424B4 1 d658943d424b4.htm 424(B)(4)

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Filed Pursuant to Rule 424(b)(4)
Registration No. 333-228896

PROSPECTUS

3,500,000 American Depositary Shares

Jiayin Group Inc.

Representing 14,000,000 Class A Ordinary Shares

This is the initial public offering of American depositary shares, or ADSs, by Jiayin Group Inc. We are offering 3,500,000 ADSs. Each ADS represents four Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.000000005 per share.

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for the ADSs or our Class A ordinary shares. The initial public offering price is US$10.50 per ADS. We have been approved to list the ADSs on the Nasdaq Stock Market under the symbol “JFIN.”

We are an “emerging growth company” under the applicable U.S. federal securities laws and are eligible for reduced public company reporting requirements.

The underwriters have an option to purchase up to additional 525,000 ADSs from us at the initial public offering price, less the underwriting discounts and commissions, within 30 days from the date of this prospectus, to cover any over-allotments.

Investing in the ADSs involves a high degree of risk. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 17.

|  | Price to Public |  |  | Underwriting Discounts and Commissions(1) |  |  | Proceeds, before Expenses |
Per ADS |  | US$ | 10.50 |  |  | US$ | 0.7875 |  |  | US$ | 9.7125 |
Total |  | US$ | 36,750,000 |  |  | US$ | 2,756,250 |  |  | US$ | 33,993,750 |

(1) | See “Underwriting” for additional disclosure regarding underwriting compensation payable by us.

The underwriters expect to deliver the ADSs against payment to purchasers on or about May 14, 2019.

Upon the completion of this offering, 98,000,000 Class A ordinary shares and 116,000,000 Class B ordinary shares will be issued and outstanding. Holders of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares will have the same rights except for voting and conversion rights. Each Class A ordinary share will be entitled to one vote, and each Class B ordinary share will be entitled to ten votes and will be convertible into one Class A ordinary share. Mr. Dinggui Yan, our founder, director and chief executive officer, will beneficially own all the Class B ordinary shares issued and outstanding, representing 92.2% of our aggregate voting power.

Several investors have subscribed for, and have been allocated, an aggregate number of 3,771,000 ADSs, including ADSs over-allocated by the underwriters in this offering at the initial public offering price and on the same terms as the other ADSs being offered. These investors are not our existing shareholders, directors or officers. The underwriters will receive the same underwriting discounts and commissions on any ADSs purchased by these investors as they will on any other ADSs sold to the public in this offering.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

Roth Capital Partners |  | Shenwan Hongyuan Securities

The date of this prospectus is May 9, 2019

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page |
Prospectus Summary |  |  | 1 |
Risk Factors |  |  | 17 |
Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements |  |  | 73 |
Use of Proceeds |  |  | 74 |
Dividend Policy |  |  | 75 |
Capitalization |  |  | 76 |
Dilution |  |  | 77 |
Exchange Rate Information |  |  | 79 |
Enforceability of Civil Liabilities |  |  | 80 |
Corporate History and Structure |  |  | 82 |
Selected Consolidated Financial Data |  |  | 87 |
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |  |  | 91 |
Industry Overview |  |  | 131 |
Business |  |  | 135 |
Regulation |  |  | 163 |
Management |  |  | 179 |
Principal Shareholders |  |  | 188 |
Related Party Transactions |  |  | 190 |
Description of Share Capital |  |  | 193 |
Description of American Depositary Shares |  |  | 204 |
Shares Eligible for Future Sale |  |  | 215 |
Taxation |  |  | 217 |
Underwriting |  |  | 226 |
Expenses Related to this Offering |  |  | 235 |
Legal Matters |  |  | 236 |
Experts |  |  | 237 |
Where You Can Find Additional Information |  |  | 238 |
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements |  |  | F-1 |

You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus or in any related free-writing prospectus. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with information different from that contained in this prospectus or in any related free-writing prospectus. We are offering to sell, and seeking offers to buy, the ADSs only in jurisdictions where offers and sales are permitted. The information contained in this prospectus is current only as of the date of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or of any sale of the ADSs.

We have not taken any action to permit a public offering of the ADSs outside the United States or to permit the possession or distribution of this prospectus outside the United States. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about and observe any restrictions relating to the offering of the ADSs and the distribution of the prospectus outside the United States.

Until June 3, 2019 (the 25th day after the date of this prospectus), all dealers that buy, sell or trade ADSs, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to the obligation of dealers to deliver a prospectus when acting as underwriters and with respect to their unsold allotments or subscriptions.

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PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

The following summary is qualified in its entirety by, and should be read in conjunction with, the more detailed information and financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. In addition to this summary, we urge you to read the entire prospectus carefully, especially the risks of investing in the ADSs discussed under “Risk Factors,” before deciding whether to buy the ADSs. This prospectus contains information from a report prepared at our request by iResearch, an independent market research firm, in March 2019, or the iResearch Report.

Our Business

We are a leading online individual finance marketplace in China connecting individual investors and individual borrowers. The origin of our business can be traced back to 2011. We are one of the first online individual finance marketplaces in China, according to iResearch, and have built a trusted brand with a demonstrated track record of delivering value to both investors and borrowers.

We were the third largest individual finance marketplace in China in terms of transaction volume in 2018 for mid-to long-term loans, according to iResearch. We strategically focused on facilitating mid-to long-term consumer loans with an average term of 12 months or more, as we believe such loan products are best positioned to generate attractive returns for our investors, and at the same time, capture the financing needs of quality borrowers. With a highly scalable capital-light business model, we have been able to grow our marketplace and reinforce our strengths through network effects. The following charts set forth certain key operating metrics:

* | Loan origination volume during a period is not equal to the investment volume in the same period as (i) the investment volume includes the amount of investment transactions, excluding automatic reinvestments, in respect of transferred loans on the secondary market, and a small amount of investments into the automated investment programs during the subscription period, which are not accounted for in the loan origination volume; and (ii) the loan origination volume includes the amount of loans that are originated on our platform which are matched with automated reinvestments enabled by our automated investment program, which is not accounted for in the investment volume.

We are committed to facilitating effective, transparent, secure and fast connections between investors and borrowers, whose needs are underserved by traditional financial institutions. Our marketplace, empowered by highly automated process and technologies, provides a streamlined user experience. We ranked first in terms of borrower satisfaction and borrowers’ willingness to recommend the marketplace to others among all mid-to long-term online individual finance platforms in China, according to an online survey conducted by iResearch in January 2018.

Our marketplace appeals to high-quality investors by offering convenient and fast access to various investment opportunities with attractive returns. Our loan products featuring monthly principal and interest repayment provide investors with attractive liquidity. Our investors exhibit high levels of stickiness to our

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marketplace, and tend to invest increasing amounts of funds on our marketplace over time. In 2018, the average investment amount of our investors was approximately RMB81,000 (US$11,781), while the average investment amount of repeat investors reached approximately RMB98,000 (US$14,254). The total investment volume facilitated by us was RMB26.8 billion (US$3.9 billion) in 2018, 96.8% of which was contributed by repeat investors who had successfully invested on our marketplace before. In 2018, 97.8% of our investors invested in our Youdaozhitou automated investment programs, which automatically match investors and borrowers and reinvest investment proceeds in accordance with investors’ preferred investment period and loan duration. In addition, we have established a vibrant secondary loan market on our marketplace where investors can transfer their loan assets to other investors. Our ability to match loan terms and investment periods effectively offers our investors flexible options to exit their investments.

Our borrowers are typically creditworthy individuals with stable salary income and/or credit history but underserved by traditional financial institutions. We primarily utilize diverse online borrower acquisition channels including online advertising channels such as websites, search engines, app stores as well as online partnerships with online traffic marketplaces which have access to quality borrowers. Our online average borrower acquisition cost per new borrower was RMB172 (US$25.0) in 2018, representing 2.5% of the average loan principal borrowed by our borrowers in 2018, which is lower than that of the industry average of 3.4% in the same year, according to iResearch. We offer online standard loan products with fixed terms and repayment schedules generally ranging from RMB5,000 to RMB30,000 via the Niwodai borrower app and our website.

We operate a highly secure and open platform with a proprietary and effective risk assessment model and a comprehensive risk management system. We build our risk assessment model based on our first-hand and proprietary user and transaction data generated from our loan process as well as multiple layers of background and behavioral data from more than ten third-party sources. Our model employs advanced big data analytics and sophisticated algorithms to accurately assess the risk profiles of potential borrowers. We have also established reliable systematic risk management procedures. To supplement our risk management efforts, we also selectively collaborate with expert consultants with strong credit assessment capabilities to help us further screen and re-assess the creditworthiness of applicants and identify creditworthy potential borrowers based on desensitized user data.

We generate revenues primarily from fees charged for our services in matching investors and borrowers and for other services we provide over the term of a loan. We generally collect service fees from our borrowers, and on limited occasions from our investors for our automated investment program services and for loan transfers over our secondary market. As an online individual finance marketplace, we do not use our own capital to invest in loans facilitated through our marketplace.

We have achieved growth in recent periods despite certain unfavorable market developments that negatively impacted the online individual finance industry. Our net revenue grew by 28.0% from RMB2,250.9 million in 2017 to RMB2,881.9 million (US$419.2 million) in 2018. Our net income grew by 13.4% from RMB539.5 million in 2017 to RMB611.8 million (US$89.0 million) in 2018.

Market Opportunities

China’s individual finance market, or the peer-to-peer direct lending market has experienced relatively gradual and stable growth despite certain unfavorable market developments in 2018. From 2015 to 2018, China’s online individual finance transaction volume grew from US$134.8 billion to US$268.5 billion, representing a CAGR of 25.8%, and is expected to further grow and reach US$454.9 billion in 2022, according to iResearch. The number of online investors and borrowers in this market reached approximately 13.3 million and 19.9 million, in 2018 respectively, according to iResearch.

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Platforms that offer mid-to long-term loans are currently the major players in China’s online individual finance market. As of December 31, 2018, the outstanding principal of mid-to long-term loans in China’s online individual finance market was US$69.3 billion, while the short-term loans in the same market was US$32.6 billion, according to iResearch. By the end of 2022, the outstanding principal of the mid-to long-term is expected to reach US$85.2 billion, according to iResearch. Compared with the short-term loan market, the market for mid-to long-term loans has demonstrated stronger growth momentum as a result of the following factors: (i) longer terms are conducive to better liquidity management and more effective duration matching; (ii) the stricter risk management and higher borrower quality effectively address investors’ investment demands and allow for more stable investment returns; and (iii) the mid-to long-term loan market enjoys more favorable regulatory environment.

Our Strengths

We believe our following competitive strengths contribute to our success and differentiate us from our competitors:

| • |  | leading online individual finance marketplace with a long operating history and strong brand recognition;

| • |  | attractive and scalable capital-light business model;

| • |  | proprietary and reliable credit assessment model based on a highly secure and systematic platform;

| • |  | high-quality and loyal investor base with stable funding;

| • |  | effective online borrower acquisition channels supported by an open platform; and

| • |  | visionary and experienced management team.

Our Strategies

To achieve our mission, we plan to further enhance our competitive advantage and pursue the following strategies to expand our business:

| • |  | broaden our investor base;

| • |  | expand our borrower base;

| • |  | strengthen our risk management capabilities;

| • |  | strengthen data technologies; and

| • |  | expand our international business.

Our Challenges

Our business and successful execution of our strategies are subject to certain challenges, risks and uncertainties, including:

| • |  | our ability to retain existing investors and borrowers and attract new investors and borrowers in an effective and cost-efficient way;

| • |  | our ability to increase the investment volume and loan origination of loans volume facilitated through our marketplace;

| • |  | effectiveness of our credit assessment model and risk management system;

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| • |  | the availability of our investor assurance programs and our ability to forecast the delinquency rate for loans facilitated through our marketplace and utilize our investor assurance programs;

| • |  | our ability to compete effectively;

| • |  | our ability to promote and maintain our brand and reputation; and

| • |  | our ability to establish successful strategic relationships with business partners.

In addition, we face risks and uncertainties related to our corporate structure and regulatory environment in China, including:

| • |  | uncertainties associated with the interpretation and application of laws and regulations governing the online individual finance industry in the PRC;

| • |  | uncertainties associated with the registration of our marketplace with the local financial regulatory authority;

| • |  | risks associated with our control over our consolidated variable interest entity, or VIE, and its consolidated affiliated entities in China, which is based on contractual arrangements rather than equity ownership; and

| • |  | changes in the political and economic policies of the PRC government.

We also face other risks and uncertainties that may materially affect our business, financial conditions, results of operations and prospects. You should consider the risks discussed in “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus before investing in our ADSs.

Please see “Risk Factors” and other information included in this prospectus for a detailed discussion of the above and other challenges and risks.

Corporate History and Structure

The origin of our business can be traced back to 2011. Mr. Dinggui Yan our founder, director and chief executive officer, commenced an individual finance marketplace in 2011 through several entities controlled by him in China. In June 2015, Mr. Dinggui Yan acquired Shanghai Jiayin Finance Technology Co., Ltd., or Jiayin Finance, a shell company previously known as Furen Technology Limited and listed on the National Equities Exchange and Quotations Co., Ltd., or the NEEQ. In September 2015, Shanghai Niwodai Internet Finance Information Services Co., Ltd., or Niwodai Internet, was established as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Jiayin Finance to develop our online individual finance marketplace business. Mr. Dinggui Yan launched Shanghai Caiyin Asset Management Co., Ltd., or Shanghai Caiyin, in September 2015. We entered into a collaboration agreement with Shanghai Caiyin in 2015 to engage Shanghai Caiyin to provide post-origination loan management services and manage our investor assurance program for loans facilitated prior to April 28, 2018. See “Corporate History and Structure—Collaboration Agreement with Shanghai Caiyin.” In December 2015, Shanghai Caiyin also acquired the servicing rights and obligations of all outstanding loan contracts facilitated by Shanghai Niwodai Financial Information Services Co., Ltd., or Niwodai Finance, which operated our founder’s individual finance marketplace at that time, as well as the obligation to continue to provide guarantee on those loans. Niwodai Finance subsequently ceased to operate the individual financing business. We launched our online individual financing marketplace in December 2015.

In December 2017, we incorporated Jiayin Group Inc. under the laws of the Cayman Islands as our offshore holding company, and in January 2018, we established a wholly-owned subsidiary in the British Virgin Islands, Jiayin Holdings Limited, and a wholly-owned subsidiary in Hong Kong, Jiayin (HK) Limited, to be our

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intermediate holding companies, to facilitate our initial public offering in the United States. Jiayin Finance was delisted from NEEQ in April 2018 in preparation for this offering. In June 2018, we incorporated Shanghai KunJia Technology Co., Ltd., or Shanghai KunJia, as a wholly-foreign owned entity in China. As a result of the restructuring in 2018, we hold equity interest in Shanghai KunJia through our current offshore structure. At the same time, Shanghai KunJia entered into a series of contractual arrangements with Jiayin Finance and its shareholders, among which several agreements were terminated and simultaneously replaced by a series of contractual arrangements with substantially same terms in October 2018 for the purpose of registering pledges of equity interest in Jiayin Finance with the government authority. As a result of these contractual arrangements, or the Contractual Arrangements, we are the primary beneficiary of Jiayin Finance and its subsidiaries, and, therefore, have consolidated the financial results of Jiayin Finance and its subsidiaries in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. See “Corporate History and Structure—Contractual Arrangements among Shanghai KunJia, Jiayin Finance and the shareholders of Jiayin Finance.”

We currently operate our online individual finance marketplace in China mainly through Niwodai Internet. Jiayin Finance operates our website www.jiayinfintech.cn and Niwodai Internet operates www.niwodai.com and our apps, through which we offer our loan products and investment services.

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The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure, including the names, places of incorporation and the proportion of ownership interests in our significant subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities and their subsidiaries as of the date of this prospectus:

(1) | Jiayin Southeast Asia Holdings Limited was established in February 2018 to develop and operate our overseas business. See “Business—Overseas Development.”

(2) | Jiayin Finance is owned as to 58% by Mr. Dinggui Yan, our founder, director and chief executive officer, 27% by Shanghai Jinmushuihuotu Investment Center (Limited Partnership), or Jinmushuihuotu Investment, 12% by Mr. Guanglin Zhang, and 3% by Mr. Yuanle Wu, who both are employees of our company. Jinmushuihuotu Investment is established in connection with the share incentive plan of Jiayin Finance. See “Management—Share Incentive Plans—2016 Share Incentive Plan.” The general partner of Jinmushuihuotu Investment is Shanghai Jinmushuihuotu Marketing and Planning Co., Ltd., or Jinmushuihuotu Marketing, which is controlled by Mr. Dinggui Yan.

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(3) | Jiayin Finance entered into Contractual Arrangements with Shanghai KunJia. See “Corporate History and Structure—Contractual Arrangements among Shanghai KunJia, Jiayin Finance and shareholders of Jiayin Finance.”

(4) | Niwodai Internet operates our online peer-to-peer individual finance marketplace.

(5) | Shanghai Jiayin is owned 75% by Mr. Dinggui Yan and 25% by Shanghai Bangfan Investment Limited Partnership, or Shanghai Bangfan. The general partner of Shanghai Bangfan is Mr. Dinggui Yan, who has whole voting and investment power of Shanghai Bangfan. Mr. Dinggui Yan also owns substantially all the economic interest in Shanghai Bangfan. The rest of the economic interest in Shanghai Bangfan is owned by Mr. Guanglin Zhang.

(6) | Shanghai Caiyin provides post-origination loan management services and manages our investor assurance program for loans facilitated prior to April 28, 2018. See “Corporate History and Structure—Collaboration Agreement with Shanghai Caiyin.”

Mr. Dinggui Yan, our founder, director and chief executive officer, will beneficially own 92.2% of the total voting power of our company immediately after the completion of this offering and will have the ability to control the outcome of all corporate governance matters such as electing directors and approving mergers, acquisitions or other business combination transactions.

Corporate Information

Our principal executive offices are located at 18th Floor, Building No. 1, Youyou Century Plaza, 428 South Yanggao Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 200122, People’s Republic of China. Our telephone number at this address is +86 21-6082-8732. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at the offices of Maples Corporate Services Limited at PO Box 309, Ugland House, Grand Cayman, KY1-1104, Cayman Islands. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Cogency Global Inc., located at 10 East 40th Street, 10th Floor, New York NY, 10016.

Investors should contact us for any inquiries through the address and telephone number of our principal executive offices. Our corporate website is www.jiayinfintech.cn. The information contained on our website is not a part of this prospectus.

Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company

As a company with less than US$1.07 billion in gross annual revenue for our last fiscal year, we qualify as an “emerging growth company” pursuant to the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements compared to those that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s internal control over financial reporting. The JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company does not need to comply with any new or revised financial accounting standards until such date that a private company is otherwise required to comply with such new or revised accounting standards. However, we have elected to “opt out” of this provision and, as a result, we will comply with new or revised accounting standards as required when they are adopted for public companies. This decision to opt out of the extended transition period under the JOBS Act is irrevocable.

We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (a) the last day of the fiscal year during which we have total annual gross revenues of at least US$1.07 billion; (b) the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the completion of this offering; (c) the date on which we have, during the preceding three-year period, issued more than US$1.0 billion in non-convertible debt; or (d) the date on which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, which

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would occur if the market value of our ordinary shares, including Class A ordinary shares underlying the ADSs that are held by non-affiliates exceeds US$700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter. Once we cease to be an emerging growth company, we will not be entitled to the exemptions provided in the JOBS Act discussed above.

Conventions Which Apply to this Prospectus

Unless we indicate otherwise, all information in this prospectus reflects no exercise by the underwriters of their option to purchase up to 525,000 additional ADSs representing 2,100,000 Class A ordinary shares from us.

Except where the context otherwise requires:

| • |  | “ADSs” refers to our American depositary shares, each of which represents four Class A ordinary shares;

| • |  | “Annual percentage rate of charge” or “APR” refers to the overall borrowing cost collected from borrowers, including interest, service fees and other charges to be collected from borrowers, excluding penalty fees for late payments, as a percentage of the loan principal, multiplied by the number of days of the loan as a percentage of 360;

| • |  | “approval rate” refers to the percentage of loan applications approved in a certain period out of all loan applications during such period;

| • |  | “China” or “PRC” refers to the People’s Republic of China, excluding, for the purpose of this prospectus only, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau;

| • |  | “Class A investor” refers to the investor who enters into a multilateral loan contract with a borrower, us, a Class B investor and possibly other Class A investors. The investment of a Class A investor is covered by investor assurance program under the name of the respective Class B investor, and upon default of the borrower, will be compensated by the Class B investor who invested in the same loan. See “Business—Investor Assurance Programs—Investor Assurance Program by Partnering with Class B Investors.”

| • |  | “Class B investor” refers to the investor who enters into a multilateral loan contract with a borrower, us and one or multiple Class A investors. See “Business—Investor Assurance Programs—Investor Assurance Program by Partnering with Class B Investors.”

| • |  | “consolidated VIE” refers to Jiayin Finance;

| • |  | “investment volume” for a certain period refers to the sum of the principal amount of all investment transactions executed by investors directly through our marketplace during such period. The calculation of the investment volume of an investment made by an investor through the automated investment program does not take into account automated reinvestments enabled by the automated investment program;

| • |  | “loan origination volume” refers to the total amount of loans facilitated through our marketplace during a certain period;

| • |  | “M3+ Delinquency Rate by Vintage” refers to the total amount of principal for all loans in a vintage for which any repayment was more than 90 days past due as of a particular date, less the total amount of past due principal recovered for such loans, and divided by the total amount of principal for all loans in such vintage. M3+ Delinquency Rate by Vintage for quarter vintage is calculated as the weighted average of M3+ Delinquency Rate by Vintage for each month in such quarter by loan origination volume;

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| • |  | number of “borrowings” for a certain period refers to the total borrowing applications which were funded during such period;

| • |  | number of “borrowers” for a certain period refers to the total number of borrowers whose loans facilitated through our marketplace were funded during such period;

| • |  | number of “investment transactions” for a certain period refers to the total number of investment transactions executed by investors through our marketplace whether using our self-discretionary investing tool or our automated investment programs during such period. An investment through our automated investment programs is counted as a single investment transaction though the amount may be facilitated to match multiple loans, and the calculation does not take into account automated reinvestments enable by the automated investment program;

| • |  | number of “investors” in a certain period refers to the total number of investors who executed investment transactions through our marketplace during such period;

| • |  | “net payouts” refers to total amount of cash paid to investors upon borrower’s default, and net of the amount that is subsequently collected from borrower during a specific period of time;

| • |  | “Outstanding principal” refers to the aggregate principal amount of loans facilitated through our marketplace and loans covered by the investor assurance program that was acquired from Niwodai Finance that have not been repaid by borrowers or repaid by the investor assurance programs;

| • |  | “registered users” refer to individuals who have registered on our marketplace;

| • |  | “repeat borrowers” during a certain period refers to borrowers who borrows in such period and have borrowed at least twice since such borrowers’ registration with us until the end of such period;

| • |  | “repeat investors” during a certain period refers to investors who invests in such period and have invested at least twice since such investors’ registration with us until the end of such period;

| • |  | “shares” or “ordinary shares” prior to the completion of this offering refers to our ordinary shares of par value US$0.000000005 per share, and upon and after the completion of this offering, refers to our Class A and Class B ordinary shares, par value US$0.000000005 per share;

| • |  | “US$,” “U.S. dollars,” “$” and “dollars” refer to the legal currency of the United States;

| • |  | “vintage” refers to borrowings facilitated through our marketplace during a certain period; and

| • |  | “we,” “us,” “our company,” “our group” and “our” refer to Jiayin Group Inc., a Cayman Islands company and its subsidiaries, consolidated VIE, its subsidiaries and variable interest entity.

The translations from RMB to U.S. dollars and from U.S. dollars to RMB in this prospectus were made at a rate of RMB6.8755 to US$1.00, the exchange rates set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Federal Reserve Board on December 31, 2018. We make no representation that the RMB or U.S. dollar amounts referred to in this prospectus could have been or could be converted into U.S. dollars or RMB, as the case may be, at any particular rate or at all. On May 3, 2019, the noon buying rate for RMB was RMB6.7337 to US$1.00.

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THE OFFERING

The following assumes that the underwriters will not exercise their option to purchase additional ADSs in the offering, unless otherwise indicated.

Offering Price | US$10.50.

ADSs Offered by Us | 3,500,000 ADSs (or 4,025,000 ADSs if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional ADSs in full).

ADSs Outstanding Immediately After This Offering | 3,500,000 ADSs (or 4,025,000 ADSs if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional ADSs in full).

Ordinary Shares Outstanding Immediately After This Offering | 98,000,000 Class A ordinary shares and 116,000,000 Class B ordinary shares (or 100,100,000 Class A ordinary shares and 116,000,000 Class B ordinary shares if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional ADSs in full).

Nasdaq Stock Market symbol | JFIN.

The ADSs | Each ADS represents four Class A ordinary shares. The ADSs may be evidenced by American depositary receipts.

| The depositary will hold the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs and you will have rights as provided in the deposit agreement.

| You may turn in your ADSs to the depositary in exchange for Class A ordinary shares. The depositary will charge you fees for any exchange. We may amend or terminate the deposit agreement without your consent. If you continue to hold your ADSs, you agree to be bound by the deposit agreement as amended.

| To better understand the terms of the ADSs, you should carefully read the “Description of American Depositary Shares” section of this prospectus. You should also read the deposit agreement, which is filed as an exhibit to the registration statement that includes this prospectus.

Ordinary Shares | Our ordinary shares will be divided into Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares upon the completion of this offering. In respect of all matters subject to a shareholders’ vote, each Class A ordinary share is entitled to one vote, and each Class B ordinary share is entitled to ten votes, voting together as one class. Each Class B ordinary share is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time by the holder thereof. Class A ordinary shares are not convertible into Class B ordinary shares under any circumstances.

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| Upon any transfer of Class B ordinary shares by a holder to any person or entity which is not an affiliate of such holder, such Class B ordinary shares shall be automatically and immediately converted into the equivalent number of Class A ordinary shares. See “Description of Share Capital” for more information.

Option to Purchase Additional ADSs | We have granted to the underwriters an option, exercisable within 30 days from the date of this prospectus, to purchase up to 525,000 additional ADSs.

Use of Proceeds | We estimate that we will receive net proceeds of approximately US$29.8 million from this offering (or US$34.9 million if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional ADSs in full), after deducting the underwriting discounts, commissions and offering expenses payable by us and an initial public offering price of US$10.50 per ADS.

| We plan to use the net proceeds of this offering as follows:

| • |  | implement our marketing initiatives to further build our brand awareness and expand our investor and borrower base;

| • |  | conduct strategic acquisitions of business and assets to strengthen our technologies, particularly big data analytics and risk management capabilities, although currently we have not entered into any binding agreement for any acquisition nor identified any definite acquisition target; and

| • |  | for general corporate purposes, including working capital, operating expenses and capital expenditures.

| See “Use of Proceeds” for additional information.

Lock-up | We, our directors and executive officers, and our existing shareholders have agreed with the underwriters, subject to certain exceptions, not to sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of any ADSs, ordinary shares or similar securities for a period ending 180 days after the date of this prospectus. See “Underwriting” for more information.

Indication of interest | Several investors have subscribed for, and have been allocated, an aggregate number of 3,771,000 ADSs, including ADSs over-allocated by the underwriters in this offering at the initial public offering price and on the same terms as the other ADSs being offered. These investors are not our existing shareholders, directors or officers. The underwriters will receive the same underwriting discounts and commissions on any ADSs purchased by these investors as they will on any other ADSs sold to the public in this offering.

Risk Factors | See “Risk Factors” and other information included in this prospectus for a discussion of risks you should carefully consider before investing in the ADSs.

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Depositary | Citibank, N.A.

The total number of ordinary shares that will be issued and outstanding immediately after this offering will be 98,000,000 Class A ordinary shares and 116,000,000 Class B ordinary shares, based upon (i) the re-designation of all ordinary shares beneficially owned by Mr. Dinggui Yan, our founder, director and chief executive officer, into 116,000,000 Class B ordinary shares on a one-for-one-basis immediately prior to the completion of this offering; (ii) the re-designation of all of the remaining outstanding ordinary shares into 84,000,000 Class A ordinary shares on a one-for-one-basis immediately prior to the completion of this offering, including 54,000,000 ordinary shares held by Dream Glory L.P. as an entrusted shareholder of shares issued in view of our 2019 Share Incentive Plan, of which 45,296,800 are underlying shares of options to be granted upon completion of the offering and 8,703,200 are reserved for future issuance; and (iii) 14,000,000 ordinary shares in the form of ADSs issued in connection with this offering (assuming the underwriters do not exercise their option to purchase additional ADSs). Dream Glory L.P. will not vote such ordinary shares it held at general meetings of our company.

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Summary Consolidated Financial and Operating Data

The following summary consolidated statements of operations data in 2017 and 2018 and summary consolidated balance sheets data as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2018 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared and presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or U.S. GAAP.

Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of results expected for future periods. You should read this Summary Consolidated Financial and Operating Data section together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section included elsewhere in this prospectus.

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
|  | (in thousands, except for share, per share data) |
Net revenue |  |  | 2,250,850 |  |  |  | 2,881,940 |  |  |  | 419,161 |
Operating cost and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Origination and servicing |  |  | (229,353 | ) |  |  | (401,679 | ) |  |  | (58,422 | )
Allowance for uncollectible receivables and contract assets |  |  | (130,943 | ) |  |  | (265,978 | ) |  |  | (38,685 | )
Provision for assets and liabilities from the investor assurance program |  |  | (42,463 | ) |  |  | (467,728 | ) |  |  | (68,028 | )
Sales and marketing |  |  | (884,866 | ) |  |  | (726,582 | ) |  |  | (105,677 | )
General and administrative |  |  | (95,597 | ) |  |  | (150,465 | ) |  |  | (21,884 | )
Research and development |  |  | (180,967 | ) |  |  | (184,302 | ) |  |  | (26,806 | )
Total operating cost and expenses |  |  | (1,564,189 | ) |  |  | (2,196,734 | ) |  |  | (319,502 | )
Income from operation |  |  | 686,661 |  |  |  | 685,206 |  |  |  | 99,659 |
Interest income |  |  | 1,922 |  |  |  | 169 |  |  |  | 25 |
Other income, net |  |  | 12,609 |  |  |  | 20,298 |  |  |  | 2,952 |
Income before income taxes |  |  | 701,192 |  |  |  | 705,673 |  |  |  | 102,636 |
Income tax benefit (expense) |  |  | (161,647 | ) |  |  | (93,915 | ) |  |  | (13,659 | )
Net income |  |  | 539,545 |  |  |  | 611,758 |  |  |  | 88,977 |
Net income per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Basic |  |  | 2.70 |  |  |  | 3.06 |  |  |  | 0.44 |
- Diluted |  |  | 2.70 |  |  |  | 3.06 |  |  |  | 0.44 |
Weighted average shares used in calculating net income per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Basic |  |  | 200,000,000 |  |  |  | 200,000,000 |  |  |  | 200,000,000 |
- Diluted |  |  | 200,000,000 |  |  |  | 200,000,000 |  |  |  | 200,000,000 |

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The following table sets forth our total assets, total liabilities and total net deficit as of the dates indicated.

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
|  | (in thousands) |
Summary Consolidated Balance Sheets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  |  | 2,530,532 |  |  |  | 801,879 |  |  |  | 116,628 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 4,462,074 |  |  |  | 2,453,885 |  |  |  | 356,902 |
Total deficit |  |  | (1,931,542 | ) |  |  | (1,652,006 | ) |  |  | (240,274 | )

The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows for the period presented:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
|  | (in thousands) |
Summary Consolidated Cash Flow Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net cash generated by (used in) operating activities* |  |  | 104,752 |  |  |  | (228,368 | ) |  |  | (33,213 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  |  | 61,215 |  |  |  | (16,423 | ) |  |  | (2,388 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  |  | 13,876 |  |  |  | (433,600 | ) |  |  | (63,065 | )
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year |  |  | 581,489 |  |  |  | 761,332 |  |  |  | 110,729 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of year |  |  | 761,332 |  |  |  | 82,941 |  |  |  | 12,063 |

* | Our cash flows from operating activities in 2018 includes repayment from Niwodai Finance of RMB517.7 million (US$75.3 million) of amounts due from related parties, which is mostly funded by a dividend of RMB400.0 million (US$58.2 million) distributed to shareholders of Jiayin Finance, including Mr. Dinggui Yan, who also controls Niwodai Finance. Without this related party transaction, our operating cash outflows in 2018 would have been more significant.

Non-GAAP Measures

Adjusted Net Income

We use adjusted net income, a non-GAAP financial measure, in evaluating our operating results and for financial and operational decision-making purposes. We believe that adjusted net income helps identify underlying trends in our business by excluding the impact of share-based compensation expenses (net of tax effect of nil), which are non-cash charges. We believe that adjusted net income provides useful information about our operating results, enhances the overall understanding of our past performance and future prospects and allows for greater visibility with respect to key metrics used by our management in its financial and operational decision-making.

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
|  | (in thousands) |
Adjusted net income(1) |  |  | 628,941 |  |  |  | 679,536 |  |  |  | 98,835 |

(1) | Adjusted net income is defined as net income excluding share-based compensation expenses (net of tax effect of nil).

Adjusted net income is not defined under U.S. GAAP and are not presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. This non-GAAP financial measure has limitations as analytical tools, and when assessing our operating

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performance, cash flows or our liquidity, investors should not consider them in isolation, or as a substitute for net income, cash flows provided by operating activities or other consolidated statements of operation and cash flow data prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

We mitigate these limitations by reconciling the non-GAAP financial measure to the most comparable U.S. GAAP performance measure, all of which should be considered when evaluating our performance.

The following table reconciles our adjusted net income in the years presented to the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which is net income:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
|  | (in thousands) |
Net income |  |  | 539,545 |  |  |  | 611,758 |  |  |  | 88,977 |
Add: share-based compensation expenses (net of tax effect of nil) |  |  | 89,396 |  |  |  | 67,778 |  |  |  | 9,858 |
Adjusted net income |  |  | 628,941 |  |  |  | 679,536 |  |  |  | 98,835 |

Selected Operating Data

We regularly review a number of metrics to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends, formulate financial projections and make strategic decisions. The table below sets forth the selected operating data for the periods and as of the dates indicated:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | (in thousands) |
Number of borrowers |  |  | 2,855 |  |  |  | 3,087 |
Number of repeat borrowers |  |  | 1,201 |  |  |  | 985 |
Number of investors |  |  | 273 |  |  |  | 332 |
Number of repeat investors |  |  | 157 |  |  |  | 264 |
Number of borrowings |  |  | 5,215 |  |  |  | 3,432 |
Number of investment transactions |  |  | 7,114 |  |  |  | 4,138 |

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
|  | (in millions) |
Loan origination volume* |  |  | 19,845 |  |  |  | 23,674 |  |  |  | 3,444 |
Loan origination volume invested by investors and automated investment programs, excluding reinvestments |  |  | 14,400 |  |  |  | 13,644 |  |  |  | 1,985 |
Loan origination volume invested by automatic reinvestments |  |  | 5,445 |  |  |  | 10,030 |  |  |  | 1,459 |
Investment volume* |  |  | 21,769 |  |  |  | 26,783 |  |  |  | 3,895 |
Volume of loans transferred on secondary loan market |  |  | 14,895 |  |  |  | 23,956 |  |  |  | 3,484 |
Investments made by investors |  |  | 1,291 |  |  |  | 799 |  |  |  | 116 |
Investments made by automated investment programs, excluding reinvestments |  |  | 6,068 |  |  |  | 12,320 |  |  |  | 1,792 |
Automated reinvestments enabled by automated investment program |  |  | 7,536 |  |  |  | 10,837 |  |  |  | 1,576 |

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* | Loan origination volume during a period is not equal to the investment volume in the same period as (i) the investment volume includes the amount of investment transactions, excluding automatic reinvestments, in respect of transferred loans on the secondary market, and a small amount of investments into the automated investment programs during the subscription period, which are not accounted for in the loan origination volume; (ii) the loan origination volume includes the amount of loans that are originated on our platform which are matched with automated reinvestments enabled by our automated investment program, which is not accounted for in the investment volume.

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Average investment amount per investor |  |  | 79,856 |  |  |  | 80,740 |  |  |  | 11,743 |
Average borrowing amount per borrowing |  |  | 3,805 |  |  |  | 6,896 |  |  |  | 1,003 |

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
|  | (in millions) |
Outstanding principal* |  |  | 16,171 |  |  |  | 15,374 |  |  |  | 2,236 |

* | Such amounts include loans covered by the investor assurance program that was acquired from Niwodai Finance of RMB1,461 million and nil as of December 31, 2017 and 2018.

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RISK FACTORS

Investing in the ADSs entails a significant level of risk. Before investing in the ADSs, you should carefully consider all of the risks and uncertainties mentioned in this section, in addition to all of the other information in this prospectus, including the financial statements and related notes. We may face additional risks and uncertainties aside from the ones mentioned below. There may be risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of, or that we currently do not consider material, that may become important factors that adversely affect our business in the future. Any of the following risks and uncertainties could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. In such case, the market prices of the ADSs could decline and you may lose part or all of your investment.

Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry

The laws and regulations governing online individual finance industry in China are developing and evolving and subject to changes. If we fail to comply with existing and future applicable laws, regulations or requirements of local regulatory authorities, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

Due to the relatively short history of the online individual finance industry in China, the regulatory framework governing our industry is developing and evolving. Before any industry-specific regulations were introduced in mid-2015, the PRC government relied on general and basic laws and regulations for governing the online individual finance industry, including the PRC Contract Law, the General Principles of the Civil Law of the PRC and related judicial interpretations promulgated by the Supreme People’s Court. See “Regulation—Regulations Relating to Online Individual Finance Services.”

In July 2015, the People’s Bank of China, or the PBOC, together with nine other PRC regulatory agencies jointly issued a series of policy measures applicable to the online finance industry titled the Guidelines on Promoting the Healthy Development of Online Finance Industry, or the Guidelines. The Guidelines formally introduced for the first time the regulatory framework and basic principles governing the online finance industry, including the provision of online lending information services in China. Following the core principles of the Guidelines, a series of additional restrictions and affirmative obligations were imposed on online lending information intermediaries by the Implementation Strategies Targeted towards Risks related to Online Finance circulated by the General Office of the State Council in April 2016, the Interim Measures on Administration of Business Activities of Online Lending Information Intermediaries, or the Interim Measure, issued by the CBRC and other PRC regulatory agencies in August 2016, the Circular on Regulating and Rectifying of “Cash Loan” Services, or the Circular 141, issued by the Office of the Leading Group for the Special Campaign against Internet Financial Risks and the Office of the Leading Group for the Special Campaign against Peer-to-peer Lending Risks in December 2017, the Notice on the Improvement and Acceptance of P2P Online Lending Risks (“Circular 57”) and the Notice on Conducting Compliance Inspection on P2P Lending Platforms issued by the Office of the Leading Group for the Special Campaign against Peer-to-peer Lending Risks in December 2017 and in August 2018, respectively. In addition, in February 2017 and August 2017, the CBRC issued the Guidelines on Online Lending Funds Custodian Business, or the Custodian Guidelines, and the Guidelines on Information Disclosure of the Business Activities of Online Lending Information Intermediaries, or the Disclosure Guidelines, respectively. The Custodian Guidelines further clarified the requirement of setting up custody accounts with commercial banks for the funds of investors and borrowers held by online individual finance platforms, while the Disclosure Guidelines further specified the disclosure requirements for online lending information service providers. It has been reported that in May 2017, the PBOC and other PRC regulatory agencies issued the Notice on Further Effectively Conducting the Special Campaign on Reorganizing and Rectification in Respect of Risks Related to the Internet Finance Market, or Circular 119, which classified enterprises in the Internet finance market into “compliant enterprises”, “enterprises to conduct rectifications” and “enterprises to be suspended.” Circular 119 further stipulates various procedures to be taken with respect to these three types of enterprises. It has been reported since January 2019 that the Office of the Lending Group for the

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Special Campaign against Internet Financial Risks and the Office of the Special Campaign against Peer-to-peer Lending Risks jointly issued the Circular on the Classification and Disposal of Risks of Online Lending Institutions and Risk Prevention, or Circular 175. It has been reported that, according to Circular 175, except for large-scale peer-to-peer direct lending marketplaces that have not demonstrated any high-risk characteristics, which are generally referred to as Normal Marketplaces, other marketplaces, including shell companies with no substantive operation, small-scale marketplaces, marketplaces with high risks and marketplaces on which investors are not fully repaid or that are otherwise unable to operate their businesses, shall exit the peer-to-peer lending industry or cease operation. Normal Marketplaces shall cease operating businesses that are not in compliance with laws and regulations. Circular 175 also encourages certain Normal Marketplaces to convert into other types of online financing institutions such as online small loan companies or loan facilitation platforms. According to Circular 175, the overarching objective of Circular 175 is for PRC government agencies to effect orderly exits of certain peer-to-peer direct lending marketplaces without inducing systematic risk in the financial system or causing significant social turbulence until only those marketplaces that are strictly in compliance with all relevant laws and regulations remain in operation in the peer-to-peer direct lending industry. See “Regulation—Regulations Relating to Online Individual Finance Services—Regulations on Online Peer-to-Peer Lending Intermediary Information Services.”

The laws, regulations, rules and governmental policies are expected to continue to evolve in our industry. The growth in popularity of online individual finance in China increases the likelihood for the government authorities to further regulate our industry. We are unable to predict with certainty the impact, if any, that future legislation, judicial interpretations or regulations relating to the online individual finance industry, or the status and scrutiny of implementation thereof will have on our business, financial condition and results of operations. To the extent that we are not able to fully comply with any applicable laws or regulations, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

If our practice is deemed to violate any PRC laws and regulations, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

The PRC regulatory regime with respect to the online individual finance industry is relatively new and evolving, and their interpretation and enforcement are subject to significant uncertainties, it results in difficulties in determining whether our existing practices may be interpreted to violate any applicable laws and regulations.

The Guidelines, the Interim Measures, Circular 141, Circular 57 and other laws and regulations prohibit online lending information intermediaries from certain activities, including but not limited to, credit enhancement, illegal fund-raising, and setting up capital pool. Furthermore, intermediaries that provide online lending information services shall not engage in certain activities, including, among others, (i) fundraising for the intermediaries themselves, (ii) holding investors’ fund or setting up capital pools with investors’ fund, (iii) providing security or guarantee to investors as to the principals and returns of the investment, (iv) issuing or selling any wealth management products, (v) mismatch between investor’s expected timing of exit and the maturity date, (vi) securitization, (vii) promoting its financing products on physical premises other than through the permitted electronic channels, such as telephones, mobile phones and internet, (viii) providing loans with its own capital, except as otherwise permitted by laws and regulations; (ix) equity crowd-funding; (x) deducting interest from loan principal; (xi) outsourcing key services such as customer information collection, screening, credit evaluation; (xii) facilitating loans without a designated purpose and (xiii) provide risk reserve fund to the investors.

In addition, the Interim Measures stipulate the maximum amount that a borrower may borrow through online consumer finance platforms. The Interim Measures also require the intermediaries that provide online lending information services to strengthen their risk management, enhance screening and verifying efforts on the borrowers’ and investors’ information, and to set up custody accounts with qualified banks to hold customer funds, and to disclose the basic information to the investors and borrowers. To the extent Hengfeng Bank and we are deemed to be not in full compliance with any applicable laws and regulations, we might be required to make

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correction or rectification within a six-month rectification period. See “Regulation—Regulations relating to Online Individual Finance Services.”

Any violation of such applicable laws, regulations or relevant regulatory provisions may subject online peer-to-peer lending information intermediaries to sanctions, including, among others, supervision interviews, regulatory warning, correction order, condemnation, negative credit record and publication, fines, and criminal liabilities if the act constitutes a criminal offense.

To comply with existing laws, regulations, rules and governmental policies relating to the online consumer finance industry, we have implemented various policies and procedures to conduct our business and operations. However, due to lack of detailed implementation rules on certain key requirements of the regulations and different interpretation of the regulations by the local authorities, we cannot be certain that our existing practices would not be deemed in violation of any existing or future laws, rules and regulations that are applicable to our business.

In particular, we cannot rule out the possibility that some of our existing practices might be deemed as not being fully in compliance. For instance, we have established a secondary loan market to provide flexible options for exiting investments. Although the Circular 57 clarifies that the legality of transfer of creditor’s rights depends on specific situation and low-frequency transfers between creditors for fluidity are generally acceptable, we cannot ensure full compliance of all transfer of creditor’s right completed on our marketplace.

Furthermore, online lending information intermediaries are prohibited from holding investors’ fund or setting up capital pools with investors’ fund or mismatch between investor’s expected timing of exit and the maturity date, it is uncertain how the “setting up capital pool” or “mismatch” will be interpreted due to the lack of detailed implementing rules. We offer automated investment programs that investors authorize us to make investments and when necessary transfer their creditor’s rights on their behalf to other investors on our marketplace. We generally put loans on the same expected mature schedule into one investment program. However, we cannot rule out the possibility that our automated investment programs might be viewed by the PRC regulatory agencies as, in certain circumstances, setting up capital pool or mismatch between investor’s expected timing of exit and the maturity date.

Although the Guidelines and the Interim Measures prohibit online marketplace lending service providers from providing “credit enhancement services”, or providing any security interest or guarantee to investors on the principal or return of their investments, it is uncertain how the provisions would be interpreted and implemented. Circular 57 further requires individual finance platforms to cease setting aside risk reserve fund and gradually reduce the size of their current risk reserve fund. Furthermore, if the investor assurance programs are viewed by the PRC regulatory bodies as providing a form of guarantee, under the Provisions on Several Issues Concerning Laws Applicable to Trials of Private Lending Cases, or the Private Lending Judicial Interpretations, issued by the Supreme People’s Court on August 6, 2015 and being effective on September 1, 2015, if requested by the investor with the court, we may be required to assume the obligations as to the defaulted loan as a guarantor. The risk reserve fund was managed by Shanghai Caiyin before April 28, 2018, and we began to partner with a third party guarantor to manage the investor assurance program since April 28, 2018. Due to the lack of detailed implementing rules, we cannot rule out the possibility that our past risk reserve fund and investor assurance program might be deemed as providing credit enhancement services, or a form of guarantee to investors, prohibited by the Guidelines and Interim Measures.

Moreover, to supplement our risk assessment model and risk management system, we engage expert consultants to help screen and re-assess the creditworthiness of applicants and identify creditworthy potential borrowers. Although we may, when necessary, further evaluate the creditworthiness of borrowers identified by our expert consultants before the funds being transferred to the borrower’s account, we cannot guarantee the current cooperation with third-party consultants might be viewed, to certain extent, outsourcing client selection and credit assessment and in violation of the Interim Measures. Due to lack of industry-wide information sharing

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arrangement, we cannot assure you that the aggregate amount borrowed by any borrower through our platform and other online consumer finance platforms does not exceed the borrowing limit set out by the Interim Measures.

According to the Interim Measures, if an online lending information intermediary institution operates business in physical places other than the internet, fixed-line telephones, mobile phones and other electronic channels, such institutions may only conduct risk management activities such as collection and verification of credit information, post-loan follow-up management, mortgage and pledge management and conduct certain necessary business operations specified in online lending regulatory provisions. It is also prohibited from publicizing or recommending a project needing funding at any physical place other than electronic channels such as the Internet, fixed-line telephones, and mobile phones, or entrusting or authorizing a third party to do so. We utilized an offline-to-online channel to attract potential customers to our Niwodai borrower app or website from January to August 2018. We also engage in various branding initiatives by advertising our Niwodai brand on TV shows and sports games. Although the purpose is mainly to enhance our brand awareness, instead of recommending a project, and we believe such activities are in compliance, we cannot assure you the PRC regulatory authorities would hold the same view as ours and such practice would not be deemed to violate any existing or future laws, regulations, rules and governmental policies on promoting consumer finance loans through offline channels.

In addition, Circular 141 prohibits peer-to-peer lending information intermediaries from providing loan matching services without designated use. Therefore we require a borrower to specify its loan use during the application process. The multilateral loan agreement among the borrower, investor and Niwodai Internet also stipulates the loan use and the borrower’s undertaking that he or she would not use the proceeds for any use other than the prescribed purposes (including but not limited to lending, payment for property purchases, foreclosures, real estate over-the-counter financing, real estate development, securities investment or equity investment, over-the-counter allocation, futures contracts, structured products and other derivatives and investments with equal risk or other illegal transactions, etc.). We also request our borrowers to provide proof for usage of such loan when its term expires on a selective basis. Where the borrower fails to comply with the aforesaid undertaking, the lender may call the loan and demand the borrower to bear the liability for the breach of the agreement. Where the borrower violates the laws and regulations, Niwodai Internet has the right to immediately report to corresponding regulatory authorities including the public security bureau. However, we cannot monitor how borrowers use the proceeds from time to time. We cannot ensure borrowers fully comply with the loan agreement, and there can be no assurance that such practice would be considered by PRC regulators as being in compliance with any existing or future laws, regulations, rules and governmental policies on prohibition against facilitating loans without a designated purpose.

As of the date of this prospectus, we have not been subject to any material fines or other penalties under any PRC laws or regulations, including those governing the online consumer finance industry in China. If our practice is deemed to violate any laws, regulations and rules, we may face, among others, regulatory warning, corrective order, condemnation, fines and criminal liability. If such situations occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects would be materially and adversely affected.

The growth of our business is limited by PRC laws and regulations, and we may be ordered by PRC regulatory agencies to exit the online individual finance industry or shut down our marketplace.

The rapid growth of China’s online individual finance industry has attracted a large number of market players. However, business failures of, or accusations of fraud and unfair dealing against, certain companies in the online individual finance industry in China have surfaced in recent years, creating a negative public perception of online individual finance market players. In an effort to manage risks and maintain market integrity, PRC regulatory authorities have issued various guidelines and policies that impose stricter requirements on online individual finance marketplaces. Further, certain of these policies impose limits on the growth of the individual finance industry and marketplaces. In accordance with Circular 57, online lending marketplaces shall

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optimize their business portfolios continuously and manage the scale of their business. Marketplaces that have received rectification notices shall ensure steady decrease of the balance of non-compliant business on these marketplaces and shall not engage in any new non-compliant operations.

It has been reported that pursuant to Circular 119, provincial government agencies should identify key market players which engage in Internet financing and conduct on-site inspections. For institutions with minor violations of laws and regulations and strong willingness to rectify such violations, provincial government agencies should issue a rectification notice to the institutions and require them to prepare and submit a rectification plan for review. An enterprise that has received a rectification notice from government agencies, or an “enterprise to conduct rectifications”, is required to promise, in its rectification plan, that it will not engage in any new non-compliant operations. Furthermore, such rectification plan shall provide a clear schedule for such enterprise to wind down and terminate all outstanding non-compliant business contracts and operations, which schedule in principal shall be no longer than one year, unless other specific regulations stipulate otherwise. Enterprises to conduct rectifications should report regularly to the government agencies on their rectification process, finish the rectification in accordance with the rectification plan, and apply for rectifying inspection by government agencies. Enterprises which refuse to rectify non-compliant activities, or fail to pass rectifying inspections, or engage in significant non-compliance shall be shut down in accordance with relevant regulations. During the process of the Special Campaign, provincial government agencies shall ensure that the number of enterprises in the Internet finance market and relevant business scale in such province to decrease, which is referred to as the Dual Decrease.

As of the date of this prospectus, we have not received any rectification notice. Accordingly, we believe we are a “compliant enterprise” under Circular 119. As such, we believe that despite that we need to manage our business scale, we are not subject to the requirement of Circular 57 and Circular 119 to decrease the balance of our “non-compliant” business steadily. However, we may receive a rectification notice at any time which deems our business operation to be non-compliant. Furthermore, due to lack of clarity under Circular 57 and 119, there are uncertainties that regulatory authorities may hold a different view and consider us to be an “enterprise to conduct rectifications” or an “enterprise to be suspended.” If any of the foregoing were to occur, we may be ordered to decrease the amount of, or suspend loans originated and investments made on our marketplace, terminate outstanding loans and investments prior to maturity, or even shut down our marketplace. In addition, as provincial government agencies are required to ensure the Dual Decrease, we may be ordered to do the foregoing despite that we are operating a “compliant enterprise.” If that were to happen, our business, financial condition and results of operation would be materially and adversely affected.

It has been reported that according to Circular 175, the overarching objective of Circular 175 is for PRC government agencies to effect orderly exits of certain peer-to-peer direct lending marketplaces without inducing systematic risk in the financial system or causing significant social turbulence until only those marketplaces that are strictly in compliance with all relevant laws and regulations remain in operation in the peer-to-peer direct lending industry. Circular 175 classifies peer-to-peer direct lending marketplaces into (i) marketplaces on which investors are not fully repaid or that are otherwise unable to operate their businesses and (ii) marketplaces that have not been involved in such incidents, and the latter is further classified, based on the scale of their business operations, into (a) shell companies with zero loan balance or loan origination for more than three months and marketplaces that no longer facilitate loan application and investment, or are otherwise not in operation, (b) small-scale marketplaces, which shall be determined based on factors including outstanding balance and number of borrowers by provincial governmental agencies, and (c) large-scale marketplaces, including marketplaces with high risks, and Normal Marketplaces that have not demonstrated any high-risk characteristics. In accordance with Circular 175, marketplaces with high risks include, for instance, marketplaces that fund loans to themselves or facilitate sham loans, marketplaces with unclear fund flows, marketplaces with massive negative publicity and complaints, marketplaces that refuse to or are reluctant to rectify non-compliant operations. Pursuant to Circular 175, except for Normal Marketplaces, other marketplaces shall exit the peer-to-peer lending industry or cease operation. The aforementioned summaries of Circular 119 and Circular 175 are based on certain media reports, including alleged photocopies of Circular 119 and Circular 175 presented in such reports. We

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have been advised by our PRC counsel, King & Wood Mallesons, that Circular 119 and Circular 175 have not been officially issued to the public by any government agencies, and therefore there are uncertainties as to the accuracy of the media reports, as well as the authenticity, meaning and application of Circular 119 and Circular 175.

Based on our current understanding of Circular 175, as we currently operate a vibrant marketplace and investors on our marketplace have been duly repaid, we believe we would not fall into categories (i) and (ii)(a) above. We expect to be categorized as a large-scale marketplace instead of a small-scale one, based on the number of borrowers and the outstanding balance on our marketplace, compared to our competitors. In addition, we believe we are not a marketplace with high risks as we do not possess any high-risk characteristic stipulated in Circular 175. As such, we believe that we operate a Normal Marketplace. In accordance with Circular 175, Normal Marketplaces shall strictly manage the scale of their business and number of investors, follow the requirements of Dual Decrease and report relevant data to competent government agencies. We will continue to implement internal rectification measures to help ensure compliance with laws and regulations. As Circular 175 does not require Normal Marketplaces to exit the industry or shut down and imposes minimum restrictions on Normal Marketplaces, we believe that Circular 175, if officially issued, would not have a material adverse impact on our business and operations. We may, however, be encouraged by government authorities to convert into other types of online financing institutions such as online small loan companies or loan facilitation platforms. If we were to change the type of business we operate, our business, financial condition and results of operation might be materially and adversely affected. In addition, due to lack of clarity in certain key definitions under Circular 57, Circular 119 and Circular 175, it is currently unclear to what extent an online individual finance marketplace should manage its business scale. Considering that the overarching objective of these regulations is to manage risks in the financial system instead of eliminating the online individual finance industry, we believe that while these regulations prohibit drastic increases in the business scale or number of investors, they do not mean to set definite limits on the scales or numbers of investors of the marketplaces. As of the date of this prospectus, we have not received any notice from government agencies that sets any limit on our loan balance or number of investors. Based on our interpretation of these regulations, in order to stay compliant with these circulars, we closely monitor our outstanding principal and number of investors, and voluntarily manage these operating metrics so that they does not experience any significant increase compared to June 30, 2017. This, among other factors, attributed to the decrease of our loan origination volume in the second half of 2018 from the first half of 2018 or the second half of 2017. Furthermore, if such regulations are to be interpreted and applied in a manner inconsistent with our interpretation, and if we are deemed a Normal Marketplace but nevertheless are required to decrease the balance of our business and number of investors, our business, financial condition and results of operation would be materially and adversely affected. In particular, as our future revenue, profit and working capital rely on the amount of loans originated on our marketplace and the corresponding service fees we are entitled to collect from such loans, if we were required by regulatory action to decrease or not to increase the outstanding principal of our business, we might need to take various measures in order to maintain the current scale or growth of our business while adhering to our interpretations of these regulations. These measures might include offering products of a shorter term in order to maintain our loan origination volume, which may not be acceptable to current and future customers, and cooperating with financial institutions, which may not be available on reasonable terms in a timely manner, or at all, and all of these measures may not be sufficient to maintain our current loan origination and investment volumes or business growth, and may not generate sufficient revenue or cash inflows to offset decreases in the outstanding principal of our marketplace, or may not otherwise result in the intended benefits.

Furthermore, due to lack of clarity in certain key definitions under Circular 175, there are uncertainties that regulatory authorities may hold a different view and determine that we are not a Normal Marketplace. If we are deemed as a marketplace other than a Normal Marketplace under Circular 175 by government authorities, our marketplace would be shut down and our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected. If any of the foregoing were to occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

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We are required to register our marketplace with the local financial regulatory authority and we have not completed, and may not be able to complete, the registration.

Online lending information intermediaries are required under the Interim Measures to register with the local financial regulatory authority, obtain the applicable telecommunication business license afterward, update their business scope to include “online lending information intermediary” with the local commercial registration authority. The Instructions on Record-filing and Registration of Online Lending Information Intermediaries issued by the CBRC and other PRC regulatory agencies in November 2016 further emphasize that online lending information intermediaries shall apply for value-added telecommunications business operation licenses with certificate of registration issued by the local financial regulatory authority. Niwodai Internet, which operates our online peer-to-peer individual finance marketplace, has neither completed the registration with the local financial regulatory authority, nor obtained the applicable telecommunication business license, nor updated its business scope to include “online lending information intermediary” as required by the Interim Measures. Niwodai Internet’s failure to complete the registration and/or obtain telecommunication business operation license may subject it to administrative measures and sanctions, including but not limited to fines, confiscation of illegal gains and shutting down its websites. Moreover, although Niwodai Internet has implemented internal rectification measures in accordance with relevant laws and regulations as well as the requirements of the relevant PRC government authorities, Niwodai Internet may still be subject to administrative proceedings and/or criminal prosecution and fines or unable to complete the registration with the local financial regulatory authority because some of its previous and/or existing practices (including but not limited to (i) mismatch between investor’s expected timing of exit and the maturity date in cases of reinvestments by the automated investment programs, (ii) operating the risk reserve fund) are likely to be deemed as not being fully in compliance with relevant governmental requirements. As of the date of this prospectus, the PRC financial regulatory authorities are still in the process of formulating detailed implementation rules governing the filing procedures and to our knowledge, none of the online lending information intermediaries nationwide has so far been permitted to make such filing. We cannot assure you when we will be able to submit such filing application and once submitted, whether our application will be accepted by the local financial regulatory authorities. If Niwodai Internet is required to make further rectifications by the Shanghai financial regulatory authorities and fails to fully satisfy the authorities’ requirements, its application for registering as an online lending information intermediary with the local financial regulatory authority may be delayed or even denied. If an online lending information intermediary substantially engages in P2P online lending business without completing the required filing with local financial regulatory authorities, then, relevant governmental authorities shall take administrative measures pursuant to Circular 57, including shutting down its websites, nullifying its telecommunication business license and prohibiting it from receiving financial service from any financial institution. See “Regulation—Regulations Relating to Online Individual Finance Services.” If such situations occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects would be materially and adversely affected.

