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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
_______________________
FORM 10-Q
_______________________
☑ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2022
OR
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from ________ to ________
Commission File Number 001-35761
____________________
United Insurance Holdings Corp.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

| Delaware |  | 75-3241967 |
| (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) |  | (IRS Employer Identification Number) |

| 800 2nd Avenue S. |  | 33701 |
| St. Petersburg, | Florida |  |
| (Address of Principle Executive Offices) |  | (Zip Code) |

727-895-7737
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share | UIHC | Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Accelerated filer | ☑
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  |  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. £
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No R
As of August 4, 2022, 43,313,166 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, were outstanding.

UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
| Item 1. Financial Statements | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss (Unaudited) | 5
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Unaudited) | 7
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) | 8
| Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 9
| Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 37
| Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 64
| Item 4. Controls and Procedures | 64
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION |
| Item 1. Legal Proceedings | 64
| Item 1A. Risk Factors | 65
| Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 65
| Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 65
| Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures | 65
| Item 5. Other Information | 65
| Item 6. Exhibits | 65
Signatures | 66

Throughout this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Form 10-Q), we present amounts in all tables in thousands, except for share amounts, per share amounts, policy counts or where more specific language or context indicates a different presentation. In the narrative sections of this Form 10-Q, we show full values rounded to the nearest thousand.
2

UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Form 10-Q contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements include statements about anticipated growth in revenues, gross written premium, earnings per share, estimated unpaid losses on insurance policies, investment returns, and diversification and expectations about our liquidity, our ability to meet our investment objectives and our ability to manage and mitigate market risk with respect to our investments. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, words such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “endeavor,” “project,” “believe,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “could,” “would,” “estimate,” or “continue” or the negative variations thereof or comparable terminology are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These statements are based on current expectations, estimates and projections about the industry and market in which we operate, and management's beliefs and assumptions. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve certain known and unknown risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such statements. The risks and uncertainties include, without limitation:
•our exposure to catastrophic events and severe weather conditions;
•the regulatory, economic and weather conditions present in Florida, Texas, and Louisiana, the states in which we are most concentrated;
•our ability to cultivate and maintain agent relationships, particularly our relationship with AmRisc, LLC;
•our reliance on certain agencies that account for a substantial portion of our policies-in-force;
•the possibility that actual claims incurred may exceed our loss reserves for claims;
•assessments charged by various governmental agencies;
•our ability to implement and maintain adequate internal controls over financial reporting;
•our ability to maintain information technology and data security systems, and to outsource relationships;
•our reliance on key vendor relationships, and the ability of our vendors to protect the personally identifiable information of our customers, claimants or employees;
•our ability to attract and retain the services of senior management;
•risks and uncertainties relating to our acquisitions, mergers, dispositions and other strategic transactions;
•risks associated with joint ventures and investments in which we share ownership or management with third parties;
•our ability to generate sufficient cash to service all of our indebtedness and comply with covenants and other requirements related to our indebtedness;
•our ability to maintain our market share;
•changes in the regulatory environment present in the states in which we operate;
•the impact of new federal or state regulations that affect the insurance industry;
•the cost, viability and availability of reinsurance;
•our ability to collect from our reinsurers on our reinsurance claims;
•dependence on investment income and the composition of our investment portfolio and related market risks;
•the possibility of the pricing and terms for our products to decline due to the historically cyclical nature of the property and casualty insurance and reinsurance industry;
•the outcome of litigation pending against us, including the terms of any settlements;
•downgrades in our financial strength or stability ratings;
•the impact of future transactions of substantial amounts of our common stock by us or our significant stockholders on our stock price;
•our ability to pay dividends in the future, which may be constrained by our holding company structure;
•the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends in the future, which may affect our liquidity and our ability to meet our obligations;
•the ability of R. Daniel Peed and his affiliates to exert significant control over us due to substantial ownership of our common stock, subject to certain restrictive covenants that may restrict our ability to pursue certain opportunities;
•the impact of transactions by R. Daniel Peed and his affiliates on the price of our common stock;
•provisions in our charter documents that may make it harder for others to obtain control of us;
•the impact of the novel strain of coronavirus (COVID-19) and related business disruption and economic uncertainty on our business, results of operations and financial condition; and
•other risks and uncertainties described in the section entitled "Risk Factors" in Part I, Item 1A in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 and in Part II, Item 1A of this Form 10-Q.
We caution you not to rely on these forward-looking statements, which are valid only as of the date they were made. Except as may be required by applicable law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements to reflect new information, the occurrence of unanticipated events or otherwise.
3

UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)

|  | June 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
ASSETS |  |  |  |
Investments, at fair value: |  |  |  |
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale (amortized cost of $578,059 and $672,139, respectively) |  | $ | 527,091 |  |  | $ | 663,602 |
Equity securities |  | 37,552 |  |  | 37,958 |
Other investments (amortized cost of $16,506 and $17,131, respectively) |  | 16,590 |  |  | 18,006 |
Total investments |  | $ | 581,233 |  |  | $ | 719,566 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 283,785 |  |  | 212,024 |
Restricted cash |  | 33,361 |  |  | 33,254 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | $ | 317,146 |  |  | $ | 245,278 |
Accrued investment income |  | 3,096 |  |  | 3,296 |
Property and equipment, net |  | 27,890 |  |  | 31,561 |
Premiums receivable, net (credit allowance of $26 and $32, respectively) |  | 101,546 |  |  | 79,166 |
Reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses, net (credit allowance of $340 and $563, respectively) |  | 757,511 |  |  | 997,120 |
Ceded unearned premiums |  | 502,664 |  |  | 430,631 |
Goodwill |  | 73,045 |  |  | 73,045 |
Deferred policy acquisition costs, net |  | 77,191 |  |  | 38,520 |
Intangible assets, net |  | 16,751 |  |  | 18,375 |
Other assets |  | 35,981 |  |  | 62,015 |
Total Assets |  | $ | 2,494,054 |  |  | $ | 2,698,573 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses |  | $ | 849,994 |  |  | $ | 1,084,450 |
Unearned premiums |  | 659,597 |  |  | 644,940 |
Reinsurance payable on premiums |  | 437,684 |  |  | 248,625 |
Payments outstanding |  | 108,963 |  |  | 114,524 |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses |  | 68,565 |  |  | 76,258 |
Operating lease liability |  | 1,600 |  |  | 1,934 |
Other liabilities |  | 44,711 |  |  | 39,324 |
Notes payable, net |  | 155,968 |  |  | 156,561 |
Total Liabilities |  | $ | 2,327,082 |  |  | $ | 2,366,616 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 11) |  |  |  |
Stockholders' Equity: |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value; 1,000,000 shares authorized; none issued or outstanding |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Common stock, $0.0001 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized; 43,525,249 and 43,360,429 issued, respectively; 43,313,166 and 43,370,442 outstanding, respectively |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 394,902 |  |  | 394,268 |
Treasury shares, at cost: 212,083 shares |  | (431) |  |  | (431) |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | (48,861) |  |  | (6,531) |
Retained earnings (deficit) |  | (178,642) |  |  | (74,904) |
Total stockholders' equity attributable to United Insurance Holdings Corp. (UIHC) stockholders |  | $ | 166,972 |  |  | $ | 312,406 |
Noncontrolling interests (NCI) |  | — |  |  | 19,551 |
Total Stockholders' Equity |  | $ | 166,972 |  |  | $ | 331,957 |
Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity |  | $ | 2,494,054 |  |  | $ | 2,698,573 |

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
4

UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss (Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
|  | June 30, |  | June 30,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
REVENUE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross premiums written |  | $ | 360,146 |  |  | $ | 426,424 |  |  | $ | 639,621 |  |  | $ | 738,062 |
Change in gross unearned premiums |  | (54,388) |  |  | (69,991) |  |  | (14,657) |  |  | (24,966) |
Gross premiums earned |  | 305,758 |  |  | 356,433 |  |  | 624,964 |  |  | 713,096 |
Ceded premiums earned |  | (194,353) |  |  | (210,973) |  |  | (412,702) |  |  | (421,687) |
Net premiums earned |  | 111,405 |  |  | 145,460 |  |  | 212,262 |  |  | 291,409 |
Net investment income |  | 3,140 |  |  | 3,683 |  |  | 5,618 |  |  | 7,266 |
Net realized investment gains (losses) |  | (78) |  |  | (124) |  |  | (1,847) |  |  | 379 |
Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities |  | (5,084) |  |  | 2,438 |  |  | (7,352) |  |  | 5,002 |
Other revenue |  | 6,410 |  |  | 3,997 |  |  | 9,478 |  |  | 13,187 |
Total revenue |  | 115,793 |  |  | 155,454 |  |  | 218,159 |  |  | 317,243 |
EXPENSES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Losses and loss adjustment expenses |  | 90,074 |  |  | 118,064 |  |  | 181,442 |  |  | 233,845 |
Policy acquisition costs |  | 28,988 |  |  | 41,327 |  |  | 55,004 |  |  | 82,148 |
Operating expenses |  | 13,019 |  |  | 13,482 |  |  | 25,267 |  |  | 26,704 |
General and administrative expenses |  | 14,494 |  |  | 13,112 |  |  | 30,499 |  |  | 28,994 |
Interest expense |  | 2,394 |  |  | 2,257 |  |  | 4,773 |  |  | 4,632 |
Total expenses |  | 148,969 |  |  | 188,242 |  |  | 296,985 |  |  | 376,323 |
Loss before other income |  | (33,176) |  |  | (32,788) |  |  | (78,826) |  |  | (59,080) |
Other income |  | 271 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 1,614 |  |  | 25 |
Loss before income taxes |  | (32,905) |  |  | (32,773) |  |  | (77,212) |  |  | (59,055) |
Provision (benefit) for income taxes |  | 36,150 |  |  | (9,352) |  |  | 25,100 |  |  | (17,174) |
Net Loss |  | $ | (69,055) |  |  | $ | (23,421) |  |  | $ | (102,312) |  |  | $ | (41,881) |
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to NCI |  | (26) |  |  | 89 |  |  | (111) |  |  | (600) |
Net loss attributable to UIHC |  | $ | (69,029) |  |  | $ | (23,510) |  |  | $ | (102,201) |  |  | $ | (41,281) |
OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in net unrealized gains (losses) on investments |  | (16,590) |  |  | 8,242 |  |  | (44,279) |  |  | (13,497) |
Reclassification adjustment for net realized investment losses (gains) |  | 78 |  |  | 124 |  |  | 1,847 |  |  | (379) |
Income tax benefit (expense) related to items of other comprehensive income (loss) |  | (6,187) |  |  | (2,012) |  |  | 49 |  |  | 3,364 |
Total comprehensive loss |  | $ | (91,754) |  |  | $ | (17,067) |  |  | $ | (144,695) |  |  | $ | (52,393) |
Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to NCI |  | 479 |  |  | 160 |  |  | (164) |  |  | (757) |
Comprehensive loss attributable to UIHC |  | $ | (92,233) |  |  | $ | (17,227) |  |  | $ | (144,531) |  |  | $ | (51,636) |
Weighted average shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | 43,049,227 |  |  | 42,950,666 |  |  | 43,015,114 |  |  | 42,924,662 |
Diluted |  | 43,049,227 |  |  | 42,950,666 |  |  | 43,015,114 |  |  | 42,924,662 |
Earnings available to UIHC common stockholders per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | (1.60) |  |  | $ | (0.55) |  |  | $ | (2.38) |  |  | $ | (0.96) |
Diluted |  | $ | (1.60) |  |  | $ | (0.55) |  |  | $ | (2.38) |  |  | $ | (0.96) |

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
5

UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Three Months Ended
(Unaudited)

| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Treasury Stock |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Retained Earnings (Deficit) |  | Stockholders' Equity Attributable to UIHC |  | NCI |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
| Number of Shares |  | Dollars |  |  |  |  |  |
March 31, 2021 | 43,147,180 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 393,382 |  |  | $ | (431) |  |  | $ | (6,945) |  |  | $ | (27,001) |  |  | $ | 359,009 |  |  | $ | 20,929 |  |  | $ | 379,938 |
Net income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (23,510) |  |  | (23,510) |  |  | 89 |  |  | (23,421) |
Other comprehensive income, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,283 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,283 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 6,354 |
Stock Compensation | 80,777 |  |  | — |  |  | 142 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 142 |  |  | — |  |  | 142 |
Cash dividends on common stock ($0.06 per common share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,591) |  |  | (2,591) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,591) |
June 30, 2021 | 43,227,957 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 393,524 |  |  | $ | (431) |  |  | $ | (662) |  |  | $ | (53,102) |  |  | $ | 339,333 |  |  | $ | 21,089 |  |  | $ | 360,422 |

| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Treasury Stock |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Retained Earnings (Deficit) |  | Stockholders' Equity Attributable to UIHC |  | NCI |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
| Number of Shares |  | Dollars |  |  |  |  |  |  |
March 31, 2022 | 43,257,595 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 394,720 |  |  | $ | (431) |  |  | $ | (25,657) |  |  | $ | (110,665) |  |  | $ | 257,971 |  |  | $ | 18,908 |  |  | $ | 276,879 |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (69,029) |  |  | (69,029) |  |  | (26) |  |  | (69,055) |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (23,204) |  |  | — |  |  | (23,204) |  |  | 505 |  |  | (22,699) |
Return of Capital to NCI | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,052 |  |  | 1,052 |  |  | (19,387) |  |  | (18,335) |
Stock Compensation | 55,571 |  |  | — |  |  | 182 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 182 |  |  | — |  |  | 182 |
June 30, 2022 | 43,313,166 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 394,902 |  |  | $ | (431) |  |  | $ | (48,861) |  |  | $ | (178,642) |  |  | $ | 166,972 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 166,972 |

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
6

UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Six Months Ended
(Unaudited)

| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Treasury Stock |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Retained Earnings (Deficit) |  | Stockholders' Equity Attributable to UIHC |  | NCI |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
| Number of Shares |  | Dollars |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2020 | 43,075,877 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 393,122 |  |  | $ | (431) |  |  | $ | 9,693 |  |  | $ | (6,635) |  |  | $ | 395,753 |  |  | $ | 21,846 |  |  | $ | 417,599 |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (41,281) |  |  | (41,281) |  |  | (600) |  |  | (41,881) |
Other comprehensive loss, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,355) |  |  | — |  |  | (10,355) |  |  | (157) |  |  | (10,512) |
Stock Compensation | 152,080 |  |  | — |  |  | 402 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 402 |  |  | — |  |  | 402 |
Cash dividends on common stock ($0.12 per common share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,186) |  |  | (5,186) |  |  | — |  |  | (5,186) |
June 30, 2021 | 43,227,957 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 393,524 |  |  | $ | (431) |  |  | $ | (662) |  |  | $ | (53,102) |  |  | $ | 339,333 |  |  | $ | 21,089 |  |  | $ | 360,422 |

| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Treasury Stock |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Retained Earnings (Deficit) |  | Stockholders' Equity Attributable to UIHC |  | NCI |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
| Number of Shares |  | Dollars |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2021 | 43,370,442 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 394,268 |  |  | $ | (431) |  |  | $ | (6,531) |  |  | $ | (74,904) |  |  | $ | 312,406 |  |  | $ | 19,551 |  |  | $ | 331,957 |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (102,201) |  |  | (102,201) |  |  | (111) |  |  | (102,312) |
Other comprehensive loss, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (42,330) |  |  | — |  |  | (42,330) |  |  | (53) |  |  | (42,383) |
Return of Capital to NCI | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,052 |  |  | 1,052 |  |  | (19,387) |  |  | (18,335) |
Stock Compensation | (57,276) |  |  | — |  |  | 634 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 634 |  |  | — |  |  | 634 |
Cash dividends on common stock ($0.06 per common share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,589) |  |  | (2,589) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,589) |
June 30, 2022 | 43,313,166 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 394,902 |  |  | $ | (431) |  |  | $ | (48,861) |  |  | $ | (178,642) |  |  | $ | 166,972 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 166,972 |

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
7

UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

|  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021
OPERATING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (102,312) |  |  | $ | (41,881) |
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 5,042 |  |  | 6,255 |
Bond amortization and accretion |  | 3,041 |  |  | 4,555 |
Net realized losses (gains) on investments |  | 1,847 |  |  | (379) |
Net unrealized losses (gains) on equity securities |  | 7,352 |  |  | (5,002) |
Provision for uncollectable premiums |  | 6 |  |  | 77 |
Provision for uncollectable reinsurance recoverables |  | 223 |  |  | (110) |
Provision for uncollectable notes receivable |  | — |  |  | (546) |
Deferred income taxes, net |  | 24,764 |  |  | (17,112) |
Stock based compensation |  | 634 |  |  | 402 |
Stock received as consideration for renewal rights agreement |  | — |  |  | (5,007) |
Settlement of receivable owed by HCI in connection with purchase agreement |  | 3,800 |  |  | — |
Gain on sale of building |  | (1,528) |  |  | — |
Fixed asset disposal |  | 343 |  |  | 15 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |
Accrued investment income |  | 200 |  |  | 352 |
Premiums receivable |  | (22,386) |  |  | (9,403) |
Reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses |  | 239,386 |  |  | (106,161) |
Ceded unearned premiums |  | (72,033) |  |  | (208,386) |
Deferred policy acquisition costs, net |  | (38,671) |  |  | (12,444) |
Other assets |  | (1,728) |  |  | 8,719 |
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses |  | (234,456) |  |  | 46,409 |
Unearned premiums |  | 14,657 |  |  | 24,966 |
Reinsurance payable on premiums |  | 189,059 |  |  | 296,581 |
Payments outstanding |  | (5,561) |  |  | (5,703) |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses |  | (7,693) |  |  | (20,525) |
Operating lease liability |  | (334) |  |  | (152) |
Other liabilities |  | 4,634 |  |  | 16,219 |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |  | $ | 8,286 |  |  | $ | (28,261) |
INVESTING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |
Proceeds from sales, maturities and repayments of: |  |  |  |
Fixed maturities |  | 107,536 |  |  | 142,823 |
Equity securities |  | 88 |  |  | 542 |
Other investments |  | 1,464 |  |  | 23,455 |
Purchases of: |  |  |  |
Fixed maturities |  | (18,334) |  |  | (61,921) |
Equity securities |  | (6,253) |  |  | (14,987) |
Other investments |  | (840) |  |  | (35,263) |
Proceeds from sale of building |  | 3,966 |  |  | — |
Cost of property, equipment and capitalized software acquired |  | (2,360) |  |  | (2,471) |
Net cash provided by investing activities |  | $ | 85,267 |  |  | $ | 52,178 |
FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |
Repayments of borrowings |  | (761) |  |  | (1,056) |
Dividends |  | (2,589) |  |  | (5,186) |
Return of capital in connection with termination of noncontrolling interest |  | (18,335) |  |  | — |
Net cash used in financing activities |  | $ | (21,685) |  |  | $ | (6,242) |
Increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | 71,868 |  |  | 17,675 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period |  | 245,278 |  |  | 301,498 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period |  | $ | 317,146 |  |  | $ | 319,173 |
Supplemental Cash Flows Information |  |  |  |
Interest paid |  | $ | 4,771 |  |  | $ | 4,773 |
Income taxes paid (refunded) |  | $ | 644 |  |  | $ | (5,315) |

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
8

UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2022
1) ORGANIZATION, CONSOLIDATION AND PRESENTATION
(a)Business
United Insurance Holdings Corp. (referred to in this document as we, our, us, the Company or UPC Insurance) is a property and casualty insurance holding company that sources, writes and services residential personal and commercial property and casualty insurance policies using a network of agents and three wholly-owned insurance subsidiaries. Our original insurance subsidiary is United Property & Casualty Insurance Company (UPC), which was formed in Florida in 1999 and has operated continuously since that time. Our two other insurance subsidiaries are Interboro Insurance Company (IIC), acquired via merger on April 29, 2016; and American Coastal Insurance Company (ACIC), acquired via merger on April 3, 2017.
Our other subsidiaries include United Insurance Management, L.C. (UIM), a managing general agent that manages substantially all aspects of UPC's business; Skyway Claims Services, LLC, which provides claims adjusting services to UPC and ACIC; AmCo Holding Company, LLC (AmCo) which is a holding company subsidiary that consolidates its respective insurance company; BlueLine Cayman Holdings (BlueLine), which reinsures portfolios of excess and surplus policies; UPC Re, which provides a portion of the reinsurance protection purchased by our insurance subsidiaries when needed; Skyway Reinsurance Services, LLC, which provides reinsurance brokerage services for our insurance companies; Skyway Legal Services, LLC, which provides claims litigation services to our insurance companies; and Skyway Technologies, LLC, a managing general agent that provides technological and distribution services to our insurance companies.
Our primary products are homeowners' and commercial residential property insurance. We currently offer personal residential insurance in seven states, under authorization from the insurance regulatory authorities in each state. In addition, we write commercial residential insurance in three states: Florida, South Carolina, and Texas. We are also licensed to write personal residential insurance in an additional eleven states; however, we have not commenced writing or no longer write in these states.
Effective June 1, 2022, we merged our majority-owned insurance subsidiary, Journey Insurance Company (JIC) into ACIC, with ACIC being the surviving entity. JIC was formed in strategic partnership with a subsidiary of Tokio Marine Kiln Group Limited (Kiln) on August 30, 2018 and operated independently from ACIC prior to the merging of the entities. The Kiln subsidiary held a noncontrolling interest in JIC, which was terminated prior to the merger.
Effective June 1, 2022, we entered into a quota share reinsurance agreement with TypTap Insurance Company (Typtap). Under the terms of this agreement, we cede 100% of our in-force, new, and renewal policies in the states of Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina. Effective June 1, 2022, we began the transition of South Carolina policies to Homeowners Choice Property and Casualty, Inc (HCPCI) in connection with our renewal rights agreement. As a result, these policies will no longer be covered under this agreement. This agreement replaces the 85% quota share agreement with HCPCI effective December 31, 2021.
Effective May 31, 2022, we merged Family Security Insurance Company, Inc. (FSIC) into UPC, with UPC being the surviving entity. FSIC was acquired via merger on February 3, 2015, and operated independently from UPC prior to the merging of the entities. In conjunction with the merger, we dissolved Family Security Holdings (FSH), a holding company subsidiary that consolidated its respective insurance company, FSIC.
Effective June 1, 2021, we entered into a quota share reinsurance agreement with HCPCI and TypTap. Under the terms of this agreement, we ceded 100% of our in-force, new, and renewal policies in the states of Connecticut, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. The cession of these policies was 50% to HCPCI and 50% to TypTap. HCPCI is responsible for processing all claims as a part of this agreement. As of April 1, 2022, we completed the transition of all policies in these four states to HCPCI in connection with our renewal rights agreement (Northeast Renewal Agreement) to sell UPC's personal lines homeowners business in these states.
We conduct our operations under two reportable segments, personal residential property and casualty insurance policies (personal lines) and commercial residential property and casualty insurance policies (commercial lines). Our chief operating decision maker is our President, who makes decisions to allocate resources and assesses performance at both segment levels, as well as at the corporate level.
9

UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2022
(b)Consolidation and Presentation
We prepare our unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). We have condensed or omitted certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the annual consolidated financial statements presented in accordance with GAAP. In management's opinion, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, including normal recurring items, considered necessary for a fair presentation of interim periods. We include all of our subsidiaries in our consolidated financial statements, eliminating intercompany balances and transactions during consolidation. Our unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements and footnotes should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and footnotes in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.
While preparing our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, we make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, as well as reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Accordingly, actual results could differ from those estimates. Reported amounts that require us to make extensive use of estimates include our reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, investments and goodwill. Except for the captions on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss, we generally use the term loss(es) to collectively refer to both loss and loss adjustment expenses.
Our results of operations and our cash flows as of the end of the interim periods reported herein do not necessarily indicate our results for the remainder of the year or for any other future period.
(c)Impact of COVID-19 and Financial Status
We did not experience a material impact from COVID-19 on our business operations, financial position, liquidity or our ability to service our policyholders during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting global disruptions did not have a material impact on our access to credit and capital markets needed to maintain sufficient liquidity for our continued operating needs during the quarter ended June 30, 2022.
Additionally, during the fourth quarter of 2021 we implemented our new flexible work policy. This policy allows all employees to work remotely permanently, with the return to our offices being completely voluntary at this time. We will continue to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic and take reasonable measures to make sure customers continue to be served without interruption.
2) SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
(a) Income Taxes
In June 2022, we assessed our deferred tax position and believe it is more likely than not that the benefit from certain net operating loss (NOL) carryforwards will not be realized. In recognition of this risk, we have recorded a valuation allowance of $58,326,000 against our deferred tax assets as of June 30, 2022. If our assumptions change and we determine that we will be able to realize these NOLs, we will reverse the valuation allowance accordingly.
(b) Changes to Significant Accounting Policies
There have been no changes to our significant accounting policies as reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.
(c) Pending Accounting Pronouncements
We have evaluated pending accounting pronouncements and do not believe any would have an impact on the operations or financial reporting of our company.
10

UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2022
3) SEGMENT REPORTING
Personal Lines Business
Our personal lines business provides structure, content and liability coverage for standard single-family homeowners, renters and condominium unit owners, through our subsidiaries UPC and IIC. Personal residential products are offered in all states in which we write business. We include coverage to policyholders for loss or damage to dwellings, detached structures or equipment caused by covered causes of loss such as fire, wind, hail, water, theft and vandalism.
We have developed a unique and proprietary homeowners’ product. This product uses a granular approach to pricing for catastrophe perils. We have focused on using independent agencies as a channel of distribution for our personal lines business. All of our personal lines business is managed internally.
Commercial Lines Business
Our commercial lines business primarily provides commercial multi-peril property insurance for residential condominium associations and apartments in Florida, through our subsidiary ACIC. We include coverage to policyholders for loss or damage to buildings, inventory or equipment caused by covered causes of loss such as fire, wind, hail, water, theft and vandalism. We also wrote commercial residential coverage through our subsidiary JIC, in South Carolina and Texas. Effective June 1, 2022 JIC was merged into ACIC, with ACIC being the surviving entity. As a result, the commercial residential policies originally written by JIC will not be renewed effective May 31, 2022.
All of our commercial lines business is administered by an outside managing general underwriter, AmRisc, LLC (AmRisc). This includes handling the underwriting, claims processing and premium collection related to our commercial business. In return, AmRisc is reimbursed through monthly management fees. International Catastrophe Insurance Managers (ICAT) handles the underwriting and premium collection for JIC’s commercial business written in South Carolina and Texas and is also reimbursed through monthly management fees. In 2022, the Company terminated its agreement with ICAT. Termination of this agreement is effective May 31, 2022.
Please note the following similarities pertaining to the accounting and transactions of our operating segments for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021:
•Both operating segments follow the accounting policies as reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021;
•Neither operating segment experienced significant noncash transactions outside of depreciation and amortization for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, and the receipt of HCI common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2021, in connection with our Northeast Renewal Agreement.
The tables below present the information for each of the reportable segment's profit or loss, as well as segment assets for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021.
11

UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2022

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2022
|  | Commercial |  | Personal (1) |  | Adjustments |  | Consolidated
REVENUE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross premiums written |  | $ | 181,067 |  |  | $ | 179,079 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 360,146 |
Change in gross unearned premiums |  | (67,849) |  |  | 13,461 |  |  | — |  |  | (54,388) |
Gross premiums earned |  | 113,218 |  |  | 192,540 |  |  | — |  |  | 305,758 |
Ceded premiums earned |  | (61,771) |  |  | (132,582) |  |  | — |  |  | (194,353) |
Net premiums earned |  | 51,447 |  |  | 59,958 |  |  | — |  |  | 111,405 |
Net investment income |  | 1,476 |  |  | 1,654 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 3,140 |
Net realized gains (losses) |  | (79) |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | (78) |
Net unrealized losses on equity securities |  | (2,390) |  |  | (2,693) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (5,084) |
Other revenue |  | — |  |  | 6,410 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,410 |
Total revenues |  | 50,454 |  |  | 65,330 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 115,793 |
EXPENSES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Losses and loss adjustment expenses |  | 8,194 |  |  | 81,880 |  |  | — |  |  | 90,074 |
Policy acquisition costs |  | 19,928 |  |  | 9,060 |  |  | — |  |  | 28,988 |
Operating expenses |  | 1,127 |  |  | 11,805 |  |  | 87 |  |  | 13,019 |
General and administrative expenses (2) |  | 2,421 |  |  | 11,571 |  |  | 502 |  |  | 14,494 |
Interest expense |  | — |  |  | 31 |  |  | 2,363 |  |  | 2,394 |
Total expenses |  | 31,670 |  |  | 114,347 |  |  | 2,952 |  |  | 148,969 |
Income (loss) before other income |  | 18,784 |  |  | (49,017) |  |  | (2,943) |  |  | (33,176) |
Other income (loss) |  | 2 |  |  | 212 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 271 |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | $ | 18,786 |  |  | $ | (48,805) |  |  | (2,886) |  |  | (32,905) |
Benefit for income taxes |  |  |  |  |  | 36,150 |  |  | 36,150 |
Net income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (39,036) |  |  | $ | (69,055) |
Less: Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  | (26) |  |  | (26) |
Net income (loss) attributable to UIHC |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (39,010) |  |  | $ | (69,029) |
Loss ratio, net (3) (4) |  | 15.9 | % |  | 136.6 | % |  |  |  | 80.9 | %
Expense ratio (3) (5) |  | 45.6 | % |  | 54.1 | % |  |  |  | 50.7 | %
Combined ratio (3) (6) |  | 61.5 | % |  | 190.7 | % |  |  |  | 131.6 | %
Total segment assets |  | $ | 1,352,713 |  |  | $ | 836,517 |  |  | $ | 304,824 |  |  | $ | 2,494,054 |

(1) Our personal lines income statement also includes amounts related to subsidiaries outside of our insurance companies. We have included these items as these subsidiaries directly support our personal lines operations.
(2) Included in our General and Administrative expenses is $1,357,000 and $877,000 of depreciation and amortization expense related to our personal and commercial lines assets, respectively.
(3) As these are calculated ratios, the addition of the ratios will not result in the same value as the consolidated ratio. To calculate the consolidated ratio please see the corresponding footnote below.
(4) Loss ratio, net is calculated as losses and LAE net of losses ceded to reinsurers, relative to net premiums earned. Management uses this operating metric to analyze our loss trends and believes it is useful for investors to evaluate this component separately from our other operating expenses.
(5) Expense ratio is calculated as the sum of all operating expenses less interest expense relative to net premiums earned. Management uses this operating metric to analyze our expense trends and believes it is useful for investors to evaluate these components separately from our loss expenses.
(6) Combined ratio is the sum of the loss ratio, net and expense ratio. Management uses this operating metric to analyze our total expense trends and believes it is a key indicator for investors when evaluating the overall profitability of our business.
12

UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2022

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2021
|  | Commercial |  | Personal (1) |  | Adjustments |  | Consolidated
REVENUE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross premiums written |  | $ | 155,982 |  |  | $ | 270,442 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 426,424 |
Change in gross unearned premiums |  | (54,424) |  |  | (15,567) |  |  | — |  |  | (69,991) |
Gross premiums earned |  | 101,558 |  |  | 254,875 |  |  | — |  |  | 356,433 |
Ceded premiums earned |  | (58,729) |  |  | (152,244) |  |  | — |  |  | (210,973) |
Net premiums earned |  | 42,829 |  |  | 102,631 |  |  | — |  |  | 145,460 |
Net investment income |  | 1,150 |  |  | 2,521 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 3,683 |
Net realized gains (losses) |  | (41) |  |  | (83) |  |  | — |  |  | (124) |
Net unrealized losses on equity securities |  | 242 |  |  | 2,196 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,438 |
Other revenue |  | — |  |  | 3,997 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,997 |
Total revenues |  | 44,180 |  |  | 111,262 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 155,454 |
EXPENSES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Losses and loss adjustment expenses |  | 18,368 |  |  | 99,696 |  |  | — |  |  | 118,064 |
Policy acquisition costs |  | 17,591 |  |  | 23,736 |  |  | — |  |  | 41,327 |
Operating expenses |  | 932 |  |  | 12,533 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 13,482 |
General and administrative expenses (2) |  | 1,738 |  |  | 10,952 |  |  | 422 |  |  | 13,112 |
Interest expense |  | — |  |  | 32 |  |  | 2,225 |  |  | 2,257 |
Total expenses |  | 38,629 |  |  | 146,949 |  |  | 2,664 |  |  | 188,242 |
Income (loss) before other income |  | 5,551 |  |  | (35,687) |  |  | (2,652) |  |  | (32,788) |
Other income (loss) |  | — |  |  | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | 15 |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | $ | 5,551 |  |  | $ | (35,672) |  |  | (2,652) |  |  | (32,773) |
Benefit for income taxes |  |  |  |  |  | (9,352) |  |  | (9,352) |
Net income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,700 |  |  | $ | (23,421) |
Less: Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  | 89 |  |  | 89 |
Net income (loss) attributable to UIHC |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,611 |  |  | $ | (23,510) |
Loss ratio, net (3) (4) |  | 42.9 | % |  | 97.1 | % |  |  |  | 81.2 | %
Expense ratio (3) (5) |  | 47.3 | % |  | 46.0 | % |  |  |  | 46.7 | %
Combined ratio (3) (6) |  | 90.2 | % |  | 143.1 | % |  |  |  | 127.9 | %
Total segment assets |  | $ | 1,087,909 |  |  | $ | 1,569,041 |  |  | $ | 491,722 |  |  | $ | 3,148,672 |

(1) Our personal lines income statement also includes amounts related to subsidiaries outside of our insurance companies. We have included these items as these subsidiaries directly support our personal lines operations.
(2) Included in our General and Administrative expenses is $2,003,000 and $816,000 of depreciation and amortization expense related to our personal and commercial lines assets, respectively.
(3) As these are calculated ratios, the addition of the ratios will not result in the same value as the consolidated ratio. To calculate the consolidated ratio please see the corresponding footnote below.
(4) Loss ratio, net is calculated as losses and LAE net of losses ceded to reinsurers, relative to net premiums earned. Management uses this operating metric to analyze our loss trends and believes it is useful for investors to evaluate this component separately from our other operating expenses.
(5) Expense ratio is calculated as the sum of all operating expenses less interest expense relative to net premiums earned. Management uses this operating metric to analyze our expense trends and believes it is useful for investors to evaluate these components separately from our loss expenses.
(6) Combined ratio is the sum of the loss ratio, net and expense ratio. Management uses this operating metric to analyze our total expense trends and believes it is a key indicator for investors when evaluating the overall profitability of our business.
13

UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2022

|  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2022
|  | Commercial |  | Personal (1) |  | Adjustments |  | Consolidated
REVENUE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross premiums written |  | $ | 309,031 |  |  | $ | 330,590 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 639,621 |
Change in gross unearned premiums |  | (88,348) |  |  | 73,691 |  |  | — |  |  | (14,657) |
Gross premiums earned |  | 220,683 |  |  | 404,281 |  |  | — |  |  | 624,964 |
Ceded premiums earned |  | (123,793) |  |  | (288,909) |  |  | — |  |  | (412,702) |
Net premiums earned |  | 96,890 |  |  | 115,372 |  |  | — |  |  | 212,262 |
Net investment income |  | 2,603 |  |  | 2,996 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 5,618 |
Net realized gains (losses) |  | (77) |  |  | (1,770) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,847) |
Net unrealized losses on equity securities |  | (3,159) |  |  | (4,191) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (7,352) |
Other revenue |  | — |  |  | 9,478 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,478 |
Total revenues |  | 96,257 |  |  | 121,885 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 218,159 |
EXPENSES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Losses and loss adjustment expenses |  | 22,308 |  |  | 159,134 |  |  | — |  |  | 181,442 |
Policy acquisition costs |  | 36,606 |  |  | 18,398 |  |  | — |  |  | 55,004 |
Operating expenses |  | 2,236 |  |  | 22,853 |  |  | 178 |  |  | 25,267 |
General and administrative expenses (2) |  | 4,741 |  |  | 24,875 |  |  | 883 |  |  | 30,499 |
Interest expense |  | — |  |  | 51 |  |  | 4,722 |  |  | 4,773 |
Total expenses |  | 65,891 |  |  | 225,311 |  |  | 5,783 |  |  | 296,985 |
Income (loss) before other income |  | 30,366 |  |  | (103,426) |  |  | (5,766) |  |  | (78,826) |
Other income (loss) |  | 2 |  |  | (55) |  |  | 1,667 |  |  | 1,614 |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | $ | 30,368 |  |  | $ | (103,481) |  |  | (4,099) |  |  | (77,212) |
Benefit for income taxes |  |  |  |  |  | 25,100 |  |  | 25,100 |
Net income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (29,199) |  |  | $ | (102,312) |
Less: Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  | (111) |  |  | (111) |
Net income (loss) attributable to UIHC |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (29,088) |  |  | $ | (102,201) |
Loss ratio, net (3) (4) |  | 23.0 | % |  | 137.9 | % |  |  |  | 85.5 | %
Expense ratio (3) (5) |  | 45.0 | % |  | 57.3 | % |  |  |  | 52.2 | %
Combined ratio (3) (6) |  | 68.0 | % |  | 195.2 | % |  |  |  | 137.7 | %
Total segment assets |  | $ | 1,352,713 |  |  | $ | 836,517 |  |  | $ | 304,824 |  |  | $ | 2,494,054 |

(1) Our personal lines income statement also includes amounts related to subsidiaries outside of our insurance companies. We have included these items as these subsidiaries directly support our personal lines operations.
(2) Included in our General and Administrative expenses is $2,869,000 and $1,762,000 of depreciation and amortization expense related to our personal and commercial lines assets, respectively.
(3) As these are calculated ratios, the addition of the ratios will not result in the same value as the consolidated ratio. To calculate the consolidated ratio please see the corresponding footnote below.
(4) Loss ratio, net is calculated as losses and LAE net of losses ceded to reinsurers, relative to net premiums earned. Management uses this operating metric to analyze our loss trends and believes it is useful for investors to evaluate this component separately from our other operating expenses.
(5) Expense ratio is calculated as the sum of all operating expenses less interest expense relative to net premiums earned. Management uses this operating metric to analyze our expense trends and believes it is useful for investors to evaluate these components separately from our loss expenses.
(6) Combined ratio is the sum of the loss ratio, net and expense ratio. Management uses this operating metric to analyze our total expense trends and believes it is a key indicator for investors when evaluating the overall profitability of our business.
14

UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2022

|  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2021
|  | Commercial |  | Personal (1) |  | Adjustments |  | Consolidated
REVENUE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross premiums written |  | $ | 264,022 |  |  | $ | 474,040 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 738,062 |
Change in gross unearned premiums |  | (64,246) |  |  | 39,280 |  |  | — |  |  | (24,966) |
Gross premiums earned |  | 199,776 |  |  | 513,320 |  |  | — |  |  | 713,096 |
Ceded premiums earned |  | (115,095) |  |  | (306,592) |  |  | — |  |  | (421,687) |
Net premiums earned |  | 84,681 |  |  | 206,728 |  |  | — |  |  | 291,409 |
Net investment income |  | 2,372 |  |  | 4,871 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 7,266 |
Net realized gains |  | (32) |  |  | 411 |  |  | — |  |  | 379 |
Net unrealized losses on equity securities |  | 356 |  |  | 4,646 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,002 |
Other revenue |  | — |  |  | 13,187 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,187 |
Total revenues |  | 87,377 |  |  | 229,843 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 317,243 |
EXPENSES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Losses and loss adjustment expenses |  | 32,174 |  |  | 201,671 |  |  | — |  |  | 233,845 |
Policy acquisition costs |  | 35,854 |  |  | 46,294 |  |  | — |  |  | 82,148 |
Operating expenses |  | 2,201 |  |  | 24,463 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 26,704 |
General and administrative expenses (2) |  | 3,642 |  |  | 24,295 |  |  | 1,057 |  | 1057 | 28,994 |
Interest expense |  | — |  |  | 47 |  |  | 4,585 |  |  | 4,632 |
Total expenses |  | 73,871 |  |  | 296,770 |  |  | 5,682 |  |  | 376,323 |
Income (loss) before other income |  | 13,506 |  |  | (66,927) |  |  | (5,659) |  |  | (59,080) |
Other income |  | — |  |  | 25 |  |  | — |  |  | 25 |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | $ | 13,506 |  |  | $ | (66,902) |  |  | (5,659) |  |  | (59,055) |
Benefit for income taxes |  |  |  |  |  | (17,174) |  |  | (17,174) |
Net income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 11,515 |  |  | $ | (41,881) |
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  | (600) |  |  | (600) |
Net income (loss) attributable to UIHC |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 12,115 |  |  | $ | (41,281) |
Loss ratio, net (3) (4) |  | 38.0 | % |  | 97.6 | % |  |  |  | 80.2 | %
Expense ratio (3) (5) |  | 49.2 | % |  | 46.0 | % |  |  |  | 47.3 | %
Combined ratio (3) (6) |  | 87.2 | % |  | 143.6 | % |  |  |  | 127.5 | %
Total segment assets |  | $ | 1,087,909 |  |  | $ | 1,569,041 |  |  | $ | 491,722 |  |  | $ | 3,148,672 |

(1) Our personal lines income statement also includes amounts related to subsidiaries outside of our insurance companies. We have included these items as these subsidiaries directly support our personal lines operations.
(2) Included in our General and Administrative expenses is $4,165,000 and $1,633,000 of depreciation and amortization expense related to our personal and commercial lines assets, respectively.
(3) As these are calculated ratios, the addition of the ratios will not result in the same value as the consolidated ratio. To calculate the consolidated ratio please see the corresponding footnote below.
(4) Loss ratio, net is calculated as losses and LAE net of losses ceded to reinsurers, relative to net premiums earned. Management uses this operating metric to analyze our loss trends and believes it is useful for investors to evaluate this component separately from our other operating expenses.
(5) Expense ratio is calculated as the sum of all operating expenses less interest expense relative to net premiums earned. Management uses this operating metric to analyze our expense trends and believes it is useful for investors to evaluate these components separately from our loss expenses.
(6) Combined ratio is the sum of the loss ratio, net and expense ratio. Management uses this operating metric to analyze our total expense trends and believes it is a key indicator for investors when evaluating the overall profitability of our business.
15

UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2022
4) INVESTMENTS
The following table details fixed-maturity available-for-sale securities, by major investment category, at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

| Cost or Adjusted/Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
June 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agency securities | $ | 39,608 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 3,044 |  |  | $ | 36,565 |
Foreign government | 3,376 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 3,362 |
States, municipalities and political subdivisions | 70,260 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 5,606 |  |  | 64,664 |
Public utilities | 19,626 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,796 |  |  | 17,830 |
Corporate securities | 213,904 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 21,472 |  |  | 192,445 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 161,457 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 15,474 |  |  | 145,996 |
Asset-backed securities | 65,833 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,421 |  |  | 62,412 |
Redeemable preferred stocks | 3,995 |  |  | — |  |  | 178 |  |  | 3,817 |
Total fixed maturities | $ | 578,059 |  |  | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | 51,010 |  |  | $ | 527,091 |
December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agency securities | $ | 50,373 |  |  | $ | 293 |  |  | $ | 1,326 |  |  | $ | 49,340 |
Foreign government | 3,383 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 3,459 |
States, municipalities and political subdivisions | 80,385 |  |  | 592 |  |  | 1,081 |  |  | 79,896 |
Public utilities | 26,103 |  |  | 164 |  |  | 810 |  |  | 25,457 |
Corporate securities | 246,933 |  |  | 2,303 |  |  | 4,793 |  |  | 244,443 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 190,383 |  |  | 554 |  |  | 4,197 |  |  | 186,740 |
Asset-backed securities | 70,569 |  |  | 116 |  |  | 523 |  |  | 70,162 |
Redeemable preferred stocks | 4,010 |  |  | 106 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 4,105 |
Total fixed maturities | $ | 672,139 |  |  | $ | 4,212 |  |  | $ | 12,749 |  |  | $ | 663,602 |

Equity securities are summarized as follows:

|  | June 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
|  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Percent of Total |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Percent of Total
Mutual funds |  | $ | 33,027 |  |  | 88.0 | % |  | $ | 33,064 |  |  | 87.1 | %
Nonredeemable preferred stocks |  | 4,525 |  |  | 12.0 |  |  | 4,894 |  |  | 12.9 |
Total equity securities |  | $ | 37,552 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 37,958 |  |  | 100.0 | %

