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Income Taxes (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Schedule of Components of Income Tax Expense (Benefit)
The following table summarizes the provision for income taxes:
Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Federal:
Current$11,798 $(171)$(2,207)
Deferred(2,908)18,823 (18,830)
Provision (benefit) for Federal income tax expense8,890 18,652 (21,037)
State:
Current3,128 1,518 1,033 
Deferred(2,562)5,315 (3,985)
Provision (benefit) for State income tax expense566 6,833 (2,952)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes$9,456 $25,485 $(23,989)

Income tax expense (provision) is included in the financial statements as follows:

Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Continuing operations$9,773 $24,522 $(6,699)
Discontinued operations(317)963 (17,290)
Reported income tax provision (benefit)$9,456 $25,485 $(23,989)
Tax Expense Reconciliation
The actual income tax expense attributable to continuing operations differs from the expected income tax expense attributable to continuing operations computed by applying the combined applicable effective federal and state tax rates to income before the provision for income taxes as follows:

Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Expected income tax expense at federal rate$19,314 21.0 %$(3,251)21.0 %$(2,187)21.0 %
State tax expense, net of federal deduction benefit2,449 2.7 (443)2.9 (785)7.5 
Dividend received deduction(6)— (24)0.2 (10)0.1 
Non-Deductible Goodwill— — 2,848 (18.4)(2)— 
Other permanent items131 0.1 214 (1.4)85 (0.8)
Prior period accrual adjustment126 0.1 469 (3.0)(1,053)10.1 
Outside basis in subsidiary— — 189 (1.2)(965)9.3 
Municipal tax-exempt interest(10)— (13)0.1 (22)0.2 
Change in valuation allowance(12,177)(13.2)24,426 (157.8)(1,352)13.0 
Change in enacted tax rate(54)(0.1)110 (0.7)(576)5.5 
Change in tax credit carryforward— — — — 168 (1.6)
     Other, net— — (3)— — — 
Reported income tax expense (benefit)$9,773 10.6 %$24,522 (158.4)%$(6,699)64.3 %
Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities
The table below summarizes the significant components of our net deferred tax asset (liability):
 
December 31,
20232022
Deferred tax assets:
Unearned premiums$6,571 $16,115 
Unrealized loss4,875 8,768 
Tax-related discount on loss reserve627 5,505 
R&D tax credit carryforward1,610 1,610 
Other-than-temporary impairment— 5,500 
Investments2,072 2,620 
Bad debt expense2,729 1,077 
Equity compensation582 474 
Dual consolidated loss carryforward 4,745 5,958 
Net operating loss carryforward 4,297 112,804 
Outside basis in subsidiary44,802 — 
Other1,427 1,541 
Total pre-allowance deferred tax assets74,337 161,972 
          Valuation allowance(56,491)(140,034)
          Total deferred tax assets17,846 21,938 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Deferred acquisitions costs(8,033)(14,743)
Intangible assets(2,279)(2,823)
Prepaid expenses(435)(744)
Investments(105)(62)
Fixed assets(1,698)(3,743)
Total deferred tax liabilities(12,550)(22,115)
Net deferred tax asset (liability)$5,296 $(177)

Net deferred tax asset (liability) is included in the financial statements as follows:

Year Ended December 31,
20232022
Continuing operations$5,296 $(177)
Discontinued operations— — 
Net deferred tax asset (liability)$5,296 $(177)
Schedule of Unrecognized Tax Benefits Roll Forward
The following is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits for the year ended December 31, 2023:

December 31, 2023
Balance at January 1$666 
Decrease based on tax positions related to prior years— 
Balance at December 31$666