuniary damages; whether the matter involves legal uncertainties, including novel issues of law; whether the matter involves multiple parties and/or jurisdictions; whether discovery has begun or is not complete; whether meaningful settlement discussions have commenced; and whether the proceeding involves class allegations. In many lawsuits and arbitrations, it is not possible to determine whether a liability will be incurred, or to estimate the ultimate or minimum amount of that liability, until the matter is close to resolution, in which case a reserve will not be recognized until that time. As a result, the Company may be unable to estimate reasonably possible losses with respect to litigation matters it faces.

In 2023, the Company sold its ESOP fiduciary services business but currently remains subject to pending lawsuits related to the sold business, including one brought by the DOL.

In November 2023, the DOL brought suit against several defendants, including the Bank, alleging that the Bank, in its capacity as trustee to an ESOP, (1) breached certain of its fiduciary duties in connection with a transaction which allegedly caused the ESOP to pay more than fair market value to acquire stock, and (2) engaged in a prohibited transaction by causing the ESOP to acquire the stock from an existing company shareholder for more than adequate consideration. The Bank continues to dispute the allegations made by the DOL and intends to continue to defend itself vigorously.

The Company believes a material loss contingency related to the DOL complaint is reasonably possible, but not probable, based on currently-available information. However, the Company is unable to estimate the ultimate or minimum loss or range of losses, if any, at this time due to a number of uncertainties, including, but not limited to: (1) the current early stages of the proceedings and discovery not having commenced, (2) the absence of specificity as to alleged damages, (3) the potential reinsertion of the selling shareholder as co-defendant in the suit and (4) and the lack of resolution of significant factual and legal issues.

The Company did not have any accrued liabilities recorded for loss contingencies that were required to be disclosed as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

NOTE 13 Share-Based Compensation

On May 6, 2019, the Company’s stockholders approved the Alerus Financial Corporation 2019 Equity Incentive Plan. This plan allows the compensation committee of the Board of Directors of the Company the ability to grant a wide variety of equity awards, including stock options, stock appreciation rights, stock awards, and cash incentive awards in such forms and amounts as it deems appropriate to accomplish the goals of the plan. Since inception, all awards issued under the plan have been restricted stock and restricted stock units. Any shares subject to an award that is cancelled, forfeited, or expires prior to exercise or realization, either in full or in part, shall again become available for issuance under the plan. However, shares subject to an award shall not again be made available for issuance or delivery under the plan if such shares are (a) tendered in payment of the exercise price of a stock option, (b) delivered to, or withheld by, the Company to satisfy any tax withholding obligation, or (c) covered by a stock-settled stock appreciation right or other awards that were not issued upon the settlement of the award. Restricted stock units issued do not participate in dividends and recipients are not entitled to vote these restricted stock units until shares of the Company’s common stock are delivered after vesting of the restricted stock units. Shares vest, become exercisable and contain such other terms and conditions as determined by the compensation committee and set forth in individual agreements with the participant receiving the award. Awards issued to Company directors vest on the earlier of the first anniversary of the grant date and the next annual meeting of stockholders. The plan authorizes the issuance of up to 1,100,000 shares of common stock. As of March 31, 2025, 588,404 shares of common stock are still available for issuance under the plan.

The compensation expense relating to awards under these plans was $599 thousand and $593 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The following table presents the activity in the stock plans for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

|  | Three months ended March 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  |  |  |  |  | Weighted- |  |  |  |  |  |  | Weighted- |
|  |  |  |  |  | Average Grant |  |  |  |  |  |  | Average Grant |
|  | Awards |  |  | Date Fair Value |  |  | Awards |  |  | Date Fair Value |
Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Unit Awards |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at beginning of period |  |  | 289,549 |  |  | $ | 22.00 |  |  |  | 231,657 |  |  | $ | 22.96 |
Granted |  |  | 86,317 |  |  |  | 20.49 |  |  |  | 60,976 |  |  |  | 21.83 |
Vested |  |  | (27,260 | ) |  |  | 26.11 |  |  |  | (38,149 | ) |  |  | 26.05 |
Forfeited or cancelled |  |  | (20,516 | ) |  |  | 28.07 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Outstanding at end of period |  |  | 328,090 |  |  | $ | 20.83 |  |  |  | 254,484 |  |  | $ | 22.18 |

As of March 31, 2025, there was $4.3 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested awards granted under the plans. The expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.4 years.

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NOTE 14 Income Taxes

The components of income tax expense (benefit) for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

|  | Three months ended March 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  |  |  |  |  | Percent of |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percent of |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Amount |  |  | Pretax Income |  |  | Amount |  |  | Pretax Income |
Taxes at statutory federal income tax rate |  | $ | 3,688 |  |  |  | 21.0 | % |  | $ | 1,790 |  |  |  | 21.0 | %
Tax effect of: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tax exempt income |  |  | (457 | ) |  |  | (2.6 | )% |  |  | (229 | ) |  |  | (2.7 | )%
State income taxes, net of federal benefits |  |  | 852 |  |  |  | 4.9 | % |  |  | 413 |  |  |  | 4.8 | %
Nondeductible items and other |  |  | 163 |  |  |  | 0.9 | % |  |  | 117 |  |  |  | 1.4 | %
Applicable income taxes |  | $ | 4,246 |  |  |  | 24.2 | % |  | $ | 2,091 |  |  |  | 24.5 | %

It is the opinion of management that, as of March 31, 2025, the Company had no significant uncertain tax positions that would be subject to change upon examination.

NOTE 15 Tax Credit Investments

The Company invests in qualified affordable housing projects for the purpose of community reinvestment and obtaining tax credits. The Company’s tax credit investments are limited to existing lending relationships with well-known developers and projects within the Company’s market area.

The following table presents a summary of the Company’s investments in qualified affordable housing project tax credits as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

|  |  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
(dollars in thousands) |  |  | Investment |  |  | Unfunded Commitment |  |  | Investment |  |  | Unfunded Commitment |
Investment | Accounting Method |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Low income housing tax credit | Proportional amortization |  | $ | 22,906 |  |  | $ | 7,599 |  |  | $ | 17,906 |  |  | $ | 3,968 |

The following table presents a summary of the amortization expense and tax benefit recognized for the Company’s qualified affordable housing projects for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

|  | Three months ended March 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | Amortization |  |  | Tax Benefit |  |  | Amortization |  |  | Tax Benefit |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Expense (1) |  |  | Recognized (2) |  |  | Expense (1) |  |  | Recognized (2) |
Low income housing tax credit |  | $ | 459 |  |  | $ | (353 | ) |  | $ | 432 |  |  | $ | (381 | )

(1) | The amortization expense for low income housing tax credits was included in the income tax expense.

(2) | All of the tax benefits recognized were included in income tax expense.

NOTE 16 Segment Reporting

Beginning with the annual period ended December 31, 2024, the Company adopted the guidance within ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280), which expanded disclosure requirements for significant segment expenses and other segment items. In connection with this guidance, compensation, employee taxes and benefits, business services, software and technology expense, and merger and acquisition expense are presented separately as these expenses were previously included within total noninterest expense. Financial information for prior periods were recast to conform to the current presentation.

Operating segments are components of an enterprise, which are evaluated regularly by the “chief operating decision maker” in deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance. The Company’s chief operating decision maker is the President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, and assesses overall segment performance based on net income (loss) before taxes and uses this metric to allocate resources for each segment, focusing on budgeting and forecasting.

Reportable segments are determined based on the services offered, the significance of the services offered, the significance of those services to the Company’s financial statements, and management’s regular review of the operating results of those services. The Company currently operates through three operating segments: banking, retirement and benefit services, and wealth.

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The Company’s reportable segments include the following:

| ● | Banking: Offers a complete line of loan, deposit, cash management, and treasury services through 29 offices in North Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Arizona, including 15 banking offices acquired in the HMN Financial, Inc. (“HMNF”) transaction. These products and services are supported through web and mobile based applications. The majority of the Company’s assets and liabilities are in the Banking segment’s balance sheet.
| ● | Retirement and Benefit Services: Provides the following services nationally: record-keeping and administration services to qualified and other types of retirement plans, investment fiduciary services to retirement plans, health savings accounts, flexible spending accounts, and COBRA recordkeeping and administration services. The division operates within each of the banking markets, as well as in East Lansing, Michigan and Lakewood, Colorado.
| ● | Wealth: Provides advisory and planning services, investment management, and trust and fiduciary services to clients across the Company’s footprint.

The Company’s segment reporting process begins with the assignment of income and expenses directly to the applicable segments based on different cost centers withing the Company. The net income (loss) before taxes for each reportable segment is further derived by the use of expense allocations. Certain expenses not directly attributable to a specific segment are allocated across all segments based on key metrics, such as number of employees and time spent working in each segment. These types of expenses include business services, software and technology expense, human resources, accounting and finance, risk management, legal, and marketing.

The financial information presented for each segment includes net interest income, provision for credit losses, noninterest income, and direct and indirect noninterest expense. As discussed above, noninterest expense is broken out between significant noninterest expenses and other noninterest expense. Other noninterest expense consists of occupancy and equipment expense, intangible amortization expense, professional fees and assessments (less merger and acquisition expenses which are included within this expense item on the consolidated statements of income), marketing and business development, supplies and postage, travel, mortgage and lending expenses, and other noninterest expenses. Corporate administration includes all remaining income and expenses not allocated to the three operating segments, including all merger and acquisition expenses.

The assignment and allocation methodologies used in the segment reporting process discussed above change from time to time as systems are enhanced, methods for evaluating segment performance or product lines change or as business segments are realigned.

The following tables present key metrics related to the Company’s segments for the periods presented:

|  | As of and for the three months ended March 31, 2025 |
|  |  |  |  |  | Retirement and |  |  |  |  |  |  | Corporate |  |  |  |  |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Banking |  |  | Benefit Services |  |  | Wealth |  |  | Administration |  |  | Consolidated |
Net interest income (loss) |  | $ | 41,807 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (650 | ) |  | $ | 41,157 |
Provision for credit losses |  |  | 863 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 863 |
Noninterest income (loss) |  |  | 4,647 |  |  |  | 16,106 |  |  |  | 6,905 |  |  |  | (26 | ) |  |  | 27,632 |
Noninterest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation |  |  | 11,636 |  |  |  | 7,216 |  |  |  | 3,052 |  |  |  | 1,057 |  |  |  | 22,961 |
Employee taxes and benefits |  |  | 3,880 |  |  |  | 2,311 |  |  |  | 741 |  |  |  | 830 |  |  |  | 7,762 |
Business services, software and technology expense |  |  | 2,964 |  |  |  | 1,994 |  |  |  | 618 |  |  |  | 176 |  |  |  | 5,752 |
Merger and acquisition expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 286 |  |  |  | 286 |
Other noninterest expense |  |  | 10,731 |  |  |  | 2,096 |  |  |  | 426 |  |  |  | 351 |  |  |  | 13,604 |
Total noninterest expense |  |  | 29,211 |  |  |  | 13,617 |  |  |  | 4,837 |  |  |  | 2,700 |  |  |  | 50,365 |
Net income (loss) before taxes |  | $ | 16,380 |  |  | $ | 2,489 |  |  | $ | 2,068 |  |  | $ | (3,376 | ) |  | $ | 17,561 |
Total assets |  | $ | 5,257,508 |  |  | $ | 31,302 |  |  | $ | 5,471 |  |  | $ | 45,339 |  |  | $ | 5,339,620 |

|  | As of and for the three months ended March 31, 2024 |
|  |  |  |  |  | Retirement and |  |  | Wealth |  |  | Corporate |  |  |  |  |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Banking |  |  | Benefit Services |  |  | Management |  |  | Administration |  |  | Consolidated |
Net interest income (loss) |  | $ | 22,897 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (678 | ) |  | $ | 22,219 |
Provision for credit losses |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Noninterest income |  |  | 3,490 |  |  |  | 15,655 |  |  |  | 6,118 |  |  |  | 60 |  |  |  | 25,323 |
Noninterest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation |  |  | 8,454 |  |  |  | 6,955 |  |  |  | 2,579 |  |  |  | 1,344 |  |  |  | 19,332 |
Employee taxes and benefits |  |  | 2,802 |  |  |  | 2,057 |  |  |  | 725 |  |  |  | 604 |  |  |  | 6,188 |
Business services, software and technology expense |  |  | 2,567 |  |  |  | 2,043 |  |  |  | 597 |  |  |  | 138 |  |  |  | 5,345 |
Merger and acquisition expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | 28 |
Other noninterest expense |  |  | 4,848 |  |  |  | 3,134 |  |  |  | (151 | ) |  |  | 295 |  |  |  | 8,126 |
Total noninterest expense |  |  | 18,671 |  |  |  | 14,189 |  |  |  | 3,750 |  |  |  | 2,409 |  |  |  | 39,019 |
Net income (loss) before taxes |  | $ | 7,716 |  |  | $ | 1,466 |  |  | $ | 2,368 |  |  | $ | (3,027 | ) |  | $ | 8,523 |
Total assets |  | $ | 4,262,600 |  |  | $ | 33,636 |  |  | $ | 4,787 |  |  | $ | 37,070 |  |  | $ | 4,338,093 |

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NOTE 17 Earnings Per Share

The calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share using the two-class method for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 are presented below:

|  | Three months ended |
|  | March 31, |
(dollars and shares in thousands, except per share data) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Net income |  | $ | 13,315 |  |  | $ | 6,432 |
Dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities |  |  | 99 |  |  |  | 40 |
Net income available to common stockholders |  | $ | 13,216 |  |  | $ | 6,392 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding for basic earnings per share |  |  | 25,359 |  |  |  | 19,739 |
Dilutive effect of stock-based awards |  |  | 294 |  |  |  | 247 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding for diluted earnings per share |  |  | 25,653 |  |  |  | 19,986 |
Earnings per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.52 |  |  | $ | 0.32 |
Diluted earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.52 |  |  | $ | 0.32 |

There were no antidilutive shares for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

NOTE 18 Derivative Instruments

The Company uses a variety of derivative instruments to mitigate exposure to both market and credit risks inherent in its business activities. The Company manages these risks as part of its overall asset and liability management process and through its policies and procedures. Derivatives represent contracts between parties that usually require little or no initial net investment and result in one party delivering cash or another type of asset to the other party based on a notional amount and an underlying as specified in the contract.

Derivatives are often measured in terms of notional amount, but this amount is generally not exchanged, and it is not recorded on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. The notional amount is the basis to which the underlying is applied to determine required payments under the derivative contract. The underlying is a referenced interest rate, security price, credit spread, or other index. Residential and commercial real estate (“CRE”) loan commitments associated with loans to be sold also qualify as derivative instruments.

Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments

The Company uses derivative instruments to hedge its exposure to economic risks, including interest rate, liquidity and credit risk. Certain hedging relationships are formally designated and qualify for hedge accounting under GAAP. On the date the Company enters into a derivative contract designated as a hedging instrument, the derivative is designated as either a fair value hedge, cash flow hedge, or a net investment hedge. When a derivative is designated as a fair value, cash flow, or net investment hedge, the Company performs an assessment, at inception and, at a minimum, quarterly thereafter, to determine the effectiveness of the derivative in offsetting changes in the value or cash flows of the hedged item(s). As of March 31, 2025, the Company only used fair value and cash flow hedges.

Fair value hedges: These derivatives are interest rate swaps the Company uses to hedge the change in fair value related to interest rate changes of its underlying mortgage-backed investment securities and mortgage loan pools. The interest rate swaps are carried on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet at their fair value in other assets (when the fair value is positive) or in accrued expenses and other liabilities (when the fair value is negative). The changes in fair value of the interest rate swaps are recorded in interest income. The unrealized gains or losses due to changes in fair value of the interest rate swaps due to changes in benchmark interest rates are recorded as an adjustment to the hedged instruments and offset in the same interest income line items.

Cash flow hedges: These derivatives are interest rate swaps the Company uses to hedge the variability of expected future cash flows due to market interest changes. The interest rate swap is carried on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet at its fair value in other assets (when the fair value is positive) or in accrued expenses and other liabilities (when the fair value is negative). Changes in fair value of derivatives designated as cash flow hedges are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”) until the cash flows of the hedged items are realized. If a derivative designated as a cash flow hedge is terminated or ceases to be highly effective, the gain or loss in OCI is amortized to earnings over the period the forecasted hedged transactions impact earnings. If a hedged forecasted transaction is no longer probable, hedge accounting is ceased and any gain or loss included in OCI is reported in earnings immediately, unless the forecasted transaction is at least reasonably possible of occurring, whereby the amounts remain within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”). The Company estimates that no additional amounts will be reclassified as an increase to interest expense over the next 12 months. All cash flow hedges were highly effective for the three months ended March 31, 2025. As of March 31, 2025, the maximum length of time over which forecasted transactions are hedged was 21 months.

Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments

Interest rate swaps: The Company periodically enters into commercial loan interest rate swap agreements in order to provide commercial loan customers with the ability to convert from variable to fixed interest rates. These derivative contracts relate to transactions in which the Company enters into an interest rate swap with a customer, while simultaneously entering into an offsetting interest rate swap with an institutional counterparty.

Interest rate lock commitments, forward loan sales commitments and to be announced mortgage backed securities: The Company enters into forward delivery contracts to sell mortgage loans at specific prices and dates in order to hedge the interest rate risk in its portfolio of mortgage loans held for sale and its residential mortgage interest rate lock commitments.

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The following table presents the total notional amounts and gross fair values of the Company’s derivatives as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

|  | Derivative Assets (1) |  |  | Derivative Liabilities (2) |
|  | Notional |  |  | Fair |  |  | Notional |  |  | Fair |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Amount |  |  | Value |  |  | Amount |  |  | Value |
March 31, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 200,000 |  |  | $ | 84 |
Cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps |  |  | 200,000 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments |  | $ | 200,000 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 200,000 |  |  | $ | 84 |
Not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps (3) |  | $ | 378,533 |  |  | $ | 9,376 |  |  | $ | 395,533 |  |  | $ | 9,586 |
Interest rate lock commitments |  |  | 33,827 |  |  |  | 492 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Forward loan sales commitments |  |  | 5,490 |  |  |  | 102 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
To-be-announced mortgage backed securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 43,000 |  |  |  | 95 |
Total asset derivatives not designated as hedging instruments |  | $ | 417,850 |  |  | $ | 9,970 |  |  | $ | 438,533 |  |  | $ | 9,681 |
December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps |  | $ | 200,000 |  |  | $ | 149 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps |  |  | 200,000 |  |  |  | 477 |  |  |  | 200,000 |  |  |  | 21 |
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments |  | $ | 400,000 |  |  | $ | 626 |  |  | $ | 200,000 |  |  | $ | 21 |
Not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps (3) |  | $ | 347,575 |  |  | $ | 8,182 |  |  | $ | 364,575 |  |  | $ | 8,579 |
Interest rate lock commitments |  |  | 14,647 |  |  |  | 153 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Forward loan sales commitments |  |  | 6,645 |  |  |  | 109 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
To-be-announced mortgage backed securities |  |  | 39,000 |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total asset derivatives not designated as hedging instruments |  | $ | 407,867 |  |  | $ | 8,479 |  |  | $ | 364,575 |  |  | $ | 8,579 |

(1) | Derivative assets are included in other assets on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.

