We generally use the term loss(es) to collectively refer to both loss and LAE. We establish reserves for both reported and unreported unpaid losses that have occurred at or before the balance sheet date for amounts we estimate we will be required to pay in the future. Our policy is to establish these loss reserves after considering all information known to us at each reporting period. At any given point in time, our loss reserve represents our best estimate of the ultimate settlement and administration cost of our insured claims incurred and unpaid. Since the process of estimating loss reserves requires significant judgment due to a number of variables, such as fluctuations in inflation, judicial decisions, legislative changes and changes in claims handling procedures, our ultimate liability will likely differ from these estimates. We revise our reserve for unpaid losses as additional information becomes available, and reflect adjustments, if any, in our earnings in the periods in which we determine the adjustments are necessary.

•Case reserves - When a claim is reported, we establish an automatic minimum case reserve for that claim type that represents our initial estimate of the losses that will ultimately be paid on the reported claim. Our initial estimate for each claim is based upon averages of loss payments for our prior closed claims made for that claim type. Then, our claims personnel perform an evaluation of the type of claim involved, the circumstances surrounding each claim and the policy provisions relating to the loss and adjust the reserve as necessary. As claims mature, we increase or decrease the reserve estimates as deemed necessary by our claims department based upon additional information we receive regarding the loss, the results of on-site reviews and any other information we gather while reviewing the claims.

•Reserves for losses incurred but not reported (IBNR reserves) - Our IBNR reserves include true IBNR reserves plus “bulk” reserves. Bulk reserves represent additional amounts that cannot be allocated to particular claims, but which are necessary to estimate ultimate losses on reported and unreported claims. We estimate our IBNR reserves by projecting the ultimate losses using the methods discussed below and then deducting actual loss payments and case reserves from the projected ultimate losses. We review and adjust our IBNR reserves on a quarterly basis based on information available to us at the balance sheet date.

When we establish our reserves, we analyze various factors, such as our historical loss experience and that of the insurance industry, claims frequency and severity, our business mix, our claims processing procedures, legislative enactments, judicial decisions and legal developments in imposition of damages, and general economic conditions, including inflation. A change in any of these factors from the assumptions implicit in our estimates will cause our ultimate loss experience to be better or worse than indicated by our reserves, and the difference could be material. Due to the interaction of the aforementioned factors, there is no precise method for evaluating the impact of any one specific factor in isolation, and an element of judgment is ultimately required. Due to the uncertain nature of any projection of the future, the ultimate amount we will pay for losses will be different from the reserves we record. However, in our judgment, we employ techniques and assumptions that are appropriate, and the resulting reserve estimates are reasonable, given the information available at the balance sheet date.

To determine our ultimate losses, we first use multiple actuarial techniques to establish a range of reasonable estimates. These techniques are in line with actuarial standards of practice and actuarial literature. A brief overview of each of these techniques is provided below. We then make additional qualitative considerations for many of the previously mentioned factors and select a point within this range. These ultimate loss estimates include reserves for both reported and unreported claims.

We calculate our estimate of ultimate losses with the following actuarial methods. The methods are applied to paid and incurred loss data. Incurred losses are defined as paid losses plus case reserves. For our loss reserving process, the word “segment” refers to a subgrouping of our claims data, such as by geographic area and/or by particular line of business; it does not refer to operating segments.

•Development Method - The development method is based upon the assumption that the relative change in a given year’s loss estimates from one evaluation point to the next is similar to the relative change in prior years’ reported loss estimates at similar evaluation points. In utilizing this method, actual annual historical loss data is evaluated. Loss development factors (LDFs) are calculated to measure the change in cumulative losses from one evaluation point to the next. These historical LDFs and comparable industry benchmark factors form the basis for selecting the LDFs used in projecting the current valuation of losses to an ultimate basis. When applied to incurred loss data, the implicit assumption is that the relative adequacy of case reserves has been consistent over time, and that there have been no

material changes in the rate at which claims have been reported. Applying this method to paid losses avoids potential distortions in the data due to changes in case reserving methodology, and also loses any potentially useful information contained in the current case reserves. The paid development method’s implicit assumption is that the rate of payment of claims has been relatively consistent over time.

•Expected Loss Method - Ultimate loss projections are based upon a prior measure of the anticipated losses, usually relative to a measure of exposure (such as earned house years). An expected loss cost is applied to each year’s measure of exposure to determine estimated ultimate losses for that year. Actual losses are not considered in this calculation. Because the ultimate loss estimates do not change unless the exposures or loss costs change, this method has the advantage of being stable over time. However, the advantage of this stability is offset by a lack of responsiveness, as this method does not consider actual loss experience as it emerges. This method assumes that the loss cost per unit of exposure is a good indication of ultimate losses. It can be entirely dependent on pricing assumptions (e.g., historical experience adjusted for loss trend).

