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SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Statements Line Items |
Basis of Consolidation [Policy Text Block] | Basis of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements comprise the accounts of EMX Royalty Corp., the parent company, and its controlled subsidiaries, after the elimination of all significant intercompany balances and transactions. Subsidiaries Subsidiaries are all entities over which the Company has exposure to variable returns from its involvement and has the ability to use power over the investee to affect its returns. The existence and effect of potential voting rights that are currently exercisable or convertible are considered when assessing whether the Company controls another entity. Subsidiaries are fully consolidated from the date on which control is transferred to the Company until the date on which control ceases. The accounts of subsidiaries are prepared for the same reporting period as the parent company, using consistent accounting policies. Inter-company transactions, balances and unrealized gains or losses on transactions are eliminated. The Company’s principal operating subsidiaries are as follows:
Name | Place of Incorporation | Ownership Percentage
Bullion Monarch Mining, Inc | Utah, USA | 100%
EMX (USA) Services Corp. | Nevada, USA | 100%
Bronco Creek Exploration Inc. | Arizona, USA | 100%
Eurasia Madencilik Ltd. Sirketi | Turkey | 100%
Azur Madencilik Ltd. Sirketi | Turkey | 100%
Trab Madencilik Ltd. Sirketi | Turkey | 100%
Eurasian Minerals Cooperatief U.A. | Netherlands | 100%
Eurasian Minerals Sweden AB | Sweden | 100%
Viad Royalties AB | Sweden | 100%
Waikato Gold Limited | New Zealand | 100%
Functional and Reporting Currency [Policy Text Block] | Functional and Reporting Currency The functional currency is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates. The functional currency for the Company and its subsidiaries is the Canadian dollar except the functional currency of the operations of Bullion Monarch which is the US dollar. The functional currency determinations were conducted through an analysis of the consideration factors identified in IAS 21, The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates. Translation of transactions and balances Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions or valuation where items are re-measured. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are re-measured at the rate of exchange at each financial position date. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation at period end exchange rates of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are recognized in profit or loss. On translation of the entities whose functional currency is other than the Canadian dollar, revenues and expenses are translated at the exchange rates approximating those in effect on the date of the transactions. Assets and liabilities are translated at the rate of exchange at the reporting date. Exchange gains and losses, including results of re-translation, are recorded in the foreign currency translation reserve.
Revenue recognition [Policy Text Block] | Revenue recognition Effective January 1, 2018, the Company has adopted IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“IFRS 15”). IFRS 15 replaces all previous revenue recognition standards, including IAS 18, Revenue, and related interpretations. The standard sets out the requirements for recognizing revenue. Specifically, the new standard introduces a comprehensive framework with the general principle being that an entity recognizes revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods and services in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The standard introduces more prescriptive guidance than was included in previous standards and may result in changes to the timing of revenue for certain types of revenues. The new standard will also result in enhanced disclosures about revenue that would result in an entity providing comprehensive information about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from the entity’s contracts with customers. As of January 1, 2018, the Company has adopted IFRS 15 on a full retrospective basis and as such, has revised its revenue recognition policy based on the requirements of IFRS 15. Management has concluded that, based on its current operations, the adoption of IFRS 15 had no significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company earns revenue from royalty agreements and are based upon amounts contractually due pursuant to the underlying royalty agreements. For royalty agreements paid in cash or in kind, revenue recognition will depend on the related agreement. Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable when management can reliably estimate the amount pursuant to the terms of the royalty or other interest agreements. In some instances, the Company will not have access to sufficient information to make a reasonable estimate of revenue and, accordingly, revenue recognition is deferred until management can make a reasonable estimate. Royalty revenue may be subject to adjustment upon final settlement of estimated metal prices, weights, and assays. Adjustments to revenue from metal prices are recorded monthly and other adjustments are recorded on final settlement and are offset against revenue when incurred.
