The insurance industry is heavily regulated. State laws and regulations, as well as national regulatory agency requirements, govern the operations of all insurers such as our insurance subsidiaries. The various laws and regulations require that insurers maintain minimum amounts of statutory surplus and risk-based capital, restrict insurers’ ability to pay dividends, specify allowable investment types and investment mixes, and subject insurers to assessments. Effective June 1, 2022, our insurance

while IIC is domiciled in New York. At December 31, 2022, and during the year then ended, ACIC and IIC met all regulatory requirements of the states in which they operate. As of December 31, 2022, UPC was determined to be insolvent and was referred for receivership by the OIR.

During 2022, we received an assessment notice from FIGA. This assessment will be 1.3% on direct written premium of all covered lines of business in Florida to cover the cost of an insurance company facing insolvency. This assessment is in addition to FIGA's 0.7% assessment, described below, and is recoupable from policyholders. During 2021, we received an assessment notice from FIGA. This assessment will be 0.7% on all direct written premium of Florida lines of business during 2022. In addition, we received an assessment notice from LIGA in 2021. LIGA is assessing property and casualty insurers $100,000,000 to cover the cost of two regional insurance companies facing insolvency. This assessment was 1% of 2020 and 2021 direct written premiums, totaling $988,000 and $899,000, respectively. While this assessment is recoupable over 10 years in the form of tax credits, we do not anticipate recouping this assessment after our 2022 premium tax return, as we will no longer write business in the state of Louisiana.

The NAIC has RBC guidelines for insurance companies that are designed to assess capital adequacy and to raise the level of protection that statutory surplus provides for policyholders. Most states, including Florida and New York, have enacted statutory requirements adopting the NAIC RBC guidelines, and insurers having less statutory surplus than required will be subject to varying degrees of regulatory action, depending on the level of capital inadequacy. State insurance regulatory authorities could require an insurer to cease operations in the event the insurer fails to maintain the required statutory capital.

The state laws of Florida and New York permit an insurer to pay dividends or make distributions out of that part of statutory surplus derived from net operating profit and net realized capital gains. The state laws further provide calculations to determine the amount of dividends or distributions that can be made without the prior approval of the insurance regulatory authorities in those states and the amount of dividends or distributions that would require prior approval of the insurance regulatory authorities in those states. Statutory RBC requirements may further restrict our insurance subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends or make distributions if the amount of the intended dividend or distribution would cause statutory surplus to fall below minimum RBC requirements. Additionally, in connection with UPC’s Plan for Runoff, IIC has agreed to not pay ordinary dividends without prior approval of the New York Department of Financial Services until January 1, 2025.

Governmental agencies or certain quasi-governmental entities can levy assessments upon us in the states in which we write policies. See Note 2(t) for a description of how we recover assessments imposed upon us. We expense an assessment when the particular governmental agency or quasi-governmental entity levies it upon us; therefore, expected recoveries are not assets and we will record the amounts as income when collected from policyholders.

Governmental agencies or certain quasi-governmental entities can also levy assessments upon policyholders, and we collect the amount of the assessments from policyholders as surcharges for the benefit of the assessing agency. We currently

collect assessments levied upon policyholders on behalf of Louisiana Citizens Property Insurance Corporation in the amount of 2.40% of written premium. During 2021, we collected assessments levied upon policyholders on behalf of Connecticut Healthy Homes Fund in the amount of $12.00 per each homeowners policy. In addition, we collect $2 per residential policy and $4 per commercial policy written in the state of Florida on behalf of the Florida Emergency Management Preparedness and Assistance Trust Fund.

Our insurance subsidiaries must maintain capital and surplus ratios or balances as determined by the regulatory authority of the states in which they are domiciled. At December 31, 2022, ACIC and IIC met these requirements, while UPC was determined to be insolvent and referred for receivership by the OIR. The table below details the amount of surplus as regards policyholders for each of our regulated entities at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

NAIC law limits an insurer’s investment in equity instruments and also restricts investments in medium to low quality debt instruments. We were in compliance with all investment restrictions at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

The SBA Note is considered a surplus note pursuant to statutory accounting principles. As a result, UPC is subject to the authority of the Insurance Commissioner of the State of Florida with regard to its ability to repay principal and interest on the SBA note. Any payment of principal or interest requires permission from the insurance regulatory authority.

We have reported our insurance subsidiaries’ assets, liabilities and results of operations in accordance with GAAP, which varies from statutory accounting principles prescribed or permitted by state laws and regulations, as well as by general industry practices. The following items are principal differences between statutory accounting and GAAP:

•Statutory accounting requires us to expense policy acquisition costs when incurred, while GAAP allows us to defer to the extent realizable, and amortize policy acquisition costs over the estimated life of the policies.

•Statutory accounting allows certain investments to be carried at amortized cost or fair value based on the rating received from the Securities Valuation Office of the NAIC, while they are recorded at fair value for GAAP because the investments are held as available for sale.

•Statutory accounting allows ceding commission income to be recognized when written if the cost of acquiring and renewing the associated business exceeds the ceding commissions, but under GAAP such income is deferred and recognized over the coverage period.

•Statutory accounting requires a provision for reinsurance liability be established for reinsurance recoverable on paid losses aged over ninety days and for unsecured amounts recoverable from unauthorized reinsurers. Under GAAP there is no charge for uncollateralized amounts ceded to a company not licensed in the insurance subsidiary’s domiciliary state and a reserve for uncollectible reinsurance is charged through earnings rather than surplus or equity.

•Statutory accounting requires an additional admissibility test and the change in deferred income tax is reported directly in capital and surplus, rather than being reported as a component of income tax expense under GAAP.