(2) | Derivative liabilities are included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.

(3) | Reported fair values include accrued interest receivable and payable.

The following table shows the effective portion of the gains (losses) recognized in OCI and the gains (losses), before tax, reclassified from OCI into earnings for the periods indicated:

|  |  |  |  |  | Gains (Losses) |
|  | Gains (Losses) |  |  | Reclassified |
|  | Recognized in |  |  | from OCI |
(dollars in thousands) |  | OCI |  |  | into Earnings |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
For the three months ended March 31, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps |  | $ | (463 | ) |  | $ | (22 | )
For the three months ended March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps |  | $ | 946 |  |  | $ | (262 | )

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The following table shows the effect of fair value and cash flow hedge accounting on derivatives designated as hedging instruments in the Consolidated Statements of Income for the periods indicated:

|  | Location and Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in Income |
|  | Interest Income |  |  | Interest Expense |
|  | Loans, |  |  | Investment |  |  |  |  |
|  | including |  |  | securities - |  |  | Short-term |
(dollars in thousands) |  | fees |  |  | Taxable |  |  | borrowings |
For the three months ended March 31, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total amounts in the Consolidated Statements of Income |  | $ | 61,495 |  |  | $ | 5,707 |  |  | $ | 2,839 |
Fair value hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps |  |  | — |  |  |  | 147 |  |  |  | — |
Cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 22 |
For the three months ended March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total amounts in the Consolidated Statements of Income |  | $ | 39,294 |  |  | $ | 4,568 |  |  | $ | 5,989 |
Fair value hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps |  |  | 153 |  |  |  | 642 |  |  |  | — |
Cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (262 | )

The following tables show the notional amount, carrying amount and associated cumulative basis adjustments related to the application of hedge accounting that is included in the carrying amount of hedged assets and liabilities in fair value hedging relationships at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively:

|  | March 31, 2025 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Cumulative Fair |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Value Hedging |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Adjustment in the |
|  |  |  |  |  | Carrying Amount |  |  | Carrying Amount of |
|  | Notional |  |  | of Hedged Assets/ |  |  | Hedged Assets/ |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Amount |  |  | Liabilities |  |  | Liabilities |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential agency (1) |  | $ | 200,000 |  |  | $ | 200,085 |  |  | $ | 85 |
Total |  | $ | 200,000 |  |  | $ | 200,085 |  |  | $ | 85 |

(1) | Includes amounts related to residential agency mortgage-backed securities currently designated as the hedged item in a fair value hedge using the portfolio layer method. At March 31, 2025, the amortized cost of the closed portfolios used in these hedging relationships was $293.6 million.

|  | December 31, 2024 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Cumulative Fair |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Value Hedging |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Adjustment in the |
|  |  |  |  |  | Carrying Amount |  |  | Carrying Amount of |
|  | Notional |  |  | of Hedged Assets/ |  |  | Hedged Assets/ |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Amount |  |  | Liabilities |  |  | Liabilities |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential agency (1) |  | $ | 200,000 |  |  | $ | 199,854 |  |  | $ | (146 | )
Total |  | $ | 200,000 |  |  | $ | 199,854 |  |  | $ | (146 | )

(1) | Includes amounts related to residential agency mortgage-backed securities currently designated as the hedged item in a fair value hedge using the portfolio layer method. At December 31, 2024, the amortized cost of the closed portfolios used in these hedging relationships was $296.9 million.

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The gain (loss) recognized on derivatives not designated as hedging relationships for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 was as follows:

(dollars in thousands) |  |  | Three months ended March 31, |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments | Consolidated Statements of Income Location |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Interest rate swaps | Other noninterest income |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 21 |
Interest rate swaps | Mortgage banking |  |  | 187 |  |  |  | — |
Interest rate lock commitments | Mortgage banking |  |  | 322 |  |  |  | 153 |
Forward loan sales commitments | Mortgage banking |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | (6 | )
To-be-announced mortgage backed securities | Mortgage banking |  |  | (286 | ) |  |  | 41 |
Total gain (loss) from derivatives not designated as hedging instruments |  | $ | 216 |  |  | $ | 209 |

The Company has third party agreements that require a minimum dollar transfer amount upon a margin call. These requirements are dependent on certain specified credit measures. There was no collateral posted with third parties at March 31, 2025. The amount of collateral posted with third parties was $3.9 million at December 31, 2024. The amount of collateral posted with third parties was deemed to be sufficient as of those dates to collateralize both the fair market value change as well as any additional amounts that may be required as a result of a change in the specified credit measures.

Credit Risk-Related Contingent Features

By using derivatives, the Company is exposed to credit risk to the extent that counterparties to the derivative contracts do not perform as required. Should a counterparty fail to perform under the terms of a derivative contract, the Company’s credit exposure on interest rate swaps is limited to the net positive fair value and accrued interest of all swaps with each counterparty. The Company seeks to minimize counterparty credit risk through credit approvals, limits, monitoring procedures, and obtaining collateral, where appropriate. As such, management believes the risk of incurring credit losses on derivative contracts with institutional counterparties is remote.

The Company has agreements with its derivative counterparties that contain a provision where, if the Company defaults on any of its indebtedness, including defaults where repayment of the indebtedness has not been accelerated by the lender, the Company could also be declared in default on its derivative obligations. In addition, the Company also has agreements with certain of its derivative counterparties that contain a provision where, if the Company fails to maintain its status as a well-capitalized institution, the counterparty could terminate the derivative position(s) and the Company could be required to settle its obligations under the agreements.

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the fair value of derivatives in a net liability position, which included accrued interest but excluded any adjustment for non-performance risk, related to these agreements was $9.7 million and $8.6 million, respectively. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had minimum collateral posting thresholds with certain of its derivative counterparties and had posted cash collateral of $0.0 million and $3.9 million, respectively. If the Company had breached any of these provisions at March 31, 2025 or December 31, 2024, it could have been required to settle its obligations under the agreements at their termination value of $9.7 million and $8.6 million, respectively.

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Balance Sheet Offsetting

The following tables present the Company’s derivative positions and the potential effect of netting arrangements on its financial position as of the dates indicated:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Gross Amount |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Not Offset in the |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Consolidated |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Balance Sheets |  |  |  |  |
|  | Gross Amount |  |  | Gross Amount |  |  | Net Amount |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Recognized in the |  |  | Offset in the |  |  | Presented in the |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Consolidated |  |  | Consolidated |  |  | Consolidated |  |  | Cash Collateral |  |  |  |  |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Balance Sheets |  |  | Balance Sheets |  |  | Balance Sheets |  |  | Pledged (Received) |  |  | Net Amount |
March 31, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps − Company (1) |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | (25 | ) |  | $ | (10 | )
Interest rate swaps − dealer bank (1) |  |  | 3,882 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,882 |  |  |  | (1,885 | ) |  |  | 1,997 |
Interest rate swaps − customer (2) |  |  | 5,494 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,494 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,494 |
To-be-announced mortgage backed securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 9,391 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,391 |  |  | $ | (1,910 | ) |  | $ | 7,481 |
Derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps − Company (1) |  | $ | 84 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 84 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 84 |
Interest rate swaps − dealer bank (1) |  |  | 5,592 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,592 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,592 |
Interest rate swaps − customer (2) |  |  | 3,994 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,994 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,994 |
To-be-announced mortgage backed securities |  |  | 95 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 95 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 95 |
Total |  | $ | 9,765 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,765 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,765 |

(1) | The Company maintains a master netting agreement with each counterparty and settles collateral on a net basis for all interest rate swaps with counterparty banks.

(2) | The Company manages its net exposure on its customer loan swaps by obtaining collateral as part of the normal loan policy and underwriting practices. The Company does not post collateral to its customers as part of its contract.

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Gross Amount |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Not Offset in the |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Consolidated |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Balance Sheets |  |  |  |  |
|  | Gross Amount |  |  | Gross Amount |  |  | Net Amount |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Recognized in the |  |  | Offset in the |  |  | Presented in the |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Consolidated |  |  | Consolidated |  |  | Consolidated |  |  | Cash Collateral |  |  |  |  |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Balance Sheets |  |  | Balance Sheets |  |  | Balance Sheets |  |  | Pledged (Received) |  |  | Net Amount |
December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps − Company (1) |  | $ | 626 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 626 |  |  | $ | (683 | ) |  | $ | (57 | )
Interest rate swaps − dealer bank (1) |  |  | 5,606 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,606 |  |  |  | (177 | ) |  |  | 5,429 |
Interest rate swaps − customer (2) |  |  | 2,576 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,576 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,576 |
To-be-announced mortgage backed securities |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 35 |
Total |  | $ | 8,843 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,843 |  |  | $ | (860 | ) |  | $ | 7,983 |
Derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps − Company (1) |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | (38 | )
Interest rate swaps − dealer bank (1) |  |  | 2,863 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,863 |  |  |  | 3,841 |  |  |  | (978 | )
Interest rate swaps − customer (2) |  |  | 5,716 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 5,716 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,716 |
To-be-announced mortgage backed securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 8,600 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,600 |  |  | $ | 3,900 |  |  | $ | 4,700 |

(1) | The Company maintains a master netting agreement with each counterparty and settles collateral on a net basis for all interest rate swaps with counterparty banks.

(2) | The Company manages its net exposure on its customer loan swaps by obtaining collateral as part of the normal loan policy and underwriting practices. The Company does not post collateral to its customers as part of its contract.

NOTE 19 Regulatory Matters

The Company and the Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require the Company and the Bank to maintain minimum amounts and ratios (set forth in the following table) of common equity tier 1, tier 1, and total capital (as defined in the regulations) to risk weighted assets (as defined) and of tier 1 capital (as defined) to average assets (as defined). Management believes that, at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, each of the Company and the Bank had met all of the capital adequacy requirements to which it was subject.

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The following tables present the Company’s and the Bank’s actual capital amounts and ratios as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

|  | March 31, 2025 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Minimum to be |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Minimum Required |  |  | Well Capitalized |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | for Capital |  |  | Under Prompt |
|  | Actual |  |  | Adequacy Purposes |  |  | Corrective Action (1) |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Amount |  |  | Ratio |  |  | Amount |  |  | Ratio |  |  | Amount |  |  | Ratio |
Common equity tier 1 capital to risk weighted assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated (1) |  | $ | 455,119 |  |  |  | 10.10 | % |  | $ | 202,684 |  |  |  | 4.50 | % |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |
Bank |  |  | 460,031 |  |  |  | 10.36 | % |  |  | 199,821 |  |  |  | 4.50 | % |  |  | 288,631 |  |  |  | 6.50 | %
Tier 1 capital to risk weighted assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated (1) |  |  | 464,216 |  |  |  | 10.31 | % |  |  | 270,246 |  |  |  | 6.00 | % |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |
Bank |  |  | 460,031 |  |  |  | 10.36 | % |  |  | 266,428 |  |  |  | 6.00 | % |  |  | 355,238 |  |  |  | 8.00 | %
Total capital to risk weighted assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated (1) |  |  | 570,663 |  |  |  | 12.67 | % |  |  | 360,328 |  |  |  | 8.00 | % |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |
Bank |  |  | 515,692 |  |  |  | 11.61 | % |  |  | 355,238 |  |  |  | 8.00 | % |  |  | 444,047 |  |  |  | 10.00 | %
Tier 1 capital to average assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated (1) |  |  | 464,216 |  |  |  | 8.86 | % |  |  | 209,690 |  |  |  | 4.00 | % |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |
Bank |  |  | 460,031 |  |  |  | 9.06 | % |  |  | 203,150 |  |  |  | 4.00 | % |  |  | 253,937 |  |  |  | 5.00 | %

(1) | “Minimum to be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action” is not formally defined under applicable banking regulations for bank holding companies.

|  | December 31, 2024 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Minimum to be |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Minimum Required |  |  | Well Capitalized |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | for Capital |  |  | Under Prompt |
|  | Actual |  |  | Adequacy Purposes |  |  | Corrective Action (1) |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Amount |  |  | Ratio |  |  | Amount |  |  | Ratio |  |  | Amount |  |  | Ratio |
Common equity tier 1 capital to risk weighted assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated (1) |  | $ | 443,833 |  |  |  | 9.91 | % |  | $ | 201,441 |  |  |  | 4.50 | % |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |
Bank |  |  | 449,497 |  |  |  | 10.18 | % |  |  | 198,743 |  |  |  | 4.50 | % |  |  | 287,074 |  |  |  | 6.50 | %
Tier 1 capital to risk weighted assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated (1) |  |  | 452,903 |  |  |  | 10.12 | % |  |  | 268,588 |  |  |  | 6.00 | % |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |
Bank |  |  | 449,497 |  |  |  | 10.18 | % |  |  | 264,991 |  |  |  | 6.00 | % |  |  | 353,322 |  |  |  | 8.00 | %
Total capital to risk weighted assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated (1) |  |  | 559,002 |  |  |  | 12.49 | % |  |  | 358,118 |  |  |  | 8.00 | % |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |
Bank |  |  | 504,857 |  |  |  | 11.43 | % |  |  | 353,322 |  |  |  | 8.00 | % |  |  | 441,652 |  |  |  | 10.00 | %
Tier 1 capital to average assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated (1) |  |  | 452,903 |  |  |  | 8.65 | % |  |  | 209,532 |  |  |  | 4.00 | % |  |  | N/A |  |  |  | N/A |
Bank |  |  | 449,497 |  |  |  | 8.69 | % |  |  | 206,832 |  |  |  | 4.00 | % |  |  | 258,540 |  |  |  | 5.00 | %

(1) | “Minimum to be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action” is not formally defined under applicable banking regulations for bank holding companies.

The Bank is subject to certain restrictions on the amount of dividends that it may pay without prior regulatory approval, including rules requiring a 2.5 percent capital conservation buffer that is added to the minimum requirements for capital adequacy purposes. A banking organization with a conservation buffer of less than the required amount will be subject to the limitations on capital distributions, including dividend payments and certain discretionary bonus payments to executive officers. As of March 31, 2025, the capital ratios for the Company and the Bank were sufficient to meet the conservation buffer. In addition, the Company must adhere to various U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (“HUD”) regulatory guidelines including required minimum capital and liquidity to maintain their Federal Housing Administration approval status. Failure to comply with the HUD guidelines could result in withdrawal of this certification. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company was in compliance with the aforementioned guidelines.

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NOTE 20 Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The following tables present a reconciliation of the changes in the components of other comprehensive income and loss for the periods indicated, including the amount of tax (expense) benefit allocated to each component:

|  | For the three months ended |
|  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | March 31, 2024 |
|  |  |  |  |  | Tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Tax |  |  |  |  |
|  | Pre-Tax |  |  | (Expense) |  |  | After-Tax |  |  | Pre-Tax |  |  | (Expense) |  |  | After-Tax |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Amount |  |  | Benefit |  |  | Amount |  |  | Amount |  |  | Benefit |  |  | Amount |
Debt Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value |  | $ | 14,227 |  |  | $ | (3,571 | ) |  | $ | 10,656 |  |  | $ | (3,443 | ) |  | $ | 864 |  |  | $ | (2,579 | )
Less: reclassification adjustment from amortization of securities transferred from AFS to HTM (1) |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | 40 |  |  |  | 74 |  |  |  | (18 | ) |  |  | 56 |
Less: reclassification adjustment for net realized losses (2) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Net change |  |  | 14,174 |  |  |  | (3,558 | ) |  |  | 10,616 |  |  |  | (3,517 | ) |  |  | 882 |  |  |  | (2,635 | )
Cash Flow Hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value |  |  | (463 | ) |  |  | 117 |  |  |  | (346 | ) |  |  | 946 |  |  |  | (576 | ) |  |  | 370 |
Less: reclassified AOCI gain (loss) into interest expense (3) |  |  | (22 | ) |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | (16 | ) |  |  | 262 |  |  |  | (66 | ) |  |  | 196 |
Net change |  |  | (441 | ) |  |  | 111 |  |  |  | (330 | ) |  |  | 684 |  |  |  | (510 | ) |  |  | 174 |
Other Derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value |  |  | (232 | ) |  |  | 58 |  |  |  | (174 | ) |  |  | 2,031 |  |  |  | (171 | ) |  |  | 1,860 |
Less: reclassified AOCI gain (loss) into interest expense (4) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Net change |  |  | (232 | ) |  |  | 58 |  |  |  | (174 | ) |  |  | 2,031 |  |  |  | (171 | ) |  |  | 1,860 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | 13,501 |  |  | $ | (3,389 | ) |  | $ | 10,112 |  |  | $ | (802 | ) |  | $ | 201 |  |  | $ | (601 | )

(1) | Reclassified into taxable and/or exempt from federal income taxes interest income on investment securities on the consolidated statements of income. Refer to “NOTE 3 Investment Securities” for further details.

(2) | Reclassified into net gains (losses) on investment securities in the consolidated statements of income. Refer to “NOTE 3 Investment Securities” for further details.

(3) | Reclassified into interest expense on short-term borrowings on the consolidated statements of income. Refer to “NOTE 18 Derivative Instruments” for further details.

(4) | Reclassified into interest income on loans, including fees and/or interest income on taxable investment securities on the consolidated statements of income. Refer to “NOTE 18 Derivative Instruments” for further details.

|  |  |  |  |  | Net Unrealized |  |  | Net Unrealized |  |  |  |  |
|  | Net Unrealized |  |  | Gains (Losses) on |  |  | Gains (Losses) |  |  |  |  |
|  | Gains (Losses) on |  |  | Cash Flow |  |  | on Other |  |  |  |  |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Debt Securities (1) |  |  | Hedges (1) |  |  | Derivatives (1) |  |  | AOCI (1) |
For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2024 |  | $ | (73,724 | ) |  | $ | 327 |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | (73,366 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications |  |  | 10,656 |  |  |  | (346 | ) |  |  | (174 | ) |  |  | 10,136 |
Less: Amounts reclassified from AOCI |  |  | 40 |  |  |  | (16 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 24 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | 10,616 |  |  |  | (330 | ) |  |  | (174 | ) |  |  | 10,112 |
Balance at March 31, 2025 |  | $ | (63,108 | ) |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | (143 | ) |  |  | (63,254 | )
For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  | $ | (73,158 | ) |  | $ | (237 | ) |  | $ | (260 | ) |  | $ | (73,655 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications |  |  | (2,579 | ) |  |  | 370 |  |  |  | 1,860 |  |  |  | (349 | )
Less: Amounts reclassified from AOCI |  |  | 56 |  |  |  | 196 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 252 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | (2,635 | ) |  |  | 174 |  |  |  | 1,860 |  |  |  | (601 | )
Balance at March 31, 2024 |  | $ | (75,793 | ) |  |  | (63 | ) |  |  | 1,600 |  |  |  | (74,256 | )

(1) | All amounts net of tax.

NOTE 21 Stock Repurchase Program

On December 12, 2023, the Board of Directors of the Company approved a stock repurchase program (“the Program”) which authorizes the Company to repurchase up to 1,000,000 shares of its common stock subject to certain limitations and conditions. The Program became effective on February 18, 2024, replacing and superseding a prior stock repurchase program, and will expire on February 18, 2027.