Financial instruments [Policy Text Block] | Financial instruments Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted IFRS 9 – Financial Instruments (“IFRS 9”) which replaced IAS 39 – Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement (“IAS 39”). IFRS 9 provides a revised model for recognition and measurement of financial instruments and a single, forward-looking “expected loss” impairment model. IFRS 9 also includes significant changes to hedge accounting. The standard is effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018. The Company adopted the standard retrospectively without restatement. As a result of the adoption of IFRS 9, the Company reclassified $740,685 from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to deficit on January 1, 2018 related to the reclassification of certain previously recognized available-for-sale marketable securities to fair value through profit or loss. The Company has also made an irrevocable election to present in other comprehensive income (loss) subsequent changes in the fair value of certain available-for-sale marketable securities classified as strategic investments. IFRS 9 largely retains the existing requirements in IAS 39 for the classification and measurement of financial liabilities. However, it eliminates the previous IAS 39 categories for financial assets of held to maturity, loans and receivables, and available-for-sale. Under IFRS 9, on initial recognition, financial assets are recognized at fair value and are subsequently classified and measured at amortized cost, fair value through other comprehensive income (“FVOCI”), or fair value through profit or loss (“FVTPL”). The classification of financial assets is generally based on the business model in which a financial asset is managed and its contractual cash flow characteristics. A financial asset is measured at fair value net of transaction costs that are directly attributable to its acquisition except for financial assets at FVTPL where transaction costs are expensed. All financial assets not classified and measured at amortized cost or FVOCI are measured at FVTPL. Derivatives embedded in contracts where the host is a financial asset in the scope of the standard are never separated, and instead the hybrid financial instrument as a whole is assessed for classification. On initial recognition of an equity instrument that is not held for trading, the Company may irrevocably elect to present subsequent changes in the investment’s fair value in other comprehensive income (loss). This election is made on an investment-by-investment basis. The classification determines the method by which the financial assets are carried on the consolidated statement of financial position subsequent to initial recognition and how changes in value are recorded. The following accounting policies apply to the subsequent measurement of financial assets.
| a) | Financial assets at FVTPL - These assets are subsequently measured at fair value. Net gains and losses, including any interest or dividend income, are recognized in profit or loss.
| b) | Financial assets at amortized cost - These assets are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method. The amortized cost is reduced by impairment losses. Interest income, foreign exchange gains and losses and impairment are recognized in profit or loss. Any gain or loss on derecognition is recognized in profit or loss.
| c) | Financial assets at FVOCI - These assets are subsequently measured at fair value. Dividends are recognized as income in profit or loss unless the dividend clearly represents a recovery of part of the cost of the investment. Gains or losses recognized on the sale of the equity investment are recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) and are never reclassified to profit or loss.
Financial liabilities are designated as either fair value through profit or loss, or other financial liabilities. All financial liabilities are classified and subsequently measured at amortized cost except for financial liabilities at FVTPL. The classification determines the method by which the financial liabilities are carried on the consolidated statement of financial position subsequent to inception and how changes in value are recorded. Other financial liabilities are carried on the consolidated statement of financial position at amortized cost. The Company completed an assessment of its financial instruments as at January 1, 2018. The following table shows the new classification under IFRS 9 and the original classification under IAS 39:
| New (IFRS 9) | Original (IAS 39)
Financial assets |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | Amortized cost | Loans and receivables
Investments | FVTPL | FVTPL
Trade receivables | Amortized cost | Loans and receivables
Settlement receivables | FVTPL | FVTPL
Restricted cash | Amortized cost | Loans and receivables
Reclamation bonds | Amortized cost | Loans and receivables
Notes receivable | Amortized cost | Loans and receivables
Strategic investments | FVTOCI | Available -for-sale
Financial liabilities |  |
Promissory notes payable | Amortized cost | Other financial Liabilities
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | Amortized cost | Other financial Liabilities
Advances from joint venture partners | Amortized cost | Other financial Liabilities
IFRS 9 introduces a new three-stage expected credit loss model for calculating impairment for financial assets. IFRS 9 no longer requires a triggering event to have occurred before credit losses are recognized. An entity is required to recognize expected credit losses when financial instruments are initially recognized and to update the amount of expected credit losses recognized at each reporting date to reflect changes in the credit risk of the financial instruments. In addition, IFRS 9 requires additional disclosure requirements about expected credit losses and credit risk. There was no adjustment relating to the implementation of the expected credit loss model for the Company’s trade or settlement receivables. Impairment losses on financial assets carried at amortized cost are reversed in subsequent periods if the amount of the loss decreases and the decrease can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment was recognized. Derivative contracts are recognized at fair value on initial recognition. Subsequently, derivatives are remeasured at their fair value. The method of recognizing any resulting gain or loss depends on whether the derivative is designated as a hedging instrument and, if so, the nature of the item being hedged:
| a. | Changes in the fair values of derivatives that are designated and qualify as fair value hedges are recorded in profit or loss, together with any changes in the fair values of the hedged assets or liabilities that are attributable to the hedged risk.
| b. | The effective portions of changes in the fair values of derivatives that are designated and qualify as cash-flow hedges are recognized in equity. The gain or loss relating to any ineffective portion is recognized immediately in profit or loss.
| c. | Changes in the fair value of any derivative instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting are recognized immediately in profit or loss.