16

UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2022
When we sell investments, we calculate the gain or loss realized on the sale by comparing the sales price (fair value) to the cost or adjusted/amortized cost of the security sold. We determine the cost or adjusted/amortized cost of the security sold using the specific-identification method. The following table details our realized gains (losses) by major investment category for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively:

| 2022 |  | 2021
| Gains (Losses) |  | Fair Value at Sale |  | Gains (Losses) |  | Fair Value at Sale
Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturities | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 20,423 |  |  | $ | 107 |  |  | $ | 55,065 |
Equity securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Short-term investments | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,774 |
Total realized gains | 23 |  |  | 20,423 |  |  | 107 |  |  | 62,839 |
Fixed maturities | (101) |  |  | 1,135 |  |  | (212) |  |  | 7,195 |
Equity securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16) |  |  | 425 |
Short-term investments | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |  |  | 1,998 |
Total realized losses | (101) |  |  | 1,135 |  |  | (231) |  |  | 9,618 |
Net realized investment losses | $ | (78) |  |  | $ | 21,558 |  |  | $ | (124) |  |  | $ | 72,457 |
Six Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturities | $ | 654 |  |  | $ | 61,841 |  |  | $ | 719 |  |  | $ | 111,202 |
Equity securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 23 |
Short-term investments | — |  |  | 33 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,830 |
Total realized gains | 654 |  |  | 61,874 |  |  | 721 |  |  | 126,055 |
Fixed maturities | (2,490) |  |  | 45,695 |  |  | (308) |  |  | 31,621 |
Equity securities | (11) |  |  | 88 |  |  | (18) |  |  | 519 |
Short-term investments | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16) |  |  | 7,984 |
Total realized losses | (2,501) |  |  | 45,783 |  |  | (342) |  |  | 40,124 |
Net realized investment gains (losses) | $ | (1,847) |  |  | $ | 107,657 |  |  | $ | 379 |  |  | $ | 166,179 |

The table below summarizes our fixed maturities at June 30, 2022 by contractual maturity periods. Actual results may differ as issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations, with or without penalties, prior to the contractual maturities of those obligations.

| June 30, 2022
| Cost or Amortized Cost |  | Percent of Total |  | Fair Value |  | Percent of Total
Due in one year or less | $ | 24,437 |  |  | 4.2 | % |  | $ | 24,347 |  |  | 4.6 | %
Due after one year through five years | 188,439 |  |  | 32.6 |  |  | 177,045 |  |  | 33.6 |
Due after five years through ten years | 125,905 |  |  | 21.8 |  |  | 107,120 |  |  | 20.3 |
Due after ten years | 11,988 |  |  | 2.1 |  |  | 10,171 |  |  | 1.9 |
Asset and mortgage-backed securities | 227,290 |  |  | 39.3 |  |  | 208,408 |  |  | 39.6 |
Total | $ | 578,059 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 527,091 |  |  | 100.0 | %

17

UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2022
The following table summarizes our net investment income by major investment category:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Fixed maturities | $ | 2,345 |  |  | $ | 3,333 |  |  | $ | 4,576 |  |  | $ | 7,022 |
Equity securities | 196 |  |  | 199 |  |  | 390 |  |  | 328 |
Cash and cash equivalents | 468 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 617 |  |  | 97 |
Other investments | 330 |  |  | 295 |  |  | 475 |  |  | 285 |
Other assets | 5 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 112 |
Investment income | 3,344 |  |  | 3,937 |  |  | 6,067 |  |  | 7,844 |
Investment expenses | (204) |  |  | (254) |  |  | (449) |  |  | (578) |
Net investment income | $ | 3,140 |  |  | $ | 3,683 |  |  | $ | 5,618 |  |  | $ | 7,266 |

Portfolio monitoring
We have a quarterly portfolio monitoring process to identify and evaluate each fixed-income security whose carrying value may be impaired as the result of a credit loss. For each fixed-income security in an unrealized loss position, if we determine that we intend to sell the security or that it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of the cost or amortized cost basis for reasons such as liquidity needs, contractual or regulatory requirements, the security's entire decline in fair value is recorded in earnings.
If our management decides not to sell the fixed-income security and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell the fixed-income security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, we evaluate whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. This is typically indicated by a change in the rating of the security assigned by a rating agency, and any adverse conditions specifically related to the security or industry, among other factors. If the assessment indicates that a credit loss may exist, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses will be recorded in earnings. Credit loss is limited to the difference between a security's amortized cost basis and its fair value. Any additional impairment not recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive loss.
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, we determined that none of our fixed-income securities shown in the table below that are in an unrealized loss position have declines in fair value that are reflected as a result of credit losses. Therefore, no credit loss allowance was recorded at June 30, 2022. The issuers of our debt security investments continue to make interest payments on a timely basis. We do not intend to sell, nor is it likely that we would be required to sell the debt securities before we recover our amortized cost basis. Equity securities are reported at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in the valuation of equity investments.
18

UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2022
The following table presents an aging of our unrealized investment losses by investment class:

| Less Than Twelve Months |  | Twelve Months or More
| Number of Securities(1) |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Number of Securities(1) |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
June 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agency securities | 62 |  |  | $ | 199 |  |  | $ | 6,918 |  |  | 30 |  |  | $ | 2,845 |  |  | $ | 28,633 |
Foreign governments | 3 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 2,358 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
States, municipalities and political subdivisions | 100 |  |  | 3,809 |  |  | 44,934 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 1,797 |  |  | 13,302 |
Public utilities | 21 |  |  | 505 |  |  | 9,892 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 1,291 |  |  | 7,939 |
Corporate securities | 246 |  |  | 6,139 |  |  | 97,252 |  |  | 105 |  |  | 15,333 |  |  | 87,762 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 177 |  |  | 4,823 |  |  | 74,066 |  |  | 80 |  |  | 10,651 |  |  | 70,979 |
Asset-backed securities | 118 |  |  | 3,160 |  |  | 53,077 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 261 |  |  | 8,486 |
Redeemable preferred stocks | 34 |  |  | 167 |  |  | 3,729 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 88 |
Total fixed maturities | 761 |  |  | $ | 18,821 |  |  | $ | 292,226 |  |  | 251 |  |  | $ | 32,189 |  |  | $ | 217,189 |
December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agency securities | 39 |  |  | $ | 971 |  |  | $ | 32,167 |  |  | 15 |  |  | $ | 355 |  |  | $ | 8,126 |
Foreign governments | 1 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 2,010 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
States, municipalities and political subdivisions | 63 |  |  | 761 |  |  | 41,670 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 320 |  |  | 11,423 |
Public utilities | 14 |  |  | 346 |  |  | 12,719 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 464 |  |  | 7,708 |
Corporate securities | 205 |  |  | 4,589 |  |  | 158,959 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 204 |  |  | 7,896 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 138 |  |  | 2,638 |  |  | 111,636 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 1,559 |  |  | 41,786 |
Asset-backed securities | 111 |  |  | 493 |  |  | 60,566 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 1,596 |
Redeemable preferred stocks | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 90 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 91 |
Total fixed maturities | 572 |  |  | $ | 9,808 |  |  | $ | 419,817 |  |  | 82 |  |  | $ | 2,941 |  |  | $ | 78,626 |

(1) This amount represents the actual number of discrete securities, not the number of shares or units of those securities. The numbers are not presented in thousands.
Fair value measurement
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The hierarchy for inputs used in determining fair value maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that observable inputs be used when available. Assets and liabilities recorded on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value are categorized in the fair value hierarchy based on the observability of inputs to the valuation techniques as follows:
Level 1: Assets and liabilities whose values are based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in an active market that we can access.
Level 2: Assets and liabilities whose values are based on the following:
(a) Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets;
(b) Quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; or
(c) Valuation models whose inputs are observable, directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.
Level 3: Assets and liabilities whose values are based on prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. Unobservable inputs reflect our estimates of the assumptions that market participants would use in valuing the assets and liabilities.
We estimate the fair value of our investments using the closing prices on the last business day of the reporting period, obtained from active markets such as the NYSE, Nasdaq and NYSE American. For securities for which quoted prices in active
19

UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2022
markets are unavailable, we use a third-party pricing service that utilizes quoted prices in active markets for similar instruments, benchmark interest rates, broker quotes and other relevant inputs to estimate the fair value of those securities for which quoted prices are unavailable. Our estimates of fair value reflect the interest rate environment that existed as of the close of business on June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021. Changes in interest rates subsequent to June 30, 2022 may affect the fair value of our investments.
The fair value of our fixed maturities is initially calculated by a third-party pricing service. Valuation service providers typically obtain data about market transactions and other key valuation model inputs from multiple sources and, through the use of proprietary models, produce valuation information in the form of a single fair value for individual fixed-income and other securities for which a fair value has been requested. The inputs used by the valuation service providers include, but are not limited to, market prices from recently completed transactions and transactions of comparable securities, interest rate yield curves, credit spreads, liquidity spreads, currency rates and other information, as applicable. Credit and liquidity spreads are typically implied from completed transactions and transactions of comparable securities. Valuation service providers also use proprietary discounted cash flow models that are widely accepted in the financial services industry and similar to those used by other market participants to value the same financial information. The valuation models take into account, among other things, market observable information as of the measurement date, as described above, as well as the specific attributes of the security being valued, including its term, interest rate, credit rating, industry sector and, where applicable, collateral quality and other issue or issuer specific information. Executing valuation models effectively requires seasoned professional judgment and experience.
Any change in the estimated fair value of our fixed-income securities would impact the amount of unrealized gain or loss we have recorded, which could change the amount we have recorded for our investments and other comprehensive loss on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of June 30, 2022.
20

UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2022
The following table presents the fair value of our financial instruments measured on a recurring basis by level at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

| Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
June 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agency securities | $ | 36,565 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 36,565 |  |  | $ | — |
Foreign government | 3,362 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,362 |  |  | — |
States, municipalities and political subdivisions | 64,664 |  |  | — |  |  | 64,664 |  |  | — |
Public utilities | 17,830 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,830 |  |  | — |
Corporate securities | 192,445 |  |  | — |  |  | 192,445 |  |  | — |
Mortgage-backed securities | 145,996 |  |  | — |  |  | 145,996 |  |  | — |
Asset-backed securities | 62,412 |  |  | — |  |  | 62,412 |  |  | — |
Redeemable preferred stocks | 3,817 |  |  | 481 |  |  | 3,336 |  |  | — |
Total fixed maturities | 527,091 |  |  | 481 |  |  | 526,610 |  |  | — |
Mutual funds | 33,027 |  |  | 22,369 |  |  | 10,658 |  |  | — |
Non-redeemable preferred stocks | 4,525 |  |  | 4,525 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total equity securities | 37,552 |  |  | 26,894 |  |  | 10,658 |  |  | — |
Other investments (1) | 481 |  |  | 300 |  |  | 181 |  |  | — |
Total investments | $ | 565,124 |  |  | $ | 27,675 |  |  | $ | 537,449 |  |  | $ | — |
December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government and agency securities | $ | 49,340 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 49,340 |  |  | $ | — |
Foreign government | 3,459 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,459 |  |  | — |
States, municipalities and political subdivisions | 79,896 |  |  | — |  |  | 79,896 |  |  | — |
Public utilities | 25,457 |  |  | — |  |  | 25,457 |  |  | — |
Corporate securities | 244,443 |  |  | — |  |  | 244,443 |  |  | — |
Mortgage-backed securities | 186,740 |  |  | — |  |  | 186,740 |  |  | — |
Asset-backed securities | 70,162 |  |  | — |  |  | 70,162 |  |  | — |
Redeemable preferred stocks | 4,105 |  |  | 535 |  |  | 3,570 |  |  | — |
Total fixed maturities | 663,602 |  |  | 535 |  |  | 663,067 |  |  | — |
Mutual Funds | 33,064 |  |  | 24,652 |  |  | 8,412 |  |  | — |
Non-redeemable preferred stocks | 4,894 |  |  | 4,894 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total equity securities | 37,958 |  |  | 29,546 |  |  | 8,412 |  |  | — |
Other investments (1) | 381 |  |  | 300 |  |  | 81 |  |  | — |
Total investments | $ | 701,941 |  |  | $ | 30,381 |  |  | $ | 671,560 |  |  | $ | — |

(1) Other investments included in the fair value hierarchy exclude these limited partnership interests that are measured at estimated fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient.
Certain financial assets and financial liabilities are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis; this is, the instruments are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances (for example, when there is evidence of impairment). There were no financial instruments measured on a non-recurring basis at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
The carrying amounts for the following financial instrument categories approximate their fair values at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, because of their short-term nature: cash and cash equivalents, accrued investment income, premiums receivable, reinsurance recoverable, reinsurance payable, other assets, and other liabilities. The carrying amount of the notes payable to the Florida State Board of Administration, Truist Financial Corporation (Truist), and our senior notes approximate fair value as the interest rates and terms are variable.
21

UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2022
We are responsible for the determination of fair value and the supporting assumptions and methodologies. We have implemented a system of processes and controls designed to provide assurance that our assets and liabilities are appropriately valued. For fair values received from third parties, our processes are designed to provide assurance that the valuation methodologies and inputs are appropriate and consistently applied, the assumptions are reasonable and consistent with the objective of determining fair value, and the fair values are accurately recorded.
At the end of each quarter, we determine whether we need to transfer the fair values of any securities between levels of the fair value hierarchy and, if so, we report the transfer as of the end of the quarter. During the quarter ended June 30, 2022, we transferred no investments between levels.
For our investments in U.S. government securities that do not have prices in active markets, agency securities, state and municipal governments, and corporate bonds, we obtain the fair values from our investment custodians, which use a third-party valuation service. The valuation service calculates prices for our investments in the aforementioned security types on a month-end basis by using several matrix-pricing methodologies that incorporate inputs from various sources. The model the valuation service uses to price U.S. government securities and securities of states and municipalities incorporates inputs from active market makers and inter-dealer brokers. To price corporate bonds and agency securities, the valuation service calculates non-call yield spreads on all issuers, uses option-adjusted yield spreads to account for any early redemption features, and adds final spreads to the U.S. Treasury curve at 3 p.m. (ET) as of quarter end. Since the inputs the valuation service uses in its calculations are not quoted prices in active markets, but are observable inputs, they represent Level 2 inputs.
Other investments
We acquired investments in limited partnerships, recorded in the other investments line of our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, and these investments are currently being measured at estimated fair value utilizing a net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient.
The information presented in the table below is as of June 30, 2022:

|  | Book Value |  | Unrealized Gain |  | Unrealized Loss |  | Fair Value
June 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Limited partnership investments (1) |  | $ | 16,024 |  |  | $ | 936 |  |  | $ | 851 |  |  | $ | 16,109 |
Certificates of deposit |  | 300 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 300 |
Short-term investments |  | 182 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 181 |
Total other investments |  | $ | 16,506 |  |  | $ | 936 |  |  | $ | 852 |  |  | $ | 16,590 |

(1) Distributions will be generated from investment gains, from operating income, from underlying investments of funds, and from liquidation of the underlying assets of the funds. We estimate that the underlying assets of the funds will be liquidated over the next few months to six years.
Restricted Cash
We are required to maintain assets on deposit with various regulatory authorities to support our insurance operations. The cash on deposit with state regulators is available to settle insurance liabilities. We also use trust funds in certain reinsurance transactions.
The following table presents the components of restricted assets:

| June 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Trust funds | $ | 32,314 |  |  | $ | 32,211 |
Cash on deposit (regulatory deposits) | 1,047 |  |  | 1,043 |
Total restricted cash | $ | 33,361 |  |  | $ | 33,254 |

22

UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2022
In addition to the cash held on deposit described above, we also have securities on deposit with regulators, which are presented within our Fixed Maturities or Other Investments lines on the Unaudited Condensed Balance Sheets, dependent upon if they are short-term or long-term in nature. The table below shows the carrying value of those securities held on deposit with regulators.

| June 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Invested assets on deposit (regulatory deposits) | $ | 3,012 |  |  | $ | 2,885 |

5) EARNINGS PER SHARE (EPS)
Basic EPS is based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period, excluding any dilutive common share equivalents. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution resulting from the vesting of outstanding restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, performance stock units and stock options. The following table shows the computation of basic and diluted EPS for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss attributable to UIHC common stockholders |  | $ | (69,029) |  |  | $ | (23,510) |  |  | $ | (102,201) |  |  | $ | (41,281) |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted-average shares outstanding |  | 43,049,227 |  |  | 42,950,666 |  |  | 43,015,114 |  |  | 42,924,662 |
Effect of dilutive securities |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Weighted-average diluted shares |  | 43,049,227 |  |  | 42,950,666 |  |  | 43,015,114 |  |  | 42,924,662 |
Earnings available to UIHC common stockholders per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | (1.60) |  |  | $ | (0.55) |  |  | $ | (2.38) |  |  | $ | (0.96) |
Diluted |  | $ | (1.60) |  |  | $ | (0.55) |  |  | $ | (2.38) |  |  | $ | (0.96) |

See Note 16 of these Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the stock grants related to dilutive securities.
6) PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET
Property and equipment, net consists of the following:

|  | June 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Land |  | $ | 2,114 |  |  | $ | 2,114 |
Building and building improvements |  | 6,726 |  |  | 9,211 |
Computer hardware and software (software in progress of $94 and $990, respectively) |  | 42,103 |  |  | 40,358 |
Office furniture and equipment |  | 3,032 |  |  | 3,067 |
Leasehold improvements |  | 753 |  |  | 753 |
Leased vehicles(1) |  | 2,110 |  |  | 2,308 |
Total, at cost |  | 56,838 |  |  | 57,811 |
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization |  | (28,948) |  |  | (26,250) |
Property and equipment, net |  | $ | 27,890 |  |  | $ | 31,561 |

(1) Includes vehicles under capital leases. See Note 11 of these Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on leases.
23

UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2022
Depreciation and amortization expense under property and equipment was $1,540,000 and $2,074,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Depreciation and amortization expense under property and equipment was $3,250,000 and $4,154,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. During the six months ended June 30, 2022, we disposed of computer hardware and software totaling $358,000, primarily related to policy system costs for states in which we no longer write policies. The depreciation on these systems totaled $26,000 at the time of disposal. We disposed of leased vehicles totaling $192,000. The depreciation on these vehicles totaled $180,000 prior to disposal. In addition, we sold one of our buildings resulting in a disposal totaling $2,727,000 and a net realized gain of $1,529,000. The depreciation on the building totaled $290,000. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we disposed of computer hardware and software totaling $1,961,000, primarily related to the retirement of one of our claims systems. This system was fully depreciated prior to disposal.
7) GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Goodwill
The carrying amount of goodwill, both at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, was $73,045,000. There was no goodwill acquired or disposed of during the three or six month periods ended June 30, 2022 and 2021.
As a result of the merging of FSIC into UPC and JIC into ACIC, we completed our most recent goodwill impairment testing during the second quarter of 2022 and determined that there was no impairment in the value of the asset as of June 30, 2022. As of this testing, the carrying value of our personal lines reporting unit was negative. Goodwill allocated to our personal lines and commercial lines reporting units was $13,570,000 and $59,475,000, respectively, at both June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
No impairment loss in the value of goodwill was recognized during the three or six month periods ended June 30, 2022 and 2021. Additionally, there was no accumulated impairment related to goodwill at June 30, 2022 or December 31, 2021.
Intangible Assets
The following is a summary of intangible assets excluding goodwill recorded as intangible assets on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets:

|  | June 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Intangible assets subject to amortization |  | $ | 12,994 |  |  | $ | 14,618 |
Indefinite-lived intangible assets(1) |  | 3,757 |  |  | 3,757 |
Total |  | $ | 16,751 |  |  | $ | 18,375 |

(1) Indefinite-lived intangible assets are comprised of state insurance and agent licenses, as well as perpetual software licenses.
Intangible assets subject to amortization consisted of the following:

|  | Weighted-average remaining amortization period (in years) |  | Gross carrying amount |  | Accumulated amortization |  | Net carrying amount
June 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Value of business acquired |  | — |  | $ | 42,788 |  |  | $ | (42,788) |  |  | $ | — |
Agency agreements acquired |  | 4.8 |  | 34,661 |  |  | (23,082) |  |  | 11,579 |
Trade names acquired |  | 1.8 |  | 6,381 |  |  | (4,966) |  |  | 1,415 |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 83,830 |  |  | $ | (70,836) |  |  | $ | 12,994 |
December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Value of business acquired |  | — |  | $ | 42,788 |  |  | $ | (42,788) |  |  | $ | — |
Agency agreements acquired |  | 5.3 |  | 34,661 |  |  | (21,863) |  |  | 12,798 |
Trade names acquired |  | 2.3 |  | 6,381 |  |  | (4,561) |  |  | 1,820 |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 83,830 |  |  | $ | (69,212) |  |  | $ | 14,618 |

24

UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2022
No impairment in the value of amortizing or non-amortizing intangible assets was recognized during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021.
Amortization expense of our intangible assets was $812,000 and $889,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Amortization expense of our intangible assets was $1,624,000 and $1,932,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Estimated amortization expense of our intangible assets to be recognized by the Company during the remainder of 2022 and over the next five years is as follows:

Year ending December 31, |  | Estimated Amortization Expense
Remaining in 2022 |  | $ | 1,623 |
2023 |  | 3,246 |
2024 |  | 2,640 |
2025 |  | 2,438 |
2026 |  | 2,438 |
2027 |  | 609 |

8) REINSURANCE
Our reinsurance program is designed, utilizing our risk management methodology, to address our exposure to catastrophes. Our program provides reinsurance protection for catastrophes, including hurricanes and tropical storms. These reinsurance agreements are part of our catastrophe management strategy, which is intended to provide our stockholders an acceptable return on the risks assumed in our property business, and to reduce variability of earnings, while providing protection to our policyholders. Although reinsurance agreements contractually obligate our reinsurers to reimburse us for the agreed-upon portion of our gross paid losses, they do not discharge our primary liability.
Our program includes excess of loss and quota share treaties. Our catastrophe reinsurance program, in effect from June 1, 2022 through May 31, 2023, provides coverage for catastrophe losses from named or numbered windstorms and earthquakes up to an exhaustion point of approximately $2,500,000,000. Under our core catastrophe excess of loss treaty, retention on a first and second event is $16,400,000 each. The exhaustion point of IIC's catastrophe reinsurance program is approximately $200,000,000, with a retention of $3,000,000 per occurrence, covering all perils.
Effective December 13, 2021, we renewed our all other perils catastrophe excess of loss agreement. The agreement provides protection from catastrophe loss events other than named windstorms and earthquakes up to $110,000,000.
25

UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2022
The table below outlines our quota share agreements in effect for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021.