The Program does not obligate the Company to repurchase any shares of its common stock, and other than repurchases that have been completed to date, there is no assurance that the Company will do so or that the Company will repurchase shares at favorable prices. The Program may be suspended or terminated at any time and, even if fully implemented, the Program may not enhance long-term stockholder value. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company had not repurchased any shares under the Program. The Company also repurchases shares to pay withholding taxes on the vesting of restricted stock awards and units.

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NOTE 22 Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities

The Company categorizes its assets and liabilities measured at estimated fair value into a three level hierarchy based on the priority of the inputs to the valuation technique used to determine estimated fair value. The estimated fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). If the inputs used in the determination of the estimated fair value measurement fall within different levels of the hierarchy, the categorization is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the estimated fair value measurement. Assets and liabilities valued at estimated fair value are categorized based on the following inputs to the valuation techniques as follows:

Level 1—Inputs that utilize quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that an entity has the ability to access.

Level 2—Inputs that include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. Estimated fair values for these instruments are estimated using pricing models, quoted prices of investment securities with similar characteristics, or discounted cash flows.

Level 3—Inputs that are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability, which are typically based on an entity’s own assumptions, as there is little, if any, related market activity. Subsequent to initial recognition, the Company may re‑measure the carrying value of assets and liabilities measured on a nonrecurring basis to estimated fair value. Adjustments to estimated fair value usually result when certain assets are impaired. Such assets are written down from their carrying amounts to their estimated fair value.

Professional standards allow entities the irrevocable option to elect to measure certain financial instruments and other items at estimated fair value for the initial and subsequent measurement on an instrument‑by‑instrument basis. The Company adopted the policy to value certain financial instruments at estimated fair value. The Company has not elected to measure any existing financial instruments at estimated fair value; however, it may elect to measure newly acquired financial instruments at estimated fair value in the future.

Recurring Basis

The Company uses estimated fair value measurements to record estimated fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to determine estimated fair value disclosures.

The following tables present the balances of the assets and liabilities measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

|  | March 31, 2025 |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Trading |  | $ | 3,047 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,047 |
Available-for-sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasury and government agencies |  |  | — |  |  | 10,676 |  |  |  | — |  |  | 10,676 |
Mortgage backed securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential agency |  |  | — |  |  | 501,700 |  |  |  | — |  |  | 501,700 |
Commercial |  |  | — |  |  | 1,274 |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1,274 |
Asset backed securities |  |  | — |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | — |  |  | 18 |
Corporate bonds |  |  | — |  |  | 54,060 |  |  |  | — |  |  | 54,060 |
Total available-for-sale investment securities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 567,728 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 567,728 |
Servicing rights |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,351 |  |  | $ | 7,351 |
Other assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,985 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,985 |
Other liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,765 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,765 |

|  | December 31, 2024 |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Trading |  | $ | 3,309 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,309 |
Available-for-sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasury and government agencies |  |  | — |  |  |  | 30,707 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 30,707 |
Mortgage backed securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential agency |  |  | — |  |  |  | 503,706 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 503,706 |
Commercial |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,251 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,251 |
Asset backed securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 19 |
Corporate bonds |  |  | — |  |  |  | 52,370 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 52,370 |
Total available-for-sale investment securities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 588,053 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 588,053 |
Servicing rights |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,918 |  |  | $ | 7,918 |
Other assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,105 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,105 |
Other liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,600 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,600 |

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The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for instruments measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.

Investment Securities, Trading for Deferred Compensation

The fair value of trading securities for deferred compensation is reported using market quoted prices as such securities and underlying securities are actively traded and no valuation adjustments have been applied and therefore are classified as Level 1.

Investment Securities, Available-for-Sale

Generally, debt securities are valued using pricing for similar securities, recently executed transactions, and other pricing models utilizing observable inputs and therefore are classified as Level 2.

Derivatives

All of the Company’s derivatives are traded in over‑the‑counter markets where quoted market prices are not readily available. For these derivatives, estimated fair value is measured using internally developed models that use primarily market observable inputs, such as yield curves and option volatilities, and accordingly, classify as Level 2. Examples of Level 2 derivatives are basic interest rate swaps and forward contracts.

Nonrecurring Basis

Certain assets are measured at estimated fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These assets are not measured at estimated fair value on an ongoing basis; however, they are subject to estimated fair value adjustments in certain circumstances, such as when there is evidence of impairment or a change in the amount of previously recognized impairment.

The estimated fair value of certain assets on a nonrecurring basis as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 consisted of the following:

|  | March 31, 2025 |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Collateral dependent loans |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 28,300 |  |  | $ | 28,300 |
Foreclosed assets |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 493 |  |  |  | 493 |

|  | December 31, 2024 |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Collateral dependent loans |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 34,088 |  |  | $ | 34,088 |

Loans Held for Sale

Loans originated and held for sale are carried at the lower of cost or estimated fair value. The Company obtains quotes or bids on these loans directly from purchasing financial institutions. Typically, these quotes include a premium on the sale and thus these quotes indicate estimated fair value of the held for sale loans is greater than cost.

Impairment losses for loans held for sale that are carried at the lower of cost or estimated fair value represent additional net write‑downs during the period to record these loans at the lower of cost or estimated fair value, subsequent to their initial classification as loans held for sale.

The valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs used to measure Level 3 estimated fair values as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, were as follows:

|  |  |  | March 31, 2025 |
(dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Weighted |
Asset Type | Valuation Technique | Unobservable Input |  | Fair Value |  |  | Range |  |  | Average |
Individually evaluated | Appraisal value | Property specific adjustment |  | $ | 28,300 |  |  |  | 10 - 35 | % |  |  | 34.3 | %
Foreclosed assets | Appraisal value | Property specific adjustment |  |  | 493 |  |  |  | 10.0 | % |  |  | 10.0 | %
Servicing rights | Discounted cash flows | Prepayment speed assumptions |  |  | 7,351 |  |  |  | 110 - 439 |  |  |  | 191 |
|  | Discount rate |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10.5 | % |  |  | 10.5 | %

|  |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
(dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Weighted |
Asset Type | Valuation Technique | Unobservable Input |  | Fair Value |  |  | Range |  |  | Average |
Individually evaluated | Appraisal value | Property specific adjustment |  | $ | 34,088 |  |  |  | 10 - 35 | % |  |  | 28.9 | %
Servicing rights | Discounted cash flows | Prepayment speed assumptions |  |  | 7,918 |  |  |  | 103 - 495 |  |  |  | 165 |
|  | Discount rate |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10.5 | % |  |  | 10.5 | %

Disclosure of estimated fair value information about financial instruments, for which it is practicable to estimate that value, is required whether or not recognized in the consolidated balance sheets. In cases in which quoted market prices are not available, estimated fair values are based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques. Those techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimate of future cash flows. In that regard, the derived estimated fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets and, in many cases could not be realized in immediate settlement of the instruments. Certain financial instruments, with an estimated fair value that is not practicable to estimate and all non‑financial instruments, are excluded from the disclosure requirements. Accordingly, the aggregate estimated fair value amounts presented do not necessarily represent the underlying value of the Company.

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The following disclosures represent financial instruments for which the ending balances, as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, were not carried at estimated fair value in their entirety on the consolidated balance sheets.

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Accrued Interest

The carrying amounts reported in the consolidated balance sheets approximate those assets and liabilities estimated fair values.

Investment Securities, Held-to-Maturity

The fair values of debt securities held-to-maturity are based on quoted market prices for the same or similar securities, recently executed transactions and pricing models.

Loans

For variable‑rate loans that reprice frequently and with no significant change in credit risk, estimated fair values are based on carrying values. The estimated fair values of other loans are estimated using discounted cash flow analysis, using interest rates currently being offered for loans with similar terms to borrowers of similar credit quality.

Bank‑Owned Life Insurance

Bank‑owned life insurance is carried at the amount due upon surrender of the policy, which is also the estimated fair value. This amount was provided by the insurance companies based on the terms of the underlying insurance contract.

Deposits

The estimated fair values of demand deposits are, by definition, equal to the amount payable on demand at the consolidated balance sheet date. The estimated fair values of fixed‑rate certificates of deposit are estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies current incremental interest rates being offered on certificates of deposit to a schedule of aggregated expected monthly maturities of the outstanding certificates of deposit.

Short‑Term Borrowings and Long‑Term Debt

For variable‑rate borrowings that reprice frequently, estimated fair values are based on carrying values. The estimated fair values of fixed‑rate borrowings are estimated using discounted cash flow analysis, based on the Company’s current incremental borrowing rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements.

Off‑Balance Sheet Credit‑Related Commitments

Off‑balance sheet credit related commitments are generally of short‑term nature. The contract amount of such commitments approximates their estimated fair value since the commitments are comprised primarily of unfunded loan commitments which are generally priced at market at the time of funding.

The estimated fair values, and related carrying or notional amounts, of the Company’s financial instruments at the dates indicated were as follows:

|  | March 31, 2025 |
|  | Carrying |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Amount |  |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Financial Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 82,979 |  |  | $ | 82,979 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 82,979 |
Investment securities held-to-maturity |  |  | 268,631 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 234,575 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 234,575 |
Loans, net |  |  | 4,023,554 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,987,760 |  |  |  | 3,987,760 |
Accrued interest receivable |  |  | 20,505 |  |  |  | 20,505 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 20,505 |
Bank-owned life insurance |  |  | 36,392 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 36,392 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 36,392 |
Servicing rights |  |  | 7,351 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,351 |  |  |  | 7,351 |
Financial Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing deposits |  | $ | 889,270 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 889,270 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 889,270 |
Interest-bearing deposits |  |  | 2,932,499 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,932,499 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,932,499 |
Time deposits |  |  | 663,522 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 663,919 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 663,919 |
Short-term borrowings |  |  | 200,000 |  |  |  | 200,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 200,000 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 59,098 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 59,379 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 59,379 |
Accrued interest payable |  |  | 9,141 |  |  |  | 9,141 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,141 |

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|  | December 31, 2024 |
|  | Carrying |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Amount |  |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Financial Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 61,239 |  |  | $ | 61,239 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 61,239 |
Investment securities held-to-maturity |  |  | 275,585 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 236,986 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 236,986 |
Loans, net |  |  | 3,932,605 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,872,186 |  |  |  | 3,872,186 |
Accrued interest receivable |  |  | 20,075 |  |  |  | 20,075 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 20,075 |
Bank-owned life insurance |  |  | 36,033 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 36,033 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 36,033 |
Servicing rights |  |  | 7,918 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,918 |  |  |  | 7,918 |
Financial Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing deposits |  | $ | 903,466 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 903,466 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 903,466 |
Interest-bearing deposits |  |  | 2,767,979 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,767,979 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,767,979 |
Time deposits |  |  | 706,965 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 696,976 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 696,976 |
Short-term borrowings |  |  | 238,960 |  |  |  | 238,960 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 238,960 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 59,069 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 59,078 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 59,078 |
Accrued interest payable |  |  | 11,343 |  |  |  | 11,343 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,343 |

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Item 2 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

General

The following discussion explains the Company’s financial condition and results of operations as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. Annualized results for this interim period may not be indicative of results for the full year or future periods. The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes presented elsewhere in this report and the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on March 14, 2025.

Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the safe harbor provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements include, without limitation, statements concerning plans, estimates, calculations, forecasts and projections with respect to the anticipated future performance of Alerus Financial Corporation. These statements are often, but not always, identified by words such as “may,” “might,” “should,” “could,” “predict,” “potential,” “believe,” “expect,” “continue,” “will,” “anticipate,” “seek,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “projection,” “would,” “annualized,” “target” and “outlook,” or the negative version of those words or other comparable words of a future or forward-looking nature. Examples of forward-looking statements include, among others, statements the Company makes regarding the Company’s projected growth, anticipated future financial performance, financial condition, credit quality, management’s long-term performance goals and the future plans and prospects of Alerus Financial Corporation.

Forward-looking statements are neither historical facts nor assurances of future performance. Instead, they are based only on the Company’s current beliefs, expectations and assumptions regarding the Company’s business, future plans and strategies, projections, anticipated events and trends, the economy and other future conditions. Because forward-looking statements relate to the future, they are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict and many of which are outside of the Company’s control. The Company’s actual results and financial condition may differ materially from those indicated in forward-looking statements. Therefore, you should not rely on any of these forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause the Company’s actual results and financial condition to differ materially from those indicated in forward-looking statements include, among others, the following:

| ● | the strength of the local, state, national and international economies and financial markets (including effects of inflationary pressures and future monetary policies of the Federal Reserve in response thereto);

| ● | interest rate risk, including the effects of changes in interest rates;

| ● | effects on the U.S. economy resulting from the threat or implementation of, or changes to, existing policies and executive orders, including tariffs, immigration policy, regulatory and other governmental agencies, foreign policy and tax regulations;

| ● | disruptions to the global supply chain, including as a result of domestic or foreign policies;

| ● | the Company’s ability to successfully manage credit risk, including in the commercial real estate portfolio, and maintain an adequate level of allowance for credit losses;

| ● | business and economic conditions generally and in the financial services industry, nationally and within the Company’s market areas, including the level and impact of inflation rates and possible recession;

| ● | the effects of recent developments and events in the financial services industry, including the large-scale deposit withdrawals over a short period of time that resulted in several bank failures;
| ● | the Company’s ability to raise additional capital to implement its business plan;

| ● | the overall health of the local and national real estate market;

| ● | credit risks and risks from concentrations (by type of borrower, geographic area, collateral, and industry) within the Company’s loan portfolio;
| ● | the concentration of large loans to certain borrowers (including commercial real estate loans);

| ● | the level of nonperforming assets on the Company’s balance sheet;

| ● | the Company’s ability to implement organic and acquisition growth strategies, including the integration HMNF which the Company acquired in the fourth quarter of 2024;

| ● | the commencement, cost, and outcome of litigation and other legal proceedings and regulatory actions against the Company or to which the Company may become subject, including with respect to pending actions relating to the Company’s previous ESOP fiduciary services commenced by government or private parties;

| ● | the impact of economic or market conditions on the Company’s fee-based services;

| ● | the Company’s ability to continue to grow the retirement and benefit services business;

| ● | the Company’s ability to continue to originate a sufficient volume of residential mortgages;

| ● | the occurrence of fraudulent activity, breaches or failures of the Company’s or the Company’s third party vendors’ information security controls or cybersecurity-related incidents, including as a result of sophisticated attacks using artificial intelligence and similar tools or as a result of insider fraud;

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| ● | interruptions involving the Company’s information technology and telecommunications systems or third party servicers;

| ● | potential losses incurred in connection with mortgage loan repurchases;

| ● | the composition of the Company’s executive management team and the Company’s ability to attract and retain key personnel;

| ● | rapid and expensive technological change in the financial services industry;

| ● | increased competition in the financial services industry, including from non-banks such as credit unions, Fintech companies and digital asset service providers;

| ● | the Company’s ability to successfully manage liquidity risk, including the Company’s need to access higher cost sources of funds such as fed funds purchased and short-term borrowings;

| ● | the concentration of large deposits from certain clients, including those who have balances above current Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance limits;

| ● | the effectiveness of the Company’s risk management framework;

| ● | potential impairment to the goodwill the Company recorded in connection with the Company’s past acquisitions, including the acquisitions of Metro Phoenix Bank and HMNF;

| ● | the extensive regulatory framework that applies to the Company;

| ● | changes in local, state and federal laws, regulations and governmental policies concerning the Company’s general business, including changes in interpretation and prioritization of such laws, regulations and policies;

| ● | new or revised accounting standards, as may be adopted by state and federal regulatory agencies, the FASB, the SEC or the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board;

| ● | fluctuations in the values of the securities held in the Company’s securities portfolio, including as a result of changes in interest rates;

| ● | governmental monetary, trade and fiscal policies;

| ● | risks related to climate change and the negative impact it may have on the Company’s customers and their businesses;

| ● | severe weather, natural disasters, and widespread disease or pandemics;

| ● | acts of war or terrorism, including ongoing conflicts in the Middle East and the Russian invasion of Ukraine, or other adverse external events;

| ● | any material weaknesses in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting;

| ● | changes to U.S. or state tax laws, regulations and governmental policies concerning the Company’s general business, including changes in interpretation or prioritization and changes in response to prior bank failures;

| ● | talent and labor shortages and employee turnover;

| ● | the Company’s success at managing and responding to the risks involved with the foregoing items; and

| ● | any other risks described in the “Risk Factors” section of this report and in other reports filed by Alerus Financial Corporation with the SEC.

Any forward-looking statement made by the Company in this report is based only on information currently available to the Company and speaks only as of the date on which it is made. The Company undertakes no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether written or oral, that may be made from time to time, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise.

Overview

The Company is a commercial wealth bank and national retirement services provider headquartered in Grand Forks, North Dakota. Through the Company’s subsidiary, Alerus Financial, National Association, the Company provides financial solutions to businesses and consumers through three distinct business lines—banking, retirement and benefit services, and wealth. These solutions are delivered through a relationship‑oriented primary point of contact along with responsive and client‑friendly technology.

The Company’s business model produces strong financial performance and a diversified revenue stream, which has helped the Company establish a brand and culture yielding both a loyal client base and passionate and dedicated employees. The Company generates a majority of overall revenue from noninterest income, which is driven primarily by the Company’s retirement and benefit services and wealth business lines. The remainder of the Company’s revenue consists of net interest income, which the Company derives from offering traditional banking products and services.

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Critical Accounting Policies

Critical accounting policies are defined as those that are reflective of significant judgements and uncertainties and could potentially result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions. In preparing the Company’s consolidated financial statements, management is required to make significant estimates and assumptions that affect assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses reported. Actual results could differ materially from our current estimates as a result of changing conditions and future events. Several estimates are particularly critical and are susceptible to significant near term change, including (i) the ACL, including the ACL on investment securities, loans, and unfunded commitments; (ii) goodwill impairment; and (iii) fair value of loans acquired in business combinations.

The Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 includes a discussion of the Company’s critical accounting policies. There have been no material changes to the Company’s critical accounting policies from those disclosed within its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Refer to “NOTE 2 Recent Accounting Pronouncements” of the consolidated financial statements included in this report for a discussion of accounting pronouncements issued but yet to be adopted and implemented.

Recent Developments

Stockholder Dividend

On February 26, 2025, the Board of Directors of the Company declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.20 per common share. This dividend was paid on April 11, 2025, to stockholders of record at the close of business on March 14, 2025.

Property Sale

The Company’s West Fargo, North Dakota branch is listed for sale for $3.8 million and is expected to sell within the next 12 months. At March 31, 2025, the facility had a carrying value of approximately $0.4 million. The Company expects to record a gain on the sale upon closing, as the expected sale price is greater than the property’s carrying value.