We are required to obtain telecommunication business licenses upon completion of filing with local financial regulatory authority and may fail to obtain such licenses.

PRC regulations impose sanctions for engaging in Internet information services of a commercial nature without having obtained an Internet Content Provider license, or the ICP license, and sanctions for engaging in the operation of online data processing and transaction processing without having obtained an online data processing and transaction processing license, (such license together with ICP licenses are both sub-sets of licenses for value-added telecommunication service business).

These sanctions include corrective orders and warnings from the PRC communication administration authority, fines and confiscation of illegal gains and, in the case of significant infringements, the websites and mobile apps may be ordered to cease operation. Prior to the issuance of the Interim Measures in August 2016, it was unclear whether online lending information intermediaries like us are required to obtain telecommunication business licenses. The Interim Measures stipulated that an online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service provider shall apply for the appropriate telecommunication business license upon completion of filing

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with local financial regulatory authorities pursuant to relevant provisions issued by competent telecommunication regulatory authority. However, the Interim Measures and other relevant PRC laws and regulations are currently silent as to precisely which telecommunication business license(s) needed to be obtained. Since there is no relevant implementation rule or interpretation regarding such license, it is still unclear which kind of telecommunication business license is applicable to our business. If any kind of telecommunication business is required in the future, we cannot assure you that we would be able to obtain such licenses or other regulatory approvals in a timely manner, or at all, which would subject us to the sanctions described above or other sanctions as stipulated in the new regulatory rules, and materially and adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations.

If we are unable to maintain and increase the number of our investors and borrowers or the volume of loans facilitated through our marketplace, our business and results of operations will be adversely affected.

The loan origination and investment volume facilitated through our marketplace have grown rapidly over the past few years. The total loan origination volume facilitated through our marketplace increased from RMB19.8 billion in 2017 to RMB23.7 billion (US$3.4 billion) in 2018. The investment volume facilitated through our marketplace increased from RMB21.8 billion in 2017 to RMB26.8 billion (US$3.9 billion) in 2018. To maintain the high growth momentum of our marketplace, we must continuously increase the volume of loans by retaining current participants and attracting more users whose financing or investment needs can be met on our marketplace. If there are insufficient qualified loan applications, investors may not be able to deploy their capital in a timely or efficient manner and may seek other investment opportunities. If there are insufficient investor commitments, borrowers may not be able to obtain capital through our marketplace and may turn to other sources for their borrowing needs. If we are unable to attract qualified borrowers and sufficient investor commitments or if investors and borrowers do not continue to participate in our marketplace at the current rates due to any change we may be required to make to the way we conduct our business to ensure compliance with existing or new PRC laws and regulations or due to other business or regulatory reasons, we might not be able to increase our loan transaction volume and revenues as we expect, and our business and results of operations may be adversely affected.

If we fail to secure adequate funding from investors to maintain sufficient liquidity for our investment programs, our reputation, results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

We currently offer our investors a variety of investment programs consisting of loan portfolios with different sizes, terms and estimated returns. Upon maturity of an investment or a transfer request made by an investor whose investment is beyond the restricted period, the loans underlying such investment program held by the investor may be transferred to another investor, in many cases through investment program as part of the underlying loan portfolios. The smooth operations of our secondary loan market and investment programs require sufficient liquidity consistently. If we fail to secure adequate funding to support the required liquidity, investors who subscribe for our investment programs may rush for exit and cause a run on our investment programs. Although we have developed sophisticated algorithm and system to match the invest-in and transfer requests among the investors to provide liquidity, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to maintain the liquidity at a sufficient level that every transfer request from our investors who subscribe for our investment programs can be met.

If we fail to maintain the necessary liquidity due to any technical issues, declines in investors or other reasons, investors may find our investment programs and marketplace less attractive and may reduce their investment in our products or the use of our marketplace. If any of the foregoing were to occur, our reputation, results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

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If our existing and new loan products and investing tools and programs do not achieve sufficient market acceptance, our financial results and competitive position will be harmed.

We have devoted significant resources to, and will continue to emphasize, upgrading and marketing our existing loan products and investing tools and programs and enhancing their market awareness. We also incur expenses and expend resources upfront to develop, acquire and market new loan products and investing tools and programs that incorporate additional features, improve functionality or otherwise make our marketplace more desirable to investors and borrowers. New loan products and investing tools and programs must achieve high levels of market acceptance in order for us to recoup our investment in developing, acquiring and bringing them to market.

Our existing and new loan products and investing tools and programs could fail to attain sufficient market acceptance for many reasons, including:

| • |  | borrowers may not find terms of our loan products, such as costs and credit limit, competitive or appealing;

| • |  | our failure to predict market demand accurately and provide loan products that meet this demand in a timely fashion;

| • |  | investors and borrowers using our marketplace may not like, find useful or agree with, any changes;

| • |  | defects, errors or failures in our marketplace;

| • |  | negative publicity about our loan products or our marketplace’s performance or effectiveness;

| • |  | views taken by regulatory authorities that the new products, investing tools or platform changes do not comply with PRC laws, regulations or rules applicable to us; and

| • |  | the introduction or anticipated introduction of competing products by our competitors.

In addition, our marketplace features a high proportion of repeat investors and borrowers. Out of the total loan volume facilitated through our marketplace in 2018, 38.6% was attributable to repeat borrowers who had successfully borrowed on our marketplace before. Out of the total investment volume facilitated through our market place in 2018, 96.8% was attributable to repeat investors who had successfully invested on our marketplace before. The loan size of repeat borrowing and investment of repeat investors tends to be larger than that of first time borrowing and investment. Repeat borrowing also generally contributes to a higher overall credit quality of borrowers on our marketplace as we only permit borrowers with positive repayment histories to become repeat borrowers. If our repeat borrowing and investment rate decreases in the future, or if the repeat borrowing and investment rate is not as high as our expectations, our overall profitability may be adversely affected. If we are unable to increase the number of repeat investors and borrowers on our marketplace, the credit quality, amount of transaction and service fees and overall profitability of our marketplace may be adversely affected. If our existing and new loan products and investing tools do not achieve adequate acceptance in the market, especially among our existing investors and borrowers, our competitive position, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed.

If we are unable to provide a high-quality user experience, our business and reputation may be materially and adversely affected.

The success of our business largely depends on our ability to provide high-quality user experience, which in turn depends on a variety of factors. These factors include our ability to continue to offer loan products at competitive amount of financing interest and service fees and adequate credit limits, reliable and user-friendly website interface and mobile apps for users to browse, apply for credit or invest, and further improve our online transaction process. If users are not satisfied with our loan products or our services, or our system is severely interrupted or otherwise fail to meet the borrowers’ requests, our reputation and borrower loyalty could be adversely affected.

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In addition, if our user service representatives fail to provide satisfactory service, or if waiting time for our user service hotline is too long due to the high volume of inquiries from users and borrowers at peak times, our brands and borrower loyalty may be adversely affected. In addition, any negative publicity or poor feedback regarding our borrower service may harm our brands and reputation and in turn cause us to lose borrowers and market share. As a result, if we are unable to continue to maintain or enhance our borrower experience and provide a high-quality borrower service, we may not be able to retain borrowers or attract prospective borrowers, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any negative publicity with respect to us, the online individual finance industry in general and our third-party partners may materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Reputation of our brand is critical to our business and competitiveness. Factors that are vital to our reputation include but are not limited to our ability to:

| • |  | maintain the quality and reliability of our marketplace;

| • |  | provide investors and borrowers with a superior experience in our marketplace;

| • |  | enhance and improve our credit assessment and pricing models;

| • |  | effectively manage and resolve borrower and investor complaints; and

| • |  | effectively protect personal information and privacy of investors and borrowers.

Any malicious or negative allegation made by the media or other parties about the foregoing or other aspects of our company, including but not limited to our management, business, compliance with law, financial condition or prospects, whether with merit or not, could severely compromise our reputation and harm our business and operating results.

As the China online individual finance industry is new and the regulatory framework for this industry is also evolving, negative publicity about this industry may arise from time to time. Negative publicity about China’s online individual finance industry in general may also have a negative impact on our reputation, regardless of whether we have engaged in any inappropriate activities. The PRC government has recently instituted specific rules to develop a more transparent regulatory environment for the online individual finance industry. See “Regulation—Regulations Relating to Online Individual Finance Services.” Any players in China’s online individual finance industry who are not in compliance with these regulations may adversely impact the reputation of the industry as a whole. Furthermore, any negative development in, or negative perception of, the online individual finance industry as a whole, even if factually incorrect or based on isolated incidents, could compromise our image, undermine the trust and credibility we have established and imposed a negative impact on our ability to attract new investors and borrowers. Negative developments in the online individual finance industry, such as widespread borrower defaults, fraudulent behavior and/or the closure of other online individual finance marketplaces, may also lead to tightened regulatory scrutiny of the sector and limit the scope of permissible business activities that may be conducted by online individual finance marketplaces like us. For instance, there were a number of reports of business failures of, or accusations of fraud and unfair dealing against, certain companies in the online individual finance industry in China. Although the market exits of these companies may result in more healthy and stable development of the online individual finance industry, to the extent borrowers or investors associate our company with these companies, they may be less willing to initiate transactions on our marketplace. In June and July 2018, in response to tightening industry regulations and changing macro-economic conditions in China, there was an increase of news reports related to the difficulties, or even suspension of operation in some cases, encountered by certain individual lending marketplaces. In such a market environment, investors’ willingness to invest on our marketplace declined and the loan origination volume on our marketplace decreased temporarily. Borrowers’ willingness to repay was also negatively impacted by the negative publicity, which resulted in higher default rates. Starting in the second half of July 2018, PRC government commenced implementing monetary and fiscal policies to provide more liquidity to the market,

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which to some extent alleviated investors’ concerns, and the number of such news reports started to subside. Our business, financial condition and results of operations were adversely affected by such unfavorable market developments. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Selected Quarterly Results of Operations.” There is still substantial uncertainty with respect to PRC regulatory policies in this field and condition of the individual finance market, and we cannot assure you that similar negative news reports will not appear again in the future.

In addition, negative publicity about our partners, service providers or other counterparties, such as negative publicity about their loan collection practices and any failure by them to adequately protect the information of our investors and borrowers, to comply with applicable laws and regulations or to otherwise meet required quality and service standards could harm our reputation. If any of the foregoing takes place, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Changes in PRC regulations relating to interest rates for marketplace and micro-credit lending could have a material adverse effect on our business.

According to the relevant PRC laws and regulations, in the context of lending activities between individuals, entities or other organizations that are not licensed financial institutions, if the interest rate of a loan exceeds 36% per annum, the exceeding part of the interest rate is invalid and void; if the interest rate of a loan exceeds 24% per annum but is no more than 36% per annum, the exceeding part will be treated as natural obligation—valid but not enforceable in the PRC judicial system, while the enforceability of the 24% per annum part will not be affected. In addition, on August 4, 2017, the Supreme People’s Court promulgated the Circular of Several Suggestions on Further Strengthening the Judicial Practice Regarding Financial Cases, which provides, among others, that (i) the claim of a borrower under a financial loan agreement to adjust or cut down the part of interest exceeding 24% per annum on the basis that the aggregate amount of interest, compound interest, default interest, liquidated damages and other fees collectively claimed by the lender is overly high shall be supported by the PRC courts; and (ii) in the context of online finance disputes, if the online lending information intermediary platforms and the lender circumvent the upper limit of the judicially protected interest rate by charging intermediary fee, it shall be ruled as invalid. In addition, under Circular 141, the overall borrowing costs charged to borrowers should be calculated by loan interest together with all relevant fees and presented in an annualized form. See “Regulation—Regulations Relating to Online Individual Finance Services—Regulations on Online Peer-to-Peer Lending Intermediary Information Services” for more details.

The borrowing cost for taking out a loan on our marketplace includes the interest to be paid to investors and a service fee charged for our services. The APR for a significant number of loans facilitated on our marketplace was in excess of 36%. The APR for RMB11.6 billion of the loan origination volume we facilitated in 2017 was in excess of 36%. As of December 31, 2018, the outstanding principal of loans with an APR that exceeded 36% was RMB0.1 million (US$0.01 million).

In an effort to comply with potentially applicable laws and regulations, we adjusted the pricing of all our loan products in December 2017 to ensure that the APR charged on all loans do not exceed 36%. We believe that the APR of the loan products we currently offer does not exceed 36% and is therefore permitted by the Supreme Court’s interpretations. However, we cannot assure you that the PRC courts and relevant governmental authorities will hold the same view as ours, and parts or all of the service fees we collected may be ruled and recognized as invalid, which would affect our results of operations and financial condition materially and adversely. In addition, as we generate revenues primarily from fees charged for our services and such regulation on interest rate materially limits our ability to charge service fees from borrowers, such regulation on interest rate could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We are subject to credit cycles and the risk of deterioration of credit profiles of borrowers.

Our business is subject to credit cycle associated with the volatility of general economy. If economic conditions deteriorate, we may face increased risk of default or delinquency of borrowers, which will result in

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lower returns or losses. In the event that the creditworthiness of our borrowers deteriorates or we cannot track the deterioration of their creditworthiness, the criteria we use for the analysis of borrower credit profiles may be rendered inaccurate, and our risk management system may be subsequently rendered ineffective. This in turn may lead to higher default rates and adverse impact on our reputation, business, results of operations and financial positions.

Broader macro, political and socio-economic factors affecting market conditions can materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.

General economic, macro, political and socio-economic factors beyond our control may deter borrowers’ interest in seeking loans through our marketplace, and similarly, investors’ willingness to lend. Such factors include the general interest rate, unemployment rates, residential home values and availability of other investment opportunities. If any of these risk factors should materialize, the volume of loans facilitated on our marketplace will necessarily decline and our revenues and operating results may be adversely affected. For instance, in response to the changing regulatory environment in the fourth quarter of 2017, M3+ Delinquency Rate by Vintage for such quarter increased temporarily, and our operating results for such quarter were negatively affected. In July 2018, as a result of the impact of negative publicity with respect to the individual lending industry, the loan origination volume on our market place decreased temporarily. See “—Any negative publicity with respect to us, the online individual finance industry in general and our third-party partners may materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.”

We cannot guarantee that economic conditions will remain favorable for our business or industry and that demand and supply for consumer loans such as those we primarily facilitate over our marketplace will continue to be met at current levels. If demand or supply reduces, or if the default rate increases, our growth and revenue will be negatively impacted.

If our ability to collect delinquent loans is impaired, our business and results of operations might be materially and adversely affected.

We primarily engage collection service providers to handle the collection of delinquent loans. We also rely on our in-house collection team to assist us with payment collection from time to time. If our or third-party agencies’ collection methods, such as phone calls and text messages, are not as effective as they were and we fail to respond quickly and improve our collection methods, our delinquent loan collection rate may decrease and our investors may suffer loss. If those collection methods are viewed by the borrowers or regulatory authorities as harassments, threats or other illegal conducts, we may be subject to lawsuits initiated by the borrowers or prohibited by the regulatory authorities from using certain collection methods. If this were to happen and we fail to adopt alternative collection methods in a timely manner or the alternative collection methods are proven not effective, we might not be able to maintain our delinquent loan collection rate and the investors’ confidence in our marketplace may be negatively affected. If any of the foregoing takes place and impairs our ability to collect delinquent loans, the loan origination volumes on our marketplace will decrease and our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Credit and other information that we receive from prospective borrowers and third parties about a borrower may be inaccurate or may not accurately reflect the borrower’s creditworthiness, which may compromise the accuracy of our credit assessment.

For the purpose of credit assessment, we obtain from prospective borrowers and third parties certain information of the prospective borrowers, which may not be complete, accurate or reliable. The third parties whom we collaborate with include industry anti-fraud service providers, Internet or wireless service providers, online shopping websites and payment service providers. Historically, we also rely on our related party, Jiayin Credit Investigation Service Co., Ltd., or Jiayin Credit, an entity controlled by our founder, director and chief executive officer, Mr. Dinggui Yan, to conduct onsite credit information collection and verification for our

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borrowers referred by our offline partners. A credit score assigned to a borrower may not reflect that particular borrower’s actual creditworthiness because the credit score may be based on outdated, incomplete or inaccurate borrower information. Additionally, once we have obtained a borrower’s information, the borrower may subsequently (i) become delinquent in the payment of an outstanding obligation; (ii) default on a pre-existing debt obligation; (iii) take on additional debt; or (iv) sustain other adverse financial events, making the information we have previously obtained inaccurate. We currently cannot determine whether borrowers have outstanding loans through other individual finance marketplaces at the time they obtain a loan from us. This creates the risk that a borrower may borrow money through our platform in order to pay off loans on other individual finance marketplaces and vice versa. If a borrower incurs additional debt before fully repaying any loan such borrower takes out on our marketplace, the additional debt may impair the ability of that borrower to make payments on his or her loan and the investor’s ability to receive investment returns associated with such loan. In addition, the additional debt may adversely affect the borrower’s creditworthiness generally, and could result in the financial distress or insolvency of the borrower. To the extent that a borrower has or incurs other indebtedness and cannot repay all of his or her indebtedness, the obligations under the loans will rank pari passu to each other and the borrower may choose to make payments to other creditors rather than to investors on our marketplace. The additional debt may adversely affect the borrower’s creditworthiness generally, and could result in the financial distress or insolvency of the borrower, impairing the borrower’s ability to repay the loan and the investor’s ability to receive investment returns associated with such loan. In addition, if a borrower incurs debt on other online lending platforms in order to repay our loans, the borrower’s ability to repay such loans is limited by the availability of funding sources subject to factors beyond the borrower’s control, which may adversely affect our results of operations. For example, in the fourth quarter of 2017, changes to regulatory landscape, including the release of Circular 141 and Circular 57, increased market uncertainties and resulted in an unexpected short-term volatility of borrower credit performance across our industry. Many online lending platforms adjusted their business and ceased to provide loan products prohibited by Circular 141 in response to the tightening regulation, which led to liquidity shortage for certain borrowers who relied on other online lending platforms to fund their repayment to their existing loans, including to us. We observed a higher delinquency rate for loans facilitated in the fourth quarter of 2017. Such inaccurate or incomplete borrower information could compromise the accuracy of our credit assessment and adversely affect the effectiveness of our risk management, which could in turn harm our reputation, and as a result our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We rely on our proprietary credit assessment model in assessing the creditworthiness of our borrowers and the risks associated with loans. If our credit assessment model is flawed or ineffective, or if we otherwise fail or are perceived to fail to manage the default risks of loans facilitated through our marketplace, our reputation and market share would be materially and adversely affected, which would severely impact our business and results of operations.

Our ability to attract investors and borrowers to, and build trust in, our marketplace is significantly dependent on our ability to effectively evaluate borrowers’ credit profiles and likelihood of default. To conduct this evaluation, we utilize our proprietary and open credit assessment model, which is built based on massive data collected through various channels, and strengthened by our sophisticated artificial intelligence and advanced machine learning techniques. Our credit assessment model conducts in-depth anti-fraud and delinquency history analysis of the borrowers, assigns the borrowers a credit score based on their risk profile, which directly affect the interests rate and credit limit available to the borrower. However, our credit assessment model may not effectively assess the credit risk of the borrower, or predict future delinquency rate and loan losses. If we are unable to effectively classify borrowers into the relative risk categories, we may be unable to effectively manage the default risks of loans facilitated through our marketplace, which may adversely affect our ability to accurately account for risk related to such loans, and furthermore, our ability to offer attractive interest rates for borrowers and returns for investors. Because investment in loans on our marketplace involves inherent risks, we are unable to completely eliminate borrowers’ default despite various preventive and investor protection measures we have taken or will take.

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In addition, if a borrower’s financial condition worsens after his or her loan application is approved, we may not be able to take measures to prevent default on the part of the borrower and thereby maintain a reasonably low default rate for loans facilitated through our marketplace. Our credit assessment model may not be able to timely and accurately adjust down the credit rating assigned to a borrower if such borrower’s creditworthiness deteriorates. In addition, certain line items on our financial statements, including allowance for uncollectible contract assets and provision for assets and liabilities from the investor assurance program, are recorded based on the default rate that we estimate. Since our estimate of the risks might be inaccurate, our consolidated financial statements may be materially misstated.

While we continuously refine the algorithms, data processing and machine learning used by our credit assessment model to reduce the likelihood of mispricing loans or misclassifying borrower, our loan pricing and approval process could be negatively affected if any of these decision-making and scoring systems contain programming or other errors, are ineffective or the data provided by borrowers or third parties are incorrect or stale. If any of the foregoing were to occur in the future, investors may try to rescind their affected investments or decide not to invest in loans, or borrowers may seek to revise the terms of their loans or reduce the use of our marketplace for financing, and our reputation and market share would be materially and adversely affected, which would severely impact our business and results of operations.

We have obligations to verify information relating to borrowers and detecting fraud. If we fail to perform such obligations to meet the requirements of relevant laws and regulations, we may be subject to liabilities. Our reputation may be harmed if information supplied by borrowers is inaccurate, misleading or incomplete.

Our business of connecting investors and borrowers constitutes an intermediary service, and our contracts with investors and/or borrowers are intermediation contracts under the PRC Contract Law. Under the PRC Contract Law, an intermediary that intentionally conceals any material information or provides false information in connection with the conclusion of an intermediation contract, which results in harm to the client’s interests may not claim any service fee for its intermediary services, and is liable for any damage incurred by the client. Therefore, if we fail to provide material information to investors and are found to be at fault, for failure or deemed failure to exercise proper care, to conduct adequate information verification or supervision, we could be subject to liabilities as an intermediary under the PRC Contract Law. In addition, the Interim Measures have imposed on online lending information intermediaries, including us, additional obligations to verify the truthfulness of the information provided by or in relation to loan applicants and to actively detect fraud. We leverage a large database of fraudulent account information and sophisticated rule-based detection technology to detect fraudulent behaviors, we update our database on a monthly basis based on new data collected and fraudulent behavior detected during the ordinary course of our business operations. As the Interim Measures are relatively new, it is still unclear to what extent online lending information intermediaries should exercise care in detecting fraud. Although we believe that as an information intermediary, we should not bear the credit risk for investors as long as we take reasonable measures to detect fraudulent behavior, we cannot assure you that we would not be subject to liability under the Interim Measures if we fail to detect any fraudulent behavior. Any such liability could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We do not impose restrictions on the use of our loans or prohibit our borrowers from incurring other debt or impose financial covenants on borrowers during the term of the loan, which will increase the risk of non-payment on our loans.

We are faced with the risk that borrowers borrow money from our marketplace to pay off loans on other individual finance marketplaces. Subject to credit assessment result, borrowers may take out new loans on our marketplace to pay off their other existing loans facilitated by others. We also do not prohibit our borrowers from incurring additional indebtedness, which may impair the borrower’s ability to observe his or her payment obligations on the loan product we facilitated and therefore adversely affect the relevant investor’s returns. Although we take certain measures to monitor our borrowers’ credit records and indebtedness, we may not be

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able to effectively prevent the occurrence of such behavior given the practical difficulty in tracking and controlling the usage of borrowed funds and the financial activities of our borrowers.

If a borrower becomes insolvent or otherwise run into financial distress, any unsecured loan (including those obtained through our marketplace) will rank pari passu to each other and the borrower may cherry-pick among his or her creditors and our investor may suffer losses. For secured loans, the ability of other secured investors to exercise remedies against the assets of the borrower may impair the borrower’s ability to repay the loan to our investor. Investors may lose their confidence in us and our reputation and business may be adversely affected.

Fraudulent activity on our marketplace could negatively impact our operating results, brand and reputation and cause the use of our loan products and services to decrease.

We are subject to the risk of fraudulent activity both on our marketplace and associated with borrowers, investors and third parties handling borrower and investor information. Our resources, technologies and fraud detection tools may be insufficient to accurately detect and prevent fraud. Significant increases in fraudulent activity could negatively impact our brand and reputation, result in losses suffered by the investors, reduce the volume of loans facilitated through our marketplace and lead us to take additional steps to reduce fraud risk, which could increase our costs and expenses. High profile fraudulent activity could even lead to regulatory intervention and litigation, and may divert our management’s attention and cause us to incur additional expenses and costs. If any of the foregoing were to occur, our results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

Our risk management system comprising of our policy framework, credit assessment and fraud detection technology and modules may not be adequate, which may adversely affect the reliability of our marketplace, and in turn damage our reputation, business and results of operations.

The success of our online marketplace relies heavily on our ability to detect, assess and control credit risk, and therefore to prevent fraud. Despite measures we take to assess and manage risk, the information and data we collect may not be sufficient to allow us to adequately capture a borrower applicant’s credit risk. Such information and data include, among others, demographic information, credit history with us and with other financial institutions, and employment information and blacklists maintained by other forums and organizations. We constantly update and optimize our risk management system but the system may have loopholes or defects which may prevent us from effectively identifying risks, or the data provided may be inaccurate or stale or insufficient, such that we may misjudge the risk and misalign the risk profile and loan price. The information may also not be sufficient for prediction of future non-payment. Such risks and errors may erode investor confidence in our marketplace and therefore harm our reputation and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Interim period results can vary significantly due to a host of variables and may not accurately reflect the underlying performance of our business.

Our interim period results of operations, including operating revenue, expenses, the number of loans and other key performance indicators, may fluctuate significantly such that comparisons of our operating results period-on-period may not be meaningful. Results of any interim period cannot accurately indicate future performance. Fluctuations may be due to any number of variables, including some beyond our control, such as:

| • |  | our ability to grow our users base by attracting new and retaining repeat investors and borrowers;

| • |  | the volume, quality, mix of loans and the acquisition of investors and borrowers;

| • |  | the level of operating expenses in the acquisition of investors and borrowers, the growth and maintenance of our business, operations and infrastructure and the timing;

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| • |  | disruptions to the telecommunications network or security breaches;

| • |  | general macroeconomic and socio-political factors affecting the market and industry, particularly with respect to interest rates, consumer spending and levels of disposable income;

| • |  | seasonality of our loan products, which are generally higher in the third and fourth quarters due to national holidays and consumer spending patterns;

| • |  | our strategy with a focus on long-term growth instead of immediate profitability; and

| • |  | The incurring of expenses related to acquisitions activities of businesses or technologies and potential future charges for impairment of goodwill, if any.

Fluctuations in our interim period results may affect the price of our ADSs in an adverse manner.

We incurred net losses in the past and may incur net losses in the future. Furthermore, we are experiencing liquidity pressure and may continue to operate our business under such pressure.

We had net losses in the past. In the three months ended September 30, 2018, we recorded net loss of RMB44.0 million. We had accumulated deficits of RMB2,259.2 million and RMB2,047.5 million (US$297.8 million) as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively. Although we had net income of RMB539.5 million and RMB611.8 million (US$89.0 million) in 2017 and 2018, respectively, we cannot assure you that we will be able to continue to generate net income in the future. Furthermore, we have experienced net cash outflows from operating activities in 2018 of RMB228.4 million (US$33.2 million). As of December 31, 2018, we had cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of RMB82.9 million (US$12.1 million). As of December 31, 2018, we had liability from the investor assurance program of RMB1,547.1 million (US$225.0 million) and other guarantee liabilities of RMB4.1 million (US$0.6 million). We expect these liabilities to be settled, on an approximately ratable basis over the coming months, and in any event, by the first quarter of 2020. The aggregated amount of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, contract assets, accounts receivable, and assets from the investor assurance program was less than the aggregated amount of liabilities from the investor assurance program and other guarantee liabilities by RMB922.7 million (US$134.2 million) as of December 31, 2018. These conditions may indicate the existence of uncertainty which may cast doubt on our ability to continue as a going concern.

The principal liquidity pressure we experience emanates primarily from the payouts related to our investor assurance programs. When payouts are made under the investor assurance program upon default, such payouts will reduce the balance of our restricted cash. We monitor the balance of our restricted cash on a regular basis to ensure the balance is sufficient to cover the expected payouts, and when a shortfall is anticipated, we will transfer additional cash to the designated restricted cash accounts. We transferred additional cash of RMB1,079.9 million (US$157.1 million) into the designated restricted cash accounts for the purpose of the investor assurance program in 2018. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

We expect that we will need to continue to manage payouts related to our investor assurance programs and our overall working capital position. Therefore, while we continue to believe that our anticipated cash flows from operating activities will be sufficient to meet our anticipated working capital requirements and capital expenditures in the ordinary course of business in the near future, the sufficiency of liquidity cannot be assured. We may not be able to continue to grow our revenue and operating cash inflows. We generate a substantial majority of our total revenues from service fees we collect from borrowers. Any material decrease in our service fees would have a substantial impact on our profit margin and liquidity status. We may also experience an increase in our operating cash outflows as we anticipate that our operating cost and expenses may increase in the foreseeable future as we continue to grow our business, attract investors and borrowers and further enhance and develop our products, enhance our risk management capabilities and increase brand recognition. These efforts may prove more costly than we currently anticipate, and we may not succeed in increasing our revenue sufficiently to offset these higher expenses. There are other factors that could negatively affect our financial

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condition. For example, the delinquency rates of the loans facilitated may be higher than expected, which may lead to lower than expected revenue, additional expenses and higher provision for assets and liabilities from the investor assurance program. Furthermore, we have adopted share incentive plans in the past and may adopt new share incentive plans in the future, which have caused, and will result in, significant share-based compensation expenses to us, which will decrease our income. As a result of the foregoing and other factors, our net income margins may decline or we may incur additional net losses in the future and may not be able to maintain profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Furthermore, our liquidity status may deteriorate. In addition, our ability to satisfy our liquidity and capital needs may be affected by additional factors and events that affects the individual finance industry, as well as other macroeconomic and socio-political factors that increase our cash needs making us face continuing or greater liquidity pressure.

We rely on third party guarantors and Class B investors to provide our investor assurance programs.

In April 2018, we began to partner with an independent third party guarantor to provide investor assurance programs for newly facilitated loans. In July 2018, we introduced another third party guarantor. Borrowers pay a certain post-origination service fee to such third party guarantor managing the respective investor assurance program, which will be deposited in the respective investor assurance program. Investments made by investors on those loans are protected by the respective investor protection program to the extent of the existing balance of the funds within such investor assurance program. The service fee rate for such loans is agreed upon by us and the third party guarantors. See “Business—Investor Assurance Programs—Investor Assurance Program Managed by Independent Third Party Guarantors.”

In July 2018, we launched investor assurance programs by partnering with selective investors, or the Class B investors, who have a higher risk tolerance in exchange for higher earnings in managing the investor protection fund for the remaining investors of the same loan product but with lower level of risk tolerance, or the Class A investors. For each loan facilitated under such investor assurance program, a multilateral loan contract is entered among the borrower, us, one or several Class A investors and a Class B investor. Upon default of the borrower, the Class B investor is obligated to compensate the Class A investors with the funds in the investor assurance program and from the proceeds he received from the repayment of the loans in the Class B investment program, including the principal, interest, fees, other proceeds, if any, collected by the Class B investor. See “Business—Investor Assurance Programs—Investor Assurance Program by Partnering with Class B Investors.”

In 2018, 63.5% of total loans facilitated by us were covered by the investor assurance program managed by third party guarantors or by partnering with Class B investors. We expect this percentage to continue to increase in the future. We may not be able to secure collaboration with third party guarantors or Class B investors sufficient to cover our investment volume on reasonable terms in a timely manner, or at all. Furthermore, we may fail to adequately estimate the performance of loans under such investor assurance programs managed by third party guarantors or by partnering with Class B investors and determine the service fee rates accurately, and the investor assurance programs may not be able to repay investors covered by such programs. In addition, as the investor assurance program under the names of the Class B investors is typical of smaller amounts as compared to investor assurance program managed by us and third party guarantors, such investor assurance programs may become depleted more easily. If the investor assurance programs managed by third party guarantor or by partnering with Class B investors were depleted or otherwise fail to repay investors in case of borrower default, our business, investor base, financial condition, results of operation and reputation could be material and adversely affected.

In addition, we cannot rule out the possibility that our third party guarantors or Class B investors might be deemed as providing a form of guarantee. In accordance with the Regulation on the Supervision and Administration of Financing Guarantee Companies, the regulatory authority may ban any person from conducting financing guarantee business without prior approval. If our third party guarantors or Class B investors are deemed to be conducting financing guarantee business under the new investor assurance program, the regulatory authority may order our third party guarantor or the Class B investors to cease business operation,

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which would materially and adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations under these investor assurance programs.

We had limited experience managing our investor assurance program. In addition, our liability from investor assurance program managed by Shanghai Caiyin was determined based on both objective and subjective factors and might not be adequate to absorb loan losses if we failed to accurately forecast the expected loss.

We face the risk that borrowers fail to repay their principals and service fees in full. We established and maintained an investor assurance program which repays investors on our marketplace for loans facilitated prior to April 28, 2018 that were past due. Although we no longer operate the risk reserve fund for loans facilitated after April 28, 2018, as of the date of the prospectus, we still manage the investor assurance program for loans facilitated prior to April 28, 2018 and will continue to repay investors on our marketplace for loans facilitated prior to April 28, 2018 that are past due, until funds in such investor assurance program are depleted or investors for the underlying loans are fully repaid. Under such investor assurance program, we set aside a certain percentage of service fees into designated custody account to cover on a portfolio basis the principal and interest of defaulted loans, payable on a first-loss basis up to the balance of the investor assurance program. The service fee rate charged from borrowers in relation to the investor assurance program was determined based on both objective and subjective factors. We regularly reviewed the borrower’s risk profile, actual loss rate of each loan product facilitated and relevant economic factors to ensure the estimations are kept up-to-date. Consequently, the service fee rate charged from borrowers in relation to investor assurance program were updated regularly to ensure that the total collectible service fees related to the investor assurance program, including both upfront and subsequent collections, are based on the estimated fair value of the probability of loss at loan inception. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Policies, Judgments and Estimates—Investor Assurance Program.” Actual losses are difficult to forecast, especially if such losses stem from factors beyond our historical experience. We had limited experience managing our investor assurance program, which was established in December 2015. Furthermore, our products, borrower base and credit assessment capabilities evolved from time to time, and we may not be able to accurately forecast delinquencies of our current target borrower base. Given these challenges, it is possible that we have underestimated or overestimated the liability from investor assurance program. As a result, if we had underestimated the liability from investor assurance program, there could be no assurance that our restricted cash in the investor assurance program managed by Shanghai Caiyin would be sufficient to absorb losses or prevent a material adverse effect on our business and reputation. We may need to account for future provision for contingent liabilities, which will adversely affect our results of operations. Furthermore, as we do not manage the investor assurance programs for loans facilitated by us after April 28, 2018, proceeds from loans facilitated after such date no longer contribute directly to the investor assurance program managed by us. We may, in our discretion, transfer additional cash to the designated restricted cash account of the investor assurance program managed by us to repay our investors in order to maintain our reputation. In 2018, due to insufficient funds in designated restricted cash accounts of the investor assurance program managed by us, we transferred cash of RMB1,079.9 million (US$157.1 million) into such accounts to repay our investors. We expect to use our working capital to repay our investors covered by our investor assurance program again in the future, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, operation and financial condition. If we do not or are not able to repay these investors, our business, investor base and reputation could be materially and adversely affected.

Our failure to compete effectively could adversely affect our results of operations and market share.

Online individual finance market is an emerging industry in China. It provides a new means for consumers to obtain financing and for investors to seek new investment opportunities. As a leading player among China’s online individual finance marketplaces, we face fierce competition from other online marketplaces, other online finance service providers as well as traditional financial institutions. Individual finance marketplaces which operate online platforms connecting investors and borrowers compete directly with us for both investors and borrowers. In addition, for borrowers, we compete with other online platforms. We also compete with traditional financial institutions, including credit card issuers, individual finance business units in commercial banks and other individual finance companies.

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Our competitors operate with different business models, have different cost structures or participate selectively in different market segments. They may ultimately prove more successful or more adaptable to new regulatory, technological and other developments. Some of our current and potential competitors have significantly more financial, technical, marketing and other resources than we do and may be able to devote greater resources to the development, promotion, sale and support of their platforms. Our competitors may also have more extensive borrower or investor bases, greater brand recognition and brand loyalty and broader partner relationships than us. Additionally, a current or potential competitor may acquire one or more of our existing competitors or form a strategic alliance with one or more of our competitors. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and future growth.

In addition, our competitors may be better at developing new products, responding faster to new technologies and undertaking more extensive marketing campaigns. When new competitors seek to enter our target market, or when existing market participants seek to increase their market share, they sometimes undercut the pricing and/or terms prevalent in that market, which could adversely affect our market share or ability to exploit new market opportunities. Also, since the online individual finance industry in China is relatively new and fast evolving, potential investors and borrowers may not fully understand how our platform works and may not be able to fully appreciate the additional customer protections and features that we have invested in and adopted on our platform as compared to others. Our pricing and terms could deteriorate if we fail to act to meet these competitive challenges. Furthermore, to the extent that our competitors are able to offer more attractive terms to our business partners, such business partners may choose to terminate their relationships with us. If we are unable to compete with such companies and meet the need for innovation in our industry, the demand for our marketplace could stagnate or substantially decline, we could experience reduced revenues and our marketplace could fail to achieve or maintain more widespread market acceptance, any of which could harm our business and results of operations.

If we fail to promote and maintain our brand in a cost-efficient way, our business and results of operations may be harmed.

We believe that developing and maintaining awareness of our brand effectively is critical to attracting new and retaining existing investors and borrowers to our marketplace. This depends largely on the effectiveness of our marketing efforts and the success of the channels we use to promote our marketplace. If any of our current marketing channels become less effective, if we are unable to continue to use any of these channels, or if the cost of using these channels were to significantly increase or if we are not successful in generating new channels, we may not be able to attract new investors and borrowers in a cost-effective manner or convert potential investors and borrowers into active investors and borrowers on our marketplace.

Our efforts to build our brand have caused us to incur significant expenses, and it is likely that our future marketing efforts will require us to incur significant additional expenses. For example, we plan to continue to advertise our brand on TV shows and sports games to enhance our brand awareness. See “Business—Our Strategies—Focus on and expand small and micro finance services.” The costs of any such advertising campaign is likely to be considerable. These efforts may not result in increased revenues in the immediate future or at all and, even if they do, any increases in revenues may not offset the expenses incurred. If we fail to successfully promote and maintain our brand while incurring substantial expenses, our results of operations and financial condition would be adversely affected, which may impair our ability to grow our business. We operate in a market where the credit infrastructure is still at an early stage of development.

We operate in a market where the credit infrastructure is still at an early stage of development.

China’s credit infrastructure is still at an early stage of development. The nationwide financial basic credit reporting system operated by the Credit Reference Center, which was established by the People’s Bank of China in 2006, only records limited credit information, such as tax payments, civil lawsuits, foreclosure and bankruptcy. Moreover, this credit database is accessible to data owners themselves and data users who have

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obtained written authorization from the data owners. In 2015, the People’s Bank of China announced that it would open the credit reporting market to private sectors with a view to spurring competition and innovation, but it may be a long-term process to establish a widely- applicable, reliable and sophisticated credit infrastructure in the market we operate.

Our current level of fee rates may decline in the future.

We generate revenues primarily from fees charged for our services in matching investors with individual borrowers and for other services we provide over the life of a loan. We generally collect service fees from our borrowers, and on limited occasions from our investors for our automated investment program services and for loan transfers over our secondary market. These fee rates may be affected by our product mix, the macroeconomic factors as well as the competition in the online individual finance industry. We may be unable to offer attractive service fee rates while driving the growth and profitability of our business. Furthermore, our competitors may lower their fee rates in an effort to lure investors and borrowers away from us. If we reduce our fee rates in order to compete more effectively, the profitability of our business could be adversely affected. If we do not reduce our rates, investors and borrowers may leave our marketplace, and the total service fees we collect may decline. Any material decline in our fee rates or the fees we collect could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our business depends on the continued efforts of our senior management. If one or more of our key executives were unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, our business may be severely disrupted.

Our business operations depend on the continued services of our senior management, particularly the executive officers named in this prospectus. While we have provided different incentives to our management, we cannot assure you that we can continue to retain their services. There have been departures of our senior management members in the past and we cannot assure you that our existing senior management members will not terminate their employment with us in the future. If one or more of our key executives were unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we may not be able to replace them easily or at all, our future growth may be constrained, our business may be severely disrupted and our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected, and we may incur additional expenses to recruit, train and retain qualified personnel. In addition, although we have entered into confidentiality and non-competition agreements with our management, there is no assurance that any member of our management team will not join our competitors or form a competing business. If any dispute arises between our current or former officers and us, we may have to incur substantial costs and expenses in order to enforce such agreements in China or we may be unable to enforce them at all.

Misconduct, errors and failure to function by our employees and third-party service providers could harm our business and reputation.

We are exposed to many types of operational risks, including the risk of misconduct and errors by our employees and third-party service providers. Our business depends on our employees and third-party service providers to interact with potential investors and borrowers, process large numbers of transactions and support the loan collection process, all of which involve the use and disclosure of personal information. We could be materially adversely affected if transactions were redirected, misappropriated or otherwise improperly executed, if personal information was disclosed to unintended recipients or if an operational breakdown or failure in the processing of transactions occurred, whether as a result of human error, purposeful sabotage or fraudulent manipulation of our operations or systems. In addition, the manner in which we store and use certain personal information and interact with investors and borrowers through our marketplace is governed by various PRC laws. It is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct or errors by employees or third-party service providers, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses. If any of our employees or third-party service providers take, convert or misuse funds,

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documents or data or fail to follow protocol when interacting with investors and borrowers, we could be liable for damages and be subject to regulatory actions and penalties. We could also be perceived to have facilitated or participated in the illegal misappropriation of funds, documents or data, or the failure to follow protocol, and therefore be subject to civil or criminal liability. In addition to our own collecting team, we also use certain third-party service providers for loan collection services. Aggressive practices or misconduct by any of our third-party service providers in the course of collecting loans could damage our reputation.

Cyber-attacks, computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins or similar disruptions of us or of a third-party, including events beyond our control, could result in disclosure or misuse of confidential information and misappropriation of funds of our investors and borrowers, subject us to liabilities, reduce the attractiveness of our marketplace and cause reputational harm and adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.

Our platform collects, stores and processes certain personal and other sensitive data from our investors and borrowers. The massive data that we have processed and stored makes us or third-party service providers who host our servers a target and potentially vulnerable to cyber-attacks, computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins or similar disruptions. While we have taken steps to protect the confidential information that we have access to, our security measures could be breached. Because techniques used to sabotage or obtain unauthorized access to systems change frequently and generally are not recognized until they are launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. Any accidental or willful security breaches or other unauthorized access to our platform could cause confidential borrower and investor information to be stolen and used for criminal purposes. As personally identifiable and other confidential information is increasingly subject to legislation and regulations in numerous domestic and international jurisdictions, any inability to protect confidential information of our investors and borrowers could result in additional cost and liability for us, damage our reputation, inhibit the use of our platform and harm our business.

We also face indirect technology, cybersecurity and operational risks relating to the third parties whom we work with to facilitate or enable our business activities, including, among others, third-party online payment service providers who manage accounts for certain borrower and investor funds and external cloud service provider. As a result of increasing consolidation and interdependence of technology systems, a technology failure, cyber-attack or other information or security breach that significantly compromises the systems of one entity could have a material impact on its counterparties. Any cyber-attack, computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins or similar disruptions of such third-party payment service providers could, among other things, adversely affect our ability to serve our users, and could even result in misappropriation of funds of our investors and borrowers. If that were to occur, both we and third-party payment service providers could be held liable to investors and borrowers who suffer losses from the misappropriation.

Security breaches or unauthorized access to confidential information could also expose us to liability related to the loss of the information, time-consuming and expensive litigation and negative publicity. If security measures are breached because of third-party action, employee error, malfeasance or otherwise, or if design flaws in our technology infrastructure are exposed and exploited, our relationships with investors and borrowers could be severely damaged, we could incur significant liability and our business and operations could be adversely affected.

If we are unable to protect the confidential information of our users and adapt to the relevant regulatory framework regarding protection of such information, our business and operations may be adversely affected.

The PRC government authorities have enacted a series of laws and regulations on the protection of personal information, under which Internet service providers and other network operators are required to comply with the principles of legality, justification and necessity, to clearly indicate the purposes, methods and scope of any information collection and usage, and to obtain the consent of users, as well as to establish a user information protection system with appropriate remedial measures. We have obtained written consent from our users to use

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their personal information within the scope of authorization and we have taken technical measures to ensure the security of such personal information and to prevent any loss or divergence of personal information from. However, there is uncertainty as to the interpretation and application of such laws. If such laws or regulations are to be interpreted and applied in a manner inconsistent with our current policies and practices, changes to the features of our system may be required and additional costs may be incurred. We cannot assure you that our existing user information protection system and technical measures will be considered sufficient under applicable laws and regulations. If we are unable to address any information protection concerns, or to comply with the then applicable laws and regulations, we may incur additional costs and liability and our reputation, business and operations might be adversely affected. See ‘‘Regulations—Regulations Relating to Internet Companies—Regulations on Privacy Protection’’ for more details.

On June 1, 2017, the Cyber Security Law of the PRC became effective. The law requires network products and services providers as we are, among other things, to strictly preserve the secrecy of user information they collect and to store within mainland China data that is gathered or produced by such network products and services provider in the country. If we are deemed to have violated the law, potential penalties include, depending on the nature of violation, forced shut down of our websites, revocation of business licenses, freezing of assets, and fines imposed on the company ranging from approximately RMB10,000 to RMB1 million or management personnel ranging from approximately RMB5,000 to RMB1 million.

Due to the relatively new nature of the Cyber Security Law of the PRC and the lack of clarity in the statutory law itself as to the circumstances and standard under which the law should apply and violations may be found, there are great uncertainties as to the interpretation and application of the law.

The law’s vagueness in its own statutory language also indicates that the Cyberspace Administration of China, or the CAC, the designated government enforcement agency, will have broad latitude to direct how the law is interpreted and enforced, thus creating greater uncertainties with regard to the interpretation and application of the law since the government enforcement agency has yet to provide further guidance on the enforcement mechanism of the law. If we are found to have violated the Cyber Security Law of the PRC in a government enforcement action, we may face severe penalties that may result in monetary losses, losses of access to assets essential for daily operation of our business or for the continuance of service provision, and temporary or total disruption of our business for an extended period of time. In addition, the finding of a violation of the Cyber Security Law of the PRC, even if later repealed, may cause damages to our reputation and our brand name, causing users to lose confidence in our service and to refrain from choosing or continuing to use our products and services. All of these consequences may have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Furthermore, the stringent reporting obligation imposed by the Cyber Security Law of the PRC itself, without a finding of violation, may have a material adverse impact on our business and results of operations. As we are obligated by the law to inform our users of any security flaw or vulnerability as they are discovered, users may become wary of the existence or frequency of such reports and lose confidence in the security of our system, and thus may be discouraged from choosing or continuing to use our products and services, even if the security flaws or vulnerabilities are readily fixable and can be easily overcome.

Any failure by our third-party service providers to comply with applicable anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism financing laws and regulations could damage our reputation.

Currently, we rely on our third-party service providers, in particular payment companies that handle the transfer of funds between borrowers and lenders, to have their own appropriate anti-money laundering policies and procedures. The payment companies are subject to anti-money laundering obligations under applicable anti-money laundering laws and regulations and are regulated in that respect by the People’s Bank of China. If any of our third-party service providers fails to comply with applicable anti-money laundering laws and regulations, our reputation could suffer and we could become subject to regulatory intervention, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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In addition, the Interim Measures have imposed on us the obligation of anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism financing. While we are in the process of formulating policies and procedures, including internal controls and “know-your-customer” procedures, aimed at preventing money laundering and terrorism financing, we cannot assure you that we will be able to establish and maintain effective anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism financing policies and procedures to protect our marketplace from being exploited for money laundering or terrorism financing purposes or that such policies and procedures, if adopted, will be deemed to be in compliance with applicable anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism financing laws and regulations, including the Interim Measures.

If we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal controls over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report our results of operations, meet our reporting obligations or prevent fraud.

Prior to this offering, we were a private company with limited accounting personnel and other resources with which to address our internal controls and procedures. Our independent registered public accounting firm has not conducted an audit of our internal control over financial reporting. In the course of auditing our consolidated financial statements, we and our independent registered public accounting firm identified two material weaknesses in our internal controls. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal controls, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. One material weakness relates to lack of sufficient accounting personnel with U.S. GAAP knowledge and SEC financial reporting requirements, and lack of accounting policies and procedures relating to financial reporting in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The other material weakness relates to our lack of formal risk assessment process and internal control framework over financial reporting, including (i) our lack of a formal Group-wide risk assessment process to identify, assess, address or mitigate the risks identified and internal control over financial reporting framework to maintain effective internal controls within the organization, which may increase risk of error, fraud, misstatement of financial reporting, or non-compliance with related regulations for a U.S. listed Group, and (ii) our lack of an internal audit department and a qualified compliance team to monitor the risk and processes of the company. For instance, in 2018, we determined that our historical accounting policy on the charge-off of contract assets and accounts receivable was not in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Historically, we charged off contract assets and accounts receivable when the underlying loan contract had been mature for 90 days. We have subsequently corrected this error, and revised our charge-off policy to write off contract assets and accounts receivable if any repayment of the underlying loan contract is past due for 90 days. This error was caused by the material weakness identified, specifically the lack of sufficient accounting personnel with U.S. GAAP knowledge and SEC financial reporting requirements, and lack of accounting policies and procedures relating to financial reporting in accordance with U.S. GAAP. For details, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Internal Control over Financial Reporting.” Although we have begun to implement measures to address the material weakness, the implementation of these measures may not fully address the material weaknesses and deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting, and we cannot conclude that they have been fully remedied. In the future we may determine that we have additional material weaknesses, or our independent registered public accounting firm may disagree with our management assessment of the effectiveness of our internal controls. Our failure to correct the material weaknesses and control deficiencies or our failure to discover and address any other material weaknesses or control deficiencies could result in inaccuracies in our financial statements and could also impair our ability to comply with applicable financial reporting requirements and related regulatory filings on a timely basis. As a result, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as the trading price of our ADSs, may be materially and adversely affected. Moreover, ineffective internal control over financial reporting significantly hinders our ability to prevent fraud.

Furthermore, it is possible that, had our independent registered public accounting firm conducted an audit of our internal control over financial reporting, such accountant might have identified additional material weaknesses and deficiencies. Upon completion of this offering, we will become subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or Section 404, will require that we include a report from

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management on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in our annual report on Form 20-F beginning with our annual report for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2019. In addition, once we cease to be an “emerging growth company” as such term is defined in the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm must attest to and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Our management may conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective. Moreover, even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm, after conducting its own independent testing, may issue a report that is qualified if it is not satisfied with our internal controls or the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from us. In addition, after we become a public company, our reporting obligations may place a significant strain on our management, operational and financial resources and systems for the foreseeable future. We may be unable to timely complete our evaluation testing and any required remediation.

During the course of documenting and testing our internal control procedures, in order to satisfy the requirements of Section 404, we may identify other weaknesses and deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, if we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, as these standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time, we may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404. If we fail to achieve and maintain an effective internal control environment, we could suffer material misstatements in our financial statements and fail to meet our reporting obligations, which would likely cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information. This could in turn limit our access to capital markets, harm our results of operations, and lead to a decline in the trading price of our ADSs. Additionally, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could expose us to increased risk of fraud or misuse of corporate assets and subject us to potential delisting from the stock exchange on which we list, regulatory investigations and civil or criminal sanctions. We may also be required to restate our financial statements from prior periods.

Borrower growth and activity on mobile devices depend upon effective use of mobile operating system, networks and standards, which we do not control.

Our loan products are mostly offered through mobile apps. As new mobile devices and platforms are released, it is difficult to predict the problems we may encounter in developing applications for these new devices and platforms, and we may need to devote significant resources to the development, support and maintenance of such applications. In addition, our future growth and our results of operations could suffer if we experience difficulties in the future in integrating our loan products into mobile devices or if problems arise with our relationships with providers of mobile operating systems or mobile app stores, or if we face increased costs to distribute or have users utilize our loan products on mobile devices. We are further dependent on the interoperability of providing our loan products on popular mobile operating systems that we do not control, such as iOS and Android, and any changes in such systems that degrade the accessibility of our loan products or give preferential treatment to competing products could adversely affect the usability of our loan products on mobile devices. In the event that it is more difficult for our users to access and utilize our loan products on their mobile devices, or if our users choose not to access or utilize our loan products on their mobile devices or to use mobile operating systems that do not offer access to our loan products, our user growth could be harmed and our business, financial condition and operating results may be adversely affected.

Our operations depend on the performance of the Internet infrastructure and telecommunications networks in China.

Almost all access to the Internet in China is maintained through state-owned telecommunication operators under the administrative control and regulatory supervision of the MIIT. We primarily rely on a limited number of telecommunication service providers to provide us with data communications capacity through local telecommunications lines and Internet data centers to host our servers. We have limited access to alternative

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networks or services in the event of disruptions, failures or other problems with China’s Internet infrastructure or the fixed telecommunications networks provided by telecommunication service providers. With the expansion of our business, we may be required to upgrade our technology and infrastructure to keep up with the increasing traffic on our marketplace. We cannot assure you that the Internet infrastructure and the fixed telecommunications networks in China will be able to support the demands associated with the continued growth in Internet usage.

In addition, we have no control over the costs of the services provided by telecommunication service providers. If the prices we pay for telecommunications and Internet services rise significantly, our results of operations may be adversely affected. Furthermore, if Internet access fees or other charges to Internet users increase, our user traffic may decline and our business may be harmed.

Our platform and internal systems rely on software that is highly technical, and if it contains undetected errors, our business could be adversely affected.

Our platform and internal systems rely on software that is highly technical and complex. In addition, our platform and internal systems depend on the ability of such software to store, retrieve, process and manage immense amounts of data. In particular, we open credit assessment platforms to these expert consultants, where they have access to a limited amount of desensitized, grouped and tagged borrower data, based on which they use such data to develop their own credit assessment models. The software on which we rely may have contained, and may now or in the future contain, undetected errors or bugs. Some errors may only be discovered after the code has been released for external or internal use. Errors or other design defects within the software on which we rely may result in a negative experience for investors and borrowers using our platform, delay introductions of new features or enhancements, result in errors or compromise our ability to protect borrower or investor data or our intellectual property. Any errors, bugs or defects discovered in the software on which we rely could result in harm to our reputation, loss of borrowers or investors or liability for damages, any of which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We may not be able to prevent others from unauthorized use of our intellectual property, which could harm our business and competitive position.

We regard our trademarks, domain names, know-how, proprietary technologies and similar intellectual property as critical to our success, and we rely on a combination of intellectual property laws and contractual arrangements, including confidentiality, invention assignment and non-compete agreements with our employees and others to protect our proprietary rights. See also “Business— Intellectual Property.” Despite these measures, any of our intellectual property rights could be challenged, invalidated, circumvented or misappropriated, or such intellectual property may not be sufficient to provide us with competitive advantages. In addition, because of the rapid pace of technological change in our industry, parts of our business rely on technologies developed or licensed by third parties, and we may not be able to obtain or continue to obtain licenses and technologies from these third parties on reasonable terms, or at all.

It is often difficult to maintain and enforce intellectual property rights in China. Statutory laws and regulations are subject to judicial interpretation and enforcement and may not be applied consistently due to the lack of clear guidance on statutory interpretation. Confidentiality, invention assignment and non-compete agreements may be breached by counterparties, and there may not be adequate remedies available to us for any such breach. Accordingly, we may not be able to effectively protect our intellectual property rights or to enforce our contractual rights in China. Preventing any unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly and the steps we take may be inadequate to prevent the misappropriation of our intellectual property. In the event that we resort to litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights, such litigation could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our managerial and financial resources. We can provide no assurance that we will prevail in such litigation. In addition, our trade secrets may be leaked or otherwise become available to, or be independently discovered by, our competitors. To the extent that our employees or consultants use intellectual

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property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related know-how and inventions. Any failure in protecting or enforcing our intellectual property rights could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims, which may be expensive to defend and may disrupt our business and operations.

We cannot be certain that our operations or any aspects of our business do not or will not infringe upon or otherwise violate trademarks, patents, copyrights, know-how or other intellectual property rights held by third parties. We may be from time to time in the future subject to legal proceedings and claims relating to the intellectual property rights of others. In addition, there may be third-party trademarks, patents, copyrights, know-how or other intellectual property rights that are infringed by our products, services or other aspects of our business without our awareness. Holders of such intellectual property rights may seek to enforce such intellectual property rights against us in China, the United States or other jurisdictions. If any third-party infringement claims are brought against us, we may be forced to divert management’s time and other resources from our business and operations to defend against these claims, regardless of their merits. As the date of this prospectus, the applications for certain trademarks filed by us are still pending. If we are unable to complete these registrations, we may not be able to prohibit unauthorized use or prevent other infringements of these trademarks. In addition, certain of the trademarks we use for the daily operation or promotion of our business have already been registered by independent third parties outside of our control, and such trademarks are currently subject to administrative or legal proceedings. In the event that these administrative and legal proceedings are resolved adversely to us, we may be prohibited from using such trademarks and subject to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Additionally, the application and interpretation of China’s intellectual property right laws and the procedures and standards for granting trademarks, patents, copyrights, know-how or other intellectual property rights in China are still evolving and are uncertain, and we cannot assure you that PRC courts or regulatory authorities would agree with our analysis. If we were found to have violated the intellectual property rights of others, we may be subject to liability for our infringement activities or may be prohibited from using such intellectual property, and we may incur licensing fees or be forced to develop alternatives of our own. As a result, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

We may be held liable for information or content displayed on, retrieved from or linked to our mobile applications, which may materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.

In addition to our website, we also offer individual finance products through our mobile applications, which are regulated by the Administrative Provisions on Mobile Internet Applications Information Services, or the app Provisions, promulgated by the Cyberspace Administration of China, or the CAC, on June 28, 2016 and effective on August 1, 2016. According to the app Provisions, the providers of mobile applications shall not create, copy, publish or distribute information and content that is prohibited by laws and regulations. We have implemented internal control procedures screening the information and content on our mobile applications to ensure their compliance with the app Provisions. However, we cannot assure that all the information or content displayed on, retrieved from or linked to our mobile applications complies with the requirements of the app Provisions at all times. If our mobile applications were found to be violating the app Provisions, we may be subject to administrative penalties, including warning, service suspension or removal of our mobile applications from the relevant mobile application store, which may materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.

We may from time to time be subject to claims, controversies, lawsuits and legal proceedings, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and reputation.

We may from time to time become subject to or involved in various claims, controversies, lawsuits, and legal proceedings. Claims, lawsuits, and litigations are subject to inherent uncertainties, and we are uncertain

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whether the foregoing claim would develop into a lawsuit. Lawsuits and litigations may cause us to incur defense costs, utilize a significant portion of our resources and divert management’s attention from our day-to-day operations, any of which could harm our business. Any settlements or judgments against us could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, negative publicity regarding claims or judgments made against us may damage our reputation and may result in a material adverse impact on us.

Our borrowers acquired from offline to online, or referred by related parties may sue us based on representations made by our third-party offline borrower acquisition partners or related parties, which may result in costly claims and disrupt our business.