Reinsurer | Companies in Scope (1) | Effective Dates | Cession Rate | States in Scope
External third-party | UPC, FSIC & ACIC | 06/01/2022 - 06/01/2023 | 10% (2) | Florida, Louisiana, Texas
TypTap | UPC | 06/01/2022 - 06/01/2023 | 100% (3) | Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina
External third-party | UPC, FSIC & ACIC | 12/31/2021 - 12/31/2022 | 8% (2) | Florida, Louisiana, Texas
HCPCI | UPC | 12/31/2021 - 06/01/2022 | 85% | Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina
External third-party | UPC & FSIC | 12/31/2021 - 12/31/2022 | 25% (4) | Florida, Louisiana, Texas
HCPCI / TypTap (5) | UPC | 06/01/2021 - 06/01/2022 | 100% (3) | Connecticut, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Rhode Island
External third-party | UPC, FSIC & ACIC (6) | 06/01/2021 - 06/01/2022 | 15% (2) | Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas
IIC | UPC | 12/31/2020 - 12/31/2022 | 100% | New York
HCPCI | UPC | 12/31/2020 - 06/01/2021 | 69.5% | Connecticut, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Rhode Island
External third-party | UPC, FSIC & ACIC | 12/30/2020 - 12/31/2021 | 8% (2) | Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas
External third-party | UPC, FSIC & ACIC (6) | 06/01/2020 - 06/01/2021 | 15% (2) | Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas
External third-party | UPC & FSIC | 06/01/2020 - 06/01/2021 | 7.5% (2) | Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas

(1) Effective May 31, 2022, FSIC was merged into UPC, with UPC being the surviving entity.
(2) This treaty provides coverage for all catastrophe perils and attritional losses incurred. For all catastrophe perils, the quota share agreement provides ground- up protection effectively reducing our retention for catastrophe losses.
(3) This treaty provides coverage on our in-force, new and renewal policies until these states are transitioned to HCPCI or TypTap upon renewal.
(4) This treaty provides coverage on non-catastrophe losses on policies in-force on the effective date of the agreement.
(5) Cessions are split 50% to HCPCI and 50% to TypTap.
(6) This treaty was amended effective December 31, 2020 to include ACIC.
Reinsurance recoverable at the balance sheet dates consists of the following:

| June 30, |  | December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses | $ | 561,591 |  |  | $ | 749,600 |
Reinsurance recoverable on paid losses and loss adjustment expenses | 195,920 |  |  | 247,520 |
Reinsurance recoverable (1) | $ | 757,511 |  |  | $ | 997,120 |

(1) Our reinsurance recoverable balance is net of our allowance for expected credit losses. More information related to this allowance can
be found in Note 12.
We write the majority of our flood insurance policies under an agreement with the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). We cede 100% of the premiums written and the related risk of loss to the federal government. We earn commissions for the issuance of flood policies based upon a fixed percentage of net written premiums and the processing of flood claims based upon a fixed percentage of incurred losses, and we can earn additional commissions by meeting certain growth targets for the number of in-force policies. We recognized commission revenue from our flood program of $407,000 and $608,000 for the three month periods ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively and $617,000 and $890,000 for the six month periods ended
26

UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2022
June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. On June 9, 2022, we entered into a renewal rights agreement with Wright National Flood Insurance Company to sell our entire NFIP Write Your Own flood insurance business.
9) LIABILITY FOR UNPAID LOSSES AND LOSS ADJUSTMENT EXPENSE (LAE)
We determine the reserve for unpaid losses on an individual case basis for all incidents reported. The liability also includes amounts for incurred but not reported (IBNR) claims as of the balance sheet date.
The table below shows the analysis of our reserve for unpaid losses for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 on a GAAP basis:

| June 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Balance at January 1 | $ | 1,084,450 |  |  | $ | 1,089,966 |
Less: reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses | 749,600 |  |  | 674,746 |
Net balance at January 1 | $ | 334,850 |  |  | $ | 415,220 |
Incurred related to: |  |  |
Current year | 172,243 |  |  | 204,448 |
Prior years | 9,199 |  |  | 29,397 |
Total incurred | $ | 181,442 |  |  | $ | 233,845 |
Paid related to: |  |  |
Current year | 70,971 |  |  | 83,188 |
Prior years | 156,918 |  |  | 180,594 |
Total paid | $ | 227,889 |  |  | $ | 263,782 |
Net balance at June 30 | $ | 288,403 |  |  | $ | 385,283 |
Plus: reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses | 561,591 |  |  | 751,092 |
Balance at June 30 | $ | 849,994 |  |  | $ | 1,136,375 |
Composition of reserve for unpaid losses and LAE: |  |  |
Case reserves | $ | 357,647 |  |  | $ | 417,163 |
IBNR reserves | 492,347 |  |  | 719,212 |
Balance at June 30 | $ | 849,994 |  |  | $ | 1,136,375 |

Based upon our internal analysis and our review of the annual statement of actuarial opinion provided by our actuarial consultants at December 31, 2021, we believe that the reserve for unpaid losses reasonably represents the amount necessary to pay all claims and related expenses which may arise from incidents that have occurred as of the balance sheet date.
As reflected in the table above, we had adverse development in 2022 related to prior year losses. This adverse development came as a result of the strengthening of our catastrophe reserves in 2022 based on historical loss trends. The loss payments made by the Company during the six months ended June 30, 2022, were lower than the loss payments made during the six months ended June 30, 2021, due to the settling of claims related to the unprecedented number of catastrophic events that took place in 2020. Case and IBNR reserves decreased when compared to the prior period as a result of decreased catastrophe losses and our reduced exposure base in 2022. Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses decreased as a result of the higher frequency of 2020 catastrophe activity coupled with increases in our ceded losses related to Hurricane Irma and Winter Storm Uri in the first half of 2021.
27

UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2022
10) LONG-TERM DEBT
Long-Term Debt
The table below presents all long-term debt outstanding as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

|  |  | Effective Interest Rate |  | Carrying Value at
| Maturity |  |  | June 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Senior Notes | December 15, 2027 |  | 6.25% |  | $ | 150,000 |  |  | $ | 150,000 |
Florida State Board of Administration Note | July 1, 2026 |  | 2.35% |  | 4,707 |  |  | 5,294 |
Truist Term Note Payable | May 26, 2031 |  | 2.69% |  | 3,091 |  |  | 3,265 |
Total long-term debt |  |  |  |  | $ | 157,798 |  |  | $ | 158,559 |

Senior Notes Payable
On December 13, 2017, we issued $150,000,000 of 10-year senior notes (the Senior Notes) that will mature on December 15, 2027 and bear interest at a rate equal to 6.25% per annum payable semi-annually on each June 15 and December 15, commencing June 15, 2018. The Senior Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company. We may redeem the Senior Notes at our option, at any time and from time to time in whole or in part, prior to September 15, 2027, at a redemption price equal to the greater of (i) 100% of the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed and (ii) the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments of principal and interest thereon from the date of redemption to the date that is three months prior to maturity. On or after that date, we may redeem the Senior Notes at par.
Florida State Board of Administration Note Payable
On September 22, 2006, we issued a $20,000,000, 20-year note payable to the Florida State Board of Administration (the SBA Note). For the first three years of the SBA Note we were required to pay interest only. On October 1, 2009, we began to repay the principal in addition to interest. The SBA Note bears an annual interest rate equivalent to the 10-year Constant Maturity Treasury rate (as defined in the SBA Note agreement), which resets quarterly.
Truist Term Note Payable
On May 26, 2016, we issued a $5,200,000, 15-year term note payable to Truist (the Truist Note), with the intent to use the funds to purchase, renovate, furnish and equip our principal executive office. The Truist Note bears interest at 1.65% in excess of the one-month LIBOR, which resets monthly. LIBOR was phased out at the end of 2021, however, the Intercontinental Exchange will continue to publish one-month LIBOR settings through 2023. In the event of default, Truist may, among other things, declare its loan immediately due and payable, require us to pledge additional collateral to the bank, and take possession of and foreclose upon our principal executive office, which has been pledged to the bank as security for the loan.
Financial Covenants
Senior Notes - Our Senior Notes provide that the Company and its subsidiaries shall not incur any indebtedness unless no default exists and the Company’s leverage ratio as of the last day of any annual or quarterly period (the balance sheet date) immediately preceding the date on which such additional indebtedness is incurred would have been no greater than 0.3:1, determined on a pro forma basis as if the additional indebtedness and all other indebtedness incurred since the immediately preceding balance sheet date had been incurred and the proceeds therefrom applied as of such day. The Company and its subsidiaries also may not create, assume, incur or permit to exist any indebtedness for borrowed money that is secured by a lien on the voting stock of any significant subsidiary without securing the Senior Notes equally. The Company may not issue, sell, assign, transfer or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly, any of the capital stock of the Company’s significant subsidiaries as of the issue date of the Senior Notes (except to the Company or to one or more of the Company’s other subsidiaries, or for the purpose of qualifying directors or as may be required by law or regulation), subject to certain exceptions. At December 31, 2021, while our leverage ratio was greater than the allowed ratio above, we did not incur any additional debt during the period and as a result, we were in compliance with the covenants in the Senior Notes.
SBA Note - Our SBA Note requires that UPC maintain either a 2:1 ratio of net written premium to surplus, or net writing ratio, or a 6:1 ratio of gross written premium to surplus, or gross writing ratio, to avoid additional interest penalties. The SBA
28

UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2022
Note agreement defines surplus for the purpose of calculating the required ratios as the $20,000,000 of capital contributed to UPC under the agreement plus the outstanding balance of the note. Should UPC fail to exceed either a net writing ratio of 1.5:1 or a gross writing ratio of 4.5:1, UPC's interest rate will increase by 450 basis points above the 10-year Constant Maturity Treasury rate, which was 2.35% at the end of June 2022. Any other writing ratio deficiencies result in an interest rate penalty of 25 basis points above the stated rate of the note. Our SBA Note further provides that the Florida State Board of Administration may, among other things, declare its loan immediately due and payable upon any default existing under the SBA Note; however, any payment is subject to approval by the insurance regulatory authority. At June 30, 2022, we were in compliance with the covenants in the SBA Note.
Truist Note - Effective June 2, 2021, our Truist Note Agreement was amended to remove all financial covenants, therefore, at June 30, 2022, the financial covenants were no longer in effect.
Debt Issuance Costs
The table below presents the rollforward of our debt issuance costs paid, in conjunction with the debt instruments described above, during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021:

| 2022 |  | 2021
Balance at January 1, | $ | 1,998 |  |  | $ | 2,335 |
Additions | — |  |  | — |
Amortization | (168) |  |  | (169) |
Balance at June 30, | $ | 1,830 |  |  | $ | 2,166 |

11) COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Litigation
We are involved in claims-related legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. We accrue amounts resulting from claims-related legal actions in unpaid losses and LAE during the period that we determine an unfavorable outcome becomes probable and we can estimate the amounts. Management makes revisions to our estimates based on its analysis of subsequent information that we receive regarding various factors, including: (i) per claim information; (ii) company and industry historical loss experience; (iii) judicial decisions and legal developments in the awarding of damages; and (iv) trends in general economic conditions, including the effects of inflation.
At June 30, 2022, the Company is involved in legal proceedings whereby on August 18, 2021, a former employee of Skyway Legal Services, LLC, filed a complaint against the Company in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware. The lawsuit alleges violations of and damages arising under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, and seeks damages in an unspecified amount. The Company, a named party to the lawsuit, denies that it employed the plaintiff and disputes the claims set forth in the lawsuit. The Company believes that an unfavorable outcome is neither probable nor estimable.
In addition, on January 13, 2022, Southern Florida Restoration (SFR) Services, LLC v. United Property and Casualty Insurance Company, et al. was filed in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida. The District Court dismissed the lawsuit on its own accord on January 14, 2022. SFR Services then filed an amended complaint on January 26, 2022. The complaint alleges four causes of action: (i) violation of the Federal Civil Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations statute (18 U.S.C. § 1962(c)), (ii) breach of contract, (iii) fraud, and (iv) violation of the Florida Unfair Insurance Trade Practices Act (Fla. Stat. Chpt. 626). The plaintiff seeks unspecified damages. The Company believes that an unfavorable outcome is neither probable nor estimable. The defendants moved to dismiss the lawsuit on March 25, 2022 and their motion remains pending.
Commitments to fund partnership investments
We have fully funded three limited partnership investments and have committed to fund our remaining six limited partnership investments. The amount of unfunded commitments was $6,785,000 and $1,969,000 at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
29

UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2022
Leases
We, as lessee, have entered into leases of commercial office space of various term lengths. In addition to office space, we lease office equipment and a parking lot under operating leases and vehicles under finance leases.
The classification of operating and finance lease asset and liability balances within the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets was as follows:

|  | Financial Statement Line |  | June 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease assets |  | Other assets |  | $ | 1,398 |  |  | $ | 1,689 |
Financing lease assets |  | Property and equipment, net |  | 264 |  |  | 477 |
Total lease assets |  |  |  | $ | 1,662 |  |  | $ | 2,166 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease liabilities |  | Operating lease liability |  | $ | 1,600 |  |  | $ | 1,934 |
Financing lease liabilities |  | Other liabilities |  | 8 |  |  | 16 |
Total lease liabilities |  |  |  | $ | 1,608 |  |  | $ | 1,950 |

The components of lease expenses were as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Operating lease expense |  | $ | 160 |  |  | $ | 166 |  |  | $ | 320 |  |  | $ | 331 |
Financing lease expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of leased assets |  | 113 |  |  | 196 |  |  | 242 |  |  | 391 |
Interest on lease liabilities |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Net lease expense |  | $ | 274 |  |  | $ | 362 |  |  | $ | 563 |  |  | $ | 722 |

At June 30, 2022, future minimum gross lease payments relating to these non-cancellable operating and finance lease agreements were as follows:

|  | Operating Leases |  | Finance Leases |  | Total
Remaining in 2022 |  | $ | 319 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 325 |
2023 |  | 619 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 623 |
2024 |  | 602 |  |  | — |  |  | 602 |
2025 |  | 257 |  |  | — |  |  | 257 |
2026 |  | 32 |  |  | — |  |  | 32 |
Thereafter |  | 1,160 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,160 |
Total undiscounted future minimum lease payments |  | 2,989 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 2,999 |
Less: Imputed interest |  | (1,389) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (1,391) |
Present value of lease liabilities |  | $ | 1,600 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 1,608 |

30

UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2022
Weighted average remaining lease term and discount rate related to operating and finance leases were as follows:

|  | June 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Weighted average remaining lease term (months) |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  | 43 |  |  | 51 |
Financing leases |  | 14 |  |  | 17 |
Weighted average discount rate |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  | 3.64 | % |  | 3.61 | %
Financing leases |  | 3.27 | % |  | 3.27 | %

Other cash and non-cash related activities were as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investing cash flows from financing leases |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 33 |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new financing lease liabilities |  | — |  |  | 33 |  |  | — |  |  | 33 |

Capital lease amortization expenses are included in depreciation expense in our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss. See Note 6 of these Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding depreciation expense, Note 10 for information regarding commitments related to long-term debt, and Note 13 for information regarding commitments related to regulatory actions.
Employee Retention Credit
A series of legislation was enacted in the United States during 2020 and 2021 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic that provided financial relief for businesses impacted by government-mandated shutdowns, work stoppages, or other losses suffered by employers. The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) provided an employee retention credit, which is a refundable tax credit against certain employment taxes of up to $5,000 per employee for eligible employers. The tax credit is equal to 50% of qualified wages paid to employees during a quarter, capped at $10,000 of qualified wages per employee. During the second quarter of 2022, we evaluated our eligibility and filed for a $10,161,000 refund in connection with our Employee Retention Tax Credit for the tax year ended December 31, 2021. As of June 30, 2022, we have not received a refund or response from the Internal Revenue Service regarding this refund. A gain contingency is an uncertain situation that will be resolved in the future, possibly resulting in a gain. We have not recorded the recognition of this gain contingency prior to settlement of the underlying event. We will continue to monitor the matter for further developments that could affect the outcome and will make any appropriate adjustments each quarter.
12) ALLOWANCE FOR EXPECTED CREDIT LOSSES
We are exposed to credit losses primarily through three different pools of assets based on similar risk characteristics: premiums receivable for direct written business; reinsurance recoverables from ceded losses to our reinsurers; and our notes receivable. We estimate the expected credit losses based on historical trends, credit ratings assigned to reinsurers by rating agencies, average default rates, current economic conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions that affect the collectability of the reported amounts over its expected life. Changes in the relevant information may significantly affect the estimates of expected credit losses.
The allowance for credit losses is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the assets to present their net carrying value at the amount expected to be collected. Each period, the allowance for credit losses is adjusted through earnings to reflect expected credit losses over the remaining lives of the assets.
31

UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2022
The following tables summarize our allowance for expected credit losses by pooled asset for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021:

June 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021 |  | Provision for expected credit losses |  | Write-offs |  | June 30, 2022
Premiums Receivable |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | (68) |  |  | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | 26 |
Reinsurance Recoverables |  | 563 |  |  | (223) |  |  | — |  |  | 340 |
Total |  | $ | 595 |  |  | $ | (291) |  |  | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | 366 |
June 30, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020 |  | Provision for expected credit losses |  | Write-offs |  | June 30, 2021
Premiums Receivable |  | $ | 140 |  |  | $ | (124) |  |  | $ | 47 |  |  | $ | 63 |
Reinsurance Recoverables |  | 386 |  |  | 110 |  |  | — |  |  | 496 |
Note Receivable |  | 20 |  |  | 546 |  |  | — |  |  | 566 |
Total |  | $ | 546 |  |  | $ | 532 |  |  | $ | 47 |  |  | $ | 1,125 |

13) STATUTORY ACCOUNTING AND REGULATION
The insurance industry is heavily regulated. State laws and regulations, as well as national regulatory agency requirements, govern the operations of all insurers such as our insurance subsidiaries. The various laws and regulations require that insurers maintain minimum amounts of statutory surplus and risk-based capital, restrict insurers' ability to pay dividends, specify allowable investment types and investment mixes, and subject insurers to assessments. Effective June 1, 2022, our insurance subsidiaries JIC and ACIC were merged, with ACIC being the surviving entity. Effective May 31, 2022, our insurance subsidiaries UPC and FSIC were merged, with UPC being the surviving entity. Both UPC and ACIC are domiciled in Florida, while IIC is domiciled in New York. At June 30, 2022, and during the three and six months then ended, our insurance subsidiaries met all regulatory requirements of the states in which they operate.
During 2022, we received an assessment notice from the Florida Insurance Guaranty Association (FIGA). This assessment will be 1.3% on direct written premium of all covered lines of business in Florida to cover the cost of an insurance company facing insolvency. This assessment is in addition to FIGA's 0.7% assessment, described below, and is recoupable from policyholders. During 2021, we received an assessment notice from FIGA of 0.7% on all direct written premium of Florida lines of business during 2022. In addition, during 2021, we received an assessment notice from the Louisiana Insurance Guarantee Association (LIGA). LIGA is assessing property and casualty insurers $100,000,000 in the aggregate to cover the cost of two regional insurance companies facing insolvency.
The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) has Risk-Based Capital (RBC) guidelines for insurance companies that are designed to assess capital adequacy and to raise the level of protection that statutory surplus provides for policyholders. Most states, including Florida and New York, have enacted statutory requirements adopting the NAIC RBC guidelines, and insurers having less statutory surplus than required will be subject to varying degrees of regulatory action, depending on the level of capital inadequacy. State insurance regulatory authorities could require an insurer to cease operations in the event the insurer fails to maintain the required statutory capital.
The state laws of Florida and New York permit an insurer to pay dividends or make distributions out of that part of statutory surplus derived from net operating profit and net realized capital gains. The state laws further provide calculations to determine the amount of dividends or distributions that can be made without the prior approval of the insurance regulatory authorities in those states and the amount of dividends or distributions that would require prior approval of the insurance regulatory authorities in those states. Statutory RBC requirements may further restrict our insurance subsidiaries' ability to pay
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UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2022
dividends or make distributions if the amount of the intended dividend or distribution would cause statutory surplus to fall below minimum RBC requirements.
The SBA Note is considered a surplus note pursuant to statutory accounting principles. As a result, UPC is subject to the authority of the Insurance Commissioner of the State of Florida with regard to its ability to repay principal and interest on the SBA Note. Any payment of principal or interest requires permission from the insurance regulatory authority.
Our insurance subsidiaries must each file with the various insurance regulatory authorities an “Annual Statement” which reports, among other items, statutory net income (loss) and surplus as regards policyholders, which is called stockholders' equity under GAAP. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, our combined recorded statutory net loss was $59,207,000 and $118,743,000, respectively. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, our combined recorded statutory net loss was $54,777,000 and $98,777,000, respectively.
Our insurance subsidiaries must maintain capital and surplus ratios or balances as determined by the regulatory authority of the states in which they are domiciled. At June 30, 2022, we met these requirements. The amount of surplus as regards policyholders for our regulated entities at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 was $210,481,000 and $341,630,000, respectively.
14) ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
We report changes in other comprehensive loss items within comprehensive loss on the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss, and we include accumulated other comprehensive loss as a component of stockholders' equity on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The table below details the components of accumulated other comprehensive loss at period end:

| Pre-Tax Amount |  | Tax (Expense) Benefit |  | Net-of-Tax Amount
December 31, 2021 | $ | (8,593) |  |  | $ | 2,062 |  |  | $ | (6,531) |
Changes in net unrealized losses on investments | (44,209) |  |  | 494 |  |  | (43,715) |
Reclassification adjustment for realized losses | 1,847 |  |  | (462) |  |  | 1,385 |
June 30, 2022 | $ | (50,955) |  |  | $ | 2,094 |  |  | $ | (48,861) |

15) STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Our Board of Directors declared dividends on our outstanding shares of common stock to stockholders of record as follows for the periods presented (in thousands, except per share amounts):

|  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021
|  | Per Share Amount |  | Aggregate Amount |  | Per Share Amount |  | Aggregate Amount
First Quarter |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  | $ | 2,589 |  |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  | $ | 2,582 |
Second Quarter |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.06 |  |  | 2,591 |

In July 2019, our Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase plan of up to $25,000,000 of our common stock. As of June 30, 2022, we had not yet repurchased any shares under this stock repurchase plan. The timing and volume of repurchases are at the discretion of management, based on the capital needs of the business, the market price of UIHC common stock, and general market conditions. The plan has no expiration date, and the plan may be suspended or discontinued at any time.
See Note 16 in these Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding stock-based compensation activity.
16) STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
33

UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2022
We account for stock-based compensation under the fair value recognition provisions of ASC Topic 718 - Compensation - Stock Compensation. We recognize stock-based compensation cost over the award’s requisite service period on a straight-line basis for time-based restricted stock grants and performance-based restricted stock grants. We record forfeitures as they occur for all stock-based compensation.
The following table presents our total stock-based compensation expense:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Employee stock-based compensation expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pre-tax |  | $ | 141 |  |  | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | 531 |  |  | $ | 225 |
Post-tax (1) |  | 111 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 419 |  |  | 178 |
Director stock-based compensation expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pre-tax |  | 41 |  |  | 80 |  |  | 103 |  |  | 177 |
Post-tax (1) |  | 32 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 81 |  |  | 140 |