Operating Results Overview

The following table summarizes key financial results as of and for the periods indicated:

|  | Three months ended |
|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |  |  | March 31, |
(dollars and shares in thousands, except per share data) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2024 |
Performance Ratios |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Return on average total assets |  |  | 1.02 | % |  |  | — | % |  |  | 0.63 | %
Adjusted return on average total assets (1) |  |  | 1.10 | % |  |  | 0.85 | % |  |  | 0.65 | %
Return on average common equity |  |  | 10.82 | % |  |  | (0.05 | )% |  |  | 7.04 | %
Return on average tangible common equity (1) |  |  | 16.50 | % |  |  | 2.38 | % |  |  | 9.78 | %
Adjusted return on average tangible common equity (1) |  |  | 17.61 | % |  |  | 14.89 | % |  |  | 10.10 | %
Noninterest income as a % of revenue |  |  | 40.17 | % |  |  | 46.94 | % |  |  | 53.26 | %
Net interest margin (taxable-equivalent basis) |  |  | 3.41 | % |  |  | 3.20 | % |  |  | 2.30 | %
Efficiency ratio (1) |  |  | 68.76 | % |  |  | 79.47 | % |  |  | 78.88 | %
Adjusted efficiency ratio (1) |  |  | 66.86 | % |  |  | 68.97 | % |  |  | 78.24 | %
Average equity to average assets |  |  | 9.47 | % |  |  | 9.07 | % |  |  | 8.87 | %
Net charge-offs/(recoveries) to average loans |  |  | 0.04 | % |  |  | 0.13 | % |  |  | 0.01 | %
Dividend payout ratio |  |  | 38.46 | % |  |  | — | % |  |  | 59.38 | %
Per Common Share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings (losses) per common share − basic |  | $ | 0.52 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.32 |
Earnings (losses) per common share − diluted |  | $ | 0.52 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.32 |
Adjusted earnings (losses) per common share − diluted (1) |  | $ | 0.56 |  |  | $ | 0.45 |  |  | $ | 0.33 |
Dividends declared per common share |  | $ | 0.20 |  |  | $ | 0.20 |  |  | $ | 0.19 |
Book value per common share |  | $ | 20.27 |  |  | $ | 19.55 |  |  | $ | 18.79 |
Tangible book value per common share (1) |  | $ | 15.27 |  |  | $ | 14.44 |  |  | $ | 15.63 |
Average common shares outstanding − basic |  |  | 25,359 |  |  |  | 24,857 |  |  |  | 19,739 |
Average common shares outstanding − diluted |  |  | 25,653 |  |  |  | 25,144 |  |  |  | 19,986 |
Other Data |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retirement and benefit services assets under administration/management |  | $ | 39,925,596 |  |  | $ | 40,728,699 |  |  | $ | 38,488,523 |
Wealth assets under administration/management |  | $ | 4,500,852 |  |  | $ | 4,579,189 |  |  | $ | 4,242,408 |
Mortgage originations |  | $ | 70,593 |  |  | $ | 88,576 |  |  | $ | 54,101 |

(1) | Represents a non-GAAP financial measure. See “Non-GAAP to GAAP Reconciliations and Calculation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”

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Selected Financial Data

The following tables summarize selected financial data as of and for the periods indicated:

|  | Three months ended |
|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |  |  | March 31, |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2024 |
Selected Average Balance Sheet Data |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans |  | $ | 4,022,863 |  |  | $ | 3,814,933 |  |  | $ | 2,768,514 |
Investment securities |  |  | 859,696 |  |  |  | 883,116 |  |  |  | 775,305 |
Assets |  |  | 5,272,319 |  |  |  | 5,272,777 |  |  |  | 4,139,053 |
Deposits |  |  | 4,376,597 |  |  |  | 4,275,801 |  |  |  | 3,163,565 |
Fed funds purchased and Bank Term Funding Program |  |  | 49,834 |  |  |  | 22,012 |  |  |  | 282,614 |
FHLB short-term advances |  |  | 200,000 |  |  |  | 200,000 |  |  |  | 200,000 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 59,084 |  |  |  | 59,055 |  |  |  | 58,971 |
Stockholders’ equity |  |  | 499,224 |  |  |  | 478,092 |  |  |  | 367,248 |

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |  |  | March 31, |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2024 |
Selected Period End Balance Sheet Data |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans |  | $ | 4,085,483 |  |  | $ | 3,992,534 |  |  | $ | 2,799,475 |
Allowance for credit losses on loans |  |  | (61,929 | ) |  |  | (59,929 | ) |  |  | (36,584 | )
Investment securities |  |  | 839,406 |  |  |  | 866,947 |  |  |  | 768,757 |
Assets |  |  | 5,339,620 |  |  |  | 5,261,673 |  |  |  | 4,338,093 |
Deposits |  |  | 4,485,291 |  |  |  | 4,378,410 |  |  |  | 3,284,969 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 59,098 |  |  |  | 59,069 |  |  |  | 58,985 |
Total stockholders’ equity |  |  | 514,232 |  |  |  | 495,410 |  |  |  | 371,635 |

|  | Three months ended |
|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |  |  | March 31, |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2024 |
Selected Income Statement Data |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income |  | $ | 41,157 |  |  | $ | 38,284 |  |  | $ | 22,219 |
Provision for credit losses |  |  | 863 |  |  |  | 11,992 |  |  |  | — |
Noninterest income |  |  | 27,632 |  |  |  | 33,874 |  |  |  | 25,323 |
Noninterest expense |  |  | 50,365 |  |  |  | 60,457 |  |  |  | 39,019 |
Income before income taxes |  |  | 17,561 |  |  |  | (291 | ) |  |  | 8,523 |
Income tax expense |  |  | 4,246 |  |  |  | (225 | ) |  |  | 2,091 |
Net income |  | $ | 13,315 |  |  | $ | (66 | ) |  | $ | 6,432 |

Non-GAAP to GAAP Reconciliations and Calculation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In addition to the results presented in accordance with GAAP, the Company routinely supplements its evaluation with an analysis of certain non-GAAP financial measures. Management uses the non-GAAP financial measures presented in the tables below in its analysis of its performance, and believes financial analysts and investors frequently use these measures, and other similar measures, to evaluate capital adequacy and financial performance. Management, banking regulators, many financial analysts and other investors use these measures in conjunction with more traditional bank capital ratios to compare the capital adequacy of banking organizations with significant amounts of goodwill or other intangible assets, which typically stem from the use of the purchase accounting method of accounting for mergers and acquisitions.

The following tables present these non-GAAP financial measures along with the most directly comparable financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP as of and for the periods indicated:

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |  |  | March 31, |
(dollars and shares in thousands, except per share data) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2024 |
Tangible common equity to tangible assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | . |
Total common stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 514,232 |  |  | $ | 495,410 |  |  | $ | 371,635 |
Less: Goodwill |  |  | 85,634 |  |  |  | 85,634 |  |  |  | 46,783 |
Less: Other intangible assets |  |  | 41,172 |  |  |  | 43,882 |  |  |  | 15,834 |
Tangible common equity (a) |  |  | 387,426 |  |  |  | 365,894 |  |  |  | 309,018 |
Total assets |  |  | 5,339,620 |  |  |  | 5,261,673 |  |  |  | 4,338,093 |
Less: Goodwill |  |  | 85,634 |  |  |  | 85,634 |  |  |  | 46,783 |
Less: Other intangible assets |  |  | 41,172 |  |  |  | 43,882 |  |  |  | 15,834 |
Tangible assets (b) |  |  | 5,212,814 |  |  |  | 5,132,157 |  |  |  | 4,275,476 |
Tangible common equity to tangible assets (a)/(b) |  |  | 7.43 | % |  |  | 7.13 | % |  |  | 7.23 | %
Tangible book value per common share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tangible common equity (a) |  |  | 387,426 |  |  |  | 365,894 |  |  |  | 309,018 |
Total common shares issued and outstanding (c) |  |  | 25,366 |  |  |  | 25,345 |  |  |  | 19,777 |
Tangible book value per common share (a)/(c) |  | $ | 15.27 |  |  | $ | 14.44 |  |  | $ | 15.63 |

39

Table of Contents

|  | Three months ended |
|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |  |  | March 31, |
(dollars and shares in thousands, except per share data) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2024 |
Return on Average Tangible Common Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 13,315 |  |  | $ | (66 | ) |  | $ | 6,432 |
Add: Intangible amortization expense (net of tax) (1) |  |  | 2,141 |  |  |  | 2,215 |  |  |  | 1,046 |
Net income, excluding intangible amortization (d) |  |  | 15,456 |  |  |  | 2,149 |  |  |  | 7,478 |
Average total equity |  |  | 499,224 |  |  |  | 478,092 |  |  |  | 367,248 |
Less: Average goodwill |  |  | 85,634 |  |  |  | 84,393 |  |  |  | 46,783 |
Less: Average other intangible assets (net of tax) (1) |  |  | 33,718 |  |  |  | 34,107 |  |  |  | 13,018 |
Average tangible common equity (e) |  |  | 379,872 |  |  |  | 359,592 |  |  |  | 307,447 |
Return on average tangible common equity (d)/(e) |  |  | 16.50 | % |  |  | 2.38 | % |  |  | 9.78 | %
Efficiency ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest expense |  | $ | 50,365 |  |  | $ | 60,457 |  |  | $ | 39,019 |
Less: Intangible amortization expense |  |  | 2,710 |  |  |  | 2,804 |  |  |  | 1,324 |
Adjusted noninterest expense (f) |  |  | 47,655 |  |  |  | 57,653 |  |  |  | 37,695 |
Net interest income |  |  | 41,157 |  |  |  | 38,284 |  |  |  | 22,219 |
Noninterest income |  |  | 27,632 |  |  |  | 33,874 |  |  |  | 25,323 |
Tax-equivalent adjustment |  |  | 520 |  |  |  | 385 |  |  |  | 246 |
Total tax-equivalent revenue (g) |  |  | 69,309 |  |  |  | 72,543 |  |  |  | 47,788 |
Efficiency ratio (f)/(g) |  |  | 68.76 | % |  |  | 79.47 | % |  |  | 78.88 | %
Pre-Provision Net Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income |  | $ | 41,157 |  |  | $ | 38,284 |  |  | $ | 22,219 |
Add: Noninterest income |  |  | 27,632 |  |  |  | 33,874 |  |  |  | 25,323 |
Less: Noninterest expense |  |  | 50,365 |  |  |  | 60,457 |  |  |  | 39,019 |
Pre-provision net revenue |  | $ | 18,424 |  |  | $ | 11,701 |  |  | $ | 8,523 |
Adjusted Noninterest Income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest income |  | $ | 27,632 |  |  | $ | 33,874 |  |  | $ | 25,323 |
Less: Adjusted noninterest income items |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net gain on sale of premises and equipment |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,459 |  |  |  | 5 |
Total adjusted noninterest income items (h) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,459 |  |  |  | 5 |
Adjusted noninterest income (i) |  | $ | 27,632 |  |  | $ | 30,415 |  |  | $ | 25,318 |
Adjusted Noninterest Expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest expense |  | $ | 50,365 |  |  | $ | 60,457 |  |  | $ | 39,019 |
Less: Adjusted noninterest expense items |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
HMNF merger- and acquisition-related expenses |  |  | 286 |  |  |  | 7,729 |  |  |  | 28 |
Severance and signing bonus expense |  |  | 1,027 |  |  |  | 2,276 |  |  |  | 280 |
Total adjusted noninterest expense items (j) |  |  | 1,313 |  |  |  | 10,005 |  |  |  | 308 |
Adjusted noninterest expense (k) |  | $ | 49,052 |  |  | $ | 50,452 |  |  | $ | 38,711 |
Adjusted Pre-Provision Net Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income |  | $ | 41,157 |  |  | $ | 38,284 |  |  | $ | 22,219 |
Add: Adjusted noninterest income (i) |  |  | 27,632 |  |  |  | 30,415 |  |  |  | 25,318 |
Less: Adjusted noninterest expense (k) |  |  | 49,052 |  |  |  | 50,452 |  |  |  | 38,711 |
Adjusted pre-provision net revenue |  | $ | 19,737 |  |  | $ | 18,247 |  |  | $ | 8,826 |
Adjusted Efficiency Ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted noninterest expense (k) |  | $ | 49,052 |  |  | $ | 50,452 |  |  | $ | 38,711 |
Less: Intangible amortization expense |  |  | 2,710 |  |  |  | 2,804 |  |  |  | 1,324 |
Adjusted noninterest expense for efficiency ratio (l) |  |  | 46,342 |  |  |  | 47,648 |  |  |  | 37,387 |
Tax-equivalent revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income |  |  | 41,157 |  |  |  | 38,284 |  |  |  | 22,219 |
Add: Adjusted noninterest income (i) |  |  | 27,632 |  |  |  | 30,415 |  |  |  | 25,318 |
Add: Tax-equivalent adjustment |  |  | 520 |  |  |  | 385 |  |  |  | 246 |
Total tax-equivalent revenue (m) |  |  | 69,309 |  |  |  | 69,084 |  |  |  | 47,783 |
Adjusted efficiency ratio (l)/(m) |  |  | 66.86 | % |  |  | 68.97 | % |  |  | 78.24 | %

(1) | Items calculated after-tax utilizing a marginal income tax rate of 21.0%.

40

Table of Contents

|  | Three months ended |
|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |  |  | March 31, |
(dollars and shares in thousands, except per share data) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2024 |
Adjusted Net Income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 13,315 |  |  | $ | (66 | ) |  | $ | 6,432 |
Less: Adjusted noninterest income items (net of tax) (1) (h) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,733 |  |  |  | 4 |
Add: HMNF day one provision for credit losses and unfunded commitments (net of tax) (1) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,140 |  |  |  | — |
Add: Adjusted noninterest expense items (net of tax) (1) (j) |  |  | 1,037 |  |  |  | 7,904 |  |  |  | 243 |
Adjusted net income (o) |  | $ | 14,352 |  |  | $ | 11,245 |  |  | $ | 6,671 |
Adjusted Return on Average Total Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average total assets (o) |  | $ | 5,272,319 |  |  | $ | 5,272,777 |  |  | $ | 4,139,053 |
Adjusted return on average total assets (n)/(o) |  |  | 1.10 | % |  |  | 0.85 | % |  |  | 0.65 | %
Adjusted Return on Average Tangible Common Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted net income (n) |  | $ | 14,352 |  |  | $ | 11,245 |  |  | $ | 6,671 |
Add: Intangible amortization expense (net of tax) (1) |  |  | 2,141 |  |  |  | 2,215 |  |  |  | 1,046 |
Adjusted net income, excluding intangible amortization (p) |  |  | 16,493 |  |  |  | 13,460 |  |  |  | 7,717 |
Average total equity |  |  | 499,224 |  |  |  | 478,092 |  |  |  | 367,248 |
Less: Average goodwill |  |  | 85,634 |  |  |  | 84,393 |  |  |  | 46,783 |
Less: Average other intangible assets (net of tax) (1) |  |  | 33,718 |  |  |  | 34,107 |  |  |  | 13,018 |
Average tangible common equity (q) |  |  | 379,872 |  |  |  | 359,592 |  |  |  | 307,447 |
Adjusted return on average tangible common equity (p)/(q) |  |  | 17.61 | % |  |  | 14.89 | % |  |  | 10.10 | %
Adjusted Earnings Per Common Share − Diluted |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted net income (o) |  | $ | 14,352 |  |  | $ | 11,245 |  |  | $ | 6,671 |
Less: Dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities |  |  | 99 |  |  |  | (54 | ) |  |  | 40 |
Net income available to common stockholders (r) |  |  | 14,253 |  |  |  | 11,299 |  |  |  | 6,631 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding for diluted earnings per share (s) |  |  | 25,653 |  |  |  | 25,144 |  |  |  | 19,986 |
Adjusted earnings per common share − diluted (r)/(s) |  | $ | 0.56 |  |  | $ | 0.45 |  |  | $ | 0.33 |

(1) | Items calculated after-tax utilizing a marginal income tax rate of 21.0%.

Discussion and Analysis of Results of Operations

Net Income

Net income for the three months ended March 31, 2025, was $13.3 million, or $0.52 per diluted common share, a $6.9 million, or 107.0%, increase compared to $6.4 million, or $0.32 per diluted common share, for the three months ended March 31, 2024. Earnings for the first quarter of 2025 compared to the first quarter of 2024 increased primarily due to an $18.9 million increase in net interest income and a $2.3 million increase in noninterest income. This positive result was partially offset by an $11.3 million increase in noninterest expense.

Net Interest Income

Net interest income is the difference between interest income and yield related fees earned on assets and interest expense paid on liabilities. Net interest margin is the difference between the yield on interest earning assets and the cost of interest-bearing liabilities as a percentage of interest earning assets. Net interest margin is presented on a tax-equivalent basis, which means that tax-free interest income has been adjusted to a pre-tax-equivalent income, assuming a federal income tax rate of 21% for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

Net interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was $41.2 million, an increase of $18.9 million, or 85.2%, compared to $22.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. Net interest income for the first quarter of 2025 increased compared to the first quarter of 2024 primarily due to a $19.1 million increase in interest income, as average interest earning assets increased $1.0 billion while the average interest earning asset yield increased 58 basis points. This was partially offset by the increasing cost of interest-bearing liabilities as interest expense increased $0.2 million, mainly driven by an $806.6 million increase in the average balance of interest-bearing liabilities, which was largely offset by a 70 basis point decline in the average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities. The increase in interest earning assets was primarily due to acquired earning assets in the HMNF transaction, strong organic loan growth at higher yields, and purchase accounting accretion. The increase in interest-bearing liabilities was due to the increase in interest-bearing deposits stemming from the acquisition of HMNF and organic deposit growth.

Net interest margin (on a tax-equivalent basis) for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was 3.41%, compared to 2.30% for the same period in 2024. The increase in net interest margin (on a tax-equivalent basis) was mainly attributable to higher rates on interest earning assets from organic loan growth and the HMNF acquisition, purchase accounting accretion, and lower rates paid on deposits.

