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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2021
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Tax Disclosure
14) INCOME TAXES

The Company files a consolidated federal income tax return with all eligible subsidiaries. Since we have less than an 80% interest in JIC, JIC is not eligible to file on a consolidated basis with UIHC.

The following table summarizes the provision for income taxes:
Year Ended December 31,
202120202019
Federal:
Current$(2,207)$(27,310)$58 
Deferred(18,830)(6,611)(4,520)
Benefit for Federal income tax expense(21,037)(33,921)(4,462)
State:
Current1,033 598 1,100 
Deferred(3,985)(3,282)241 
Provision (benefit) for State income tax expense(2,952)(2,684)1,341 
Benefit for income taxes$(23,989)$(36,605)$(3,121)
The actual income tax expense differs from the expected income tax expense computed by applying the combined applicable effective federal and state tax rates to income before the provision for income taxes as follows:

Year Ended December 31,
202120202019
Expected income tax expense at federal rate$(17,610)$(27,741)$(6,847)
State tax expense, net of federal deduction benefit(1,176)(3,603)(882)
Dividend received deduction(59)(141)(195)
Other permanent items125 600 1,349 
Prior period accrual adjustment(1,053)2,230 3,415 
Outside basis in subsidiary(964)470 — 
Net operating loss carryback rate benefit (1)
— (12,566)— 
Municipal tax-exempt interest(134)(280)(587)
Change in valuation allowance(1,352)5,505 989 
Change in enacted tax rate(1,386)(358)(363)
Change in tax credit carryforward(380)(721)— 
Reported income tax benefit$(23,989)$(36,605)$(3,121)
 (1) Pursuant to the recently enacted CARES Act.

Deferred income taxes, which are included in other assets or other liabilities as appropriate, reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes.

As of December 31, 2021, we had net operating loss (NOL) carryforwards. The amount and timing of realizing the benefits of NOL carryforwards depend on future taxable income and limitation imposed by tax laws. There is no expiration for $1,099,000 of our Federal NOL carryforward. The remaining $87,947,000 of our Federal NOL carryforward expires in or after 2040. Our $131,920,000 of state NOL carryforward expires in or after 2039. The unused business tax credits of $1,990,000 will expire in or after 2037.
The table below summarizes the significant components of our net deferred tax asset (liability):
 
December 31,
20212020
Deferred tax assets:
Unearned premiums$10,326 $16,404 
Unrealized loss1,230 — 
Tax-related discount on loss reserve3,121 4,027 
R&D tax credit carryforward1,990 1,686 
Dual consolidated loss carryforward 5,103 6,511 
Net operating loss carryforward 25,472 7,900 
Capitalized software— — 
Other1,682 1,189 
Total pre-allowance deferred tax assets48,924 37,717 
          Valuation allowance(5,142)(6,494)
          Total deferred tax assets43,782 31,223 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Deferred acquisitions costs(10,356)(20,191)
Unrealized gain— (3,253)
Intangible assets(3,607)(4,553)
Prepaid expenses(837)(725)
Investments(77)(78)
Fixed assets(4,990)(5,618)
Outside basis in subsidiary— (974)
Total deferred tax liabilities(19,867)(35,392)
Net deferred tax asset (liability)$23,915 $(4,169)

We had a valuation allowance of $5,142,000 and $6,494,000 at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. In assessing the net realizable value of deferred tax assets, we consider whether it is more likely than not that we will not realize some portion or all of the deferred tax assets. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets depends upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. We considered taxable income (loss), reversals of temporary items, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. The current year decrease in valuation allowance predominately relates to the impact of current year results on management’s estimate that the net deferred tax assets of certain reinsurance subsidiaries will not be realizable.

The statute of limitations related to our consolidated Federal income tax returns and our Florida income tax returns expired for all tax years up to and including 2017; therefore, only the 2018 through 2021 tax years remain subject to examination by taxing authorities. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we were examined by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) regarding our 2016 income tax return. This examination was closed by the IRS prior to December 31, 2020 with no material adjustment needed.

UPC Insurance’s reinsurance subsidiaries, which are based in the Cayman Islands and Bermuda, made an irrevocable election under section 953(d) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, to be treated as a domestic insurance company for U.S. Federal income tax purposes. As a result of this election, our reinsurance subsidiaries are subject to United States income tax on its worldwide income as if it were a U.S. corporation.
The following is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits for the year ended December 31, 2021:

December 31, 2021
Balance at January 1$683 
Additions based on tax positions related to current year151 
Balance at December 31$834 
Included in the balance at December 31, 2021 was $834,000 of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect the annual effective tax rate. We do not anticipate a material change in the unrecognized tax benefits over the next 12 months.