(1) The after tax amounts are determined using the 21% corporate federal tax rate.
We had approximately $4,162,000 of unrecognized stock compensation expense at June 30, 2022 related to non-vested stock-based compensation granted, which we expect to recognize over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.4 years. We had approximately $88,000 of unrecognized director stock-based compensation expense at June 30, 2022 related to non-vested director stock-based compensation granted, which we expect to recognize over a weighted-average period of approximately 0.8 years.
Restricted stock, restricted stock units and performance stock units
Stock-based compensation cost for restricted stock awards, restricted stock units and performance stock units is measured based on the closing fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant, which vest in equal installments over the requisite service period of typically three years. Restricted stock awards granted to non-employee directors vest over a one-year period. Each restricted stock unit and performance stock unit represents our obligation to deliver to the holder one share of common stock upon vesting.
Performance stock units vest based on the Company's return on average equity compared to a defined group of peer companies. On the grant date, we issue the target number of performance stock units. They are subject to forfeitures if performance goals are not met. The actual number of performance stock units earned can vary from zero to 150 percent of the target for the 2022, 2021, and 2020 awards.
We granted 793,041 and 208,812 shares of restricted common stock during the three month periods ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which had a weighted-average grant date fair value of $1.74 and $6.07 per share, respectively. We granted 907,907 and 288,026 shares of restricted common stock during the six month periods ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which had a weighted-average grant date fair value of $1.97 and $6.04 per share, respectively.
The following table presents certain information related to the activity of our non-vested common stock grants:

| Number of Restricted Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2021 | 336,596 |  |  | $ | 6.99 |
Granted | 907,907 |  |  | 1.97 |
Less: Forfeited | 57,786 |  |  | 7.56 |
Less: Vested | 108,722 |  |  | 7.08 |
Outstanding as of June 30, 2022 | 1,077,995 |  |  | $ | 2.72 |

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UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2022
Stock options
Stock option fair value was estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes-Merton formula. Stock options vest in equal installments over the requisite service period of typically three years. The following weighted-average assumptions were used to value the stock options granted:

| 2022 |  | 2021
Expected annual dividend yield | — | % |  | 3.90 | %
Expected volatility | 49.66 | % |  | 45.79 | %
Risk-free interest rate | 2.92 | % |  | 1.08 | %
Expected term | 6 years |  | 6 years

Expected annual dividend yield for our options granted prior to the third quarter of 2021 is based on a quarterly dividend of $0.06 per share and the stock price on the grant date. The expected annual dividend yield for our options granted during and after the third quarter of 2021 is based on no dividends being paid in future quarters. The expected volatility is a historical volatility calculated based on the daily closing prices over a period equal to the expected term. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the grant date. Expected term takes into account the three-year graded vesting term and the 10-year contractual term of the option.
We granted 635,643 and 154,707 stock options during the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which had a weighted average grant date fair value of $0.86 and $1.84, per share, respectively. We granted 635,643 and 154,707 stock options during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which had a weighted average grant date fair value of $0.86 and $1.84, per share, respectively.
The following table presents certain information related to the activity of our non-vested stock option grants:

| Number of Stock Options |  | Weighted Average Exercise Prices |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2021 | 1,147,215 |  |  | $ | 4.80 |  |  | 9.49 |  |  | $ | 792,000 |
Granted | 635,643 |  |  | 1.70 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Less: Forfeited | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Less: Expired | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Less: Exercised | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Outstanding as of June 30, 2022 | 1,782,858 |  |  | $ | 3.69 |  |  | 9.32 |  |  | $ | — |
Vested as of June 30, 2022(1) | 193,724 |  |  | $ | 11.90 |  |  | 7.61 |  |  | $ | — |
Exercisable as of June 30, 2022 | 141,090 |  |  | $ | 11.90 |  |  | 7.61 |  |  | $ | — |

(1) The vested shares are calculated based on all vested shares at June 30, 2022, inclusive of those that have since expired. The weighted average exercise prices and weighted-average remaining contractual term is calculated based on only vested shares that are outstanding and exercisable at June 30, 2022.
17) SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
We evaluate all subsequent events and transactions for potential recognition or disclosure in our financial statements.
On August 1, 2022, Demotech, Inc. downgraded the Financial Stability Rating (FSR) of UPC from "A" or "Exceptional" to "M" or "Moderate". The FSR of ACIC and IIC remained at "A". The Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”)
35

UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
June 30, 2022
and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”) require that property insurance policies for properties with a mortgage backed by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac must be written by a property insurance carrier meeting certain financial rating requirements, and an FSR of "M" or "Moderate" does not qualify. However, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac each provide an exception to the financial rating requirements if an insurer is covered by a reinsurer who assumes by endorsement 100% of the insurer’s liability for any covered loss payable but unpaid by the insurer for reason of insolvency.
As a result of the Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac financial rating requirements and the FSR downgrades, on August 2, 2022, the Florida Office of Insurance Regulation ("FLOIR"), approved a reinsurance arrangement whereby Citizens Property Insurance Corporation ("Citizens") will offer a reinsurance arrangement effective through June 1, 2023 to insurers that do not have an acceptable FSR as required for the secondary mortgage market. The Citizens reinsurance arrangement only covers Florida policies. As of August 2, 2022, UPC has been approved by the FLOIR as eligible to participate in the reinsurance program.
On August 2, 2022, the Company requested approval from the FLOIR to make a capital contribution valued at $12,000,000 to our insurance subsidiary UPC. We are awaiting approval from the FLOIR and will make this contribution upon approval.
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UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.

Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-Q, as well as with the Consolidated Financial Statements and related footnotes under Part II. Item 8 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain known and unknown risks and uncertainties. See "Forward-Looking Statements."
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Overview
United Insurance Holdings Corp. (referred to in this document as we, our, us, the Company or UPC Insurance) is a holding company primarily engaged in personal and commercial property and casualty insurance business with investments in the United States. We conduct our business principally through our three wholly-owned insurance subsidiaries: United Property & Casualty Insurance Company (UPC); American Coastal Insurance Company (ACIC); and Interboro Insurance Company (IIC). Collectively, we refer to the holding company and all our subsidiaries, including non-insurance subsidiaries, as “UPC Insurance,” which is the preferred brand identification for our Company.
Our Company’s primary source of revenue is generated from writing insurance in Florida, Louisiana, New York and Texas. The Company also writes policies in Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina where renewal rights have been sold and all premiums and losses are ceded. Effective April 1, 2022, we no longer write in the state of Massachusetts, and effective January 15, 2022, we no longer write in the state of New Jersey. Effective January 1, 2021, we no longer write in the state of Hawaii, and effective December 1, 2021, we no longer write in the states of Connecticut or Rhode Island, though we are still licensed to write in all five states. We are also licensed to write property and casualty insurance in an additional six states; however, we have not commenced writing or no longer write in these states.
Our Company, together with wholly-owned subsidiaries UPC and United Insurance Management, L.C. (UIM), entered into a Renewal Rights Agreement (Southeast Renewal Agreement), dated as of December 30, 2021 with Homeowners Choice Property and Casualty, Inc. (HCPCI), pursuant to which our Company, UPC and UIM agreed to sell, and HCPCI agreed to purchase, the renewal rights to UPC’s personal lines homeowners business in Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina. The transfer of policies is subject to regulatory approval. Effective June 1, 2022 we began transitioning South Carolina policies to HCPCI. The sale was consummated on December 30, 2021.
Effective June 1, 2022, we entered into a quota share reinsurance agreement with TypTap Insurance Company (Typtap) in connection with the Southeast Renewal Agreement. Under the terms of this agreement, we cede 100% of our in-force, new, and renewal policies in the states of Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. This agreement replaces the 85% quota share agreement with HCPCI effective December 31, 2021. Also effective June 1, our third-party quota share reinsurance agreements were renewed to exclude these states. We will no longer retain any risk associated with these states.
Our Company, together with wholly-owned subsidiaries UPC and UIM, entered into a Renewal Rights Agreement (Northeast Renewal Agreement), dated as of January 18, 2021 with HCPCI and HCI Group, Inc. (HCI), pursuant to which our Company, UPC and UIM agreed to sell, and HCPCI agreed to purchase, the renewal rights to UPC’s personal lines homeowners business in Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey and Rhode Island. The transfer of all states was completed as of June 30, 2022.
Effective June 1, 2021, we entered into a quota share reinsurance agreement with HCPCI and TypTap in connection with the Northeast Renewal Agreement. Under the terms of this agreement, we cede 100% of our in-force, new, and renewal policies in the states of Connecticut, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. The cession of these policies is 50% to HCPCI and 50% to TypTap.
We have historically grown our business through strong organic growth, complemented by strategic acquisitions and partnerships, including our acquisitions of AmCo Holding Company, LLC (AmCo) and its subsidiaries, including ACIC, in April 2017, IIC in April 2016, and Family Security Holdings, LLC (FSH), including its subsidiary Family Security Insurance Company, Inc. (FSIC), in February 2015, and our strategic partnership with a subsidiary of Tokio Marine Kiln Group Limited (Tokio Marine), which formed Journey Insurance Company (JIC) in August 2018. Effective June 1, 2022, we merged JIC into
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UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.

ACIC, with ACIC being the surviving entity. Effective May 31, 2022, we merged FSIC into UPC, with UPC being the surviving entity.
As a result of underwriting actions implemented during the fourth quarter of 2020 and throughout 2021, as well as the transfer of Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Massachusetts and South Carolina policies to HCPCI, our policies in-force decreased by 39.4% from 568,732 policies in-force at June 30, 2021 to 344,522 policies in-force at June 30, 2022.
The following discussion highlights significant factors influencing the consolidated financial position and results of operations of UPC Insurance. In evaluating our results of operations, we use premiums written and earned, policies in-force and new and renewal policies by geographic concentration. We also consider the impact of catastrophe losses and prior year development on our loss ratios, expense ratios and combined ratios. In monitoring our investments, we use credit quality, investment income, cash flows, realized gains and losses, unrealized gains and losses, asset diversification and portfolio duration. To evaluate our financial condition, we consider our liquidity, financial strength, ratings, book value per share and return on equity.
Impact of COVID-19
We did not experience a material impact from COVID-19 on our business operations, financial position, liquidity or our ability to service our policyholders during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting global disruptions did not have a material impact on our access to credit and capital markets needed to maintain sufficient liquidity for our continued operating needs during the quarter ended June 30, 2022.
Additionally, during the fourth quarter of 2021 we implemented our new flexible work policy. This policy allows all employees to work remotely permanently, with the return to our offices being completely voluntary at this time. We will continue to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic and take reasonable measures to make sure customers continue to be served without interruption.
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UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.

2022 Highlights

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Gross premiums written | $ | 360,146 |  |  | $ | 426,424 |  |  | $ | 639,621 |  |  | $ | 738,062 |
Gross premiums earned | 305,758 |  |  | 356,433 |  |  | 624,964 |  |  | 713,096 |
Net premiums earned | 111,405 |  |  | 145,460 |  |  | 212,262 |  |  | 291,409 |
Total revenues | 115,793 |  |  | 155,454 |  |  | 218,159 |  |  | 317,243 |
Earnings before income tax | (32,905) |  |  | (32,773) |  |  | (77,212) |  |  | (59,055) |
Consolidated net loss attributable to UIHC | (69,029) |  |  | (23,510) |  |  | (102,201) |  |  | (41,281) |
Net loss available to UIHC stockholders per diluted share | $ | (1.60) |  |  | $ | (0.55) |  |  | $ | (2.38) |  |  | $ | (0.96) |
Reconciliation of net loss to core loss: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Plus: Non-cash amortization of intangible assets | $ | 812 |  |  | $ | 889 |  |  | $ | 1,624 |  |  | $ | 1,932 |
Less: Realized gains (losses) on investment portfolio | (78) |  |  | (124) |  |  | (1,847) |  |  | 379 |
Less: Unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities | (5,084) |  |  | 2,438 |  |  | (7,352) |  |  | 5,002 |
Less: Net tax impact (1) | 1,255 |  |  | (299) |  |  | 2,273 |  |  | (724) |
Core loss (2) (3) | (64,310) |  |  | (24,636) |  |  | (93,651) |  |  | (44,006) |
Core loss per diluted share(2) (3) | $ | (1.49) |  |  | $ | (0.57) |  |  | $ | (2.18) |  |  | $ | (1.03) |
Book value per share |  |  |  |  | $ | 3.85 |  |  | $ | 7.85 |

(1) In order to reconcile the net loss to the core loss measure, we included the tax impact of all adjustments using the 21% corporate federal tax rate.
(2) For both the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, core loss includes $43,660,000 in tax expense related to the Company's recognition of a valuation allowance.
(3) Core loss, a measure that is not based on U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), is reconciled above to net loss, the most directly comparable GAAP measure. Additional information regarding non-GAAP financial measures presented in this Form 10-Q is in "Definitions of Non-GAAP Measures" below.
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UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.

Consolidated Net Loss

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
REVENUE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross premiums written |  | $ | 360,146 |  |  | $ | 426,424 |  |  | $ | 639,621 |  |  | $ | 738,062 |
Change in gross unearned premiums |  | (54,388) |  |  | (69,991) |  |  | (14,657) |  |  | (24,966) |
Gross premiums earned |  | 305,758 |  |  | 356,433 |  |  | 624,964 |  |  | 713,096 |
Ceded premiums earned |  | (194,353) |  |  | (210,973) |  |  | (412,702) |  |  | (421,687) |
Net premiums earned |  | 111,405 |  |  | 145,460 |  |  | 212,262 |  |  | 291,409 |
Net investment income |  | 3,140 |  |  | 3,683 |  |  | 5,618 |  |  | 7,266 |
Net realized investment gains (losses) |  | (78) |  |  | (124) |  |  | (1,847) |  |  | 379 |
Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities |  | (5,084) |  |  | 2,438 |  |  | (7,352) |  |  | 5,002 |
Other revenue |  | 6,410 |  |  | 3,997 |  |  | 9,478 |  |  | 13,187 |
Total revenue |  | 115,793 |  |  | 155,454 |  |  | 218,159 |  |  | 317,243 |
EXPENSES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Losses and loss adjustment expenses |  | 90,074 |  |  | 118,064 |  |  | 181,442 |  |  | 233,845 |
Policy acquisition costs |  | 28,988 |  |  | 41,327 |  |  | 55,004 |  |  | 82,148 |
Operating expenses |  | 13,019 |  |  | 13,482 |  |  | 25,267 |  |  | 26,704 |
General and administrative expenses |  | 14,494 |  |  | 13,112 |  |  | 30,499 |  |  | 28,994 |
Interest expense |  | 2,394 |  |  | 2,257 |  |  | 4,773 |  |  | 4,632 |
Total expenses |  | 148,969 |  |  | 188,242 |  |  | 296,985 |  |  | 376,323 |
Loss before other income |  | (33,176) |  |  | (32,788) |  |  | (78,826) |  |  | (59,080) |
Other income |  | 271 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 1,614 |  |  | 25 |
Loss before income taxes |  | (32,905) |  |  | (32,773) |  |  | (77,212) |  |  | (59,055) |
Provision (benefit) for income taxes |  | 36,150 |  |  | (9,352) |  |  | 25,100 |  |  | (17,174) |
Net loss |  | $ | (69,055) |  |  | $ | (23,421) |  |  | $ | (102,312) |  |  | $ | (41,881) |
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests |  | (26) |  |  | 89 |  |  | (111) |  |  | (600) |
Net loss attributable to UIHC |  | $ | (69,029) |  |  | $ | (23,510) |  |  | $ | (102,201) |  |  | $ | (41,281) |
Earnings available to UIHC common stockholders per diluted share |  | $ | (1.60) |  |  | $ | (0.55) |  |  | $ | (2.38) |  |  | $ | (0.96) |
Book value per share |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3.85 |  |  | $ | 7.85 |
Return on equity based on GAAP net loss |  |  |  |  |  | (72.2) | % |  | (20.5) | %
Loss ratio, net (1) |  | 80.9 | % |  | 81.2 | % |  | 85.5 | % |  | 80.2 | %
Expense ratio (2) |  | 50.7 | % |  | 46.7 | % |  | 52.2 | % |  | 47.3 | %
Combined ratio (3) |  | 131.6 | % |  | 127.9 | % |  | 137.7 | % |  | 127.5 | %
Effect of current year catastrophe losses on combined ratio |  | 18.4 | % |  | 27.7 | % |  | 23.2 | % |  | 22.0 | %
Effect of prior year development on combined ratio |  | 7.0 | % |  | (0.3) | % |  | 4.3 | % |  | 10.1 | %
Underlying combined ratio (4) |  | 106.2 | % |  | 100.5 | % |  | 110.2 | % |  | 95.4 | %

(1) Loss ratio, net is calculated as losses and LAE net of losses ceded to reinsurers, relative to net premiums earned. Management uses this operating metric to analyze our loss trends and believes it is useful for investors to evaluate this component separately from our other operating expenses.
(2) Expense ratio is calculated as the sum of all operating expenses less interest expense relative to net premiums earned. Management uses this operating metric to analyze our expense trends and believes it is useful for investors to evaluate this component separately from our loss expenses.
(3) Combined ratio is the sum of the loss ratio, net and the expense ratio, net. Management uses this operating metric to analyze our total expense trends and believes it is a key indicator for investors when evaluating the overall profitability of our business.
(4) Underlying combined ratio, a measure that is not based on GAAP, is reconciled above to the combined ratio, the most directly comparable GAAP measure. Additional information regarding non-GAAP financial measures presented in this Form 10-Q is in "Definitions of Non-GAAP Measures" below.
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UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.

Definitions of Non-GAAP Measures
We believe that investors' understanding of UPC Insurance's performance is enhanced by our disclosure of the following non-GAAP measures. Our methods for calculating these measures may differ from those used by other companies and therefore comparability may be limited.
Combined ratio excluding the effects of current year catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development (underlying combined ratio) is a non-GAAP measure, that is computed by subtracting the effect of current year catastrophe losses and prior year development from the combined ratio. We believe that this ratio is useful to investors and it is used by management to highlight the trends in our business that may be obscured by current year catastrophe losses and prior year development. Current year catastrophe losses cause our loss trends to vary significantly between periods as a result of their frequency of occurrence and magnitude, and can have a significant impact on the combined ratio. Prior year development is caused by unexpected loss development on historical reserves. We believe it is useful for investors to evaluate these components separately and in the aggregate when reviewing our performance. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is the combined ratio. The underlying combined ratio should not be considered as a substitute for the combined ratio and does not reflect the overall profitability of our business.
Net loss and LAE excluding the effects of current year catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development (underlying loss and LAE) is a non-GAAP measure, that is computed by subtracting the effect of current year catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development from net loss and LAE. We use underlying loss and LAE figures to analyze our loss trends that may be impacted by current year catastrophe losses and prior year development on our reserves. As discussed previously, these two items can have a significant impact on our loss trends in a given period. We believe it is useful for investors to evaluate these components separately and in the aggregate when reviewing our performance. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is net loss and LAE. The underlying loss and LAE measure should not be considered a substitute for net loss and LAE and does not reflect the overall profitability of our business.
Net loss excluding the effects of amortization of intangible assets, realized gains and unrealized gains on equity securities, net of tax (core loss) is a non-GAAP measure, which is computed by adding amortization, net of tax, to net loss and subtracting realized gains (losses) on our investment portfolio, net of tax, and unrealized gains (losses) on our equity securities, net of tax, from net loss. Amortization expense is related to the amortization of intangible assets acquired through mergers and therefore the expense does not arise through normal operations. Investment portfolio gains (losses) and unrealized equity security gains (losses) vary independent of our operations. We believe it is useful for investors to evaluate these components separately and in the aggregate when reviewing our performance. The most directly comparable GAAP measure is net loss. The core loss measure should not be considered a substitute for net loss and does not reflect the overall profitability of our business.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES
When we prepare our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes in conformity with GAAP, we must make estimates and assumptions about future events that affect the amounts we report. Certain of these estimates result from judgments that can be subjective and complex. As a result of that subjectivity and complexity, and because we continuously evaluate these estimates and assumptions based on a variety of factors, actual results could materially differ from our estimates and assumptions if changes in one or more factors require us to make accounting adjustments. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, we reassessed our critical accounting policies and estimates as disclosed in Note 2 to the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. In June 2022, we assessed our deferred tax position and recorded a valuation allowance against all of our deferred tax assets as of June 30, 2022. We intend to continue maintaining a full valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets until there is sufficient evidence to support the reversal of all or some portion of this allowance. We have made no other material changes or additions with regard to those policies and estimates.
RECENT ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
Please refer to Note 2 in the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of recent accounting standards that may affect us.
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UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.

ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION - JUNE 30, 2022 COMPARED TO DECEMBER 31, 2021
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements and related notes, and in conjunction with the section entitled "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.
Investments
The primary goals of our investment strategy are to preserve capital, maximize after-tax investment income, maintain liquidity and minimize risk. To accomplish our goals, we purchase debt securities in sectors that represent the most attractive relative value, and we maintain a moderate equity exposure. Limiting equity exposure manages risks and helps to preserve capital for two reasons: first, bond market returns are less volatile than stock market returns, and second, should the bond issuer enter bankruptcy liquidation, bondholders generally have a higher priority than equity holders in a bankruptcy proceeding. Our investment strategy is the same for both our personal lines and commercial lines operating segments.
We must comply with applicable state insurance regulations that prescribe the type, quality and concentrations of investments our insurance subsidiaries can make; therefore, our current investment policy limits investment in non-investment-grade fixed maturities and limits total investment amounts in preferred stock, common stock and mortgage notes receivable. We do not invest in derivative securities.
Two outside asset management companies, which have authority and discretion to buy and sell securities for us, manage our investments subject to (i) the guidelines established by our Board of Directors and (ii) the direction of management. The Investment Committee of our Board of Directors reviews and approves our investment policy on a regular basis.
Our cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and investment portfolio totaled $898,379,000 at June 30, 2022, compared to $964,844,000 at December 31, 2021.
The following table summarizes our investments, by type:

| June 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
| Estimated Fair Value |  | Percent of Total |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Percent of Total
U.S. government and agency securities | $ | 36,565 |  |  | 4.1% |  | $ | 49,340 |  |  | 5.1%
Foreign government | 3,362 |  |  | 0.4% |  | 3,459 |  |  | 0.4%
States, municipalities and political subdivisions | 64,664 |  |  | 7.2% |  | 79,896 |  |  | 8.3%
Public utilities | 17,830 |  |  | 2.0% |  | 25,457 |  |  | 2.6%
Corporate securities | 192,445 |  |  | 21.4% |  | 244,443 |  |  | 25.3%
Mortgage-backed securities | 145,996 |  |  | 16.3% |  | 186,740 |  |  | 19.4%
Asset-backed securities | 62,412 |  |  | 6.9% |  | 70,162 |  |  | 7.3%
Redeemable preferred stocks | 3,817 |  |  | 0.4% |  | 4,105 |  |  | 0.4%
Total fixed maturities | 527,091 |  |  | 58.7 | % |  | 663,602 |  |  | 68.8 | %
Mutual funds | 33,027 |  |  | 3.7% |  | 33,064 |  |  | 3.4%
Non-redeemable preferred stocks | 4,525 |  |  | 0.5% |  | 4,894 |  |  | 0.5%
Total equity securities | 37,552 |  |  | 4.2 | % |  | 37,958 |  |  | 3.9 | %
Other investments | 16,590 |  |  | 1.8 | % |  | 18,006 |  |  | 1.9 | %
Total investments | 581,233 |  |  | 64.7% |  | 719,566 |  |  | 74.6%
Cash and cash equivalents | 283,785 |  |  | 31.6 | % |  | 212,024 |  |  | 22.0 | %
Restricted cash | 33,361 |  |  | 3.7% |  | 33,254 |  |  | 3.4%
Total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments | $ | 898,379 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 964,844 |  |  | 100.0 | %

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UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.