41

Table of Contents

The following table presents average balance sheet information, interest income, interest expense and the corresponding average yields on assets, average yields earned, and rates paid for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. The Company derived these yields and rates by dividing income or expense by the average balance of the corresponding assets or liabilities. The Company derived average balances from the daily balances throughout the periods indicated. Average loan balances include loans that have been placed on nonaccrual status, while interest previously accrued on these loans is reversed against interest income. In these tables, adjustments are made to the yields on tax‑exempt assets in order to present tax‑exempt income and fully taxable income on a fully taxable equivalent (“FTE”) basis.

|  | Three months ended March 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  |  |  |  |  | Interest |  |  | Average |  |  |  |  |  |  | Interest |  |  | Average |
|  | Average |  |  | Income/ |  |  | Yield/ |  |  | Average |  |  | Income/ |  |  | Yield/ |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Balance |  |  | Expense |  |  | Rate |  |  | Balance |  |  | Expense |  |  | Rate |
Interest Earning Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing deposits with banks |  | $ | 33,425 |  |  | $ | 391 |  |  |  | 4.74 | % |  | $ | 352,038 |  |  | $ | 4,665 |  |  |  | 5.33 |
Investment securities (1) |  |  | 859,696 |  |  |  | 5,910 |  |  |  | 2.79 |  |  |  | 775,305 |  |  |  | 4,787 |  |  |  | 2.48 |
Loans held for sale |  |  | 11,348 |  |  |  | 149 |  |  |  | 5.32 |  |  |  | 9,014 |  |  |  | 127 |  |  |  | 5.67 |
Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | 657,838 |  |  |  | 11,860 |  |  |  | 7.31 |  |  |  | 564,125 |  |  |  | 9,763 |  |  |  | 6.96 |
CRE − Construction, land and development |  |  | 342,718 |  |  |  | 4,933 |  |  |  | 5.84 |  |  |  | 127,587 |  |  |  | 2,549 |  |  |  | 8.04 |
CRE − Multifamily |  |  | 364,247 |  |  |  | 5,691 |  |  |  | 6.34 |  |  |  | 250,513 |  |  |  | 3,462 |  |  |  | 5.56 |
CRE − Non-owner occupied |  |  | 960,152 |  |  |  | 15,772 |  |  |  | 6.66 |  |  |  | 564,552 |  |  |  | 8,073 |  |  |  | 5.75 |
CRE − Owner occupied |  |  | 379,948 |  |  |  | 5,802 |  |  |  | 6.19 |  |  |  | 279,165 |  |  |  | 3,720 |  |  |  | 5.36 |
Agricultural − Land |  |  | 67,228 |  |  |  | 969 |  |  |  | 5.85 |  |  |  | 40,310 |  |  |  | 476 |  |  |  | 4.75 |
Agricultural − Production |  |  | 60,933 |  |  |  | 1,094 |  |  |  | 7.28 |  |  |  | 35,331 |  |  |  | 561 |  |  |  | 6.39 |
RRE − First lien |  |  | 899,835 |  |  |  | 10,600 |  |  |  | 4.78 |  |  |  | 701,756 |  |  |  | 7,001 |  |  |  | 4.01 |
RRE − Construction |  |  | 36,913 |  |  |  | 765 |  |  |  | 8.40 |  |  |  | 21,559 |  |  |  | 279 |  |  |  | 5.20 |
RRE − HELOC |  |  | 168,599 |  |  |  | 2,958 |  |  |  | 7.12 |  |  |  | 118,957 |  |  |  | 2,456 |  |  |  | 8.30 |
RRE − Junior lien |  |  | 44,096 |  |  |  | 679 |  |  |  | 6.24 |  |  |  | 35,824 |  |  |  | 568 |  |  |  | 6.38 |
Other consumer |  |  | 40,356 |  |  |  | 699 |  |  |  | 7.02 |  |  |  | 28,835 |  |  |  | 461 |  |  |  | 6.43 |
Total loans (1) |  |  | 4,022,863 |  |  |  | 61,822 |  |  |  | 6.23 |  |  |  | 2,768,514 |  |  |  | 39,369 |  |  |  | 5.72 |
Federal Reserve/FHLB Stock |  |  | 22,397 |  |  |  | 429 |  |  |  | 7.77 |  |  |  | 16,658 |  |  |  | 337 |  |  |  | 8.14 |
Total interest earning assets |  |  | 4,949,729 |  |  |  | 68,701 |  |  |  | 5.63 |  |  |  | 3,921,529 |  |  |  | 49,285 |  |  |  | 5.05 |
Noninterest earning assets |  |  | 322,590 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 217,524 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $ | 5,272,319 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,139,053 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-Bearing Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand deposits |  | $ | 1,247,725 |  |  | $ | 5,564 |  |  |  | 1.81 | % |  | $ | 869,060 |  |  | $ | 4,249 |  |  |  | 1.97 |
Money market and savings deposits |  |  | 1,590,616 |  |  |  | 11,332 |  |  |  | 2.89 |  |  |  | 1,186,900 |  |  |  | 11,117 |  |  |  | 3.77 |
Time deposits |  |  | 688,569 |  |  |  | 6,639 |  |  |  | 3.91 |  |  |  | 431,679 |  |  |  | 4,785 |  |  |  | 4.46 |
Fed funds purchased and BTFP |  |  | 49,834 |  |  |  | 576 |  |  |  | 4.69 |  |  |  | 282,614 |  |  |  | 3,508 |  |  |  | 4.99 |
FHLB short-term advances |  |  | 200,000 |  |  |  | 2,263 |  |  |  | 4.59 |  |  |  | 200,000 |  |  |  | 2,482 |  |  |  | 4.99 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 59,084 |  |  |  | 650 |  |  |  | 4.46 |  |  |  | 58,971 |  |  |  | 678 |  |  |  | 4.62 |
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  |  | 3,835,828 |  |  |  | 27,024 |  |  |  | 2.86 |  |  |  | 3,029,224 |  |  |  | 26,819 |  |  |  | 3.56 |
Noninterest-Bearing Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing deposits |  |  | 849,687 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 675,926 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other noninterest-bearing liabilities |  |  | 87,580 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 66,655 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity |  |  | 499,224 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 367,248 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 5,272,319 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,139,053 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income on FTE basis (1) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 41,677 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 22,466 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest rate spread on FTE basis (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.77 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.49 |
Net interest margin on FTE basis (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.41 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.30 |

(1) | Taxable equivalent adjustment was calculated utilizing a marginal income tax rate of 21.0 percent.

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Interest Rates and Operating Interest Differential

Increases and decreases in interest income and interest expense result from changes in average balances (volume) of interest earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, as well as changes in average interest rates. The following table shows the effect that these factors had on the interest earned on interest earning assets and the interest incurred on interest-bearing liabilities. The effect of changes in volume is determined by multiplying the change in volume by the previous period’s average rate. Similarly, the effect of rate changes is calculated by multiplying the change in average rate by the previous period’s volume.

|  | Three months ended March 31, 2025 |
|  | Compared with |
|  | Three months ended March 31, 2024 |
|  | Change due to: |  |  | Interest |
(tax-equivalent basis, dollars in thousands) |  | Volume |  |  | Rate |  |  | Variance |
Interest earning assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing deposits with banks |  | $ | (4,187 | ) |  | $ | (87 | ) |  | $ | (4,274 | )
Investment securities |  |  | 516 |  |  |  | 606 |  |  |  | 1,122 |
Fed funds sold |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Loans held for sale |  |  | 33 |  |  |  | (11 | ) |  |  | 22 |
Loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | 1,608 |  |  |  | 489 |  |  |  | 2,097 |
CRE − Construction, land and development |  |  | 4,265 |  |  |  | (1,881 | ) |  |  | 2,384 |
CRE − Multifamily |  |  | 1,559 |  |  |  | 670 |  |  |  | 2,229 |
CRE − Non-owner occupied |  |  | 5,609 |  |  |  | 2,090 |  |  |  | 7,699 |
CRE − Owner occupied |  |  | 1,332 |  |  |  | 750 |  |  |  | 2,082 |
Agricultural − Land |  |  | 315 |  |  |  | 178 |  |  |  | 493 |
Agricultural − Production |  |  | 403 |  |  |  | 130 |  |  |  | 533 |
RRE − First lien |  |  | 1,959 |  |  |  | 1,640 |  |  |  | 3,599 |
RRE − Construction |  |  | 197 |  |  |  | 289 |  |  |  | 486 |
RRE − HELOC |  |  | 1,016 |  |  |  | (514 | ) |  |  | 502 |
RRE − Junior lien |  |  | 130 |  |  |  | (19 | ) |  |  | 111 |
Other consumer |  |  | 183 |  |  |  | 55 |  |  |  | 238 |
Total loans |  |  | 18,576 |  |  |  | 3,877 |  |  |  | 22,453 |
Federal Reserve/FHLB Stock |  |  | 115 |  |  |  | (23 | ) |  |  | 92 |
Total interest income |  |  | 15,053 |  |  |  | 4,362 |  |  |  | 19,415 |
Interest-bearing liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand deposits |  |  | 1,839 |  |  |  | (524 | ) |  |  | 1,315 |
Money market and savings deposits |  |  | 3,753 |  |  |  | (3,538 | ) |  |  | 215 |
Time deposits |  |  | 2,825 |  |  |  | (972 | ) |  |  | 1,853 |
Fed funds purchased and BTFP |  |  | (2,864 | ) |  |  | (68 | ) |  |  | (2,932 | )
FHLB short-term advances |  |  | — |  |  |  | (219 | ) |  |  | (219 | )
Long-term debt |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | (29 | ) |  |  | (28 | )
Total interest expense |  |  | 5,554 |  |  |  | (5,350 | ) |  |  | 204 |
Change in net interest income |  | $ | 9,499 |  |  | $ | 9,712 |  |  | $ | 19,211 |

Provision for Credit Losses

The provision for credit losses was comprised of the following components for the periods presented:

|  | Three months ended |
|  | March 31, |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Provision (recovery) for loan losses |  | $ | 2,407 |  |  | $ | 799 |
Provision (recovery) for credit losses on unfunded commitments |  |  | (1,542 | ) |  |  | (793 | )
Provision (recovery) for HTM debt securities |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | (6 | )
Provision for credit losses |  | $ | 863 |  |  | $ | — |

The Company recorded a provision for credit losses of $0.9 million for the first quarter of 2025, compared to no provision for the first quarter of 2024. The increase in the provision for credit losses was primarily driven by loan growth.

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Noninterest Income

The Company’s noninterest income is generated from retirement and benefit services, wealth, mortgage banking, and other general banking services.

The following table presents the Company’s noninterest income for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

|  | Three months ended |
|  | March 31, |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Retirement and benefit services |  | $ | 16,106 |  |  | $ | 15,655 |
Wealth |  |  | 6,905 |  |  |  | 6,118 |
Mortgage banking |  |  | 1,527 |  |  |  | 1,670 |
Service charges on deposit accounts |  |  | 651 |  |  |  | 389 |
Other |  |  | 2,443 |  |  |  | 1,491 |
Total noninterest income |  | $ | 27,632 |  |  | $ | 25,323 |
Noninterest income as a % of revenue |  |  | 40.17 | % |  |  | 53.26 | %

Total noninterest income for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was $27.6 million, an increase of $2.3 million, or 9.1%, from the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase in noninterest income was primarily driven by an increase of $0.8 million in wealth revenue, driven by new client growth and assets under administration/management growth. Retirement and benefit services revenue increased $0.5 million, driven by assets under administration/management growth. Other noninterest income increased $1.0 million, driven by increased swap fee income generated from commercial loan originations and increased fee income resulting from the HMNF transaction.

See “NOTE 16 Segment Reporting” of the consolidated financial statements and Segment Reporting section below for additional discussion regarding the Company’s business lines.

Noninterest Expense

The following table presents noninterest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

|  | Three months ended |
|  | March 31, |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Compensation |  | $ | 22,961 |  |  | $ | 19,332 |
Employee taxes and benefits |  |  | 7,762 |  |  |  | 6,188 |
Occupancy and equipment expense |  |  | 2,907 |  |  |  | 1,906 |
Business services, software and technology expense |  |  | 5,752 |  |  |  | 5,345 |
Intangible amortization expense |  |  | 2,710 |  |  |  | 1,324 |
Professional fees and assessments |  |  | 2,996 |  |  |  | 1,993 |
Marketing and business development |  |  | 965 |  |  |  | 685 |
Supplies and postage |  |  | 630 |  |  |  | 528 |
Travel |  |  | 287 |  |  |  | 292 |
Mortgage and lending expenses |  |  | 536 |  |  |  | 441 |
Other |  |  | 2,859 |  |  |  | 985 |
Total noninterest expense |  | $ | 50,365 |  |  | $ | 39,019 |

Total noninterest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was $50.4 million, an $11.3 million, or 29.1%, increase compared to $39.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The year over year increase was primarily driven by higher compensation expense, employee taxes and benefits expense, intangible amortization expense, professional fees and assessments, and occupancy and equipment expense. Professional fees and assessments increased primarily due to increased merger-related expenses of $1.7 million in connection with the acquisition of HMNF and an increase in FDIC assessments. Compensation expense and employee taxes and benefits expense increased primarily due to increased head count resulting from the HMNF transaction and talent acquisition hires throughout 2024. Intangible amortization expense increased primarily due to the $33.5 million core deposit intangible recorded in connection with the HMNF acquisition. Occupancy and equipment expense increased primarily due to increased branch footprint resulting from the HMNF acquisition.

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Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense is an estimate based on the amount the Company expects to owe the applicable taxing authorities, plus the impact of deferred tax items. Accrued taxes represent the net estimated amount due, or to be received from, taxing authorities. In estimating accrued taxes, management assesses the relative merits and risks of the appropriate tax treatment of transactions, taking into account statutory, judicial, and regulatory guidance in the context of the Company’s tax position. If the final resolution of taxes payable differs from the Company’s estimates due to regulatory determination or legislative or judicial actions, adjustments to tax expense may be required.

For the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company recognized income tax expense of $4.2 million on $17.6 million of pre-tax income, resulting in an effective tax rate of 24.2%, compared to income tax expense of $2.1 million on $8.5 million of pre-tax income for the three months ended March 31, 2024, resulting in an effective tax rate of 24.5%.

Segment Reporting

The Company determined reportable segments based on the significance of the services offered, the significance of those services to the Company’s financial condition and operating results, and the Company’s regular review of the operating results of those services. The Company has three operating segments—banking, retirement and benefit services, and wealth. These segments are components for which financial information is prepared and evaluated regularly by management in deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance.

The selected financial information presented for each segment sets forth net interest income, provision for loan losses, noninterest income, and direct and indirect noninterest expense overhead allocations. Corporate administration includes all remaining income and expenses not allocated to the three operating segments. Certain reclassification adjustments have been made between corporate administration and the various lines of business for consistency in presentation.

For additional financial information on the Company’s segments see “NOTE 16 Segment Reporting” of the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Banking

The banking segment offers a complete line of loan, deposit, cash management, and treasury services through 29 offices in North Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Arizona, including 15 banking offices acquired in the HMNF transaction. These products and services are supported through web and mobile based applications. The majority of the Company’s assets and liabilities are in the banking segment’s balance sheet.

The following table presents the banking segment income statement, net of corporate administration, for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

|  | Three months ended |
|  | March 31, |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Net interest income |  | $ | 41,157 |  |  | $ | 22,219 |
Provision for credit losses |  |  | 863 |  |  |  | — |
Noninterest income |  |  | 4,621 |  |  |  | 3,550 |
Total revenue |  |  | 44,915 |  |  |  | 25,769 |
Noninterest expense (1) |  |  | 29,211 |  |  |  | 18,671 |
Net income before taxes |  | $ | 15,704 |  |  | $ | 7,098 |

(1) | Noninterest expenses do not include corporate administration expenses. Corporate administration expenses include executive compensation, premises and fixed assets expenses, and information technology expenses. These expenses are not specific to any specific segment.

Retirement and Benefit Services

The retirement and benefit services segment provides the following services nationally: record-keeping and administration services to qualified and other types of retirement plans, investment fiduciary services to retirement plans, health savings accounts, flexible spending accounts, and COBRA recordkeeping and administration services.

The following table presents the retirement and benefits services segment income statement for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

|  | Three months ended |
|  | March 31, |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Recurring annual income (1) |  | $ | 13,164 |  |  | $ | 12,461 |
Transactional income (2) |  |  | 2,942 |  |  |  | 3,194 |
Total noninterest income |  |  | 16,106 |  |  |  | 15,655 |
Noninterest expense |  |  | 13,617 |  |  |  | 14,189 |
Net income before taxes |  | $ | 2,489 |  |  | $ | 1,466 |

(1) | Recurring annual income primarily includes asset based fees, administration fees, record-keeping fees, trust/custody fees, and health and welfare fees. $6.3 million and $5.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, were due to movements in the market.
(2) | Transactional income primarily includes advisory fees and distribution fees.

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Wealth

The wealth segment provides advisory and planning services, investment management, and trust and fiduciary services to clients across the Company’s footprint.

The following table presents the wealth segment income statement for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

|  | Three months ended |
|  | March 31, |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Asset management |  | $ | 5,760 |  |  | $ | 5,255 |
Brokerage |  |  | 534 |  |  |  | 366 |
Insurance and advisory |  |  | 610 |  |  |  | 496 |
Total noninterest income |  |  | 6,904 |  |  |  | 6,117 |
Noninterest expense |  |  | 4,837 |  |  |  | 3,750 |
Net income before taxes |  | $ | 2,067 |  |  | $ | 2,367 |

Financial Condition

Overview

Total assets were $5.3 billion as of March 31, 2025, an increase of $77.9 million, or 1.5%, compared to December 31, 2024. The increase was primarily due to a $92.9 million increase in loans and an increase of $21.7 million in cash and cash equivalents, partially offset by a decrease of $20.3 million in available-for-sale investment securities and a decrease of $7.0 million in held-to-maturity investment securities.

Investment Securities

The following table presents the fair value composition of the Company’s investment securities portfolio as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

|  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
|  |  |  |  |  | Percent of |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percent of |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Balance |  |  | Portfolio |  |  | Balance |  |  | Portfolio |
Available-for-sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and agencies |  | $ | 10,676 |  |  |  | 1.3 | % |  | $ | 30,707 |  |  |  | 3.7 | %
Mortgage backed securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential agency |  |  | 501,700 |  |  |  | 62.5 |  |  |  | 503,706 |  |  |  | 61.1 |
Commercial |  |  | 1,274 |  |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  | 1,251 |  |  |  | 0.2 |
Asset backed securities |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | — |
Corporate bonds |  |  | 54,060 |  |  |  | 6.7 |  |  |  | 52,370 |  |  |  | 6.3 |
Total available-for-sale investment securities |  |  | 567,728 |  |  |  | 70.7 |  |  |  | 588,053 |  |  |  | 71.3 |
Held-to-maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of state and political agencies |  |  | 105,695 |  |  |  | 13.2 |  |  |  | 107,985 |  |  |  | 13.1 |
Mortgage backed securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential agency |  |  | 128,880 |  |  |  | 16.1 |  |  |  | 129,001 |  |  |  | 15.6 |
Total held-to-maturity investment securities |  |  | 234,575 |  |  |  | 29.3 |  |  |  | 236,986 |  |  |  | 28.7 |
Total investment securities |  | $ | 802,303 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 825,039 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %

The composition of the Company’s investment securities portfolio reflects the Company’s investment strategy of maintaining an appropriate level of liquidity for normal operations while providing an additional source of revenue. The investment portfolio also provides a balance to interest rate risk and credit risk in other categories of the balance sheet, while providing a vehicle for the investment of available funds, furnishing liquidity, and supplying securities to pledge as collateral.