Amounts accumulated in the hedge reserve are recycled in the consolidated statement of loss in the periods when the hedged items will affect profit or loss (for instance when the forecast sale that is hedged takes place). If a forecast transaction that is hedged results in the recognition of a non-financial asset (for example, inventory) or a liability, the gains and losses previously deferred in the hedge reserve are included in the initial measurement of the cost of the asset or liability. When a hedging instrument expires or is sold, or when a hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, any cumulative gain or loss existing in the hedge reserve at that time remains in the reserve and is recognized when the forecast transaction is ultimately recognized in the consolidated statement of income. When a forecast transaction is no longer expected to occur, the cumulative gain or loss that was reported in other comprehensive income is immediately transferred to the consolidated statement of income (loss). The Company has not designated any derivative contracts as hedges and therefore has not applied hedge accounting in these consolidated financial statements.
Convertible Notes Receivable [Policy Text Block] | Convertible Notes Receivable Convertible notes receivable are hybrid financial assets that consist of a note receivable component and a separate equity conversion component. Derivatives embedded in contracts are never separated, and instead the notes receivable is disclosed as single financial instrument. Interest income on the notes receivable is based on the annualized effective rate of interest taking into account all income expected to be earned on maturity are recognized through profit and loss as interest income.
Investments in Associated Companies [Policy Text Block] | Investments in Associated Companies The Company accounts for its long-term investments in affiliated companies over which it has significant influence using the equity basis of accounting, whereby the investment is initially recorded at cost, adjusted to recognize the Company’s share of earnings or losses and reduced by dividends received. The Company assesses its equity investments for impairment if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events that occurred after the initial recognition of the equity investment and that the event or events has an impact on the estimated future cash flow of the investment that can be reliably estimated. Objective evidence of impairment of equity investments includes: Significant financial difficulty of the associated companies; Becoming probable that the associated companies will enter bankruptcy or other financial reorganization; or, National or local economic conditions that correlate with defaults of the associated companies.
Exploration and evaluation assets and exploration expenditures [Policy Text Block] | Exploration and evaluation assets and exploration expenditures Acquisition costs for exploration and evaluation assets, net of recoveries, are capitalized on a property-by-property basis. Acquisition costs include cash consideration and the value of common shares, issued for exploration and evaluation assets pursuant to the terms of the agreement. Exploration expenditures, net of recoveries, are charged to operations as incurred. After a property is determined by management to be commercially feasible, an impairment test is conducted and subsequent development expenditures on the property will be capitalized. When there is little prospect of further work on a property being carried out by the Company or its partners, when a property is abandoned, or when the capitalized costs are no longer considered recoverable, the related property costs are written down to management’s estimate of their net recoverable amount. The costs related to a property from which there is production, together with the costs of production equipment, will be depleted and amortized using the unit-of-production method. An exploration and evaluation asset acquired under an option agreement, where payments are made at the sole discretion of the Company, is capitalized at the time of payment. Option payments received are treated as a reduction of the carrying value of the related acquisition cost for the mineral property until the payments are in excess of acquisition costs, at which time they are then credited to profit or loss. Option payments are at the discretion of the optionee and, accordingly, are accounted for when receipt is reasonably assured.
Royalty interests [Policy Text Block] | Royalty interests Royalty interests in mineral properties include acquired royalty interests in production stage and exploration stage properties. In accordance with IAS 38 Intangible Assets, the cost of acquired royalty interests in mineral properties is capitalized as intangible assets. Acquisition costs of production stage royalty interests are depleted using the units of production method over the life of the related mineral property, which is calculated using estimated reserves. Acquisition costs of royalty interests on exploration stage mineral properties, where there are no estimated reserves, are not amortized. At such time as the associated exploration stage mineral interests are converted to estimated reserves, the cost basis is amortized over the remaining life of the mineral property, using the estimated reserves. The carrying values of exploration stage mineral interests are evaluated for impairment at such time as information becomes available indicating that production will not occur in the future.