We classify all of our fixed-maturity investments as available-for-sale. Our investments at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 consisted mainly of U.S. government and agency securities, states, municipalities and political subdivisions, mortgage-backed securities and securities of investment-grade corporate issuers. Our equity holdings consisted mainly of securities issued by companies in the financial, utilities and industrial sectors or mutual funds. At June 30, 2022, approximately 84.5% of our fixed maturities were U.S. Treasuries or corporate bonds rated “A” or better, and 15.5% were corporate bonds rated “BBB” or "BB".
Reinsurance
We follow the industry practice of reinsuring a portion of our risks. Reinsurance involves transferring, or "ceding", all or a portion of the risk exposure on policies we write to another insurer, known as a reinsurer. To the extent that our reinsurers are unable to meet the obligations they assume under our reinsurance agreements, we remain primarily liable for the entire insured loss under the policies we write.
Our reinsurance program is designed, utilizing our risk management methodology, to address our exposure to catastrophe losses. According to the Insurance Service Office (ISO), a catastrophe loss is defined as a single unpredictable incident or series of closely related incidents that result in $25,000,000 or more in U.S. industry-wide direct insured losses to property and that affect a significant number of policyholders and insurers (ISO catastrophes). In addition to ISO catastrophes, we also include as catastrophes those events (non-ISO catastrophes), which may include losses, that we believe are, or will be, material to our operations which we define as incidents that result in $1,000,000 or more in losses for multiple policyholders.
During the second quarter of 2022, we placed our reinsurance program for the 2022 hurricane season. We purchased catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance protection up to an exhaustion point of approximately $2,500,000,000. The treaties reinsure for personal and commercial lines property excess catastrophe losses caused by multiple perils including hurricanes and tropical storms. The agreements became effective as of June 1, 2022, for a one-year term, and incorporate the mandatory coverage required by and placed with the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund (FHCF) and coverage required under the Reinsurance to Assist Policyholders Program (RAP Program). The FHCF and RAP Program covers Florida risks only and we participate at 90%. Under our core catastrophe excess of loss treaty, retention on a first and second event is $16,400,000 each. The exhaustion point of IIC's catastrophe reinsurance program is approximately $200,000,000, with a retention of $3,000,000 per occurrence, covering all perils.
Effective December 13, 2021, we renewed our all other perils (AOP) catastrophe excess of loss agreement. The agreement
provides protection from catastrophe loss events other than named windstorms and earthquakes up to $110,000,000.
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UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.

The table below outlines our quota share agreements in effect for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021.

Reinsurer | Companies in Scope (1) | Effective Dates | Cession Rate | States in Scope
External third-party | UPC, FSIC & ACIC | 06/01/2022 - 06/01/2023 | 10% (2) | Florida, Louisiana, Texas
TypTap | UPC | 06/01/2022 - 06/01/2023 | 100% (3) | Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina
External third-party | UPC, FSIC & ACIC | 12/31/2021 - 12/31/2022 | 8% (2) | Florida, Louisiana, Texas
HCPCI | UPC | 12/31/2021 - 06/01/2022 | 85% | Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina
External third-party | UPC & FSIC | 12/31/2021 - 12/31/2022 | 25% (4) | Florida, Louisiana, Texas
HCPCI / TypTap (5) | UPC | 06/01/2021 - 06/01/2022 | 100% (3) | Connecticut, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Rhode Island
External third-party | UPC, FSIC & ACIC (6) | 06/01/2021 - 06/01/2022 | 15% (2) | Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas
IIC | UPC | 12/31/2020 - 12/31/2022 | 100% | New York
HCPCI | UPC | 12/31/2020 - 06/01/2021 | 69.5% | Connecticut, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Rhode Island
External third-party | UPC, FSIC & ACIC | 12/30/2020 - 12/31/2021 | 8% (2) | Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas
External third-party | UPC, FSIC & ACIC (6) | 06/01/2020 - 06/01/2021 | 15% (2) | Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas
External third-party | UPC & FSIC | 06/01/2020 - 06/01/2021 | 7.5% (2) | Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas

(1) Effective May 31, 2022, FSIC was merged into UPC, with UPC being the surviving entity.
(2) This treaty provides coverage for all catastrophe perils and attritional losses incurred. For all catastrophe perils, the quota share agreement provides ground- up protection effectively reducing our retention for catastrophe losses.
(3) This treaty provides coverage on our in-force, new and renewal policies until these states are transitioned to HCPCI or TypTap upon renewal.
(4) This treaty provides coverage on non-catastrophe losses on policies in-force on the effective date of the agreement.
(5) Cessions are split 50% to HCPCI and 50% to TypTap.
(6) This treaty was amended effective December 31, 2020 to include ACIC.
Reinsurance costs as a percentage of gross earned premium during the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

|  | 2022 |  | 2021
Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |
Non-at-Risk |  | (2.3) | % |  | (2.0) | %
Quota Share |  | (25.7) | % |  | (25.6) | %
All Other |  | (35.6) | % |  | (31.6) | %
Total Ceding Ratio |  | (63.6) | % |  | (59.2) | %
Six Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |
Non-at-Risk |  | (2.3) | % |  | (2.2) | %
Quota Share |  | (28.9) | % |  | (25.9) | %
All Other |  | (34.8) | % |  | (31.0) | %
Total Ceding Ratio |  | (66.0) | % |  | (59.1) | %

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UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.

Reinsurance costs as a percent of gross earned premium for our personal residential property and casualty insurance policies (personal lines) and commercial residential property and casualty insurance policies (commercial lines) operating segments during the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

|  | Personal |  | Commercial
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-at-Risk |  | (3.4) | % |  | (2.6) | % |  | (0.5) | % |  | (0.5) | %
Quota Share |  | (31.2) | % |  | (30.4) | % |  | (16.3) | % |  | (13.5) | %
All Other |  | (34.3) | % |  | (26.7) | % |  | (37.8) | % |  | (43.8) | %
Total Ceding Ratio |  | (68.9) | % |  | (59.7) | % |  | (54.6) | % |  | (57.8) | %
Six Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-at-Risk |  | (3.3) | % |  | (2.8) | % |  | (0.5) | % |  | (0.5) | %
Quota Share |  | (35.4) | % |  | (31.1) | % |  | (17.0) | % |  | (12.7) | %
All Other |  | (32.8) | % |  | (25.8) | % |  | (38.6) | % |  | (44.4) | %
Total Ceding Ratio |  | (71.5) | % |  | (59.7) | % |  | (56.1) | % |  | (57.6) | %

Please note that the sum of the percentages above will not reconcile to the consolidated percentages as they are calculated using each operating segments’ gross earned premium rather than our consolidated gross earned premium.
We amortize our ceded unearned premiums over the annual agreement period, and we record that amortization in ceded premiums earned on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss. The table below summarizes the amounts of our ceded premiums written under the various types of agreements, as well as the amortization of ceded unearned premiums:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Quota Share(1) | $ | (28,097) |  |  | $ | (84,836) |  |  | $ | (78,215) |  |  | $ | (165,035) |
Excess-of-loss | (377,218) |  |  | (412,337) |  |  | (393,555) |  |  | (447,448) |
Equipment, identity theft, and cyber security | (1,301) |  |  | (3,262) |  |  | (2,225) |  |  | (5,630) |
Flood and inland flood | (6,437) |  |  | (7,395) |  |  | (10,740) |  |  | (11,961) |
Ceded premiums written | $ | (413,053) |  |  | $ | (507,830) |  |  | $ | (484,735) |  |  | $ | (630,074) |
Change in ceded unearned premiums | 218,700 |  |  | 296,857 |  |  | 72,033 |  |  | 208,387 |
Ceded premiums earned | $ | (194,353) |  |  | $ | (210,973) |  |  | $ | (412,702) |  |  | $ | (421,687) |

(1) 2022 and 2021 quota share ceded written premium includes our quota share agreements with HCPCI and Typtap.
The breakdown of our ceded premiums written under the various types of agreements, as well as the amortization of ceded unearned premiums for our personal lines and commercial lines operating segments can be seen in the tables below. These values can be reconciled to the table above.
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UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.

Personal Lines Operating Segment

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Quota Share | $ | (10,153) |  |  | $ | (51,959) |  |  | $ | (37,143) |  |  | $ | (118,206) |
Excess-of-loss | (218,883) |  |  | (248,730) |  |  | (229,366) |  |  | (278,926) |
Equipment, identity theft, and cyber security | (443) |  |  | (2,431) |  |  | (789) |  |  | (4,419) |
Flood and inland flood (1) | (6,437) |  |  | (7,395) |  |  | (10,740) |  |  | (11,961) |
Ceded premiums written | $ | (235,916) |  |  | $ | (310,515) |  |  | $ | (278,038) |  |  | $ | (413,512) |
Change in ceded unearned premiums | 103,334 |  |  | 158,271 |  |  | (10,871) |  |  | 106,920 |
Ceded premiums earned | $ | (132,582) |  |  | $ | (152,244) |  |  | $ | (288,909) |  |  | $ | (306,592) |

(1) 2022 and 2021 quota share ceded written premium includes our quota share agreements with HCPCI and Typtap.
Commercial Lines Operating Segment Impact

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Quota Share | $ | (17,944) |  |  | $ | (32,878) |  |  | $ | (41,072) |  |  | $ | (46,830) |
Excess-of-loss | (158,335) |  |  | (163,606) |  |  | (164,189) |  |  | (168,521) |
Equipment, identity theft, and cyber security | (858) |  |  | (831) |  |  | (1,436) |  |  | (1,211) |
Ceded premiums written | $ | (177,137) |  |  | $ | (197,315) |  |  | $ | (206,697) |  |  | $ | (216,562) |
Change in ceded unearned premiums | 115,366 |  |  | 138,586 |  |  | 82,904 |  |  | 101,467 |
Ceded premiums earned | $ | (61,771) |  |  | $ | (58,729) |  |  | $ | (123,793) |  |  | $ | (115,095) |

Current year catastrophe losses disaggregated between name and numbered storms and all other catastrophe loss events are shown in the following table.

|  | 2022 |  | 2021
|  | Number of Events |  | Incurred Loss and LAE (1) |  | Combined Ratio Impact |  | Number of Events |  | Incurred Loss and LAE (1) |  | Combined Ratio Impact
Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current period catastrophe losses incurred |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Named and numbered storms |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | 2 |  |  | $ | 4,012 |  |  | 2.8 | %
All other catastrophe loss events |  | 16 |  |  | 20,553 |  |  | 18.4 | % |  | 15 |  |  | 36,245 |  |  | 24.9 | %
Total |  | 16 |  |  | $ | 20,553 |  |  | 18.4 | % |  | 17 |  |  | $ | 40,257 |  |  | 27.7 | %
Six Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current period catastrophe losses incurred |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Named and numbered storms |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | 2 |  |  | $ | 4,012 |  |  | 1.4 | %
All other catastrophe loss events |  | 26 |  |  | 49,169 |  |  | 23.2 | % |  | 25 |  |  | 60,210 |  |  | 20.6 | %
Total |  | 26 |  |  | $ | 49,169 |  |  | 23.2 | % |  | 27 |  |  | $ | 64,222 |  |  | 22.0 | %

(1) Incurred loss and LAE is equal to losses and LAE paid plus the change in case and incurred but not reported reserves. Shown net of losses ceded to reinsurers. Incurred loss and LAE and number of events includes the development on storms during the year in which it occurred.
The impact of the current year catastrophes to our personal lines and commercial lines operating segments can be seen in the tables below. Please note that the catastrophe events may have impacted both operating segments. As a result, the sum of the number of events in the tables below will not reconcile to the consolidated number of events above. In addition, the combined ratio impact is calculated using each segment's net premiums earned and sum of the ratios in the tables below will not reconcile to the ratios above.
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UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.

Personal Lines Operating Segment

|  | 2022 |  | 2021
|  | Number of Events |  | Incurred Loss and LAE (1) |  | Combined Ratio Impact |  | Number of Events |  | Incurred Loss and LAE (1) |  | Combined Ratio Impact
Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current period catastrophe losses incurred |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Named and numbered storms |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | 2 |  |  | $ | 3,926 |  |  | 3.8 | %
All other catastrophe loss events |  | 16 |  |  | 23,140 |  |  | 38.6 | % |  | 15 |  |  | 33,893 |  |  | 33.0 | %
Total |  | 16 |  |  | $ | 23,140 |  |  | 38.6 | % |  | 17 |  |  | $ | 37,819 |  |  | 36.8 | %
Six Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current period catastrophe losses incurred |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Named and numbered storms |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | 2 |  |  | $ | 3,926 |  |  | 1.9 | %
All other catastrophe loss events |  | 26 |  |  | 48,651 |  |  | 42.2 | % |  | 25 |  |  | 53,499 |  |  | 25.9 | %
Total |  | 26 |  |  | $ | 48,651 |  |  | 42.2 | % |  | 27 |  |  | $ | 57,425 |  |  | 27.8 | %

(1) Incurred loss and LAE is equal to losses and LAE paid plus the change in case and incurred but not reported reserves. Shown net of losses ceded to reinsurers. Incurred loss and LAE and number of events includes the development on storms during the year in which it occurred.
Commercial Lines Operating Segment

|  | 2022 |  | 2021
|  | Number of Events |  | Incurred Loss and LAE (1) |  | Combined Ratio Impact |  | Number of Events |  | Incurred Loss and LAE (1) |  | Combined Ratio Impact
Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current period catastrophe losses incurred |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Named and numbered storms |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 86 |  |  | 0.2 | %
All other catastrophe loss events |  | 3 |  |  | (2,587) |  |  | (5.0) | % |  | 1 |  |  | 2,352 |  |  | 5.5 | %
Total |  | 3 |  |  | $ | (2,587) |  |  | (5.0) | % |  | 2 |  |  | $ | 2,438 |  |  | 5.7 | %
Six Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current period catastrophe losses incurred |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Named and numbered storms |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 86 |  |  | 0.1 | %
All other catastrophe loss events |  | 6 |  |  | 518 |  |  | 0.5 | % |  | 3 |  |  | 6,711 |  |  | 7.9 | %
Total |  | 6 |  |  | $ | 518 |  |  | 0.5 | % |  | 4 |  |  | $ | 6,797 |  |  | 8.0 | %

(1) Incurred loss and LAE is equal to losses and LAE paid plus the change in case and incurred but not reported reserves. Shown net of losses ceded to reinsurers. Incurred loss and LAE and number of events includes the development on storms during the year in which it occurred.
See Note 8 in our Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding our reinsurance program.
Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustments
We generally use the term “loss(es)” to collectively refer to both loss and LAE. We establish reserves for both reported and unreported unpaid losses that have occurred at or before the balance sheet date for amounts we estimate we will be required to pay in the future, including provisions for claims that have been reported but are unpaid at the balance sheet date and for obligations on claims that have been incurred but not reported at the balance sheet date. Our policy is to establish these loss reserves after considering all information known to us at each reporting period. At any given point in time, our loss reserve represents our best estimate of the ultimate settlement and administration costs of our insured claims incurred and unpaid.
Unpaid losses and LAE totaled $849,994,000 and $1,084,450,000 as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Of this total, $648,022,000 and $854,073,000, respectively, is related to our personal lines operating segment. The remaining $201,972,000 and $230,377,000, respectively, is related to our commercial lines operating segment. On a
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UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.

consolidated basis, this balance has decreased from year end as a result of the continued settlement of catastrophe claims related to prior years.
Since the process of estimating loss reserves requires significant judgment due to a number of variables, such as fluctuations in inflation, judicial decisions, legislative changes and changes in claims handling procedures, our ultimate liability will likely differ from these estimates. We revise our reserve for unpaid losses as additional information becomes available, and reflect adjustments, if any, in our earnings in the periods in which we determine the adjustments as necessary.
See Note 9 in our Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding our losses and loss adjustments.
Inflation
During the fourth quarter of 2021, the United States began experiencing an increase in the rate of inflation. During the first half of 2022, inflation hit 8.6%, its highest level since 1981, impacting all industries. Premium rates charged to policyholders are typically developed several months prior to implementation, using market information available at the time of the filing. While we attempt to charge adequate premium rates to combat increased costs, during periods of high inflation, we may not have included the negative impact to loss and loss adjustment expenses into our projections, resulting in premium rates that may not be sufficient. In addition, we may be limited in our ability to raise premium rates due to regulatory restrictions. As a result of the inflation during the first half of 2022, higher loss and loss adjustment expenses have had a negative impact on our results of operations during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022.
In response to inflation, the Federal Reserve has also increased interest rates which may negatively affect the market value of our investment portfolio and our rate of return on investments. Management monitors and responds to the inflationary pressure and changing interest rate environment for potential long-term material impacts to our investment portfolio and results of operations.
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UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - COMPARISON OF THE THREE MONTH PERIODS ENDED JUNE 30, 2022 AND 2021
Net losses attributable to UIHC for the three months ended June 30, 2022 increased $45,519,000, or 193.6%, to a net loss of $69,029,000 for the second quarter of 2022 from $23,510,000 for the same period in 2021. The increase in net loss was primarily due to an increase in our provision for income taxes from the recognition of a valuation allowance against our deferred tax asset during the quarter of $43,660,000. Total revenue also decreased as a result of decreased gross written premiums, partially offset by decreased ceded premiums earned. Ceded premiums earned decreased as the result of a reduction in our geographic footprint and exposure driving decreased costs associated with our quota share and catastrophe reinsurance program. On the expense side, loss and LAE incurred decreased for the period, driven by lower current year catastrophe losses in 2022. In addition, policy acquisition costs also decreased quarter-over-quarter. The details of the change in gross written premiums and policy acquisition costs are described below.
Revenue
Our gross written premiums decreased $66,278,000, or 15.5%, to $360,146,000 for the second quarter ended June 30, 2022 from $426,424,000 for the same period in 2021. This decrease was driven primarily by the transition of the Northeast business to HCPCI in the fourth quarter of 2021 and the first half of 2022. In addition, the Company experienced a decline in written premiums across the personal lines business, due to underwriting actions taken by the Company throughout 2021 and in the first half of 2022. The breakdown of the quarter-over-quarter changes in both direct written and assumed premiums by region and gross written premium by line of business are shown in the table below.

($ in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change
Direct Written and Assumed Premium by Region (1) |  |  |  |  |  |
Florida |  | $ | 289,551 |  |  | $ | 281,728 |  |  | $ | 7,823 |
Gulf |  | 56,739 |  |  | 67,290 |  |  | (10,551) |
Southeast |  | 16,719 |  |  | 27,483 |  |  | (10,764) |
Northeast |  | (3,018) |  |  | 49,879 |  |  | (52,897) |
Total direct written premium by region |  | 359,991 |  |  | 426,380 |  |  | (66,389) |
Assumed premium (2) |  | 155 |  |  | 44 |  |  | 111 |
Total gross written premium by region |  | $ | 360,146 |  |  | $ | 426,424 |  |  | $ | (66,278) |
Gross Written Premium by Line of Business |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial property |  | $ | 181,067 |  |  | $ | 155,982 |  |  | $ | 25,085 |
Personal property (3) |  | $ | 179,079 |  |  | $ | 270,442 |  |  | $ | (91,363) |
Total gross written premium by line of business |  | $ | 360,146 |  |  | $ | 426,424 |  |  | $ | (66,278) |

(1) "Gulf" is comprised of Louisiana and Texas; "Northeast" is comprised of Massachusetts, New Jersey and New York in 2022 and Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York and Rhode Island in 2021; and "Southeast" is comprised of Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina. We are no longer writing in New Jersey as of January 15, 2022, Massachusetts as of April 1, 2022, and South Carolina as of June 1, 2022 as the policies have transitioned to HCPCI.
(2) Assumed premium written for 2022 and 2021 is primarily commercial property business assumed from unaffiliated insurers.
(3) Includes gross written premium from flood policies.
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UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.

| Three Months Ended June 30,
New and Renewal Policies(1) by Region (2) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change
Florida | 43,752 |  |  | 63,389 |  |  | (19,637) |
Gulf | 21,827 |  |  | 33,372 |  |  | (11,545) |
Northeast | 10,991 |  |  | 34,866 |  |  | (23,875) |
Southeast | 9,377 |  |  | 17,942 |  |  | (8,565) |
Total | 85,947 |  |  | 149,569 |  |  | (63,622) |

(1) Only includes new and renewal homeowner, commercial and dwelling fire policies written during the quarter.
(2) "Gulf" is comprised of Louisiana and Texas; "Northeast" is comprised of Massachusetts, New Jersey and New York in 2022 and Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York and Rhode Island in 2021; and "Southeast" is comprised of Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina. We are no longer writing in New Jersey as of January 15, 2022, Massachusetts as of April 1, 2022, and South Carolina as of June 1, 2022 as the policies have transitioned to HCPCI.
Expenses
Expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2022 decreased $39,273,000, or 20.9%, to $148,969,000 from $188,242,000 for the same period in 2021. The decrease in expenses was primarily due to a decrease in loss and LAE expenses of $27,990,000 in the second quarter of 2022 compared to the second quarter of 2021. Additionally, policy acquisition costs decreased by $12,339,000 in the second quarter of 2022 compared to the second quarter of 2021.
The calculations of our loss ratios and underlying loss ratios are shown below.

| Three Months Ended June 30,
2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change
Net loss and LAE | $ | 90,074 |  |  | $ | 118,064 |  |  | $ | (27,990) |
% of Gross earned premiums | 29.5 | % |  | 33.1 | % |  | (3.6) pts
% of Net earned premiums | 80.9 | % |  | 81.2 | % |  | (0.3) pts
Less: |  |  |  |  |
Current year catastrophe losses | $ | 20,553 |  |  | $ | 40,257 |  |  | $ | (19,704) |
Prior year reserve unfavorable development | 7,766 |  |  | (372) |  |  | 8,138 |
Underlying loss and LAE (1) | $ | 61,755 |  |  | $ | 78,179 |  |  | $ | (16,424) |
% of Gross earned premiums | 20.2 | % |  | 21.9 | % |  | (1.7) pts
% of Net earned premiums | 55.5 | % |  | 53.7 | % |  | 1.8 pts

(1) Underlying loss and LAE is a non-GAAP measure and is reconciled above to Net loss and LAE, the most directly comparable GAAP measure. Additional information regarding non-GAAP financial measures presented in this document is in the "Definitions of Non-GAAP Measures" section of this Form 10-Q.
The calculations of our expense ratios are shown below.

| Three Months Ended June 30,
2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change
Policy acquisition costs | $ | 28,988 |  |  | $ | 41,327 |  |  | $ | (12,339) |
Operating and underwriting | 13,019 |  |  | 13,482 |  |  | (463) |
General and administrative | 14,494 |  |  | 13,112 |  |  | 1,382 |
Total Operating Expenses | $ | 56,501 |  |  | $ | 67,921 |  |  | $ | (11,420) |
% of Gross earned premiums | 18.5 | % |  | 19.1 | % |  | (0.6) pts
% of Net earned premiums | 50.7 | % |  | 46.7 | % |  | 4.0 pts

Loss and LAE decreased by $27,990,000, or 23.7%, to $90,074,000 for the second quarter of 2022 from $118,064,000 for the second quarter of 2021. Loss and LAE expense as a percentage of net earned premiums decreased 0.3 points to 80.9% for the second quarter of 2022, compared to 81.2% for the second quarter of 2021. Excluding catastrophe losses and reserve development, our gross underlying loss and LAE ratio for the second quarter of 2022 would have been 20.2%, a decrease of 1.7 points from 21.9% during the second quarter of 2021.
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UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.