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The investment securities presented in the following table are reported at fair value and by contractual maturity as of March 31, 2025. Actual timing may differ from contractual maturities if borrowers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Additionally, residential mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations receive monthly principal payments, which are not reflected below. The yields below are calculated on a tax-equivalent basis, assuming a 21.0% income tax rate.

|  | Maturity as of March 31, 2025 |
|  | One year or less |  |  | One to five years |  |  | Five to ten years |  |  | After ten years |
|  | Fair |  |  | Average |  |  | Fair |  |  | Average |  |  | Fair |  |  | Average |  |  | Fair |  |  | Average |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Value |  |  | Yield |  |  | Value |  |  | Yield |  |  | Value |  |  | Yield |  |  | Value |  |  | Yield |
Available-for-sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and agencies |  | $ | 4,999 |  |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | $ | 5,324 |  |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — | % |  | $ | 353 |  |  |  | 4.94 | %
Mortgage backed securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential agency |  |  | 32 |  |  |  | 2.48 |  |  |  | 3,427 |  |  |  | 3.41 |  |  |  | 25,169 |  |  |  | 4.11 |  |  |  | 473,072 |  |  |  | 2.33 |
Commercial |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,274 |  |  |  | 2.40 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Asset backed securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 4.93 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Corporate bonds |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 54,060 |  |  |  | 3.67 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total available-for-sale investment securities |  |  | 5,031 |  |  |  | 4.51 |  |  |  | 10,025 |  |  |  | 4.22 |  |  |  | 79,247 |  |  |  | 3.84 |  |  |  | 473,425 |  |  |  | 2.36 |
Held-to-maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of state and political agencies |  |  | 6,808 |  |  |  | 1.33 |  |  |  | 50,595 |  |  |  | 1.71 |  |  |  | 41,740 |  |  |  | 2.17 |  |  |  | 6,552 |  |  |  | 2.24 |
Mortgage backed securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential agency |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 128,880 |  |  |  | 2.23 |
Total held-to-maturity investment securities |  |  | 6,808 |  |  |  | 0.87 |  |  |  | 50,595 |  |  |  | 1.55 |  |  |  | 41,740 |  |  |  | 2.09 |  |  |  | 135,432 |  |  |  | 2.20 |
Total investment securities |  | $ | 11,839 |  |  |  | 3.38 | % |  | $ | 60,620 |  |  |  | 2.32 | % |  | $ | 120,987 |  |  |  | 3.23 | % |  | $ | 608,857 |  |  |  | 2.32 | %

Loans

The loan portfolio represents a broad range of borrowers comprised of commercial and industrial, commercial real estate, agricultural, and consumer loans.

Total loans outstanding were $4.1 billion as of March 31, 2025, an increase of $92.9 million, or 2.3%, from December 31, 2024. The increase was primarily driven by a $93.3 million increase in CRE loans and an $8.8 million increase in agricultural loans, partially offset by $8.3 million and $0.9 million decreases in commercial and industrial loans and consumer loans, respectively.

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The Company’s loan portfolio is diversified. The following table presents the balance and percentage of loans outstanding by segment/industry as of the dates presented:

|  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
|  |  |  |  |  | Percent of |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percent of |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Balance |  |  | Portfolio |  |  | Balance |  |  | Portfolio |
Commercial and industrial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
General business |  | $ | 329,879 |  |  |  | 8.1 | % |  | $ | 340,702 |  |  |  | 8.5 | %
Services |  |  | 177,036 |  |  |  | 4.3 |  |  |  | 177,813 |  |  |  | 4.5 |
Retail trade |  |  | 87,002 |  |  |  | 2.1 |  |  |  | 88,105 |  |  |  | 2.2 |
Manufacturing |  |  | 64,529 |  |  |  | 1.6 |  |  |  | 60,107 |  |  |  | 1.5 |
Total commercial and industrial |  |  | 658,446 |  |  |  | 16.1 |  |  |  | 666,727 |  |  |  | 16.7 |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction, land and development |  |  | 360,024 |  |  |  | 8.8 |  |  |  | 294,677 |  |  |  | 7.4 |
Multifamily |  |  | 353,060 |  |  |  | 8.6 |  |  |  | 363,123 |  |  |  | 9.1 |
Non-owner occupied |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Office |  |  | 165,914 |  |  |  | 4.1 |  |  |  | 168,170 |  |  |  | 4.2 |
Industrial |  |  | 171,259 |  |  |  | 4.2 |  |  |  | 169,391 |  |  |  | 4.2 |
Retail |  |  | 149,250 |  |  |  | 3.7 |  |  |  | 154,325 |  |  |  | 3.9 |
Hotel |  |  | 170,497 |  |  |  | 4.2 |  |  |  | 170,982 |  |  |  | 4.3 |
Medical office |  |  | 166,912 |  |  |  | 4.1 |  |  |  | 139,939 |  |  |  | 3.5 |
Medical or nursing facility |  |  | 84,873 |  |  |  | 2.1 |  |  |  | 110,164 |  |  |  | 2.8 |
Other commercial real estate |  |  | 42,854 |  |  |  | 0.9 |  |  |  | 54,054 |  |  |  | 1.3 |
Total non-owner occupied |  |  | 951,559 |  |  |  | 23.3 |  |  |  | 967,025 |  |  |  | 24.2 |
Owner occupied |  |  | 424,880 |  |  |  | 10.4 |  |  |  | 371,418 |  |  |  | 9.3 |
Total commercial real estate |  |  | 2,089,523 |  |  |  | 51.1 |  |  |  | 1,996,243 |  |  |  | 50.0 |
Agricultural: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land |  |  | 68,894 |  |  |  | 1.7 |  |  |  | 61,299 |  |  |  | 1.5 |
Production |  |  | 64,240 |  |  |  | 1.6 |  |  |  | 63,008 |  |  |  | 1.6 |
Total agricultural |  |  | 133,134 |  |  |  | 3.3 |  |  |  | 124,307 |  |  |  | 3.1 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
RRE − First lien |  |  | 907,534 |  |  |  | 22.2 |  |  |  | 921,019 |  |  |  | 23.1 |
RRE − Construction |  |  | 38,553 |  |  |  | 0.9 |  |  |  | 33,547 |  |  |  | 0.8 |
RRE − HELOC |  |  | 175,600 |  |  |  | 4.3 |  |  |  | 162,509 |  |  |  | 4.1 |
RRE − Junior lien |  |  | 43,740 |  |  |  | 1.1 |  |  |  | 44,060 |  |  |  | 1.1 |
Other consumer |  |  | 38,953 |  |  |  | 1.0 |  |  |  | 44,122 |  |  |  | 1.1 |
Total consumer |  |  | 1,204,380 |  |  |  | 29.5 |  |  |  | 1,205,257 |  |  |  | 30.2 |
Total loans |  | $ | 4,085,483 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 3,992,534 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %

Commercial and industrial loans represent loans for working capital, purchases of equipment and other needs of commercial customers primarily located within the Bank’s geographical footprint. These loans are underwritten individually and represent ongoing relationships based on a thorough knowledge of the customer, the customer’s industry and the customer’s market. While commercial loans are generally secured by the customer’s assets, including real property, inventory, accounts receivable, operating equipment and other property, and may also include personal guarantees of the owners and related parties, the primary source of repayment of the loans is the ongoing cash flow from operations of the customer’s business. In addition, revolving lines of credit are generally governed by a borrowing base. Inherent lending risks are monitored on a continuous basis through interim reporting, covenant testing and annual underwriting.

CRE loans consist of term loans secured by a mortgage lien on real property and include both owner occupied CRE loans as well as non-owner occupied loans. Non-owner occupied CRE loans consist of mortgage loans to finance investments in real property that may include, but are not limited to, multi-family, industrial, office, retail and other specific use properties as well as CRE construction loans that are offered to builders and developers generally within the Bank’s geographical footprint. The primary risk characteristics in the non-owner occupied portfolio include impacts of overall leasing rates, absorption timelines, levels of vacancy rates and operating expenses. The Company requires collateral values in excess of the loan amounts, cash flows in excess of expected debt service requirements and equity investment in the project. The expected cash flows from all significant new or renewed income producing property commitments are stress tested to reflect the risks in varying interest rates, vacancy rates and rental rates. Inherent lending risks are monitored on a continuous basis through quarterly monitoring and the Bank’s annual underwriting process, incorporating an analysis of cash flow, collateral, market conditions and guarantor liquidity, if applicable. CRE loan policies are specific to individual product types and underwriting parameters vary depending on the risk profile of each asset class. CRE loan policies are reviewed no less than semi-annually by management and approved by the Bank’s Board of Directors to ensure they align with current market conditions and the Bank’s moderate risk appetite. Construction loans are monitored monthly and includes on-site inspections. Management reviews all construction loans quarterly to ensure projects are on time and within budget. CRE concentration limits have been established by product type and are monitored quarterly by the Bank’s Credit Governance Committee and Bank Board of Directors.

CRE loans may be adversely affected by conditions in the real estate markets or in the general economy. The Company does not monitor the CRE portfolio for attributes such as loan-to-value ratios, occupancy rates or net operating income, as these characteristics are assessed and evaluated on an individual loan basis. Portfolio stress testing is completed based on property type and takes into consideration changes to net operating income and capitalization rates. The Company does not have exposure to the office building sector in central business districts as the office portfolio is generally diversified in suburban markets with strong occupancy levels.

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The following table presents the geographical markets of the collateral related to non-owner occupied and multifamily CRE loans for the periods presented:

|  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
|  |  |  |  |  | Percent of |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percent of |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Balance |  |  | Total |  |  | Balance |  |  | Total |
Geographical Market: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Minnesota |  | $ | 612,722 |  |  |  | 47.0 | % |  | $ | 668,395 |  |  |  | 50.2 | %
North Dakota |  |  | 212,156 |  |  |  | 16.3 |  |  |  | 221,693 |  |  |  | 16.7 |
Arizona |  |  | 163,278 |  |  |  | 12.5 |  |  |  | 169,473 |  |  |  | 12.7 |
Texas |  |  | 37,114 |  |  |  | 2.8 |  |  |  | 34,580 |  |  |  | 2.6 |
Colorado |  |  | 23,379 |  |  |  | 1.8 |  |  |  | 23,386 |  |  |  | 1.8 |
Oregon |  |  | 17,898 |  |  |  | 1.4 |  |  |  | 17,990 |  |  |  | 1.4 |
Wisconsin |  |  | 120,955 |  |  |  | 9.3 |  |  |  | 111,502 |  |  |  | 8.4 |
Missouri |  |  | 16,684 |  |  |  | 1.3 |  |  |  | 16,776 |  |  |  | 1.3 |
Kansas |  |  | 15,785 |  |  |  | 1.2 |  |  |  | 15,183 |  |  |  | 1.1 |
South Dakota |  |  | 16,624 |  |  |  | 1.3 |  |  |  | 14,554 |  |  |  | 1.1 |
Virginia |  |  | 11,173 |  |  |  | 0.9 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Other |  |  | 56,851 |  |  |  | 4.4 |  |  |  | 36,616 |  |  |  | 2.8 |
Total non-owner occupied and multifamily commercial real estate loans |  | $ | 1,304,619 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 1,330,148 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %

The Bank does not currently monitor owner occupied CRE loans based on geographical markets, as the primary source of repayment for these loans is predicated on the cash flow from the underlying operating entity. These loans are generally located within the Company’s geographical footprint.

Highly competitive conditions continue to prevail in the small- and middle-market commercial segments in which the Company primarily operates. The Company maintains a commitment to generating growth in the Company’s business portfolio in a manner that adheres to its twin goals of maintaining strong asset quality and producing profitable margins. The Company continues to invest in additional personnel, technology and business development resources to further strengthen its capabilities.

Agricultural loans include loans secured by farmland and loans for agricultural production. Farmland includes purposes such as crop and livestock production. Farmland loans are typically written with amortizing payment structures. Collateral values for farmland are determined based upon appraisals and evaluations in accordance with established policy guidelines and maximum loan-to-value ratios at origination are governed by established policy and regulatory guidelines. Agricultural production loans are for the purpose of financing working capital and/or capital investment for agriculture production activities. Collateral generally consists of pledges of business assets including, but not limited to, accounts receivable, inventory, plant and equipment, and/or real estate in applicable. Agricultural production loans are primarily paid by the operating cash flow of the borrower. Agricultural production loans may be secured or unsecured.

Residential real estate (“RRE”) loans represent loans to consumers for the purchase or refinance of a residence. These loans are generally financed over a 15- to 30-year term and, in most cases, are extended to borrowers to finance their primary residence with both fixed-rate and adjustable-rate terms. Real estate construction loans are also offered to consumers who wish to build their own homes and are often structured to be converted to permanent loans at the end of the construction phase, which is typically twelve months. RRE loans also include home equity loans and lines of credit that are secured by a first or second lien on the borrower’s residence. Home equity lines of credit (“HELOC”) consist mainly of revolving lines of credit secured by residential real estate.

Other consumer loans include loans made to individuals not secured by real estate, including loans secured by automobiles or watercraft, and personal unsecured loans.

The Company originates both fixed and adjustable rate residential real estate loans conforming to the underwriting guidelines of the Federal National Mortgage Association or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, as well as home equity loans and lines of credit that are secured by first or junior liens. Most of the Company’s fixed rate residential loans, along with some of the Company’s adjustable rate mortgages are sold to other financial institutions with which the Company has established a correspondent lending relationship.

The Company’s RRE loans have minimal direct exposure to subprime mortgages as the loans are underwritten to conform to secondary market standards. As of March 31, 2025, the Company’s RRE portfolio was $1.2 billion, representing a $4.3 million, or 0.4%, increase from December 31, 2024. Market interest rates, expected duration, and the Company’s overall interest rate sensitivity profile continue to be the most significant factors in determining whether the Company chooses to retain versus sell portions of new consumer mortgage originations.

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The following table presents the maturities and types of interest rates for the loan portfolio as of March 31, 2025:

|  | March 31, 2025 |
|  |  |  |  |  | After one |  |  | After five |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | One year |  |  | but within |  |  | but within |  |  | After |  |  |  |  |
(dollars in thousands) |  | or less |  |  | five years |  |  | fifteen years |  |  | fifteen years |  |  | Total |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 158,421 |  |  | $ | 324,361 |  |  | $ | 172,845 |  |  | $ | 2,851 |  |  | $ | 658,478 |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction, land and development |  |  | 119,398 |  |  |  | 156,951 |  |  |  | 68,664 |  |  |  | 15,011 |  |  |  | 360,024 |
Multifamily |  |  | 40,386 |  |  |  | 250,015 |  |  |  | 62,659 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 353,060 |
Non-owner occupied |  |  | 94,905 |  |  |  | 651,016 |  |  |  | 184,166 |  |  |  | 21,472 |  |  |  | 951,559 |
Owner occupied |  |  | 38,906 |  |  |  | 221,847 |  |  |  | 117,512 |  |  |  | 46,615 |  |  |  | 424,880 |
Total commercial real estate |  |  | 293,595 |  |  |  | 1,279,829 |  |  |  | 433,001 |  |  |  | 83,098 |  |  |  | 2,089,523 |
Agricultural |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Land |  |  | 9,609 |  |  |  | 21,225 |  |  |  | 11,959 |  |  |  | 26,101 |  |  |  | 68,894 |
Production |  |  | 39,644 |  |  |  | 22,336 |  |  |  | 2,260 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 64,240 |
Total agricultural |  |  | 49,253 |  |  |  | 43,561 |  |  |  | 14,219 |  |  |  | 26,101 |  |  |  | 133,134 |
Total commercial |  |  | 501,269 |  |  |  | 1,647,751 |  |  |  | 620,065 |  |  |  | 112,050 |  |  |  | 2,881,135 |
Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First lien |  |  | 9,293 |  |  |  | 46,610 |  |  |  | 80,808 |  |  |  | 770,823 |  |  |  | 907,534 |
Construction |  |  | 25,839 |  |  |  | 4,811 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,903 |  |  |  | 38,553 |
HELOC |  |  | 4,693 |  |  |  | 13,131 |  |  |  | 24,044 |  |  |  | 133,732 |  |  |  | 175,600 |
Junior lien |  |  | 3,429 |  |  |  | 6,833 |  |  |  | 22,060 |  |  |  | 11,418 |  |  |  | 43,740 |
Total residential real estate |  |  | 43,254 |  |  |  | 71,385 |  |  |  | 126,912 |  |  |  | 923,876 |  |  |  | 1,165,427 |
Other consumer |  |  | 11,194 |  |  |  | 22,597 |  |  |  | 5,162 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 38,953 |
Total consumer |  |  | 54,448 |  |  |  | 93,982 |  |  |  | 132,074 |  |  |  | 923,876 |  |  |  | 1,204,380 |
Total loans |  | $ | 555,717 |  |  | $ | 1,741,733 |  |  | $ | 752,139 |  |  | $ | 1,035,926 |  |  | $ | 4,085,515 |
Loans with fixed interest rates: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 29,231 |  |  | $ | 233,857 |  |  | $ | 54,059 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 317,147 |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction, land and development |  |  | 59,261 |  |  |  | 44,429 |  |  |  | 1,430 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 105,120 |
Multifamily |  |  | 25,609 |  |  |  | 143,704 |  |  |  | 27,974 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 197,287 |
Non-owner occupied |  |  | 54,364 |  |  |  | 401,742 |  |  |  | 77,988 |  |  |  | 430 |  |  |  | 534,524 |
Owner occupied |  |  | 32,896 |  |  |  | 168,099 |  |  |  | 59,229 |  |  |  | 1,311 |  |  |  | 261,535 |
Total commercial real estate |  |  | 172,130 |  |  |  | 757,974 |  |  |  | 166,621 |  |  |  | 1,741 |  |  |  | 1,098,466 |
Agricultural |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land |  |  | 3,868 |  |  |  | 21,106 |  |  |  | 10,128 |  |  |  | 17,860 |  |  |  | 52,962 |
Production |  |  | 3,594 |  |  |  | 20,830 |  |  |  | 2,260 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 26,684 |
Total agricultural |  |  | 7,462 |  |  |  | 41,936 |  |  |  | 12,388 |  |  |  | 17,860 |  |  |  | 79,646 |
Total commercial |  |  | 208,823 |  |  |  | 1,033,767 |  |  |  | 233,068 |  |  |  | 19,601 |  |  |  | 1,495,259 |
Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First lien |  |  | 8,323 |  |  |  | 38,657 |  |  |  | 70,419 |  |  |  | 417,925 |  |  |  | 535,324 |
Construction |  |  | 12,523 |  |  |  | 760 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,002 |  |  |  | 16,285 |
HELOC |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 1,989 |  |  |  | 7,975 |  |  |  | 4,095 |  |  |  | 14,062 |
Junior lien |  |  | 2,507 |  |  |  | 4,498 |  |  |  | 14,850 |  |  |  | 10,491 |  |  |  | 32,346 |
Total residential real estate |  |  | 23,356 |  |  |  | 45,904 |  |  |  | 93,244 |  |  |  | 435,513 |  |  |  | 598,017 |
Other consumer |  |  | 3,741 |  |  |  | 15,214 |  |  |  | 5,162 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 24,117 |
Total consumer |  |  | 27,097 |  |  |  | 61,118 |  |  |  | 98,406 |  |  |  | 435,513 |  |  |  | 622,134 |
Total loans with fixed interest rates |  | $ | 235,920 |  |  | $ | 1,094,885 |  |  | $ | 331,474 |  |  | $ | 455,114 |  |  | $ | 2,117,393 |
Loans with floating interest rates: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 129,190 |  |  | $ | 90,504 |  |  | $ | 118,786 |  |  | $ | 2,851 |  |  | $ | 341,331 |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction, land and development |  |  | 60,137 |  |  |  | 112,522 |  |  |  | 67,234 |  |  |  | 15,011 |  |  |  | 254,904 |
Multifamily |  |  | 14,777 |  |  |  | 106,311 |  |  |  | 34,685 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 155,773 |
Non-owner occupied |  |  | 40,541 |  |  |  | 249,274 |  |  |  | 106,178 |  |  |  | 21,042 |  |  |  | 417,035 |
Owner occupied |  |  | 6,010 |  |  |  | 53,748 |  |  |  | 58,283 |  |  |  | 45,304 |  |  |  | 163,345 |
Total commercial real estate |  |  | 121,465 |  |  |  | 521,855 |  |  |  | 266,380 |  |  |  | 81,357 |  |  |  | 991,057 |
Agricultural |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land |  |  | 5,741 |  |  |  | 119 |  |  |  | 1,831 |  |  |  | 8,241 |  |  |  | 15,932 |
Production |  |  | 36,050 |  |  |  | 1,506 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 37,556 |
Total agricultural |  |  | 41,791 |  |  |  | 1,625 |  |  |  | 1,831 |  |  |  | 8,241 |  |  |  | 53,488 |
Total commercial |  |  | 292,446 |  |  |  | 613,984 |  |  |  | 386,997 |  |  |  | 92,449 |  |  |  | 1,385,876 |
Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First lien |  |  | 970 |  |  |  | 7,953 |  |  |  | 10,389 |  |  |  | 352,898 |  |  |  | 372,210 |
Construction |  |  | 13,316 |  |  |  | 4,051 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,901 |  |  |  | 22,268 |
HELOC |  |  | 4,690 |  |  |  | 11,142 |  |  |  | 16,069 |  |  |  | 129,637 |  |  |  | 161,538 |
Junior lien |  |  | 922 |  |  |  | 2,335 |  |  |  | 7,210 |  |  |  | 927 |  |  |  | 11,394 |
Total residential real estate |  |  | 19,898 |  |  |  | 25,481 |  |  |  | 33,668 |  |  |  | 488,363 |  |  |  | 567,410 |
Other consumer |  |  | 7,453 |  |  |  | 7,383 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 14,836 |
Total consumer |  |  | 27,351 |  |  |  | 32,864 |  |  |  | 33,668 |  |  |  | 488,363 |  |  |  | 582,246 |
Total loans with floating interest rates |  | $ | 319,797 |  |  | $ | 646,848 |  |  | $ | 420,665 |  |  | $ | 580,812 |  |  | $ | 1,968,122 |

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The expected life of the Company’s loan portfolio will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to curtail or prepay their loans with or without penalties. Consequently, the table above includes information limited to contractual maturities of the underlying loans.