Historically, we utilized an offline-to-online sales channel to promote own services to borrowers. We cooperated with our related party, Jiayin (Shanghai) in connection with the offline-to-online sales channel. Under such cooperation, sales specialists of Jiayin (Shanghai) distributed promotional QR codes in local stores such as consumer electronics stores, restaurants and beauty salons to attract potential borrowers to our Niwodai apps or website. Some investors and borrowers might have been attracted to our marketplace after communicating with or reviewing information provided by our third-party offline borrower acquisition partners. Historically, we also engaged investors and borrowers from referrals from our related parties. See “Business—Our Borrowers and Loan Products Offered to Borrowers—Borrower Acquisition and Retention.” Except for our QR codes provided by us, we have not reviewed or approved any information provided by our third-party offline borrower acquisition partners or related parties and, while we do not believe we would have liability for such information, it is possible that an unsatisfied borrower or investor could bring claims against us based on any inaccurate information or representations made by our offline cooperation partner or other third parties. Such claims could be costly and time-consuming to defend and would distract management’s attention and create negative publicity, which could adversely affect our reputation and business operations.

From time to time we may evaluate and potentially consummate strategic investments or acquisitions, which could require significant management attention, disrupt our business and adversely affect our financial results.

We may evaluate and consider strategic investments, combinations, acquisitions or alliances to further increase the value of our marketplace and better match investors and borrowers. These transactions could be material to our financial condition and results of operations if consummated. If we are able to identify an appropriate business opportunity, we may not be able to successfully consummate the transaction and, even if we do consummate such a transaction, we may be unable to obtain the benefits or avoid the difficulties and risks of such transaction.

Strategic investments or acquisitions will involve risks commonly encountered in business relationships, including:

| • |  | difficulties in assimilating and integrating the operations, personnel, systems, data, technologies, rights, platforms, products and services of the acquired business;

| • |  | inability of the acquired technologies, products or businesses to achieve expected levels of revenue, profitability, productivity or other benefits;

| • |  | difficulties in retaining, training, motivating and integrating key personnel;

| • |  | diversion of management’s time and resources from our daily operations;

| • |  | difficulties in maintaining uniform standards, controls, procedures and policies within the combined organizations;

| • |  | difficulties in retaining relationships with our investors and borrowers, employees and suppliers of the acquired business;

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| • |  | risks of entering markets in which we have limited or no prior experience;

| • |  | regulatory risks, including remaining in good standing with existing regulatory bodies or receiving any necessary pre-closing or post-closing approvals, as well as being subject to new regulators with oversight over an acquired business;

| • |  | assumption of contractual obligations that contain terms that are not beneficial to us, require us to license or waive intellectual property rights or increase our risk for liability;

| • |  | failure to successfully further develop the acquired technology;

| • |  | liability for activities of the acquired business before the acquisition, including intellectual property infringement claims, violations of laws, commercial disputes, tax liabilities and other known and unknown liabilities;

| • |  | potential disruptions to our ongoing businesses; and

| • |  | unexpected costs and unknown risks and liabilities associated with strategic investments or acquisitions.

We may not make any investments or acquisitions, and any future investments or acquisitions we make may not be successful, may not benefit our business strategy, may not generate sufficient revenues to offset the associated acquisition costs or may not otherwise result in the intended benefits. In addition, we cannot assure you that any future investment in or acquisition of new businesses or technology will lead to the successful development of new or enhanced loan products and services or that any new or enhanced loan products and services, if developed, will achieve market acceptance or prove to be profitable.

Competition for employees is intense, and we may not be able to attract and retain the qualified and skilled employees needed to support our business.

We believe our success depends on the efforts and talent of our employees, including risk management, software engineering, financial and marketing personnel. Our future success depends on our continued ability to attract, develop, motivate and retain qualified and skilled employees. Competition for highly skilled technical, risk management and financial personnel is extremely intense. We may not be able to hire and retain these personnel at compensation levels consistent with our existing compensation and salary structure. Some of the companies with which we compete for experienced employees have greater resources than we have and may be able to offer more attractive terms of employment.

In addition, we invest significant time and expenses in training our employees, which increases their value to competitors who may seek to recruit them. If we fail to retain our employees, we could incur significant expenses in hiring and training new employees, and the quality of our services and our ability to match investors and borrowers could diminish, resulting in a material adverse effect to our business.

Increases in labor costs in the PRC may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

The economy in China has experienced increases in inflation and labor costs in recent years. As a result, average wages in the PRC are expected to continue to increase. In addition, we are required by PRC laws and regulations to pay various statutory employee benefits, including pension, housing fund, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance and maternity insurance to designated government agencies for the benefit of our employees. We expect that our labor costs, including wages and employee benefits, will continue to increase. Unless we are able to control our labor costs or pass on these increased labor costs to our users by increasing the fees of our services, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

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Loss of or failure to maintain relationships with our business partners may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We currently work with a number of business partners in various aspects of our business. Pursuing, establishing and maintaining relationships with business partners require significant time and resources as does integrating third-party data and services with our system. Our current agreements with partners generally do not prohibit them from working with our competitors or from offering competing services. Our competitors may be more effective in providing incentives to our partners to favor their products or services, which may in turn reduce the volume of loans facilitated through our marketplace. Certain types of partners may devote more resources to support their own competing businesses. In addition, these partners may not perform as expected under our agreements with them, and we may have disagreements or disputes with them, which could adversely affect our brand and reputation. If we cannot successfully enter into and maintain effective relationships with business partners, our business will be harmed.

We do not have any business insurance coverage.

Insurance companies in China currently do not offer as extensive an array of insurance products as insurance companies in more developed economies. Currently, we do not have any business liability or disruption insurance to cover our operations. We have determined that the costs of insuring for these risks and the difficulties associated with acquiring such insurance on commercially reasonable terms make it impractical for us to have such insurance. Any uninsured business disruptions may result in our incurring substantial costs and the diversion of resources, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

We may not be able to obtain additional capital on favorable terms or at all.

We anticipate that our current cash, cash provided by operating activities and funds available through our current and anticipated bank loans and credit facilities will be sufficient to meet our current and anticipated needs for general corporate purposes. However, we need to make continued investments in facilities, hardware, software, technological systems and to retain talents to remain competitive. Due to the unpredictable nature of the capital markets and our industry, we cannot assure you that we will be able to raise additional capital on terms favorable to us, or at all, if and when required, especially if we experience disappointing operating results. If adequate capital is not available to us as required, our ability to fund our operations, take advantage of unanticipated opportunities, develop or enhance our infrastructure or respond to competitive pressures could be significantly limited, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. If we do raise additional funds through the issuance of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interests of our shareholders could be significantly diluted. These newly issued securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of existing shareholders.

We face risks related to natural disasters, health epidemics and other outbreaks, which could significantly disrupt our operations.

We are vulnerable to natural disasters and other calamities. Fire, floods, typhoons, earthquakes, power loss, telecommunications failures, break-ins, war, riots, terrorist attacks or similar events may give rise to server interruptions, breakdowns, system failures, technology platform failures or Internet failures, which could cause the loss or corruption of data or malfunctions of software or hardware as well as adversely affect our ability to provide products and services on our marketplace.

Our business could also be adversely affected by the effects of Ebola virus disease, Zika virus disease, H1N1 flu, H7N9 flu, avian flu, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, or SARS, or other epidemics. Our business operations could be disrupted if any of our employees is suspected of having Ebola virus disease, Zika virus disease, H1N1 flu, H7N9 flu, avian flu, SARS or other epidemic, since it could require our employees to be quarantined and/or our offices to be disinfected. In addition, our results of operations could be adversely affected to the extent that any of these epidemics harms the Chinese economy in general.

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Our headquarters are located in Shanghai, where most of our directors and management and a large majority of our employees currently reside. In addition, most of our system hardware and back-up systems are hosted in leased facilities located in Shanghai. Consequently, we are highly susceptible to factors adversely affecting Shanghai. If any of the abovementioned natural disasters, health epidemics or other outbreaks were to occur in Shanghai, our operation may experience material disruptions, such as temporary closure of our offices and suspension of services, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Some aspects of our digital operations include open source software, and any failure to comply with the terms of one or more of these open source licenses could negatively affect our business.

Some aspects of our digital operations include software covered by open source licenses. The terms of various open source licenses have not been interpreted by PRC courts, and there is a risk that such licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our online and mobile-based channels. If portions of our proprietary software are determined to be subject to an open source license, we could be required to publicly release the affected portions of our source code, re-engineer all or a portion of our technologies if required so by the license, or otherwise be limited in the licensing of our technologies, each of which could reduce or eliminate the value of our technologies and loan products. In addition to risks related to license requirements, usage of open source software can lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or controls on the origin of the software. Many of the risks associated with use of open source software cannot be eliminated, and could adversely affect our business.

Our use of certain leased properties could be challenged by third parties or governmental authorities, which may cause interruptions to our business operations.

As of the date of this prospectus, only an insignificant portion of lessors of the total gross floor area of our leased properties in China have not provided us with their property ownership certificates or any other documentation proving their right to lease those properties to us. If our lessors are not the owners of the properties and they have not obtained consents from the owners or their lessors or permits from the relevant governmental authorities, our leases could be invalidated. If this occurs, we may have to renegotiate the leases with the owners or other parties who have the right to lease the properties, and the terms of the new leases may be less favorable to us. Although we may seek damages from such lessors, such leases may be void and we may be forced to relocate. Any relocation would require us to locate and secure additional facilities, expenditures of additional funds in connection with the relocation and preparation of replacement facilities. This could affect our ability to provide uninterrupted services and harm our reputation. As the date of this prospectus, we have not incurred expenditures associated with the relocation and preparation of replacement facilities.

In addition, part of our leased properties have been mortgaged by the lessors. As the properties leased registrations were earlier than the time when we signed the lease contracts, according to the relevant PRC laws and regulations, if the mortgagees exercises the mortgage rights and the leased property owners are unwilling to continue to lease the properties to us, there might be a risk that we are unable to continue to rent the properties.

As of the date of this prospectus, a substantial portion of our leasehold interests in leased properties have not been registered with the relevant PRC governmental authorities as required by relevant PRC laws. The failure to register leasehold interests may expose us to potential warnings and penalties.

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Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure

Substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of the newly enacted Foreign Investment Law of the PRC and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.

On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress adopted the Foreign Investment Law of the PRC, which will become effective on January 1, 2020 and replace three existing laws regulating foreign investment in China, namely, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Wholly Foreign-owned Enterprises, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Sino-Foreign Cooperative Joint Ventures, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations. The Foreign Investment Law of the PRC embodies an expected PRC regulatory trend to rationalize its foreign investment regulatory regime in line with prevailing international practice and the legislative efforts to unify the corporate legal requirements for both foreign and domestic investments. However, since it is relatively new, uncertainties still exist in relation to its interpretation and implementation. For example, the Foreign Investment Law of the PRC adds a catch-all clause to the definition of “foreign investment” so that foreign investment, by its definition, includes “investments made by foreign investors in China through other means defined by other laws or administrative regulations or provisions promulgated by the State Council” without further elaboration on the meaning of “other means”. It leaves leeway for the future legislations promulgated by the State Council to provide for contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment. It is therefore uncertain whether our corporate structure will be seen as violating the foreign investment rules as we are currently leveraging the contractual arrangement to operate certain businesses in which foreign investors are prohibited from or restricted to investing. Furthermore, if future legislations prescribed by the State Council mandate further actions to be taken by companies with respect to existing contractual arrangement, we may face substantial uncertainties as to whether we can complete such actions in a timely manner, or at all. If we fail to take appropriate and timely measures to comply with any of these or similar regulatory compliance requirements, our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations could be materially and adversely affected.

If the PRC government deems that the Contractual Arrangements in relation to Jiayin Finance do not comply with PRC regulatory restrictions on foreign investment in the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations.

Foreign investors are generally not allowed to own more than 50% of the equity interests in a value-added telecommunication service provider (except e-commerce) and major foreign investor must have experience in providing value-added telecommunications services overseas and maintain a good track record in accordance with the Guidance Catalog of Industries for Foreign Investment promulgated in 2007, as amended in 2011, 2015 and 2017, and other applicable laws and regulations.

We are a Cayman Islands company and our subsidiaries in the PRC, or PRC subsidiaries, are considered foreign invested enterprises. We believe the online individual finance services offered through our online marketplace constitute a type of value-added telecommunication services that foreign ownership and investment is restricted and therefore we should operate our online marketplace through a consolidated VIE, Jiayin Finance, to ensure compliance with the relevant PRC laws and regulations. We set up a series of Contractual Arrangements entered into among Shanghai KunJia, Jiayin Finance and the shareholders of Jiayin Finance to conduct our operations in China. For a detailed description of these Contractual Arrangements, see “Corporate History and Structure.” As a result of these Contractual Arrangements, we exert control over Jiayin Finance and its subsidiaries and consolidate their operating results in our financial statements under U.S. GAAP. Niwodai Internet has been operating our online individual finance marketplace business, including, among others, operations of our www.niwodai.com website and our apps since its incorporation. Niwodai Internet had made applications for value-added telecommunication business license with the relevant local telecommunication regulatory authority before the Interim Measures was promulgated. Due to the lack of detailed rules regulating the online individual finance service and clarification of the nature of this innovative business model, the local telecommunication regulatory authority had tentatively put our applications on hold.

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After the Interim Measures came into force, based on our communications with local telecommunication regulatory authorities, online individual finance information intermediaries such as us should apply for value-added telecommunication business license. However, according to the Interim Measures, an online individual finance information intermediary may initiate its application for value-added telecommunication business license only after it completes the required filing with local financial regulatory authority. We are not able to make the necessary filing or apply for the value-added telecommunication business license before completion of filing with local financial regulatory authority.

In the opinion of our PRC counsel, King & Wood Mallesons, our current ownership structure, the ownership structure of Shanghai KunJia, Jiayin Finance and its subsidiaries, and the Contractual Arrangements among Shanghai KunJia, Jiayin Finance and the shareholders of Jiayin Finance are not in violation of existing PRC laws, regulations and rules; and these Contractual Arrangements are valid, binding and enforceable in accordance with their terms and applicable PRC laws and regulations currently in effect. However, King & Wood Mallesons has also advised us that there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current or future PRC laws, rules and regulations and there can be no assurance that the PRC government will ultimately take a view that is consistent with the opinion of our PRC counsel, King & Wood Mallesons. We have been further advised by our PRC legal counsel that if the PRC government finds that the agreements that establish the structure for operating our online lending information services and Internet related value-added business do not comply with PRC government restrictions on foreign investment in the aforesaid business we engage in, we could be subject to severe penalties including being prohibited from continuing operations.

It is uncertain whether any new PRC laws, regulations or rules relating to the “variable interest entity” structure, or the VIE structure, will be adopted or if adopted, what they would provide. If the ownership structure, Contractual Arrangements and business of our company, our subsidiaries, Jiayin Finance or its subsidiaries are found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws or regulations, or we fail to obtain or maintain any of the required permits or approvals, the relevant governmental authorities would have broad discretion in dealing with such violation, including levying fines, confiscating our income or the income of Jiayin Finance or its subsidiaries, revoking the business licenses or operating licenses of Shanghai KunJia, Jiayin Finance or its subsidiaries, shutting down our servers or blocking our online marketplace, discontinuing or placing restrictions or onerous conditions on our operations, requiring us to undergo a costly and disruptive restructuring, restricting or prohibiting our use of proceeds from this offering to finance our business and operations in China, and taking other regulatory or enforcement actions that could be harmful to our business. Any of these actions could cause significant disruption to our business operations and severely damage our reputation, which would in turn materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. If any of these occurrences results in our inability to direct the activities of Jiayin Finance and its subsidiaries, and/or our failure to receive economic benefits from Jiayin Finance and its subsidiaries, we may not be able to consolidate their results into our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

We rely on Contractual Arrangements with Jiayin Finance and shareholders of Jiayin Finance for a significant portion of our business operations, which may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing operational control.

We have relied and expect to continue to rely on Contractual Arrangements with our consolidated VIE, Jiayin Finance and the shareholders of Jiayin Finance, to operate our online individual finance marketplace business, including, among others, the operation of www.niwodai.com and our apps, as well as certain other complementary businesses. For a description of these Contractual Arrangements, see “Corporate History and Structure.” These Contractual Arrangements may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing us with control over our consolidated VIE. For example, Jiayin Finance, or shareholders of Jiayin Finance may fail to fulfill their contractual obligations with us, such as failure to maintain our website and use the domain names and trademarks in a manner as stipulated in the Contractual Arrangements, or taking other actions that are detrimental to our interests.

If we had direct ownership of our consolidated VIE, we would be able to exercise our rights as a shareholder to effect changes in the board of directors of consolidated VIE, which in turn could implement changes, subject

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to any applicable fiduciary obligations, at the management and operational level. However, under the current Contractual Arrangements, we rely on the performance by Jiayin Finance, shareholders of Jiayin Finance of their obligations under the Contractual Arrangements to exercise control over our consolidated VIE. Our consolidated VIE and its shareholders may not act in the best interests of our company or may not perform their obligations under these contracts. Such risks exist throughout the period in which we intend to operate our business through the Contractual Arrangements with Jiayin Finance and shareholders of Jiayin Finance. If any of Jiayin Finance and shareholders of Jiayin Finance is uncooperative or any dispute relating to these contracts remains unresolved, we will have to enforce our rights under these contracts through the operations of PRC laws and arbitration, litigation and other legal proceedings, the outcome of which will be subject to uncertainties. See “—Any failure by Jiayin Finance or shareholders of Jiayin Finance to perform their obligations under our Contractual Arrangements with them would have a material adverse effect on our business.” Therefore, our Contractual Arrangements with Jiayin Finance and shareholders of Jiayin Finance may not be as effective in ensuring our control over the relevant portion of our business operations as direct ownership would be.

Any failure by Jiayin Finance or shareholders of Jiayin Finance to perform their obligations under our Contractual Arrangements with them would have a material adverse effect on our business.

We have entered into a series of Contractual Arrangements with Jiayin Finance, our consolidated VIE and the shareholders of Jiayin Finance. For a description of these Contractual Arrangements, see “Corporate History and Structure.” If our consolidated VIE or the shareholders of Jiayin Finance fail to perform their respective obligations under the Contractual Arrangements, we may incur substantial costs and expend additional resources to enforce such arrangements. We may also have to rely on legal remedies under PRC laws, including seeking specific performance or injunctive relief, and claiming damages, which we cannot assure you that it will be effective under PRC laws. For example, if the shareholders of Jiayin Finance were to refuse to transfer their equity interests in Jiayin Finance to us or our designee when we exercise the purchase option pursuant to these Contractual Arrangements, or if they were otherwise to act in bad faith toward us, then we may have to take legal actions to compel them to perform their contractual obligations.

All the agreements under our Contractual Arrangements are governed by PRC laws and provide for the resolution of disputes through arbitration in China. Accordingly, these contracts would be interpreted in accordance with PRC laws and any disputes would be resolved in accordance with PRC legal procedures. The legal system in the PRC is not as developed as in some other jurisdictions, such as the United States. As a result, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit our ability to enforce these Contractual Arrangements. Meanwhile, there are very few precedents and little formal guidance as to how Contractual Arrangements in the context of a variable interest entity should be interpreted or enforced under PRC laws. There remain significant uncertainties regarding the ultimate outcome of such arbitration should legal action become necessary. In addition, under PRC laws, rulings by arbitrators are final and parties cannot appeal arbitration results in court unless such rulings are revoked or determined unenforceable by a competent court. If the losing parties fail to carry out the arbitration awards within a prescribed time limit, the prevailing parties may only enforce the arbitration awards in PRC courts through arbitration award recognition proceedings, which would require additional expenses and delay. In the event that we are unable to enforce these Contractual Arrangements, or if we suffer significant delay or other obstacles in the process of enforcing these Contractual Arrangements, we may not be able to exert effective control over Jiayin Finance and its subsidiaries, and our ability to conduct our business may be negatively affected. See “—Risks Related to Doing Business in China — Uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations could limit the legal protections available to you and us.”

The shareholders of our consolidated VIE may have potential conflicts of interest with us, which may materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

The equity interests of our consolidated VIE are held by their respective shareholders. Their interests may differ from the interests of our company as a whole. These shareholders may breach, or cause our consolidated VIE to breach, the existing Contractual Arrangements we have with them and our consolidated VIE, which would have a material adverse effect on our ability to effectively control our consolidated VIE and subsidiaries of our consolidated VIE, and receive economic benefits from them. For example, the shareholders of Jiayin

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Finance may be able to cause our agreements with Jiayin Finance to be performed in a manner adverse to us by, among other things, failing to remit payments due under the Contractual Arrangements to us on a timely basis. We cannot assure you that when conflicts of interest arise, any or all of these shareholders will act in the best interests of our company or such conflicts will be resolved in our favor.

Currently, we do not have any arrangements to address potential conflicts of interest between these shareholders and our company, except that we could exercise our call option under the exclusive call option agreement with shareholders of Jiayin Finance to request them to transfer all of their equity interests in Jiayin Finance to a PRC entity or individual designated by us, to the extent permitted by PRC laws. If we cannot resolve any conflict of interest or dispute between us and the shareholders of our consolidated VIE, we would have to rely on legal proceedings, which could result in the disruption of our business and subject us to substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of any such legal proceedings.

Contractual Arrangements in relation to our consolidated VIE may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities and they may determine that we or consolidated VIE owe additional taxes, which could negatively affect our financial condition and the value of your investment.

Under applicable PRC laws and regulations, arrangements and transactions among related parties may be subject to audit or challenge by the PRC tax authorities. The PRC enterprise income tax law requires every enterprise in China to submit its annual enterprise income tax return together with a report on transactions with its related parties to the relevant tax authorities. The tax authorities may impose reasonable adjustments on taxation if they have identified any related party transactions that are inconsistent with arm’s length principles. We may face material and adverse tax consequences if the PRC tax authorities determine that the Contractual Arrangements in relation to our consolidated VIE were not entered into on an arm’s length basis in such a way as to result in an impermissible reduction in taxes under applicable PRC laws, regulations and rules, and adjust the income of Jiayin Finance in the form of a transfer pricing adjustment. A transfer pricing adjustment could, among other things, result in a reduction of expense deductions recorded by Jiayin Finance for PRC tax purposes, which could in turn increase their tax liabilities without reducing tax expenses of Shanghai KunJia. In addition, if Shanghai KunJia requests the shareholders of Jiayin Finance to transfer their equity interests in Jiayin Finance at nominal or no value pursuant to these Contractual Arrangements, such transfer could be viewed as a gift and subject Shanghai KunJia to PRC income tax. Furthermore, the PRC tax authorities may impose late payment fees and other penalties on Jiayin Finance for the adjusted but unpaid taxes according to the applicable regulations. Our financial position could be materially and adversely affected if Jiayin Finance’s tax liabilities increase or if they are required to pay late payment fees and other penalties.

We may lose the ability to use and enjoy assets held by Jiayin Finance and Niwodai Internet that are material to the operation of our business if the entity goes bankrupt or becomes subject to a dissolution or liquidation proceeding.

Jiayin Finance and Niwodai Internet hold certain assets that are material to the operation of our business, including, among others, intellectual properties, hardware and software. We also expect Niwodai Internet to apply for, obtain and hold our value-added telecommunication business license for our online individual finance marketplace business. Under the Contractual Arrangements, Jiayin Finance and Niwodai Internet may not, and the shareholders of Jiayin Finance may not cause them to, in any manner, sell, transfer, mortgage or dispose of their assets or their legal or beneficial interests in the business without our prior consent. However, in the event Jiayin Finance’s shareholders breach these Contractual Arrangements and voluntarily liquidate Jiayin Finance or Niwodai Internet, or Jiayin Finance or Niwodai Internet declares bankruptcy and all or part of their assets become subject to liens or rights of third-party creditors, or are otherwise disposed of without our consent, we may be unable to continue some or all of our business activities, or access the risk reserve fund, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. If Jiayin Finance or Niwodai Internet undergoes a voluntary or involuntary liquidation proceeding, independent third-party creditors may claim rights to some or all of these assets, thereby hindering our ability to operate our business, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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We rely on the collaboration agreement with Shanghai Caiyin for a material aspect of our business, and such collaboration agreement is subject to various risks.

We have entered into a collaboration agreement with Shanghai Caiyin, according to which Shanghai Caiyin provides post-origination loan management services and manages our investor assurance program for loans facilitated prior to April 28, 2018. Though we began to partner with an independent third party guarantor to provide such services, Shanghai Caiyin still manages the investor assurance program for all loans facilitated prior to April 28, 2018. If Shanghai Caiyin fails to fulfill its contractual obligations under such collaboration agreement, we may incur substantial costs and expend additional resources to enforce such agreement and our remedies may be limited. In 2018, we funded RMB1,079.9 million primarily from the service fees collected by us, to the investment assurance program managed by Shanghai Caiyin to repay investors in order to maintain our reputation. We may, in our discretion, in the future, continue to transfer additional cash to the designated restricted cash account of the investor assurance program managed by Shanghai Caiyin to repay our investors for the same reason and our results of operation could be materially and adversely affected. If we do not or are not able to repay our investors, our business and reputation could be materially and adversely affected.

Shanghai Caiyin is controlled by our founder, director and chief executive officer, Mr. Dinggui Yan. The shareholders of Shanghai Caiyin may have potential conflicts of interest with us, which may materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

Furthermore, our collaboration agreement with Shanghai Caiyin may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities. We may face material and adverse tax consequences if the PRC tax authorities determine that the collaboration agreement was not entered into on an arm’s length basis, and adjust the income of Shanghai Caiyin in the form of a transfer pricing adjustment.

Risks Relating to Doing Business in China

Changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Substantially all of our operations are located in China. Accordingly, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations may be influenced to a significant degree by political, economic and social conditions in China generally and by continued economic growth in China as a whole.

The Chinese economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the amount of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. Although the Chinese government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets and the establishment of improved corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of productive assets in China is still owned by the government. In addition, the Chinese government continues to play a significant role in regulating industry development by imposing industrial policies. The Chinese government also exercises significant control over China’s economic growth through allocating resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy, and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies.

While the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth over the past decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy. The Chinese government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may have a negative effect on us. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations. In addition, in the past the Chinese government has implemented certain measures, including interest rate increases, to control the pace of economic growth. These measures may cause decreased economic activity in China, and since 2012, the Chinese economy has slowed down. Any prolonged slowdown in the Chinese economy may reduce the demand for our products and services and materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

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A downturn in the Chinese or global economy could reduce the demand for consumer loans and investments, which could materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

The global financial markets have experienced significant disruptions between 2008 and 2009 and the United States, Europe and other economies have experienced periods of recessions. The recovery from the economic downturns of 2008 and 2009 has been uneven and is facing new challenges, including the announcement of Brexit which creates additional global economic uncertainty and the slowdown of the Chinese economy since 2012. It is unclear whether the Chinese economic growth will resume its high growth rate. There is considerable uncertainty over the long-term effects of the expansionary monetary and fiscal policies adopted by the central banks and financial authorities of some of the world’s leading economies, including the United States and China. There have also been concerns over unrest in the Middle East and Africa, which have resulted in volatility in financial and other markets. There have also been concerns about the economic effect of the tensions in the relationship between China and surrounding Asian countries. Economic conditions in China are sensitive to global economic conditions. Any prolonged slowdown in the global or Chinese economy may reduce the demand for consumer loans and investments and have a negative impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Additionally, continued turbulence in the international markets may adversely affect our ability to access the capital markets to meet liquidity needs.

Uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations could limit the legal protections available to us.

The PRC legal system is based on written statutes and prior court decisions have limited value as precedents. Since these laws and regulations are relatively new and the PRC legal system continues to rapidly evolve, the interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules are not always uniform and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involves uncertainties.

In particular, PRC laws and regulations concerning the online individual finance industry are developing and evolving. Although we have taken measures to comply with the laws and regulations that are applicable to our business operations, including the regulatory principles raised by the CBRC, and avoid conducting any non-compliant activities under the applicable laws and regulations, such as illegal fund-raising, forming capital pool or providing guarantee to investors, the PRC government authority may promulgate new laws and regulations regulating the online individual finance industry in the future. We cannot assure you that our practice would not be deemed to violate any new PRC laws or regulations relating to online individual finance. Moreover, developments in the online individual finance industry may lead to changes in PRC laws, regulations and policies or in the interpretation and application of existing laws, regulations and policies that may limit or restrict online individual finance marketplaces like us, which could materially and adversely affect our business and operations.

From time to time, we may have to resort to administrative and court proceedings to enforce our legal rights. However, since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy than in more developed legal systems. Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules (some of which are not published in a timely manner or at all) that may have a retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of these policies and rules until sometime after the violation. Such uncertainties, including uncertainty over the scope and effect of our contractual, property (including intellectual property) and procedural rights, could materially and adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations.

We may be adversely affected by the complexity, uncertainties and changes in PRC regulation of Internet-related businesses and companies, and any lack of requisite approvals, licenses or permits applicable to our business may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

The PRC government extensively regulates the Internet industry, including foreign ownership of, and the licensing and permit requirements pertaining to, companies in the Internet industry. These Internet-related laws and regulations are relatively new and evolving, and their interpretation and enforcement involve significant uncertainties. As a result, in certain circumstances it may be difficult to determine what actions or omissions may be deemed to be in violation of applicable laws and regulations.

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We only have contractual control over our website. We do not directly own the website due to the restriction of foreign investment in businesses providing value-added telecommunication services in China, including Internet information provision services. This may significantly disrupt our business, subject us to sanctions, compromise enforceability of related contractual arrangements, or have other harmful effects on us.

The evolving PRC regulatory system for the Internet industry may lead to the establishment of new regulatory agencies. For example, in May 2011, the State Council announced the establishment of a new department, the Cyberspace Administration of China, or the CAC, (with the involvement of the State Council Information Office, the MIIT, and the Ministry of Public Security). The primary role of this new agency is to facilitate the policy-making and legislative development in this field, to direct and coordinate with the relevant departments in connection with online content administration and to deal with cross-ministry regulatory matters in relation to the Internet industry.

Our online marketplace, operated by Niwodai Internet, may be deemed to be providing commercial Internet information services, which would require Niwodai Internet to obtain certain value-added telecommunications business license. See “Regulation—Regulations Relating to Internet Companies—Regulations on Value-Added Telecommunication Services.” Furthermore, it is uncertain if Jiayin Finance and its subsidiaries will be required to obtain a separate operating license with respect to our mobile applications in addition to the value-added telecommunications business license.

The interpretation and application of existing PRC laws, regulations and policies and possible new laws, regulations or policies relating to the Internet industry have created substantial uncertainties regarding the legality of existing and future foreign investments in, and the businesses and activities of, Internet businesses in China, including our business. We cannot assure you that we have obtained all the permits or licenses required for conducting our business in China or will be able to maintain our existing licenses or obtain new ones. If the PRC government considers that we were operating without the proper approvals, licenses or permits or promulgates new laws and regulations that require additional approvals or licenses or imposes additional restrictions on the operation of any part of our business, it has the power, among other things, to levy fines, confiscate our income, revoke our business licenses, and require us to discontinue our relevant business or impose restrictions on the affected portion of our business. Any of these actions by the PRC government may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

We rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.

We are a holding company, and we rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries for our cash and financing requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders and service any debt we may incur. If our PRC subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us. In addition, the PRC tax authorities may require our PRC subsidiaries to adjust its taxable income under the Contractual Arrangements it currently has in place with Jiayin Finance and its shareholders and Niwodai Internet in a manner that would materially and adversely affect their ability to pay dividends and other distributions to us. See “—Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure—Contractual Arrangements in relation to our consolidated VIE may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities and they may determine that we or consolidated VIE owe additional taxes, which could negatively affect our financial condition and the value of your investment.”

Under PRC laws and regulations, our PRC subsidiaries, as wholly foreign-owned enterprises in China, may pay dividends only out of their respective accumulated after-tax profits as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, a wholly foreign-owned enterprise is required to set aside at least 10% of its accumulated after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund certain statutory reserve funds, until the aggregate amount of such funds reaches 50% of its registered capital. At its discretion, a wholly foreign-owned enterprise may allocate a portion of its after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to staff welfare and bonus funds. These reserve funds and staff welfare and bonus funds are not distributable as cash dividends.

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In response to the persistent capital outflow and RMB’s depreciation against U.S. dollar in the fourth quarter of 2016, the People’s Bank of China and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, have implemented a series of capital control measures over recent months, including stricter vetting procedures for China-based companies to remit foreign currency for overseas acquisitions, dividend payments and shareholder loan repayments. For instance, the People’s Bank of China issued the Circular on Further Clarification of Relevant Matters Relating to Offshore RMB Loans Provided by Domestic Enterprises, or the PBOC Circular 306, on November 22, 2016, which provides that offshore RMB loans provided by a domestic enterprise to offshore enterprises that it holds equity interests in shall not exceed 30% of such equity interests. The PBOC Circular 306 may constrain our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to provide offshore loans to us. The PRC government may continue to strengthen its capital controls and our PRC subsidiaries’ dividends and other distributions may be subjected to tighter scrutiny in the future. Any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other distributions to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business. See also “—If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders or ADS holders.”

PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of this offering to make loans to or make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

Any funds we transfer to our PRC subsidiaries, either as a shareholder loan or as an increase in registered capital, are subject to approval by or registration with relevant governmental authorities in China. According to the relevant PRC regulations on foreign- invested enterprises in China, capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries are subject to the requirement of making necessary filings in the Foreign Investment Comprehensive Management Information System, or FICMIS, and registration with other governmental authorities in China. In addition, (a) any foreign loan procured by our PRC subsidiaries is required to be registered with SAFE, or its local branches, and (b) each of our PRC subsidiaries may not procure loans which exceed the difference between its registered capital and its total investment amount as recorded in FICMIS. Any medium or long term loan to be provided by us to a VIE of our company must be recorded and registered by the National Development and Reform Committee and the SAFE or its local branches. We may not complete such recording or registrations on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future capital contributions or foreign loans by us to our PRC subsidiaries. If we fail to complete such recording or registration, our ability to use the proceeds of this offering and to capitalize our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

In 2008, the SAFE promulgated the Circular on the Relevant Operating Issues Concerning the Improvement of the Administration of the Payment and Settlement of Foreign Currency Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 142, which used to regulate the conversion by foreign-invested enterprises of foreign currency into Renminbi by restricting the usage of converted Renminbi. On March 30, 2015, the SAFE promulgated the Circular on Reforming the Management Approach Regarding the Foreign Exchange Capital Settlement of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 19. SAFE Circular 19 took effect as of June 1, 2015 and superseded SAFE Circular 142 on the same date. SAFE Circular 19 launched a nationwide reform of the administration of the settlement of the foreign exchange capitals of foreign-invested enterprises and allows foreign-invested enterprises to settle their foreign exchange capital at their discretion, but continues to prohibit foreign-invested enterprises from using the Renminbi fund converted from their foreign exchange capitals for expenditures beyond their business scopes. On June 9, 2016, the SAFE promulgated the Circular on Reforming and Standardizing the Administrative Provisions on Capital Account Foreign Exchange, or SAFE Circular 16. SAFE Circular 19 and SAFE Circular 16 continue to prohibit foreign-invested enterprises from, among other things, using RMB fund converted from its foreign exchange capitals for expenditure beyond its business scope, investment and financing (except for security investment or guarantee products issued by bank), providing loans to non-affiliated enterprises or constructing or purchasing real estate not for self-use. SAFE Circular 19 and

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SAFE Circular 16 may significantly limit our ability to transfer to and use in China the net proceeds from this offering, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the price of our ADSs.

The value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in political and economic conditions in China and by China’s foreign exchange policies. On July 21, 2005, the PRC government changed its decade-old policy of pegging the value of the Renminbi to the U.S. dollar, and the Renminbi appreciated more than 20% against the U.S. dollar over the following three years. Between July 2008 and June 2010, this appreciation halted and the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar remained within a narrow band. Since June 2010, the Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. Since June 2010, the PRC government has allowed the Renminbi to appreciate slowly against the U.S. dollar, though there have been periods when the Renminbi has depreciated against the U.S. dollar. In particular, on August 11, 2015, the Renminbi depreciated by approximately 2% against the U.S. dollar. Since then and until the end of 2016, the Renminbi depreciated against the U.S. dollar by approximately 10%. During 2017, the Renminbi appreciated by approximately 7% against the U.S. dollar. Since 2018, the Renminbi has been depreciating against the U.S. dollar. On November 30, 2015, the Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) completed the regular five-year review of the basket of currencies that make up the Special Drawing Right, or the SDR, and decided that with effect from October 1, 2016, Renminbi is determined to be a freely usable currency and will be included in the SDR basket as a fifth currency, along with the U.S. dollar, the Euro, the Japanese yen and the British pound. In the fourth quarter of 2016, the RMB has depreciated significantly in the backdrop of a surging U.S. dollar and persistent capital outflows of China. With the development of the foreign exchange market and progress towards interest rate liberalization and Renminbi internationalization, the PRC government may in the future announce further changes to the exchange rate system and we cannot assure you that the Renminbi will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar in the future. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future.

Significant revaluation of the Renminbi may have a material and adverse effect on your investment. For example, to the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars we receive from this offering into Renminbi for our operations, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the Renminbi amount we would receive from the conversion. Conversely, if we decide to convert our Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our Class A ordinary shares or ADSs or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to us.

Very limited hedging options are available in China to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. To date, we have not entered into any hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedges may be limited and we may not be able to adequately hedge our exposure or at all.

In addition, our currency exchange losses may be magnified by PRC exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert Renminbi into foreign currency.

Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our net revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment.

The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of the RMB into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. We receive substantially all of our net revenues in RMB. Under our current corporate structure, our company in the Cayman Islands relies on dividend payments from our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, such as profit distributions and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. Therefore, our PRC subsidiaries are able to pay dividends in

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foreign currencies to us without prior approval from SAFE, subject to the condition that the remittance of such dividends outside of the PRC complies with certain procedures under PRC foreign exchange regulation, such as the overseas investment registrations by the beneficial owners of our company who are PRC residents. But approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where RMB is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies.

In light of the flood of capital outflows of China in 2016 due to the weakening RMB, the PRC government has imposed more restrictive foreign exchange policies and stepped up scrutiny of major outbound capital movement. More restrictions and substantial vetting process are put in place by SAFE to regulate cross-border transactions falling under the capital account. The PRC government may at its discretion further restrict access in the future to foreign currencies for current account transactions. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders, including holders of our ADSs.

Failure to make adequate contributions to various employee benefit plans and withhold individual income tax on employees’ salaries as required by PRC regulations may subject us to penalties.

Companies operating in China are required to participate in various government sponsored employee benefit plans, including certain social insurance, housing provident funds and other welfare-oriented payment obligations, and contribute to the plans in amounts equal to certain percentages of salaries, including bonuses and allowances, of our employees up to a maximum amount specified by the local government from time to time at locations where we operate our businesses. The requirement of employee benefit plans has not been implemented consistently by the local governments in China given the different levels of economic development in different locations. Companies are required to make payments to the employee benefit plans for its employees in accordance with the percentages stipulated under relevant regulations and are required to withhold the amounts that are required to be contributed by employees. Companies operating in China are also required to withhold individual income tax on employees’ salaries based on the actual salary of each employee upon payment.

Prior to March 2018, we failed to make adequate employee benefit plan payments or employee individual income tax withholdings. We have recorded accruals for estimated underpaid amounts in our financial statements accordingly. As of the date of the prospectus, we have not received any notification from the relevant PRC authorities alleging that we have not made adequate payments and demanding payment of the same. We also are not aware of any employee’s complaint or demand for payment of the same, nor have we received any notification from labor arbitration tribunals or the PRC courts regarding disputes with respect to social welfare and housing provident fund contributions. Remitting such underpaid amounts involves conditions on the implementation level, including, for instance, varying levels of acceptance by our employees of the employee benefit plans, some of which are beyond our control. In accordance with relevant PRC laws and regulations, we may be required to settle such underpaid amounts of employee benefit payments or employee withholding individual income tax payments on our own before a stipulated deadline, which would adversely affect our liquidity status. Furthermore, we may also be subject to late fees or fines in relation to the underpaid amounts. For instance, we may be subject to a late fee of 0.05% or 0.2%, depending on the circumstances, of the amount of overdue social insurance payments per day and a fine ranging from one to three times of the overdue amount. In addition, we may be subject to a fine in relation to the overdue employee withholding payments ranging from 50% to three times of the overdue amount. If we are subject to late fees or fines in relation to the underpaid employee benefits or withhold individual income tax on employees’ salaries, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

The M&A Rules and certain other PRC regulations establish complex procedures for some acquisitions of Chinese companies by foreign investors, which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in China.

The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Companies by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies in 2006 and amended in 2009, and some other regulations and rules concerning mergers and acquisitions established additional procedures and requirements that could make

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merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors more time consuming and complex, including requirements in some instances that the MOC be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise. Moreover, the Anti-Monopoly Law requires that the MOC shall be notified in advance of any concentration of undertaking if certain thresholds are triggered. In addition, the security review rules issued by the MOC that became effective in September 2011 specify that mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors that raise “national defense and security” concerns and mergers and acquisitions through which foreign investors may acquire de facto control over domestic enterprises that raise “national security” concerns are subject to strict review by the MOC, and the rules prohibit any activities attempting to bypass a security review, including by structuring the transaction through a proxy or contractual control arrangement. In the future, we may grow our business by acquiring complementary businesses. Complying with the requirements of the above-mentioned regulations and other relevant rules to complete such transactions could be time consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval from the MOC or its local counterparts may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share.

PRC regulations relating to offshore investment activities by PRC residents may limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us or otherwise expose us or our PRC resident beneficial owners to liability and penalties under PRC law.

The SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Relating to PRC Resident’s Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, in July 2014 that requires PRC residents or entities to register with SAFE or its local branch in connection with their establishment or control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing. In addition, such PRC residents or entities must update their SAFE registrations when the offshore special purpose vehicle undergoes material events relating to any change of basic information (including change of such PRC residents or entities, name and operation term), increases or decreases in investment amount, transfers or exchanges of shares, or mergers or divisions.

SAFE Circular 37 is issued to replace the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration for PRC Residents Engaging in Financing and Roundtrip Investments through Overseas Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 75.

If our shareholders who are PRC residents or entities do not complete their registration with the local SAFE branches, our PRC subsidiaries may be prohibited from distributing their profits and proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation to us, and we may be restricted in our ability to contribute additional capital to our PRC subsidiaries. Moreover, failure to comply with the SAFE registration described above could result in liability under PRC laws for evasion of applicable foreign exchange restrictions.

Mr. Dinggui Yan, Mr. Guanglin Zhang and Mr. Yuanle Wu, who directly or indirectly hold shares in our Cayman Islands holding company and who are known to us as being PRC residents have completed the foreign exchange registrations in accordance with SAFE Circular 37.

However, we may not be informed of the identities of all the PRC residents or entities holding direct or indirect interest in our company, nor can we compel our beneficial owners to comply with the requirements of SAFE Circular 37. As a result, we cannot assure you that all of our shareholders or beneficial owners who are PRC residents or entities have complied with, and will in the future make or obtain any applicable registrations or approvals required by, SAFE Circular 37. Failure by such shareholders or beneficial owners to comply with SAFE Circular 37, or failure by us to amend the foreign exchange registrations of our PRC subsidiaries, could subject us to fines or legal sanctions, restrict our overseas or cross-border investment activities, limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to make distributions or pay dividends to us or affect our ownership structure, which could adversely affect our business and prospects.

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Any failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding the registration requirements for employee share incentive plans may subject the PRC plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.

Pursuant to SAFE Circular 37, PRC residents who participate in stock incentive plans in overseas non-publicly-listed companies may submit applications to SAFE or its local branches for the foreign exchange registration with respect to offshore special purpose vehicles. In the meantime, our directors, executive officers and other employees who are PRC citizens, subject to limited exceptions, and who have been granted stock options by us, may follow the Notices on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas Publicly-Listed Company, promulgated by the SAFE in 2012, or 2012 SAFE Notices. Pursuant to the 2012 SAFE Notices, PRC citizens and non-PRC citizens who reside in China for a continuous period of no less than one year who participate in any stock incentive plan of an overseas publicly listed company, subject to a few exceptions, are required to register with SAFE through a domestic qualified agent, which could be the PRC subsidiaries of such overseas listed company, and complete certain other procedures. In addition, an overseas entrusted institution must be retained to handle matters in connection with the exercise or sale of stock options and the purchase or sale of shares and interests. We and our directors, executive officers and other employees who are PRC citizens or who reside in the PRC for a continuous period of not less than one year and who have been granted stock options will be subject to these regulations when we become an overseas listed company upon the completion of this offering. Failure to complete the SAFE registrations may subject them to fines and legal sanctions, and may also limit our ability to contribute additional capital into our PRC subsidiaries and limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends to us. We also face regulatory uncertainties that could restrict our ability to adopt additional incentive plans for our directors, executive officers and employees under PRC law. See “Regulation—Regulations Relating to Foreign Exchange—Regulations on Employee Share Incentive Plans of Overseas Publicly-Listed Company.”

The State Administration of Taxation, or SAT, has issued certain circulars concerning employee stock options and restricted shares. Under these circulars, our employees working in China who exercise stock options or are granted restricted shares will be subject to PRC individual income tax. Our PRC subsidiaries have obligations to file documents related to employee stock options or restricted shares with relevant tax authorities and to withhold individual income taxes of those employees who exercise their share options. If our employees fail to pay or we fail to withhold their income taxes according to relevant laws and regulations, we may face sanctions imposed by the tax authorities or other PRC governmental authorities. See “Regulation—Regulations Relating to Foreign Exchange—Regulations on Employee Share Incentive Plans of Overseas Publicly-Listed Company.”

If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders or ADS holders.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside of the PRC with a “de facto management body” within the PRC is considered a resident enterprise and will be subject to the enterprise income tax on its global income at the rate of 25%. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management body” as the body that exercises full and substantial control over and overall management of the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In April 2009, the SAT issued a circular, known as Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. Although this circular only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners like us, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect the SAT’s general position on how the “de facto management body” test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. According to Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in China and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its global income only if all of the following conditions are met: (i) the primary location of the day-to-day operational

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management is in the PRC; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in the PRC; (iii) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholder resolutions, are located or maintained in the PRC; and (iv) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in the PRC.

We believe none of our entities outside of China is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. See “Taxation—People’s Republic of China Tax Considerations.” However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.” As substantially all of our management members are based in China, it remains unclear how the tax residency rule will apply to our case. If the PRC tax authorities determine that Jiayin Group Inc. or any of our subsidiaries outside of China is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, then Jiayin Group Inc. or such subsidiary could be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 25% on its world- wide income, which could materially reduce our net income. In addition, we will also be subject to PRC enterprise income tax reporting obligations. Furthermore, if the PRC tax authorities determine that we are a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, dividends we pay on, and gains realized on the sale or other disposition of, our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares may be subject to PRC tax, at a rate of 10% in the case of non-PRC enterprises or 20% in the case of non-PRC individuals (in each case, subject to the provisions of any applicable tax treaty), if deemed to be from PRC sources. It is unclear whether non-PRC shareholders of our company would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and the PRC in the event that we are treated as a PRC resident enterprise. Any such tax may reduce the returns on your investment in the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares.

We may not be able to obtain certain benefits under relevant tax treaty on dividends paid by our PRC subsidiaries to us through our Hong Kong subsidiary.

We are a holding company incorporated under the laws of Cayman Islands and as such rely on dividends and other distributions on equity from our PRC subsidiaries to satisfy part of our liquidity requirements. Pursuant to the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, a withholding tax rate of 10% currently applies to dividends paid by a PRC “resident enterprise” to a foreign enterprise investor, unless any such foreign investor’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for preferential tax treatment. Pursuant to the Arrangement between the Mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Tax Evasion on Income, or the Double Tax Avoidance Arrangement, and Circular 81 issued by the SAT, such withholding tax rate may be lowered to 5% if the PRC enterprise is at least 25% held by a Hong Kong enterprise for at least 12 consecutive months prior to distribution of the dividends and is determined by the relevant PRC tax authority to have satisfied other conditions and requirements under the Double Tax Avoidance Arrangement and other applicable PRC laws. Furthermore, under the Administrative Measures for Non-Resident Enterprises to Enjoy Treatments under Tax Treaties, which became effective in August 2015, the non-resident enterprises shall determine whether they are qualified to enjoy the preferential tax treatment under the tax treaties and file relevant report and materials with the tax authorities. There are also other conditions for enjoying the reduced withholding tax rate according to other relevant tax rules and regulations. See “Taxation—People’s Republic of China Tax Considerations.” We cannot assure you that our determination regarding our qualification to enjoy the preferential tax treatment will not be challenged by the relevant PRC tax authority or we will be able to complete the necessary filings with the relevant PRC tax authority and enjoy the preferential withholding tax rate of 5% under the Double Taxation Arrangement with respect to dividends to be paid by our PRC subsidiaries to Jiayin (HK) Limited, our Hong Kong subsidiary.

We face uncertainty with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies.

According to the Announcement of the SAT on Several Issues Concerning the Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Property Transfer by Non-Resident Enterprises, or Circular 7, promulgated by the SAT in February 2015, if a non-resident enterprise transfers the equity interests of a PRC resident enterprise indirectly by transfer

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of the equity interests of an offshore holding company (other than a purchase and sale of shares issued by a PRC resident enterprise in public securities market) without a reasonable commercial purpose, the PRC tax authorities have the power to reassess the nature of the transaction and the indirect equity transfer will be treated as a direct transfer. As a result, the gain derived from such transfer, which means the equity transfer price minus the cost of equity, will be subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of up to 10%. Under the terms of Circular 7, a transfer which meets all of the following circumstances shall be directly deemed as having no reasonable commercial purposes: (i) over 75% of the value of the equity interests of the offshore holding company are directly or indirectly derived from PRC taxable properties; (ii) at any time during the year before the indirect transfer, over 90% of the total properties of the offshore holding company are investments within PRC territory, or in the year before the indirect transfer, over 90% of the offshore holding company’s revenue is directly or indirectly derived from PRC territory; (iii) the function performed and risks assumed by the offshore holding company are insufficient to substantiate its corporate existence; or (iv) the foreign income tax imposed on the indirect transfer is lower than the PRC tax imposed on the direct transfer of the PRC taxable properties. See “Regulation—Regulations Relating to Tax.”

We face uncertainties as to the reporting and other implications of certain past and future transactions where PRC taxable assets are involved, such as offshore restructuring, sale of the shares in our offshore subsidiaries or investments. Our company and our non-PRC resident investors may be subject to filing obligations or taxed or subject to withholding obligations in such transactions, under Circular 7. See “Taxation—People’s Republic of China Tax Considerations.” For transfer of shares in our company by investors that are non-PRC resident enterprises, our PRC subsidiaries may be requested to assist in the filing under Circular 7. As a result, we may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with Circular 7 or to request the relevant transferors from whom we purchase taxable assets to comply with these circulars, or to establish that our company should not be taxed under these circulars, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The audit report included in this prospectus is prepared by an auditor who is not inspected by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board and, as such, our investors are deprived of the benefits of such inspection.

Our independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit report included in our prospectus filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, as auditors of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, is required by the laws of the United States to undergo regular inspections by the PCAOB to assess its compliance with the laws of the United States and professional standards. Because our auditors are located in the PRC, a jurisdiction where the PCAOB is currently unable to conduct inspections without the approval of the Chinese authorities, our auditors are not currently inspected by the PCAOB. On December 7, 2018, the SEC and the PCAOB issued a joint statement highlighting continued challenges faced by the U.S. regulators in their oversight of financial statement audits of U.S.-listed companies with significant operations in China. However, it remains unclear what further actions the SEC and PCAOB will take to address the problem.

Inspections of other firms that the PCAOB has conducted outside China have identified deficiencies in those firms’ audit procedures and quality control procedures, which may be addressed as part of the inspection process to improve future audit quality. This lack of PCAOB inspections in China prevents the PCAOB from regularly evaluating our auditor’s audits and its quality control procedures. As a result, investors may be deprived of the benefits of PCAOB inspections.

The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our auditor’s audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to PCAOB inspections. Investors may lose confidence in our reported financial information and procedures and the quality of our financial statements.

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Proceedings instituted by the SEC against five PRC-based accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, could result in financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act.

Starting in 2011 the Chinese affiliates of the “big four” accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, were affected by a conflict between U.S. and PRC law. Specifically, for certain U.S.-listed companies operating and audited in mainland China, the SEC and the PCAOB sought to obtain from the Chinese firms access to their audit work papers and related documents. The firms were, however, advised and directed that under PRC law, they could not respond directly to the U.S. regulators on those requests, and that requests by foreign regulators for access to such papers in China had to be channeled through the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC.

In late 2012, this impasse led the SEC to commence administrative proceedings under Rule 102(e) of its Rules of Practice and also under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 against the Chinese accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm. A first instance trial of the proceedings in July 2013 in the SEC’s internal administrative court resulted in an adverse judgment against the firms. The administrative law judge proposed penalties on the firms including a temporary suspension of their right to practice before the SEC, although that proposed penalty did not take effect pending review by the Commissioners of the SEC. On February 6, 2015, before a review by the Commissioner had taken place, the firms reached a settlement with the SEC. Under the settlement, the SEC accepts that future requests by the SEC for the production of documents will normally be made to the CSRC. The firms will receive matching Section 106 requests, and are required to abide by a detailed set of procedures with respect to such requests, which in substance require them to facilitate production via the CSRC. If they fail to meet specified criteria, the SEC retains authority to impose a variety of additional remedial measures on the firms depending on the nature of the failure. Remedies for any future noncompliance could include, as appropriate, an automatic six-month bar on a single firm’s performance of certain audit work, commencement of a new proceeding against a firm, or in extreme cases the resumption of the current proceeding against all four firms.

In the event that the SEC restarts the administrative proceedings, depending upon the final outcome, listed companies in the United States with major PRC operations may find it difficult or impossible to retain auditors in respect of their operations in the PRC, which could result in financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act, including possible delisting. Moreover, any negative news about any such future proceedings against these audit firms may cause investor uncertainty regarding China-based, U.S.-listed companies and the market price of our ADSs may be adversely affected.

If our independent registered public accounting firm was denied, even temporarily, the ability to practice before the SEC and we were unable to timely find another registered public accounting firm to audit and issue an opinion on our financial statements, our financial statements could be determined not to be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act. Such a determination could ultimately lead to the delisting of our ADSs from Nasdaq Stock Market, or Nasdaq, or deregistration from the SEC, or both, which would substantially reduce or effectively terminate the trading of our ADSs in the United States.

Risks Relating to This Offering and our American Depositary Shares

There has been no public market for our Class A ordinary shares or ADSs prior to this offering, and you may not be able to resell our ADSs at or above the price you paid, or at all.

Prior to this initial public offering, there has been no public market for our Class A ordinary shares or ADSs. We have been approved to list our ADSs on the Nasdaq. Our Class A ordinary shares will not be listed on any exchange or quoted for trading on any over-the-counter trading system. If an active trading market for our ADSs does not develop after this offering, the market price and liquidity of our ADSs will be materially and adversely affected.

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The initial public offering price for our ADSs was determined based on our negotiations with the underwriters, which may bear no relationship to their market price after the initial public offering. We cannot assure you that an active trading market for our ADSs will develop or that the market price of our ADSs will not decline below the initial public offering price.

The market price for our ADSs may be volatile.

The trading prices of our ADSs are likely to be volatile and could fluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happen because of broad market and industry factors, like the performance and fluctuation in the market prices or the underperformance or deteriorating financial results of other listed Internet or other companies based in China that have listed their securities in the United States in recent years. The securities of some of these companies have experienced significant volatility since their initial public offerings, including, in some cases, substantial price declines in their trading prices. The trading performances of other Chinese companies’ securities after their offerings, including Internet and e-commerce companies, may affect the attitudes of investors toward Chinese companies listed in the United States, which consequently may impact the trading performance of our ADSs, regardless of our actual operating performance. In addition, any negative news or perceptions about inadequate corporate governance practices or fraudulent accounting, corporate structure or other matters of other Chinese companies may also negatively affect the attitudes of investors towards Chinese companies in general, including us, regardless of whether we have conducted any inappropriate activities. In addition, securities markets may from time to time experience significant price and volume fluctuations that are not related to our operating performance, such as the large decline in share prices in the United States, China and other jurisdictions in late 2008, early 2009 and the second half of 2011, which may have a material adverse effect on the market price of our ADSs.

In addition to the above factors, the price and trading volume of our ADSs may be highly volatile due to multiple factors, including the following:

| • |  | regulatory developments affecting us, our users, or our industry;

| • |  | conditions in the online individual finance industries;

| • |  | announcements of studies and reports relating to the quality of our product and service offerings or those of our competitors;

| • |  | changes in the economic performance or market valuations of other online individual finance marketplaces;

| • |  | actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly results of operations and changes or revisions of our expected results;

| • |  | changes in financial estimates by securities research analysts;

| • |  | announcements by us or our competitors of new product and service offerings, acquisitions, strategic relationships, joint ventures or capital commitments;

| • |  | additions to or departures of our senior management;

| • |  | detrimental negative publicity about us, our management or our industry;

| • |  | fluctuations of exchange rates between the RMB and the U.S. dollar;

| • |  | release or expiry of lock-up or other transfer restrictions on our outstanding shares or ADSs; and

| • |  | sales or perceived potential sales of additional Class A ordinary shares or ADSs.

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Participation in this offering by certain investors would reduce the available public float for our ADSs.

Several investors have subscribed for, and have been allocated, an aggregate number of 3,771,000 ADSs, including ADSs over-allocated by the underwriters, in this offering at the initial public offering price and on the same terms as the other ADSs being offered. These investors are not our existing shareholders, directors or officers. The purchase of our ADSs by these investors in this offering may reduce the liquidity of our ADSs relative to what it would have been had these ADSs been purchased by other investors.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the market price for our ADSs and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our ADSs will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If research analysts do not establish and maintain adequate research coverage or if one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our ADSs or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the market price for our ADSs would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which, in turn, could cause the market price or trading volume for our ADSs to decline.

Because our initial public offering price is substantially higher than our net tangible book value per share, you will experience immediate and substantial dilution.

If you purchase ADSs in this offering, you will pay more for your ADSs than the amount paid by our existing shareholders for their Class A ordinary shares on a per ADS basis. As a result, you will experience immediate and substantial dilution of US$14.60 per ADS, representing the difference between the initial public offering price of US$10.50 per ADS and our net tangible book value per ADS as of December 31, 2018, after giving effect to the net proceeds to us from this offering. In addition, you may experience further dilution to the extent that our Class A ordinary shares are issued upon the exercise of any share options. See “Dilution” for a more complete description of how the value of your investment in our ADSs will be diluted upon completion of this offering.

Because we do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future after this offering, you must rely on price appreciation of our ADSs for return on your investment.

We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings after this offering to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, we do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. See “Dividend Policy.” Therefore, you should not rely on an investment in our ADSs as a source for any future dividend income.

Our board of directors has discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain restrictions under Cayman Islands law, namely that our company may only pay dividends out of profits or share premium, and provided always that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in our company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our board of directors. Even if our board of directors decides to declare and pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on, among other things, our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiary, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. Accordingly, the return on your investment in our ADSs will likely depend entirely upon any future price appreciation of our ADSs. There is no guarantee that our ADSs will appreciate in value after this offering or even maintain the price at which you purchased the ADSs. You may not realize a return on your investment in our ADSs and you may even lose your entire investment in our ADSs.

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Substantial future sales or perceived potential sales of our ADSs in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs to decline.