•Bornhuetter-Ferguson Method - The Bornhuetter-Ferguson (B-F) method is a credibility weighting procedure that blends the responsiveness of the Development Method with the stability of the Expected Loss Method by setting ultimate losses equal to actual losses plus the expected unreported losses, which are based on the Expected Loss Method. As an experience year matures, actual losses gradually move closer to their ultimate levels so reliance on the Expected Loss Method can be reduced.

•Paid-to-Paid Development Method - In addition to the aforementioned methods, we also rely upon the Paid-to-Paid Development Method to project ultimate unallocated loss adjustment expense (ULAE). Ratios of paid ULAE to paid loss and allocated loss adjustment expense are compiled by calendar year and a paid-to-paid ratio selection is made. The selected ratio is applied to the estimated IBNR amounts and one half of this ratio is applied to case reserves. This method is derived from rule of thumb that half of ULAE is incurred when a claim is opened and the other half is incurred over the remaining life of the claim.

Each of these methods has its own strengths and weaknesses that depend upon the circumstances of the segment and the age of the claims experience we analyze. The nature of our book of business allows us to place substantial, but not exclusive, reliance on the loss development methods, and the selected LDFs represent the most critical aspect of our loss reserving process. We use the same set of LDFs in the methods during our loss reserving process that we use to calculate the premium necessary to pay expected ultimate losses.

As previously noted, we evaluate several factors when exercising our judgment in the selection of the LDFs that ultimately drive the determination of our loss reserves. The process of establishing our reserves is complex and necessarily imprecise, as it involves using judgment that is affected by many variables. We believe a reasonably-likely change in almost any of these aforementioned factors could have an impact on our reported results, financial condition and liquidity. However, we do not believe any reasonably likely changes in the frequency or severity of claims would have a material impact on us.

On an annual basis, our consulting actuary issues a statement of actuarial opinion that documents the actuary’s evaluation of the adequacy of our unpaid loss obligations under the terms of our policies. We review the analysis underlying the consulting actuary’s opinion and compare the projected ultimate losses to our own estimates to ensure that the reserve for unpaid losses recorded at each annual balance sheet date is based upon all internal and external factors related to known and unknown claims against us, and to ensure our reserve is within guidelines promulgated by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC).

Our commercial lines claims are handled by Sedgwick Delegated Authority (“SDA”) pursuant to a servicing agreement with AmRisc, as AmCoastal’s exclusive managing general agent. We maintain a claims management team that focuses on statutory claim compliance and overall customer satisfaction on these claims. When AmRisc receives a claim, it sends notification to SDA and our claims team. SDA triages all incoming claims to determine whether they can be desk-adjusted or whether SDA will assign the fieldwork to third-party claims adjusting companies. The third-party claims adjusting companies conduct inspections of the damaged property and prepare initial estimates. SDA reviews the reports to determine whether there is a covered loss to be paid to the policyholder in accordance with the terms and conditions of the policy in effect. We have

established an authority level with SDA to settle claims on our behalf. If a loss amount exceeds this authority, the approval elevates to AmRisc for review, and ultimately, to our team for final review if the loss exceeds AmRisc’s established authority level. Our claims team monitors all claims throughout the claims-handling process, regardless of the loss amount.

We maintain an internal and external claims staff that monitors and directs all aspects of our personal lines claims process. We assign the fieldwork to third-party claims adjusting companies, none of whom have the authority to settle or pay any claims on our behalf. The third-party claims adjusting companies conduct inspection of the damaged property and prepare initial estimates. We review the inspection reports and initial estimates to determine the amounts to be paid to the policyholder in accordance with the terms and conditions of the policy in effect at the time that the policyholder incurs the loss.

We maintain strategic relationships with multiple claims adjusting companies that we can engage should we need additional non-catastrophe claims servicing capacity. We believe the combination of our internal resources and relationships with external claims servicing companies provide an adequate level of claims servicing in the event catastrophes affect our policyholders.

The following is information about incurred claims development and paid claims development as of December 31, 2024, excluding adjusting and other expenses, net of reinsurance, as well as cumulative claim frequency and the total of IBNR liability plus expected development on reported claims included within the net incurred claims amounts. Please note that a portion of our business is subject to a loss cap which may have been allocated to the incurred table below in a different period than the payment is reflected in the paid table. This may result in a decrease in incurred claims year-over-year. The incurred claims development and paid claims development data reflect the acquisitions of AmCo in April 2017, on a retrospective basis (includes AmCo data for years prior to our acquisition of the insurance affiliates). The information about incurred claims development and paid claims development for the years ended December 31, 2015 to 2023 is presented as supplementary information.


	Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance																				As of December 31, 2024
																					Total of IBNR Liabilities Plus Expected Development on Reported Claims		Cumulative Number of Reported Claims
	For the Years Ended December 31,
																			Audited
Accident Year	2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021		2022		2023		2024
2015	$	16,504	$	20,379	$	24,563	$	26,614	$	26,332	$	26,910	$	28,350	$	28,680	$	28,678	$	28,434	$	—	823
2016	—		54,343		41,477		39,012		40,250		39,831		40,379		54,960		40,369		40,371		349		999
2017	—		—		70,650		72,135		78,970		83,286		87,833		91,545		80,536		78,782		12,756		2,627
2018	—		—		—		61,778		64,964		69,203		68,384		84,727		67,238		67,908		(834)		2,842
2019	—		—		—		—		76,515		70,515		68,900		41,424		70,611		70,596		1,905		3,859
2020	—		—		—		—		—		77,482		77,831		75,844		85,036		88,589		(679)		5,094
2021	—		—		—		—		—		—		53,338		38,304		29,991		31,737		1,008		4,226
2022	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		74,158		77,097		77,959		10,442		2,390
2023	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		25,430		20,813		6,867		413
2024	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		33,727		18,572		415
																	Total		$	538,916


Accident Year	Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the Years Ended December 31,
																			Audited
	2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021		2022		2023		2024
2015	$	10,188	$	17,134	$	20,640	$	22,978	$	23,605	$	25,269	$	27,303	$	28,024	$	28,057	$	28,433
2016	—		25,567		32,651		35,548		37,844		38,700		39,940		54,497		40,017		40,021
2017	—		—		40,467		62,353		64,329		73,683		80,460		84,933		54,143		61,771
2018	—		—		—		27,852		54,551		61,885		66,848		82,443		67,193		68,496
2019	—		—		—		—		38,428		57,041		62,133		34,768		64,274		64,817
2020	—		—		—		—		—		33,532		56,201		79,570		84,525		87,433
2021	—		—		—		—		—		—		19,754		28,506		32,033		35,492
2022	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		16,645		51,748		64,360
2023	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		8,993		13,557
2024	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		8,893
																	Total		$	473,273
All outstanding liabilities before 2015, net of reinsurance																			2
	Liabilities for claims and claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance																		$	65,645


	December 31,
	2024		2023
Net outstanding liabilities

Commercial Property Insurance	$	65,645	$	74,003
Liabilities for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	65,645		74,003

Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid claims

Commercial Property Insurance	249,276		271,736
Total reinsurance recoverable on unpaid claims	249,276		271,736

Unallocated claims adjustment expenses	7,166		1,999

Total gross liability for unpaid claims and claims adjustment expense	$	322,087	$	347,738


	2024		2023		2022
Balance at January 1	$	347,738	$	816,489	$	230,377
Less: reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses	271,736		731,666		174,563
Net balance at January 1	$	76,002	$	84,823	$	55,814

Incurred related to:
Current year	73,023		59,372		104,091
Prior years	(3,704)		(12,694)		(7,982)
Total incurred	$	69,319	$	46,678	$	96,109
Paid related to:
Current year	44,913		41,392		41,646
Prior years	27,597		14,107		25,454
Total paid	$	72,510	$	55,499	$	67,100

Net balance at December 31	$	72,811	$	76,002	$	84,823
Plus: reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses	249,276		271,736		731,666
Balance at December 31	$	322,087	$	347,738	$	816,489

Composition of reserve for unpaid losses and LAE:
Case reserves	$	55,265	$	109,219	$	286,762
IBNR reserves	266,822		238,519		529,727
Balance at December 31	$	322,087	$	347,738	$	816,489

Based upon our internal analysis and our review of the statement of actuarial opinion provided by our actuarial consultants, we believe that the reserve for unpaid losses reasonably represents the amount necessary to pay all claims and related expenses which may arise from incidents that have occurred as of the balance sheet date.

As reflected in the table above, we had favorable development in all three years related to prior year losses. This favorable development came as a result of re-estimating ultimate losses in each year based on historical loss trends. The loss payments made by the Company during the year ended December 31, 2023, were lower than the loss payments made during the year ended December 31, 2024, due to the settling of prior year catastrophe claims, with no similar catastrophe activity occurring in 2023. Total reserves and reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses also decreased when compared to the prior period, as a result of catastrophe reserves continuing to go down as we settle these claims.