Asset Quality

The Company’s strategy for credit risk management includes well‑defined, centralized credit policies; uniform underwriting criteria; and ongoing risk monitoring and review processes for all commercial and consumer credit exposures. The strategy also emphasizes diversification on a geographic, industry, and client level; regular credit examinations; and management reviews of loans experiencing deterioration of credit quality. The Company strives to identify potential problem loans early, take necessary charge‑offs promptly, and maintain adequate reserve levels for credit losses inherent in the portfolio. Management performs ongoing, internal reviews of any problem credits and continually assesses the adequacy of the allowance. The Company utilizes an internal lending division, Special Credit Services, to develop and implement strategies for the management of individual nonperforming loans.

Credit Quality Indicators

Loans are assigned a risk rating and grouped into categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt, such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. The risk ratings are aligned to pass and criticized categories. The criticized categories include special mention, substandard, and doubtful risk ratings. See “NOTE 4 Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses” of the consolidated financial statements for a definition of each of the risk ratings.

The table below presents criticized loans outstanding by loan portfolio segment as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 32,266 |  |  | $ | 35,127 |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction, land and development |  |  | 40,479 |  |  |  | 37,633 |
Multifamily |  |  | 52,053 |  |  |  | 27,188 |
Non-owner occupied |  |  | 50,830 |  |  |  | 45,173 |
Owner occupied |  |  | 29,471 |  |  |  | 27,637 |
Total commercial real estate |  |  | 172,833 |  |  |  | 137,631 |
Agricultural |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land |  |  | 8,801 |  |  |  | 8,034 |
Production |  |  | 4,886 |  |  |  | 4,813 |
Total agricultural |  |  | 13,687 |  |  |  | 12,847 |
Total commercial |  |  | 218,786 |  |  |  | 185,605 |
Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First lien |  |  | 2,533 |  |  |  | 2,988 |
Construction |  |  | 4,680 |  |  |  | 4,680 |
HELOC |  |  | 1,391 |  |  |  | 1,459 |
Junior lien |  |  | 2,905 |  |  |  | 3,210 |
Total residential real estate |  |  | 11,509 |  |  |  | 12,337 |
Other consumer |  |  | 74 |  |  |  | 339 |
Total consumer |  |  | 11,583 |  |  |  | 12,676 |
Total criticized loans |  | $ | 230,369 |  |  | $ | 198,281 |
Criticized loans as a percent of total loans |  |  | 5.64 | % |  |  | 4.97 | %

The following table presents information regarding nonperforming assets as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Nonaccrual loans |  | $ | 50,517 |  |  | $ | 54,433 |
Accruing loans 90+ days past due |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,453 |
Total nonperforming loans |  |  | 50,517 |  |  |  | 62,886 |
OREO and repossessed assets |  |  | 493 |  |  |  | — |
Total nonperforming assets |  |  | 51,010 |  |  |  | 62,886 |
Total restructured accruing loans |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total nonperforming assets and restructured accruing loans |  | $ | 51,010 |  |  | $ | 62,886 |
Nonperforming loans to total loans |  |  | 1.24 | % |  |  | 1.58 | %
Nonperforming assets to total assets |  |  | 0.96 | % |  |  | 1.20 | %
ACL on loans to nonperforming loans |  |  | 123 | % |  |  | 95 | %

Interest income lost on nonaccrual loans was approximately $1.1 million and $0.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. There was no interest income included in net interest income related to nonaccrual loans for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

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Allowance for Credit Losses

The ACL, on loans is maintained at a level management believes is sufficient to absorb expected losses in the loan portfolio over the remaining estimated life of loans in the portfolio. Under the Current Expected Credit Loss accounting standard, the ACL is a valuation estimated at each balance sheet date and deducted from the amortized cost basis of loans held for investment to present the net amount expected to be collected. These evaluations are inherently subjective as they require management to make material estimates, all of which may be susceptible to significant change. The allowance is increased by provisions charged to expense and decreased by actual charge‑offs, net of recoveries.

Management estimates the ACL using relevant information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Historical loss experience provides the basis for estimation of expected credit losses. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for differences in the current loan-specific risk characteristics such as different underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency level, or life of the loan, as well as changes in environmental conditions, levels of economic activity, unemployment rates, property values and other relevant factors. The calculation also contemplates that the Company may not be able to make or obtain such forecasts for the entire life of the financial assets and requires a reversion to historical loss information.

Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Loans evaluated individually are not also included in the collective evaluation. The ACL on individually evaluated loans is recognized on the basis of the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate, the fair value of collateral adjusted of estimated costs to sell, or observable market price as of the relevant date.

The following table presents information concerning the components of the ACL for the periods presented:

|  | Three months ended |
|  | March 31, |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
ACL on loans at the beginning of the period |  | $ | 59,929 |  |  | $ | 35,843 |
(Credit) provision for loan losses |  |  | 2,407 |  |  |  | 799 |
Net charge-offs (recoveries) (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  |  | (101 | ) |  |  | 41 |
CRE − Construction, land and development |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
CRE − Multifamily |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
CRE − Non-owner occupied |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
CRE − Owner occupied |  |  | (11 | ) |  |  | 18 |
Agricultural − Land |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Agricultural − Production |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  | — |
RRE − First lien |  |  | 54 |  |  |  | — |
RRE − Construction |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
RRE − HELOC |  |  | 250 |  |  |  | — |
RRE − Junior lien |  |  | 300 |  |  |  | — |
Other consumer |  |  | (73 | ) |  |  | (1 | )
Total net charge-offs (recoveries) |  |  | 407 |  |  |  | 58 |
ACL on loans at the end of the period |  |  | 61,929 |  |  |  | 36,584 |
Components of ACL: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ACL on HTM debt securities |  |  | 129 |  |  |  | 207 |
ACL on loans |  |  | 61,929 |  |  |  | 36,584 |
ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures |  |  | 5,992 |  |  |  | 6,607 |
ACL at end of the period |  |  | 68,050 |  |  |  | 43,398 |
Total loans |  | $ | 4,085,483 |  |  | $ | 2,799,475 |
Average total loans |  |  | 4,022,863 |  |  |  | 2,768,514 |
ACL on loans to total loans |  |  | 1.52 | % |  |  | 1.31 | %
ACL on loans to nonaccrual loans |  |  | 122.59 | % |  |  | 67.21 | %
ACL on loans to nonperforming loans |  |  | 122.59 | % |  |  | 95.30 | %
Net charge-offs/(recoveries) to average total loans (annualized) |  |  | 0.04 | % |  |  | 0.01 | %

| (1) | Additional information related to net charge-offs (recoveries) is presented in the following table for the periods indicated:

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|  | Three months ended |
|  | March 31, |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Net Charge-offs |
|  | Total |  |  | Total |  |  | Net Charge-offs |  |  | Average |  |  | (Recoveries) to |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Charge-offs |  |  | Recoveries |  |  | (Recoveries) |  |  | Loans |  |  | Average Loans |
2025: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 169 |  |  | $ | 270 |  |  | $ | (101 | ) |  | $ | 657,838 |  |  |  | (0.06 | )%
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction, land and development |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 342,718 |  |  |  | — |
Multifamily |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 372,608 |  |  |  | — |
Non-owner occupied |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 981,601 |  |  |  | — |
Owner occupied |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | (11 | ) |  |  | 386,545 |  |  |  | (0.01 | )
Total commercial real estate |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | (11 | ) |  |  | 2,083,472 |  |  |  | — |
Agricultural |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 67,228 |  |  |  | — |
Production |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  | 60,933 |  |  |  | (0.08 | )
Total agricultural |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  | 128,161 |  |  |  | (0 | )
Total commercial |  |  | 169 |  |  |  | 293 |  |  |  | (124 | ) |  |  | 2,869,471 |  |  |  | (0.02 | )
Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First lien |  |  | 54 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 54 |  |  |  | 899,835 |  |  |  | 0.02 |
Construction |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 36,913 |  |  |  | — |
HELOC |  |  | 250 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 250 |  |  |  | 168,599 |  |  |  | 0.60 |
Junior lien |  |  | 300 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 300 |  |  |  | 44,096 |  |  |  | 2.76 |
Total residential real estate |  |  | 604 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 604 |  |  |  | 1,149,443 |  |  |  | 0.21 |
Other consumer |  |  | 39 |  |  |  | 112 |  |  |  | (73 | ) |  |  | 40,356 |  |  |  | (0.73 | )
Total consumer |  |  | 643 |  |  |  | 112 |  |  |  | 531 |  |  |  | 1,189,799 |  |  |  | 0.18 |
Total loans |  | $ | 812 |  |  | $ | 405 |  |  | $ | 407 |  |  | $ | 4,059,270 |  |  |  | 0.04 | %
2024: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 164 |  |  | $ | 123 |  |  | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | 564,125 |  |  |  | 0.03 | %
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction, land and development |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 127,587 |  |  |  | — |
Multifamily |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 250,513 |  |  |  | — |
Non-owner occupied |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 564,554 |  |  |  | — |
Owner occupied |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 279,165 |  |  |  | 0.03 |
Total commercial real estate |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 1,221,819 |  |  |  | 0.01 |
Agricultural |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 40,310 |  |  |  | — |
Production |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 35,331 |  |  |  | — |
Total agricultural |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 75,641 |  |  |  | — |
Total commercial |  |  | 193 |  |  |  | 134 |  |  |  | 59 |  |  |  | 1,861,585 |  |  |  | 0.01 |
Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First lien |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 701,757 |  |  |  | — |
Construction |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 21,559 |  |  |  | — |
HELOC |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 118,957 |  |  |  | — |
Junior lien |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 35,824 |  |  |  | — |
Total residential real estate |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 878,097 |  |  |  | — |
Other consumer |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 28,835 |  |  |  | (0.01 | )
Total consumer |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 906,932 |  |  |  | — |
Total loans |  | $ | 205 |  |  | $ | 147 |  |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | 2,768,517 |  |  |  | 0.01 | %

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The following table presents the allocation of the ACL on loans as of the dates presented:

|  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
|  |  |  |  |  | Percentage |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percentage |
|  | Allocated |  |  | of loans to |  |  | Allocated |  |  | of loans to |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Allowance |  |  | total loans |  |  | Allowance |  |  | total loans |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 7,960 |  |  |  | 16.1 | % |  | $ | 8,170 |  |  |  | 16.7 | %
CRE − Construction, land and development |  |  | 18,369 |  |  |  | 8.8 |  |  |  | 16,277 |  |  |  | 7.4 |
CRE − Multifamily |  |  | 4,749 |  |  |  | 8.6 |  |  |  | 4,716 |  |  |  | 9.1 |
CRE − Non-owner occupied |  |  | 16,342 |  |  |  | 23.3 |  |  |  | 16,513 |  |  |  | 24.2 |
CRE − Owner occupied |  |  | 3,512 |  |  |  | 10.4 |  |  |  | 3,226 |  |  |  | 9.3 |
Agricultural − Land |  |  | 603 |  |  |  | 1.7 |  |  |  | 597 |  |  |  | 1.5 |
Agricultural − Production |  |  | 913 |  |  |  | 1.6 |  |  |  | 631 |  |  |  | 1.6 |
RRE − First lien |  |  | 7,042 |  |  |  | 22.2 |  |  |  | 6,921 |  |  |  | 23.1 |
RRE − Construction |  |  | 467 |  |  |  | 0.9 |  |  |  | 357 |  |  |  | 0.8 |
RRE − HELOC |  |  | 1,180 |  |  |  | 4.3 |  |  |  | 1,339 |  |  |  | 4.1 |
RRE − Junior lien |  |  | 439 |  |  |  | 1.1 |  |  |  | 742 |  |  |  | 1.1 |
Other consumer |  |  | 353 |  |  |  | 1.0 |  |  |  | 440 |  |  |  | 1.1 |
Total loans |  | $ | 61,929 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 59,929 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %

In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into commitments to extend credit, including commitments under credit arrangements, commercial letters of credit, and standby letters of credit. Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded. An ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures is measured using similar internal and external assumptions as the ACL on loans. This allowance is located in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The ACL for unfunded commitments was $6.0 million and $6.6 million as of March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Deposits

Deposit inflows and outflows are influenced by prevailing market interest rates, competition, local and economic conditions, and fluctuations in the Company’s customers’ own liquidity needs and may also be influenced by recent developments in the financial services industry, including the large-scale deposit withdrawals over a short period of time that resulted in recent bank failures.

Total deposits were $4.5 billion as of March 31, 2025, an increase of $106.9 million, or 2.4%, from December 31, 2024. Interest-bearing deposits increased $121.1 million during this period, while noninterest-bearing deposits decreased $14.2 million. The increase in total deposits was due to both expanded and new commercial deposit relationships along with synergistic deposit growth. Noninterest-bearing deposits decreased from 20.6% of total deposits as of December 31, 2024 to 19.8% as of March 31, 2025, as higher yields on interest-bearing accounts and other investment alternatives, such as U.S. treasuries, attracted such funds.

The following table presents the composition of the Company’s deposit portfolio as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

|  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | Percent of |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percent of |  |  | Change |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Balance |  |  | Portfolio |  |  | Balance |  |  | Portfolio |  |  | Amount |  |  | Percent |
Noninterest-bearing demand |  | $ | 889,270 |  |  |  | 19.8 | % |  | $ | 903,466 |  |  |  | 20.6 | % |  | $ | (14,196 | ) |  |  | (1.6 | )%
Interest-bearing demand |  |  | 1,283,031 |  |  |  | 28.6 |  |  |  | 1,220,173 |  |  |  | 27.9 |  |  |  | 62,858 |  |  |  | 5.2 |
Money market and savings (1) |  |  | 1,649,468 |  |  |  | 36.8 |  |  |  | 1,547,806 |  |  |  | 35.4 |  |  |  | 101,662 |  |  |  | 6.6 |
Time deposits |  |  | 663,522 |  |  |  | 14.8 |  |  |  | 706,965 |  |  |  | 16.1 |  |  |  | (43,443 | ) |  |  | (6.1 | )
Total deposits |  | $ | 4,485,291 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 4,378,410 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 106,881 |  |  |  | 2.4 | %

| (1) | Money market and savings deposits included health savings account deposits of $198.7 million and $190.3 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

The following table presents the average balances and rates of the Company’s deposit portfolio for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

|  | Three months ended March 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | Average |  |  | Average |  |  | Average |  |  | Average |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Balance |  |  | Rate |  |  | Balance |  |  | Rate |
Noninterest-bearing demand |  | $ | 849,687 |  |  |  | — | % |  | $ | 675,926 |  |  |  | — | %
Interest-bearing demand |  |  | 1,247,725 |  |  |  | 1.81 |  |  |  | 869,060 |  |  |  | 1.97 |
Money market and savings |  |  | 1,590,616 |  |  |  | 2.89 |  |  |  | 1,186,900 |  |  |  | 3.77 |
Time deposits |  |  | 688,569 |  |  |  | 3.91 |  |  |  | 431,679 |  |  |  | 4.46 |
Total deposits |  | $ | 4,376,597 |  |  |  | 2.14 | % |  | $ | 3,163,565 |  |  |  | 2.53 | %

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The following table presents the composition of the Company’s deposit portfolio by client segment as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

|  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | Percent of |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percent of |  |  | Change |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Balance |  |  | Portfolio |  |  | Balance |  |  | Portfolio |  |  | Amount |  |  | Percent |
Commercial |  | $ | 1,564,571 |  |  |  | 34.8 | % |  | $ | 1,647,131 |  |  |  | 37.7 | % |  | $ | (82,560 | ) |  |  | (5.0 | )%
Consumer |  |  | 1,534,323 |  |  |  | 34.2 |  |  |  | 1,556,522 |  |  |  | 35.5 |  |  |  | (22,199 | ) |  |  | (1.4 | )
Public (1) |  |  | 339,352 |  |  |  | 7.6 |  |  |  | 201,197 |  |  |  | 4.6 |  |  |  | 138,155 |  |  |  | 68.7 |
Synergistic (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retirement and benefit services (3) |  |  | 743,089 |  |  |  | 16.6 |  |  |  | 683,149 |  |  |  | 15.6 |  |  |  | 59,940 |  |  |  | 8.8 |
Wealth (4) |  |  | 303,956 |  |  |  | 6.8 |  |  |  | 290,411 |  |  |  | 6.6 |  |  |  | 13,545 |  |  |  | 4.7 |
Total synergistic |  |  | 1,047,045 |  |  |  | 23.4 |  |  |  | 973,560 |  |  |  | 22.2 |  |  |  | 73,485 |  |  |  | 13.5 |
Total deposits |  | $ | 4,485,291 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 4,378,410 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 106,881 |  |  |  | 2.4 | %

| (1) | Public deposits primarily represent municipalities, school districts, and other governmental entities that receive public funding.
| (2) | Synergistic deposits represent the on-balance sheet money market balances that Alerus Retirement and Benefit Services and Alerus Wealth clients hold in proprietary Alerus money market products.
| (3) | $390.2 million and $361.3 million of retirement and benefit services synergistic deposits were indexed as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
| (4) | $304.0 million and $290.4 million of wealth synergistic deposits were indexed as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

The following table presents the contractual maturity of time deposits, including certificate of deposit account registry services and IRA deposits of $250,000 and over, that were outstanding as of March 31, 2025:

|  | March 31, |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |
Maturing in: |  |  |  |
3 months or less |  | $ | 62,368 |
3 months to 6 months |  |  | 107,894 |
6 months to 1 year |  |  | 31,237 |
1 year or greater |  |  | 25,896 |
Total |  | $ | 227,395 |

The Company’s total uninsured deposits, which are amounts of deposit accounts that exceed the FDIC insurance limit, currently $250,000, were approximately $1.5 billion at both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. These amounts were estimated based on the same methodologies used for regulatory reporting purposes.