Sales of our ADSs in the public market after this offering, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of our ADSs to decline. We will issue 14,000,000 Class A ordinary shares in the form of ADSs in this offering. All ADSs sold in this offering will be freely transferable without restriction or additional registration under the Securities Act. The remaining ordinary shares outstanding after this offering will be available for sale, upon the expiration of the 180-day lock-up period beginning from the date of this prospectus, subject to volume and other restrictions as applicable under Rules 144 and 701 under the Securities Act. Any or all of these shares may be released prior to the expiration of the lock-up period at the discretion of the representative of the underwriters of this offering. To the extent shares are released before the expiration of the lock-up period and sold into the market, the market price of our ADSs could decline.

After completion of this offering, certain holders of our ordinary shares may cause us to register under the Securities Act the sale of their shares, subject to the 180-day lock-up period in connection with this offering. Registration of these shares under the Securities Act would result in ADSs representing these shares becoming freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act immediately upon the effectiveness of the registration. Sales of these registered shares in the form of ADSs in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs to decline.

The voting rights of holders of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement, and you may not be able to exercise your right to direct the voting of the underlying Class A ordinary shares which are represented by your ADSs.

As a holder of our ADSs, you will not have any direct right to attend general meetings of our shareholders or to cast any votes at such meetings. You will only be able to exercise the voting rights which attach to the underlying Class A ordinary shares which are represented by your ADSs indirectly by giving voting instructions to the depositary in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Under the deposit agreement, you may vote only by giving voting instructions to the depositary, as the holder of the underlying Class A ordinary shares which are represented by your ADSs. Upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary will endeavor to vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares in accordance with your instructions in the event voting is by poll, and in accordance with instructions received from a majority of holders of ADSs who provide instructions in the event voting is by show of hands. The depositary will not join in demanding a vote by poll. You will not be able to directly exercise any right to vote with respect to the underlying Class A ordinary shares unless you withdraw the shares and become the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date for the general meeting. Under our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association that will become effective immediately prior to completion of this offering, the minimum notice period required to be given by our company to our registered shareholders for convening a general meeting is seven calendar days. When a general meeting is convened, you may not receive sufficient advance notice to enable you to withdraw the underlying shares which are represented by your ADSs and become the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date for the general meeting to allow you to attend the general meeting or to vote directly with respect to any specific matter or resolution which is to be considered and voted upon at the general meeting. In addition, under our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association that will become effective immediately prior to completion of this offering, for the purposes of determining those shareholders who are entitled to attend and vote at any general meeting, our directors may close our register of members and/or fix in advance a record date for such meeting, and such closure of our register of members or the setting of such a record date may prevent you from withdrawing the underlying shares which are represented by your ADSs and becoming the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date, so that you would not be able to attend the general meeting or to vote directly. Where any matter is to be put to a vote at a general meeting, the depositary will, if we request, and subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, endeavor to notify you of the upcoming vote and to deliver our voting materials to you. We cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote the underlying shares which are represented by your ADSs. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for their manner of

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carrying out your voting instructions. This means that you may not be able to exercise your right to direct the voting of the underlying shares which are represented by your ADSs, and you may have no legal remedy if the underlying shares are not voted as you requested.

ADS holders may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to claims arising under the deposit agreement, which could result in less favorable outcomes to the plaintiff(s) in any such action.

The deposit agreement governing the ADSs representing our ordinary shares provides that holders and beneficial owners of ADSs irrevocably waive the right to a trial by jury in any legal proceeding arising out of or relating to the deposit agreement or the ADSs, including in respect of claims under federal securities laws, against us or the depositary to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law. If this jury trial waiver provision is prohibited by applicable law, an action could nevertheless proceed under the terms of the deposit agreement with a jury trial. To our knowledge, the enforceability of a jury trial waiver under the federal securities laws has not been finally adjudicated by a federal court. However, we believe that a jury trial waiver provision is generally enforceable under the laws of the State of New York, which govern the deposit agreement, by a court of the State of New York or a federal court, which has non-exclusive jurisdiction over matters arising under the deposit agreement, applying such law. In determining whether to enforce a jury trial waiver provision, New York courts and federal courts will consider whether the visibility of the jury trial waiver provision within the agreement is sufficiently prominent such that a party has knowingly waived any right to trial by jury. We believe that this is the case with respect to the deposit agreement and the ADSs. In addition, New York courts will not enforce a jury trial waiver provision in order to bar a viable setoff or counterclaim sounding in fraud or one which is based upon a creditor’s negligence in failing to liquidate collateral upon a guarantor’s demand, or in the case of an intentional tort claim (as opposed to a contract dispute), none of which we believe are applicable in the case of the deposit agreement or the ADSs. No condition, stipulation or provision of the deposit agreement or ADSs serves as a waiver by any holder or beneficial owner of ADSs or by us or the depositary of compliance with any provision of the federal securities laws. If you or any other holder or beneficial owner of ADSs brings a claim against us or the depositary in connection with such matters, you or such other holder or beneficial owner may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to such claims, which may have the effect of limiting and discouraging lawsuits against us and/or the depositary. If a lawsuit is brought against us and/or the depositary under the deposit agreement, it may be heard only by a judge or justice of the applicable trial court, which would be conducted according to different civil procedures and may result in different outcomes than a trial by jury would have had, including results that could be less favorable to the plaintiff(s) in any such action, depending on, among other things, the nature of the claims, the judge or justice hearing such claims, and the venue of the hearing.

Except in limited circumstances, the depositary for our ADSs will give us a discretionary proxy to vote our Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs if you do not instruct the depositary how to vote such shares, which could adversely affect your interests.

Under the deposit agreement for our ADSs, the depositary will give us (or our nominee) a discretionary proxy to vote our Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs at shareholders’ meetings if you do not give voting instructions to the depositary as to how to vote the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs at any particular shareholders’ meeting, unless:

| • |  | we have failed to timely provide the depositary with our notice of meeting and related voting materials;

| • |  | we have instructed the depositary that we do not wish a discretionary proxy to be given;

| • |  | we have informed the depositary that there is substantial opposition as to a matter to be voted on at the meeting;

| • |  | a matter to be voted on at the meeting may have a material adverse impact on shareholders; or

| • |  | voting at the meeting is made on a show of hands.

The effect of this discretionary proxy is that, if you fail to give voting instructions to the depositary as to how to vote the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs at any particular shareholders’ meeting, you

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cannot prevent our Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs from being voted at that meeting, absent the situations described above, and it may make it more difficult for shareholders to influence our management. Holders of our ordinary shares are not subject to this discretionary proxy.

Your rights to pursue claims against the depositary as a holder of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement and the deposit agreement may be amended or terminated without your consent.

Under the deposit agreement, any action or proceeding against or involving the depositary, arising out of or based upon the deposit agreement or the transactions contemplated thereby or by virtue of owning the ADSs may only be instituted by you in a state or federal court in the City of New York, and you, as a holder of our ADSs, will have irrevocably waived any objection which you may have to the laying of venue of any such proceeding, and irrevocably submitted to the exclusive jurisdiction of such courts in any such action or proceeding instituted by any person. Also, we may amend or terminate the deposit agreement without your consent. If you continue to hold your ADSs after an amendment to the deposit agreement, you agree to be bound by the deposit agreement as amended. See “Description of American Depositary Shares” for more information.

Your right to participate in any future rights offerings may be limited, which may cause dilution to your holdings.

We may from time to time distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire our securities. However, we cannot make such rights available to you in the United States unless we register both the rights and the securities to which the rights relate under the Securities Act or an exemption from the registration requirements is available. Under the deposit agreement, the depositary will not make rights available to you unless both the rights and the underlying securities to be distributed to ADS holders are either registered under the Securities Act or exempt from registration under the Securities Act. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective and we may not be able to establish a necessary exemption from registration under the Securities Act. Accordingly, you may be unable to participate in our rights offerings in the future and may experience dilution in your holdings.

You may not receive dividends or other distributions on our Class A ordinary shares and you may not receive any value for them if it is illegal or impractical to make them available to you.

The depositary of our ADSs has agreed to pay to you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on our Class A ordinary shares or other deposited securities underlying our ADSs, after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of Class A ordinary shares your ADSs represent. However, the depositary is not responsible if it decides that it is unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, it would be unlawful to make a distribution to a holder of ADSs if it consists of securities that require registration under the Securities Act but that are not properly registered or distributed under an applicable exemption from registration. The depositary may also determine that it is not feasible to distribute certain property through the mail. Additionally, the value of certain distributions may be less than the cost of mailing them. In these cases, the depositary may determine not to distribute such property. We have no obligation to register under U.S. securities laws any ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or other securities received through such distributions. We also have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or anything else to holders of ADSs. This means that you may not receive distributions we make on our Class A ordinary shares or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical for us to make them available to you. These restrictions may cause a material decline in the value of our ADSs.

You may be subject to limitations on transfer of your ADSs.

Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties.

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In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary deems it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason.

Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.

We are an exempted company limited by shares incorporated under the laws of Cayman Islands. We conduct substantially all of our operations in China and substantially all of our assets are located in China. In addition, a majority of our directors and executive officers reside within China, and most of the assets of these persons are located within China. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to effect service of process within the United States upon these individuals, or to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of Cayman Islands and of the PRC may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers. For more information regarding the relevant laws of Cayman Islands and China, see “Enforceability of Civil Liabilities.”

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of Cayman Islands with limited liability. Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Law (2018 Revision) of Cayman Islands and the common law of Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against the directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors owed to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of Cayman Islands. The common law of Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, Cayman Islands have a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Our directors will have discretion under the post- offering memorandum and articles of association we expect to adopt, to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder resolution or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States. For a discussion of significant differences between the provisions of the Companies Law (2018 Revision) of Cayman Islands and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in the United States and their shareholders, see “Description of Share Capital—Differences in Corporate Law.”

The approval of the CSRC may be required in connection with this offering under PRC law.

The M&A Rules requires an overseas special purpose vehicle formed for listing purposes through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies and controlled by PRC companies or individuals to obtain the approval

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of the CSRC, prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on an overseas stock exchange. The interpretation and application of the regulations remain unclear, and this offering may ultimately require approval from the CSRC. If CSRC approval is required, it is uncertain whether it would be possible for us to obtain the approval and any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining CSRC approval for this offering would subject us to sanctions imposed by the CSRC and other PRC regulatory agencies.

Our PRC counsel, King & Wood Mallesons, has advised us based on their understanding of the current PRC law, rules and regulations that the CSRC’s approval is not required for the listing and trading of our ADSs on the Nasdaq in the context of this offering, given that:

| • |  | the CSRC currently has not issued any definitive rule or interpretation concerning whether offerings like ours under this prospectus are subject to this regulation;

| • |  | we established our PRC subsidiaries by means of direct investment rather than by merger with or acquisition of PRC domestic companies; and

| • |  | no provision in this regulation clearly classifies contractual arrangements as a type of transaction subject to its regulation.

However, our PRC counsel, King & Wood Mallesons, has further advised us that there remains some uncertainty as to how the M&A Rules will be interpreted or implemented in the context of an overseas offering and its opinions summarized above are subject to any new laws, regulations and rules or detailed implementations and interpretations in any form relating to the M&A Rules. We cannot assure you that relevant PRC governmental agencies, including the CSRC, would reach the same conclusion as we do. If it is determined that CSRC approval is required for this offering, we may face sanctions by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies for failure to seek CSRC approval for this offering. These sanctions may include fines and penalties on our operations in the PRC, limitations on our operating privileges in the PRC, delays in or restrictions on the repatriation of the proceeds from this offering into the PRC, restrictions on or prohibition of the payments or remittance of dividends by our China subsidiary, or other actions that could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, reputation and prospects, as well as the trading price of our ADSs. The CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies may also take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt this offering before the settlement and delivery of the ADSs that we are offering. Consequently, if you engage in market trading or other activities in anticipation of and prior to the settlement and delivery of the ADSs we are offering, you would be doing so at the risk that the settlement and delivery may not occur.

You must rely on the judgment of our management as to the use of the net proceeds from this offering, and such use may not produce income or increase our ADS price.

As of December 31, 2018, our cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash were RMB82.9 million (US$12.1 million). Immediately following the completion of this offering, we expect to receive net proceeds of approximately US$29.8 million from this offering, after deducting underwriting discounts and the estimated offering expenses payable by us. Out of the net proceeds, we plan to use 30% of the proceeds, or US$8.9 million, to implement our marketing initiatives, 40% of the proceeds, or US$12.0 million, for strategic acquisitions of business and assets to strengthen our technologies, and 30% of the proceeds, or US$8.9 million, for general corporate purposes. See “Use of Proceeds.” However, our management will have considerable discretion in the application of the net proceeds received by us. You will not have the opportunity, as part of your investment decision, to assess whether proceeds are being used appropriately. The net proceeds may be used for corporate purposes that do not improve our efforts to achieve or maintain profitability or increase our ADS price. The net proceeds from this offering may be placed in investments that do not produce income or that lose value.

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The post-offering memorandum and articles of association that we plan to adopt and will become effective immediately prior to the completion of this offering is expected to contain anti-takeover provisions that could discourage a third-party from acquiring us and adversely affect the rights of holders of our ordinary shares and ADSs.

We plan to adopt an amended and restated memorandum and articles of association that will become effective immediately prior to the completion of this offering. The post-offering memorandum and articles of association is expected to contain certain provisions that could limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company, including a provision that grants authority to our board of directors to establish and issue from time to time one or more series of preferred shares without action by our shareholders and to determine, with respect to any series of preferred shares, the terms and rights of that series subject to certain terms and conditions. In addition, our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association contain other provisions that could limit the ability of third parties to acquire control of our company or cause us to engage in a transaction resulting in a change of control, including a provision that entitles each Class B ordinary share to ten votes per share in respect of all matters subject to a shareholders’ vote. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders and ADS holders of the opportunity to sell their shares or ADSs at a premium over the prevailing market price by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transactions.

Certain existing shareholders have substantial influence over our company and their interests may not be aligned with the interests of our other shareholders.

Upon the completion of this offering, our directors and officers will collectively own an aggregate of 92.2% of the total voting power of our outstanding Class A ordinary shares, assuming the underwriters do not exercise their over-allotment option. As a result, they have substantial influence over our business, including significant corporate actions such as mergers, consolidations, sales of all or substantially all of our assets, election of directors and other significant corporate actions. Our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association provide that in respect of all matters subject to a shareholders’ vote, each Class A ordinary share is entitled to one vote, and each Class B ordinary share is entitled to ten votes, voting together as one class. Upon the completion of this offering, Mr. Dinggui Yan, our founder, director and chief executive officer, will beneficially own all the 116,000,000 Class B ordinary shares issued and outstanding. As such, Mr. Yan will have the ability to control the outcome of all corporate governance matters such as electing directors and approving mergers, acquisitions or other business combination transactions immediately after the completion of this offering.

Mr. Yan may take actions that are not in the best interest of us or our other shareholders. This concentration of ownership may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could deprive our shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and may reduce the price of the ADSs. These actions may be taken even if they are opposed by our other shareholders, including those who purchase ADSs in this offering. In addition, the significant concentration of share ownership may adversely affect the trading price of the ADSs due to investors’ perception that conflicts of interest may exist or arise. In addition, this concentrated control will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could also discourage others from pursuing any potential merger, takeover or other change of control transactions, which could have the effect of depriving the holders of our ordinary shares and our ADSs of the opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over the prevailing market price. For more information regarding our principal shareholders and their affiliated entities, see “Principal Shareholders.”

We have granted, and may continue to grant, share incentive awards, which may result in increased share-based compensation expenses.

Jiayin Finance first adopted our 2016 Share Incentive Plan in September 2016, which allowed Jiayin Finance to grant share-based compensation awards to our founders, employees and officers to incentivize their performance and align their interests with ours. We account for compensation costs for all share options using a fair-value based method and recognize expenses in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income in

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accordance with U.S. GAAP. In September 2016 and October 2018, options to purchase 13,321,500 and 2,851,600 shares of Jiayin Finance were issued pursuant to the 2016 Share Incentive Plan to certain of our employees, respectively, among which 4,848,900 options were subsequently canceled. As of the date of the prospectus, 11,324,200 options are outstanding. In February 2019, we adopted a share incentive plan, or the 2019 Share Incentive Plan, which will become effective upon the completion of this offering. Upon completion of this offering, we will grant 45,296,800 options of Jiayin Group Inc. pursuant to the 2019 Share Incentive Plan to certain of our employees to replace the 11,324,200 options granted to such individuals and outstanding under the 2016 Share Incentive Plan, each four options under the 2019 Share Incentive Plan replacing one option under the 2016 Share Incentive Plan. All options granted under the 2016 Share Incentive Plan will be canceled upon grant of options under the 2019 Share Incentive Plan to replace such option. See “Management—Share Incentive Plans—2019 Share Incentive Plan.”

We believe the granting of share incentive awards is of significant importance to our ability to attract and retain employees, and we will continue to grant share incentive awards to employees in the future. As a result, our expenses associated with share-based compensation may increase, which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

We are an emerging growth company and may take advantage of certain reduced reporting requirements.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including, most significantly, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for so long as we are an emerging growth company. As a result, if we elect not to comply with such auditor attestation requirements, our investors may not have access to certain information they may deem important.

The JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth PRC Subsidiary does not need to comply with any new or revised financial accounting standards until such date that a private company is otherwise required to comply with such new or revised accounting standards. However, we have elected to “opt out” of this provision and, as a result, we will comply with new or revised accounting standards as required when they are adopted for public companies. This decision to opt out of the extended transition period under the JOBS Act is irrevocable.

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies.

Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including:

| • |  | the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K;

| • |  | the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents, or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act;

| • |  | the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and

| • |  | the selective disclosure rules by issuers of material nonpublic information under Regulation FD.

We will be required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we intend to publish our results on a quarterly basis as press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Nasdaq. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be offered the same protections or information that would be made available to you if you were investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.

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As an exempted company incorporated in Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards; these practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules.

We intend to follow our home country practice in lieu of certain requirements of the Rule 5600 Series of the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules (with the exception of those rules which are required to be followed pursuant to the provisions of Rule 5615(a)(3)), Rule 5250(b)(3) and Rule 5250(d) of the Stock Market Rules. Accordingly, we are not required to, and do not intend to:

| • |  | have a majority of the board be independent (although all of the members of the audit committee must be independent under the Exchange Act);

| • |  | have an audit committee of at least three independent directors; or

| • |  | have a nominating and corporate governance committee consisting entirely of independent directors.

As a result, you may not be provided with the benefits of certain corporate governance requirements of the Nasdaq.

There is a material risk that we will be a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for United States federal income tax purposes, which could result in adverse United States federal income tax consequences to United States holders of our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares.

A non-United States corporation will be a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for United States federal income tax purposes for any taxable year if either (i) at least 75% of its gross income for such year is passive income (including interest or income equivalent to interest) or (ii) at least 50% of the value of its assets (based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets) during such year is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income. A separate determination must be made after the close of each taxable year as to whether a non-United States corporation is a PFIC for that year. The determination of whether we will be a PFIC for any taxable year may depend in part upon the value of our goodwill and other unbooked intangibles not reflected on our balance sheets (which may depend upon the market value of the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares from time to time, which may be volatile) and also may be affected by how, and how quickly, we spend our liquid assets and the cash raised in this offering. In addition, there is uncertainty as to the treatment of our corporate structure and ownership of our consolidated VIE for United States federal income tax purposes. For United States federal income tax purposes, we consider ourselves to own the stock of our consolidated VIE and its subsidiaries. If it is determined, contrary to our view, that we do not own the stock of our consolidated VIE and its subsidiaries for United States federal income tax purposes (for instance, because the relevant PRC authorities do not respect these arrangements), we may be treated as a PFIC for the current year or any future taxable year.

We aim to utilize our proprietary technology to facilitate loans to borrowers that are funded by individual investors, rather than by using our own capital. As such, fees received from borrowers are recorded as service income on our consolidated statements of operations. However, the treatment of certain of such fees as services or interest income is unclear for purposes of the PFIC rules and there are uncertainties in the application of the PFIC rules to a company with our particular business operations, in particular related to the classification of our income as active or passive and to certain of our funding structures. Accordingly, based on the projected composition and classification of our income and assets and the nature of our business operations, we believe that there is a material risk that we will be a PFIC for United States federal income tax purposes for 2019, and in future taxable years, and we can give no assurances in this respect.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a United States person holds ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, certain adverse United States federal income tax consequences could apply to such United States person,

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including burdensome reporting requirements. Prospective investors who are United States holders are strongly encouraged to consult their tax advisors regarding the potential application of the PFIC rules to our company. See “Taxation—Passive Foreign Investment Company.”

We will incur increased costs as a result of being a public company, particularly after we cease to qualify as an “emerging growth company.”

Upon completion of this offering, we will become a public company and expect to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we have not incurred as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and the Nasdaq, impose various requirements on the corporate governance practices of public companies. As a company with less than US$1.07 billion in gross annual revenue for our last fiscal year, we qualify as an “emerging growth company” pursuant to the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s internal control over financial reporting and permission to delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. However, we have elected to “opt out” of this provision and, as a result, we will comply with new or revised accounting standards as required when they are adopted for public companies. This decision to opt out of the extended transition period under the JOBS Act is irrevocable.

We expect these rules and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some corporate activities more time-consuming and costly. After we are no longer an “emerging growth company,” we expect to incur significant expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the other rules and regulations of the SEC. For example, as a result of becoming a public company, we will need to increase the number of independent directors and adopt policies regarding internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. We also expect that operating as a public company will make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. In addition, we will incur additional costs associated with our public company reporting requirements. It may also be more difficult for us to find qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. We are currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these rules and regulations, and we cannot predict or estimate with any degree of certainty the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.

In the past, shareholders of a public company often brought securities class action suits against the company following periods of instability in the market price of that company’s securities. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations, which could harm our results of operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements that reflect our current expectations and views of future events. The forward-looking statements are contained principally in the sections entitled "Prospectus Summary," "Risk Factors," "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and "Business." Known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, including those listed under "Risk Factors," may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

You can identify some of these forward-looking statements by words or phrases such as "may," "will," "expect," "anticipate," "aim," "estimate," "intend," "plan," "believe," "is/are likely to," "potential," "continue" or other similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. These forward-looking statements include statements relating to:

| • |  | our strategies;

| • |  | our future business development, financial condition and results of operations;

| • |  | the expected growth of the online individual finance market in China;

| • |  | our expectations regarding demand for and market acceptance of our products and services;

| • |  | our expectations regarding our relationships with our investors and borrowers;

| • |  | competition in our industry;

| • |  | general economic and business condition in China and elsewhere; and

| • |  | relevant government policies, laws and regulations relating to our industry.

These forward-looking statements involve various risks and uncertainties. Although we believe that our expectations expressed in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, our expectations may later be found to be incorrect. Our actual results could be materially different from our expectations. Important risks and factors that could cause our actual results to be materially different from our expectations are generally set forth in "Prospectus Summary—Our Challenges," "Risk Factors," "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," "Business," "Regulation" and other sections in this prospectus. You should thoroughly read this prospectus and the documents that we refer to with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from and worse than what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

This prospectus contains certain data and information that we obtained from various government and private publications, including industry data and information from iResearch. Statistical data in these publications also include projections based on a number of assumptions. Our industry may not grow at the rate projected by market data, or at all. Failure of this market to grow at the projected rate may have a material and adverse effect on our business and the market price of our ADSs. In addition, the rapidly changing nature of the online consumer finance industry results in significant uncertainties for any projections or estimates relating to the growth prospects or future condition of our market. Furthermore, if any one or more of the assumptions underlying the market data are later found to be incorrect, actual results may differ from the projections based on these assumptions. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.

The forward-looking statements made in this prospectus relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this prospectus. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, after the date on which the statements are made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. You should read this prospectus and the documents that we refer to in this prospectus and have filed as exhibits to the registration statement, of which this prospectus is a part, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect.

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USE OF PROCEEDS

We estimate that we will receive net proceeds from this offering of approximately US$29.8 million, or approximately US$34.9 million if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional ADSs in full, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and the offering expenses payable by us. These estimates are based upon an initial offering price of US$10.50 per ADS. A US$1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of US$10.50 per ADS would increase (decrease) the net proceeds of this offering by US$3.2 million, or approximately US$3.7 million if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional ADSs in full.

The primary purposes of this offering are to create a public market for our shares for the benefit of all shareholders, retain talented employees by providing them with equity incentives and obtain additional capital. We plan to use the net proceeds of this offering as follows:

| • |  | 30% of the proceeds, or US$8.9 million, will be used to implement our marketing initiatives to further build our brand awareness and expand our investor and borrower base;

| • |  | 40% of the proceeds, or US$12.0 million, will be used to conduct strategic acquisitions of business and assets to strengthen our technologies, particularly big data analytics and risk management capabilities, although currently we have not entered into any binding agreement for any acquisition nor identified any definite acquisition target; and

| • |  | 30% of the proceeds, or US$8.9 million, will be used to for general corporate purposes, including working capital, operating expenses and capital expenditures.

The amounts and timing of any expenditures will vary depending on the amount of cash generated by our operations, and the rate of growth, if any, of our business, and the present plans and business conditions. Accordingly, our management will have significant flexibility in applying and discretion to apply the net proceeds of the offering. If an unforeseen event occurs or business conditions change, we may use the proceeds of this offering differently than as described in this prospectus.

In utilizing the proceeds from this offering, we are permitted under PRC laws and regulations to provide funding to our PRC subsidiary only through loans or capital contributions, and to our VIE only through loans, and only if we satisfy the applicable government registration and approval requirements. We cannot assure you that we will be able to meet these requirements on a timely basis, if at all. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may or prevent us from using the proceeds of this offering to make loans to or make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.”

Pending use of the net proceeds, we intend to hold our net proceeds in demand deposits or invest them in interest-bearing government securities.

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DIVIDEND POLICY

In March 2018, Jiayin Finance paid a cash dividend of RMB400 million to its shareholders. Jiayin Group Inc. has not previously declared or paid cash dividends on our Class A ordinary shares and we have no plan to declare or pay any dividends in the foreseeable future on our Class A ordinary shares or ADSs. We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to operate and expand our business.

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. In order for us to distribute any dividends to our shareholders and ADS holders, we may rely on dividends distributed by our PRC subsidiaries. Certain payments from our PRC subsidiaries to us may be subject to PRC withholding income tax. In addition, regulations in the PRC currently permit payment of dividends of a PRC company only out of accumulated distributable after-tax profits as determined in accordance with its articles of association and the accounting standards and regulations in China. Each of our PRC subsidiaries is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profit based on PRC accounting standards every year to a statutory common reserve fund until the aggregate amount of such reserve fund reaches 50% of the registered capital of such subsidiary. Such statutory reserves are not distributable as loans, advances or cash dividends. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—We rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.”

Our board of directors has discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain requirements of Cayman Islands law. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our directors. Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividend out of either profit or share premium account, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in the company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. Even if our board of directors decides to pay dividends, the form, frequency and amount will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that the board of directors may deem relevant. Any dividend declared on our ordinary shares shall be payable equally to holders of Class A and Class B ordinary shares. If we pay any dividends on our ordinary shares, we will pay those dividends which are payable in respect of the Class A ordinary shares underlying our ADSs to the depositary, as the registered holder of such Class A ordinary shares, and the depositary then will pay such amounts to our ADS holders in proportion to the Class A ordinary shares underlying the ADSs held by such ADS holders, subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, including the fees and expenses payable thereunder. See “Description of American Depositary Shares.” Cash dividends on our ordinary shares, if any, will be paid in U.S. dollars.

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CAPITALIZATION

The following table sets forth our capitalization as of December 31, 2018:

| • |  | on an actual basis;

| • |  | on a pro forma basis to reflect (i) the designation of all ordinary shares beneficially owned by Mr. Dinggui Yan, our founder, director and chief executive officer, into 116,000,000 Class B ordinary shares on a one-for-one-basis upon the completion of this offering; (ii) the designation of all of the remaining outstanding ordinary shares into 84,000,000 Class A ordinary shares on a one-for-one-basis upon the completion of this offering; and

| • |  | a pro forma as adjusted basis to give effect to (i) the designation of all ordinary shares beneficially owned by Mr. Dinggui Yan, our founder, director and chief executive officer, into 116,000,000 Class B ordinary shares on a one-for-one-basis upon the completion of this offering; (ii) the designation of all of the remaining outstanding ordinary shares into 84,000,000 Class A ordinary shares on a one-for-one-basis upon the completion of this offering; and (iii) the issuance and sale of 14,000,000 Class A ordinary shares in the form of ADSs by us in this offering at an initial public offering price of US$10.50 per ADS, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us and assuming no exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional ADSs.

You should read this table together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus and the information under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

|  | As of December 31, 2018 |
|  | Actual |  |  | Pro Forma |  |  | Pro Forma As Adjusted |
|  | RMB |  |  | US$ |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
|  | (in thousands, except for share and per share data) |
Shareholders’ (deficits)/equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ordinary shares |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Additional paid-in capital(1) |  |  | 395,472 |  |  |  | 57,519 |  |  |  | 395,472 |  |  |  | 57,519 |  |  |  | 600,393 |  |  |  | 87,324 |
Accumulated deficits |  |  | (2,047,478 | ) |  |  | (297,793 | ) |  |  | (2,047,478 | ) |  |  | (297,793 | ) |  |  | (2,047,478 | ) |  |  | (297,793 | )
Total shareholders’ deficits |  |  | (1,652,006 | ) |  |  | (240,274 | ) |  |  | (1,652,006 | ) |  |  | (240,274 | ) |  |  | (1,447,085 | ) |  |  | (210,469 | )
Total capitalization |  |  | (1,652,006 | ) |  |  | (240,274 | ) |  |  | (1,652,006 | ) |  |  | (240,274 | ) |  |  | (1,447,085 | ) |  |  | (210,469 | )

(1) | A US$1.00 increase (decrease) in the initial public offering price of US$10.50 per ADS, would increase (decrease) each of additional paid-in capital, total shareholders’ equity and total capitalization by US$3.2 million, assuming the number of ADSs offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated expenses payable by us.

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DILUTION

If you invest in the ADSs, your interest will be diluted to the extent of the difference between the initial public offering price per ADS and our net tangible book value per ADS after this offering. Dilution results from the fact that the initial public offering price per Class A ordinary share is substantially in excess of the book value per ordinary share attributable to the existing shareholders for our presently outstanding ordinary shares.

Our net tangible book value as of December 31, 2018, was negative US$249.2 million, or negative US$1.25 per ordinary share and negative US$4.98 per ADS. Our net tangible book value as of December 31, 2018 represented the amount of our total consolidated tangible assets (which was calculated by subtracting intangible assets of US$0.1 million, deferred tax assets of US$8.1 million, deferred IPO costs of US$0.7 million from our total consolidated assets), less the amount of our total consolidated liabilities. Net tangible book value per ordinary share represents the amount of total tangible assets, minus the amount of total liabilities, divided by the total number of ordinary shares outstanding. Dilution is determined by subtracting pro forma net tangible book value per ordinary share from the public offering price per Class A ordinary share.

Without taking into account any other changes in such net tangible book value after December 31, 2018, other than to give effect to the issuance and sale of 3,500,000 ADSs in this offering at an initial public offering price of US$10.50 per ADS, and after deducting of underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us and assuming the over-allotment option is not exercised, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value as of December 31, 2018 would have been negative US$1.03 per outstanding ordinary share, including Class A ordinary shares underlying our outstanding ADSs, or negative US$4.10 per ADS. This represents an immediate increase in net tangible book value of US$0.22 per ordinary share, or US$0.88 per ADS, to existing shareholders and an immediate dilution in net tangible book value of US$3.65 per ordinary share, or US$14.60 per ADS, to investors purchasing ADSs in this offering. The following table illustrates such dilution:

|  | Per Ordinary Share |  |  | Per ADS |
Initial public offering price per Class A ordinary share |  | US$ | 2.625 |  |  | US$ | 10.5 |
Net tangible book value as of December 31, 2018 |  | US$ | (1.25 | ) |  | US$ | (4.98 | )
Pro forma net tangible book value per ordinary share |  | US$ | (1.25 | ) |  | US$ | (4.98 | )
Pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per ordinary share after giving effect to this offering |  | US$ | (1.03 | ) |  | US$ | (4.10 | )
Amount of dilution in net tangible book value to new investors in the offering |  | US$ | 3.65 |  |  | US$ | 14.60 |

The pro forma as adjusted information discussed above is illustrative only.

A US$1.00 change in the public offering price of US$10.50 per ADS would, in the case of an increase, increase and, in the case of a decrease, decrease our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value as described above by US$3.24 million, the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per ordinary share and per ADS by US$0.02 per ordinary share and US$0.06 per ADS, and the dilution per ordinary share and per ADS to new investors in this offering by US$0.23 per ordinary share and US$0.94 per ADS, respectively, assuming no change to the number of ADSs offered by us as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses.

The following table summarizes, on a pro forma as adjusted basis as of December 31, 2018, the differences between the existing shareholders as of December 31, 2018 and the new investors with respect to the number of ordinary shares (in the form of ADSs or shares) purchased from us in this offering, the total consideration paid and the average price per ordinary share paid and per ADS at an initial public offering price of US$10.50 per ADS before deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses. The

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total number of ordinary shares does not include Class A ordinary shares underlying the ADSs issuable upon the exercise of the over-allotment option granted to the underwriters.

|  | Ordinary shares purchased |  |  | Total consideration |  |  | Average price per ordinary share |  |  | Average price per ADS |
|  | Number |  |  | Percent |  |  | Amount |  |  | Percent |
Existing shareholders |  |  | 200,000,000 |  |  |  | 93.5 | % |  | US$ | 28,853 |  |  |  | 44.0 | % |  | US$ | 0.14 |  |  | US$ | 0.58 |
New investors |  |  | 14,000,000 |  |  |  | 6.5 | % |  | US$ | 36,750 |  |  |  | 56.0 | % |  | US$ | 2.63 |  |  | US$ | 10.5 |
Total |  |  | 214,000,000 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | US$ | 65,603 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | US$ | 0.31 |  |  | US$ | 1.23 |

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EXCHANGE RATE INFORMATION

Our reporting currency is the RMB because all of our operations are conducted in China and substantially all of our revenues and expenses are denominated in RMB. This prospectus contains translations of RMB amounts into U.S. dollars at specific rates solely for the convenience of the reader. The conversion of RMB into U.S. dollars in this prospectus is based on the rate certified for customs purposes by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Unless otherwise noted, all translations from RMB to U.S. dollars and from U.S. dollars to RMB in this prospectus are made at the rate as of the end of the applicable period, that is, RMB6.8755 to US$1.00, the rate in effect as of December 31, 2018, as applicable. We make no representation that any RMB or U.S. dollar amounts could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars or RMB, as the case may be, at any particular rate, the rates stated below, or at all. The PRC government imposes control over its foreign currency reserves in part through direct regulation of the conversion of RMB into foreign exchange and through restrictions on foreign trade. On May 3, 2019, the rate was RMB6.7337 to US$1.00.

The following table sets forth information concerning exchange rates between the RMB and the U.S. dollar for the periods indicated. These rates are provided solely for your convenience and are not necessarily the exchange rates that we used in this prospectus or will use in the preparation of our periodic reports or any other information to be provided to you.

|  | Certified Exchange Rate |
Period |  | Period End |  |  | Average(1) |  |  | Low |  |  | High |
|  | (RMB per US$1.00) |
2014 |  |  | 6.2046 |  |  |  | 6.1704 |  |  |  | 6.2591 |  |  |  | 6.0402 |
2015 |  |  | 6.4778 |  |  |  | 6.2869 |  |  |  | 6.4896 |  |  |  | 6.1870 |
2016 |  |  | 6.9430 |  |  |  | 6.6549 |  |  |  | 6.9580 |  |  |  | 6.4480 |
2017 |  |  | 6.5063 |  |  |  | 6.7350 |  |  |  | 6.9575 |  |  |  | 6.4773 |
2018 |  |  | 6.8755 |  |  |  | 6.6090 |  |  |  | 6.9737 |  |  |  | 6.2649 |
November |  |  | 6.9558 |  |  |  | 6.9367 |  |  |  | 6.9558 |  |  |  | 6.8894 |
December |  |  | 6.8755 |  |  |  | 6.8837 |  |  |  | 6.9077 |  |  |  | 6.8343 |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
January |  |  | 6.6958 |  |  |  | 6.7863 |  |  |  | 6.8708 |  |  |  | 6.6958 |
February |  |  | 6.6912 |  |  |  | 6.7367 |  |  |  | 6.7907 |  |  |  | 6.6822 |
March |  |  | 6.7112 |  |  |  | 6.7119 |  |  |  | 6.7381 |  |  |  | 6.6916 |
April |  |  | 6.7347 |  |  |  | 6.7161 |  |  |  | 6.7418 |  |  |  | 6.6870 |
May (through May 3, 2019) |  |  | 6.7337 |  |  |  | 6.7331 |  |  |  | 6.7337 |  |  |  | 6.7319 |

Source: Federal Reserve Statistical Release

(1) | Annual averages were calculated by using the average of the exchange rates on the last day of each month during the relevant year. Monthly averages are calculated by using the average of the daily rates during the relevant month.

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ENFORCEABILITY OF CIVIL LIABILITIES

Cayman Islands

We are incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability. We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands because of certain benefits associated with being a Cayman Islands company, such as political and economic stability, an effective judicial system, a favorable tax system, the absence of foreign exchange control or currency restrictions and the availability of professional and support services. However, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws as compared to the United States and these securities laws provide less protection for investors as compared to the United States. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to sue before the federal courts of the United States.

Our constitutional documents do not contain provisions requiring that disputes, including those arising under the securities laws of the United States, between us, our officers, directors and shareholders, be subject to arbitration.

Substantially all of our assets are located outside the United States. In addition, most of our directors and executive officers are nationals or residents of jurisdictions other than the United States and all or a substantial portion of their assets are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for investors to effect service of process within the United States upon us or these persons, or to enforce judgments obtained in U.S. courts against us or them, including judgments predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States. It may also be difficult for you to enforce judgments obtained in U.S. courts based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws against us and our officers and directors.

We have appointed Cogency Global Inc. as our agent to receive service of process with respect to any action brought against us in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York in connection with this offering under the federal securities laws of the United States or of any State in the United States or any action brought against us in the Supreme Court of the State of New York in the County of New York in connection with this offering under the securities laws of the State of New York.

Maples and Calder (Hong Kong) LLP, our counsel as to Cayman Islands law, has advised us that there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the Cayman Islands would (i) recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained against us or our directors or officers that are predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States, or (ii) entertain original actions brought in the Cayman Islands against us or our directors or officers that are predicated upon the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States.

Maples and Calder (Hong Kong) LLP has informed us that although there is no statutory enforcement in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the federal or state courts of the United States (and the Cayman Islands are not a party to any treaties for the reciprocal enforcement or recognition of such judgments), a judgment obtained in such jurisdiction will be recognized and enforced in the courts of the Cayman Islands at common law, without any re-examination of the merits of the underlying dispute, by an action commenced on the foreign judgment debt in the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands, provided such judgment (a) is given by a foreign court of competent jurisdiction, (b) imposes on the judgment debtor (a liability to pay a liquidated sum for which the judgment has been given), (c) is final and conclusive, (d) is not in respect of taxes, a fine or a penalty; and (e) was not obtained in a manner and is not of a kind the enforcement of which is contrary to natural justice or the public policy of the Cayman Islands. However, the Cayman Islands courts are unlikely to enforce a judgment obtained from the U.S. courts under civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities law if such judgment is determined by the courts of the Cayman Islands to give rise to obligations to make payments that are penal or punitive in nature. Because such a determination has not yet been made by a court of the Cayman Islands, it is uncertain whether such civil liability judgments from U.S. courts would be enforceable in the Cayman Islands.

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The People’s Republic of China

We have been advised by King & Wood Mallesons, our PRC counsel, that there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the PRC would (i) recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained against us or our directors or officers that are predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States, or (ii) entertain original actions brought in the PRC against us or our directors or officers that are predicated upon the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States.

King & Wood Mallesons has advised us that the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments are provided for under PRC Civil Procedure Law. Under the PRC Civil Procedure Law, courts in the PRC may recognize and enforce foreign judgments pursuant to treaties between the PRC and the country where the judgment is rendered or on principles of reciprocity between jurisdictions. If there are neither treaties nor reciprocity arrangements between the PRC and a foreign jurisdiction where a judgment is rendered, according to the PRC Civil Procedure Law, the recognition and enforcement of a foreign judgment in the PRC may be resolved through diplomatic channels. King & Wood Mallesons has advised us further that under PRC law, courts in China will not recognize or enforce a foreign judgment against us or our directors and officers if they decide that the judgment violates the basic principles of PRC law or national sovereignty, security or social public interest. As of the date of this prospectus, the PRC does not have any treaties or other arrangements that provide for reciprocal recognition and enforcement of foreign civil judgments with the United States or the Cayman Islands. As a result, there is further uncertainty as to whether and on what basis a PRC court would enforce judgments rendered by a United States or Cayman Islands court.

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CORPORATE HISTORY AND STRUCTURE

Corporate History

The origin of our business can be traced back to 2011. Mr. Dinggui Yan, our founder, director and chief executive officer, commenced an individual finance marketplace in 2011 through several entities controlled by him in China. In June 2015, Mr. Dinggui Yan acquired Jiayin Finance, a shell company previously known as Furen Technology Limited and listed on the National Equities Exchange and Quotations Co., Ltd., or the NEEQ. In September 2015, Niwodai Internet was established as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Jiayin Finance to develop our online individual finance marketplace business. Mr. Dinggui Yan launched Shanghai Caiyin in September 2015. We entered into a collaboration agreement with Shanghai Caiyin in 2015 to engage Shanghai Caiyin to provide post-origination loan management services and manage our investor assurance program for loans facilitated prior to April 28, 2018. See “—Collaboration Agreement with Shanghai Caiyin.” In December 2015, Shanghai Caiyin also acquired the servicing rights and obligations of all outstanding loan contracts facilitated by Niwodai Finance, which operated our founder’s individual finance marketplace at that time, as well as the obligation to continue to provide guarantee on those loans. Niwodai Finance subsequently ceased to operate the individual financing business. We launched our online individual financing marketplace in December 2015.

In December 2017, we incorporated Jiayin Group Inc. under the laws of the Cayman Islands as our offshore holding company, and in January 2018, we established a wholly-owned subsidiary in the British Virgin Islands, Jiayin Holdings Limited, and a wholly-owned subsidiary in Hong Kong, Jiayin (HK) Limited, to be our intermediate holding companies, to facilitate our initial public offering in the United States. Jiayin Finance was delisted from NEEQ in April 2018 in preparation for this offering. In June 2018, we incorporated Shanghai KunJia as a wholly-foreign owned entity in China. As a result of the restructuring in 2018, we hold equity interest in Shanghai KunJia through our current offshore structure. At the same time, Shanghai KunJia entered into a series of contractual arrangements with Jiayin Finance and its shareholders among which several agreements were terminated and simultaneously replaced in October 2018 for the purpose of registering pledges of equity interest in Jiayin Finance with the government authority. As a result of these Contractual Arrangements, we are the primary beneficiary of Jiayin Finance and its subsidiaries, and, therefore, have consolidated the financial results of Jiayin Finance and its subsidiaries in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. See “—Contractual Arrangements among Shanghai KunJia, Jiayin Finance and the shareholders of Jiayin Finance.”

We currently operate our online individual finance marketplace in China mainly through Niwodai Internet. Jiayin Finance operates our website www.jiayinfintech.cn and Niwodai Internet operates www.niwodai.com and our apps, through which we offer our loan products and investment services.

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Corporate Structure

The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure, including the names, places of incorporation and the proportion of ownership interests in our significant subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities and their subsidiaries as of the date of this prospectus:

(1) | Jiayin Southeast Asia Holdings Limited was established in February 2018 to develop and operate our overseas business. See “Business—Overseas Development.”

(2) | Jiayin Finance is owned as to 58% by Mr. Dinggui Yan, our founder, director and chief executive officer, 27% by Shanghai Jinmushuihuotu Investment Center (Limited Partnership), or Jinmushuihuotu Investment, 12% by Mr. Guanglin Zhang, and 3% by Mr. Yuanle Wu, who both are employees of our company. Jinmushuihuotu Investment is established in connection with the share incentive plan of Jiayin Finance. See “Management—Share Incentive Plans—2016 Share Incentive Plan.” The general partner of Jinmushuihuotu Investment is Jinmushuihuotu Marketing, which is controlled by Mr. Dinggui Yan.

(3) | Jiayin Finance entered into Contractual Arrangements with Shanghai KunJia. See “—Contractual Arrangements among Shanghai KunJia, Jiayin Finance and shareholders of Jiayin Finance.”

(4) | Niwodai Internet operates our online peer-to-peer individual finance marketplace.

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(5) | Shanghai Jiayin is owned 75% by Mr. Dinggui Yan and 25% by Shanghai Bangfan Investment Limited Partnership, or Shanghai Bangfan. The general partner of Shanghai Bangfan is Mr. Dinggui Yan, who has whole voting and investment power of Shanghai Bangfan. Mr. Dinggui Yan also owns substantially all the economic interest in Shanghai Bangfan. The rest of the economic interest in Shanghai Bangfan is owned by Mr. Guanglin Zhang.

(6) | Shanghai Caiyin provides post-origination loan management services and manages our investor assurance program for loans facilitated prior to April 28, 2018. See “—Collaboration Agreement with Shanghai Caiyin.”

Contractual Arrangements among Shanghai KunJia, Jiayin Finance and the Shareholders of Jiayin Finance

Due to PRC legal restrictions on foreign ownership and investment in, among other areas, value-added telecommunications services, which include the operations of Internet content providers, or ICPs, we, similar to all other entities with foreign incorporated holding company structures operating in our industry in China, currently conduct these activities mainly through Jiayin Finance and its subsidiaries over which we exercise effective control through Contractual Arrangements among Shanghai KunJia, Jiayin Finance and its shareholders.

The Contractual Arrangements allow us to:

| • |  | exercise effective control over Jiayin Finance;

| • |  | receive substantially all of the economic benefits of Jiayin Finance; and

| • |  | have an exclusive call option to purchase all or part of the equity interests in and/or assets of Jiayin Finance when and to the extent permitted by laws.

As a result of these Contractual Arrangements, we are the primary beneficiary of Jiayin Finance and its subsidiaries, and, therefore, have consolidated the financial results of Jiayin Finance and its subsidiaries in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

In the opinion of King & Wood Mallesons, our PRC counsel:

| • |  | the ownership structure of Jiayin Finance, currently and immediately after giving effect to this offering, is in compliance with PRC laws or regulations currently in effect; and

| • |  | the Contractual Arrangements among Jiayin Finance and its shareholders, governed by PRC law, currently and immediately after giving effect to this offering, are valid and binding under PRC law, and do not and will not result in any violation of applicable PRC laws or regulations currently in effect.

The following is a summary of the currently effective Contractual Arrangements by and among Shanghai KunJia, Jiayin Finance and the shareholders of the Jiayin Finance.

Agreements that provide us with effective control over Jiayin Finance

Power of Attorney. Pursuant to the power of attorney issued by Jiayin Finance and its shareholders, each shareholder of Jiayin Finance, has irrevocably appointed the board of directors of Shanghai KunJia to act as such shareholder’s exclusive attorney-in-fact to exercise all shareholder rights, including the right to attend and vote on shareholder’s meetings and appoint legal representatives, directors, supervisors and executive officers. In addition, the board of directors of Shanghai KunJia is also entitled to appropriate, use or otherwise dispose all dividends and other distributions. Furthermore, all activities of the board of directors of Shanghai KunJia in connection with the equity interest of Jiayin Finance shall be considered activities of the shareholders of Jiayin Finance, including in the execution of the exclusive call option agreement. The board of directors of Shanghai

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KunJia may delegate the power of attorney prescribed under this power of attorney to others without prior approval or notification. Jiayin Finance disclaims all rights and powers entrusted to the directors of Shanghai KunJia. The power of attorney will remain in force for so long as the shareholder remains a shareholder of Jiayin Finance.

Equity Pledge Agreement. Pursuant to the equity interest pledge agreements among Shanghai KunJia, Jiayin Finance and each of the shareholders of Jiayin Finance, the shareholders of Jiayin Finance have pledged all of their equity interest in Jiayin Finance as a continuing first priority security interest, as applicable, to respectively guarantee Jiayin Finance’ performance of its obligations under the relevant Contractual Arrangements, which include the exclusive consultation and service agreement, exclusive call option agreement and power of attorney agreement provided that the guaranteed obligation shall not exceed the expected market capitalization of Jiayin Finance, which is US$20 billion, multiplied by their respective shareholding percentage. If Jianyin Finance breaches its contractual obligations under these agreements, Shanghai KunJia, as pledgee, will be entitled to certain rights regarding the pledged equity interests. In the event of such breaches, Shanghai KunJia’s rights include forcing the auction or sale of all or part of the pledged equity interests of Jiayin Finance and receiving proceeds from such auction or sale in accordance with PRC law to the extent the rights of Shanghai KunJia under the Contractual Arrangements are satisfied. In the event of significant decrease in value of the equity interest of Jiayin Finance, in addition to the foregoing remedies, Shanghai KunJia is also entitled to entrust notary with the proceeds from such auction or sale, or requiring the shareholders, as pledgor, to provide other forms of security acceptable to Shanghai KunJia. It is also agreed that any subscription of additional registered capital of Jiayin Finance or any equity interests transferred among those shareholders will automatically be subject to this agreement and the shareholders will be obligated to register pledge of such equity interest in ten business days. During the term of the applicable equity interest pledges, such shareholder will not dispose of the pledged equity interests or create or allow any encumbrance on the pledged equity interests. Each equity interest pledge will remain effective until the full performance of the contractual agreements, including the settlement of payment by Jiayin Finance and its shareholders and indemnification of any losses caused by Jiayin Finance, if applicable, and termination of such contractual agreements. We have registered pledges of equity interest in Jiayin Finance with the relevant office of the administration for industry and commerce in accordance with the PRC Property Rights Law.

Agreement that allows us to receive economic benefits from Jiayin Finance

Exclusive Consultation and Service Agreement. Pursuant to the Exclusive Consultation and Service Agreement between Shanghai KunJia and Jiayin Finance, Shanghai KunJia has the exclusive right to provide Jiayin Finance with consulting and other services. Without Shanghai KunJia’s prior written consent, Jiayin Finance may not accept any services subject to this agreement from any third party. In exchange, Shanghai KunJia is entitled to receive a service fee on a quarterly basis and at an amount equivalent to all of its net income. Shanghai KunJia has the right to determine the service fee to be charged to Jianyin Finance under this agreement by considering, among other things, the complexity of the services, the actual time that may be spent and cost that may be incurred for providing such services, as well as the value and comparable price on the market of the service provided. Shanghai KunJia will exclusively enjoy all the rights, property rights and intellectual property rights created as a result of the performance of this agreement. Without prior written consent of Shanghai KunJia, Jiayin Finance shall not enter into any transactions which may materially affect Jiayin Finance’s assets, liabilities, business operations, equity interests and other legal interests. Unless Shanghai KunJia terminates this agreement in advance or otherwise required by law, this agreement will remain effective for ten years and automatically extend for another ten years upon any expiration date. Jiayin Finance may not terminate this agreement unilaterally.

Agreement that provides us with the option to purchase the equity interests in Jiayin Finance

Exclusive Call Option Agreement. Pursuant to the exclusive call option agreements among Shanghai KunJia, Jiayin Finance and shareholders of Jiayin Finance, Jiayin Finance and each of their shareholders have

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irrevocably granted Shanghai KunJia an exclusive option to purchase, or have its designated person or persons to purchase, at its discretion at any time, to the extent permitted under PRC law, all or part of such shareholder’s equity interests in the applicable, or all or part of the assets, of Jiayin Finance for RMB1, or the minimum purchase price as permitted by PRC laws. Shareholders of Jiayin Finance promise to make all efforts to enable Shanghai KunJia to exercise its option, including but not limited to resignation and granting options and right to earnings of Shanghai KunJia. Without Shanghai KunJia’s prior written consent, Jiayin Finance and its shareholders have agreed that they shall not amend its articles of association, increase or decrease the registered capital, sell or otherwise dispose of its assets or beneficial interest, create or allow any encumbrance on its assets or other beneficial interests, provide any loans or guarantees and etc. Jiayin Finance and its shareholders undertake to appoint persons designated by Shanghai KunJia as directors of Jiayin Finance. Unless Shanghai KunJia terminates this agreement in advance or otherwise required by law, this agreement will remain effective for ten years and automatically extend for another ten years upon any expiration date. Jiayin Finance may not terminate this agreement unilaterally.

Collaboration Agreement with Shanghai Caiyin

According to the collaboration agreement between Niwodai Internet and Shanghai Caiyin, Shanghai Caiyin provides post-origination loan management services and manages the investor assurance program for loans facilitated prior to April 28, 2018 to pay investor in case of borrower default.

Pursuant to the collaboration agreement, Shanghai Caiyin shall pay Niwodai Internet the full overdue amount and authorizes Niwodai Internet to withdraw such amount from risk reserve fund. Niwodai Internet may also request Shanghai Caiyin to repay the full amount of outstanding loan and service fees in certain occasions, including (i) when the borrower is sued or otherwise deemed unable to repay the loan, (ii) when there is a significant adverse change in the business operation or financial condition of Shanghai Caiyin, including major litigation, cessation of business, significant investment, sealing up of property, major loss or changes of internal control or accounting methods, (iii) when Niwodai Internet reasonable believes Shanghai Caiyin is no longer able or suitable to perform its post-origination services or (iv) in other occasions that adversely affect interest of investors of Niwodai Internet or Shanghai Caiyin’s capacity to perform its obligations. Niwodai Internet has exclusive right to determine such percentage at any time. After Shanghai Caiyin pays investor, Shanghai Caiyin is authorized to collect the loan from the defaulting borrower.

Niwodai is eligible to collect the amount of service fees in excess of the amount paid by Shanghai Caiyin to the investors out of the risk reserve fund, minus reasonable operation costs. Furthermore, Niwodai Internet reserves the right to terminate the agreement at any time and engage other parties to perform the guarantee services. Unless terminated by Niwodai Internet, this agreement will remain effective indefinitely.

As a result of this collaboration agreement, we are the primary beneficiary of Shanghai Caiyin, and, therefore, have consolidated the financial results of Shanghai Caiyin in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

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SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA

The following selected consolidated statements of operations data in 2017 and 2018 and selected consolidated balance sheets data as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2018 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. The following selected consolidated statements of operations data in 2016 and summary consolidated balance sheets data as of December 31, 2016 have been derived from our audited financial statements, which are not included in this prospectus. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of results expected for future periods. You should read this Selected Consolidated Financial and Operating Data section together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section included elsewhere in this prospectus.

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
|  | (in thousands, except for share, per share data) |
Selected Consolidated Statements of Operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net revenue |  |  | 591,098 |  |  |  | 2,250,850 |  |  |  | 2,881,940 |  |  |  | 419,161 |
Operating cost and expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Origination and servicing |  |  | (143,201 | ) |  |  | (229,353 | ) |  |  | (401,679 | ) |  |  | (58,422 | )
Allowance for uncollectible receivables and contract assets |  |  | (125,672 | ) |  |  | (130,943 | ) |  |  | (265,978 | ) |  |  | (38,685 | )
Provision for assets and liabilities from the investor assurance program |  |  | (223,604 | ) |  |  | (42,463 | ) |  |  | (467,728 | ) |  |  | (68,028 | )
Sales and marketing |  |  | (467,725 | ) |  |  | (884,866 | ) |  |  | (726,582 | ) |  |  | (105,677 | )
General and administrative |  |  | (54,990 | ) |  |  | (95,597 | ) |  |  | (150,465 | ) |  |  | (21,884 | )
Research and development |  |  | (88,705 | ) |  |  | (180,967 | ) |  |  | (184,302 | ) |  |  | (26,806 | )
Total operating cost and expenses |  |  | (1,103,897 | ) |  |  | (1,564,189 | ) |  |  | (2,196,734 | ) |  |  | (319,502 | )
Income (Loss) from operation |  |  | (512,799 | ) |  |  | 686,661 |  |  |  | 685,206 |  |  |  | 99,659 |
Interest income |  |  | 1,454 |  |  |  | 1,922 |  |  |  | 169 |  |  |  | 25 |
Other income, net |  |  | 3,328 |  |  |  | 12,609 |  |  |  | 20,298 |  |  |  | 2,952 |
Income (Loss) before income tax |  |  | (508,017 | ) |  |  | 701,192 |  |  |  | 705,673 |  |  |  | 102,636 |
Income tax benefit (expense) |  |  | 118,266 |  |  |  | (161,647 | ) |  |  | (93,915 | ) |  |  | (13,659 | )
Net income (loss) |  |  | (389,751 | ) |  |  | 539,545 |  |  |  | 611,758 |  |  |  | 88,977 |
Net income (loss) per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  | (1.95 | ) |  |  | 2.70 |  |  |  | 3.06 |  |  |  | 0.44 |
Diluted |  |  | (1.95 | ) |  |  | 2.70 |  |  |  | 3.06 |  |  |  | 0.44 |
Weighted average shares used in calculating net income (loss) per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  |  |  |  |  | 200,000,000 |  |  |  | 200,000,000 |  |  |  | 200,000,000 |
Diluted |  |  |  |  |  |  | 200,000,000 |  |  |  | 200,000,000 |  |  |  | 200,000,000 |

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The following table sets forth our total assets, total liabilities and total net deficit as of the dates indicated.

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
|  | (in thousands) |
Summary Consolidated Balance Sheets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  |  | 2,025,937 |  |  |  | 2,530,532 |  |  |  | 801,879 |  |  |  | 116,628 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 4,586,420 |  |  |  | 4,462,074 |  |  |  | 2,453,885 |  |  |  | 356,902 |
Total deficit |  |  | (2,560,483 | ) |  |  | (1,931,542 | ) |  |  | (1,652,006 | ) |  |  | (240,274 | )

The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows for the period presented:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
|  | (in thousands) |
Selected Consolidated Cash Flow Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net cash generated by (used in) operating activities* |  |  | 257,500 |  |  |  | 104,752 |  |  |  | (228,368 | ) |  |  | (33,213 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  |  | (89,682 | ) |  |  | 61,215 |  |  |  | (16,423 | ) |  |  | (2,388 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  |  | 181,054 |  |  |  | 13,876 |  |  |  | (433,600 | ) |  |  | (63,065 | )
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period |  |  | 232,617 |  |  |  | 581,489 |  |  |  | 761,332 |  |  |  | 110,729 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period |  |  | 581,489 |  |  |  | 761,332 |  |  |  | 82,941 |  |  |  | 12,063 |

* | Our cash flows from operating activities in 2018 includes repayment from Niwodai Finance of RMB517.7 million (US$75.3 million) of amounts due from related parties, which is mostly funded by a dividend of RMB400.0 million (US$58.2 million) distributed to shareholders of Jiayin Finance, including Mr. Dinggui Yan, who also controls Niwodai Finance. Without this related party transaction, our operating cash outflows in 2018 would have been more significant.

Non-GAAP Measures

Adjusted Net Income (loss)

We use adjusted net income (loss), a non-GAAP financial measure, in evaluating our operating results and for financial and operational decision-making purposes. We believe that adjusted net income (loss) helps identify underlying trends in our business by excluding the impact of share-based compensation expenses (net of tax effect of nil), which are non-cash charges. We believe that adjusted net income (loss) provides useful information about our operating results, enhances the overall understanding of our past performance and future prospects and allows for greater visibility with respect to key metrics used by our management in its financial and operational decision-making.