Goodwill [Policy Text Block] | Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of the price paid for the acquisition of a consolidated entity over the fair value of the net identifiable tangible and intangible assets and liabilities acquired in a business combination. Goodwill is allocated to the cash generating unit to which it relates. Goodwill is evaluated for impairment annually or more often if events or circumstances indicate there may be impairment. Impairment is determined by assessing if the carrying value of a cash generating unit, including the allocated goodwill, exceeds its recoverable amount.
Property and equipment [Policy Text Block] | Property and equipment Property and equipment is recorded at cost. Buildings are depreciated using a 5 year straightline method. Equipment is depreciated over its estimated useful life using the declining balance method at a rate of 20% per annum. Depreciation on equipment used directly on exploration projects is included in exploration expenditures for that mineral property.
Decommissioning liabilities [Policy Text Block] | Decommissioning liabilities Decommissioning liabilities are recognized for the expected obligations related to the retirement of long-lived tangible assets that arise from the acquisition, construction, development or normal operation of such assets. A decommissioning liability is recognized in the period in which it is incurred and when a reasonable estimate of the fair value of the liability can be made with a corresponding decommissioning cost recognized by increasing the carrying amount of the related long-lived asset. The decommissioning cost is subsequently allocated in a rational and systematic method over the underlying asset’s useful life. The initial fair value of the liability is accreted, by charges to profit or loss, to its estimated future value.
Environmental disturbance restoration [Policy Text Block] | Environmental disturbance restoration During the operating life of an asset, events such as infractions of environmental laws or regulations may occur. These events are not related to the normal operation of the asset and are referred to as environmental disturbance restoration provisions. The costs associated with these provisions are accrued and charged to profit or loss in the period in which the event giving rise to the liability occurs. Any subsequent adjustments to these provisions due to changes in estimates are also charged to profit or loss in the period of adjustment. These costs are not capitalized as part of the long-lived assets’ carrying value.
Impairment of assets [Policy Text Block] | Impairment of assets Events or changes in circumstances can give rise to significant impairment charges or reversals of impairment in a particular year. The Company assesses its cash generating units annually to determine whether any indication of impairment exists. Where an indicator of impairment exists, an estimate of the recoverable amount is made, which is the higher of the fair value less costs to sell and value in use. The determination of the recoverable amount for value in use requires the use of estimates and assumptions such as long-term commodity prices, discount rates, future capital requirements, exploration potential and future operating performance. Fair value is determined as the amount that would be obtained from the sale of the asset in an arm’s length transaction between knowledgeable and willing parties.
Cash and cash equivalents [Policy Text Block] | Cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, bank deposits and short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash.
Share-based payments [Policy Text Block] | Share-based payments Share-based payments include option and stock grants granted to directors, employees and non-employees. The Company accounts for share-based compensation using a fair value based method with respect to all share-based payments measured and recognized, to directors, employees and non-employees. For directors and employees, the fair value of the options and stock grants is measured at the date of grant. For non-employees, the fair value of the options and stock are measured at the fair value of the goods or services received or the fair value of the equity instruments issued, if it is determined the fair value of the goods or services cannot be reliably measured, and are recorded at the date the goods or services are received. For directors, employees and non-employees, the fair value of the options and stock grants is accrued and charged to operations, with the offsetting credit to share based payment reserve for options, and commitment to issue shares for stock grants over the vesting period. If and when the stock options are exercised, the applicable amounts are transferred from share-based payment reserve to share capital. When the stock grants are issued, the applicable fair value is transferred from commitment to issue shares to share capital. Option based compensation awards are calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model while stock grants are valued at the fair value on the date of grant. The Company has granted certain employees and non-employess restricted share units (“RSUs”) to be settled in shares of the Company. The fair value of the estimated number of RSUs that will eventually vest, determined at the date of grant, is recognized as share-based compensation expense over the vesting period, with a corresponding amount recorded as equity. The fair value of the RSUs is estimated using the market value of the underlying shares as well as assumptions related to the market and non-market conditions at the grant date.