Borrowings

Borrowings as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were as follows:

|  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
|  |  |  |  |  | Percent of |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percent of |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Balance |  |  | Portfolio |  |  | Balance |  |  | Portfolio |
Fed funds purchased |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — | % |  | $ | 38,960 |  |  |  | 13.1 | %
FHLB short-term advances |  |  | 200,000 |  |  |  | 77.2 |  |  |  | 200,000 |  |  |  | 67.1 |
Subordinated notes |  |  | 50,000 |  |  |  | 19.3 |  |  |  | 50,000 |  |  |  | 16.8 |
Junior subordinated debentures |  |  | 9,098 |  |  |  | 3.5 |  |  |  | 9,069 |  |  |  | 3.0 |
Total borrowed funds |  | $ | 259,098 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 298,029 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %

Capital Resources

Stockholders’ equity is influenced primarily by earnings, dividends, the Company’s sales and repurchases of its common stock and changes in accumulated other comprehensive income caused primarily by fluctuations in unrealized gains or losses, net of taxes, on available-for-sale securities.

Stockholders’ equity increased $18.8 million, or 3.8%, to $514.2 million as of March 31, 2025, compared to $495.4 million as of December 31, 2024. Tangible common equity to tangible assets, a non-GAAP financial measure, increased to 7.43% as of March 31, 2025, from 7.13% as of December 31, 2024. Common equity tier 1 capital to risk weighted assets increased to 10.10% as of March 31, 2025, from 9.91% as of December 31, 2024.

The Company strives to maintain an adequate capital base to support the Company’s activities in a safe and sound manner while at the same time attempting to maximize stockholder value. Capital adequacy is assessed against the risk inherent in the Company’s balance sheet, recognizing that unexpected loss is the common denominator of risk, and that common equity has the greatest capacity to absorb unexpected loss.

The Company is subject to various regulatory capital requirements both at the Company and at the Bank level. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements could result in certain mandatory and possible additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have an adverse material effect on the Company’s financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, specific capital guidelines must be met that involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting policies. The Company has consistently maintained regulatory capital ratios at or above the well-capitalized standards.

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At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company met all the capital adequacy requirements to which the Company was subject. The table below presents the Company’s and the Bank’s regulatory capital ratios and the Company’s tangible common equity to tangible assets ratio as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
Capital Ratios |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Alerus Financial Corporation Consolidated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common equity tier 1 capital to risk weighted assets |  |  | 10.10 | % |  |  | 9.91 | %
Tier 1 capital to risk weighted assets |  |  | 10.31 | % |  |  | 10.12 | %
Total capital to risk weighted assets |  |  | 12.67 | % |  |  | 12.49 | %
Tier 1 capital to average assets |  |  | 8.86 | % |  |  | 8.65 | %
Tangible common equity to tangible assets (1) |  |  | 7.43 | % |  |  | 7.13 | %
Alerus Financial, National Association |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common equity tier 1 capital to risk weighted assets |  |  | 10.36 | % |  |  | 10.18 | %
Tier 1 capital to risk weighted assets |  |  | 10.36 | % |  |  | 10.18 | %
Total capital to risk weighted assets |  |  | 11.61 | % |  |  | 11.43 | %
Tier 1 capital to average assets |  |  | 9.06 | % |  |  | 8.69 | %

(1) | Represents a non-GAAP financial measure. See “Non-GAAP to GAAP Reconciliations and Calculation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”

The regulatory capital ratios for the Company and the Bank, as of March 31, 2025, as shown in the above table, were at levels above the regulatory minimums to be considered “well capitalized.” See “NOTE 19 Regulatory Matters” of the consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Off‑Balance Sheet Arrangements

The Company is a party to financial instruments with off‑balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of the Company’s customers. These financial instruments consist primarily of commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to customers, generally having fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses that may require payment of a fee. These commitments consist principally of unused commercial and consumer credit lines. Standby letters of credit generally are contingent upon the failure of the customer to perform according to the terms of an underlying contract with a third party. The credit risks associated with commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit are essentially the same as that involved with extending loans to customers and are subject to normal credit policies. Collateral may be required based on management’s assessment of the customer’s creditworthiness. The fair value of these commitments is considered immaterial for disclosure purposes.

A summary of the contractual amounts of the Company’s exposure to off‑balance sheet agreements as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, was as follows:

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Commitments to extend credit |  | $ | 1,047,185 |  |  | $ | 1,090,114 |
Standby letters of credit |  |  | 18,424 |  |  |  | 30,033 |
Total |  | $ | 1,065,609 |  |  | $ | 1,120,147 |

Liquidity

Liquidity management is the process by which the Company manages the flow of funds necessary to meet the Company’s financial commitments on a timely basis and at a reasonable cost and to take advantage of earnings enhancement opportunities. These financial commitments include withdrawals by depositors, credit commitments to borrowers, expenses of the Company’s operations, and capital expenditures. Liquidity is monitored and closely managed by the Company’s asset and liability committee (the “ALCO”), a group of senior officers from the finance, enterprise risk management, deposit, investment, treasury, and lending areas. It is the ALCO’s responsibility to ensure the Company has the necessary level of funds available for normal operations as well as maintain a contingency funding policy to ensure that potential liquidity stress events are planned for, quickly identified, and that management has plans in place to respond. The ALCO has created policies which establish limits and require measurements to monitor liquidity trends, including modeling and management reporting that identifies the amounts and costs of all available funding sources.

As of March 31, 2025, the Company had on balance sheet liquidity of $410.2 million, compared to $579.0 million as of December 31, 2024. On balance sheet liquidity includes cash and cash equivalents, federal funds sold, unencumbered securities available‑for‑sale, and over collateralized securities pledging positions available-for-sale.

As of March 31, 2025, the Company had off balance sheet liquidity of $2.5 billion, compared to $2.3 billion as of December 31, 2024. Off balance sheet liquidity includes FHLB borrowing capacity, federal funds lines, and brokered deposit capacity.

The Bank is a member of the FHLB, which provides short‑ and long‑term funding to its members through advances collateralized by real estate related assets and other select collateral, most typically in the form of debt securities. Actual borrowing capacity is contingent on the amount of collateral available to be pledged to the FHLB. As of March 31, 2025, the Company had no federal funds purchased and $200.0 million in short-term borrowings from the FHLB. As of March 31, 2025, the Company had $2.4 billion of collateral pledged to the FHLB and, based on this collateral, the Company was eligible to borrow up to an additional $1.3 billion from the FHLB. In addition, the Company can borrow up to $127.0 million through the unsecured lines of credit the Company has established with five other correspondent banks.

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In addition, because the Bank is “well capitalized,” the Company can accept wholesale deposits up to 20.0% of total assets based on current policy limits, or $1.1 billion, as of March 31, 2025. Management believed that the Company had adequate resources to fund all of the Company’s commitments as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

The Company’s primary sources of liquidity include liquid assets, as well as unencumbered securities that can be used to collateralize additional funding.

Though remote, the possibility of a funding crisis exists at all financial institutions. Management has addressed this issue by formulating a liquidity contingency plan, which has been reviewed and approved by both the Bank’s Board of Directors and the ALCO. The plan addresses the actions that the Company would take in response to both a short‑term and long‑term funding crisis.

A short‑term funding crisis would most likely result from a shock to the financial system, either internal or external, which disrupts orderly short‑term funding operations. Such a crisis would likely be temporary in nature and would not involve a change in credit ratings. A long‑term funding crisis would most likely be the result of both external and internal factors and would most likely result in drastic credit deterioration. Management believes that both potential circumstances have been fully addressed through detailed action plans and the establishment of trigger points for monitoring such events.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Market risk is the risk of loss arising from adverse changes in the fair value of financial instruments due to changes in interest rates. Interest rate risk is the risk to earnings and equity value arising from changes in market interest rates and arises in the normal course of business to the extent that there is a divergence between the amount of interest earning assets and the amount of interest‑bearing liabilities that are prepaid/withdrawn, re‑price, or mature in specified periods. The Company seeks to achieve consistent growth in net interest income and equity while managing volatility arising from shifts in market interest rates. The ALCO oversees market risk management, monitoring risk measures, limits, and policy guidelines for managing the amount of interest rate risk and its effect on net interest income and capital. The Bank’s Board of Directors approves policy limits with respect to interest rate risk.

Interest Rate Risk

Interest rate risk management is an active process that encompasses monitoring loan and deposit flows complemented by investment and funding activities. Effective interest rate risk management begins with understanding the dynamic characteristics of assets and liabilities and determining the appropriate interest rate risk position given business activities, management objectives, market expectations and ALCO policy limits and guidelines.

Interest rate risk can come in a variety of forms, including repricing risk, basis risk, yield curve risk and option risk. Repricing risk is the risk of adverse consequences from a change in interest rates that arises because of differences in the timing of when those interest rate changes impact the Company’s assets and liabilities. Basis risk is the risk of adverse consequence resulting from unequal change in the spread between two or more rates for different instruments with the same maturity. Yield curve risk is the risk of adverse consequences resulting from unequal changes in the spread between two or more rates for different maturities for the same or different instruments. Option risk in financial instruments arises from embedded options such as options provided to borrowers to make unscheduled loan prepayments, options provided to debt issuers to exercise call options prior to maturity, and depositor options to make withdrawals and early redemptions.

Management regularly reviews the Company’s exposure to changes in interest rates. Among the factors considered are changes in the mix of interest earning assets and interest‑bearing liabilities, interest rate spreads and repricing periods. The ALCO reviews, on at least a quarterly basis, the interest rate risk position.

The interest‑rate risk position is measured and monitored at the Bank using net interest income simulation models and economic value of equity sensitivity analysis that capture both short‑term and long‑term interest‑rate risk exposure.

Modeling the sensitivity of net interest income and the economic value of equity to changes in market interest rates is highly dependent on numerous assumptions incorporated into the modeling process. The models used for these measurements rely on estimates of the potential impact that changes in interest rates may have on the value and prepayment speeds on all components of the Company’s loan portfolio, investment portfolio, as well as embedded options and cash flows of other assets and liabilities. The balance sheet composition and size are assumed to remain static in the simulation modeling process. The analysis provides a framework as to what the Company’s overall sensitivity position is as of the Company’s most recent reported position and the impact that potential changes in interest rates may have on net interest income and the economic value of the Company’s equity.

Net interest income simulation involves forecasting net interest income under a variety of interest rate scenarios including instantaneous shocks.

The estimated impact on the Company’s net interest income as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, assuming immediate parallel moves in interest rates, is presented in the table below:

|  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
|  | Following |  |  | Following |  |  | Following |  |  | Following |
|  | 12 months |  |  | 24 months |  |  | 12 months |  |  | 24 months |
+400 basis points |  |  | 0.5 | % |  |  | 12.3 | % |  |  | 1.7 | % |  |  | 13.6 | %
+300 basis points |  |  | 0.3 | % |  |  | 9.0 | % |  |  | 1.2 | % |  |  | 10.0 | %
+200 basis points |  |  | 0.5 | % |  |  | 6.7 | % |  |  | 1.1 | % |  |  | 7.2 | %
+100 basis points |  |  | 0.4 | % |  |  | 3.6 | % |  |  | 0.6 | % |  |  | 3.7 | %
−100 basis points |  |  | 0.6 | % |  |  | -3.0 | % |  |  | 0.4 | % |  |  | -3.1 | %
−200 basis points |  |  | 1.0 | % |  |  | -6.6 | % |  |  | 0.7 | % |  |  | -6.8 | %
−300 basis points |  |  | 1.8 | % |  |  | -9.2 | % |  |  | 0.8 | % |  |  | -10.5 | %
−400 basis points |  |  | 4.3 | % |  |  | -6.7 | % |  |  | 4.0 | % |  |  | -7.0 | %

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Management strategies may impact future reporting periods, as actual results may differ from simulated results due to the timing, magnitude, and frequency of interest rate changes, the difference between actual experience and the characteristics assumed, as well as changes in market conditions. Market-based prepayment speeds are factored into the analysis for loan and securities portfolios. Rate sensitivity for transactional deposit accounts is modeled based on both historical experience and external industry studies.

Management uses an economic value of equity sensitivity analysis to understand the impact of interest rate changes on long‑term cash flows, income, and capital. Economic value of equity is based on discounting the cash flows for all balance sheet instruments under different interest rate scenarios. Deposit premiums are based on external industry studies and utilizing historical experience.

The table below presents the change in the economic value of equity as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, assuming immediate parallel shifts in interest rates:

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
+400 basis points |  |  | -5.2 | % |  |  | -6.2 | %
+300 basis points |  |  | -4.0 | % |  |  | -4.8 | %
+200 basis points |  |  | -1.6 | % |  |  | -2.4 | %
+100 basis points |  |  | -0.2 | % |  |  | -0.8 | %
−100 basis points |  |  | -0.5 | % |  |  | 0.1 | %
−200 basis points |  |  | -2.2 | % |  |  | -0.9 | %
−300 basis points |  |  | -6.6 | % |  |  | -3.6 | %
−400 basis points |  |  | -13.8 | % |  |  | -8.5 | %

Operational Risk

Operational risk is the risk of loss due to human behavior, inadequate or failed internal systems and controls, and external influences such as market conditions, fraudulent activities, disasters, and security risks. Management continuously strives to strengthen its system of internal controls, enterprise risk management, operating processes and employee awareness to assess the impact on earnings and capital and to improve the oversight of the Company’s operational risk.

Compliance Risk

Compliance risk represents the risk of regulatory sanctions, reputational impact or financial loss resulting from failure to comply with rules and regulations issued by the various banking agencies and standards of good banking practice. Activities which may expose the Company to compliance risk include, but are not limited to, those dealing with the prevention of money laundering, privacy and data protection, community reinvestment initiatives, fair lending challenges resulting from the expansion of the Company’s banking center network, employment and tax matters.

Strategic and/or Reputation Risk

Strategic and/or reputation risk represents the risk of loss due to impairment of reputation, failure to fully develop and execute business plans, failure to assess current and new opportunities in business, markets and products, and any other event not identified in the defined risk types mentioned previously. Mitigation of the various risk elements that represent strategic and/or reputation risk is achieved through initiatives to help management better understand and report on various risks, including those related to the development of new products and business initiatives.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company’s management, including the President and Chief Executive Officer, the Chief Financial Officer, and the Chief Accounting Officer, have evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s “disclosure controls and procedures” (as defined in Rule 13a‑15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on such evaluation, the President and Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of the end of such period, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of that date to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC and that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its President and Chief Executive Officer and its Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

In its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2024, management concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures over financial reporting were not effective as of the end of such period, due to the existence of a material weakness related to a unique, one-time transaction, where goodwill initially calculated by the Company was inaccurate. The Company has since designed and implemented control activities to ensure that there is the appropriate periodic assessment of its business combination accounting policies and procedures, and its accounting department employees have participated in education and training related to business combination accounting and discussed with accounting experts to provide appropriate guidance in connection with accounting for business combinations. Other than disclosed herein, there have not been any changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rule 13a 15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the fiscal quarter to which this report relates that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1 – Legal Proceedings

For information regarding litigation, other disputes and regulatory proceedings see the section “Legal Contingencies” in “NOTE 12 Commitments and Contingencies” of the consolidated financial statements.

Item 1A – Risk Factors

There have been no material changes to the risk factors disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 14, 2025.

Item 2 – Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

None.

Issuer Repurchases of Equity Securities

The following table presents information related to repurchases of shares of the Company’s common stock for each calendar month in the first quarter of 2025:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total Number of |  |  | Maximum Number of |
|  | Total Number |  |  | Average |  |  | Shares Purchased as |  |  | Shares that May |
|  | of Shares |  |  | Price Paid |  |  | Part of Publicly |  |  | Yet be Purchased |
(dollars in thousands, except per share data) |  | Purchased (1) |  |  | per Share |  |  | Announced Plans |  |  | Under the Plan (2) |
January 1-31, 2025 |  |  | 4,253 |  |  | $ | 19.56 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,000,000 |
February 1-28, 2025 |  |  | 31,194 |  |  |  | 21.29 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,000,000 |
March 1-31, 2025 |  |  | 629 |  |  |  | 18.43 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,000,000 |
Total |  |  | 36,076 |  |  | $ | 21.04 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,000,000 |

(1) | Represents shares of the Company’s common stock purchased by the Company’s Employee Stock Ownership Plan in open market purchases and shares surrendered by employees to the Company to pay withholding taxes on the vesting of restricted stock awards.

(2) | On December 12, 2023, the Board of Directors of the Company approved the Program, which authorized the Company to repurchase up to 1,000,000 shares of its common stock, subject to certain limitations and conditions. The Program became effective on February 18, 2024, and replaced a prior stock repurchase program. The Program will expire on February 18, 2027. The Program does not obligate the Company to repurchase any shares of its common stock and there is no assurance that the Company will do so. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company did not repurchase any shares of common stock under the Program. Does not include shares that may be purchased by the Company’s Employee Stock Ownership Plan.

Use of Proceeds from Registered Securities

None.

Item 3 – Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4 – Mine Safety Disclosures

Not Applicable.

Item 5 – Other Information

During the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2025, none of the Company’s directors or executive officers adopted or terminated any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of Company securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule10b5-1(c) or any non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement.

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Item 6 – Exhibits

Exhibit No. |  | Description
3.1 |  | Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Alerus Financial Corporation (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 on Form S-1 filed on August 16, 2019).
3.2 |  | Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of Alerus Financial Corporation (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 on Form S-1 filed on August 16, 2019).
31.1 |  | Chief Executive Officer’s Certifications required by Rule 13(a)‑14(a) – filed herewith.
31.2 |  | Chief Financial Officer’s Certifications required by Rule 13(a)‑14(a) – filed herewith.
32.1 |  | Chief Executive Officer Certifications pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 – filed herewith.
32.2 |  | Chief Financial Officer Certifications pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 – filed herewith.
101.INS |  | iXBRL Instance Document
101.SCH |  | iXBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
101.CAL |  | iXBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
101.DEF |  | iXBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
101.LAB |  | iXBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
101.PRE |  | iXBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibits 101)

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| ALERUS FINANCIAL CORPORATION
Date: May 5, 2025 | By: | /s/ Katie A. Lorenson
|  | Name: Katie A. Lorenson
|  | Title: President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: May 5, 2025 | By: | /s/ Alan A. Villalon
|  | Name: Alan A. Villalon
|  | Title: Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

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