Policy acquisition costs decreased by $12,339,000, or 29.9%, to $28,988,000 for the second quarter of 2022 from $41,327,000 for the second quarter of 2021, primarily due to decreases in agent commissions, premium taxes, and policy administration fees of $16,015,000, $2,148,000 and $978,000, respectively, which fluctuate in conjunction with the quarter-over-quarter decrease in personal lines gross written premium. This was partially offset by an increase in ceding commission income of $1,766,000 related to changes in terms of our quota share reinsurance agreements and a $5,159,000 increase in external management fees incurred during the second quarter of 2022, as a result of an increased volume of commercial lines gross written premium.
Operating and underwriting expenses remained relatively flat, decreasing by $463,000, or 3.4%, to $13,019,000 for the second quarter of 2022 from $13,482,000 for the second quarter of 2021.
General and administrative expenses increased by $1,382,000, or 10.5%, to $14,494,000 for the second quarter of 2022 from $13,112,000 for the second quarter of 2021, driven by a $1,343,000 increase in external fees related to legal, audit, actuarial and tax services provided during the quarter.
Personal Lines Operating Segment Results
Pretax earnings attributable to our personal lines operating segment for the three months ended June 30, 2022 decreased $13,133,000, or 36.8%, to a pre-tax loss of $48,805,000 for the second quarter of 2022 from a pre-tax loss of $35,672,000 for the same period in 2021. The change in pretax earnings was primarily driven by a decrease in gross written premiums quarter-over-quarter as described below. The decrease in revenues was partially offset by a decrease in loss and LAE incurred as the result of lower current year catastrophe losses. Policy acquisition costs also decreased quarter-over-quarter as described below.
Revenue
Our gross written premiums attributable to our personal lines operating segment decreased $91,363,000, or 33.8%, to $179,079,000 for the second quarter ended June 30, 2022 from $270,442,000 for the same period in 2021. This decrease was driven primarily by the transition of the Northeast business to HCPCI in the fourth quarter of 2021 and first half of 2022. In addition, gross written premiums have declined across our personal lines business, due to underwriting actions taken throughout 2021 and in the first half of 2022. The breakdown of the personal lines operating segment quarter-over-quarter changes in direct written premiums by region is shown in the table below.

($ in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change
Direct Written and Assumed Premium by Region (1) |  |  |  |  |  |
Florida |  | $ | 110,364 |  |  | $ | 129,288 |  |  | $ | (18,924) |
Gulf |  | 54,936 |  |  | 64,369 |  |  | (9,433) |
Southeast |  | 16,797 |  |  | 26,906 |  |  | (10,109) |
Northeast |  | (3,018) |  |  | 49,879 |  |  | (52,897) |
Total gross written premium by region |  | $ | 179,079 |  |  | $ | 270,442 |  |  | $ | (91,363) |

(1) "Gulf" is comprised of Louisiana and Texas; "Northeast" is comprised of Massachusetts, New Jersey and New York in 2022 and Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York and Rhode Island in 2021; and "Southeast" is comprised of Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina. We are no longer writing in New Jersey as of January 15, 2022, Massachusetts as of April 1, 2022, and South Carolina as of June 1, 2022 as the policies have transitioned to HCPCI.
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UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.

| Three Months Ended June 30,
New and Renewal Policies(1) by Region (2) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change
Florida | 41,796 |  |  | 61,243 |  |  | (19,447) |
Gulf | 21,813 |  |  | 33,331 |  |  | (11,518) |
Northeast | 10,991 |  |  | 34,866 |  |  | (23,875) |
Southeast | 9,376 |  |  | 17,930 |  |  | (8,554) |
Total | 83,976 |  |  | 147,370 |  |  | (63,394) |

(1) Only includes new and renewal homeowner and dwelling fire policies written during the quarter.
(2) "Gulf" is comprised of Louisiana and Texas; "Northeast" is comprised of Massachusetts, New Jersey and New York in 2022 and Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York and Rhode Island in 2021; and "Southeast" is comprised of Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina. We are no longer writing in New Jersey as of January 15, 2022, Massachusetts as of April 1, 2022, and South Carolina as of June 1, 2022 as the policies have transitioned to HCPCI.
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UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.

Expenses
Expenses attributable to our personal lines operating segment for the three months ended June 30, 2022 decreased $32,602,000, or 22.2%, to $114,347,000 from $146,949,000 for the same period in 2021. The decrease in expenses was primarily due to a decrease in loss and LAE expenses of $17,816,000 in the second quarter of 2022 compared to the second quarter of 2021. Additionally, policy acquisition costs decreased by $14,676,000 in the second quarter of 2022 compared to the second quarter of 2021.
The calculations of our personal lines operating segment loss ratios and underlying loss ratios are shown below.

| Three Months Ended June 30,
2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change
Net loss and LAE | $ | 81,880 |  |  | $ | 99,696 |  |  | $ | (17,816) |
% of Gross earned premiums | 42.5 | % |  | 39.1 | % |  | 3.4 pts
% of Net earned premiums | 136.6 | % |  | 97.1 | % |  | 39.5 pts
Less: |  |  |  |  |
Current year catastrophe losses | $ | 23,140 |  |  | $ | 37,819 |  |  | $ | (14,679) |
Prior year reserve (favorable) development | 9,652 |  |  | 223 |  |  | 9,429 |
Underlying loss and LAE (1) | $ | 49,088 |  |  | $ | 61,654 |  |  | $ | (12,566) |
% of Gross earned premiums | 25.5 | % |  | 24.2 | % |  | 1.3 pts
% of Net earned premiums | 81.9 | % |  | 60.1 | % |  | 21.8 pts

(1) Underlying loss and LAE is a non-GAAP measure and is reconciled above to Net loss and LAE, the most directly comparable GAAP measure. Additional information regarding non-GAAP financial measures presented in this document is in the "Definitions of Non-GAAP Measures" section of this Form 10-Q.
The calculations of our personal lines operating segment expense ratios are shown below.

| Three Months Ended June 30,
2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change
Policy acquisition costs | $ | 9,060 |  |  | $ | 23,736 |  |  | $ | (14,676) |
Operating and underwriting | 11,805 |  |  | 12,533 |  |  | (728) |
General and administrative | 11,571 |  |  | 10,952 |  |  | 619 |
Total Operating Expenses | $ | 32,436 |  |  | $ | 47,221 |  |  | $ | (14,785) |
% of Gross earned premiums | 16.8 | % |  | 18.5 | % |  | (1.7) pts
% of Net earned premiums | 54.1 | % |  | 46.0 | % |  | 8.1 pts

Loss and LAE attributable to our personal lines operating segment decreased by $17,816,000, or 17.9%, to $81,880,000 for the second quarter of 2022 from $99,696,000 for the second quarter of 2021. Loss and LAE expense as a percentage of net earned premiums increased 39.5 points to 136.6% for the second quarter of 2022, compared to 97.1% for the second quarter of 2021. Excluding catastrophe losses and reserve development, our gross underlying loss and LAE ratio for the second quarter of 2022 would have been 25.5%, an increase of 1.3 points from 24.2% during the second quarter of 2021.
Policy acquisition costs attributable to our personal lines operating segment decreased by $14,676,000, or 61.8%, to $9,060,000 for the second quarter of 2022 from $23,736,000 for the second quarter of 2021, primarily due to a decrease in agent commissions, premium taxes, and policy administration fees of $14,597,000, $2,562,000 and $979,000, respectively, which fluctuate in conjunction with the quarter-over-quarter decrease in personal lines gross written premium. In addition, reinsurance commission income decreased by $3,588,000, driven by changes in the terms of our quota share reinsurance agreements.
Operating and underwriting expenses attributable to our personal lines operating segment decreased by $728,000, or 5.8%, to $11,805,000 for the second quarter of 2022 from $12,533,000 for the second quarter of 2021, due to decreased investment in technology of $929,000 in 2022.
General and administrative expenses attributable to our personal lines operating segment remained relatively flat, increasing by $619,000, or 5.7%, to $11,571,000 for the second quarter of 2022 from $10,952,000 for the second quarter of 2021.
53

UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.

Commercial Lines Operating Segment Results
Pretax earnings attributable to our commercial lines operating segment for the three months ended June 30, 2022 increased $13,235,000, or 238.4%, to pre-tax income of $18,786,000 for the second quarter of 2022 from pre-tax income of $5,551,000 for the same period in 2021. The change in earnings was primarily driven by decreased loss and LAE incurred, partially offset by increased policy acquisition costs. The decrease in loss and LAE incurred can be attributed to decreased catastrophe losses quarter-over-quarter. In addition, gross written premiums increased quarter-over-quarter. The details of the change in gross written premiums and policy acquisitions costs are described below.
Revenue
Our gross written premiums attributable to our commercial lines operating segment increased $25,085,000, or 16.1%, to $181,067,000 for the second quarter ended June 30, 2022 from $155,982,000 for the same period in 2021. This increase was driven primarily by an increase in written premiums in the state of Florida, as we focus on increasing commercial written premiums and balancing our overall book of business to achieve a more even split between personal lines and commercial lines business. The breakdown of the commercial lines operating segment quarter-over-quarter changes in both direct written and assumed premiums by state are shown in the table below.

($ in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change
Direct Written and Assumed Premium by State (1) |  |  |  |  |  |
Florida |  | $ | 179,187 |  |  | $ | 152,440 |  |  | $ | 26,747 |
Texas |  | 1,803 |  |  | 2,921 |  |  | (1,118) |
South Carolina |  | (78) |  |  | 577 |  |  | (655) |
Total direct written premium by region |  | 180,912 |  |  | 155,938 |  |  | 24,974 |
Assumed premium (2) |  | 155 |  |  | 44 |  |  | 111 |
Total gross written premium by region |  | $ | 181,067 |  |  | $ | 155,982 |  |  | $ | 25,085 |

(1) We are no longer writing in Texas or South Carolina as of May 31, 2022.
(2) Assumed premium written for 2022 and 2021 is primarily commercial property business assumed from unaffiliated insurers.

| Three Months Ended June 30,
New and Renewal Policies(1) by State (2) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change
Florida | 1,956 |  |  | 2,146 |  |  | (190) |
Texas | 14 |  |  | 41 |  |  | (27) |
South Carolina | 1 |  |  | 12 |  |  | (11) |
Total | 1,971 |  |  | 2,199 |  |  | (228) |

(1) Only includes new and renewal commercial policies written during the year.
(2) We are no longer writing in Texas or South Carolina as of May 31, 2022.
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UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.

Expenses
Expenses attributable to our commercial lines operating segment for the three months ended June 30, 2022 decreased $6,959,000, or 18.0%, to $31,670,000 from $38,629,000 for the same period in 2021. The decrease in expenses was primarily due to a decrease in loss and LAE of $10,174,000 in the second quarter of 2022 compared to the second quarter of 2021. This was partially offset by a $2,337,000 increase in policy acquisition costs in the second quarter of 2022 compared to the second quarter of 2021, the details of which can be seen below.
The calculations of our commercial lines operating segment loss ratios and underlying loss ratios are shown below.

| Three Months Ended June 30,
2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change
Net loss and LAE | $ | 8,194 |  |  | $ | 18,368 |  |  | $ | (10,174) |
% of Gross earned premiums | 7.2 | % |  | 18.1 | % |  | (10.9) pts
% of Net earned premiums | 15.9 | % |  | 42.9 | % |  | (27.0) pts
Less: |  |  |  |  |
Current year catastrophe losses | $ | (2,587) |  |  | $ | 2,438 |  |  | $ | (5,025) |
Prior year reserve (favorable) development | (1,886) |  |  | (595) |  |  | (1,291) |
Underlying loss and LAE (1) | $ | 12,667 |  |  | $ | 16,525 |  |  | $ | (3,858) |
% of Gross earned premiums | 11.2 | % |  | 16.3 | % |  | (5.1) pts
% of Net earned premiums | 24.5 | % |  | 38.6 | % |  | (14.1) pts

(1) Underlying loss and LAE is a non-GAAP measure and is reconciled above to Net loss and LAE, the most directly comparable GAAP measure. Additional information regarding non-GAAP financial measures presented in this document is in the "Definitions of Non-GAAP Measures" section of this Form 10-Q.
The calculations of our commercial lines operating segment expense ratios are shown below.

| Three Months Ended June 30,
2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change
Policy acquisition costs | $ | 19,928 |  |  | $ | 17,591 |  |  | $ | 2,337 |
Operating and underwriting | 1,127 |  |  | 932 |  |  | 195 |
General and administrative | 2,421 |  |  | 1,738 |  |  | 683 |
Total Operating Expenses | $ | 23,476 |  |  | $ | 20,261 |  |  | $ | 3,215 |
% of Gross earned premiums | 20.7 | % |  | 20.0 | % |  | 0.7 pts
% of Net earned premiums | 45.6 | % |  | 47.3 | % |  | (1.7) pts

Loss and LAE attributable to our commercial lines operating segment decreased by $10,174,000, or 55.4%, to $8,194,000 for the second quarter of 2022 from $18,368,000 for the second quarter of 2021. Loss and LAE expense as a percentage of net earned premiums decreased 27.0 points to 15.9% for the second quarter of 2022, compared to 42.9% for the second quarter of 2021. Excluding catastrophe losses and reserve development, our gross underlying loss and LAE ratio for the second quarter of 2022 would have been 11.2%, a decrease of 5.1 points from 16.3% during the second quarter of 2021.
Policy acquisition costs attributable to our commercial lines operating segment increased by $2,337,000, or 13.3%, to $19,928,000 for the second quarter of 2022 from $17,591,000 for the second quarter of 2021, driven by increases to external management fees and premium taxes of $3,742,000 and $414,000, respectively, both of which fluctuate in conjunction with the quarter-over-quarter increase in commercial lines gross written premium. This was partially offset by an increase to our ceding commission income related to changes in our quota share reinsurance agreements of $1,822,000.
Operating and underwriting expenses attributable to our commercial lines operating segment increased by $195,000, or 20.9%, to $1,127,000 for the second quarter of 2022 from $932,000 for the second quarter of 2021, driven by increased allocations of expenses for investments in technology of $99,000.
General and administrative expenses attributable to our commercial lines operating segment increased by $683,000, or 39.3%, to $2,421,000 for the second quarter of 2022 from $1,738,000 for the second quarter of 2021, driven by a $430,000 increase in allocated external fees related to legal, audit, actuarial and tax services provided during the quarter. In addition, allocated salary related expenses increased $99,000 for the second quarter of 2022 compared to the same period in 2021.
55

UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - COMPARISON OF THE SIX MONTH PERIODS ENDED JUNE 30, 2022 AND 2021
Net losses attributable to UIHC for the six months ended June 30, 2022 increased $60,920,000, or 147.6%, to a net loss of $102,201,000 from $41,281,000 for the same period in 2021. The change in earnings was primarily due to an increase in our provision for income taxes from the recognition of a valuation allowance against our deferred tax asset during the year of $43,660,000. Total revenue also decreased as a result of decreased gross written premiums year-over-year as described below. This decrease in revenues was partially offset by decreased expenses for the quarter, driven by a decrease in loss and LAE incurred driven lower current year catastrophe and non-catastrophe losses as a result of our reduced exposure in 2022 and lower prior year loss development. Policy acquisition costs also decreased year over year, as described below.
Revenue
Our gross written premiums decreased $98,441,000, or 13.3%, to $639,621,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 from $738,062,000 for the same period in 2021. This decrease was driven primarily by the transition of the Northeast business to HCPCI in the fourth quarter of 2021 and the first half of 2022. In addition, we experienced a decline in written premiums across our personal lines business, due to underwriting actions taken throughout 2021 and during the first half of 2022. Our commercial written premiums have increased year over year, offsetting the personal lines decrease in Florida, resulting in a net increase for the region. The breakdown of the year-over-year changes in both direct and assumed written premiums by region and gross written premium by line of business are shown in the table below.

($ in thousands) |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change
Direct Written and Assumed Premium by Region (1) |  |  |  |  |  |
Florida |  | $ | 504,678 |  |  | $ | 477,313 |  |  | $ | 27,365 |
Gulf |  | 98,345 |  |  | 120,273 |  |  | (21,928) |
Southeast |  | 31,885 |  |  | 51,890 |  |  | (20,005) |
Northeast |  | 4,437 |  |  | 88,494 |  |  | (84,057) |
Total direct written premium by region |  | 639,345 |  |  | 737,970 |  |  | (98,625) |
Assumed premium (2) |  | 276 |  |  | 92 |  |  | 184 |
Total gross written premium by region |  | $ | 639,621 |  |  | $ | 738,062 |  |  | $ | (98,441) |
Gross Written Premium by Line of Business |  |  |  |  |  |
Personal property (3) |  | $ | 330,590 |  |  | $ | 474,040 |  |  | $ | (143,450) |
Commercial property |  | 309,031 |  |  | 264,022 |  |  | 45,009 |
Total gross written premium by line of business |  | $ | 639,621 |  |  | $ | 738,062 |  |  | $ | (98,441) |

(1) "Gulf" is comprised of Louisiana and Texas; "Northeast" is comprised of Massachusetts, New Jersey and New York in 2022 and Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York and Rhode Island in 2021; and "Southeast" is comprised of Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina. We are no longer writing in New Jersey as of January 15, 2022, Massachusetts as of April 1, 2022, and South Carolina as of June 1, 2022 as the policies have transitioned to HCPCI.
(2) Assumed premium written for 2022 and 2021 is primarily commercial property business assumed from unaffiliated insurers.
(3) Includes gross written premium from flood policies.
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UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.

| Six Months Ended June 30,
New and Renewal Policies (1) By Region (2) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change
Florida | 80,849 |  |  | 113,395 |  |  | (32,546) |
Gulf | 40,927 |  |  | 60,544 |  |  | (19,617) |
Northeast | 20,943 |  |  | 63,099 |  |  | (42,156) |
Southeast | 17,805 |  |  | 35,393 |  |  | (17,588) |
Total | 160,524 |  |  | 272,431 |  |  | (111,907) |

(1) Only includes new and renewal homeowner, commercial and dwelling fire policies written during the quarter.
(2) "Gulf" is comprised of Louisiana and Texas; "Northeast" is comprised of Massachusetts, New Jersey and New York in 2022 and Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York and Rhode Island in 2021; and "Southeast" is comprised of Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina. We are no longer writing in New Jersey as of January 15, 2022, Massachusetts as of April 1, 2022, and South Carolina as of June 1, 2022 as the policies have transitioned to HCPCI.
Expenses
Expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2022 decreased $79,338,000, or 21.1%, to $296,985,000 from $376,323,000 for the same period in 2021. The decrease in expenses was primarily due to an $52,403,000 decrease in our loss and LAE and a $27,144,000 decrease in our policy acquisition costs. We also experienced a $1,437,000 decrease in our operating expenses year-over-year. These decreases were partially offset by a $1,505,000 increase in our administrative expenses year-over-year.

| Six Months Ended June 30,
2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change
Net loss and LAE | $ | 181,442 |  |  | $ | 233,845 |  |  | $ | (52,403) |
% of Gross earned premiums | 29.0 | % |  | 32.8 | % |  | (3.8) pts
% of Net earned premiums | 85.5 | % |  | 80.2 | % |  | 5.3 pts
Less: |  |  |  |  |
Current year catastrophe losses | $ | 49,169 |  |  | $ | 64,222 |  |  | $ | (15,053) |
Prior year reserve (favorable) development | 9,199 |  |  | 29,397 |  |  | (20,198) |
Underlying loss and LAE (1) | $ | 123,074 |  |  | $ | 140,226 |  |  | $ | (17,152) |
% of Gross earned premiums | 19.7 | % |  | 19.7 | % |  | — pts
% of Net earned premiums | 58.0 | % |  | 48.1 | % |  | 9.9 pts

(1) Underlying loss and LAE is a non-GAAP measure and is reconciled above to net loss and LAE, the most directly comparable GAAP measure. Additional information regarding non-GAAP financial measures presented in this document is in the "Definitions of Non-GAAP Measures" section of this Form 10-Q.
The calculations of our expense ratios are shown below.

| Six Months Ended June 30,
2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change
Policy acquisition costs | $ | 55,004 |  |  | $ | 82,148 |  |  | $ | (27,144) |
Operating and underwriting | 25,267 |  |  | 26,704 |  |  | (1,437) |
General and administrative | 30,499 |  |  | 28,994 |  |  | 1,505 |
Total operating expenses | $ | 110,770 |  |  | $ | 137,846 |  |  | $ | (27,076) |
% of Gross earned premiums | 17.7 | % |  | 19.3 | % |  | (1.6) pts
% of Net earned premiums | 52.2 | % |  | 47.3 | % |  | 4.9 pts

Loss and LAE decreased $52,403,000, or 22.4%, to $181,442,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 from $233,845,000 for the same period in 2021. Loss and LAE expense as a percentage of net earned premiums increased 5.3 points to 85.5% for the six months ended June 30, 2022, compared to 80.2% for the same period in 2021. Excluding catastrophe losses and reserve development, our gross underlying loss and LAE ratio for the six months ended June 30, 2022 was 19.7%, unchanged from the six months ended June 30, 2021.
Policy acquisition costs decreased $27,144,000, or 33.0%, to $55,004,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 from $82,148,000 for the same period in 2021. The primary driver of the decrease was a decrease in the Company's agent
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UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.

commissions, premium taxes, and policy administration fees of $23,952,000, $3,600,000 and $1,574,000, respectively, which fluctuate in conjunction with the year-over-year decrease in personal lines gross written premium. In addition, there was an increase of $3,612,000 in ceding commission income as a result of changes made to the terms of our quota share agreements. This was partially offset by a $5,965,000 increase in external management fees incurred during 2022 as a result of an increased volume of commercial written premium.
Operating expenses decreased $1,437,000, or 5.4%, to $25,267,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 from $26,704,000 for the same period in 2021, primarily due to decreased investments in technology of $1,318,000.
General and administrative expenses increased $1,505,000, or 5.2%, to $30,499,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 from $28,994,000 for the same period in 2021 primarily due to a $1,607,000 increase in external fees related to legal, audit, actuarial and tax services provided during the year.
Personal Lines Operating Segment Results
Pretax earnings attributable to our personal lines operating segment for the six months ended June 30, 2022 decreased $36,579,000, or 54.7%, to a pre-tax loss of $103,481,000 from a pre-tax loss of $66,902,000 for the same period in 2021. The change in pretax earnings was primarily driven by a decrease in revenues during 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. This change was driven by decreased gross written premiums, the details of which are described below. The decrease in revenues was partially offset by lower loss and LAE incurred, driven by decreased unfavorable development on prior year catastrophe and non-catastrophe losses. Policy acquisition costs also decreased for the period, the details of which are described below.
Revenue
Our gross written premiums attributable to our personal lines operating segment decreased $143,450,000 or 30.3%, to $330,590,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 from $474,040,000 for the same period in 2021. This decrease was driven primarily by the transition of our Northeast business to HCPCI in the fourth quarter of 2021 and first half of 2022. In addition, direct written premiums have declined across our personal lines business, due to underwriting actions taken throughout 2021 and in the first half of 2022. The breakdown of the personal lines operating segment year-over-year changes in direct written premiums by region is shown in the table below.