Income taxes [Policy Text Block] | Income taxes Income tax expense consists of current and deferred tax. Income tax expense is recognized in profit or loss except to the extent that it relates to items recognized directly in equity. Current tax is the expected tax payable on the taxable income for the year, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date, and any adjustment to tax payable in respect of previous years. Deferred tax is calculated providing for temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for taxation purposes. Deferred tax is not recognized on the initial recognition of assets or liabilities in a transaction that is not a business combination and that affects neither accounting nor taxable income nor loss. In addition, deferred tax is not recognized for taxable temporary differences arising on the initial recognition of goodwill. Deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to be applied to temporary differences when they reverse, based on the laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset if there is a legally enforceable right to offset, and they relate to income taxes levied by the same tax authority on the same taxable entity, or on different tax entities, but they intend to settle current tax liabilities and assets on a net basis or their tax assets and liabilities will be realized simultaneously. A deferred tax asset is recognized to the extent that it is probable that future taxable income will be available against which the temporary difference can be utilized. Deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date and are reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that the related tax benefit will be realized.
Income (loss) per share [Policy Text Block] | Income (loss) per share The Company presents basic earnings (loss) per share data for its common shares, calculated by dividing the income (loss) attributable to equity holders of the Company by the weighted average number of common shares issued and outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is calculated by adjusting the earnings attributable to equity holders and the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the effects of all potentially dilutive common shares. The calculation of diluted earnings per share assumes that the proceeds to be received on the exercise of dilutive share options and warrants are used to repurchase common shares at the average market price during the period. In periods where a loss is reported, diluted loss per share is the same as basic loss per share as the effects of potentially dilutive common shares would be anti-dilutive. Existing stock options and share purchase warrants are not included in the income (loss) per share computation of diluted income (loss) per share if inclusion would be anti-dilutive. For the years presented in which the inclusion of stock options and warrants would be anti-dilutive, the basic and diluted losses per share are the same.
Valuation of equity units issued in private placements [Policy Text Block] | Valuation of equity units issued in private placements The Company has adopted a residual value method with respect to the measurement of shares and warrants issued as private placement units. The residual value method first allocates value to the more easily measurable component based on fair value and then the residual value, if any, to the less easily measurable component. The fair value of the common shares issued in the private placements was determined to be the more easily measurable component and were valued at their fair value, as determined by the closing quoted bid price on the day prior to the issuance date. The balance, if any, was allocated to the attached warrants. Any fair value attributed to the warrants is recorded in reserves.
Segment reporting [Policy Text Block] | Segment reporting Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision-maker. The chief operating decision-maker, who is responsible for allocating resources and assessing performance of the operating segment, has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer.
Accounting pronouncements not yet effective [Policy Text Block] | Accounting Pronouncements not yet Effective IFRS 16 Leases was issued by the IASB in January 2016 (effective January 1, 2019) and has not yet been adopted by the Company. IFRS 16 provides a single lessee accounting model, requiring lessees to recognize assets and liabilities for all leases unless the lease term is 12 months or less or the underlying asset has a low value. The Company is currently evaluating the impact the new and amended standard is expected to have on its financial statements and does not expect any material changes. The Company predominately uses third party services which provide for any possible leases but does lease office space, and if the limited exception criteria are not met, rent expense is to be removed and replaced by amortization and finance expense related to the leased office space and respective lease liability.