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
|  | (in thousands) |
Adjusted net income (loss)(1) |  |  | (349,834 | ) |  |  | 628,941 |  |  |  | 679,536 |  |  |  | 98,835 |

(1) | Adjusted net income (loss) is defined as net income (loss) excluding share-based compensation expenses (net of tax effect of nil).

Adjusted net income (loss) is not defined under U.S. GAAP and are not presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. This non-GAAP financial measure has limitations as analytical tools, and when assessing our operating

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performance, cash flows or our liquidity, investors should not consider them in isolation, or as a substitute for net income (loss), cash flows provided by operating activities or other consolidated statements of operation and cash flow data prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

We mitigate these limitations by reconciling the non-GAAP financial measure to the most comparable U.S. GAAP performance measure, all of which should be considered when evaluating our performance.

The following table reconciles our adjusted net income (loss) in the years presented to the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which is net income (loss):

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
|  | (in thousands) |
Net income (loss) |  |  | (389,751 | ) |  |  | 539,545 |  |  |  | 611,758 |  |  |  | 88,977 |
Add: share-based compensation expenses (net of tax effect of nil) |  |  | 39,917 |  |  |  | 89,396 |  |  |  | 67,778 |  |  |  | 9,858 |
Adjusted net income (loss) |  |  | (349,834 | ) |  |  | 628,941 |  |  |  | 679,536 |  |  |  | 98,835 |

Selected Operating Data

We regularly review a number of metrics to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends, formulate financial projections and make strategic decisions. The table below sets forth the selected operating data for the periods and as of the dates indicated:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | (in thousands) |
Number of borrowers |  |  | 210 |  |  |  | 2,855 |  |  |  | 3,087 |
Number of repeat borrowers |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 1,201 |  |  |  | 985 |
Number of investors |  |  | 278 |  |  |  | 273 |  |  |  | 332 |
Number of repeat investors |  |  | 123 |  |  |  | 157 |  |  |  | 264 |
Number of borrowings |  |  | 219 |  |  |  | 5,215 |  |  |  | 3,432 |
Number of investment transactions |  |  | 1,419 |  |  |  | 7,114 |  |  |  | 4,138 |

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
|  | (in millions) |
Loan origination volume* |  |  | 11,822 |  |  |  | 19,845 |  |  |  | 23,674 |  |  |  | 3,444 |
Loan origination volume invested by investors and automated investment programs, excluding reinvestments |  |  | 10,198 |  |  |  | 14,400 |  |  |  | 13,644 |  |  |  | 1,985 |
Loan origination volume invested by automatic reinvestments |  |  | 1,624 |  |  |  | 5,445 |  |  |  | 10,030 |  |  |  | 1,459 |
Investment volume* |  |  | 15,699 |  |  |  | 21,769 |  |  |  | 26,783 |  |  |  | 3,895 |
Volume of loans transferred on secondary loan market |  |  | 11,850 |  |  |  | 14,895 |  |  |  | 23,956 |  |  |  | 3,484 |
Investments made by investors |  |  | 560 |  |  |  | 1,291 |  |  |  | 799 |  |  |  | 116 |
Investments made by automated investment programs, excluding reinvestments |  |  | 4,918 |  |  |  | 6,068 |  |  |  | 12,320 |  |  |  | 1,792 |
Automated reinvestments enabled by automated investment program |  |  | 6,372 |  |  |  | 7,536 |  |  |  | 10,837 |  |  |  | 1,576 |

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* | Loan origination volume during a period is not equal to the investment volume in the same period as (i) the investment volume includes the amount of investment transactions, excluding automatic reinvestments, in respect of transferred loans on the secondary market, and a small amount of investments into the automated investment programs during the subscription period, which are not accounted for in the loan origination volume; and (ii) the loan origination volume includes the amount of loans that are originated on our platform which are matched with automated reinvestments enabled by our automated investment program, which is not accounted for in the investment volume.

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Average investment amount per investor |  |  | 56,453 |  |  |  | 79,856 |  |  |  | 80,740 |  |  |  | 11,743 |
Average borrowing amount per borrowing |  |  | 53,742 |  |  |  | 3,805 |  |  |  | 6,896 |  |  |  | 1,003 |

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
|  | (in millions) |
Outstanding principal* |  |  | 14,397 |  |  |  | 16,171 |  |  |  | 15,374 |  |  |  | 2,236.1 |

* | Such amounts include loans covered by the investor assurance program that was acquired from Niwodai Finance of RMB4,311 million, RMB1,461 million and nil as of December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018.

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes that appear in this prospectus. In addition to historical consolidated financial information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and in this prospectus, particularly in the section titled “Risk Factors.”

Overview

We are a leading online individual finance marketplace in China connecting individual investors and individual borrowers. The origin of our business can be traced back to 2011. We are one of the first online individual finance marketplaces in China, according to iResearch, and have built a trusted brand with a demonstrated track record of delivering value to both investors and borrowers.

We offer standard loan products with fixed terms and repayment schedules generally ranging from RMB5,000 to RMB30,000 via the Niwodai borrower app and our website. We strategically focused on facilitating mid-to long-term consumer loans with a term of 12 months or more, as we believe such loan products are best positioned to generate attractive returns, and at the same time, capture the financing needs of quality borrowers. In 2018, approximately 4,138,000 investment transactions were made by approximately 332,000 investors, with an aggregate investment volume of RMB26.8 billion (US$3.9 billion). In 2018, approximately 3,432,000 borrowings were facilitated on our marketplace, with an aggregate loan origination volume of approximately RMB23.7 billion (US$3.4 billion).

Our online marketplace embraces significant opportunities presented by a financial system that leaves many creditworthy individuals underserved. We provide borrowers with fast and convenient access to credit at affordable and competitive rates, while we offer investors convenient and quick access to an alternative asset class with attractive returns. We neither use our own capital to invest in loans facilitated through our marketplace nor provide loan guarantees to our investors other than through our investor protection program.

We have achieved growth in recent periods despite certain unfavorable market developments that negatively impacted the online individual finance industry. Our net revenue grew by 28.0% from RMB2,250.9 million in 2017 to RMB2,881.9 million (US$419.2 million) in 2018. Our net income grew by 13.4% from RMB539.5 million in 2017 to RMB611.8 million (US$89.0 million) in 2018.

Key Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

Economic Conditions

The demand for online personal credit services is dependent upon overall economic conditions in China. General economic factors, including the interest rate environment, regional salary and disposable income levels and unemployment rates, may affect borrowers’ willingness to seek loans and investors’ ability and desire to invest in loans. For example, significant increases in interest rates could cause potential borrowers to defer obtaining loans as they wait for interest rates to stabilize or decrease. Additionally, a slowdown in the economy, such as from a rise in the unemployment rate and a decrease in real income, may affect individuals’ level of disposable income. This may negatively affect borrowers’ repayment capability, which in turn may decrease their willingness to seek loans and potentially cause an increase in default rates. If actual or expected default rates increase generally in China or in the personal credit market, investors may delay or reduce their investments in loan products in general.

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Regulatory Environment in China

The regulatory environment for the online personal credit industry in China is developing and evolving, creating both challenges and opportunities that could affect our financial performance. Due to the relatively short history of the online personal credit industry in China, the PRC regulatory environment for the industry has been constantly evolving, with new legislation and trial programs being instituted in the recent years. PRC government officials from a number of agencies and departments have expressed support for the development of the online individual finance industry in China, and have also expressed the need for strengthening the regulation and supervision of the industry.

Unfavorable changes in any of these general industry conditions could negatively affect demand for our services. As the regulatory regime is relatively new and evolving, and the interpretation and enforcement of related laws and regulations are subject to significant uncertainties, it results in difficulties in determining whether our existing practices may be interpreted to violate any applicable laws and regulations, and any such violation could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operation. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—The laws and regulations governing online individual finance industry in China are developing and evolving and subject to changes. If we fail to comply with existing and future applicable laws, regulations or requirements of local regulatory authorities, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected” for more information.

Furthermore, in an effort to manage risks and maintain market integrity, PRC government has taken various initiatives, including the Dual Decrease and other limitations on our business scale, which could discourage the development of the online personal credit industry, and limit our capability to grow our business. Based on our interpretation of these regulations, in order to stay compliant with these circulars, we closely monitor the outstanding principal and number of investors, and voluntarily manage these operating metrics so that they do not experience any significant increase compared to our outstanding principal as of June 30, 2017. This, among other factors, attributed to the decrease of our loan origination volume in the second half of 2018 from the first half of 2018 and the second half of 2017. Furthermore, due to the lack of clarity in certain key definitions under these regulations, there remain uncertainties including the possibility that regulatory authorities may disagree with our interpretation. As our future revenue, profit and working capital rely on the amount of loans originated on our marketplace and the corresponding service fees we are entitled to collect from such loans, if we were required by regulatory action to decrease or not to increase the outstanding principal of our business, we might need to take various measures in order to maintain the current scale or growth of our business while adhering to our interpretations of these regulations. These measures might include offering products of a shorter term in order to maintain our loan origination volume, which may not be acceptable to current and future customers, and cooperating with financial institutions, which may not be available on reasonable terms in a timely manner, or at all, and all of these measures may not be sufficient to maintain our current loan origination and investment volumes or business growth, and may not generate sufficient revenue or cash inflows to offset decreases in the outstanding principal of our marketplace, or may not otherwise result in the intended benefits. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—The growth of our business is limited by PRC laws and regulations, and we may be ordered by PRC regulatory agencies to exit the online individual finance industry or shut down our marketplace.”

Conversely, our business operations also benefits from certain recent laws and regulations of the PRC. We became one of the first individual lending marketplaces to share credit information with Baihang Credit, which integrates, saves and processes data collected from us and multiple other companies. As we are able to report borrowers who are in default for more than eight days to Baihang Credit, this aggregation of data will limit the ability of these borrowers to obtain future credit from other marketplaces sharing data with Baihang Credit. Accordingly, we believe the reporting and sharing of such data pressures defaulting borrowers to become more willing to repay loans. We expect recent laws and regulations on collecting and sharing information of discredited borrowers on individual lending marketplaces combined with regulations on imposing disciplinary measures on discredited parties subject to enforcement will further enhance our capability to collect from defaulting borrowers and increase our profitability.

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We will continue to make efforts to ensure that we are compliant with the existing laws, regulations and governmental policies relating to our industry and to comply with new laws and regulations or changes under existing laws and regulations that may arise in the future. While new laws and regulations or changes to existing laws and regulations could make loans more difficult to be accepted by investors or borrowers on terms favorable to us, or at all, these events could also provide new product and market opportunities.

Ability to Acquire Investors and Borrowers Cost Effectively

Our ability to increase the loan volume facilitated through our marketplace largely depends on our ability to attract potential investors and borrowers through sales and marketing efforts. Our sales and marketing efforts include those related to borrower and investor acquisition and retention, and general marketing. We intend to continue to dedicate significant resources to our sales and marketing efforts and constantly seek to improve the effectiveness of these efforts.

Effectiveness of Risk Control Framework

Our ability to effectively evaluate a borrower’s risk profile and likelihood of default may directly affect our results of operations. If a borrower defaults, we may not be able to collect the outstanding service fees from the borrower. The effectiveness of our risk and credit assessment system also directly affects the performance of the loans we facilitated, which has a significant impact on our results of operations. For loans facilitated on our marketplace prior to April 28, 2018, we established and maintained an investor assurance program contributed by borrowers on our marketplace to repay investors on our marketplace. We allocated part of the total transaction price first to the investor assurance program, and our net revenue was recognized net of the stand-ready liabilities associated with investor assurance program. We regularly reviewed the borrower’s risk profile, actual loss rate of each loan product facilitated and relevant economic factors to ensure the estimations were kept up-to-date and determine the service fee rate charged from borrowers in relation to the investor assurance program managed by us while minimizing the need for future provision for contingent liabilities. See “Business—User Protection—Investor Assurance Program” for more details.

Product Offering and Pricing

Our ability to maintain profitability largely depends on our ability to continually optimize our product offering and to accurately price the loans facilitated through our marketplace. We offer primarily standard loan products of fixed terms and repayment schedules. We offer primarily standard loan products with fixed terms and repayment schedules ranging from RMB5,000 to RMB30,000. We currently offer our standard loan products with a term of 12 months, and in 2016 and 2017, we have also offered standard loan products with terms ranging from one to 18 months. We also offer an option to draw down another loan with a term of 12 months, within his or her credit limit to selective quality borrowers who have a loan outstanding and consistent repayment history with us since February 2018.

Our growth to date has depended on, and our future success will depend in part on, successfully meeting borrower and investor demand with new and innovative loan and investment products. We have made and intend to continue to make efforts to develop loan and investment products for investors and borrowers. We constantly evaluate the popularity of our existing product offering and develop new products and services that cater to the ever-evolving needs of our investors and borrowers. Failure to continue to successfully develop and offer innovative products and for such products to gain broad acceptance by our investors and borrowers could adversely affect our operating results and we may not recoup the costs of launching and marketing new products.

In response to market competition or further developments, we may spend more efforts promoting certain loan products, manage the growth in volume of certain loan products, introduce new products or adjust the pricing of our existing products. In addition, as we offer guarantee services in the form of an investor assurance program managed by us for loans facilitated prior to April 28, 2018 to cover potential defaults, the product mix

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also has a significant impact on our liabilities from risk reserve fund, given the different levels of default risks associated with different products. Any material change in the product mix could have a significant impact on our revenue and profitability.

Ability to Compete Effectively

Our business and results of operations depend on our ability to compete effectively in the markets in which we operate. The online individual finance marketplace industry in China is intensely competitive, and we expect that competition to persist and intensify in the future. In addition to competing with other individual finance marketplaces, we also compete with other types of financial products and companies that attract borrowers, investors or both. With respect to borrowers, we primarily compete with traditional financial institutions, such as individual finance business units in commercial banks, credit card issuers and other individual finance companies. With respect to investors, we primarily compete with other investment products and asset classes, such as equities, bonds, investment trust products, bank savings accounts, real estate and alternative asset classes. If we are unable to compete effectively, the demand for our marketplace could stagnate or substantially decline, we could experience reduced revenues or our marketplace could fail to maintain or achieve more widespread market acceptance, any of which could harm our business and results of operations.

Credit Performance

Our operating results and financial condition are directly affected by the performance of the loans we facilitate. We closely monitor key loan performance data, including the data set out below, to track the lifetime performance of our loans and adjust our risk management strategies accordingly.

M3+ Delinquency Rate by Vintage

We refer to loans facilitated during a specified time period as a vintage. We define “M3+ Delinquency Rate By Vintage” as the total amount of principal for all loans in a vintage for which any repayment was more than 90 days past due as of a particular date, less the total amount of past due principal recovered for such loans, and divided by the total amount of principal for all loans in such vintage. We calculate M3+ Delinquency Rate by Vintage for quarter vintage as the weighted average of the M3+ Delinquency Rate by Vintage for each month in such quarter by loan origination volume.

As we continuously explore and optimize our product offering, the mix of our loan products evolved over time. We believe a change of loan products generally leads to a change in borrowing profile. We gradually phased out of the historical practice of using offline referrals to acquire borrowers and no longer offer offline standard loan products and non-standard loan products or serve borrowers referred to us offline. Currently, we offer online standard loan products with a term of 12 months. We rolled out such online standard loan products in October 2016, and we plan to continue to offer such products to our borrowers. See “Business—Our borrowers and Loan Products Offered to Borrowers.” As such, we believe the credit performance of our current products, namely the online standard loan products with a term of 12 months, is more indicative of future credit performance of loans facilitated through our marketplace.

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The following chart and table display the historical cumulative M3+ Delinquency Rate by Vintage for such loan products.

Vintage |  | Month on Book |
| 4th |  |  | 5th |  |  | 6th |  |  | 7th |  |  | 8th |  |  | 9th |  |  | 10th |  |  | 11th |  |  | 12th |  |  | 13th |  |  | 14th |  |  | 15th |  |  | 16th |  |  | 17th |  |  | 18th |  |  | 19th |  |  | 20th |  |  | 21th |
|  | (%) |
2017Q1 |  |  | 1.86 | % |  |  | 3.90 | % |  |  | 5.83 | % |  |  | 7.69 | % |  |  | 9.31 | % |  |  | 10.68 | % |  |  | 11.77 | % |  |  | 12.60 | % |  |  | 13.63 | % |  |  | 14.29 | % |  |  | 14.68 | % |  |  | 14.71 | % |  |  | 14.68 | % |  |  | 14.65 | % |  |  | 14.63 | % |  |  | 14.60 | % |  |  | 14.58 | % |  |  | 14.56 | %
2017Q2 |  |  | 2.66 | % |  |  | 5.09 | % |  |  | 7.35 | % |  |  | 9.46 | % |  |  | 11.27 | % |  |  | 13.73 | % |  |  | 16.01 | % |  |  | 17.74 | % |  |  | 18.52 | % |  |  | 18.88 | % |  |  | 19.01 | % |  |  | 19.00 | % |  |  | 18.96 | % |  |  | 18.92 | % |  |  | 18.87 | % |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
2017Q3 |  |  | 3.10 | % |  |  | 5.74 | % |  |  | 9.33 | % |  |  | 12.77 | % |  |  | 16.08 | % |  |  | 18.00 | % |  |  | 19.30 | % |  |  | 20.06 | % |  |  | 20.62 | % |  |  | 20.95 | % |  |  | 21.11 | % |  |  | 21.12 | % |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
2017Q4 |  |  | 4.99 | % |  |  | 9.35 | % |  |  | 12.22 | % |  |  | 14.41 | % |  |  | 15.96 | % |  |  | 17.29 | % |  |  | 18.38 | % |  |  | 19.26 | % |  |  | 19.93 | % |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
2018Q1 |  |  | 2.41 | % |  |  | 4.38 | % |  |  | 6.21 | % |  |  | 8.05 | % |  |  | 9.80 | % |  |  | 11.35 | % |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
2018Q2 |  |  | 2.43 | % |  |  | 4.43 | % |  |  | 6.15 | % |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |

Historically, we have been able to effectively manage the quality of our products and achieve a balance between the growth of loan origination volume and realized delinquency rates. In the fourth quarter of 2017, however, changes to regulatory landscape and increasing market uncertainties significantly affected borrower behaviors, which led to a negative impact on loan quality across many online individual finance marketplace platforms, including ours. This impact is particularly noticeable for loans facilitated during the fourth quarter of 2017. We believe that this impact is temporary and will subside gradually in 2018, as demonstrated by a decrease in the M3+ Delinquency Rate by Vintage for loans facilitated in the first quarter of 2018 to a more normal range. See “Regulation—Regulations Relating to Online Individual Finance Services.”

Delinquency Rate by Balance

We define the delinquency rates by balance as the total outstanding principal for loans where the longest past due period of a repayment was 1 to 30, 31 to 60, 61 to 90, 91 to 180 and more than 180 calendar days as of a certain date as a percentage of the total outstanding principal for the loans on our marketplace net of the outstanding principal repaid by the investor assurance program as of such date. We consider our delinquency rate by balance as an indicator of our loan performance and quality of our assets in general. The following table provides the delinquency rate by balance for all outstanding loans on our marketplace as of the respective dates indicated.

As of |  | Delinquent for |
| 1-30 days |  |  | 31-60 days |  |  | 61-90 days |  |  | 91 -180 days |  |  | More than 180 days |
|  | (%) |
June 30, 2017 |  |  | 1.05 |  |  |  | 1.82 |  |  |  | 1.13 |  |  |  | 3.15 |  |  |  | 10.91 |
December 31, 2017 |  |  | 2.14 |  |  |  | 2.25 |  |  |  | 1.20 |  |  |  | 2.84 |  |  |  | 9.37 |
June 30, 2018 |  |  | 1.27 |  |  |  | 2.64 |  |  |  | 2.72 |  |  |  | 5.58 |  |  |  | 8.92 |
December 31, 2018 |  |  | 1.35 |  |  |  | 2.53 |  |  |  | 2.37 |  |  |  | 5.46 |  |  |  | 9.45 |

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Our delinquency rate is influenced by our product mix. The amounts related to our offline loan products also includes loans facilitated by Niwodai Finance, and therefore represent a higher delinquency rate than our online loan products. The following table sets forth the outstanding principal of delinquent loans by product.

|  | Delinquent for |
| 1-30 days |  |  | 31-60 days |  |  | 61-90 days |  |  | 91-180 days |  |  | More than 180 days |
|  | (in RMB millions) |
As of December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current loan products |  |  | 257 |  |  |  | 84 |  |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | 75 |  |  |  | 23 |
Other online standard loan products |  |  | 320 |  |  |  | 54 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 7 |
Offline loan products |  |  | 302 |  |  |  | 208 |  |  |  | 137 |  |  |  | 361 |  |  |  | 1,472 |
Total |  |  | 879 |  |  |  | 346 |  |  |  | 186 |  |  |  | 445 |  |  |  | 1,502 |
As of December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current loan products |  |  | 404 |  |  |  | 262 |  |  |  | 203 |  |  |  | 454 |  |  |  | 253 |
Other online standard loan products |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 30 |
Offline loan products |  |  | 97 |  |  |  | 75 |  |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | 284 |  |  |  | 1,194 |
Total |  |  | 506 |  |  |  | 341 |  |  |  | 281 |  |  |  | 752 |  |  |  | 1,477 |

The loan balance presented includes loans that are covered by the investor assurance program managed by us, the loans that are covered by the investor assurance program managed other independent third parties, and mortgage loans.

The following table sets forth the outstanding monthly service fees we are entitled to collect (tax included) of underlying delinquent loans by product.

|  | Delinquent for |
|  | 1-30 days |  |  | 31-60 days |  |  | 61-90 days |  |  | 91-180 days |  |  | More than 180 days |
|  | (in RMB millions) |
As of December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current loan products |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 3 |
Other online standard loan products |  |  | 93 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 1 |
Offline loan products |  |  | 31 |  |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | 142 |
Total |  |  | 154 |  |  |  | 46 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 48 |  |  |  | 146 |
As of December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current loan products |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 27 |
Other online standard loan products |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 4 |
Offline loan products |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | 119 |
Total |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | 150 |

Components of Results of Operations

Net Revenue

Our net revenue result from fees charged for providing services, including loan facilitation services, post-origination services and other revenues. In accordance with the agreements with our investors and borrowers, we collect service fees from borrowers through our marketplace in facilitating loan transactions. We also charge investors service fees for automated investment programs and for loan transfers over our secondary loan market. In addition, we charge other fees contingent on future events, such as penalty fees for late payments.

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Our net revenue is presented net of VAT. Prior to April 28, 2018, our net revenue was fees billed net of stand-ready liabilities associated with the investor assurance program managed by us and cash incentives. As we discontinued managing investor assurance program for loans facilitated after April 28, 2018, we no longer charge service fees associated with guarantee services. Therefore, we no longer allocate a portion of collectible service fees to the fair value of the stand-ready liability from the investor assurance program. Our net revenue is recognized as revenues from loan facilitation services, revenues from post-origination services and other revenues.

The following table sets forth the breakdown of our net revenue by service and products provided both in absolute amount and as a percentage of our total net revenue for the periods presented:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | % |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |  |  | % |
|  | (in thousands, except for percentages) |
Net revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loan facilitation services |  |  | 1,856,584 |  |  |  | 82.5 |  |  |  | 2,246,908 |  |  |  | 326,799 |  |  |  | 78.0 |
Post-origination services |  |  | 125,438 |  |  |  | 5.6 |  |  |  | 241,968 |  |  |  | 35,193 |  |  |  | 8.4 |
Other revenue |  |  | 268,828 |  |  |  | 11.9 |  |  |  | 393,064 |  |  |  | 57,169 |  |  |  | 13.6 |
Total |  |  | 2,250,850 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | 2,881,940 |  |  |  | 419,161 |  |  |  | 100.0 |

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | % |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |  |  | % |
|  | (in thousands, except for percentages) |
Net revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current loan products |  |  | 714,400 |  |  |  | 31.7 |  |  |  | 2,447,332 |  |  |  | 355,949 |  |  |  | 84.9 |
Other online standard products |  |  | 778,155 |  |  |  | 34.6 |  |  |  | 116,571 |  |  |  | 16,955 |  |  |  | 4.1 |
Offline and non-standard loan products |  |  | 585,744 |  |  |  | 26.0 |  |  |  | 43,494 |  |  |  | 6,326 |  |  |  | 1.5 |
Other services |  |  | 172,551 |  |  |  | 7.7 |  |  |  | 274,543 |  |  |  | 39,931 |  |  |  | 9.5 |
Total |  |  | 2,250,850 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | 2,881,940 |  |  |  | 419,161 |  |  |  | 100.0 |

For each loan facilitated on our platform prior to April 28, 2018, we consider the loan facilitation service, guarantee service and post-origination service as three separate services. We allocated total transaction price among these three performance obligations. The transaction price was allocated first to the stand-ready liabilities associated with risk reserve fund, if any, as discussed under “—Critical Accounting Policies, Judgments and Estimates—Investor Assurance Program” and then allocated between loan facilitation services and post-origination services based on our best estimate selling price. See “—Critical Accounting Policies, Judgments and Estimates—Revenue Recognition.” As we no longer operate the investor assurance program for loans facilitated after April 28, 2018, the transaction price is no longer allocated to the guarantee liabilities but only between two performance obligations, loan facilitation service and post-origination service.

Loan Facilitation Services

For each loan successfully matched and facilitated through our marketplace, we collect service fees from the borrower and for loans facilitated prior to April 28, 2018, allocated a certain amount to our investor assurance program. Further, we allocate the remaining fees between loan facilitation services and post-origination services that we provide. Loan facilitation service fees are the portion of service fees collected from borrowers for our matchmaking services connecting investors and borrowers and facilitating the origination of loan transactions. Revenues from loan facilitation services are recognized at the time a loan is originated between the investor and the borrower and the loan principal is transferred to the borrower, at which time the facilitation service is considered complete.

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Post-origination Service

Post-origination service fees consist of the portion of service fees collected from borrowers in relation to services we provide after loan origination, such as repayment monitoring, repayment facilitation and loan collection. Revenues from post-origination services are recognized evenly over the term of the underlying loans as the post-origination services are a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and that have the same pattern of transfer to the investors.

Other Revenue

Others mainly represent service fees charged to investors, including the fees for automated investment programs and for loan transfers over our secondary loan market, penalty fees for late payments, service fees for early repayment and other fees. Under ASC 606, service fees derived from investors through the automated investment program are initially estimated based on historical experience of returns on similar investment products and current trends. The service fees are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the investment period. We record service fee only when it becomes probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue will not occur.

Under ASC 606, penalty fees are contingency-based variable considerations and constrained by the occurrence of delinquency or prepayment. They are recognized when the uncertainty associated with the variability is resolved, that is, when the underlying event occurs and the fees are collected. The service fees for transferring loans between investors are recognized when the transfer is completed and service fees are collected from the investors. In addition, revenues from guarantee services are recognized at the expiry of the guarantee term.

The following table sets forth the breakdown of our other revenue, both in absolute amount and as a percentage of our total net revenue for the periods presented:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | % |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |  |  | % |
|  | (in thousands, except for percentages) |
Other revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue from automated investment programs |  |  | 156,563 |  |  |  | 6.9 |  |  |  | 242,513 |  |  |  | 35,272 |  |  |  | 8.4 |
Release of guarantee liabilities |  |  | 96,277 |  |  |  | 4.3 |  |  |  | 118,521 |  |  |  | 17,238 |  |  |  | 4.1 |
Others |  |  | 15,988 |  |  |  | 0.7 |  |  |  | 32,030 |  |  |  | 4,659 |  |  |  | 1.1 |
Total other revenue |  |  | 268,828 |  |  |  | 11.9 |  |  |  | 393,064 |  |  |  | 57,169 |  |  |  | 13.6 |

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Operating Costs and Expenses

Our operating costs and expenses primarily consist of origination and servicing expenses, sales and marketing expenses, general and administrative expenses, research and development expenses, allowance for uncollectible receivables and contract assets and provision for assets and liabilities from the investor assurance program. We expect our operating expenses to increase in absolute amount in the foreseeable future as our business grows. The following table sets forth our operating costs and expenses both in absolute amount and as a percentage of our total net revenue for the period presented:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | % |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |  |  | % |
|  | (in thousands, except for percentages) |
Operating cost and expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Origination and servicing |  |  | 229,353 |  |  |  | 10.2 |  |  |  | 401,679 |  |  |  | 58,422 |  |  |  | 13.9 |
Allowance for uncollectible receivables and contract assets |  |  | 130,943 |  |  |  | 5.8 |  |  |  | 265,978 |  |  |  | 38,685 |  |  |  | 9.2 |
Provision for assets and liabilities from the investor assurance program |  |  | 42,463 |  |  |  | 1.9 |  |  |  | 467,728 |  |  |  | 68,028 |  |  |  | 16.2 |
Sales and marketing |  |  | 884,866 |  |  |  | 39.3 |  |  |  | 726,582 |  |  |  | 105,677 |  |  |  | 25.2 |
General and administrative |  |  | 95,597 |  |  |  | 4.2 |  |  |  | 150,465 |  |  |  | 21,884 |  |  |  | 5.2 |
Research and development |  |  | 180,967 |  |  |  | 8.0 |  |  |  | 184,302 |  |  |  | 26,806 |  |  |  | 6.4 |
Total operating cost and expenses |  |  | 1,564,189 |  |  |  | 69.4 |  |  |  | 2,196,734 |  |  |  | 319,502 |  |  |  | 76.1 |

The following table sets forth our operating cost and expenses paid to related parties both in absolute amount and as a percentage of our total net revenue for the periods presented:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | % |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |  |  | % |
|  | (in thousands, except for percentages) |
Operating cost and expenses paid to related parties: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales and marketing |  |  | 252,702 |  |  |  | 11.2 |  |  |  | 83,579 |  |  |  | 12,156 |  |  |  | 2.9 |
Origination and servicing |  |  | 2,420 |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 35,780 |  |  |  | 5,204 |  |  |  | 1.2 |
General and administrative |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,806 |  |  |  | 2,008 |  |  |  | 0.5 |
Total |  |  | 255,122 |  |  |  | 11.3 |  |  |  | 133,165 |  |  |  | 19,368 |  |  |  | 4.6 |

Origination and Servicing

Origination and servicing expenses consist primarily of variable expenses including costs related to credit assessment, user and system support, payment processing services and collection, associated with facilitating and servicing loans, salaries and benefits for the personnel who work on credit checking, data processing and analysis, loan origination, user and system support and loan collection.

Provision for Assets and Liabilities from the Investor Assurance Program

Provision for assets and liabilities from the investor assurance program consists primarily of losses resulting from the excess of stand ready liabilities over total service fees that can be collected by us, as well as the amount of expected delinquent loans exceeding the stand-ready liability at the end of a certain period for loans facilitated prior to April 28, 2018. As we discontinued managing the investor assurance program for loans facilitated after April 28, 2018, provision for assets and liabilities from the investor assurance program in future periods is not expected to be as significant as the amount recorded in 2018.

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Allowance for Uncollectible Receivables and Contract Assets

Allowance for uncollectible receivables and contract assets consists primarily allowance for the total amount of service fees we have not collected, but to which we are entitled according to our agreements with borrowers. We record the allowance for uncollectible receivables and contract assets based on estimates, historical experience and other factors surrounding the credit risk of specific customers which is essentially the net expected cumulative loss rates used in determining the fair value of guarantee liabilities under each product type. As our service fees are billed within the first several months of the inception of loans newly facilitated since February 2018, our collectible service fees bear less credit risk than service fees of loans facilitated prior to February 2018. Therefore, we do not expect to record as much additional allowance for uncollectible receivables and contract assets as the amount recorded in 2018, assuming that our loan origination volume does not significantly increase in the future.

Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of variable marketing and promotional expenses, including those related to borrower and investor acquisition and retention, and general brand and awareness building, such as search engine marketing expenses and referral fees charged by other parties. Sales and marketing expenses also include salaries, benefits and share-based compensation related to our sales and marketing staff.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of share-based compensation, salaries and benefits related to accounting and finance, business development, legal, human resources and other personnel, as well as professional service fees related to various corporate activities.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries, benefits and share-based compensation related to technology and product development personnel, as well as rental expenses related to offices for our technology and product development personnel.

Share-Based Compensation

The following table sets forth the effect of share-based compensation expenses on our operating cost and expenses line items, both in an absolute amount and as a percentage of total net revenue for the periods presented.

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | % |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |  |  | % |
|  | (in thousands, except for percentages) |
Share-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Origination and servicing |  |  | 1,620 |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 2,516 |  |  |  | 366 |  |  |  | 0.1 |
Sales and marketing |  |  | 34,831 |  |  |  | 1.5 |  |  |  | 12,708 |  |  |  | 1,848 |  |  |  | 0.4 |
General and administrative |  |  | 24,326 |  |  |  | 1.1 |  |  |  | 29,734 |  |  |  | 4,325 |  |  |  | 1.0 |
Research and development |  |  | 28,619 |  |  |  | 1.3 |  |  |  | 22,820 |  |  |  | 3,319 |  |  |  | 0.8 |
Total share-based compensation |  |  | 89,396 |  |  |  | 4.0 |  |  |  | 67,778 |  |  |  | 9,858 |  |  |  | 2.3 |

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Taxation

Cayman Islands

We are an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands currently have no income, corporation or capital gains tax and no estate duty, inheritance tax or gift tax. The Cayman Islands does not impose a withholding tax on payments of dividends to shareholders.

Hong Kong

Our subsidiary incorporated in Hong Kong is subject to Hong Kong profit tax at a rate of up to 16.5%. No Hong Kong profit tax has been levied as we did not have assessable profit that was earned in or derived from the Hong Kong subsidiary during the periods presented. Hong Kong does not impose a withholding tax on dividends.

PRC

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, or the EIT Law, the standard enterprise income tax rate for domestic enterprises and foreign invested enterprises is 25%. A “high and new technology enterprise” is entitled to a favorable statutory tax rate of 15% and such qualification is reassessed by relevant governmental authorities every three years. Niwodai Internet was qualified as a “high and new technology enterprise” and thus was subject to a preferential statutory tax rate of 15% from 2017 to 2019.

We are subject to VAT at a rate of 6% on the services we provide to customers, less any deductible VAT we have already paid or borne. We are also subject to surcharges on VAT payments in accordance with PRC law. VAT has been phased in since May 2016 to replace the business tax that was previously applicable to the services we provide. During the periods presented, we were not subject to business tax on the services we provide.

Dividends paid by our wholly foreign-owned subsidiary in China to our intermediary holding company in Hong Kong will be subject to a withholding tax rate of 10%, unless the relevant Hong Kong entity satisfies all the requirements under the Arrangement between the PRC and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region on the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income and Capital and receives approval from the relevant tax authority. If our Hong Kong subsidiary satisfies all the requirements under the tax arrangement and receives approval from the relevant tax authority, then the dividends paid to the Hong Kong subsidiary would be subject to withholding tax at the standard rate of 5%.

If our holding company in the Cayman Islands or any of our subsidiaries outside of China were deemed to be a “resident enterprise” under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, it would be subject to enterprise income tax on its worldwide income at a rate of 25%.

Critical Accounting Policies, Judgments and Estimates

An accounting policy is considered critical if it requires an accounting estimate to be made based on assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time such estimate is made, and if different accounting estimates that reasonably could have been used, or changes in the accounting estimates that are reasonably likely to occur periodically, could materially impact the consolidated financial statements.

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, which requires us to make judgments, estimates and assumptions. We continually evaluate these estimates and assumptions based on the most recently available information, our own historical experiences and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Since the use of estimates is an integral component of the financial reporting process, actual results could differ from our expectations as a result of changes in our estimates. Some of our accounting policies require a higher degree of judgment than others in their application and require us to make significant accounting estimates.

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The following descriptions of critical accounting policies, judgments and estimates should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and other disclosures included in this prospectus. When reviewing our consolidated financial statements, you should consider (i) our selection of critical accounting policies, (ii) the judgments and other uncertainties affecting the application of such policies and (iii) the sensitivity of reported results to changes in conditions and assumptions.

Basis of Presentation, Combination and Consolidation

All of our online individual finance marketplace business is now carried out by our consolidated variable interest entities. Our consolidated financial statements include the assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and cash flows that were directly attributable to our business for all periods presented. Since we and the subsidiaries, our consolidated VIE and its subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities that operated our online marketplace business are under common control of Mr. Dinggui Yan, the assets and liabilities have been stated at historical carrying amounts. In addition, our consolidated financial statements have been prepared as if the current corporate structure had been in existence throughout the periods presented. Our consolidated statements of operations consist of all costs and expenses related to us. Income tax liability was calculated as if we had filed separate tax returns for all the periods presented.

We conduct our online individual finance marketplace business in China through our consolidated VIE and its subsidiary. Due to PRC legal restrictions on foreign ownership and investment in value-added telecommunications services, and Internet content provision services in particular, we conduct our online operations in China through a series of Contractual Arrangements entered into among Shanghai KunJia, Jiayin Finance and its shareholders. Jiayin Finance and its wholly-owned subsidiary Niwodai Internet hold certain assets that are material to the operation of our business, including, among others, intellectual properties, hardware and software. We also expect Niwodai Internet to apply for, obtain and hold our value-added telecommunication business license for our online individual finance marketplace business. Most of our revenues, costs and expenses directly related to loan facilitation and servicing in China are generated through Niwodai Internet. As a result of the Contractual Arrangements, we have the ability to direct the activities of Jiayin Finance and that most significantly impact its economic performance, and to obtain a majority of the residual returns of Jiayin Finance. We are considered the primary beneficiary of Jiayin Finance, and accordingly the entity is our variable interest entity under U.S. GAAP and we consolidate its results in our consolidated financial statements. Any changes in PRC laws and regulations that affect our ability to control Jiayin Finance might preclude us from consolidating the entity in the future.

In accordance with the Collaboration Agreement with Shanghai Caiyin, Shanghai Caiyin provide guarantee services for the loans facilitated by Niwodai Internet. Borrowers pay Shanghai Caiyin certain post-origination service fees as determined by Niwodai Internet. Niwodai is also eligible to collect the amount of serve fees in excess of the amount paid by Shanghai Caiyin to Niwodai Internet out of the investor assurance program managed by Shanghai Caiyin, minus reasonable operation costs. Furthermore, Niwodai Internet reserves the right to terminate the agreement at any time and engage other parties to perform the guarantee services. Therefore, we are also considered the primary beneficiary of Shanghai Caiyin, and accordingly the entity is our variable interest entity under U.S. GAAP and we consolidate its results in our consolidated financial statements.

Our historical results for any period presented are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for any future period. Although we believe that the assumptions underlying our consolidated financial statements and the allocations made to us are reasonable, our basis of presentation and allocation methodologies required significant assumptions, estimates and judgments. Using a different set of assumptions, estimates and judgments would have materially impacted our financial position and results of operations.

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Revenue Recognition

We provide services primarily as an online marketplace connecting investors with borrowers. Prior to April 28, 2018, we provided three services for loans facilitated on our marketplace, including loan facilitation services, post-origination services (e.g., cash processing and collection services) and guarantee services. Since we ceased to provide investor assurance program managed by us on April 28, 2018, we no longer provide any guarantee services.

Our platform enables investors to directly invest in loans that can be selected, at the investors’ discretion, from hundreds of new lending opportunities to pre-approved borrowers that are posted on our marketplace every day. Investors also have the option to use automated investment programs whereby their funds are automatically allocated among pre-approved borrowers. The automated investment programs automatically reinvest investors’ funds as soon as a loan is repaid, enabling the investors to accelerate the reinvestment of cash without having to continually revisit our mobile application.

Historically, we typically charged a portion of service fees at loan origination with the remaining service fees collected on a monthly basis, which are payable by the borrowers for all services provided. The upfront fees collected were RMB2.9 billion and RMB0.5 billion (US$0.01 billion) in 2017 and 2018, respectively. The upfront fees became due when the underlying loan was successfully facilitated, and monthly fees became due on the same days when the monthly repayments of principal and interest were due. Since February 2018, we have stopped charging upfront service fees to comply with the new regulatory requirements for all loans facilitated through our online marketplace. Instead, we have charged all service fees in monthly installments on the same days when the monthly repayments of principal and interest are due. Since February 2018, according to the contractual agreement with borrower, we have unconditional rights to the monthly service fees that are collectible within the first six months after the loan inception, if any. However, we do not have unconditional rights to the monthly service fees that are collectible from the start of the seventh month until the maturity of the loan contract. From February 2018 to April 28, 2018, we collected a majority of service fees in monthly installments in the first two months, and the remaining service fees in equal monthly installments throughout the term of the loan until maturity. As such, we collected a majority of service fees in the first two months, and had unconditional right to all service fees collectible in the first six months. Since April 28, 2018, we have revised our payment term and have charged all of the service fees in two equal installments on the same days when the first and second monthly repayments of principal and interest are due to which we have unconditional rights, and have not charged any service fees after the second repayment date.

We also charge service fees to investors for using the automated investment programs, which equal a certain percentage of the actual return in excess of the expected rate of return from the investments, payable at the end of the investment period. No application fee is charged to borrowers or investors. For certain loan products, borrowers have the option of early repayment and upon termination they do not have the obligation to pay the remaining monthly service fees to us.

Prior to April 28, 2018, in order to provide a more competitive level of assurance to investors, we maintained an investor assurance program for the benefit of the investors using our marketplace. In the event of borrowers’ default, investors were entitled to receive unpaid interest and principal under the terms of the investor assurance program. Prior to April 28, 2018, we, through our consolidated VIE, Shanghai Caiyin, were obligated to make the payment to the investors to the extent that the funds under the investor assurance program were available. In the event of insufficient funds, we were required to make payments to investors as soon as the funding was replenished from future collections of service fees. Given that we effectively took on all of the credit risk of the borrowers and were compensated by the service fee charged, we deemed the guarantee as a service and recognized a stand-ready obligation for the guarantee exposure in accordance with ASC Topic 460, Guarantees. As we ceased to provide the investor assurance program managed by ourselves, we no longer provide guarantee services on loans facilitated subsequent to April 28, 2018 (see accounting policy for investor assurance program).

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We have adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) and all subsequent ASUs that modified ASC 606 on January 1, 2018 using the full retrospective method which requires us to present our financial statements for all periods as if Topic 606 had been applied to all prior periods.

The core principle of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve that core principle, we apply the following steps:

| • |  | Step 1: Identify the contract(s) with a customer

| • |  | Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contract

| • |  | Step 3: Determine the transaction price

| • |  | Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract

| • |  | Step 5: Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation

We determine that both the investors and the borrowers are our customers. We assess ability and intention to pay the service fees of both borrowers and investors when they become due and determines if the collection of the service fees is probable, based on historical experiences as well as the credit due diligence performed on each borrower prior to loan origination. We consider the loan facilitation service, guarantee service and post-origination service as three separate services, of which, the guarantee service is accounted for in accordance with ASC Topic 460, Guarantees. While the post-origination service is within the scope of ASC Topic 860, the ASC Topic 606 revenue recognition model is applied due to the lack of definitive guidance in ASC Topic 860. The loan facilitation service and post-origination service are two separate performance obligations under ASC 606, as these two deliverables are distinct in that customers can benefit from each service on its own and the our promises to deliver the services are separately identifiable from each other in the contract.

We determine the total transaction price to be the service fees chargeable from the borrowers, net of value-added tax. The transaction price includes variable consideration in the form of prepayment risk of the borrowers. We reflect in the transaction price the borrower’s prepayment risk and estimate variable consideration for these contracts using the expected value approach on the basis of historical information and current trends of the repayment percentage of the borrowers. The transaction price is allocated amongst the guarantee service, if any, and two performance obligations.

We first allocate the transaction price to the guarantee liabilities, if any, in accordance with ASC Topic 460, Guarantees which requires the guarantee to be measured initially at fair value based on the stand-ready obligation. Then the remaining considerations are allocated to the loan facilitation services and post-origination services using their relative standalone selling prices consistent with the guidance in ASC 606. We do not have observable standalone selling price information for the loan facilitation services or post-origination services because we do not provide loan facilitation services or post-origination services on a standalone basis. There is no direct observable standalone selling price for similar services in the market reasonably available to us. As a result, the estimation of standalone selling price involves significant judgment. We use expected cost plus margin approach to estimate the standalone selling prices of loan facilitation services and post-origination services as the basis of revenue allocation. In estimating the standalone selling price for the loan facilitation services and post-origination services, we consider the cost incurred to deliver such services, profit margin for similar arrangements, customer demand, effect of competitors on our services, and other market factors.

For each type of service, we recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies the service/ performance obligation by transferring the promised service (that is, an asset) to customers based on the underlying contract terms excluding consideration of impairment of contract assets or accounts receivable. Revenues from loan facilitation services are recognized at the time a loan is originated between the investor and the borrower and the

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loan principal is transferred to the borrower, at which time the facilitation service is considered completed. Revenues from post-origination services are recognized evenly over the term of the underlying loans as the post-origination services are a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and that have the same pattern of transfer to the investors. Revenues from guarantee services are recognized at the expiry of the guarantee term.

For upfront fees that are partially refundable to the borrowers, we estimated the refund based on historical prepayment rate and recorded a corresponding refund liabilities upon receiving upfront fees.

Other revenue

Under ASC 606, service fees derived from investors using the automated investment programs are initially estimated based on historical experience of returns on similar investment products and current trends. The service fees are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the investment period. The service fees related to the automated investment program are due at the end of the investment period. The investment period refers to the period of time when the investments are matched with loans and are generating returns for the investors. We record service fees only when it becomes probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue will not occur. The revenue of service fee recognized under ASC 606 in 2017 and 2018 was RMB156.6 million and RMB242.5 million (US$35.3 million), respectively. The weighted average investment period was 8.7 months and 8.0 months in 2017 and 2018, respectively.

Other revenue also includes revenue from guarantee services recognized at the expiry of the guarantee term, penalty fees for loan prepayment and late payment, and service fee for transferring loans between investors on the platform. Under ASC 606, penalty fees are contingency-based variable considerations and constrained by the occurrence of delinquency or prepayment. They are recognized when the uncertainty associated with the variability is resolved, that is, when the underlying event occurs and the fees are collected. The service fees for transferring loans between investors are recognized when the transfer is completed and service fees are collected from the investors.

Incentives to investors

To expand our market presence, we provide incentives to investors in a form that either reduces the amount of investment required to purchase financial products or entitles them to receive higher interest rates in the products they purchase. Such incentives are accounted for as a reduction of revenue in accordance with ASC 606. In 2017 and 2018, the incentives we provided to investors on an accrual basis were RMB178.9 million and RMB421.4 million (US$61.3 million), respectively, and the incentives we paid were RMB169.2 million and RMB296.2 million (US$43.1 million), respectively. We determine the amount of incentives to be provided to investors primarily in view of our potential investor’s investment willingness, market demand and competition. The incentives we provided to investors on an accrual basis in the three months ended March 31, June 30, September 30, and December 31, 2018 were RMB81.1 million, RMB104.8 million, RMB119.1 million and RMB116.4 million, respectively, in line with increased market demand for funding.

Accounts receivable and contract assets, net

Contract assets represent our right to consideration in exchange for services that our company has transferred to the customer before payment is due.

Prior to February 2018, our right to consideration for the monthly fees of loan facilitation services was conditional on the borrowers’ actual payment, as the borrower had the right to early terminate the loan contract prior to loan maturity and were not obligated to pay the remaining monthly fees. As such, we recorded a corresponding contract asset for the monthly service fees allocated to loan facilitation services and post-origination services that had already been delivered in relation to loans facilitated on our platform when recognizing revenue from loan facilitation services and post-origination services. No accounts receivable was

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recorded since we did not have unconditional right to the consideration if the borrowers chose to early terminate and were not obligated to pay the remaining service fees in relation to the loans facilitated prior to February 2018. In addition, our right to the consideration for the service fees derived from automated investment program was conditional on the actual return of the investment; therefore, a corresponding contract asset was recorded when revenue from service fees was recognized.

Starting from February 2018, according to the contractual agreement with borrower, upon inception of a loan, we have unconditional right to the first six months’ service fee for loans facilitated on our marketplace at loan inception regardless of the subsequent timing of the borrower’ repayment of the loan. Therefore, we recorded accounts receivables up to total fees collectible in the first six months and contract assets for fees collectible in the subsequent months when recognizing revenue from loan facilitation service subsequent to February 2018.

Since April 28, 2018, we have charged all of the service fees in two equal installments on the same days when the first and second monthly repayments of principal and interest are due, and we also have unconditional right to the first two months’ service fees upon loan origination. As such, we recognize accounts receivable when recognizing revenue from the loan facilitation service. Meanwhile, the portion of service fees that are collected and allocated to the post-origination service yet to be provided are recorded as deferred revenue on our consolidated balance sheet. No contract assets are recognized in respect of loans facilitated after April 28, 2018.

Accounts receivable and contract assets are stated at the historical carrying amount net of write-offs and allowance for collectability in accordance with ASC Topic 310. We established an allowance for uncollectible contract assets based on estimates, which incorporate historical experience and other factors surrounding the credit risk of specific types of customers which is essentially the expected net accumulated loss rates used in determining the fair value of guarantee liabilities under each product type.

We estimate the allowance for uncollectible receivables based on expected net accumulated loss rates for terms during which losses of such service fees are expected to occur, which are consistent with the terms during which we expect to collect service fees. The profile of the borrowers are homogenous under each product types and as such, we apply a portfolio approach in accounting for credit risk. For individual customers where there is an observable indicator of impairment such as fraud, a specific allowance is provided. We evaluate and adjust the allowance for uncollectible receivables and contract assets on a quarterly basis or more often as necessary. Uncollectible receivables and contract assets are written off when the consideration entitled to be received by us is due and a settlement is reached for an amount that is less than the historical loan principal or when we have determined the balance will not be collected. Accounts receivable and contract assets are identified as uncollectible if any repayment of the underlying loan is 90 days past due, and no other factor evidences the possibility of collecting the delinquent amounts. We will write off accounts receivable and contract assets and corresponding provisions for uncollectible receivables and contract assets if any repayment of the underlying loan is 90 days past due. Recoveries of accounts receivable and contract assets previously charged off will be recorded when received by crediting the allowance in the period of recovery.

The aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to performance obligations that are unsatisfied pertaining to post-origination service were RMB171.1 million and RMB222.7 million (US$32.4 million) as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, among which approximately 70% and 92% of the remaining performance obligations will be recognized by us over the following 12 months, respectively, with the remainder recognized thereafter.

Revenue recognized in 2017 or 2018 from performance obligations satisfied (or partially satisfied) in prior periods pertaining to adjustments to variable consideration due to the change of estimated return on investment periods, the change of estimated prepayment rate and refund upfront fees was immaterial.

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We used practical expediency in applying full retrospective method on completed contracts in transiting to ASC 606. For completed contracts that have variable consideration, we used the transaction price at the date the contract was completed rather than estimating variable consideration amounts in the comparative reporting periods.

We determine that the investor and borrower acquisition cost paid based on the amount of investment or borrowing represent costs to obtain a contract qualifying for capitalization since these payments are directly related to sales achieved during a period. Such cost was not material during the periods presented.

Investor Assurance Program

We maintain an investor assurance program through Shanghai Caiyin for the benefits of investors who invested in unsecured loans through our marketplace in loans facilitated prior to April 2018 and to provide guarantee to investors through the same investor assurance program that was acquired from Niwodai Finance. Under the investor assurance program, we set aside the service fees charged by Shanghai Caiyin into designated restricted cash accounts to be used to cover the principal and interest of defaulted loans on a portfolio basis, payable on a first-loss basis up to the balance of the investor assurance program. We repay the aggregate amounts of principal and respective interest, which are due based on the repayment schedule, to investors typically within a few days upon borrowers’ default, and no later than three weeks thereafter. In accordance with the terms of the investor assurance program, an investor is entitled to compensation for losses resulting from defaulted loans within 15 calendar days of the due date.

Default payments to investors can only be made from the investor assurance program when there are sufficient funds available. Our obligation under the investor assurance program to make payments is limited to the amount of the restricted cash at any point in time and we are obliged to compensate investors once the restricted cash balance is replenished again from service fees generated from future borrowers. Once the investor is paid for a borrower’s default, any future amount recovered is deposited into the investor assurance program. We regularly review actual net accumulated loss rate of each loan product facilitated and relevant economic factors to ensure estimations are kept up-to-date. For the loans facilitated before April 28, 2018 under the investor assurance program managed by us, we transferred cash to the restricted cash accounts to fund the investor assurance program in 2018 when the balance of the investor assurance fund is depleted.

At loan inception, we are required to record liability from the investor assurance program in accordance with ASC Topic 460-10, which incorporates the expectation of potential future payments under the guarantee and takes into account both non-contingent and contingent aspects of the guarantee.

Subsequently, the liability from the investor assurance program is measured in a combination of two components: (i) ASC Topic 460 component; and (ii) ASC Topic 450 component. The liability recorded based on ASC Topic 460 is determined on a loan-by-loan basis and it is reduced when we are released from the underlying risk, either when the loan is repaid by the borrower or when the lender is compensated in the event of a default. This component is a stand ready obligation which is not subject to the probable threshold used to record a contingent obligation. When we are released from the stand-ready liability upon expiration of the underlying loan, we record a corresponding amount as net revenue in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income. The other component is a contingent liability determined based on probable loss considering the actual historical performance and current condition, representing the future payouts under the investor assurance program in excess of the stand-ready liability and is measured using the guidance in ASC Topic 450, Contingencies. The ASC Topic 450 contingent component is determined on a collective basis and loans with similar risk characteristics are pooled into cohorts for purposes of measuring incurred losses. The ASC Topic 450 contingent component is recognized as part of operating expenses in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income. At all times the recognized liability (including the stand-ready liability and contingent liability) is at least equal to the probable estimated losses of the guarantee portfolio. When a discounted cash flow model is used to determine fair value, the significant input used in the valuation model is the discount rate applied to calculate the

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present value of the projected cash flows which is based on market rates. The discounted rate used in the model is 15% in 2017 and 2018. We also estimated the markup margin by looking at several comparable business models. The expected collection rate of defaulted loans was based on the average historical collection rate of our products.

As our stand-ready liability is not traded in an active market with readily observable prices, we use significant unobservable inputs to measure the fair value of stand-ready liabilities upon initial recognition. Stand-ready liabilities are categorized in the Level 3 valuation hierarchy based on the significance of unobservable factors in the overall fair value measurement. We estimate the fair value of the stand-ready liability by estimating expected net accumulated loss rates, based on historical net accumulated loss rate for each product type and incorporating a markup margin. A discounted cash flow methodology was used to estimate the fair value of the guarantee liabilities. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of guarantee liabilities include the expected net accumulated loss rates applied in the valuation models. The weighted average expected net accumulated loss rates applied for year 2017 and 2018 are 13.4% and 11.2%, respectively. Such decrease in the accumulated loss rate is attributable to the overall improvement of our credit assessment process and strategic change in product mix as we ceased offering certain products with higher delinquency rates. These inputs in isolation can cause significant increases or decreases in fair value.

The increase in the expected net accumulated loss rates can significantly increase the fair value of stand-ready liability of the loan newly facilitated upon initial recognition; conversely a decrease in the net expected accumulated loss rates can significantly decrease the fair value of stand-ready liability of the loan newly facilitated upon initial recognition. When a discounted cash flow model is used to determine fair value, the significant input used in the valuation model is the discount rate applied to calculate the present value of the projected cash flows which is based on market rates. We also estimated the markup margin by looking at several comparable business models. The expected net accumulated loss rate of underlying loans was based on the average historical net accumulated loss rate of our products.

At the loan inception, we record the assets from the investor assurance program which corresponds to the stand-ready liability recognized at fair value, and represents service fees that are collectible from the underlying loans that are expected to be used for the estimated payout of the corresponding guarantee liabilities. At each reporting date, we estimate the future cash flows and assess whether there is any indicator of impairment. If the carrying amount of the asset from the investor assurance program exceeds the expected cash to be received, an impairment loss is recorded for the asset not recoverable and is reported as part of “provision for assets and liabilities from the investor assurance program” in the statements of comprehensive income.

The investor assurance program also covers the outstanding loans covered by investor assurance program acquired from Niwodai Finance in 2015, of which the associated guarantee liabilities are separately recorded as “other guarantee liabilities” in the consolidated balance sheet. Service fees collected from all the loans, including loans newly facilitated by us and loans related to other guarantee liabilities acquired in the 2015, are utilized to pay out on both liabilities from investor assurance program and other guarantee liabilities. Notwithstanding the foregoing, service fees related to new loans facilitated by us constitute most of the service fees we collected.

We discontinued managing investor assurance program for loans facilitated after April 28, 2018. Instead, we introduced investor assurance program operated by third party guarantors and by Class B investors. We no longer charge service fees associated with guarantee services and meanwhile free from allocating collectible service fees to the fair value of the stand-ready liability from the investor assurance program in accordance with ASC Topic 460. However, the switch from investor assurance program managed by us to the investor assurance program managed by third party guarantors and by partnering with Class B investors does not impact our revenue recognition on loan origination services, post-origination services and other revenues, which are still accounted from under ASC Topic 606. Given we no longer assume obligation in compensating investors upon borrower’s default, we do not recognize assets and liabilities from investor assurance program and provision for assets and liabilities from the investor assurance program since April 28, 2018.

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Income Taxes

Current income taxes are provided for in accordance with the laws of the relevant tax authorities.

Deferred income taxes are provided using assets and liabilities method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined on the basis of the differences between financial statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such a determination, management considers all positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of projected future taxable income and results of recent operation. Deferred tax assets are then reduced by a valuation allowance through a charge to income tax expense when, in the opinion of management, it is more like than not that a portion of or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

We account for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in the consolidated financial statements by applying a two-step process to determine the amount of the benefit to be recognized. First, the tax position must be evaluated to determine the likelihood that it will be sustained upon external examination by the taxing authorities. If the tax position is deemed more-likely-than-not to be sustained (defined as a likelihood of more than fifty percent of being sustained upon an audit, based on the technical merits of the tax position), the tax position is then assessed to determine the amount of benefits to recognize in the consolidated financial statements. The amount of the benefits that may be recognized is the largest amount that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Interest and penalties on income taxes will be classified as a component of the provisions for income taxes. We did not recognize any income tax due to uncertain tax position or incur any interest and penalties related to potential underpaid income tax expenses in 2017 and 2018.

Measurement of Share-based Compensation

In September 2016, Jiayin Finance adopted a share incentive plan, or the 2016 Share Incentive Plan. For information regarding the 2016 Share Incentive Plan, see “Management—Share Incentive Plans—2016 Share Incentive Plan.” In September 2016 and October 2018, options to purchase 13,321,500 and 2,851,600 shares of Jiayin Finance were issued pursuant to the 2016 Share Incentive Plan to certain of our employees, respectively, among which 4,848,900 options were subsequently canceled. As of the date of the prospectus, 11,324,200 options are outstanding. All options granted under the 2016 Share Incentive Plan will be canceled upon grant of options under the 2019 Share Incentive Plan to replace such option.