($ in thousands) |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change
Direct Written and Assumed Premium by Region (1) |  |  |  |  |  |
Florida |  | $ | 199,727 |  |  | $ | 222,186 |  |  | $ | (22,459) |
Gulf |  | 94,556 |  |  | 112,810 |  |  | (18,254) |
Southeast |  | 31,870 |  |  | 50,550 |  |  | (18,680) |
Northeast |  | 4,437 |  |  | 88,494 |  |  | (84,057) |
Total gross written premium by region |  | $ | 330,590 |  |  | $ | 474,040 |  |  | $ | (143,450) |

(1) "Gulf" is comprised of Louisiana and Texas; "Northeast" is comprised of Massachusetts, New Jersey and New York in 2022 and Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York and Rhode Island in 2021; and "Southeast" is comprised of Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina. We are no longer writing in New Jersey as of January 15, 2022, Massachusetts as of April 1, 2022, and South Carolina as of June 1, 2022 as the policies have transitioned to HCPCI.
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UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.

| Six Months Ended June 30,
New and Renewal Policies(1) by Region (2) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change
Florida | 77,421 |  |  | 109,735 |  |  | (32,314) |
Gulf | 40,895 |  |  | 60,448 |  |  | (19,553) |
Northeast | 20,943 |  |  | 63,099 |  |  | (42,156) |
Southeast | 17,803 |  |  | 35,367 |  |  | (17,564) |
Total | 157,062 |  |  | 268,649 |  |  | (111,587) |

(1) Only includes new and renewal homeowner and dwelling fire policies written during the quarter.
(2) "Gulf" is comprised of Louisiana and Texas; "Northeast" is comprised of Massachusetts, New Jersey and New York in 2022 and Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York and Rhode Island in 2021; and "Southeast" is comprised of Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina. We are no longer writing in New Jersey as of January 15, 2022, Massachusetts as of April 1, 2022, and South Carolina as of June 1, 2022 as the policies have transitioned to HCPCI.
Expenses
Expenses attributable to our personal lines operating segment for the six months ended June 30, 2022 decreased $71,459,000, or 24.1%, to $225,311,000 from $296,770,000 for the same period in 2021. The decrease in expenses was primarily due to a decrease in loss and LAE expenses of $42,537,000 during 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. In addition, policy acquisition costs decreased by $27,896,000 and our operating costs decreased $1,610,000 during 2022 compared to the same period in 2021.
The calculations of our personal lines operating segment loss ratios and underlying loss ratios are shown below.

| Six Months Ended June 30,
2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change
Net loss and LAE | $ | 159,134 |  |  | $ | 201,671 |  |  | $ | (42,537) |
% of Gross earned premiums | 39.4 | % |  | 39.3 | % |  | 0.1 pts
% of Net earned premiums | 137.9 | % |  | 97.6 | % |  | 40.3 pts
Less: |  |  |  |  |
Current year catastrophe losses | $ | 48,651 |  |  | $ | 57,425 |  |  | $ | (8,774) |
Prior year reserve (favorable) development | 12,888 |  |  | 30,225 |  |  | (17,337) |
Underlying loss and LAE (1) | $ | 97,595 |  |  | $ | 114,021 |  |  | $ | (16,426) |
% of Gross earned premiums | 24.1 | % |  | 22.2 | % |  | 1.9 pts
% of Net earned premiums | 84.6 | % |  | 55.2 | % |  | 29.4 pts

(1) Underlying loss and LAE is a non-GAAP measure and is reconciled above to Net loss and LAE, the most directly comparable GAAP measure. Additional information regarding non-GAAP financial measures presented in this document is in the "Definitions of Non-GAAP Measures" section of this Form 10-Q.
The calculations of our personal lines operating segment expense ratios are shown below.

| Six Months Ended June 30,
2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change
Policy acquisition costs | $ | 18,398 |  |  | $ | 46,294 |  |  | $ | (27,896) |
Operating and underwriting | 22,853 |  |  | 24,463 |  |  | (1,610) |
General and administrative | 24,875 |  |  | 24,295 |  |  | 580 |
Total Operating Expenses | $ | 66,126 |  |  | $ | 95,052 |  |  | $ | (28,926) |
% of Gross earned premiums | 16.4 | % |  | 18.5 | % |  | (2.1) pts
% of Net earned premiums | 57.3 | % |  | 46.0 | % | 0.46 | 11.3 pts

Loss and LAE attributable to our personal lines operating segment decreased by $42,537,000, or 21.1%, to $159,134,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 from $201,671,000 for the same period in 2021. Loss and LAE expense as a percentage of net earned premiums increased 40.3 points to 137.9% for the six months ended June 30, 2022, compared to 97.6% for the same period in 2021. Excluding catastrophe losses and reserve development, our gross underlying loss and LAE ratio for the six months ended June 30, 2022 would have been 24.1%, an increase of 1.9 points from 22.2% for the same period in 2021.
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Policy acquisition costs attributable to our personal lines operating segment decreased by $27,896,000, or 60.3%, to $18,398,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 from $46,294,000 for the same period in 2021, primarily due to a decrease in agent commissions, premium taxes, and policy administration fees of $22,673,000, $4,876,000 and $1,557,000, respectively, which fluctuate in conjunction with the year-over-year decrease in personal lines gross written premium. This was partially offset by reinsurance commission income decreasing by $1,683,000, driven by changes in the terms of our quota share agreements.
Operating and underwriting expenses attributable to our personal lines operating segment decreased by $1,610,000, or 6.6%, to $22,853,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 from $24,463,000 for the same period in 2021, due to decreased investments in technology of $1,496,000.
General and administrative expenses attributable to our personal lines operating segment remained relatively flat, increasing by $580,000, or 2.4%, to $24,875,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 from $24,295,000 for the same period in 2021.
Commercial Lines Operating Segment Results
Pretax earnings attributable to our commercial lines operating segment for the six months ended June 30, 2022 increased $16,862,000, or 124.8%, to pre-tax income of $30,368,000 from pre-tax income of $13,506,000 for the same period in 2021. The change in earnings was primarily driven by increased gross written premiums, the details of which are described below. In addition, loss and LAE incurred decreased during 2022 compared to the same period in 2021, driven by decreased catastrophe losses year-over-year.
Revenue
Our gross written premiums attributable to our commercial lines operating segment increased $45,009,000, or 17.0%, to $309,031,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 from $264,022,000 for the same period in 2021. This increase was driven primarily by an increase in written premiums in the state of Florida, as we focus on increasing commercial written premiums and balancing our overall book of business to achieve a more even split between personal lines and commercial lines business. The breakdown of the commercial lines operating segment year-over-year changes in both direct written and assumed premiums by state are shown in the table below.

($ in thousands) |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change
Direct Written and Assumed Premium by State (1) |  |  |  |  |  |
Florida |  | $ | 304,951 |  |  | $ | 255,127 |  |  | $ | 49,824 |
Texas |  | 3,789 |  |  | 7,463 |  |  | (3,674) |
South Carolina |  | 15 |  |  | 1,340 |  |  | (1,325) |
Total direct written premium by region |  | 308,755 |  |  | 263,930 |  |  | 44,825 |
Assumed premium (2) |  | 276 |  |  | 92 |  |  | 184 |
Total gross written premium by region |  | $ | 309,031 |  |  | $ | 264,022 |  |  | $ | 45,009 |

(1) We are no longer writing in Texas or South Carolina as of May 31, 2022.
(2) Assumed premium written for 2022 and 2021 is primarily commercial property business assumed from unaffiliated insurers.

| Six Months Ended June 30,
New and Renewal Policies(1) by State (2) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change
Florida | 3,428 |  |  | 3,660 |  |  | (232) |
Texas | 32 |  |  | 96 |  |  | (64) |
South Carolina | 2 |  |  | 26 |  |  | (24) |
Total | 3,462 |  |  | 3,782 |  |  | (320) |

(1) Only includes new and renewal commercial policies written during the year.
(2) We are no longer writing in Texas or South Carolina as of May 31, 2022.
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Expenses
Expenses attributable to our commercial lines operating segment for the six months ended June 30, 2022 decreased $7,980,000, or 10.8%, to $65,891,000 from $73,871,000 for the same period in 2021. The decrease in expenses was primarily due to a decrease in loss and LAE of $9,866,000 during 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. This was partially offset by a $1,099,000 increase in administrative expenses and a $752,000 increase in policy acquisition costs in 2022 compared to the same period in 2021.
The calculations of our commercial lines operating segment loss ratios and underlying loss ratios are shown below.

| Six Months Ended June 30,
2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change
Net loss and LAE | $ | 22,308 |  |  | $ | 32,174 |  |  | $ | (9,866) |
% of Gross earned premiums | 10.1 | % |  | 16.1 | % |  | (6.0) pts
% of Net earned premiums | 23.0 | % |  | 38.0 | % |  | (15.0) pts
Less: |  |  |  |  |
Current year catastrophe losses | $ | 518 |  |  | $ | 6,797 |  |  | $ | (6,279) |
Prior year reserve (favorable) development | (3,689) |  |  | (828) |  |  | (2,861) |
Underlying loss and LAE (1) | $ | 25,479 |  |  | $ | 26,205 |  |  | $ | (726) |
% of Gross earned premiums | 11.5 | % |  | 13.1 | % |  | (1.6) pts
% of Net earned premiums | 26.3 | % |  | 30.9 | % |  | (4.6) pts

(1) Underlying loss and LAE is a non-GAAP measure and is reconciled above to Net loss and LAE, the most directly comparable GAAP measure. Additional information regarding non-GAAP financial measures presented in this document is in the "Definitions of Non-GAAP Measures" section of this Form 10-Q.
The calculations of our commercial lines operating segment expense ratios are shown below.

| Six Months Ended June 30,
2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change
Policy acquisition costs | $ | 36,606 |  |  | $ | 35,854 |  |  | $ | 752 |
Operating and underwriting | 2,236 |  |  | 2,201 |  |  | 35 |
General and administrative | 4,741 |  |  | 3,642 |  |  | 1,099 |
Total Operating Expenses | $ | 43,583 |  |  | $ | 41,697 |  |  | $ | 1,886 |
% of Gross earned premiums | 19.7 | % |  | 20.9 | % |  | (1.2) pts
% of Net earned premiums | 45.0 | % |  | 49.2 | % |  | (4.2) pts

Loss and LAE attributable to our commercial lines operating segment decreased by $9,866,000, or 30.7%, to $22,308,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 from $32,174,000 for the same period in 2021. Loss and LAE expense as a percentage of net earned premiums decreased 15.0 points to 23.0% for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to 38.0% for the same period in 2021. Excluding catastrophe losses and reserve development, our gross underlying loss and LAE ratio for the six months ended June 30, 2022 would have been 11.5%, a decrease of 1.6 points from 13.1% during the same period in 2021.
Policy acquisition costs attributable to our commercial lines operating segment remained relatively flat, increasing by $752,000, or 2.1%, to $36,606,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 from $35,854,000 for the same period in 2021.
Operating and underwriting expenses attributable to our commercial lines operating segment remained relatively flat, increasing by $35,000, or 1.6%, to $2,236,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 from $2,201,000 for the same period in 2021.
General and administrative expenses attributable to our commercial lines operating segment increased by $1,099,000, or 30.2%, to $4,741,000 for the six months ended 2022 from $3,642,000 for the same period in 2021, driven by a $682,000 increase in allocated external fees related to legal, audit, actuarial and tax services provided during the quarter. In addition, we incurred $183,000 in additional allocated salary expenses in 2022 compared to the same period in 2021.
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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
We generate cash through premium collections, reinsurance recoveries, investment income, the sale or maturity of invested assets, the incurrence of debt and the issuance of additional shares of our stock. We use our cash to pay reinsurance premiums, claims and related costs, policy acquisition costs, salaries and employee benefits, other expenses and stockholder dividends, acquire subsidiaries and pay associated costs, as well as to repay debts, repurchase stock and purchase investments.
As a holding company, we do not conduct any business operations of our own and, as a result, we rely on cash dividends or intercompany loans from our management subsidiaries to pay our general and administrative expenses. Insurance regulatory authorities heavily regulate our insurance subsidiaries, including restricting any dividends paid by our insurance subsidiaries and requiring approval of any management fees our insurance subsidiaries pay to our management subsidiaries for services rendered; however, nothing restricts our non-insurance company subsidiaries from paying us dividends other than state corporate laws regarding solvency. Our management subsidiaries pay us dividends primarily using cash from the collection of management fees from our insurance subsidiaries, pursuant to the management agreements in effect between those entities. In accordance with state laws, our insurance subsidiaries may pay dividends or make distributions out of that part of their statutory surplus derived from their net operating profit and their net realized capital gains. The Risk-Based Capital (RBC) guidelines published by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners may further restrict our insurance subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends or make distributions if the amount of the intended dividend or distribution would cause their respective surplus as it regards policyholders to fall below minimum RBC guidelines. See Note 13 in our Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
During the three months ended June 30, 2022, the Company made capital contributions of $31,000,000 and $3,200,000 each to our insurance subsidiaries, UPC and FSIC. The contribution made to FSIC was made prior to the merging of FSIC into UPC. During the six months ended June 30, 2022, the Company made capital contributions of $39,000,000 and $11,200,000 each to our insurance subsidiaries, UPC and FSIC. During the three months ended June 30, 2021, the Company made a capital contribution of $10,000,000 to our insurance subsidiary, ACIC. During the six months ended June 30, 2021, IIC paid a dividend of $3,500,000 to the Company. In addition, the Company made capital contributions of $3,500,000 and $10,000,000 to our insurance subsidiaries, FSIC and ACIC, respectively. We may make future contributions of capital to our insurance subsidiaries as circumstances require.
The COVID-19 pandemic and resulting global disruptions have caused significant volatility in financial markets. However, during the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2022, the disruptions did not have an impact on our access to credit and capital markets needed to maintain sufficient liquidity for our continued operating needs. We expect to continue to maintain financing flexibility in the current market conditions.
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Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 (in millions)
Operating Activities
The principal cash inflows from our operating activities come from premium collections, reinsurance recoveries and investment income. The principal cash outflows from our operating activities are the result of claims and related costs, reinsurance premiums, policy acquisition costs and salaries and employee benefits. A primary liquidity concern with respect to these cash flows is the risk of large magnitude catastrophe events.
During the six months ended June 30, 2022, we experienced cash inflows of $8,286,000 compared to cash outflows of $28,261,000 during the six months ended June 30, 2021. This change can be attributed primarily to a $136,353,000 decrease in our ceded unearned premiums as the result of our reinsurance changes effective December 2021 and June 30, 2022. Details of these changes are disclosed in Part I, "Reinsurance" above. In addition, during the six months ended June 30, 2022, the change in our unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance recoverables on paid and unpaid losses, increased by $64,682,000, driven by an increase in recoveries on prior year catastrophe events.
Investing Activities
The principal cash inflows from our investing activities come from repayments of principal, proceeds from maturities and sales of investments. We closely monitor and manage these risks through our comprehensive investment risk management process. The principal cash outflows relate to sales of investments. The primary liquidity concerns with respect to these cash flows are the risk of default by debtors and market disruption. During the six months ended June 30, 2022, net sales of investments totaled $83,661,000 compared to net sales of investments of $54,649,000 during the six months ended June 30, 2021.
Financing Activities
The principal cash outflows from our financing activities come from repayments of debt and payments of dividends. The primary liquidity concern with respect to these cash flows is market disruption in the cost and availability of credit. We believe our current capital resources, together with cash provided from our operations, are sufficient to meet currently anticipated working capital requirements. During the six months ended June 30, 2022, cash used in financing activities increased $15,443,000 to $21,685,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 from $6,242,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2021. The increase in outflow in 2022 can be attributed to the return of capital to Kiln of $18,335,000 as a result of the stock re-purchase agreement and termination agreements effective June 30, 2022. This was partially offset by a decrease in dividend payments in 2022 of $2,597,000, since no dividend was declared in the second quarter of 2022.
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OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS
At June 30, 2022, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements or material changes to our contractual obligations during the quarter.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
We are exposed to market risks, including interest rate risk related to changes in interest rates in our fixed-maturity securities, credit risk related to changes in the financial condition of the issuers of our fixed-maturities and equity price risk related to changes in equity security prices. These risks are disclosed in Part II, Item 7A. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. We had no material changes in our market risk during the six months ended June 30, 2022.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
We maintain a set of disclosure controls and procedures designed to ensure that the information required to be disclosed in reports we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act), is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms. We designed our disclosure controls with the objective of ensuring we accumulate and communicate this information to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operations of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on our evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of the end of the period covered by this report.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
During the quarter ended June 30, 2022, there was no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) identified in connection with the evaluation of our internal control performed during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
We are involved in routine claims-related legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. We accrue amounts resulting from claims-related legal actions in unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses during the period that we determine an unfavorable outcome becomes probable and we can estimate the amounts. Management makes revisions to our estimates based on its analysis of subsequent information that we receive regarding various factors, including: (i) per claim information; (ii) company and industry historical loss experience; (iii) judicial decisions and legal developments in the awarding of damages; and (iv) trends in general economic conditions, including the effects of inflation.
At June 30, 2022, the Company is involved in legal proceedings whereby on August 18, 2021, a former employee of Skyway Legal Services, LLC, filed a complaint against the Company in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware. The lawsuit alleges violations of and damages arising under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, and seeks damages in an unspecified amount. The Company, a named party to the lawsuit, denies that it employed the plaintiff and disputes the claims set forth in the lawsuit. The Company believes that an unfavorable outcome is neither probable nor estimable.
In addition, on January 13, 2022 Southern Florida Restoration (SFR) Services, LLC v. United Property and Casualty Insurance Company, et al. was filed in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida. The District Court dismissed the lawsuit on its own accord on January 14, 2022. SFR Services then filed an amended complaint on January 26, 2022. The complaint alleges four causes of action: (i) violation of the Federal Civil Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt
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Organizations statute (18 U.S.C. § 1962(c)), (ii) breach of contract, (iii) fraud, and (iv) violation of the Florida Unfair Insurance Trade Practices Act (Fla. Stat. Chpt. 626). The plaintiff seeks unspecified damages. The Company believes that an unfavorable outcome is neither probable nor estimable. The defendants moved to dismiss the lawsuit on March 25, 2022 and their motion remains pending.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changes to the risk factors previously disclosed in Part I. Item 1A "Risk Factors" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
During the six months ended June 30, 2022, we did not sell any unregistered equity securities or repurchase any of our equity securities.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information
None.
Item 6. Exhibits
The following exhibits are filed or furnished herewith or are incorporated herein by reference:

Exhibit |  | Description
10.1 |  | Stock Re-purchase Agreement, dated as of June 30, 2022, by and among Journey Insurance Company and RJ Kiln & Co. (No. 3) Limited. (included as Exhibit 10.1 to the Form 8-K filed on June 7, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference).
10.2 |  | Termination Agreement, dated as of June 30, 2022, by and among Journey Insurance Company and RJ Kiln & Co. (No. 3) Limited. (included as Exhibit 10.2 to the Form 8-K filed on June 7, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference).
10.3 |  | Renewal Rights Agreement, dated as of June 9, 2022, by and among United Property and Casualty Insurance Company and Wright National Flood Insurance Company. (included as Exhibit 10.1 to the Form 8-K filed on June 14, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference).
31.1 |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
31.2 |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
32.1 |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
32.2 |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document and included in Exhibit 101).

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UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  | UNITED INSURANCE HOLDINGS CORP.
August 8, 2022 | By: | /s/ R. Daniel Peed
|  | R. Daniel Peed, Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer and duly authorized officer)

August 8, 2022 | By: | /s/ B. Bradford Martz
|  | B. Bradford Martz, Chief Financial Officer and President (principal financial officer and principal accounting officer)

66