Critical Accounting Judgments and Significant Estimates and Uncertainties [Policy Text Block] | Critical Accounting Judgments and Significant Estimates and Uncertainties The preparation of the consolidated financial statements requires management to make judgments and estimates and form assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported revenue and expenses during the periods presented therein. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its judgments and estimates in relation to assets, liabilities, royalty revenues and expenses. Management bases its judgments and estimates on historical experience and on other various factors it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions. The Company has identified the following critical accounting policies in which significant judgments, estimates and assumptions are made and where actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions and may materially affect financial results or the financial position reported in future periods. Further details of the nature of these assumptions and conditions may be found in the relevant notes to the consolidated financial statements. a) Royalty interest and related depletion In accordance with the Company’s accounting policy, royalty interests are evaluated on a periodic basis to determine whether there are any indications of impairment. If any such indication exists, a formal estimate of recoverable amount is performed and an impairment loss recognized to the extent that carrying amount exceeds recoverable amount. The recoverable amount of a royalty asset is measured at the higher of fair value less costs to sell and value in use. The determination of fair value and value in use requires management to make estimates and assumptions about expected production and sales volumes, the proportion of areas subject to royalty rights, commodity prices (considering current and historical prices, price trends and related factors), and reserves. These estimates and assumptions are subject to risk and uncertainty; hence there is a possibility that changes in circumstances will alter these projections, which may impact the recoverable amount of the assets. In such circumstances, some or all of the carrying value of the assets may be further impaired or the impairment charge reduced with the impact recorded in profit or loss. b) Goodwill Goodwill is evaluated for impairment annually or more often if events or circumstances indicate there may be impairment. Impairment is determined by assessing if the carrying value of a cash generating unit, including the allocated goodwill, exceeds its recoverable amount. The assessment of the recoverable amount used in the goodwill impairment analysis is subject to similar judgments and estimates as described above for property and equipment and royalty interests. c) Exploration and Evaluation Assets Recorded costs of exploration and evaluation assets are not intended to reflect present or future values of exploration and evaluation assets. The recorded costs are subject to measurement uncertainty and it is reasonably possible, based on existing knowledge, that a change in future conditions could require a material change in the recognized amount. d) Taxation The Company’s accounting policy for taxation requires management’s judgment as to the types of arrangements considered to be a tax on income in contrast to an operating cost. Judgment is also required in assessing whether deferred tax assets and certain deferred tax liabilities are recognized on the statement of financial position. Deferred tax assets, including those arising from unused tax losses, capital losses and temporary differences, are recognized only where it is considered probable that they will be recovered, which is dependent on the generation of sufficient future taxable profits. Deferred tax liabilities arising from temporary differences caused principally by the expected royalty revenues generated by the royalty property are recognized unless expected offsetting tax losses are sufficient to offset the taxable income and therefore, taxable income is not expected to occur in the foreseeable future. Assumptions about the generation of future taxable profits depend on management’s estimates of future cash flows. These depend on estimates of future production and sales volumes, commodity prices, and reserves. Judgments are also required about the application of income tax legislation in foreign jurisdictions. These judgments and assumptions are subject to risk and uncertainty, hence there is a possibility that changes in circumstances will alter expectations, which may impact the amount of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities recognized on the statement of financial position and the amount of other tax losses and temporary differences not yet recognized. In such circumstances, some or the entire carrying amount of recognized deferred tax assets and liabilities may require adjustment, resulting in a corresponding credit or charge to profit or loss. Information about critical judgments in applying accounting policies that have the most significant effect on the amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, the following: a) Functional Currencies The functional currency of each of the Company’s subsidiaries is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates. Determination of the functional currency may involve certain judgments to determine the primary economic environment and the Company reconsiders the functional currency of its entities if there is a change in events and conditions, which determined the primary economic environment. b) Classification of investments as subsidiaries, joint ventures, associated company and portfolio investments Classification of investments requires judgement as to whether the Company controls, has joint control of or significant influence over the strategic financial and operating decisions relating to the activity of the investee. In assessing the level of control or influence that the Company has over an investment, management considers ownership percentages, board representation as well as other relevant provisions in shareholder agreements. If an investor holds 20% or more of the voting power of the investee, it is presumed that the investor has significant influence, unless it can be clearly demonstrated that this is not the case. Conversely, if the investor holds less than 20% of the voting power of the investee, it is presumed that the investor does not have significant influence, unless such influence can be clearly demonstrated.