In February 2019, we adopted a share incentive plan, or the 2019 Share Incentive Plan, which will become effective upon the completion of this offering. For information regarding the 2019 Share Incentive Plan, see “Management—Share Incentive Plans—2019 Share Incentive Plan.” Upon completion of this offering, we will grant 45,296,800 options of Jiayin Group Inc. pursuant to the 2019 Share Incentive Plan to certain of our employees to replace the 11,324,200 options granted to such individuals and outstanding under the 2016 Share Incentive Plan, each four options under the 2019 Share Incentive Plan replacing one option under the 2016 Share Incentive Plan. Such options, once granted, will be subject to a lockup period ending 180 days after the date of this prospectus.

Share-based payment transactions with employees are measured based on the grant date fair value of the equity instrument issued and recognized as compensation expense on a graded vesting basis, over the requisite service period, with a corresponding impact reflected in additional paid-in capital. The expected term represents the period that share-based awards are expected to be outstanding, giving consideration to the contractual terms of the share-based awards, vesting schedules and expectations of future employee exercise behavior. Volatility is estimated based on annualized standard deviation of daily stock price return of comparable companies for the period before valuation date and with similar span as the expected expiration term. We account for forfeitures of the share-based

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awards when they occur. Previously recognized compensation cost for the awards is reversed in the period that the award is forfeited. Amortization of share-based compensation is presented in the same line item in the consolidated statements of operations as the cash compensation of those employees receiving the award.

Modifications of the terms or conditions of the awards are treated as an exchange of the original awards for new awards. Incremental compensation cost is measured and recognized as the excess, if any, of the fair value of the modified award over the fair value of the original award immediately before the terms are modified.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09 Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share Based Payment Accounting, which among other items, provides an accounting policy election to account for forfeitures as they occur, rather than to account for them based on an estimate of expected forfeitures. The ASU takes effect for public business entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those annual periods. We adopted this ASU and had elected to early adopt account for forfeitures as they occur and applied it retrospectively in 2016.

Excluding the options containing market and service vesting conditions, we calculated the estimated fair value of the options on the respective grant dates using a binomial option pricing model with assistance from independent valuation firms, with the following assumptions:

|  | September 2016 |  |  | October 2018 |
Risk-free interest rate |  |  | 2.54% |  |  |  | 3.32% |
Estimated volatility rate |  |  | 50.46% |  |  |  | 44.32% |
Dividend yield |  |  | 0.0% |  |  |  | 0.0% |
Contractual term (in years) |  |  | 4.5 |  |  |  | 4.5 |
Exercise price |  |  | RMB3.5 |  |  |  | RMB3.5 |
Fair value of share options |  |  | RMB18.2 |  |  |  | RMB84.9 |

The risk-free rate of interest is based on the yield curve of US Sovereign Bond as of the valuation date. Volatility is estimated based on annualized standard deviation of daily stock price return of comparable companies for the period before valuation date and with similar span as the expected expiration term.

Determining the fair value of the share options required us to make complex and subjective judgments, assumptions and estimates, which involved inherent uncertainty. Had we used different assumptions and estimates, the resulting fair value of the share options and the resulting share-based compensation expenses could have been different.

The following table sets forth the fair value of options and ordinary shares estimated at the dates of option grants indicated below with the assistance from an independent valuation firm:

Date of Options Grant |  | Options Granted |  |  | Exercise Price |  |  | Fair Value of Option |  |  | Fair Value of Ordinary Shares |  |  | Discount for Lack of Marketability |  |  | Discount Rate |  |  | Type of Valuations |
September 30, 2016 |  |  | 13,321,500 |  |  |  | RMB3.5 |  |  |  | RMB18.2 |  |  |  | RMB21.4 |  |  |  | 26 | % |  |  | 28 | % |  |  | Retrospective |
October 11, 2018 |  |  | 2,851,600 |  |  |  | RMB3.5 |  |  |  | RMB84.9 |  |  |  | RMB88.1 |  |  |  | 9 | % |  |  | 22 | % |  |  | Retrospective |

The following table sets forth share-based compensation expenses recognized for the periods presented:

In determining the fair value of our ordinary shares, we applied the income approach / discounted cash flow, or DCF, analysis based on our projected cash flow using management’s best estimate as of the valuation date. The determination of the fair value of our ordinary shares requires complex and subjective judgments to be made regarding our projected financial and operating results, our unique business risks, the liquidity of our shares and our operating history and prospects at the time of valuation.

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The major assumptions used in calculating the fair value of ordinary shares include:

| • |  | Weighted average cost of capital, or WACC: The discount rates we listed in the table above were based on the WACCs determined based on a consideration of the factors, including risk-free rate, comparative industry risk, equity risk premium, company size and non-systematic risk factors.

| • |  | Comparable companies: In deriving the WACCs, which are used as the discount rates under the income approach, six publicly traded companies were selected for reference as our guideline companies.

| • |  | Discount for lack of marketability, or DLOM: DLOM was quantified by the Finnerty’s Average-Strike put options model. Under this option-pricing model, which assumed that the put option is struck at the average price of the stock before the privately held shares can be sold, the cost of the put option was considered as a basis to determine the DLOM. This option pricing model is one of the methods commonly used in estimating DLOM as it can take into consideration factors like timing of a liquidity event, such as an initial public offering, and estimated volatility of our shares. The farther the valuation date is from an expected liquidity event, the higher the put option value and thus the higher the implied DLOM. The lower DLOM is used for the valuation, the higher is the determined fair value of the ordinary shares. DLOM remained 26% in the period from inception to 2016 and reduced to 9% in 2018.

The income approach involves applying appropriate discount rates to estimated cash flows that are based on earnings forecasts. The assumptions used in deriving the fair values are consistent with our business plan. These assumptions include: no material changes in the existing political, legal and economic conditions in China; our ability to retain competent management, key personnel and staff to support our ongoing operations; and no material deviation in market conditions from economic forecasts. These assumptions are inherently uncertain. The risks associated with achieving our forecasts were assessed in selecting the appropriate discount rates.

The estimates will not be necessary to determine the fair value of new awards once the underlying shares begin trading.

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Results of Operation

The following tables set forth a summary of our consolidated results of operations for the periods presented, a percentage of our total net revenue. This information should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus.

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | % |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |  |  | % |
|  | (in thousands, except for percentages) |
Net revenue |  |  | 2,250,850 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | 2,881,940 |  |  |  | 419,161 |  |  |  | 100.0 |
Operating cost and expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Origination and servicing |  |  | (229,353 | ) |  |  | (10.2 | ) |  |  | (401,679 | ) |  |  | (58,422 | ) |  |  | (13.9 | )
Allowance for uncollectible receivables and contract assets |  |  | (130,943 | ) |  |  | (5.8 | ) |  |  | (265,978 | ) |  |  | (38,685 | ) |  |  | (9.2 | )
Provision for assets and liabilities from the investor assurance program |  |  | (42,463 | ) |  |  | (1.9 | ) |  |  | (467,728 | ) |  |  | (68,028 | ) |  |  | (16.2 | )
Sales and marketing |  |  | (884,866 | ) |  |  | (39.3 | ) |  |  | (726,582 | ) |  |  | (105,677 | ) |  |  | (25.2 | )
General and administrative |  |  | (95,597 | ) |  |  | (4.2 | ) |  |  | (150,465 | ) |  |  | (21,884 | ) |  |  | (5.2 | )
Research and development |  |  | (180,967 | ) |  |  | (8.0 | ) |  |  | (184,302 | ) |  |  | (26,806 | ) |  |  | (6.4 | )
Total operating cost and expenses |  |  | (1,564,189 | ) |  |  | (69.4 | ) |  |  | (2,196,734 | ) |  |  | (319,502 | ) |  |  | (76.1 | )
Income from operation |  |  | 686,661 |  |  |  | 30.6 |  |  |  | 685,206 |  |  |  | 99,659 |  |  |  | 23.9 |
Interest income |  |  | 1,922 |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 169 |  |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | 0.0 |
Other income, net |  |  | 12,609 |  |  |  | 0.6 |  |  |  | 20,298 |  |  |  | 2,952 |  |  |  | 0.7 |
Income before income tax |  |  | 701,192 |  |  |  | 31.3 |  |  |  | 705,673 |  |  |  | 102,636 |  |  |  | 24.6 |
Income tax expense |  |  | (161,647 | ) |  |  | (7.2 | ) |  |  | (93,915 | ) |  |  | (13,659 | ) |  |  | (3.3 | )
Net income |  |  | 539,545 |  |  |  | 24.1 |  |  |  | 611,758 |  |  |  | 88,977 |  |  |  | 21.3 |

Year Ended December 31, 2018 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2017

Net revenue. Our net revenue increased from RMB2,250.9 million in 2017 to RMB2,881.9 million (US$419.2 million) in 2018, primarily due to the increase in the loan origination volume facilitated through our marketplace, which increased from approximately RMB19.8 billion (US$3.4 billion) in 2017 to RMB23.7 billion (US$3.4 billion) in 2018. As we discontinued managing investor assurance program for loans facilitated after April 28, 2018, we no longer charge service fees associated with guarantee services. As a result, we no longer need to allocate collectible service fees to the fair value of the stand-ready liability from the investor assurance program on loans newly facilitated after April 28, 2018. Although the total service fees we were entitled to collect from our borrowers, net of value-added tax, decreased from RMB5.4 billion in 2017 to RMB4.0 billion in 2018, the stand-ready liability from investor assurance program managed by us as a percentage of the total service fee we are entitled to collect associated with the newly facilitated loans also decreased from 52.0% in 2017 to 24.1% in 2018. As a result, the amount of service fees that contributed to our revenue grew by 17.1% from RMB2.3 billion in 2017 to RMB3.0 billion in 2018.

Operating costs and expenses. Our total operating costs and expenses increased from RMB1,564.2 million in 2017 to RMB2,196.7 million (US$319.5 million) in 2018, primarily attributable to the increase in the provision for assets and liabilities from the investor assurance program, allowance for uncollectible receivables and contract assets, and origination and servicing expenses, offset by the decrease in sales and marketing expenses. Our total operating costs and expenses as a percentage of net revenue increased from 69.4% in 2017 to 76.1% in 2018, as a result of additional provision recorded in 2018.

| • |  | Origination and servicing expenses. Our origination and servicing expenses increased from RMB229.4 million in 2017 to RMB401.7 million (US$58.4 million) in the same period in 2018, in line with the increase in the volume of loans facilitated through our marketplace.

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| • |  | Provision for assets and liabilities from the investor assurance program. We recorded provision for assets and liabilities from the investor assurance program of RMB42.5 million and RMB467.7 million (US$68.0 million) in 2017 and 2018, respectively, to record additional guarantee liabilities incurred in connection with the increased default rates following unfavorable market developments, including the negative publicity with respect to the difficulties, or even suspension of operation in some cases, encountered by certain individual lending marketplaces since June 2018.

| • |  | Allowance for uncollectible receivables and contract assets. Our allowance for uncollectible receivables and contract assets increased from RMB130.9 million to RMB266.0 million (US$38.7 million) in 2017 and 2018, respectively, primarily due to the increase in collectible service fees in connection with the increase in the volume of loans facilitated through our marketplace and increased default rates resulting from the unfavorable market developments described above.

| • |  | Sales and marketing expenses. Our sales and marketing expenses decreased from RMB884.9 million in 2017 to RMB726.6 million (US$105.7 million) in 2018, and our sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of our net revenues decreased from 39.3% in 2017 to 25.2% in 2018, primarily (i) as we facilitated more loan volume for repeat investors and borrowers in 2018 compared to 2017, the acquisition cost of which accounted for in sales and marketing expenses is significantly lower than that of new investors and borrowers, and (ii) as we replaced our offline sales and marketing efforts with more efficient online activities as we have no longer engaged borrowers offline since February 2018.

| • |  | General and administrative expenses. Our general and administrative expenses increased from RMB95.6 million in 2017 to RMB150.5 million (US$21.9 million) in 2018, primarily due to the increase of payroll expenses and share-based compensation expenses for our general and administrative staff and professional service fees incurred.

| • |  | Research and development expenses. Our research and development expenses remained relatively stable at RMB181.0 million and RMB184.3 million (US$26.8 million), in 2017 and 2018, respectively.

Interest income. We recognized interest income of RMB1.9 million and RMB0.2 million (US$0.03 million) in 2017 and 2018, respectively, in connection with our bank deposits.

Other income, net. We recognized other income of RMB12.6 million and RMB20.3 million (US$3.0 million) in 2017 and 2018, respectively, primarily as a result of government subsidies received.

Income before income taxes. As a result of foregoing, we recognized income before income taxes of RMB701.2 million and RMB705.7 million (US$102.6 million) in 2017 and 2018, respectively.

Income tax expenses. We recognized tax expenses of RMB161.6 million and RMB93.9 million (US$13.7 million) in 2017 and 2018, respectively, as a result of operating gains in such periods.

Net income. As a result of foregoing, we recorded net income of RMB539.5 million and RMB611.8 million (US$89.0 million) in 2017 and 2018, respectively.

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Selected Quarterly Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our historical unaudited consolidated selected quarterly results of operations for the periods indicated.

|  | For the Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, 2017 |  |  | June 30, 2017 |  |  | September 30, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | March 31, 2018 |  |  | June 30, 2018 |  |  | September 30, 2018 |  |  | December 31, 2018 |
|  | (in RMB thousands) |
Revenue |  |  | 264,737 |  |  |  | 510,242 |  |  |  | 705,776 |  |  |  | 770,095 |  |  |  | 983,256 |  |  |  | 680,261 |  |  |  | 508,166 |  |  |  | 710,257 |
Operating Cost and Expenses |  |  | (239,366 | ) |  |  | (330,250 | ) |  |  | (406,208 | ) |  |  | (588,365 | ) |  |  | (657,629 | ) |  |  | (435,054 | ) |  |  | (563,970 | ) |  |  | (540,081 | )
Net income (loss) before income tax |  |  | 27,086 |  |  |  | 187,499 |  |  |  | 300,396 |  |  |  | 186,211 |  |  |  | 334,005 |  |  |  | 248,011 |  |  |  | (53,906 | ) |  |  | 177,563 |
Net income (loss) |  |  | 20,842 |  |  |  | 144,274 |  |  |  | 231,145 |  |  |  | 143,284 |  |  |  | 283,136 |  |  |  | 210,239 |  |  |  | (43,954 | ) |  |  | 162,337 |

The table below sets forth the selected quarterly operating data for the periods indicated:

|  | For the Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, 2017 |  |  | June 30, 2017 |  |  | September 30, 2017 |  |  | December 31, 2017 |  |  | March 31, 2018 |  |  | June 30, 2018 |  |  | September 30, 2018 |  |  | December 31, 2018 |
|  | (in RMB millions) |
Investment Volume* |  |  | 4,202 |  |  |  | 4,013 |  |  |  | 4,939 |  |  |  | 8,615 |  |  |  | 7,861 |  |  |  | 6,771 |  |  |  | 4,608 |  |  |  | 7,543 |
Loan Origination Volume* |  |  | 2,660 |  |  |  | 4,110 |  |  |  | 5,269 |  |  |  | 7,807 |  |  |  | 7,113 |  |  |  | 5,772 |  |  |  | 4,191 |  |  |  | 6,598 |

* | Loan origination volume during a period is not equal to the investment volume in the same period as (i) the investment volume includes the amount of investment transactions, excluding automatic reinvestments, in respect of transferred loans on the secondary market, and a small amount of investments into the automated investment programs during the subscription period, which are not accounted for in the loan origination volume; and (ii) the loan origination volume includes the amount of loans that are originated on our platform which are matched with automated reinvestments enabled by our automated investment program, which is not accounted for in the investment volume.

Our business operations were negatively impacted by unfavorable market developments in the market in June and July 2018. See “Risk Factors—Any negative publicity with respect to us, the online individual finance industry in general and our third-party partners may materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.” Investors’ willingness to invest on our marketplace declined and the loan origination volume on our marketplace decreased temporarily in response to negative publicity about the difficulties, or even suspension of operation in some cases, encountered by certain individual lending marketplaces. Borrowers’ willingness to repay was also negatively impacted by the negative publicity, which resulted in higher default rates. Given the unfavorable market developments, we have been strategically balancing our business growth and loan quality. In particular, we have proactively strengthened risk assessment on loans, which had resulted in a more selective loan application approval process. In view of the risk of increased default rates, we also recognized a more significant amount of provision for assets and liabilities from the investor assurance program. As a result, our net revenue decreased from RMB983.3 million in the three months ended March 31, 2018 to RMB680.3 million in the three months ended June 30, 2018 and further to RMB508.2 million in the three months ended September 30, 2018. Our revenue from loan facilitation services and post-origination services decreased in connection with the

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decrease of the loan origination volume. Meanwhile, our provision for assets and liabilities from the investor assurance program for the three months ended March 31, 2018, June 30, 2018 and September 30, 2018 were RMB164.4 million, nil and RMB262.3 million, respectively. As a result, our net income decreased from RMB283.1 million in the three months ended March 31, 2018 to RMB210.2 million in the three months ended June 30, 2018, and we recorded net loss of RMB44.0 million in the three months ended September 30, 2018. Starting in the second half of July 2018, PRC government started implementing monetary and fiscal policies to provide more liquidity in the market, which to some extent alleviated investors’ concerns. Our results of operations began to recover from such unfavorable market developments, as evidenced by our revenue of RMB710.3 million and net income of RMB162.3 million in the three months ended December 31, 2018.

Selected Balance Sheet Items

The following table sets forth selected balance sheet items as of the dates indicated.

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
|  | (in thousands) |
Accounts receivable, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | 336,849 |  |  |  | 48,933 |
Contract assets, net |  |  | 799,291 |  |  |  | 203,080 |  |  |  | 29,537 |
Assets from the investor assurance program, net |  |  | 270,276 |  |  |  | 5,525 |  |  |  | 804 |
Total assets |  |  | 2,530,532 |  |  |  | 801,879 |  |  |  | 116,628 |
Payroll and welfare payables |  |  | 105,386 |  |  |  | 110,562 |  |  |  | 16,081 |
Liabilities from the investor assurance program |  |  | 3,017,124 |  |  |  | 1,547,072 |  |  |  | 225,012 |
Other guarantee liabilities |  |  | 701,228 |  |  |  | 4,060 |  |  |  | 590 |
Tax payables. |  |  | 203,990 |  |  |  | 422,177 |  |  |  | 61,403 |
Refund liabilities |  |  | 156,111 |  |  |  | 84,498 |  |  |  | 12,290 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | 143,286 |  |  |  | 201,007 |  |  |  | 29,235 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 4,462,074 |  |  |  | 2,453,885 |  |  |  | 356,902 |
Total net liabilities |  |  | 1,931,542 |  |  |  | 1,652,006 |  |  |  | 240,274 |

Accounts receivable and contract assets, net

Contract assets represent our right to consideration in exchange for services that we have transferred to the customer before payment is due. Prior to February 2018, our right to consideration for monthly fees of facilitation services was conditional on the borrowers’ actual payment, as the borrower had the right to early terminate the loan contract prior to the loan maturity and was not obligated to pay the remaining monthly fees. As such, we recorded a corresponding contract asset for the monthly service fees allocated to loan facilitation services and post-origination services that had already been delivered in relation to loans facilitated on our platform when recognizing revenue from loan facilitation services and post-origination services. No accounts receivable was recorded in relation to the loans facilitated prior to February 2018. In addition, our right to the consideration for the service fee derived from automated investment programs is conditional on the actual return of the investment; therefore, a corresponding contract asset is recorded when the revenue of service fee is recognized.

Starting from February 2018, according to the contractual agreement with borrower, upon inception of the loan, we have unconditional right to the first six months’ service fee for the loans facilitated on our platform at loan inception regardless of the subsequent timing of the borrowers’ repayment of the loan. Therefore, we began to record accounts receivable up to total fees collectible in the first six months and contract assets for fees collectible in the subsequent months when recognizing revenue from loan facilitation service subsequent to February 2018. We collected a majority of service fees within the first two months of the loan inception.

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Since April 28, 2018, we charge all of the service fees in two equal installments that are due on the same days when the first and second monthly repayments of principal and interest are due, and we also have unconditional right to the first two months’ service fees upon loan origination. As such, we recognize accounts receivable when recognizing revenue from the loan facilitation service. Meanwhile, the portion of service fees that are collected and allocated to the post-origination service yet to be provided are recorded as deferred revenue on the consolidated balance sheet. No contract assets are recognized on loans facilitated subsequent to April 28, 2018.

We have established an allowance for uncollectible contract assets based on estimates, which incorporate historical experience and other factors surrounding the credit risk of specific customers which is essentially the net expected accumulative loss rates used in determining the fair value of guarantee liabilities under each product type. We estimated the allowance for uncollectible receivables based on expected net accumulated loss rates for terms during which losses of such service fees are expected to occur, which are consistent with the terms during which we expect to collect service fees. The net expected accumulative loss rate reflects the net effect of expected loss as a result of borrower’s default and the subsequent collections. A higher loan delinquency rate of underlying loans would indicate a higher net expected accumulative loss rate, which will in turn result in a larger amount of allowance provided for the contract assets and accounts receivables recognized for the service fees from the corresponding loans. We will write off accounts receivable and contract assets as well as the corresponding allowances if any repayment of the underlying loan is 90 days past due.

The contract assets, net of the allowance for uncollectible contract assets decreased from RMB799.3 million as of December 31, 2017 to RMB203.1 million (US$29.5 million) as of December 31, 2018, of which the gross amount of contract assets decreased by RMB638.4 million (US$92.9 million) and the allowance for uncollectible contract assets decreased by RMB42.2 million (US$6.1 million) from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018. The gross amount of accounts receivable was RMB 364.9 million (US$53.1 million), net of allowance of RMB 28.0 million (US$4.1 million) as of December 31, 2018. We recorded a total provision of uncollectible receivables and contract assets of RMB266.0 million (US$38.7 million), and charged off RMB280.1 million (US$40.7 million) of accounts receivable and contract assets as well as the corresponding allowances in 2018.

Our contract assets, net of allowance, by period in which they were initially recorded for each loan products as of December 31, 2017 and 2018 are presented in the tables below:

December 31, 2017 |  | Current loan products |  |  | Other online standard loan products |  |  | Offline and non-standard loan products |  |  | Other Services |  |  | Total |
|  | (in RMB thousands) |
Loans facilitated in 2016 |  |  | 1,146 |  |  |  | 780 |  |  |  | 174,481 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 176,407 |
Loans facilitated in 2017 |  |  | 301,833 |  |  |  | 119,678 |  |  |  | 194,873 |  |  |  | 6,500 |  |  |  | 622,884 |
Total |  |  | 302,979 |  |  |  | 120,458 |  |  |  | 369,354 |  |  |  | 6,500 |  |  |  | 799,291 |

December 31, 2018 |  | Current loan products |  |  | Other online standard loan products |  |  | Offline and non-standard loan products |  |  | Other Services |  |  | Total |
|  | (in RMB thousands) |
Loans facilitated in 2016 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 74 |  |  |  | 61,773 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 61,847 |
Loans facilitated in 2017 |  |  | 4,800 |  |  |  | 11,030 |  |  |  | 98,256 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 114,086 |
Loans facilitated in 2018 |  |  | 15,903 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 106 |  |  |  | 11,138 |  |  |  | 27,147 |
Total |  |  | 20,703 |  |  |  | 11,104 |  |  |  | 160,135 |  |  |  | 11,138 |  |  |  | 203,080 |

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The contract asset balance by the delinquent days of underlying loans as of December 31, 2017 and 2018 is presented as follows:

|  |  |  |  | Loans Delinquent for |
|  | Current |  |  | 1-30 days |  |  | 31-60 days |  |  | 61-90 days |
|  | (In RMB thousands) |
As of December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current loan products |  |  | 305,533 |  |  |  | 19,985 |  |  |  | 6,532 |  |  |  | 3,499 |
Other online standard loan products |  |  | 134,715 |  |  |  | 23,896 |  |  |  | 4,032 |  |  |  | 299 |
Offline loan products |  |  | 373,972 |  |  |  | 1,089 |  |  |  | 750 |  |  |  | 494 |
Other service |  |  | 6,500 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  |  | 820,720 |  |  |  | 44,970 |  |  |  | 11,314 |  |  |  | 4,292 |
As of December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current loan products |  |  | 22,927 |  |  |  | 11,310 |  |  |  | 9,054 |  |  |  | 11,324 |
Other online standard loan products |  |  | 12,445 |  |  |  | 652 |  |  |  | 509 |  |  |  | 496 |
Offline loan products |  |  | 160,424 |  |  |  | 1,024 |  |  |  | 800 |  |  |  | 778 |
Other service |  |  | 11,138 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  |  | 206,934 |  |  |  | 12,986 |  |  |  | 10,363 |  |  |  | 12,598 |

The accounts receivable balance was related to loans facilitated since February 2018. Our accounts receivable, net of allowance, recorded for each loan products as of 2018 are presented in the table below:

December 31, 2018 |  | Current loan products |  |  | Other online standard loan products |  |  | Offline and non-standard loan products |  |  | Other Services |  |  | Total |
|  | (in RMB thousands) |
Loans facilitated in 2018 |  |  | 336,849 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 336,849 |
Total |  |  | 336,849 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 336,849 |

The aging of accounts receivable as of December 31, 2018 is presented as follows:

|  | Current loan products |  |  | Other online standard loan products |  |  | Offline and non-standard loan products |  |  | Other Services |  |  | Total |
|  | (In RMB thousands) |
0-30 days |  |  | 351,250 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 351,250 |
31-60 days |  |  | 6,945 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,945 |
61-90 days |  |  | 6,668 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,668 |
Total |  |  | 364,863 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 364,863 |

The rollforward of our contract assets of each loan products for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018 is presented in the tables below:

|  | Opening balance as of January 1, 2017 |  |  | Addition in the current year |  |  | Collection in the current year |  |  | Write off in the current year |  |  | Ending balance as of December 31, 2017 |
|  | (in RMB thousands) |
Current loan products |  |  | 22,975 |  |  |  | 699,070 |  |  |  | (369,229 | ) |  |  | (17,266 | ) |  |  | 335,550 |
Other online standard loan products |  |  | 13,974 |  |  |  | 697,930 |  |  |  | (543,556 | ) |  |  | (5,406 | ) |  |  | 162,942 |
Offline loan products |  |  | 389,233 |  |  |  | 585,022 |  |  |  | (519,055 | ) |  |  | (78,896 | ) |  |  | 376,304 |
Other services |  |  | 21,134 |  |  |  | 172,551 |  |  |  | (187,185 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,500 |
Total |  |  | 447,316 |  |  |  | 2,154,573 |  |  |  | (1,619,025 | ) |  |  | (101,568 | ) |  |  | 881,296 |

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|  | Opening balance as of January 1, 2018 |  |  | Addition in the current year |  |  | Collection in the current year |  |  | Write off in the current year |  |  | Ending balance as of December 31, 2018 |
|  | (in RMB thousands) |
Current loan products |  |  | 335,550 |  |  |  | 898,142 |  |  |  | (1,001,265 | ) |  |  | (177,812 | ) |  |  | 54,615 |
Other online standard loan products |  |  | 162,942 |  |  |  | 26,987 |  |  |  | (107,384 | ) |  |  | (68,443 | ) |  |  | 14,102 |
Offline loan products |  |  | 376,304 |  |  |  | 41,548 |  |  |  | (244,329 | ) |  |  | (10,497 | ) |  |  | 163,026 |
Other services |  |  | 6,500 |  |  |  | 270,291 |  |  |  | (265,653 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,138 |
Total |  |  | 881,296 |  |  |  | 1,236,968 |  |  |  | (1,618,631 | ) |  |  | (256,752 | ) |  |  | 242,881 |

The rollforward of our accounts receivable of each loan products for the years ended December 31, 2018 is presented in the table below:

|  | Opening balance as of January 1, 2018 |  |  | Addition in the current year |  |  | Collection in the current year |  |  | Write off in the current year |  |  | Ending balance as of December 31, 2018 |
|  | (in RMB thousands) |
Current loan products |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,517,277 |  |  |  | (1,128,998 | ) |  |  | (23,416 | ) |  |  | 364,863 |
Other online standard loan products |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Offline loan products |  |  | — |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | (18 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Other services |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,252 |  |  |  | (4,252 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,521,549 |  |  |  | (1,133,270 | ) |  |  | (23,416 | ) |  |  | 364,863 |

The rollforward of the allowance for uncollectible contract assets of each loan product for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018 is presented in the tables below:

|  | As of January 1, 2017 |  |  | Current year net provision |  |  | Current year write-off |  |  | As of December 31, 2017 |
|  | (in RMB thousands) |
Current loan products |  |  | (5,468 | ) |  |  | (44,369 | ) |  |  | 17,266 |  |  |  | (32,571 | )
Other online standard loan products |  |  | (2,398 | ) |  |  | (45,492 | ) |  |  | 5,406 |  |  |  | (42,484 | )
Offline loan products |  |  | (44,764 | ) |  |  | (41,082 | ) |  |  | 78,896 |  |  |  | (6,950 | )
Other services |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  |  | (52,630 | ) |  |  | (130,943 | ) |  |  | 101,568 |  |  |  | (82,005 | )

|  | As of January 1, 2018 |  |  | Current year net provision |  |  | Current year write-off |  |  | As of December 31, 2018 |
|  | (in RMB thousands) |
Current loan products |  |  | (32,571 | ) |  |  | (179,153 | ) |  |  | 177,812 |  |  |  | (33,912 | )
Other online standard loan products |  |  | (42,484 | ) |  |  | (28,957 | ) |  |  | 68,443 |  |  |  | (2,998 | )
Offline loan products |  |  | (6,950 | ) |  |  | (6,438 | ) |  |  | 10,497 |  |  |  | (2,891 | )
Other services |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  |  | (82,005 | ) |  |  | (214,548 | ) |  |  | 256,752 |  |  |  | (39,801 | )

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The rollforward of the allowance for uncollectible receivables of each loan product for the year ended December 31, 2018 is presented in the tables below:

|  | Opening balance as of January 1, 2018 |  |  | Current year net provision |  |  | Current year write-off |  |  | As of December 31, 2018 |
|  | (in RMB) |
Current loan products |  |  | — |  |  |  | (51,430 | ) |  |  | 23,416 |  |  |  | (28,014 | )
Other online standard loan products |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Offline loan products |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Other services |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  |  | — |  |  |  | (51,430 | ) |  |  | 23,416 |  |  |  | (28,014 | )

As shown in the tables above, the net contract assets for the current loan products decreased significantly from RMB303.0 million as of December 31, 2017 to RMB20.7 million (US$3.0 million) as of December 31, 2018, mainly due to the large amount of collection of such assets in 2018, offset by the addition of contract assets generated from the current loan contracts facilitated prior to February 2018. We recorded a provision of RMB135.5 million in relation to RMB898.1 million contract assets that were recorded with current loan products newly facilitated in 2018. This implies that 15.1% of the total contract assets recognized were expected to be uncollectible for these current loan products, which is in line with the weighted average expected net accumulative loss rate applied in the determination of the liabilities from investor assurance program for the current loan products in 2018. A significant portion of such allowances was charged off by December 31, 2018 in accordance with our charge-off policy. We believe that we have sufficiently recorded the allowance in relation to uncollectible contract assets and have appropriately written off contract assets and related allowance in accordance with our charge-off policy in 2018.

The net contract assets associated with other online standard loan products and offline and non-standard loan products decreased from RMB489.8 million as of December 31, 2017 to RMB171.2 million (US$24.9 million) as of December 31, 2018. The decrease of such balances was primary due to collections of the contract assets in 2018 combined with the fact that we ceased facilitating offline and online non-standard loan products in 2018. Therefore, no significant amount of additional contract assets will be recorded going forward and the balance will continue to be reduced by collections and any additional allowances recorded. We recorded provision of RMB86.5 million and RMB35.3 million (US$5.1 million) in 2017 and 2018, respectively. The provision recognized in 2018 was mostly recognized in the beginning of 2018. As such, a significant portion of such provisions had been written off by the end of December 31, 2018 in accordance with our charge-off policy.

For new current loan products facilitated after February 2018, majority of service fee receivables is recognized as accounts receivable instead of contract assets. After April 28, 2018, all service fees are recognized as accounts receivable and are collectible within the first two months on the same day when the first and second monthly repayments of principal and interest are due. Due to the change of payment terms, the collection risk of accounts receivable is significantly reduced compared to that of the contract assets. We have recorded a RMB51.4 million allowance in relation to the RMB1,517.3 million accounts receivable recognized in 2018. This implies approximately 3.4% accounts receivable are expected to be uncollectible, which is consistent with the weighted average expected net accumulative loss rate that is expected to occur within the first two months from the date of inception for loans facilitated after February 2018. We believe that allowance recorded for accounts receivable as of December 31, 2018 is sufficient to cover estimated uncollectible receivables, and we have appropriately written off the accounts receivables and related allowance in accordance with our charge-off policy in 2018.

Assets from the investor assurance program

We provide the investor assurance program managed by us for all loans facilitated prior to April 28, 2018. At the inception of such loans, we recorded the assets from the investor assurance program which corresponds to the stand-ready liability recognized at fair value, which represented service fees that are collectible from the

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underlying loans that are expected to be used for the estimated payout of the corresponding guarantee liabilities. We no longer recognize such assets from investor assurance program in relation to loans facilitated subsequent to April 28, 2018. Our assets from investor assurance program decreased from RMB270.3 million as of December 31, 2017 to RMB5.5 million (US$0.8 million) as of December 31, 2018 and will continue to decrease in future periods as we collect these assets.

Liabilities from the investor assurance program

Liabilities from the investor assurance program represents expected net payout associated with loans facilitated on the platform of Niwodai Internet prior to April 28, 2018 in connection with the investor assurance program managed by us. The decrease in liabilities from investor assurance program from 2017 to 2018 was due to payouts on such liabilities and the decrease in loan origination volume covered by the investor assurance program managed by us as we no longer operate investor assurance program for loans facilitated after April 28, 2018. Liabilities from the investor assurance program are expected to wind down by the first quarter of 2020.

Other guarantee liabilities

Other guarantee liabilities represent expected net payout associated with servicing rights and obligations Shanghai Caiyin acquired from Niwodai Finance in December 2015, and has wound down substantially in 2018.

Payroll and welfare payables

Our payroll and welfare payables represent primarily unpaid salaries and bonuses to our employees and provision for unpaid social welfare and housing provident fund contributions. As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, our payroll and welfare payables consisted of unpaid salaries for the month of December of RMB24.4 million and RMB24.5 million (US$3.6 million), respectively, annual bonuses of RMB37.2 million and RMB41.9 million (US$6.1 million), respectively, and provision for unpaid social welfare and housing provident fund contributions of RMB43.8 million and RMB44.2 million (US$6.4 million), respectively. Our payroll and welfare payables increased slightly from RMB105.4 million in 2017 to RMB110.6 million (US$16.1 million) in 2018 as the number of our employees increased in line with the expansion of our business, as well as in line with an increase in the prevailing payroll level in our industry. We have settled RMB66.3 million (US$9.6 million) of our payroll and welfare payables as of December 31, 2018 related to salaries for the month of December in January 2019, and annual bonuses in February 2019, respectively. The provision for unpaid social welfare and housing provident fund contributions was related to the underpaid amount prior to March 2018. See “Risk Factors—Failure to make adequate contributions to various employee benefit plans and withhold individual income tax on employees’ salaries as required by PRC regulations may subject us to penalties.” As remitting such underpaid amounts involves conditions on the implementation level, some of which are beyond our control, the amount has not been paid and we do not expect the payment will be settled within a short period of time. Nevertheless, in the event that we receive a notice from the relevant authorities, we intend to pay the outstanding social welfare and housing provident fund contributions in accordance with such notice. Since March 2018, we have made adequate payments for the social welfare and housing provident fund in accordance with relevant laws and regulations and therefore we have not recorded additional provision for unpaid social welfare and housing provident fund contributions.

Tax payables

Our tax payables primarily represent VAT, enterprise income tax and surtaxes payable by us. Our tax payables as of December 31, 2017 consisted of unpaid VAT of RMB181.2 million and surtaxes of RMB22.4 million. Our tax payables as of December 31, 2018 consisted primarily of unpaid VAT of RMB320.8 million (US$46.7 million), enterprise income tax of RMB63.9 million (US$9.3 million) and surtaxes of RMB36.6 million (US$5.3 million). The increase in tax payables from 2017 to 2018 is primarily due to the growth in our business operations and our operating income in 2018. We expect to settle our tax payables as of December 31, 2018 substantially by mid-2020 in accordance with relevant laws and regulations.

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Refund liabilities

Our refund liabilities represent liabilities associated upfront service fees we charged historically at loan origination for loans facilitated prior to February 2018 that are partially refundable to the borrowers if they elect to repay the principal of loans ahead of schedule. We estimated the refund based on historical prepayment rate and recorded corresponding refund liabilities upon receiving upfront fees. As of December 2017 and 2018, our refund liabilities were RMB156.1 million and RMB84.5 million (US$12.3 million), respectively. Our refund liabilities decreased from 2017 to 2018 primarily due to the amount of refund liabilities we settled in 2018. For loans facilitated after February 2018, as we no longer charge upfront fees and have unconditional right to the first six months’ service fees at loan inception according to the contractual agreement with borrowers, no service fees will be refunded, and therefore we have not recorded additional refund liabilities since February 2018. We expect to settle substantially all refund liabilities as of December 31, 2018 by the first quarter of 2020 as these loans mature.

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities

Our accrued expenses and other current liabilities represent primarily accrued expenses related to our business operation and provision for unpaid withholding individual income tax. As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, our accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of accrued expenses of RMB93.3 million and RMB109.0 million (US$15.8 million), respectively, and provision for unpaid withholding individual income tax of RMB46.8 million and RMB50.0 million (US$7.3 million), respectively. We expect to settle our accrued expenses as of December 31, 2018 in accordance with the credit term in relevant contracts in the next few months. The unpaid withholding individual income tax was related to the underpaid amount prior to March 2018. See “Risk Factors—Failure to make adequate contributions to various employee benefit plans and withhold individual income tax on employees’ salaries as required by PRC regulations may subject us to penalties.” As remitting such underpaid amounts involves conditions on the implementation level, some of which are beyond our control, the amount has not been paid and we do not expect the payment will be settled within a short period of time. Nevertheless, in the event that we receive notice from the relevant authorities, we intend to pay the outstanding withholding individual income tax in accordance with such notice. Since March 2018, we have made adequate employee individual income tax withholdings in accordance with relevant laws and regulations and therefore we have not recorded additional provision for unpaid withholding tax.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our primary source of liquidity has been cash provided by operating activities, and funds provided by our shareholders, including through capital contributions and loans from related parties, which has historically been sufficient to meet our working capital and substantially all of our capital expenditure requirements.

In 2017, we generated positive cash flows from our operating activities of RMB104.8 million. In 2018, net cash used in operating activities was RMB228.4 million (US$33.2 million).

Our operating cash flows are primarily comprised of service fees we receive from operating activities and payouts out of our restricted cash related to our investor assurance programs. The restricted cash primarily represents the amount of cash we set aside in designated bank accounts for the investor assurance program managed by us to repay the liability from the investor assurance program and other guarantee liabilities. When payouts are made under the investor assurance program upon default, such payouts will reduce the balance of our restricted cash. Upon collection of service fees by Shanghai Caiyin, we deposit such service fees directly into the designated restricted cash accounts. We monitor the balance of our restricted cash on a regular basis to ensure it can sufficiently cover the expected payouts, and when a shortfall is anticipated, we will transfer additional cash to the designated restricted cash accounts. In 2017 and 2018, net payouts related to our investor assurance program were RMB3.2 billion and RMB3.5 billion (US$0.5 billion), which exceeded our net revenue of RMB2.3 billion and RMB2.9 billion (US$0.4 billion) in the same periods, respectively. In 2017 and 2018, service fees collected from borrowers that were directly deposited into designated bank accounts for investor assurance program were RMB2.9 billion and RMB2.3 billion (US$0.3 billion), respectively, which in aggregate,

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was less than the net payouts related to our investor assurance program. We transferred additional cash of RMB1,079.9 million (US$157.1 million) into the designated restricted cash accounts for the purpose of the investor assurance program in 2018. We expect to transfer additional cash to such accounts to repay our investors covered by our investor assurance program in the future. Based on our reasonable estimates taking into account historical accumulated net loss rate of our loans, net payouts to be made related to our investor assurance program were expected to be RMB1,551.1 million (US$225.6 million) as of December 31, 2018, and the maximum amount of discretionary payments that we expect to make to repay investors covered by the investor assurance program managed us approximated to RMB1.3 billion (US$0.2 billion) as of December 31, 2018, which is the differences between the sum of the liabilities from the investor assurance program and other guarantee liabilities, and the sum of the asset from the investor assurance program and contract assets as of December 31, 2018.

As of December 31, 2018, we had cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of RMB82.9 million (US$12.1 million), which decreased from RMB761.3 million as of December 31, 2017 primarily as a result of the significant payouts in 2018 related to the investor assurance program managed by us. As of December 31, 2018, we had liabilities from the investor assurance program of RMB1,547.1 million (US$225.0 million), which, represented 63.2% of our total liabilities as of December 31, 2018. We expect these liabilities to be settled, approximately ratably, over the coming months through the first quarter of 2020. We have been operating our business with negative working capital since 2015. As of December 31, 2018, our shareholder’s deficit was negative RMB1,652.0 million (US$240.3 million). The aggregated amount of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, contract assets, accounts receivable, and assets from the investor assurance program was less than the aggregated amount of liabilities from the investor assurance program and other guarantee liabilities by RMB922.7 million (US$134.2 million) as of December 31, 2018. Furthermore, we had other current liabilities other than liabilities from the investor assurance program of RMB906.8 million (US$131.9 million) as of December 31, 2018, a significant portion of which is expected to be settled in the next few months. See “—Selected Balance Sheet Items.” As such, we are experiencing liquidity pressure. See “Risk Factors—We incurred net losses in the past and may incur net losses in the future. Furthermore, we are experiencing liquidity pressure and may continue to operate our business under such pressure.”

We believe that our current working capital, together with anticipated cash flows generated from operating activities, will be sufficient for our present requirements for the next 12 months. We have successfully operated our business despite our negative working capital since December 2015, and we have been able to reduce our working capital deficit since 2017. We expect our net income and operating cash inflows to further increase in accordance with the expansion of our business in the coming years. Our marketplace delivered a track record of profitability in 2017 and 2018 in changing macro-economic environments despite unfavorable market developments. In 2017 and 2018, our loan origination volume was RMB19.8 billion and RMB23.7 billion (US$3.4 billion), respectively, and we collected service fees in the amount of RMB4.6 billion and RMB4.2 billion (US$0.6 billion), respectively. Despite the current macroeconomic uncertainties, our operating performance has been robust so far in 2019, as evidenced by our loan origination volume of RMB6.5 billion (US$1.0 billion) in the first quarter of 2019. We expect our loan origination volume and operating cash inflows in the next 12 months to continue to be roughly in line with, if not better than, they were in 2018. Meanwhile, we expect payouts related to investor assurance program in the next 12 months to be below RMB1.6 billion (US$0.2 billion), which is significantly less than RMB3.2 billion and RMB3.5 billion (US$0.5 billion) we previously paid relating to our investor assurance program in 2017 and 2018. As such, in light of similar anticipated loan origination volume and operating cash inflows and significantly lower liabilities related to our investor assurance program, we believe that our current working capital, together with anticipated cash flows generated from operating activities, will be sufficient to cover our payouts related to our investor assurance program, as well as to settle other current liabilities in 2019, and that our working capital will be sufficient for our current requirements for the next 12 months.

While the growth of our peer-to-peer lending business has been limited by PRC laws and regulations, including the Dual Decrease and other limitations on our business scale, we have taken various measures to

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maintain the growth of our business while adhering to our interpretations of these regulations. For instance, we plan to diversify our loan product offerings and include loan products of shorter terms available to selective repeat borrowers with appropriate credit quality. If successful, introducing short term products will facilitate an increase in the turnover of our outstanding principal and allow us to increase our loan origination volume without increasing the outstanding principal. Furthermore, we also plan to diversify our funding sources by cooperating with financial institutions, including banks, trust companies and consumer finance companies. We expect these institutional funding partners to provide stable funding to borrowers on our marketplace, which will allow us to increase our loan origination volume and generate more revenue. We believe the outstanding principal of loans funded by financial institutions licensed to fund individual loans are not subject to the limitations related to the Dual Decrease and other limitations on business scale.

Furthermore, we explored different fee schedule and payment terms for our products in 2018 and decided that our current fee schedule could achieve optimized balance among our operating income, cash flows and risks. We elected to collect service fees in the first two months in compliance with relevant laws and regulations, which we believe reduces the collection risk and improves our capability to manage our cash flows compared to the approach of collecting them in equal installments throughout the term of the loan. In 2018, we collected service fees of RMB2,140.4 million (US$311.3 million) for loans facilitated after April 28, 2018. We believe our operating cash inflows subsequent to April 28, 2018 would be more indicative of our future operating cash inflows.

Meanwhile, we have ceased managing the investor assurance program for loans facilitated subsequent April 28, 2018, and as such, we have not incurred any guarantee liabilities and cash outflows with respect to these loans. This change reduces the risk of losses relating to the assets or liabilities from the investor assurance program imposed by evolving market conditions, regulations and credit cycles and accordingly, enhances our capabilities to estimate and manage our future cash flows. As we expect liabilities related to our investor assurance program to be settled in the coming months, and in any event, by the first quarter of 2020, while our operating cash flows and working capital will continue to be impacted by the default rate of our loans facilitated prior to April 28, 2018, we expect such impact to wind down by the first quarter of 2020.

In order to increase our revenue and enhance our liquidity status, we also strive to enhance the credit performance of the loan portfolio we facilitate on our marketplace. As the delinquency rate for outstanding loans covered by investor assurance program managed by third party guarantors decreased in recent months and we expect this trend to continue for our future loans, service fees charged by third party guarantors will be more than sufficient to cover the future payouts related to outstanding loans. We believe demonstrating a proven credit performance will effectively enhance our bargaining power to lower the service fee rate charged by the third party guarantors. If we are able to do so, we will be able to charge a relatively higher service fee rate for loan facilitation and other services we provide to borrowers and generate more revenue without increasing the burden of our borrowers. Similarly, we will be able to attract Class B investors at a lower service fee rate, which will also increase our revenue.

We have lowered the investment return of and incentives paid to investors on our marketplace since February 2019. We have become increasingly capable of attracting investors while offering lower returns to them, as our marketplace grows. In February 2019, the average overall investment return rate, which comprises the rate of interest paid by borrowers and incentives paid by us, was 12.9%, which was lower than that of 14.5% in the fourth quarter of 2018. As we grow in scale and recognition, this will allow us to further lower the investment return of and incentives paid to investors. If successful, we will be able to increase our revenue without increasing the burden of our borrowers.

In addition, we also strive to optimize our collection strategy to maximize the amount recovered from defaulting borrowers. We became one of the first individual lending marketplaces to begin sharing credit information with Baihang Credit Co., Ltd., or Baihang Credit, which integrates, saves and processes data collected from us and multiple other companies. The information available to us through Baihang Credit has strengthened our credit assessment capabilities and further enhances our capabilities to identify nonqualified applicants. As we are able to report borrowers who are in default for more than eight days to Baihang Credit, this aggregation of data will

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undermine the capability of these borrowers to obtain future credit from other marketplaces that share data with Baihang Credit. Accordingly, we believe the reporting and sharing of such data pressures defaulting borrowers to become more willing to repay loans. Our collection efforts also benefit from recent laws and regulation. See “Regulation—Regulations Relating to Online Individual Finance Services—Regulations on Sharing Information of and Imposing Disciplinary Measures on Discredited Parties subject to Enforcement.”

Our other operating cost and expenses has benefited from the economy of scale we have achieved as our marketplace grew, and we expect to continue to lower these cost and expenses as a percentage of our revenue. We successfully lowered our sales and marketing expenses from RMB884.9 million in 2017 to RMB726.6 million (US$105.7 million) in 2018 primarily as (i) we facilitated more loan volume attributable to repeat investors and borrowers in 2018 compared to 2017, the sales and marketing expenses of which is significantly lower than that of new investors and borrowers, and (ii) we replaced our offline borrower acquisition efforts with more efficient online activities. We plan to continue to attract and retain our current borrowers and investors and further lower our sales and marketing expenses. In particular, we will promote Jiadai, a product which provides an option to draw down another loan, among our creditworthy borrowers who have a loan outstanding and consistent repayment history with us. We believe such initiative will allow us to further decrease our sales and marketing expenses. In January and February 2019, the percentage of loans attributable to repeat borrowers increased from 38.6% to 45.8%.

Our current liabilities as of December 31, 2018 included provision for unpaid social welfare and housing provident fund contributions of RMB44.2 million (US$6.4 million) and provision for withholding individual income tax of RMB50.0 million (US$7.3 million). See “—Selected Balance Sheet Items.” We have not received any notification from relevant PRC authorities alleging that we have not made adequate payments and demanding payment of the same. We also are not aware of any employee’s complaint or demand for payment of the same, nor have we received any notification from labor arbitration tribunals or the PRC courts regarding disputes with respect to social welfare and housing provident fund contributions. We believe that it is not reasonably possible that the PRC authorities would impose late fees, administrative fines or penalties. We believe we have sufficiently accrued provisions that would cover the amount we would be required to pay if we were to receive a notice from PRC authorities requiring settlement of the overdue amounts or imposing any late fee, fine or penalty. If we were to receive such notice to pay, such payments would adversely affect our liquidity status. See “Risk Factors—Failure to make adequate contributions to various employee benefit plans and withhold individual income tax on employees’ salaries as required by PRC regulations may subject us to penalties.” Notwithstanding the foregoing, we expect that we would have sufficient cash to make the required payments without causing any liquidity event or depleting our working capital resources, in the event that we were indeed required to do so. We believe our financial position will not be materially and adversely affected by our historical failure to make adequate employee benefit plan payments and employee individual income tax withholdings.

As we have gradually recovered from the unfavorable market developments in mid-2018, our liquidity status has improved in January and February 2019. In January and February 2019, we settled liabilities from the investor assurance program of RMB357.2 million (US$52.0 million) and other guarantee liabilities of RMB4.1 million (US$0.6 million) in aggregate. Furthermore, we have settled RMB302.6 million (US$43.8 million) in payroll and welfare payables, tax payables, refund liabilities, and accrued expense and other current liabilities in aggregate in January and February 2019. Despite the large amount of liabilities we settled in January and February 2019, we increased our cash and cash equivalents to RMB95.9 million (US$13.9 million) as of February 28, 2019, as compared to RMB41.4 million (US$6.0 million) as of December 31, 2018. In January and February 2019, our loan origination volume was RMB4,081.3 million (US$593.6 million). The aggregate amount of service fees we are entitled to collect in relation to the loans facilitated in January and February 2019 was RMB508.0 million (US$73.9 million), the majority of which would have been recognized as revenue in the same period. As such, we believe that as we continue to roll out the aforementioned measures, we will have sufficient working capital from future cash inflows to compensate investors covered by the investor assurance program managed by us, as well as to settle other current liabilities, and our current working capital, together with anticipated cash flows from operating activities, will be sufficient to meet our anticipated working capital requirements and capital expenditures in the ordinary course of business for the next twelve months.

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We may, however, need additional cash resources in the future if we experience changes in business conditions or other developments, or if we find and wish to pursue opportunities for investment, acquisition, capital expenditure or similar actions. If we determine that our cash requirements exceed the amount of cash and cash equivalents we have on hand at the time, we may seek to issue equity or debt securities or obtain credit facilities. The issuance and sale of additional equity would result in further dilution to our shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed obligations and could result in operating covenants that would restrict our operations. We cannot assure you that financing will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—We may not be able to obtain additional capital on favorable terms or at all.”

The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows for the period presented:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
|  | (in thousands) |
Summary Consolidated Cash Flow Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net cash generated by (used in) operating activities |  |  | 104,752 |  |  |  | (228,368 | ) |  |  | (33,213 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  |  | 61,215 |  |  |  | (16,423 | ) |  |  | (2,388 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  |  | 13,876 |  |  |  | (433,600 | ) |  |  | (63,065 | )
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year |  |  | 581,489 |  |  |  | 761,332 |  |  |  | 110,729 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of year |  |  | 761,332 |  |  |  | 82,941 |  |  |  | 12,063 |

* | Our cash flows from operating activities in 2018 includes repayment from Niwodai Finance of RMB517.7 million (US$75.3 million) of amounts due from related parties, which is mostly funded by a dividend of RMB400.0 million (US$58.2 million) distributed to shareholders of Jiayin Finance, including Mr. Dinggui Yan, who also controls Niwodai Finance. Without this related party transaction, our operating cash outflows in 2018 would have been more significant.

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities was RMB228.4 million (US$33.2 million) in 2018, primarily due to changes in working capital of RMB1,185.2 million (US$172.4 million), partially offset by net income of RMB611.8 million (US$89.0 million), adjusted for allowance for uncollectible receivables and contract assets of RMB266.0 million (US$38.7 million), share-based compensation of RMB67.8 million (US$9.9 million) and depreciation and amortization of RMB11.3 million (US$1.6 million). Changes in operating assets and liabilities primarily consisted of (i) a decrease in liabilities from investor assurance program of RMB1,470.1 million (US$213.8 million) in connection with the payouts from the investor assurance program managed by us, and (ii) a decrease in other guarantee liabilities of RMB697.2 million (US$101.4 million) in connection with the guarantee provided to outstanding loans facilitated by Niwodai Finance, partially offset by (i) a decrease in amounts due from related parties of RMB500.8 million (US$72.8 million) primarily in connection with the collection of amounts due from Niwodai Finance, and (ii) a decrease in assets from investor assurance program of RMB264.8 million (US$38.5 million) in connection with the collection of such assets, and (iii) an increase in tax payable of RMB218.2 million (US$31.7 million), and (iv) a decrease in accounts receivable and contract assets of RMB6.6 million (US$1.0 million), which was due to the change of payment terms since April 28, 2018, despite the increase in net revenue by 28.0% in 2018 compared to 2017.

Net cash provided by operating activities was RMB104.8 million in 2017, primarily due to net income of RMB539.5 million, adjusted for allowance for uncollectible receivables and contract assets of RMB130.9 million, share-based compensation of RMB89.4 million, depreciation and amortization of RMB4.1 million and changes in working capital. Changes in working capital primarily consisted of (i) a decrease in other guarantee liabilities of RMB1,298.8 million in connection with the guarantee provided to outstanding loans facilitated by

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Niwodai Finance, (ii) an increase in contract assets of RMB535.5 million in connected with uncollected service fees and (iii) an increase in assets from investor assurance program of RMB108.8 million in connection with the increased loan volume facilitated in 2017, partially offset by (i) an increase in liabilities from investor assurance program of RMB843.4 million in connection with the increase in loan origination volume, (ii) an increase in tax payables of RMB153.4 million and (iii) an increase in accrued expenses and other current liabilities of RMB97.7 million.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was RMB16.4 million (US$2.4 million) in 2018, primarily due to purchase of property and equipment.

Net cash provided by investing activities was RMB61.2 million in 2017, due to repayment received from a related party of RMB83.0 million, partially offset by the purchase of property and equipment of RMB21.7 million.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities was RMB433.6 million (US$63.1 million) in 2018, primarily due to dividend distributed to shareholders of Jiayin Finance of RMB400.0 million (US$58.2 million) and repayment of RMB104.4 million (US$15.2 million) on loans of Jiayin Credit.

Net cash provided by financing activities was RMB13.9 million in 2017, due to loans from a related party, Jiayin Credit.

Capital Expenditures

We made capital expenditures of RMB21.7 million and RMB16.9 million (US$2.5 million) in 2017 and 2018. In these periods, our capital expenditures were mainly used for purchase of equipment, including servers, computers and other office equipment, and office renovation. We will continue to make capital expenditures to meet the expected growth of our business.

Commitments

The following table set forth our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2018:

|  | Payment due by period |
|  | Total |  |  | Less than 1 Year |  |  | 1-3 Years |  |  | 3-5 Years |  |  | More than 5 Years |
|  | RMB |  |  | US$ |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
|  | (in thousands) |
Operating lease commitments |  |  | 50,682 |  |  |  | 7,371 |  |  |  | 23,901 |  |  |  | 3,476 |  |  |  | 26,781 |  |  |  | 3,895 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |

As of December 31, 2018, we recorded liabilities from the investor assurance program of RMB1,547.1 million (US$225.0 million) and other guarantee liabilities of RMB4.1 million (US$0.6 million). Other guarantee liabilities substantially wound down in 2018, and we expect liabilities from the investor assurance program to wind down by the first quarter of 2020. Prior to April 28, 2018, we collected fees for services rendered in respect of our investor assurance program, which fees will be contributed to the risk reserve fund of our investor assurance program and utilized to pay off our liability from the investor assurance program and other guarantee liabilities. As we do not manage the investor assurance program for loans facilitated after April 28, 2018, we pay off these liabilities with working capital, including future cash inflows accounted for in our contract assets and accounts receivables and assets from investor assurance program, once the restricted cash related to the investor assurance program has been depleted. See “Business—Investor Assurance Program—Investor Assurance Program Managed by Us.”

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Other than the above, we did not have any significant capital and other commitments, long-term obligations, or guarantees as of December 31, 2018.

Off-Balance Sheet Commitments and Arrangements

We have not entered into any material financial guarantees or other commitments to guarantee the payment obligations of any third parties and do not assume credit risk in loans facilitated through our marketplace. We have not entered into any derivative contracts that are indexed to our shares and classified as shareholder’s equity or that are not reflected in our consolidated financial statements. Furthermore, we do not have any retained or contingent interest in assets transferred to an unconsolidated entity that serves as credit, liquidity or market risk support to such entity. We do not have any variable interest in any unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit support to us or engages in leasing, hedging or product development services with us.

Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Prior to this offering, we have been a private company with limited accounting personnel and other resources with which to address our internal control over financial reporting. Jiayin Finance used to disclose its financial statements in accordance with the requirement of NEEQ, which was prepared under accounting principles generally accepted in the PRC and on a different basis of consolidation from our consolidated financial statements. Our independent registered public accounting firm has not conducted an audit of our internal control over financial reporting. However, in the course of auditing our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2017, we and our independent registered public accounting firm identified two material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, as defined in the standards established by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board of the United States. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

Two material weaknesses relate to:

| • |  | our lack of sufficient accounting personnel with U.S. GAAP knowledge and SEC financial reporting requirements, and lack of accounting policies and procedures relating to financial reporting in accordance with U.S. GAAP;

| • |  | our lack of formal risk assessment process and internal control framework over financial reporting, including (i) our lack of a formal group-wide risk assessment process to identify, assess, address or mitigate the risks identified and internal control over financial reporting framework to maintain effective internal controls within the organization, which may increase risk of error, fraud, misstatement of financial reporting, or even non-compliance with related regulations for a U.S. listed Group and (ii) our lack of an internal audit department and a qualified compliance team to monitor the risk and processes of the company.

In response to the identified material weakness, we are in the process of implementing a number of measures to address the material weakness that has been identified, including: hiring a new reporting officer and an additional senior financial reporting manager with experience in U.S. GAAP accounting and SEC reporting to lead accounting and financial reporting matters; participating in trainings and seminars provided by professional services firms on a regular basis; providing internal training to our current accounting team on US GAAP knowledge; setting up a systematic accounting manual for US GAAP and financial closing process; establishing an audit committee upon the closing of the IPO; hiring internal auditors and perform self-assessment of internal control effectiveness on a continuous basis; and engaging professional service companies to help implement SOX 404 compliance together with the establishment of internal audit function.

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However, we cannot assure you that we will complete implementation of these measures in a timely manner. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—If we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal controls over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report our results of operations, meet our reporting obligations or prevent fraud.”

As a company with less than US$1.07 billion in gross annual revenue for our last fiscal year, we qualify as an “emerging growth company” pursuant to the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s internal control over financial reporting. The JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company does not need to comply with any new or revised financial accounting standards until such date that a private company is otherwise required to comply with such new or revised accounting standards. However, we have elected to “opt out” of this provision and, as a result, we will comply with new or revised accounting standards as required when they are adopted for public companies. This decision to opt out of the extended transition period under the JOBS Act is irrevocable.

Holding Company Structure

Jiayin Group Inc. is a holding company with no material operations of its own. We conduct our operations primarily through our subsidiary, consolidated VIE and its subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entity in China. As a result, Jiayin Group Inc.’s ability to pay dividends depends upon dividends paid by our PRC subsidiary. If our existing PRC subsidiary or any newly formed ones incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us. In addition, our wholly foreign-owned subsidiary in China is permitted to pay dividends to us only out of its retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Under PRC law, each of our subsidiary, our consolidated VIE and its subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entity in China is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund certain statutory reserve funds until such reserve funds reach 50% of its registered capital. In addition, our wholly foreign-owned subsidiary in China may allocate a portion of its after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to enterprise expansion funds and staff bonus and welfare funds at its discretion, and our consolidated VIEs and their subsidiaries may allocate a portion of its after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to a discretionary surplus fund at their discretion. The statutory reserve funds and the discretionary funds are not distributable as cash dividends. Remittance of dividends by a wholly foreign-owned company out of China is subject to examination by the banks designated by SAFE. Our PRC subsidiary has not paid dividends and will not be able to pay dividends until they generate accumulated profits and meet the requirements for statutory reserve funds.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Foreign Currency Risk

All of our revenues and substantially all of our expenses are denominated in Renminbi. The functional currency of our company, Jiayin Group Inc., Jiayin Holdings Limited and Jiayin (HK) Limited is the U.S. dollar. The functional currency of our subsidiary in the PRC, the VIE and its subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities is the Renminbi. We use Renminbi as our reporting currency. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are translated into the functional currency at the rates of exchange ruling at the balance sheet date. Transactions in currencies other than the functional currency during the year are converted into functional currency at the applicable rates of exchange prevailing when the transactions occurred. Transaction gains and losses are recognized in the statements of operations.

We do not believe that we currently have any significant direct foreign exchange risk and have not used any derivative financial instruments to hedge exposure to such risk. Although in general our exposure to foreign exchange risks should be limited, the value of your investment in our ADSs will be affected by the exchange rate

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between U.S. dollar and RMB because the value of our business is effectively denominated in Renminbi, while our ADSs will be traded in U.S. dollars.

The conversion of Renminbi into foreign currencies, including U.S. dollars, is based on rates set by the PBOC. The PRC government allowed the Renminbi to appreciate by more than 20% against the U.S. dollar between July 2005 and July 2008. Between July 2008 and June 2010, the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar had been stable and traded within a narrow band. Since June 2010, the PRC government has allowed the RMB to appreciate slowly against the U.S. dollar, though there have been periods when the Renminbi has depreciated against the U.S. dollar. In particular, on August 11, 2015, the PBOC allowed the Renminbi to depreciate by approximately 2% against the U.S. dollar. Since then, the Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. From August 11, 2015 until the end of 2016, the Renminbi depreciated against the U.S. dollar by approximately 10%. During 2017, the Renminbi appreciated by approximately 7% against the U.S. dollar. Since 2018, the Renminbi has been depreciating against the U.S. dollar. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future. It is difficult to predict how long the current situation may last and when and how the relationship between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar may change again.

To the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars into Renminbi for our operations, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the Renminbi amount we receive from the conversion. Conversely, if we decide to convert Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our ordinary shares or ADSs or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amounts available to us.

We estimate that we will receive net proceeds of approximately US$29.8 million from this offering if the underwriters do not exercise their option to purchase additional ADSs, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and the estimated offering expenses payable by us, based on the assumed initial offering price of US$10.50 per ADS. Assuming that we convert the full amount of the net proceeds from this offering into Renminbi, a 10% appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi, from the exchange rate of RMB6.8755 for US$1.00 as of December 31, 2018 to a rate of RMB7.5631 to US$1.00, will result in an increase of RMB20.5 million in our net proceeds from this offering. Conversely, a 10% depreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi, from the exchange rate of RMB6.8755 for US$1.00 as of December 31, 2018 to a rate of RMB6.1880 to US$1.00, will result in a decrease of RMB20.5 million in our net proceeds from this offering.

Interest Rate Risk

We have not been exposed to material risks due to changes in market interest rates, and we have not used any derivative financial instruments to manage our interest risk exposure. However, we cannot provide assurance that we will not be exposed to material risks due to changes in market interest rate in the future.

The fluctuation of interest rates may affect the demand for loan services on our marketplace. For example, a decrease in interest rates may cause potential borrowers to seek lower-priced loans from other channels. A high interest rate environment may lead to an increase in competing investment options and dampen investors’ desire to invest on our marketplace. We do not expect that the fluctuation of interest rates will have a material impact on our financial condition. However, we cannot provide assurance that we will not be exposed to material risks due to changes in market interest rate in the future.

After the completion of this offering, we may invest the net proceeds we receive from the offering in interest-earning instruments. Investments in both fixed rate and floating rate interest earning instruments carry a degree of interest rate risk. Fixed rate securities may have their fair market value adversely impacted due to a rise in interest rates, while floating rate securities may produce less income than expected if interest rates fall.

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Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially expose us to significant concentration of credit risk primarily include in the financial lines of cash and cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2018, our cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash were deposited in financial institutions located in the PRC.

There are no revenues from customers which individually represent greater than 10% of the total net revenues in 2018. There are no customers of ours that accounted for greater than 10% of our carrying amount of accounts receivable as of December 31, 2018.

Inflation

Since our inception, inflation in China has not materially impacted our results of operations. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the year-over-year percent changes in the consumer price index for December 2017 and 2018 were increases of 1.8% and 1.9%, respectively. Although we have not in the past been materially affected by inflation since our inception, we can provide no assurance that we will not be affected in the future by higher rates of inflation in China.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

A list of recent accounting announcements that are relevant to us is included in note 2(y) to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

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INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

China’s Economic Development

China has witnessed a rapid economic growth in the past decades. As a result of China’s economic development and rising disposable income per capita, consumption in China has been growing rapidly. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, final consumption in China, defined as expenditure on goods and services that are used for the direct satisfaction of an individual or collective needs, grew from 2015 to 2017 at a CAGR of 11.5% and the ratio of final consumption to GDP also increased from 37.1% to 39.3%. Despite the significant growth, the relative size of China’s consumption as a percentage of total GDP is still low compared to other developed economies, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, according to iResearch, suggesting tremendous growth potential. According to iResearch, China’s final consumption is expected to reach US$10.6 trillion in 2022, representing a CAGR of 9.6% from 2017 to 2022.

Final Consumption as Percentage of GDP of Major Economies (2015-2022E)

The transformation of China’s economy is partially fueled by the rise of the digital economy, which has reshaped traditional businesses in various aspects while creating new business models, such as new retail and online consumer finance marketplaces. In 2018, the number of Internet users and mobile Internet users in China reached 828.5 million and 817.0 million, respectively, and are expected to reach 1,017.6 million and 1,013.8 million in 2022, respectively, according to iResearch. China’s Internet penetration rate is expected to increase from 59.6% in 2018 to 71.0% in 2022. Over the same period, the penetration rate of mobile Internet in China is expected to grow from 58.4% to 70.8%.

The widespread use of the Internet in China has significantly facilitated the matching of supply and demand in the market in a highly efficient and cost-effective manner that has never been witnessed before under traditional business models. Individual borrowers increasingly prefer to borrow from online individual finance platforms due to the availability and convenience of the loan offerings that they provide, compared to traditional brick-and-mortar financial institutions.

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China’s Online Individual Finance Market

Online individual finance refers to peer-to-peer direct lending through the Internet. China’s online individual finance market has experienced relatively gradual and stable growth despite certain unfavorable market developments in 2018, and the number of online investors and borrowers in this market reached approximately 13.3 million and 19.9 million, in 2018, respectively. From 2015 to 2018, the size of China’s online individual finance market as measured by transaction volume grew from US$134.8 billion to US$268.5 billion, representing a CAGR of 25.8%, and is expected to reach US$454.9 billion in 2022. Set forth below are the historical transaction volumes of China’s online individual finance market for the years indicated:

China Online Individual Finance Transaction Volume (2015-2022E)

Platforms that offer mid-to long-term loans are currently the major players in China’s online individual finance market. Set forth below are the historical outstanding balances of China’s online individual finance market as of the end of the years indicated:

China Online Individual Finance Market Size by Duration (2015-2022E)

Compared with the short-term loan market, the market for mid-to long-term loans has demonstrated stronger growth momentum as a result of the following factors: (i) longer terms are conducive to better liquidity management and more effective duration matching; (ii) the stricter risk management and higher borrower quality effectively address investors’ investment demands and allow for more stable investment returns; and (iii) the mid-to long-term loan market enjoys more favorable regulatory environment, as explained in detail below.

Among China’s major mid-to long- term online individual finance marketplaces, Niwodai ranked No. 1 in terms of borrower satisfaction rates and borrowers’ willingness to recommend our platform to others, according to an online survey conducted by iResearch in January 2018, and ranked third in terms of transaction volume in 2018, according to iResearch.

Regulatory Environment and Implications for Market Players

The rapid growth of China’s online individual finance market has attracted a large number of market players. However, business failures have surfaced in recent years due to fierce competition and surging leverage ratios, creating a negative public perception of online individual finance players. In an effort to manage risks and

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maintain market integrity, PRC regulatory authorities, including the China Banking Regulatory Commission and the People’s Bank of China have issued guidelines and policy directives that impose stricter requirements on online individual finance marketplaces. The requirements focus on the qualification, operation model, information disclosure and custody accounts practice of these platforms. In addition, under the new regulations, the part of the APR that exceeds 36% per annum is invalid and void. See “Regulation.”

While tighter regulations may increase the overall compliance costs and lead to the shutdown of some platforms that are unable to meet the heightened requirements, such regulations may enhance the competitive advantage of established market players that are compliant with the regulations. Given the requirement that all relevant interests and fees should be included when calculating APR, it has become increasingly difficult for short-term loan providers to maintain their profitability while complying with the 36% APR limit under the new regulations.

The flowchart below sets forth future regulatory trends and their potential favorable implications for established online individual finance platforms, according to iResearch.

Key Factors for the Success of China’s Online Individual Finance Service Providers

A number of key factors are critical to the success of market players in China’s online individual finance industry, including:

Effective Borrower Acquisition

Due to the typically small loan sizes, a sufficiently large borrower base is critical for players in this market to achieve scale and profitability. As a result, successful players in the online individual finance industry need to differentiate themselves by accurately identifying and efficiently acquiring prospective borrowers. They should have the capacity to build effective borrower acquisition channels based on their analysis of borrowing and consumption patterns and establish targeted marketing strategies.

Robust Risk Management and Analytics Capability

A large majority of the population in China still has very limited credit history. Given the shortage of credit data, it is essential for online individual finance platforms to utilize non-credit data to help build their risk

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management capabilities. The development of new technologies, such as machine learning and big data analytics, has enabled online individual finance platforms to leverage non-credit online data, such as e-commerce, social media and personal data, to evaluate borrowers’ risk profiles and perform more accurate credit assessment.

Efficient Matching of Investors and Borrowers

The ability to accurately match the needs of investors and borrowers, including numerous invest-in and cash-out requests, is also a distinctive feature of successful market players in China’s online individual finance industry. This ability is built upon an online individual finance platform’s liquidity management capabilities and access to sufficient funding. Improper liquidity management can lead to the mismatch between investor’s expected timing of exit and the loan’s maturity date, thereby negatively affecting our investors and borrowers. An algorithm-based system that is able to accurately and efficiently match investments with borrowings is a key success factor for online individual finance platforms.

Post-lending Management Capability

As Circular 57 prohibits the increase in size of any investor assurance fund and requires online individual finance platforms to gradually phase out of their current risk reserve funds, third-party guarantees have become increasingly important in protecting investors’ interests against delinquency risks. Precise borrower risk profiling and the ability to predict future delinquency rate and loan default losses are essential components of an online individual finance platform’s successful post-lending management capability.

Reputation and Brand Awareness

As an increasing number of non-complaint and less-established online individual finance platforms exit the online individual loan market, the competitiveness of the best performing market players increases. An online individual finance platform’s reputation, which reflects its level of creditworthiness among investors and borrowers, is a key distinguishing factor among competing online individual finance platforms. With the gradual phase-out of quality assurance funds, investors will place more weights on a platform’s operating scale and reputation when making investment decisions. According to iResearch, the key supporting factors for an online individual finance platform’s reputation are: (i) high user stickiness and retention rate, achieved through effective user management; (ii) effective liquidity management, which helps safeguard investors’ flexible options for exiting investments; and (iii) accurate risk pricing capability, which allows the platform to set reasonable interest rates for different types of borrowers that are commensurate with their risk profiles.

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BUSINESS

Overview

We are a leading online individual finance marketplace in China connecting individual investors and individual borrowers. The origin of our business can be traced back to 2011. We are one of the first online individual finance marketplaces in China, according to iResearch, and have built a trusted brand with a demonstrated track record of delivering value to both investors and borrowers.

We were the third largest individual finance marketplace in China in terms of transaction volume in 2018 for mid-to long-term loans, according to iResearch. We strategically focused on facilitating mid-to long-term consumer loans with an average term of 12 months or more, as we believe such loan products are best positioned to generate attractive returns for our investors, and at the same time, capture the financing needs of quality borrowers. With a highly scalable capital-light business model, we have been able to grow our marketplace and reinforce our strengths through network effects. The following charts set forth certain key operating metrics:

* | Loan origination volume during a period is not equal to the investment volume in the same period as (i) the investment volume includes the amount of investment transactions, excluding automatic reinvestments, in respect of transferred loans on the secondary market, and a small amount of investments into the automated investment programs during the subscription period, which are not accounted for in the loan origination volume; and (ii) the loan origination volume includes the amount of loans that are originated on our platform which are matched with automated reinvestments enabled by our automated investment program, which is not accounted for in the investment volume.

We are committed to facilitating effective, transparent, secure and fast connections between investors and borrowers, whose needs are underserved by traditional financial institutions. Our marketplace, empowered by highly automated process and technologies, provides a streamlined user experience. We ranked first in terms of borrower satisfaction and borrowers’ willingness to recommend the marketplace to others among all mid-to long-term online individual finance platforms in China, according to an online survey conducted by iResearch in January 2018.

Our marketplace appeals to high-quality investors by offering convenient and fast access to various investment opportunities with attractive returns. Our installment products featuring monthly principal and interest repayment provide investors with attractive liquidity. Our investors exhibit high levels of stickiness to our marketplace, and tend to invest increasing amounts of funds on our marketplace over time. In 2018, the average investment amount of our investors was approximately RMB81,000 (US$11,781), while the average investment amount of repeat investors reached approximately RMB98,000 (US$14,254). The total investment volume facilitated by us was RMB23.7 billion (US$3.4 billion) in 2018, 96.8% of which was contributed by repeat investors who had successfully invested on our marketplace before. In 2018, 97.8% of our investors invested in our Youdaozhitou automated investment programs, which automatically matches investors and borrowers and reinvests investment proceeds in accordance with the investors’ investment period and loan duration. In addition, we have established a vibrant secondary loan market on our marketplace where investors can transfer their loan assets to other investors. Our ability to match loan terms and investment periods effectively offers our investors flexible options to exit their investments.

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Our borrowers are typically creditworthy individuals with stable salary income and/or credit history but underserved by traditional financial institutions. We primarily utilize diverse online borrower acquisition channels including online advertising channels such as websites, search engines, app stores as well as online partnerships with online traffic marketplaces which have access to quality borrowers. Our online average borrower acquisition cost per new borrower was RMB172 (US$25.0) in 2018, representing 2.5% of the average loan principal borrowed by our borrowers in 2018, which is lower than that of the industry average of 3.4% in the same year, according to iResearch. We offer online standard loan products with fixed terms and repayment schedules generally ranging from RMB5,000 to RMB30,000 via the Niwodai borrower app and our website.

We operate a highly secure and open platform with a proprietary and effective risk assessment model and a comprehensive risk management system. We build our risk assessment model based on our first-hand and proprietary user and transaction data generated from our loan process as well as multiple layers of background and behavioral data from more than ten third-party sources. Our model employs advanced big data analytics and sophisticated algorithms to accurately assess the risk profiles of potential borrowers. We have also established reliable systematic risk management procedures. To supplement our risk management efforts, we also selectively collaborate with expert consultants with strong credit assessment capabilities to help us further screen and re-assess the creditworthiness of applicants and identify creditworthy potential borrowers based on desensitized user data.

We generate revenues primarily from fees charged for our services in matching investors and borrowers and for other services we provide over the life of a loan. We generally collect service fees from our borrowers, and on limited occasions from our investors for our automated investment program services and for loan transfers over our secondary market. As an online individual finance marketplace, we do not use our own capital to invest in loans facilitated through our marketplace.

We have achieved growth in recent periods despite certain unfavorable market developments that negatively impacted the online individual finance industry. Our net revenue grew by 28.0% from RMB2,250.9 million in 2017 to RMB2,881.9 million (US$419.2 million) in 2018. Our net income grew by 13.4% from RMB539.5 million in 2017 to RMB611.8 million (US$89.0 million) in 2018.

Our Business Model

We are a leading online individual finance marketplace in China connecting individual investors and individual borrowers. We focused on the online individual finance segment facilitating mid-to long-term loans. According to iResearch, we were the third largest individual finance marketplace in China in terms of transaction volume in 2018 offering loans with an average term of 12 months or more. Our online marketplace embraces the significant opportunities offered by China’s current financial system which has only limited coverage and leaves many creditworthy individuals underserved. We offer investors convenient access to an alternative asset class with attractive returns, while providing borrowers with fast and convenient access to credit at competitive rates.

In accordance with the multilateral loan agreements among the borrower, one or multiple investors and us, investor provide loans to borrowers on our marketplace at fixed interest rates. In accordance with the credit consulting and service agreements, we generally collect service fees from our borrowers in connection with loan facilitation, post-origination services and for loans facilitated prior to April 28, 2018, services of our investor assurance program. We also collect on limited occasions from our investors for our automated investment program services and for loan transfers over our secondary market. On April 28, 2018, we began to partner with an independent third party guarantor to manage our investor assurance program for loans facilitated since then and we introduced another third party guarantor in July 2018. Borrowers, investors and us enter into multilateral loan agreements substantially similar to the ones for loans covered by the investor assurance program managed by us. In addition, borrowers enter into credit consulting and service agreements with the third party guarantor. Pursuant to such agreements, borrowers pay us service fees in connection with loan facilitation and pay service fees for services of investor assurance program directly to the third party guarantors. In July 2018, we also

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launched investor assurance program by partnering with selective investors, or the Class B investors, who have a higher risk tolerance in exchange for higher earnings in managing the investor protection fund for the remaining investors of the same loan product but with less risk tolerances, or the Class A investors. Borrowers enter into multilateral loan agreements with Class A and Class B investors and us. Pursuant to such agreements, investors provide loans to the borrowers at fixed interest rates. We collect from the borrowers service fees in connection with loan facilitation and post-origination services while the Class B investors collect the service fees for investor assurance program services. Service fees for investor assurance programs collected by us, third party guarantors and Class B investors for each of their investment are deposited in the respective investor assurance programs and managed separately. See “—Investor Assurance Programs.” We no longer operate investor assurance program for loans facilitated after April 28, 2018. As such, other than the investor assurance program managed by us for loans facilitated prior to April 28, 2018, we neither use our own capital to invest in loans facilitated through our marketplace nor provide guarantees to our investors. In 2018, transactions for approximately 332,000 investors and 3,087,000 borrowers were facilitated through our marketplace. With a highly scalable capital-light business model, we have been able to grow our marketplace and further strengthen our operations through network effects.

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Our Value Propositions to Investors

Our marketplace provides investors with the following benefits:

| • |  | Attractive returns

| • |  | We provide investors with opportunities to invest in consumer loans, which are not traditionally available to individual investors in China.

| • |  | We offer investors attractive returns, which currently range from 5.0% to 11.0% on an annualized basis after service fees. The annualized return for a majority of our investment volume is above 8.0%.

| • |  | Flexible investment options

| • |  | Our marketplace offers an array of investment options including individual loans originated by borrowers or transferred by other investors and automated investment programs with different durations, return rates and repayment schedules.

| • |  | Our investing tools enable investors to either monitor and manage their investments themselves or use the investment programs we offer to allocate and manage their investments.

| • |  | Our vibrant secondary loan market provides flexible options for exiting investments.

| • |  | Effective risk management

| • |  | Leveraging our technology capabilities, we have developed a proprietary, efficient and reliable credit assessment model.

Our Value Propositions to Borrowers

Our marketplace provides borrowers with the following benefits:

| • |  | Convenient access to credit

| • |  | We use technology to provide financing services to creditworthy borrowers underserved by traditional financial institutions. As they use our marketplace and build up credit history, we may offer them higher credit limits.

| • |  | Our services are available to borrowers 24/7 through our mobile applications and website. Borrowers can easily submit loan applications and monitor loan repayment status online.

| • |  | Streamlined user experience

| • |  | Following the step-by-step instructions provided on our platform, prospective borrowers can easily submit a loan application after providing certain basic personal and credit information.

| • |  | Our proprietary credit assessment system generally completes credit assessment and makes decisions within minutes.

| • |  | Leveraging our sophisticated and proprietary algorithms and big-data analytics capabilities, we are able to accurately assess borrowers’ risk profiles and quickly match borrowers’ loan applications with investors. In 2018, 86.4% of loans facilitated through our marketplace were fully subscribed and funded within two hours.

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Our Strengths

We believe our following competitive strengths contribute to our success and differentiate us from our competitors:

Leading online individual finance marketplace with a long operating history and strong brand recognition

We are a leading individual finance marketplace in China connecting individual investors and individual borrowers. We strategically focused on facilitating mid-to long-term consumer loans with an average term of 12 months or more, as we believe such products are best positioned to generate attractive returns for our investors, and at the same time, capture the financing needs of quality borrowers. Currently, we offer three kinds of online standard loan products, each with a term of 12 months. According to iResearch, we were the third largest individual finance marketplace in China in terms of transaction volume in 2018 for mid- to long-term loans.

We have built a trusted brand with a demonstrated track record of delivering value to both investors and borrowers. The origin of our business can be traced back to 2011. We are one of the first online individual finance marketplaces in China, according to iResearch. In 2018, approximately 4,138,000 investment transactions were made by approximately 332,000 investors, with an aggregate investment volume of RMB26.8 billion (US$3.9 billion). In 2018, approximately 3,432,000 borrowings were facilitated on our marketplace, with an aggregate loan origination volume of approximately RMB23.7 billion (US$3.4 billion). We ranked first in terms of borrower satisfaction and borrowers’ willingness to recommend the marketplace to others among all mid-to long-term online individual finance platforms in China, according to an online survey conducted by iResearch in January 2018.

We are committed to facilitating effective, transparent, secure and fast connections between investors and borrowers, whose needs are underserved by traditional financial institutions. We believe that our scale, trusted brand and comprehensive proprietary risk management capabilities allow us to effectively serve our investors and borrowers and help build a more efficient and inclusive financial system in China.

Attractive and scalable capital-light business model

We currently operate our business as a pure online marketplace through which we match investors and borrowers. We neither use our own capital to invest in loans facilitated through our marketplace nor provide loan guarantees to our investors other than our investor assurance program managed by us for loans facilitated prior to April 28, 2018. In addition, as our online marketplace covers the entire loan transaction process, we are able to minimize the need for physical infrastructure, lower our operating costs, and provide a flexible, cost-efficient and time-saving mechanism for matching investors and borrowers.

With a highly scalable capital-light business model, we have been able to grow the scale of our marketplace and further strengthen our operations through network effects. As our scale increases, higher loan origination volume generates more data that we can leverage to improve the accuracy of our credit assessment model, enabling us to improve the effectiveness of own borrower screening and to provide higher quality credit assets to investors. Improved investment performance increases investors’ trust in our marketplace, lowering the risk premiums that are charged for lending through our marketplace and allowing us to offer more competitive rates to attract additional high-quality borrowers. This results in a virtuous cycle which enables us to continuously improve the performance of our marketplace.

Proprietary and reliable credit assessment model based on a highly secure and systematic platform

We have developed a proprietary, effective and reliable credit assessment model. Our proprietary credit assessment model utilizes advanced big data analytics and sophisticated algorithms to accurately assess the risk

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profiles of potential borrowers. We have built our model based on our proprietary user and transaction data covering approximately 5.3 million borrowers and 8.9 million borrowings accumulated through years of operations, as well as background and behavioral data from more than ten third-party sources, effectively maximizing the probability of accurately identifying trustworthy borrowers and mitigating the risk of over-reliance on any single credit factor or source. We continuously refine, test and optimize our model as our marketplace continues to accumulate and collect more credit data in our operation. Our open and comprehensive risk management approach also enables us to further strengthen our platform as we continuously benchmark and refine our in-house risk models by leveraging the results from our expert consultants.

Our systematic risk management procedures cover the entire loan lifecycle, from authentication of credit information, fraud detection, credit assessment, pricing, to loan collection. Our risk management capabilities are demonstrated by our ability to maximize our overall risk-adjusted-return and achieve an optimal balance between approval rate and delinquency rate.

High-quality and loyal investor base with stable funding

We have a high-quality investor base. We continuously attract and retain investors through our diverse and tailored investment solutions and our streamlined and smooth user experience facilitated by our highly automated process. Investment products available on our marketplace offer attractive returns. The annualized return for a majority of our investment volume is above 8.0%. Our Youdaozhitou automated investment programs provide a simple and seamless investment experience as they automatically match investors and borrowers and reinvest investment proceeds in accordance with investors’ investment period and loan duration. At the same time, Youdaozhitou diversifies concentration risk and minimizes liquidity risk. In 2017 and 2018, 84.1% and 94.7% of the investment volume facilitated through our marketplace utilized our Youdaozhitou service, which provides our investors with ready and efficient access to investment products with attractive returns. In addition, we established a vibrant secondary loan market on our marketplace where investors can sell their loan assets to other investors through which we are able to match substantially all of the loan assets within 24 hours. Our ability to match loan terms and investment periods effectively offers investors flexible options for exiting investments. Our marketplace also features a high proportion of repeat investors. 96.8% of the investment volume in 2018 was attributable to repeat investors, whose average investment amount reached approximately RMB98,000 (US$14,254) in 2018.

Effective online borrower acquisition channels with supported by an open platform

We primarily utilize diverse borrower online acquisition channels including online marketing channels such as websites, search engines, app stores as well as online partnerships with online traffic marketplaces which have access to quality borrowers. We engaged most of our borrowers through online marketing channels in 2017. Our open and comprehensive risk management approach also helps us acquire high-quality borrowers. After we exhaust our internal credit assessment model and process, we engage reputable expert consultants to help further screen and re-assess the creditworthiness of applicants and identify potential borrowers. We selectively collaborate with expert consultants who have demonstrated strong credit assessment capabilities with a strong track record of maintaining superior credit quality while achieving reasonable delinquency rate. In 2018, our expert consultants helped us identify more than 792,000 additional qualified borrowers from our applicant pool, which effectively lowered our customer acquisition costs. Our success is based on our secure IT infrastructure equipped with desensitized user data that allows expert consultants to test and develop their algorithms without jeopardizing our user data privacy.

As a result of our borrower acquisition capabilities, our online average borrower acquisition cost per new borrower was RMB172 (US$25.0) in 2018, representing 2.5% of the average loan principal borrowed by our borrowers in 2018, which is lower than that of the industry average of 3.4% in the same year, according to iResearch.

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Visionary and experienced management team

Our founder, director and chief executive officer, Mr. Dinggui Yan, is a pioneer in China’s peer-to-peer lending service industry. He has been leading our group since the inception of our business. Prior to founding our group, Mr. Yan has over 17 years of experience spanning across the technology and finance sectors. Members of our management team possess a unique combination of technology and finance backgrounds, with an average of 15 years of relevant industry experience. Our chief financial officer, Mr. Chunlin Fan, previously worked at prestigious investment banks and technology companies including Nomura, Macquarie, ICBC International and Microsoft, where he was involved in multiple high-profile transactions. Our chief technology officer, Mr. Jiong Feng held senior positions at Microsoft and Alibaba prior to joining us. Our management prudently operates our business with a determined focus on risk awareness and has developed robust risk management capabilities. In addition, our management team is supported by an experienced and devoted staff. With extensive work experience, proven execution capabilities and extensive knowledge of China’s online individual finance market, we are confident to further enhance our leading position in China’s online individual finance industry.

Our Strategies

To achieve our mission, we plan to further enhance our competitive advantage and pursue the following strategies to expand our business:

Broaden Our Investor Base

We strive to increase the number of investors and incentivize higher investment amounts on our marketplace by offering diversified investment options with attractive risk-adjusted returns and better liquidity. We will continue to develop customized products to meet our investors’ various duration preferences. Leveraging our big-data analytics capabilities, we will carry out targeted marketing campaigns to attract high-net-worth investors. In addition, we plan to continue to enhance our brand awareness by advertising our Niwodai brand on TV shows and sports games.

We will seek to expand our current investor base of individuals to include small and micro enterprises and financial institutions, including banks, trust companies and consumer finance companies. In particular, we expect these financial institutions to provide stable funding to borrowers on our marketplace, which will not be negatively affected by policies that affect specifically peer-to-peer lending marketplaces. As the outstanding principal of loans funded by financial institutions licensed to fund individual loans are not subject to the limitations related to the Dual Decrease and other limitations on business scale, such cooperation will increase the stability of our funding and enhance our growth potential. We believe we will be able to provide these institutional funding partners a distinct value proposition including access to an otherwise difficult-to-reach borrower base and attractive investment returns. We expect this dynamic, in turn, to draw steady and stronger funding supply to our marketplace, which will contribute to our future growth. We are currently in the process of negotiation with a few renowned banks and trust companies, and expect to roll out such collaboration in the second quarter of 2019.

Expand Our Borrower Base

We plan to expand our borrower base by attracting new borrowers and retaining existing ones. We will continue to diversify our loan product offerings, including scenario-based loan products with different durations. We also plan to provide loan products with risk-adjusted APRs. We expect to provide lower APR and higher credit limits to borrowers with higher credit quality as our borrowers enter into different stages of their lives and qualify for higher credit limits. In addition, we plan to offer loan products of shorter terms to selective repeat borrowers with appropriate credit quality.

We will also optimize our sales and marketing efforts to broaden our borrower reach and achieve more effective borrower acquisition through multiple online borrower acquisition channels. We will strive to leverage

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our robust risk management and big-data analytics capabilities to identify creditworthy borrowers and increase our application approval rate, while maintaining a low delinquency rate. In addition, we plan to continue to use promotional campaigns to enhance borrower stickiness. For instance, we will promote Jiadai, a product which provides an option to draw down another loan, among selective creditworthy borrowers who have a loan outstanding and consistent repayment history with us.

Strengthen our risk management capabilities

We will continue to strengthen our open and comprehensive risk management platform. We will focus on enhancing our existing technologies such as big data analytics, and exploring cutting-edge technologies, including artificial intelligence. We will also further develop our proprietary algorithms to increase the automation and predictive capabilities of our risk management system. In addition, we will continue to engage reputable expert consultants to help further screen and re-assess the creditworthiness of our loan applicants and incorporate their risk management expertise to improve our own risk management capabilities throughout the lifecycle of the loans. These efforts will enable us to further increase the efficiency of our marketplace.

Strengthen data technologies

We have made and will continue to make substantial efforts in advancing our data processing and analytics capabilities. As our business develops, we will be able to collect more first-hand user and transaction data about our borrowers. Furthermore, we will continue to collect user background and other behavioral information which we are authorized to use from third-party sources, maximizing the probability of accurately identifying trustworthy borrowers and effectively reducing the risk of over-reliance on any single factor or source. We will continue to enhance our data processing and labeling system by continuously collecting credit and behavioral data of borrowers throughout the lifecycle of the loans. We will further refine and optimize our own credit assessment model utilizing the large amounts of data we collect and accumulate.

In addition, we rely on our data processing and labeling system to efficiently manage our business. For instance, we use the behavioral data from our existing borrowers to build borrower profiles. We plan to implement targeted marketing campaigns towards potential borrowers that fit closely into designated profiles to improve our marketing effectiveness.

Expand our international business

Leveraging upon our proprietary technologies and operational expertise accumulated in China, we intend to expand our business overseas. We plan to provide consumer finance services in Southeast Asia and other emerging markets with significant demand for consumer finance solutions. We plan to cooperate with local partners who have strong local presence and stable funding sources. Combining our risk management capabilities and the local expertise of our partners, we believe we will be able to deliver accessible and convenient financial services to overseas investors and borrowers.

We also intend to pursue additional strategic alliances and acquisitions that are complementary to our existing business. We plan to explore strategic relationships with overseas companies throughout our value chain. At the same time, we also believe that our excellent reputation and market leadership make us attractive to our overseas partners. We will carefully assess international opportunities with a goal towards long-term value creation.

Our Investors and Loan Investment Services

Target Investors

Our target investors are individuals living in major cities in China. We seek to attract individual investors and provide them with attractive alternative investment opportunities. We have experienced strong growth in

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recent years in average investment amount per investor in recent years. The table below sets forth certain of our operating metrics for our investors for the years indicated.

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
Number of investors: |  |  | 272,591 |  |  |  | 331,713 |
Investment volume (in RMB millions): |  |  | 21,768 |  |  |  | 26,782 |

Our investors exhibit high level of stickiness to our marketplace, and tend to invest increasing amounts of funds over time. Out of the total investment volume facilitated through our marketplace in 2017 and 2018, 92.0% and 96.8%, respectively, was attributable to repeat investors who had successfully invested through our marketplace before. 57.6% and 79.6% of our investors in 2017 and 2018, respectively, were repeat investors. The average investment amount of our repeat investors reached approximately RMB98,000 (US$14,254) in 2018, while the average investment amount of all of our investors was approximately RMB81,000 (US$11,781) in 2018.

Investment Services Offered to Investors

We assist investors on our marketplace to allocate their assets into different consumer loan products through our Niwodai investor app. Investors may either use the self-discretionary investing tool or deploy our automated investment programs we offer to allocate and manage their investments.

Self-discretionary Investing Tool

Investors may directly invest in loans listed on our marketplace based on loan characteristics and borrower profiles. We provide a set of filters to help investors choose among thousands of loans on our marketplace. An investor can quickly identify specific loans based on screening criteria, such as interest rate, term, loan amount, borrower profile and the borrowing history of the borrower on our marketplace. The minimum threshold for an investing commitment made through our self-discretionary investing tool is RMB50 (US$7.3). Upon subscription to a specific loan, an investor agrees to lend a certain amount of funds to the borrower until maturity of the loan and the investor is not able to demand repayment or otherwise withdraw the investment during the term of the loan. Funds will be transferred from the investor’s account with our custodian bank, or the custody account, to the borrower once the loan is subscribed. Investors may liquidate their investment in the loan prior to its maturity by transferring their rights in the loan to another investor through our secondary loan market. See “—Secondary Loan Market.” Otherwise, upon maturity, the investment amount and interest will be deposited into the investor’s account. We do not charge any fees for the use of our self-discretionary investing tool. In 2018, approximately 5.3% of the total investment amount on our marketplace was invested using our self-discretionary investing tool.

Automated Investment Program

We offer automated investment programs through our Youdaozhitou service ( ), which allow our investors to enjoy attractive returns of various loan products available on our marketplace in an efficient manner. The automated investment programs are tailor-made for varied duration and investment goals through various program offerings. By opting for such investment programs, investors authorize us to make investments and when necessary transfer their creditors’ rights on their behalf to other investors on our marketplace. Upon the commitment of investments, investors deposit funds into their custody accounts and will be locked during the subscription period. During the subscription period, no investment returns will be generated. We automatically select loans with the same or similar duration and risk profile into our automated investment programs and our system automatically matches investments in the investment program to loans in accordance with investment timeline and duration of the loans, and at the same time, diversifies concentration risk and minimize liquidity risk as much as possible. Upon the expiration of the subscription period, an investor’s committed fund will automatically be invested by our system into one or multiple loans on our marketplace which will have the same

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aggregate principal amount as the investment amount. The loans will also have a weighted-average interest rate that is usually higher than the quoted expected rate of return of the investment program. Upon repayment of a loan within the investment period, the fund will be automatically reinvested according to investors’ prior authorization.

We strive to match investments with loans of the same duration at the time of the investment, however, in certain circumstances, we may fail to do so. As we historically offered offline loan products with a weighted average term of more than 30 months, these long-term offline loans were and will be matched with investments of shorter duration until the remaining term of such loans equals or become shorter than the investments on our marketplace. In addition, in view of the financing needs of our borrowers and investment appetite of our investors, we design our automated investment programs and determine the respective amounts of the automated investment programs of different investing periods to be offered to investors, based on approved loan applications to be funded and loans underlying outstanding automated investment programs which will be transferred. We incentivize investors to invest in the automated investment programs particularly in need of funding by adjusting the expected rate of return and providing vouchers and cash coupons to investors who invest in such automated investment programs. Despite our efforts, we may fail to estimate the amount of loans and investments in each of our automated investment programs, which will lead to potential duration mismatch between the loans and the investment programs. Further, as our automated investment programs reinvest the amount repaid by borrowers, the remaining term of such investment program is usually shorter than the loan products we offer. Upon maturity of the investing period, the automated investment program transfers the outstanding loans invested by such program on the secondary loan market, and repay investors principal and interest upon successful transfer of all loans invested by such automated investment program. In 2018, the average time between maturity of the investment period and repayment of investors was 10 hours. During the investing period, investors are not allowed to withdraw their funds from the investment program with fixed investing periods. Investors are also not allowed to transfer their investment on the secondary market during the first period of the investment program immediately after its subscription period, or the close period, which ranges from one to three months. Depending on different investment programs, the minimum investment amount into the automated investment programs ranges from RMB50 to RMB5,000. The expected return of such investment programs is generally between 5.0% to 11.0%, taking into account promotional campaigns we initiate from time to time. We charged an average service fee for the automated investment programs of approximately 1.3% of the investment return in 2018. Upon the expiration of the investment period, our system automatically disburses the principal and the return of the investment, net of the service fee to the investor’s account with our custodian bank.

Set forth below is a summary of our major automated investment programs:

Investment Programs |  | Investment Features
Fixed investing periods |  | Up to 18 months. Principals and interests are collected at the end of the investing period. Investors cannot extend the investing period at maturity. However, investors may elect to reinvest their investment proceeds in a new investment program with fixed investing periods upon the maturity of the current investment program. In 2017 and 2018, the average investing period was 252 days, and 246 days, respectively.
Step-up returns |  | There is no fixed term for the step-up return program. Investments in the step-up returns program will be automatically reinvested until the investor opts to transfer his or her creditor’s rights of the loans in the program in the secondary loan market. Investors are eligible to transfer their investments after the close period which currently is a month. A longer commitment of funds is rewarded with progressive interest rates.

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In 2017 and 2018, the average amount invested by each investor through our automated investment programs was RMB70,577 and RMB78,130 (US$11,364), respectively. In 2017 and 2018, the average annualized rate of return of such investments was 9.2% and 9.5%, respectively.

In July 2018, we started to provide a Class B investment program to certain investors with higher risk tolerance in exchange for higher earnings. Such investment program is available to repeat investors on an invitation-only basis. See “Business—Investor Assurance Programs—Investor Assurance Program by Partnering with Class B Investors.”

Secondary Loan Market

We have established a secondary loan market on our marketplace to provide flexible options for exiting investments. Loans held by investors for no less than 30 days and with principal balances of no less than RMB50 (US$7.3) may be posted on our marketplace for transfer once certain other conditions are met. Investments in our automated investment programs may also be transferred on the secondary loan market upon the expiration of the close period. When an investor elects to transfer his or her investment in the automated investment program, all loans under such investment will be posted on the secondary market at the same time. Our automated investment program may also automatically initiate transfers to optimize the matching of durations of the loans and investments. See “—Automated Investment Programs.” We expect such transfers initiated by automated investment program to decrease as the historical long term loans wind down. In 2018, 21.0% of the volume of the loans transferred on the secondary loan market were initiated by our investors, and 79.0% of the volume of loans transferred on the secondary loan market were initiated automatically. Once a loan is available on the secondary market, our system automatically matches the loan with automated investment programs, and loans not matched with automated investment programs will be posted for investors’ selection.

To facilitate the loan transfer, our system automatically generates a transfer price, which equals the sum of outstanding principal amount and accumulated return. Upon a successful transfer, the transferor will be charged a transfer service fee at a rate of 3% of the transfer price. In 2017 and 2018, the total transfer service fee we charged was approximately RMB0.7 million and RMB1.5 million, respectively. Investors may withdraw the offers to transfer at any time before such offers are accepted by transferees. Once an offer to transfer is accepted by a transferee, our system will automatically instruct the custodian bank to debit the transferee’s account of the amount of the transfer price and credit the transferor’s account for the transfer price minus the transfer service fees, which will be paid to us, and the transferee will become the creditor of the transferred loan at the same time. If the transfer fails to be completed within 48 hours after a loan is posted, the post will be automatically taken off our secondary loan market and investors may elect to transfer again at any time. Although a successful transfer is not guaranteed, substantially all of the loans listed on our secondary market was successfully transferred within one day in 2017 and 2018. In 2018, more than 99.9% of the loans was successfully transferred on the first attempt during such periods. In 2017 and 2018, the total investment volume on our secondary loan market was RMB14.9 billion and RMB24.0 billion (US$3.5 billion), respectively, equals to approximately 97.2% and 101.2% of our loan origination volume, which does not include the investment volume on our secondary loan market, in the respective periods.

Investor Acquisition and Retention

We advertise our brand and investment services on search engines, app stores and third-party portal websites. We also engage in various branding initiatives such as advertising our Niwodai brand on TV shows and sports games, to enhance our brand awareness. In addition, we believe reputation and word-of-mouth drive continued organic growth in our investor base. Such expenses are recorded as sales and marketing expenses on the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

We conduct a variety of promotional campaigns to attract investors, including referral rewards, log-in rewards, vouchers and cash coupons. We sometimes launch promotional campaigns where investors can enjoy a

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higher expected annualized rate of return if the investment is made within the campaign period to attract new investors and to enhance investor retention and loyalty. We also send text message reminders to existing investors to notify them of our campaigns and available coupons. These promotional campaigns are recorded as incentives to investors in a form that either reduces the amount of investment required to purchase financial products or entitles them to receive higher interest rates in the products they purchase, which are accounted for as a reduction of revenue.

We provided a higher amount of incentives to repeat investors than new investors because our repeat investors contributed to a larger investment volume than new investors. In 2017 and 2018, repeat investors contributed to 92.0% and 96.8% of the total investment volume of RMB21.8 billion and RMB26.8 billion (US$3.9 billion), respectively. In order to attract more new investors, the Company has paid higher incentives to new investors than repeat investors for the same investment amount. The amounts of incentives and sales and marketing expenses we incurred in connection with each investment volume of RMB1 million in the periods indicated are set forth below.

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | Incentives |  |  | S&M Expenses |  |  | Total |  |  | Incentives |  |  | S&M Expenses |  |  | Total |
|  | (in RMB thousands) |
New investors |  |  | 42.0 |  |  |  | 47.5 |  |  |  | 89.5 |  |  |  | 154.7 |  |  |  | 29.3 |  |  |  | 184.0 |
Repeat investors |  |  | 5.3 |  |  |  | 2.5 |  |  |  | 7.8 |  |  |  | 11.1 |  |  |  | 3.8 |  |  |  | 14.9 |

Set forth below is our investor acquisition cost per investor, including sales and marketing expenses and incentives provided to them for the periods indicated:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | (RMB) |
New investor |  |  | 811 |  |  |  | 894 |
Repeat investor |  |  | 1,947 |  |  |  | 2,501 |

Our investor acquisition cost for both new and repeat investors increased, both on a per investment volume and a per investor basis, in 2018 in line with the increased costs for attracting investors and funding in 2018 in the industry. We expect to continue to pay a larger amount of incentives to repeat investors than new investors as we expect to maintain a high proportion of repeat investors to lower the aggregate amounts of incentives paid to investors, as well as sales and marketing expenses to attract new investors.

Based on the stickiness of our investors evidenced by the amount and frequency of their investments, we categorize them into 13 levels: V-0, through V-12, in order representing investors with limited transaction history on our marketplace to repeat investors that have made extensive investments on our marketplace. We customize our campaign efforts based on the VIP levels of our investors. We provide exclusive investment campaigns to our investors with higher VIP levels who are also eligible to receive a variety of value-added services, such as complimentary access to certain first-class lounges at certain airports.

Historically, we also acquired investors through referrals from our related party, Jiayin Zhuoyue, a company controlled by our founder, director and chief executive officer, Mr. Dinggui Yan, and benefited from its extensive sales network. We no longer receive referrals from Jiayin Zhuoyue since August 2017. Jiayin Zhuoyue also assists us to provide certain value-added services to our investors with higher VIP levels.

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Our Borrowers and Loan Products Offered to Borrowers

Target Borrowers

We target the large and growing number of creditworthy individual borrowers in China who are underserved by traditional financial institutions and receptive to Internet finance solutions. Our borrowers typically belong to the young urban working class with stable salary and/or credit history.

From the launch of our business through December 31, 2018, we successfully facilitated loan transactions for over 5.3 million borrowers. The number of our borrowers grew by 15.5 times from approximately 0.2 million in 2016 to approximately 3.1 million in 2018. We strategically target the young generation and cultivate their loyalty on our marketplace, aiming to capture the vast growth opportunities as our borrowers enter into different stages of their lives and qualify for higher credit limits. In 2018, 81.7% of our borrowers were between 20 and 35 years of age.

Borrower Acquisition and Retention

We utilize various online channels to attract individual borrowers to our marketplace. Our online channels primarily include:

| • |  | Online advertising. We work with app stores to promote our mobile apps and place online advertisements with various Internet companies. We also purchase paid advertisement placements on major online search engines in China.

| • |  | Online Partnerships. We collaborate with certain online traffic marketplaces which have access to quality borrowers and acquire through those marketplace.

Such expenses are recorded as sales and marketing expenses on the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. The borrower acquisition cost per borrower was RMB226, RMB129 and RMB172 in 2016, 2017 and 2018. The borrower acquisition cost per borrower decreased from 2016 to 2017 as we offered certain online standard loan products with a shorter term, and the price of online advertisement and traffic were cheaper than those for mid-to long-term loan products. Our borrower acquisition cost increased from 2017 to 2018 due to the change of our product mix and increased price of online advertisement and traffic in 2018.

Historical Practice of Offline and Offline-to-Online Referral

In 2016 and 2017, as we were in the process of developing our online marketplace, we acquired a significant portion of our borrowers through referrals from our related party, Jiayin (Shanghai), benefiting from its extensive offline sales network. We also acquired an insignificant number of borrowers through offline referrals by independent third parties. We gradually phased out this historical practice as we established a significant business presence of our online marketplace. Since August 2017, we no longer receive such offline referrals from Jiayin (Shanghai), and we no longer engage borrowers offline since February 2018.

In the first half of 2018, we explored an offline-to-online sales channel to promote our services to borrowers, in collection with our related party Jiayin (Shanghai). Since August 2018, we no longer receive referrals from such offline-to-online sales channel.

In addition, we maintain a specific borrower retention strategy and focus on boosting repeat borrower volume. We send text message reminders to existing borrowers to notify them of their updated credit assessment status, our promotional campaigns and coupon opportunities available to them. Borrowers’ credit assessment results are adjusted based on their performance of repayment obligations for existing loans and updated personal information, which may allow them to apply for loans with higher credit limits. Out of the total loan origination volume through our marketplace in 2017 and 2018, 42.1%, and 38.6%, respectively, was generated from repeat borrowers. The repeat borrowing rate, which represents our repeat borrowers as a percentage of all of our borrowers were 42.1% in 2017 and 31.9% in 2018.

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Loan Products Offered to Borrowers

We offer primarily standard loan products, which are all unsecured consumer loans to our borrowers. Currently, we offer only online standard products. All of the loans facilitated through our marketplace feature fixed interest rates. To provide a transparent marketplace, interest rates, service fees and other charges are all clearly disclosed to borrowers upfront.

Online standard loan products

We currently offer standard loan products with a term of 12 months. In 2016 and 2017, we have also offered online standard loan products with terms ranging from one to 18 months. However, in response to the changing regulatory environment in December 2017 and shifting demands of our target borrower base, we strategically shifted our focus to mid-term loans with a term of 12 months. Currently, the APR for our online standard loan products are all approximately 36%. We offer three types of online standard loan products to borrowers we engaged online or through offline-to-online channels. We strategically designed these products to target borrowers with different types of available credentials and therefore different credit limits, as set forth below.

Name |  | Credentials Required |  | Range of Credit Limit
Jiaka |  | Credit card information |  | RMB3,000 – RMB30,000
Jiaying |  | Payroll, social security account or housing provident account information |  | RMB4,000 – RMB50,000
Miaola |  | No major credential requirement |  | RMB1,000 – RMB8,000

We generally only allow our borrowers to draw down one outstanding loan at a time, and to selective quality borrowers who have a loan outstanding and consistent repayment history with us, we offer an option to draw down another loan and enter into a separate loan agreement in connection with such loan since February 2018, which is referred to as Jiadai. In 2018, 66,928 of our borrowers drew down an aggregate loan origination volume for Jiadai of RMB329.4 million.

Offline loan products

We offered various offline products prior to February 2018 in the process of optimizing the mix of our loan products. We facilitated our offline loan products mainly to borrowers referred to us by our related party, Jiayin (Shanghai), from its offline sales network. Certain of such offline products are also standard loans. Our offline standard loan products require similar credentials to our online standard loan products. We offered offline standard loan products ranging from RMB13,600 to RMB200,000 with a term ranging from 12 to 36 months. We also offered certain non-standard offline products on a trial basis. In 2017, and 2018, 10.8% and 35.1% of the total amount of non-standard loan products we facilitated were secured products backed by residential properties. Other examples of non-standard loan products included cash loan products and loans offered to owners of micro enterprises.

Evolvement of our product mix

We explored various loan products in the process of developing our online individual finance marketplace. The mix of our loan products evolves as we gradually establish the business presence of our online marketplace. We launched our individual finance marketplace in December 2015. Since then, we started to engage borrowers through online channels and introduced our online standard loan products to them besides our offline loan products on a trial basis. We tested and refined our IT infrastructure and risk management system to ensure competency, before we officially rolled out our online standard loan products in October 2016. Since the launch of our business in December 2015 and up to February 2018, we also acquired a significant portion of borrowers through referrals from offline channels, and offered such borrowers primarily our offline standard products, as

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well as our non-standard loan products. We gradually phased out this practice as we established the significant business presence of our online marketplace.

We offered online standard products with various terms ranging from one to 18 months before we strategically shifted our focus to mid-term loans with a term of 12 months. We currently only offer online standard loan products with a term of 12 months and most of the loans we facilitated since 2018 was with a term of 12 months.

Set forth below is a summary of our product mix for the periods and as of the dates indicated.

|  | Average Loan Amount |  |  | Weighted Average Term |  |  | Weighted Average APR |  |  | Loan Origination Volume |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | (RMB) |  |  | (months) |  |  | (%) |  |  | (in RMB millions) |
Current loan products |  |  | 8,999 |  |  |  | 6,934 |  |  |  | 12.0 |  |  |  | 12.0 |  |  |  | 35.7% |  |  |  | 35.2% |  |  |  | 6,649 |  |  |  | 23,605 |
Other online standard loan products |  |  | 1,956 |  |  |  | 2,130 |  |  |  | 2.7 |  |  |  | 3.0 |  |  |  | 186.2% |  |  |  | 35.4% |  |  |  | 8,692 |  |  |  | 61 |
Offline loan products |  |  | 138,514 |  |  |  | 151,172 |  |  |  | 34.6 |  |  |  | 31.4 |  |  |  | 21.4% |  |  |  | 20.1% |  |  |  | 4,506 |  |  |  | 8 |

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | (in RMB millions) |
Outstanding principal of loans facilitated through our marketplace |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current loan products |  |  | 4,414 |  |  |  | 11,647 |
Other online standard loan products |  |  | 2,198 |  |  |  | 169 |
Offline loan products |  |  | 8,098 |  |  |  | 3,558 |
Total |  |  | 14,710 |  |  |  | 15,374 |

We offered substantial amount of offline loan products prior to February 2018. As our offline loan products generally have a longer term and a larger loan amount than our current loan products, offline loan products still represent a significant portion of our outstanding principal. We expect such products to phase out gradually in 2020.

In 2017, we charged higher APRs for certain short-term online standard loan products. We offered such products primarily to attract a broader borrower base. As such products had short terms such as three months, we were able to observe more repayment cycles and accumulate massive repayment data of a large borrower base in a short period of time, identify quality borrowers and grow our borrower base. The number of our borrowers grew from approximately 210,000 in 2016 to approximately 2,855,000 in 2017, and the number of repeat borrowers grew from approximately 9,000 in 2016 to approximately 1,201,000. The short-term nature of such loans also led to high principal turnover ratio. While we facilitated other online standard loan products of RMB8,691.6 million in 2017, representing 43.8% of the loan origination volume in 2017, revenue contributed by such products only represented 34.6% of the net revenue in such period. In response to the changing regulatory environment in December 2017 and shifting demands of our target borrower base, we strategically shifted to focus on online standard loan products with a term of 12 months, and at the same time, adjusted the APR of our loan products to below 36%. Despite the decrease in APR, relatively larger loan amount and longer loan term of our current loan products allowed us to maintain a relatively stable profit margin. RMB11.6 billion of the loan origination volume we facilitated in 2017 had an APR in excess of 36%, while in 2018, all loans originated on our marketplace had an APR below 36%. In 2017 and 2018, our net profit margin, which represents our net income divided by our net revenue, was 24.0% and 21.3%, respectively.

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Our Marketplace and Transaction Processes

We provide a streamlined and smooth user experience for investors and borrowers. The process on our mobile apps and website is designed to be simple, seamless and efficient while our marketplace leverages sophisticated, proprietary technologies to make it possible.

Transaction Process for Investors

Application

After an investor has used a mobile phone number to register a user account on our marketplace, he or she is required to provide his or her name and identity card number and link one of his or her bank accounts with the user account with us before the user can make an investment.

Investment and Loan Allocation

An investor on our marketplace needs to open a personal custody account with our custodian bank. The investor may deposit funds from his or her linked bank account into the custody account. When making an investment utilizing the self-discretionary investing tool, pursuant to the multilateral loan agreement the investor authorizes the custodian bank on his or her behalf to allocate funds to the borrower. For investors opting for the automated investment programs, upon expiration of the subscription period, our system will automatically match the investment with one or more loans in the relevant automated investment program and generate multilateral loan agreements accordingly. Our system automatically reinvests the investor’s investment proceeds as soon as a loan is repaid during the term of the investment program, enabling investors to accelerate reinvestment of repayments they receive without having to revisit our app. We offered investor assurance programs to repay investors on our marketplace for loans that are past due. See “—User Protection—Investor Assurance Programs.”

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Transfer

Our investors may elect to transfer his investment in selected loans or all loans in an investment program to other investors after a close period. Such loans are placed on the secondary loan market. Once another investor commits to buying such loan, we instruct the custodian bank to transfer the corresponding funds from the purchasing investor to the transferring investor, net of the service fees to us.

Transaction Process for Borrowers

Application

An applicant can submit a loan application after he or she has registered a user account using a valid mobile phone number. First-time applicants are required to present their PRC identity cards to us via their phone camera or webcam for identity verification. The images of their identity cards will be automatically captured and recognized by our authentication module and authenticated against personal identity data in the database of the Ministry of Public Security of China. In addition, based on the instructions within our Niwodai borrower app or on our website, applicants are also required to do specific poses facing the front camera to complete automatic biometric recognition. Our system authenticates the face recognition result against the database of the Ministry of Public Security of China to detect if it matches the identity card provided by the applicant.

In addition to the identity card, applicants are required to provide basic personal information, including educational level, marital status, occupation, address and bank account information for our credit assessment. Applicants also authorize us to collect data from third parties for purposes of credit assessment. If the applicants have previously applied for loans through our marketplace, they do not need to go through the procedures again, but may supplement or update their personal information if there are any changes. Furthermore, certain loan products require applicants to provide other specific credentials, including credit card information, payroll or housing funding account information.

Credit Assessment and Approval

Our credit assessment model automatically computes a credit score for the applicant upon receipt of his or her credit information. The system then assigns a credit limit, annualized fixed interest rate and service fee rates for the corresponding score to the applicant if the application is approved. If the applicants have previously applied for loans on our marketplace, their credit scores may be adjusted upwards or downwards based on their performance of repayment obligations and updated personal information. Please see “—Credit Assessment and Risk Management System” for a detailed description of our credit assessment and risk management system.

Funding

After obtaining credit approval, prospective borrowers may submit the final request with loan amount and loan term within the limit of the credit approval. Our automated investment programs will first try to match the prospective borrowers’ applications with investors that have subscribed to such programs. If the loan has not been matched automatically through automated investment programs, it will then be listed on our marketplace for investors to view and subscribe. Although there is no guarantee of full subscription, given our sophisticated algorithms and sufficient funding availability, it normally takes less than 70 minutes for a loan to be fully subscribed. In 2018, 86% of the total number of loans facilitated through our marketplace were fully subscribed and funded within two hours. Upon the full subscription of a loan (including through our automated investment programs), our system will automatically generate a multilateral loan agreement among the borrower, one or multiple prospective investors and us which will become effective immediately. We will then instruct the custodian bank to transfer the funding from the investors’ account to the borrower’s account. We currently do not collect any upfront service fee from borrowers.

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Loan Servicing and Collection

We provide repayment reminder services through our in-app notification or SMSs by our service representatives before the due date for each scheduled repayment. Repayments are typically made automatically as the custodian bank collect the amount due from borrower’s account as authorized. We charge penalties on a per day basis for past due loan principal. Our borrowers may elect to make full prepayments prior to the date for scheduled repayment once three months have elapsed since origination. In accordance to the loan agreement, we collect service fees scheduled for the first six months’ service fees regardless of any prepayment prior to six months as a prepayment service fee.

In the event of a repayment default, we utilize different strategies based on the severity of the delinquency.

| • |  | Upon two days prior to the due date, SMS reminders are sent automatically to borrowers.

| • |  | Within one to seven days past due, we will contact the defaulting borrower by phone to understand reasons for the nonpayment and inform them of consequences of past-due repayments. We are exploring to make automatic voice calls to the defaulting borrowers to achieve operating efficiency.

| • |  | After a loan is past due for over seven days, we constantly contact the defaulting borrowers to remind them to repay the defaulting loan.

| • |  | Once a payment is past due for eight days, we report information of the defaulting borrower to Baihang Credit.

| • |  | Once a payment is past due for more than 45 days, we initiate judicial proceedings against the defaulting borrower or resort to online arbitration and judicial enforcement of the arbitration award. We have included in the multilateral loan agreement an arbitration clause which elects online arbitration as dispute resolution method since July 2018. We believe such online arbitration will allow us to quickly enforce our rights and recover the repayment amount we made on behalf of the defaulting borrower and other fees and expenses.