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- Definition The description of the entity's accounting policy for the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef -Name IAS -Number 1 -IssueDate 2018-01-01 -Paragraph 117 -Subparagraph b -URI http://eifrs.ifrs.org/eifrs/XBRL?type=IAS&num=1&date=2018-03-01&anchor=para_117_b&doctype=Standard -URIDate 2018-03-16 + Details
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- Definition The description of the entity's accounting policy for goodwill. [Refer: Goodwill] + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef -Name IAS -Number 1 -IssueDate 2018-01-01 -Paragraph 117 -Subparagraph b -URI http://eifrs.ifrs.org/eifrs/XBRL?type=IAS&num=1&date=2018-03-01&anchor=para_117_b&doctype=Standard -URIDate 2018-03-16 + Details
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- Definition The description of the entity's accounting policy for the impairment of assets. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef -Name IAS -Number 1 -IssueDate 2018-01-01 -Paragraph 117 -Subparagraph b -URI http://eifrs.ifrs.org/eifrs/XBRL?type=IAS&num=1&date=2018-03-01&anchor=para_117_b&doctype=Standard -URIDate 2018-03-16 + Details
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- Definition The description of the entity's accounting policy for income tax. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef -Name IAS -Number 1 -IssueDate 2018-01-01 -Paragraph 117 -Subparagraph b -URI http://eifrs.ifrs.org/eifrs/XBRL?type=IAS&num=1&date=2018-03-01&anchor=para_117_b&doctype=Standard -URIDate 2018-03-16 + Details
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- Definition The description of the entity's accounting policy for investments in associates. [Refer: Associates [member]] + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef -Name IAS -Number 1 -IssueDate 2018-01-01 -Paragraph 117 -Subparagraph b -URI http://eifrs.ifrs.org/eifrs/XBRL?type=IAS&num=1&date=2018-03-01&anchor=para_117_b&doctype=Standard -URIDate 2018-03-16 + Details
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- Definition The description of the entity's accounting policy for issued capital. [Refer: Issued capital] + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef -Name IAS -Number 1 -IssueDate 2018-01-01 -Paragraph 117 -Subparagraph b -URI http://eifrs.ifrs.org/eifrs/XBRL?type=IAS&num=1&date=2018-03-01&anchor=para_117_b&doctype=Standard -URIDate 2018-03-16 + Details
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- Definition The description of the entity's accounting policy for loans and receivables. [Refer: Loans and receivables] + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef -Note Expiry date 2021-01-01 -Name IAS -Number 1 -IssueDate 2018-01-01 -Paragraph 117 -Subparagraph b -URI http://eifrs.ifrs.org/eifrs/XBRL?type=IAS&num=1&date=2017-03-02&anchor=para_117_b&doctype=Standard&book=b_pdf -URIDate 2018-03-16 + Details
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- Definition The description of the entity's accounting policy for property, plant and equipment. [Refer: Property, plant and equipment] + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef -Name IAS -Number 1 -IssueDate 2018-01-01 -Paragraph 117 -Subparagraph b -URI http://eifrs.ifrs.org/eifrs/XBRL?type=IAS&num=1&date=2018-03-01&anchor=para_117_b&doctype=Standard -URIDate 2018-03-16 + Details
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- Definition The description of the entity's accounting policy for recognising revenue. [Refer: Revenue] + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef -Name IAS -Number 1 -IssueDate 2018-01-01 -Paragraph 117 -Subparagraph b -URI http://eifrs.ifrs.org/eifrs/XBRL?type=IAS&num=1&date=2018-03-01&anchor=para_117_b&doctype=Standard -URIDate 2018-03-16 + Details
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- Definition The description of the entity's accounting policy for segment reporting. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef -Name IAS -Number 1 -IssueDate 2018-01-01 -Paragraph 117 -Subparagraph b -URI http://eifrs.ifrs.org/eifrs/XBRL?type=IAS&num=1&date=2018-03-01&anchor=para_117_b&doctype=Standard -URIDate 2018-03-16 + Details
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- Definition The description of the entity's accounting policy for transactions in which the entity: (a) receives goods or services from the supplier of those goods or services (including an employee) in a share-based payment arrangement; or (b) incurs an obligation to settle the transaction with the supplier in a share-based payment arrangement when another group entity receives those goods or services. [Refer: Share-based payment arrangements [member]] + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef -Name IAS -Number 1 -IssueDate 2018-01-01 -Paragraph 117 -Subparagraph b -URI http://eifrs.ifrs.org/eifrs/XBRL?type=IAS&num=1&date=2018-03-01&anchor=para_117_b&doctype=Standard -URIDate 2018-03-16 + Details
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- Definition The description of the entity's accounting policy used to determine the components of cash and cash equivalents. [Refer: Cash and cash equivalents] + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Name IAS -Number 7 -IssueDate 2018-01-01 -Paragraph 46 -URI http://eifrs.ifrs.org/eifrs/XBRL?type=IAS&num=7&date=2018-03-01&anchor=para_46&doctype=Standard -URIDate 2018-03-16 + Details
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- Definition The description of accounting policies relevant to an understanding of financial statements, which the entity does not separately disclose. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Name IAS -Number 1 -IssueDate 2018-01-01 -Paragraph 117 -Subparagraph b -URI http://eifrs.ifrs.org/eifrs/XBRL?type=IAS&num=1&date=2018-03-01&anchor=para_117_b&doctype=Standard -URIDate 2018-03-16 + Details
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