Our system automatically tracks the performance of each of our individual loans, and conducts or reminds our collection staff to undertake these collection measures. We continuously monitor the performance of each of our individual loans.

We outsource most of our collection services to third-party collection agencies while maintaining a small in-house collection team. We generally utilize our in-house team to collect loans past due for a shorter period of time, and engage third-party collection agencies to collect loans past due for a longer period of time. We also engage third party law firms to assist us in judicial proceedings. We set up key performance indicators, or KPIs, for our in-house collection team and third-party collection agencies to evaluate their collection efficiency and compliance with relevant laws, regulations and internal procedures. Our collection quality assurance team continuously monitors the performance and compliance of our in-house collection team and third-party collection agencies to ensure that they employ appropriate collection methods to achieve better collection performance through KPI tracking, phone call recording assessment, complaint call feedback, internal training and examination.

We became one of the first individual lending marketplaces to share credit information with Baihang Credit in January 2019. We believe our collaboration with Baihang Credit will benefit our loan collection efforts, as this aggregation of data will undermine the capability of these borrowers to obtain future credit from other marketplaces that shares data with Baihang Credit, which will pressure defaulting borrowers to become more willing to repay our loans.

Credit Assessment and Risk Management System

We operate a highly secure and open platform with proprietary and effective credit assessment model and comprehensive risk management system. Leveraging advanced technologies, including artificial intelligence and big data analytics, we continuously refine, test and optimize our model as our marketplace continues to accumulate and collect more credit data in our operations.

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Our credit assessment model and risk management system have undergone significant evolution. We started building an online credit assessment model since the launch of our online marketplace in December 2015. As we engaged substantial numbers of borrowers offline in 2016 and 2017, we collected information of such borrowers offline in collaboration with our related party Jiayin Credit and manually input such information into our system. We also utilized traditional risk management methodologies such as in-person interviews for borrowers engaged offline for a brief period after the inception of our business. Our borrower engagement efforts gradually shifted from offline to online as our online credit assessment capabilities improved. We no longer offer offline loan products since February 2018 and have fully automated data collection and risk management methodologies accordingly.

Data Collection and Pre-processing

The first step of our credit assessment process is to collect data from the applicant, which consists of information directly provided by the applicant and information that we collect from third parties with the applicant’s authorization. The list below presents the typical types of data that we used as input for our credit assessment.

Proprietary Data |  | Data from Third Parties
•   Data directly provided by the applicant, including PRC identity card OCR verification and live biometric verification as well as the applicant’s Debit/credit card number or bank card number, mobile number, social security account and housing provident account information, and job-related information •   Mobile communication behavior •   Historical credit data accumulated through our marketplace •   Behavioral data of the applicant’s behavior on our marketplace •   Repayment performance data for repeat borrowers |  | •   Personal identity information maintained by an organization authorized by the Ministry of Public Security of China •   Credit assessment result from third-parties •   Online data maintained by industry anti-fraud service providers for cross-checking •   Online data from Internet service providers •   Online shopping and payment behaviors on certain popular Chinese online retail and mobile commerce platforms

We feed the raw, unstructured data that we collect into our data pre-processing module to generate high quality structured data as input for our credit assessment modules. Our data pre-processing procedures involve data cleaning, data normalization and feature extraction.

Credit Assessment Model

Our credit assessment system includes three main modules-authentication module, anti-fraud module and scorecard module. In addition, we collaborate with expert consultants to supplement our own credit assessment model.

| • |  | Authentication Module

The authentication module is a personal information authentication system that verifies and authenticates the identity of the applicant through the information provided by the applicant and third parties. With OCR and facial recognition technologies, the authentication module is able to automatically verify the identity card provided by applicants and their self-taken video against the Ministry of Public Security identity card database. We also cross check the personal and credit information, including social insurance and housing provident account information, against data from third parties to verify the authenticity of the data.

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| • |  | Anti-Fraud Module

We have a large database of past fraud accounts information and sophisticated rules in detecting fraudulent behaviors. We have been working closely with multiple partners in a joint effort to identify emerging fraudulent schemes, scams, trends, threats, and criminal organizations and have accumulated massive data relating to fraud. The database we maintain enables us to fine-tune the rules we set and enhance our fraud detection capabilities. Utilizing graph mining technology, this module analyzes each applicant’s social proximity or relationships, such as through phone calls and SMSs, to known fraudsters in our database to determine the applicant’s likelihood of also being a fraudster. In addition, this module also takes into consideration variables such as specific login device, GPS location, IP address and WiFi network connectivity to detect inconsistency and unusual features of applicants. We also continuously evolve this module to detect fraud clusters across device, environment, behavior and social dimensions. We also maintain a blacklist after detecting any fraudulent borrowers.

| • |  | Scorecard Module

After a prospective borrower has passed the fraud detection module, we initiate a credit review using our proprietary scorecard module to generate a score for the prospective borrower, which ultimately drives the decision on whether to extend credit and the amount to be extended. Our scorecard module utilizes data we collected from the borrower, such as the credit card transaction record and repayment history, social security and housing provident account information, and data from external parties we are authorized by the borrower to collect. We generally assign the highest score for borrowers who demonstrate the most solid financial position and consistent repayment history. We started using the scorecard module since 2016 and it evolved over time as our product mix evolved and our credit assessment capabilities improve. As part of our credit assessment efforts, we also adapt our scorecard module to our borrower base, which shifted from offline to online and has evolved as we engage borrowers through different channels from time to time. We currently collaborate with more than 250 borrower acquisition channels, while we only collaborated with approximately 100 channels in 2016. Our scorecard module analyzes a different set of data for each loan application compared to earlier versions of the module and we continually test, validate and optimize it by changing the types of data it analyzes and the relative weights of various types of data. In particular, as the quality and availability of various data from third parties which is input in our scorecard module changes over time, we refine our scorecard module accordingly. We currently collaborate with more than 20 third-party data providers, while we only collaborate with only a few in 2016. Continuously refined by machine learning algorithms and the high volume of transaction data we collect, especially proprietary credit repayment records, our scorecard module currently analyzes a large number of variables for each loan application and enables us to better differentiate between creditworthy borrowers and lower quality borrowers. We also enhanced the stability of our scorecard module in view of increased amounts of loan applications we receive. As our credit assessment capabilities evolve, we are increasingly capable of identifying creditworthy borrowers, some of which we were unable to identify previously. We also benefit from the growth of our marketplace and the larger pool of borrower applicants our marketplace attracts, among which we are able to identify more creditworthy borrowers. As such, the credit scores generated by our scorecard module are not directly comparable across different time periods. Currently, the credit scores of our borrowers range from 0 to 100, while 100 represents the lowest credit risk associated with the borrower and 0 represents the highest. We generally reject borrowers with a credit score lower than 0, who we believe have low repayment willingness or capability. Set forth below is a breakdown of loan origination volume by the range of the credit scores of our borrowers as of the time of the loan origination.

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|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
Credit Risk Level |  | (in RMB millions) |  |  | % |  |  | (in RMB millions) |  |  | % |
60+ |  |  | 213 |  |  |  | 1.5 |  |  |  | 2,092 |  |  |  | 8.8 |
40-60 |  |  | 7,593 |  |  |  | 51.8 |  |  |  | 9,542 |  |  |  | 40.3 |
20-40 |  |  | 2,412 |  |  |  | 16.5 |  |  |  | 8,355 |  |  |  | 35.3 |
0-20 |  |  | 4,439 |  |  |  | 30.2 |  |  |  | 3,676 |  |  |  | 15.6 |
Total |  |  | 14,657 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | 23,665 |  |  |  | 100.0 |

| • |  | Open Credit Assessment Platform

We utilize an open risk management platform. In addition to the credit assessment efforts of our risk management team, we cooperate with leading expert consultants to improve our credit assessment modules from time to time. Following our strict data security policies, we open credit assessment platforms to these expert consultants, where they have access to a limited amount of desensitized, grouped and tagged borrower data, based on which they use such data to develop their own credit assessment models. After we exhaust our internal credit assessment model, we engage reputable third-party expert consultants to help further screen and re-assess the creditworthiness of applicants and identify creditworthy potential borrowers. We deploy and test new models developed by our expert consultants on an ongoing basis for a small portion of users in our test environment. We monitor the subsequent loan performance through repayment cycles and agree for the expert consultants to roll out a new model after it is confirmed to maintain superior credit quality while achieving low delinquency rate. Our expert consultants receive a certain percentage of the service fees we receive from the borrowers. In 2018, our expert consultants helped us identify 21.0% of the total loan volume facilitated during that period of time. We can incorporate successful models of our expert consultants to our credit assessment model with their consent. At the same time, we continuously refine our own credit assessment model in order to benefit from such cooperation with our expert consultants. We account for the rate and performance of borrowers identified by expert consultants when we evaluate the performance of our internal risk management team. We believe such open platform incentivizes vibrant and healthy collaboration and competition among our internal credit assessment team and our expert consultants.

Pricing

Our credit assessment model automatically assigns the appropriate credit line, monthly interest rate and amount of service fees for each approved applicant based on the result of credit assessment and our risk management strategies. Borrowers’ credit assessment results may be adjusted based on their performance of repayment obligation and updated personal information. Rejected applicants may also become eligible for reapplication after a certain period of time based on our proprietary risk management strategies.

Risk Management Team

We have a risk management committee, comprised of nine members, that meets regularly to examine the credit, liquidity and operational risks on our marketplace. Our risk management team is responsible for designing and implementing the risk management and credit assessment policies and processes, loan performance analysis, credit model validation and credit decisioning performance. Our risk management team engage in various risk management activities, including reporting on performance trends, monitoring of loan concentrations and stability, performing economic stress tests on loans, randomly auditing loan decisions by our credit assessment model and conducting peer benchmarking and external risk assessments.

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User Protection

We have adopted policies and taken measures to cultivate a risk-cognizant culture. Whenever an investor intends to make an investment, our system will remind the investor to read the risk awareness disclosure showing risks related to the investment.

Custodian Bank and Third-Party Payment Service Providers

We have engaged Hengfeng Bank to provide fund custody services for our marketplace, pursuant to which Hengfeng Bank sets up separate custody accounts for our investors and borrowers, and assumes fund custody functions including settlement, accounting and safeguarding funds flow through our marketplace since June 2017. We cooperate with third-party payment service providers to transfer funds between bank accounts of our investors and borrowers and their custody accounts.

Investor Assurance Programs

Investor Assurance Program Managed by Us

We have established an investor assurance program which is primarily in the form of a risk reserve fund contributed by borrowers to repay investors on our marketplace for loans that were past due and to provide guarantee to investors through the same investor assurance program that was acquired from Niwodai Finance. In accordance with the policy of such investor assurance program published on our website, such investor assurance program covers on a portfolio basis the principal and interest of defaulted loans, payable on a first-loss basis up to the balance of the investor assurance program. Default payments to investors can only be made from the restricted cash accounts held for the investor assurance program. If the cash balance is depleted in those accounts, we may, at our discretion, transfer additional cash to these restricted cash accounts. Once the investor is paid for a borrower’s default, any future amount recovered will be contributed into the investor assurance program and we compensate investors once the investor assurance program is replenished again. As a result, investors will bear the risk that they will not be able to fully recover their investment principal and unpaid interest. We regularly review the borrowers’ risk profiles, actual loss rate of each loan product facilitated and relevant economic factors to ensure the delinquency estimations are kept up-to-date and determine the service fee rate charged from borrowers in relation to the investor assurance program.

The risk reserve fund for all loans facilitated before April 28, 2018 is managed by Shanghai Caiyin. Set forth below is a summary of certain metrics of the investor assurance program managed by us as well as a few of our liquidity indicators as of the dates indicated.

|  | As of December 31, 2017 |  |  | As of March 31, 2018 |  |  | As of June 30, 2018 |  |  | As of September 30, 2018 |  |  | As of December 31, 2018 |
|  | (in RMB millions, except for months) |
Outstanding principal of loans covered by investor assurance program managed by us* |  |  | 16,136 |  |  |  | 17,532 |  |  |  | 13,789 |  |  |  | 8,813 |  |  |  | 4,948 |
Liability from investor assurance program |  |  | 3,017 |  |  |  | 3,103 |  |  |  | 2,642 |  |  |  | 2,425 |  |  |  | 1,547 |
Other guarantee liabilities |  |  | 701 |  |  |  | 440 |  |  |  | 226 |  |  |  | 64 |  |  |  | 4 |
Restricted cash |  |  | 155 |  |  |  | 31 |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 42 |
Assets from investor assurance program, net* |  |  | 270 |  |  |  | 324 |  |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 6 |
Accounts receivable and contract assets, net |  |  | 799 |  |  |  | 1,200 |  |  |  | 1,148 |  |  |  | 684 |  |  |  | 540 |
Weighted average remaining term of loans under the investor assurance program managed by us |  |  | 13.9 |  |  |  | 13.6 |  |  |  | 11.3 |  |  |  | 8.8 |  |  |  | 6.8 |

* | Such amounts include outstanding balance of, or assets from investor assurance program for, unsecured loans facilitated through our marketplace covered by the investor assurance program managed by us and loans covered in the investor assurance program that was acquired from Niwodai Finance. The liabilities associated with such loans were accounted for in liability from investor assurance program and other guarantee liabilities, respectively.

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As we don’t manage the investor assurance programs for loans facilitated after April 28, 2018, proceeds from loans facilitated afterward no longer contribute directly to the investor assurance program managed by us. In view of this change and in order to provide investors on our platform further assurance on their investments, in the past we have transferred and in the future we expect to transfer cash to the designated restricted cash accounts of the investor assurance program managed by us to compensate investors from our working capital if the cash balance in the restricted cash accounts in relation to such investor assurance program is depleted. In 2018, due to insufficient funds in designated restricted cash accounts of the investor assurance program, we transferred cash of RMB1,079.9 million (US$157.1 million) into such accounts to repay our investors. We expect to transfer additional cash to such accounts to repay our investors covered by our investor assurance program again in the future.

We believe we will have sufficient working capital from future cash inflows to compensate investors covered by the investor assurance program managed by us. Our working capital from future cash flows includes, among others, assets from the investor assurance program relating to future fees we expect to receive for services rendered in respect of our investor assurance program, and accounts receivable and contract assets with regards to future non-guarantee service fees. On the one hand, assuming there is no significant market volatility, we expect payouts for such liabilities to decrease through the periods as the loans covered by such program feature monthly repayments, which will reduce the liability recorded. On the other hand, we have achieved increasing net income from our business operations and operating cash inflows in the past and expect such amounts to further increase in accordance with the expansion of our business in the coming years. As such, we expect the investors for loans covered by our investor assurance program to be fully compensated.

Investor Assurance Program Managed by an Independent Third Party Guarantor

On April 28, 2018, we began to partner with an independent third party guarantor to provide investor assurance program services for loans newly facilitated since after. In July 2018, we introduced another third party guarantor. Each of the third party guarantors enters into credit consulting and service agreement with borrowers and us for loans covered by the respective investor assurance programs managed by them. Borrowers pay service fees for such services directly to the guarantor, which will be deposited in the respective investor assurance program. Investments made by investors on those loans are protected by the respective investor protection program to the extent of the existing balance of the fund within such investor assurance program. The service fee rate for such loans is agreed upon by us and the third party guarantors. We no longer operate investor assurance program for these loans.

Investor Assurance Program by Partnering with Class B Investors

In July 2018, we launched investor assurance programs by partnering with selective investors, or the Class B investors, who have a higher risk tolerance in exchange for higher earnings in managing the investor assurance for the other investors who invest in the same loan product but with lower level of risk tolerance, or the Class A investors. The minimum investment amount for such Class B investment program is RMB1 million. The investment of Class B investors are matched with a number of loans on our marketplace and each of such loans are matched with Class A and Class B investors at the same time. We adjust the ratio of the investment amount by Class A and Class B investors in each loan based on projection of the loan performance. As of the date of the prospectus, investments from Class B investors constitute 5% of the principal of such loan at the time of origination.

For each loan facilitated under such investor assurance program, a multilateral loan contract is entered among the borrower, us, one or several Class A investors and a Class B investor. The borrower is required to pay certain fees to the Class B investor, which will be contributed to the investor assurance program deposited as restricted cash under the name of the Class B investor. Upon default of the borrower, the Class B investor is obligated to compensate the Class A investors for the losses due to default in full, including principal and interest based on the multilateral loan contract within 90 days of the default, and the obligation of the Class B investor is

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limited to collections and proceeds from the investment, including funds in the investor assurance program under the name of the Class B investor. We are authorized to withdraw cash from the Class B investor’s account and to deposit such cash into the Class A investor’s account within 90 days of default. The investor assurance program is separately managed for each Class B investor under each of his or her investment in the Class B investment program. Upon the maturity of the loans the Class B investors invested in and after the repayment to the Class A investors, Class B investor is entitled to the residual balance of such investor assurance program. Since we do not assume any legal or constructive liabilities to repay Class A or Class B investors of such loans, even if collections and proceeds from the investment, including the balance of the investor assurance fund under the name of the Class B investors, are not sufficient to fully compensate all Class A investors of such loans, we do not record any guarantee liabilities in relation to those loans.

Since the launch of the investor assurance programs by partnering with Class B investors, we had 100 Class B investors, who invested RMB141.9 million in the Class B investment program, which provides investor assurance program to investments of Class A investors of RMB2,585.1 million, respectively.

We utilize a mix of the investor assurance program managed by third party guarantors and by partnering with Class B investors as of the date of the prospectus. We believe we have experienced a relatively smooth switch of the investor assurance programs, and the investors’ enthusiasm was not negatively impacted by investor assurance program provided by third parties other than us. We did not adjust our practice of attracting investments, including incentives in connection with our promotional campaign because of the changes we made to our investor assurance programs. We typically only adjust such practice in view of potential investors’ investment willingness, market demand and competition. The investors’ continued interest in our marketplace was evidenced by the increased investment volume on our marketplace from RMB2.0 billion in April 2018 to RMB2.6 billion in May 2018. In April 2018, the investment volume contributed by new and repeat investors was RMB295.3 million and RMB1,737.6 million, respectively, and in May 2018, the investment volume contributed by new and repeat investors was RMB210.7 million and RMB2,355.5 million, respectively. Our investment volume was negatively impacted by unfavorable market developments in June and July 2018, which we believe was not associated with the switch of the investor assurance program. See “Risk Factors—Any negative publicity with respect to us, the online individual finance industry in general and our third-party partners may materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.”

In 2018, RMB8.6 billion (US$1.3 billion), RMB12.3 billion (US$1.8 billion) and RMB2.7 billion (US$0.4 billion) of our investment volume were covered by the investor assurance program managed by us, by third party guarantors and by partnering with Class B investors, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, 36.5%, 52.1% and 11.4% of the outstanding principal were covered by the investor assurance program managed by us, by third party guarantors and by partnering with Class B investors, respectively, and all historical defaults on loans covered by the investor assurance program had been repaid. We stopped advertising our investor assurance program in February 2018 in compliance with PRC regulations.

User Service

We believe that our dedication and devotion to superior user service is a significant contributor to our growth. To better serve our users, we adopt user-oriented business practices, including offering user service hotlines and online user service support on our mobile apps and WeChat account. We also offer clear and concise guidelines on our website and within our app to guide investors and borrowers throughout the transaction process. In addition, we provide an online discussion forum, where our current and potential users can communicate with each other and our user service agents. Finally, our user service team frequently reaches out to our users to seek their feedback. We maintain a user complaint feedback channel to improve our products and services. As of December 31, 2018, we had 116 employees in our dedicated user service department.

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Overseas Development

Leveraging on the proprietary technology and operation experience accumulated in China, we are exploring business opportunities in other developing countries with a significant size of low-to mid- income population. We believe that these low-to mid- income populations is currently underserved by local financial systems similar to the financial market situation in China and our credit assessment and risk management system can be readily deployed in these countries.

We established our Indonesia office in 2018 to supervise our development in the Southeast Asia. We plan to serve investors and borrowers in the Southeast Asia and other emerging markets with significant demands for consumer finance solutions. We plan to cooperate with local partners with strong local presence and stable funding sources. With our risk management technologies and the local expertise of our partners, we believe we will be able to deliver accessible and convenient financial services to our overseas investors and borrowers.

Our Technology and IT Infrastructure

The success of our business is dependent on our strong technological capabilities that support us in delivering superior user experience, safeguarding information on our platform, increasing operational efficiency and enabling innovations. Principal components of our technology system include:

| • |  | Big data analytics capabilities. Leveraging a massive user base, we have been continuously improving our data mining and user behavior analytics capabilities, which enable us to build a comprehensive credit profile for each borrower as the basis for our quick and accurate credit decisions. Our data mining and analytics capabilities also allow us to provide an array of automated investment programs to investors and empower numerous aspects of our operations, such as management of the loan lifecycle for borrowers, proprietary fraud detection, graph mining, risk management and financial modeling.

| • |  | Artificial Intelligence technologies. We put together a dedicated team focusing on internal Artificial Intelligence technologies development. Based on the comprehensive range of voice, image and video data collected through our platform, we have strengthened our data-centric machine learning technologies. We also achieved important milestones in the areas of human-computer interaction, OCR and facial recognition, which have been utilized in our risk management system and enabled us to build up a secured and stable platform.

| • |  | Highly automated process. Throughout the life cycle of our loan products, we maintain a highly automated management process to monitor the registration, application, verification, credit assessment, decision making, funding and collections, which enables our self-developed Niwodai apps to provide a superior user experience. Our user-friendly Niwodai apps grant investors and borrowers a convenient access to our product features, allow them to digest relevant information, and find the loan products that match their needs.

| • |  | Data security. We maintain an effective cyber security system to monitor and manage the traffic to our platform on a real-time basis. Our system is designed to automatically defect suspicious activities and an alert will be instantly sent to our IT team. To minimize the risk of a cyber-attack, we keep and constantly update an internal blacklist of malicious IP addresses. For our daily operation, we collect and store certain personal information, including sensitive information such as people’s ID card numbers and bank accounts information. We retrieve such information only upon user’s consent and store all data in an encrypted form. We also implement multiple layers of security to insulate our databases from unauthorized access and use sophisticated security protocols for communication among applications.

| • |  | Stability. We utilize multiple data centers in different cities and maintain data redundancy through a real-time multi-layer data backup system to ensure the reliability of our network. We have implemented a disaster recovery program which enables us to react appropriately in an emergency and instantly start transferring our data to a back-up data center if needed.

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Research and Development

We had a dedicated research and development team consisting of 353 full-time employees as of December 31, 2018. We implement an agile development approach, which is an iterative and incremental method of managing the design of our products and information technology with an aim to provide new products and services in a highly flexible and interactive manner. We maintain a matrix management system that streamlines the workflows of the entire development process. We implement effective code review, version control procedures and documentation procedures to achieve higher development efficiency and maintain our high quality code repository. We also maintain an effective log management system for our engineers to conduct log analysis and solve technical issues. We have developed different user-friendly Niwodai apps for investors and for borrowers. The mobile apps enable investors and borrowers to access our marketplace at any time or location that is convenient and are continuously updated for additional features.

Intellectual Property

We regard our trademarks, domain names, copyrights, know-how, proprietary technologies and similar intellectual property as critical to our success, and we rely on trademark and trade secret law and confidentiality, invention assignment and non-compete agreements with our employees and others to protect our proprietary rights. We have registered 34 trademarks in the PRC. We are the registered holder of 12 domain names, including www.niwodai.com. We also have 38 copyrights for our proprietary techniques in connection with our systems.

Competition

Online individual finance market is an emerging industry in China. It provides a new means for consumers to obtain financing and for investors to seek new investment opportunities. As a leading online individual finance marketplace in China, we face fierce competition from other online marketplaces, online finance service providers as well as traditional financial institutions. Individual finance marketplaces which operate online platforms connecting investors and borrowers compete directly with us for both investors and borrowers. In addition, for borrowers, we compete with other online platforms that engage in the online leading business. We also compete with traditional financial institutions, including credit card issuers, individual finance business units in commercial banks and other individual finance companies. With respect to investors, we primarily compete with providers of other investment products and asset classes, such as equities, bonds, investment trust products, bank savings accounts and real estate. Some of our larger competitors have substantially broader products or service offerings and richer financial resources to support heavy spending on sales and marketing. We believe that our ability to compete effectively for investors and borrowers depends on many factors, including the variety of our products, user experiences on our marketplace, the effectiveness of our risk management system, the returns offered to investors, our marketing and selling efforts and the strength and reputation of our brands.

In addition, as our business continues to grow rapidly, we face significant competition for talents, including management, engineers, product managers and risk management personnel. The success of our growth strategy depends in part on our ability to retain existing personnel and attract additional talents.

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Employees

We had 688, 797 and 831 employees as of December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. The number of our employees has increased over time commensurate with the expansion of our business. The following table sets forth the breakdown of our employees as of December 31, 2018 by function:

Functions |  | Number of Employees |
Origination and servicing department |  |  | 113 |
General and administrative department |  |  | 149 |
Sales and marketing department |  |  | 216 |
Research and development department |  |  | 353 |
Total |  |  | 831 |

As of December 31, 2018, all of our employees were based in Shanghai.

We believe we offer our employees competitive compensation packages and dynamic work environment that encourages initiatives. As a result, we have generally been able to attract and retain qualified personnel and maintain a stable core management team. We plan to hire more experienced and talented employees in the areas such as big data analytics, risk management and operation management as we expand our business.

As required by PRC regulations, we participate in various statutory employee benefit plans, including social insurance funds, namely a pension contribution plan, a medical insurance plan, an unemployment insurance plan, a work-related injury insurance plan and a maternity insurance plan, and a housing provident fund. We are required under PRC law to make contributions to employee benefit plans at specified percentages of the salaries, bonuses and certain allowances of our employees, up to a maximum amount specified by the local government from time to time. In addition, we purchased employer’s liability insurance and additional commercial health insurance to increase insurance coverage of our employees. We enter into standard labor, confidentiality and non-compete agreements with our employees. The non-compete restricted period typically expires two years after the termination of employment, and we agree to compensate the employee with a certain percentage of his or her pre-departure salary during the restricted period.

We believe that we maintain a good working relationship with our employees, and we have not experienced any major labor disputes.

Facilities

Our principal executive offices are located on leased premises comprising 10,298 square meters in Shanghai, China. We lease our premises from unrelated third parties under operating lease agreements.

Our servers are primarily hosted at third-party Internet data centers. We believe that we will be able to obtain adequate facilities, principally through leasing, to accommodate our future expansion plans.

Insurance

We provide social security insurance including pension insurance, unemployment insurance, work-related injury insurance and medical insurance for our employees. We also provide additional commercial medical insurance coverage for our key management. We do not maintain business interruption insurance, general third-party liability insurance, product liability insurance or key-man insurance. We consider our insurance coverage to be sufficient for our business operations in China and in line with market practice.

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Legal Proceedings

We are currently not a party to any material legal or administrative proceedings. We may from time to time be subject to various legal or administrative claims and proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. Litigation or any other legal or administrative proceeding, regardless of the outcome, is likely to result in substantial cost and diversion of our resources, including our management’s time and attention.

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REGULATION

This section sets forth a summary of the most significant laws, regulations and rules that affect our business activities in the PRC and our shareholders’ rights to receive dividends and other distributions from us.

Regulations Relating to Online Individual Finance Services

Due to the relatively brief history of the online individual finance industry in China, the regulatory framework governing our industry has not developed comprehensively. Even though few specific regulations on online individual finance industry have been issued in the past two years, detailed guidance and interpretation has yet to be promulgated by the regulators. Under PRC laws and regulations, our business practice of online individual finance services is usually categorized as online lending information intermediary services.

Regulations on Online Peer-to-Peer Lending Intermediary Information Services

On July 18, 2015, the Guidelines on Promoting the Healthy Development of Online Finance Industry, or the Guidelines, were promulgated by ten PRC regulatory authorities, including the PBOC, the MIIT and the CBRC. The Guidelines define online peer-to-peer lending as direct lending between individuals through an online platform, which is under the supervision of the CBRC and governed by the PRC Contract Law, the General Principles of the Civil Law of the PRC, and related judicial interpretations promulgated by the Supreme People’s Court. Pursuant to the Guidelines, a company that provides online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary services shall function clearly as an information intermediary and provide information services rather than provide credit enhancement services or engage in illegal fund-raising.

On April 12, 2016, the General Office of the State Council issued the Circular on Implementation Scheme of Special Rectification of Risks in Online Finance Industry, which emphasizes that the online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary platforms shall operate as information intermediaries and must not engage in certain activities, including but not limited to, setting up capital pool, extending loans, raising illegal fund. Online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary platforms are also required to separate funds of lenders and borrowers from their own funds through custodian services provided by qualified banks. As the implementation rules for online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary platforms, on April 13, 2016, the CBRC issued the Circular on Implementation Scheme of Special Rectification of Risks in Online Peer-to-Peer Lending Industry. By categorizing the market players based on their different levels of legal compliance, the CBRC started to regulate the online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service industry.

On August 17, 2016, the CBRC, the MIIT, the Ministry of Public Security of the PRC, or the MPS, and the CAC jointly issued the Interim Measures on Administration of Business Activities of Online Lending Information Intermediaries, or the Interim Measures.

The Interim Measures require the online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service providers to (i) substantially include “online lending information intermediary” in its business scope filed with the local registration regulatory authority; (ii) complete a filing with local financial regulatory authority; and (iii) apply for appropriate telecommunication business license in accordance with relevant provisions issued by competent telecommunication regulatory authority after completion of the filing with local financial regulatory authority.

According to the Interim Measures, online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service providers shall not engage in or accept entrustment to engage in certain activities, including, among others, (i) financing for themselves directly or indirectly, (ii) holding lenders’ funds, including accepting, collecting or gathering funds of lenders directly or indirectly, (iii) providing security to lenders or promising break-even principals and interests directly or in a disguised form, (iv) raising funds by issuing financial products on their own as wealth management products, (v) splitting the maturity term of any financing project, (vi) conducting securitization and (vii) operating equity crowd-funding.

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The Interim Measures require that online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service providers shall restrict the maximum balance of fund borrowed by the same borrower on the same online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary platform as well as on several such online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary platforms so as to prevent credit concentration risks. The maximum balance of fund borrowed by any individual on the same online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary platform shall be RMB200,000, and the aggregate maximum balance of fund borrowed by the same individual on all online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary platforms shall be RMB1,000,000. The maximum balance of funds borrowed by any entity or other kind of organization on the same online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary platform shall be RMB1,000,000, and the aggregate maximum balance of fund borrowed by any entity or other kind of organization on all online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary platforms shall be RMB5,000,000.

With respect to the online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary platforms established prior to the implementation of the Interim Measures, provided that such platforms have not been in compliance with the applicable requirements of the Interim Measures, the local financial regulatory authority would require such platforms to make correction or rectification within a 12-month transition period specified by the Interim Measures.

Pursuant to the Interim Measures, if an online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service provider violates any applicable laws, regulations or relevant regulatory provisions relating to online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary services, sanctions could be imposed by the local financial regulatory authority or other relevant regulatory authorities, including, among others, supervision interviews, regulatory warning, correction order, condemnation, negative credit record and publication, fine up to RMB30,000, and criminal liabilities if the act constitutes a criminal offense.

In accordance with the Guidelines and the Interim Measures, the CBRC, the MIIT and the State Administration for Industry and Commerce jointly issued the Guidelines on the Filing-based Administration of the Online Lending Information Intermediaries on October 28, 2016, setting out detailed rules on the filing-based administrative regime of online lending information intermediaries that require local financial regulators to register, publicize and archive the basic information of online lending information intermediaries within their respective jurisdictions.

In accordance with the Guidelines and the Interim Measures, the CBRC issued the Guidelines on Funds Custodian Business in Online Lending Industry, or the Custodian Guidelines on February 22, 2017, which further clarifies the custodian requirement for the funds of lenders and borrowers held by online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service providers. Pursuant to the Custodian Guidelines, an online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service provider shall only designate one qualified commercial bank as its fund custodian institution for the funds of lenders and borrowers held by it. To the extent that the relevant online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service providers and commercial banks are not in full compliance with the Custodian Guidelines, they are required to make correction or rectification within a six-month rectification period specified by the Custodian Guidelines.

In accordance with the Guidelines and the Interim Measures, the CBRC further issued the Guidelines on Information Disclosure of Business Activities of Online Lending Information Intermediaries, or the Disclosure Guidelines, on August 23, 2017. The Disclosure Guidelines further clarifies the disclosure requirements for online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service providers. Pursuant to the Disclosure Guidelines, online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service providers shall disclose certain required information on their websites and all the other Internet channels, including mobile applications, WeChat or Weibo official account. The Disclosure Guidelines also require online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service providers to record all the disclosed information and keep such information in writing for no less than five years from the disclosure date. To the extent that the relevant online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service providers are not in full compliance with the Disclosure Guidelines, they are required to make correction or rectification within a six-month rectification period specified by the Disclosure Guidelines.

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On December 1, 2017, the Office of the Leading Group for the Special Campaign against Internet Financial Risks and the Office of the Leading Group for the Special Campaign against Peer-to-peer Lending Risks jointly issued the Circular on Regulating and Rectifying of “Cash Loan” Services, or Circular 141. Circular 141 sets out the principles and general requirements for the conduct of “cash loan” business by online small loan companies, P2P platforms and banking financial institutions (for the purpose of Circular 141, including banks, trust companies and consumer financial companies). Circular 141 focuses on regulating the “cash loans” with features of no user scenario, specified uses of loan proceeds, specified customer base, or collateral, etc. Circular 141 sets forth several general principles with respect to the regulation of “cash loan” business, including: (i) no organization or individual may conduct the “cash loan” lending business without obtaining relevant approval; (ii) the aggregated borrowing costs of borrowers charged by institutions in the form of interest and various fees should be annualized and subject to the limit on interest rate of private lending provided by the judicial department; (iii) institutions engaged in cash, among others, loan business must follow the “know-your-customer” process and prudentially assess and determine the borrower’s suitability, credit limit and cooling-off period, etc; and (iv) all institutions engaged in cash, among others, loan business must enhance their internal risk control and prudentially use the “data-driven” risk management models.

On December 8, 2017, the Office of the Leading Group for the Special Campaign against Peer-to-peer Lending Risks released the Notice on The Improvement and Acceptance of the Peer-to-Peer Online Lending Risk, or Circular 57. Circular 57 requires local financial regulator, local CBRC, the People’s Bank local branch, local public security, local communication administrative department and local AIC to jointly inspect and accept whether an internet lending information intermediary or P2P company complies with the Interim Measures. The P2P company can only be filed records, or P2P Filing, with the local financial regulator after receiving acceptance certificate or document issued jointly by local financial regulator and local CBRC. Normally, the P2P Filing should be completed before April 2018 according to the Circular 57. Circular 57 forbids several credit assignment models, including: (i) providing asset securitization services or transfer creditor’s rights in form of packaged assets, securitized assets, trust assets or fund shares; (ii) certain credit transfer from related individual party of the P2P company to the lender on the platform; and (iii) using credit right from the peer-to-peer lending platform as a pledge to borrow money from other lenders. In accordance with Circular 57, online lending marketplaces shall optimize their business portfolios continuously and manage the scale of their businesses. Marketplaces that have received rectification notices shall ensure steady decrease of the balance of non-compliant business on these marketplaces and shall not engage in any new non-compliant operations.

On August 13, 2018, the Office of the Leading Group for the Special Campaign against Peer-to-peer Lending Risks issued the Notice on Conducting Compliance Inspection on P2P Lending Platforms, or the Notice on Compliance Inspection, which requires that P2P lending platforms, local internet finance associations and relevant governmental authorities conduct compliance inspections based on a checklist of 108 compliance criteria and that such inspections shall be completed by December 31, 2018. The Notice on Compliance Inspection further states that only P2P lending platforms which pass the compliance check and satisfy a period of operations and tests may apply for filing.

It has been reported that in May 2017, the PBOC and other PRC regulatory agencies issued the Notice on Further Effectively Conducting the Special Campaign on Reorganizing and Rectification in Respect of Risks Related to the Internet Finance Market, or Circular 119, which classified enterprises in the Internet finance market into “compliant enterprises”, “enterprises to conduct rectifications” and “enterprises to be suspended.” Circular 119 further stipulated various procedures to be taken with respect to these three types of enterprises. It has been reported that Circular 119 requires an enterprise that have received any rectification notice from government agencies, or an “enterprise to conduct rectifications,” to promise, in its rectification plan, that it will not engage in any new non-compliant operations. Furthermore, such rectification plan shall provide a clear schedule for such enterprises to wind down and terminate all outstanding non-compliant business contracts and operations, which schedule in principal shall be no longer than one year, except if other specific regulation stipulates otherwise. Enterprises which refuse to rectify non-compliant activities, or fail to pass rectifying inspections, or engage in significant non-compliance shall be shut down in accordance with relevant regulations.

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During the process of the Special Campaign, provincial government agencies shall ensure that the number of enterprises in the Internet finance market and relevant business scale in such province to decrease, which is commonly referred to as the Dual Decrease.

Furthermore, it has been reported that, according to Circular 175, except for large-scale peer-to-peer direct lending marketplaces that have not demonstrated any high-risk characteristics, which are generally referred to as Normal Marketplaces, other marketplaces, including shell companies with no substantive operation, small-scale marketplaces, marketplaces with high risks and marketplaces on which investors are not fully repaid or that are otherwise unable to operate their businesses, shall exit the peer-to-peer lending industry or cease operation. Normal Marketplaces shall cease operating businesses that are not in compliance with laws and regulations. Circular 175 also encourages certain Normal Marketplaces to convert into other types of online financing institutions such as online small loan companies or loan facilitation platforms. In accordance with Circular 175, Normal Marketplaces shall strictly manage the scale of its business and number of investors, follow the requirements of Dual Decrease and report relevant data to competent government agencies. According to Circular 175, the overarching objective of Circular 175 is for PRC government agencies to effect orderly exits of certain peer-to-peer direct lending marketplaces without inducing systematic risk in the financial system or causing significant social turbulence until only those marketplaces that are strictly in compliance with all relevant laws and regulations remain in operation in the peer-to-peer direct lending industry. The aforementioned summaries of Circular 119 and 175 are based on certain media reports, including alleged photocopies of Circular 119 and 175 presented in such reports. We have been advised by our PRC counsel, King & Wood Mallesons, that Circular 119 and 175 have not been officially issued to the public by any government agencies, and therefore, there are uncertainties as to the accuracy of the media reports, as well as the authenticity, meaning and application of Circular 119 and 175.

We have taken various measures to comply with the Interim Measures, the Custodian Guidelines, the Disclosure Guidelines and other laws and regulations that are applicable to our business operations. For example, we have ceased certain practice that could be regarded as a form of credit enhancement or guarantee and engaged Hengfeng Bank as the fund custodian institution for the funds of lenders and borrowers. However, given that detailed regulations and guidance in the area of online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary services are yet to be promulgated, we cannot be certain that our existing practice would not be deemed to violate any existing or future laws, regulations and rules. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—The laws and regulations governing online individual finance industry in China are developing and evolving and subject to changes. If we fail to comply with existing and future applicable laws, regulations or requirements of local regulatory authorities, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.”

Regulations on Loans between Individuals

Pursuant to the PRC Contract Law, a contract is null and void under any of the following circumstances: (i) the contract is concluded through the use of fraud or coercion by one party and thereby damages the interest of the state; (ii) malicious collusion is conducted to damage the interest of the state, the community or any third parties; (iii) an illegitimate purpose is concealed under the guise of legitimate forms of acts; (iv) the contract damages the public interest; or (v) the mandatory provisions of the laws and administrative regulations are violated. A loan agreement becomes effective when an individual lender provides loan to an individual borrower provided that the agreement does not fall into any such circumstance under the PRC Contract Law.

In accordance with the Provisions on Several Issues Concerning Laws Applicable to Trials of Private Lending Cases issued by the Supreme People’s Court on August 6, 2015, or the Private Lending Judicial Interpretations, which became effective on September 1, 2015, in the event that loans are made through an online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary platform and such platform only provides information intermediary services, courts shall dismiss any claim concerned against the platform demanding the repayment of loans by the platform as a guarantor.

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In addition, the interest rates charged under the loan agreement shall not violate the applicable provisions of the PRC laws and regulations. The Private Lending Judicial Interpretations also provide that agreements between lenders and borrowers on loans with interest rates below 24% per annum are valid and enforceable. As to the loans with interest rates per annum between 24% (exclusive) and 36% (inclusive), if the interest on the loans has already been paid to the lender, and so long as such payment has not damaged the interest of the state, the community or any third parties, the courts will turn down the borrower’s request to demand the return of the excess interest payment. If the annual interest rate of a private loan is higher than 36%, the agreement on the excess part of the interest is invalid, and if the borrower requests the lender to return the part of interest exceeding 36% of the annual interest that has been paid, the courts will support such requests. The interest rates of all our loan products are below 36% and certain loans financed by our automated loan investment programs have interest rates that exceed 24%. In addition, on August 4, 2017, the Supreme People’s Court issued the Circular of Several Suggestions on Further Strengthening the Judicial Practice Regarding Financial Cases, which provides, among others, that (i) the claim of the borrower under a financial loan agreement to adjust or cut down the part of interest exceeding 24% per annum on the basis that the aggregate amount of interest, compound interest, default interest, liquidated damages and other fees collectively claimed by the lender is overly high shall be supported by the PRC courts; and (ii) in the context of Internet finance disputes, if the online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary platforms and the lender circumvent the upper limit of the judicially protected interest rate by charging intermediate fee, it shall be determined as invalid. Furthermore, under Circular 141, the overall borrowing costs charged to borrowers should be calculated by loan interest together with all relevant fees and presented in an annualized form, which shall comply with above provisions on private lending. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business—Changes in PRC regulations relating to interest rates for marketplace and micro-credit lending could have a material adverse effect on our business.”

In addition, pursuant to the PRC Contract Law, a creditor may assign its rights under an agreement to a third party, provided that the debtor is notified. Upon due assignment of the creditor’s rights, the assignee is entitled to the creditor’s rights and the debtor must perform the relevant obligations under the agreement for the benefit of the assignee. We also provide loan transfer services on our platform where lenders can transfer the loans they hold to other lenders upon the maturity of the automated loan investment products.

Regulations on Sharing Information of and Imposing Disciplinary Measures on Discredited Parties subject to Enforcement

The Several Provisions on Announcement of the List of Discredited Parties Subject to Enforcement promulgated by the Supreme People’s Court on July 16, 2013, and amended on February 28, 2017, or Several Provisions, provides the framework for collecting and sharing information of discredited parties which are subject to law enforcement actions. According to the Several Provisions, where a party subject to enforcement fails to perform the obligations determined in a valid legal document, under any of the following circumstances, a people’s court shall record him/her in the list of discredited parties subject to enforcement, and impose credit-related disciplinary measures pursuant to the law in cases if: (i) he/she has the capacity to perform but refuses to perform the obligations determined in the valid legal document; (ii) he/she hinders or resists enforcement by way of forging evidence, violence or coercion; (iii) he/she circumvents enforcement by way of false lawsuit, false arbitration or concealment or removal of properties; (iv) there is a violation of property reporting system; (v) there is a violation of order to restrict consumption; or (vi) he/she refuses to perform settlement agreement for enforcement without a valid reason.

The Several Provisions further provide that people’s courts at all levels shall record the information of the discredited parties subject to enforcement in the database of the Supreme People’s Court, and announce such information to the public on a unified basis through such database. Furthermore, the people’s court at all levels may, based on the actual conditions of the locality, announce the list of discredited parties subject to enforcement by way of newspapers, radio, television, Internet, bulletin board of the court, and may hold press conference or engage other methods for announcement of implementation status of lists of discredited parties subject to enforcement by these courts and courts within their respective jurisdictions.

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In accordance with the Notice on Issuing the Memorandum of Cooperation on Jointly Imposing Disciplinary Measures against Discredited Parties Subject to Enforcement promulgated by the NDRC and other government agencies on January 20, 2016, or the Joint Disciplinary Measures Memorandum, the NDRC will, on the basis of the national credit information sharing platform, establish a system for joint disciplinary measures against discredited acts. Through said system, Supreme People’s court shall provide other governmental agencies who have signed this Joint Disciplinary Measures Memorandum with the information of discredited parties subject to enforcement, and update such information according to the relevant provisions. Other governmental agencies shall obtain the information of discredited parties subject to enforcement via said system, implement or assist in implementing the disciplinary measures specified in the Joint Disciplinary Measures Memorandum, and report the information on implementation of such measures to the Supreme People’s Court and the NDRC via said system. The disciplinary measures for the discredited parties include, among others, (i) restrictions on participation in government procurement; (ii) restrictions on establishment of insurance companies and financing guarantee companies; (iii) provision of relevant information as a prudent reference for all financial institutions when financial institutions approve credit applications; (iv) restrictions on support of subsidy or social security funds; (v) provision of reference for accreditation of preferential policies; (vi) for individuals, restrictions on serving as legal representative, director or supervisor of wholly state-owned enterprises, legal representative of public institutions, public servants or staff members of public institutions; (vii) for individuals, restrictions on luxurious consumptions, including but not limited to taking airplanes, luxurious sleeping compartments on trains, higher star-rated hotels, night clubs or golf courses, and other consumption unnecessary for living and working.

In accordance with the Notice on Reporting Borrowers Who Deliberately Circumvent Loan Repayment or Refuse to Repay on Peer-to-Peer Lending Platforms issued by the Office of the Leading Group for the Special Campaign against Internet Financial Risks on August 8, 2018, local offices for the special campaign shall report lists of borrowers who deliberately circumvent loan repayment or refuse to repay when he/she has the capacity to do so. Going forward, the national Office of the Leading Group for the Special Campaign shall coordinate with other government agencies to include relevant information of these borrowers into the national credit information sharing platform and “Credit China” database.

Regulations on Illegal Fund-Raising

The Measures for the Banning of Illegal Financial Institutions and Illegal Financial Business Operations promulgated by the State Council in July 1998 and revised in 2011, and the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning the Penalty on Illegal Fund-Raising issued by the General Office of the State Council in July 2007, explicitly prohibit illegal public fund-raising. Anyone who engages in illegal funding raising will be subject to administrative penalty from one time to five times of the illegal revenues, cessation of operation or even criminal liabilities. In addition, the Interim Measures and the Custodian Guidelines purport, among other things, to require each online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service provider to separate its own funds from the funds of lenders and borrowers, choose one qualified commercial bank as the fund custodian institution for the funds of lenders and borrowers, and limit the maximum amount of the loan borrowed by one individual. According to the Custodian Guidelines, online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service providers are further required to review and verify the records and information of their custody accounts with their fund custodian institutions on a daily basis.

We act as an information intermediary for and are not a party to the loans facilitated through our platform. We rely on third-party payment platforms in handling funds transfer and settlement. We intend to migrate to a new system and have entered into a custody account arrangement with Hengfeng Bank, whereby the funds of lenders and borrowers will be deposited into and settled by custody accounts under its management. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—The laws and regulations governing online individual finance industry in China are developing and evolving and subject to changes. If we fail to comply with existing and future applicable laws, regulations or requirements of local regulatory authorities, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.”

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Regulations on Anti-money Laundering

The PRC Anti-money Laundering Law promulgated by the PBOC on October 31, 2006 and effective since January 2007, stipulates that special non-financial institutions which are required by relevant regulations to perform obligations of anti-money laundering shall comply with the anti-money laundering obligations. The PBOC and other regulatory authorities issued a series of administrative regulations and rules to specify the anti-money laundering obligations of financial institutions and special non-financial institutions.

Furthermore, the Guidelines, the Interim Measures and the Custodian Guidelines require online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service providers to comply with certain anti-money laundering requirements, including the establishment of a customer identification program, the monitoring and reporting of suspicious transactions, the preservation of customer information and transaction records, and the provision of assistance to the public security authority and judicial authority in investigations and proceedings in relation to anti-money laundering matters.

While we are in the process of formulating policies and procedures, including internal controls and “know-your-customer” procedures, aimed at preventing money laundering and terrorism financing, we cannot assure you that we will be able to establish and maintain anti-money laundering policies and procedures which can effectively protect our platform from being exploited for money laundering or terrorism financing purposes, or that such policies and procedures, if adopted, will be deemed to be fully in compliance with all applicable anti-money laundering laws and regulations, including the Interim Measures. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—Any failure by our third-party service providers to comply with applicable anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism financing laws and regulations could damage our reputation.”

Regulations Relating to Foreign Investment

Investment activities in the PRC by foreign investors shall comply with applicable laws and regulations on foreign investment such as the Guidance Catalog of Industries for Foreign Investment, or the Catalog, which was promulgated and is amended from time to time by the MOFCOM and the NDRC. The Catalog divides industries into two categories in terms of foreign investment, namely (i) industries in which foreign investment is encouraged; and (ii) industries in which foreign investment is restricted or prohibited, which was updated by the Special Administrative Measures on Access of Foreign Investment (Negative List 2018) on July 28, 2018, or the Special Administrative Measures. Pursuant to the Special Administrative Measures, foreign investment in value-added telecommunication services (with certain exceptions to E-commerce) is restricted.

Foreign investment in telecommunications companies in the PRC is also governed by the Provisions on Administration of Foreign-Invested Telecommunications Enterprises, or the Foreign-Invested Telecommunications Enterprises Provisions, which was promulgated by the State Council on December 11, 2001, and amended on September 10, 2008 and February 6, 2016. The Foreign-Invested Telecommunications Enterprises Provisions prohibit a foreign investor from holding over 50% of the total equity interest in any value-added telecommunication service business in China. In addition, the major foreign investor who invests in a foreign-invested value-added telecommunications enterprise and operates the value-added telecommunication service business in China must demonstrate a good track record and experience in operation of value-added telecommunication service business.

In addition, a foreign-invested enterprise in PRC shall comply with other regulations on its incorporation , operation and changes, such as the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Wholly Foreign-owned Enterprises (amended in 2016), the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures (amended in 2016), the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Sino-Foreign Cooperative Joint Ventures (amended in 2017) (collectively the “Existing FIE Laws”) and the Interim Administrative Measures for the Record-filing of the Incorporation and Change of Foreign-invested Enterprises (amended in 2018).

On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress adopted the Foreign Investment Law of the PRC, which will become effective on January 1, 2020 and will replace the Existing FIE Laws. Pursuant to the Foreign Investment Law of the PRC, China will grant national treatment to foreign invested entities, except for those foreign invested entities that operate in industries that fall within “restricted” or “prohibited” categories as prescribed in the “negative list” to be released or approved by the State Council.

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Regulations Relating to Internet Companies

Regulations on Value-Added Telecommunication Services

The Telecommunications Regulations of the PRC, or the Telecommunications Regulations, promulgated by the State Council on September 25, 2000 and amended on July 29, 2014 and February 6, 2016, provide a regulatory framework for telecommunication service providers in the PRC. The Telecommunications Regulations require telecommunication service providers to obtain an operating license prior to the commencement operations. The Telecommunications Regulations categorize telecommunication services into basic telecommunication services and value-added telecommunication services. According to the Catalog of Telecommunication Business, attached to the Telecommunications Regulations, both information services and online data processing and transaction processing services provided via fixed network, mobile network and Internet fall within value-added telecommunication services.

In July 2017, the MIIT promulgated the Administrative Measures on Telecommunication Business Operating Licenses. Under these regulations, a commercial operator of value-added telecommunication services must first obtain a license for value-added telecommunication service business, or VATS License, from the MIIT or its provincial level counterparts.

In July 2006, the Ministry of Information Industry of the PRC, the predecessor of the MIIT, issued the Circular on Strengthening the Administration of Foreign Investment in the Operation of Value-added Telecommunication Business, which prohibits holders of telecommunication business licenses from leasing, transferring or selling their licenses in any form, or providing any resource, sites or facilities, to any foreign investor intending to conduct such business in China.

Before the issuance of the Interim Measures in August 2016, there was no clear or official regulation or guidance from the PRC government as to whether online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service was a type of value-added telecommunication services and whether its provider should be subject to value-added telecommunication regulations. After the Interim Measures came into force, an online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary platform shall apply for appropriate telecommunication business license in accordance with relevant provisions issued by competent telecommunication regulatory authority after completion of its filing with local financial regulatory authority. However, the relevant implementation rules regarding such telecommunication business license is yet to be issued or specified and therefore currently we are not able to make the necessary application for the VATS License.

Furthermore, as we are providing online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service through mobile applications to mobile device users, we cannot assure you that we will not be required to apply for an operating license for our mobile applications in the future. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—The laws and regulations governing online individual finance industry in China are developing and evolving and subject to changes. If we fail to comply with existing and future applicable laws, regulations or requirements of local regulatory authorities, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.”

Regulation on Mobile Internet Applications Information Services

In addition to the Telecommunications Regulations and other regulations above, mobile application information service providers are especially regulated by the Administrative Provisions on Mobile Internet Applications Information Services, or the APP Provisions, which were promulgated by the CAC, on June 28, 2016 and became effective on August 1, 2016. According to the APP Provisions, the CAC and its local counterparts shall be responsible for the supervision and administration of nationwide or local mobile application information, respectively.

Under the APP Provisions, mobile application information service providers are required to obtain relevant qualifications prescribed by laws and regulations and shall be responsible for the supervision and administration

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of mobile application information required by laws and regulations and implement the information security management responsibilities strictly, including but not limited to: (i) authenticating the identity information of the registered users, (ii) protecting user information, and obtaining the consent of users while collecting and using users’ personal information in a lawful and proper manner, (iii) establishing information content audit and management mechanism, and taking against any information content in violation of laws or regulations depending on circumstances, and (iv) recording and keeping users’ log information the same for sixty (60) days.

We have implemented necessary programs in our mobile application to make sure the collection, protection and preservation of user information are in compliance with the APP Provisions in all material aspects.

Regulations on Internet Security

Internet information in China is regulated and restricted from a national security standpoint. The Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, or the SCNPC, has enacted the Decisions on Maintaining Internet Security on December 28, 2000 and further amended on August 27, 2009, which may subject violators to criminal punishment for any effort to: (i) gain improper entry into a computer or system of strategic importance; (ii) disseminate politically disruptive information; (iii) leak state secrets; (iv) spread false commercial information; or (v) infringe intellectual property rights. In 1997, the MPS has promulgated measures that prohibit use of the Internet in ways which, among other things, result in a leakage of state secrets or a spread of socially destabilizing content. If an Internet information service provider violates these measures, the MPS and its local counterparts may revoke its operating license and shut down its websites.

Pursuant to the Network Security Law of the PRC promulgated by the SCNPC on November 7, 2016 and effective on June 1, 2017, network operators, including online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service providers, shall comply with laws and regulations and fulfill their obligations to safeguard security of the network when conducting business and providing services, and take all necessary measures pursuant to laws, regulations and compulsory national requirements to safeguard the safe and stable operation of the networks, respond to network security incidents effectively, prevent illegal and criminal activities, and maintain the integrity, confidentiality and usability of network data.

We have, in accordance with relevant provisions on the state network security and the requirements of the state’s system for classified protection of information security, conducted the record-filing of class determination and class testing of information system, possessed perfect network security facility and management system such as firewall, intrusion detection, data encryption and disaster recovery, etc.

Regulations on Privacy Protection

The Several Provisions on Regulating the Market Order of Internet Information Services, issued by the MIIT in December 2011, provide that an Internet information service provider may not collect any user personal information or provide any such information to third parties without the consent of a user. An Internet information service provider must expressly inform the users of the method, content and purpose of the collection and processing of such user personal information and may only collect such information necessary for the provision of its services. An Internet information service provider is also required to properly maintain the user personal information, and in case of any leak or likely leak of the user personal information, online peer-to-peer lending service providers must take immediate remedial measures and, in severe circumstances, make an immediate report to the telecommunication regulatory authority.

In addition, pursuant to the Decision on Strengthening the Protection of Online Information issued by the SCNPC in December 2012 and the Order for the Protection of Telecommunication and Internet User Personal Information issued by the MIIT in July 2013, any collection and use of user personal information must be subject to the consent of the user, abide by the principles of legality, rationality and necessity and be within the specified purposes, methods and scopes.

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Pursuant to the Ninth Amendment to the Criminal Law of the PRC issued by the SCNPC in August 2015 and became effective in November, 2015 any Internet service provider that fails to fulfill the obligations related to Internet information security administration as required by applicable laws and refuses to rectify upon orders shall be subject to criminal penalty. On May 8, 2017, the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate released the Interpretations on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Handling of Criminal Cases Involving Infringement of Citizens’ Personal Information, or the Personal Information Judicial Interpretations, which became effective on June 1, 2017. The Personal Information Judicial Interpretations provide more practical conviction and sentencing criteria for the infringement of citizens’ personal information and mark a milestone for the criminal protection of citizens’ personal information.

Furthermore, the Interim Measures require online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service providers to reinforce the management of information of lenders and borrowers, so as to ensure the legitimacy and security regarding the collection, processing and use of information of lenders and borrowers. Online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service providers should also keep confidential the information of lenders and borrowers collected in the course of their business, and should not use such information for any other purpose except for services they provide without the consent of lenders or borrowers.

While we have taken measures to protect the confidential information that we have access to, our security measures could be breached. Any accidental or willful security breaches or other unauthorized access to our platform could cause confidential information of lenders and borrowers to be stolen and used for criminal purposes. Security breaches or unauthorized access to confidential information could also expose us to liability related to the loss of information, time-consuming and expensive litigation and negative publicity. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—If we are unable to protect the confidential information of our users and adapt to the relevant regulatory framework regarding protection of such information, our business and operations may be adversely affected.”

Regulations on Internet Advertising

The Interim Measures for Administration of Internet Advertising, or the Internet Advertising Measures, were promulgated by the SAIC and became effective on September 1, 2016. According to the Internet Advertising Measures, Internet advertisers are responsible for the authenticity of the content of advertisements. Internet advertisements shall be distinguishable and prominently marked as “advertisements” in order to enable consumers to identify them as advertisements. It is required that publishing and circulating advertisements through the Internet shall not affect the normal use of the Internet by users. It is not allowed to induce users to click on the content of advertisements by any fraudulent means, or to attach advertisements or advertising links in the emails without permission.

Regulations on Intellectual Property Rights

The PRC has adopted comprehensive legislation governing intellectual property rights, including copyrights, patents, trademarks and domain names.

Copyright. Copyright in the PRC, including copyrighted software, is principally protected under the PRC Copyright Law and related regulations and rules. Under the PRC Copyright Law, the term of protection for copyrighted software is 50 years.

Patent. The PRC Patent Law provides for patentable inventions, utility models and designs, which must meet three conditions: novelty, inventiveness and practical applicability. The State Intellectual Property Office under the State Council is responsible for examining and approving patent applications. The duration of a patent right is either 10 years or 20 years from the date of application, depending on the type of patent right.

Trademark. The PRC Trademark Law promulgated on August 23, 1982 and revised on February 22, 1993, October 27, 2001 and August 30, 2013 respectively, and its implementation rules promulgated on August 3, 2002

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and revised on April 29, 2014, protect registered trademarks. The PRC Trademark Law has adopted a “first-to-file” principle with respect to trademark registration. The Trademark Office under the SAIC is responsible for the registration and administration of trademarks throughout the PRC, and grants a term of ten years to registered trademarks and another ten years if requested upon expiry of the initial or extended term. Trademark license agreements must be filed with the Trademark Office for record.

Domain Name. Domain names are protected under the Administrative Measures on the Internet Domain Names promulgated by the MIIT and effective on November 1, 2017. The MIIT is the major regulatory authority responsible for the administration of the PRC Internet domain names. The registration of domain names in PRC is on a “first-apply-first-registration” basis. A domain name applicant will become the domain name holder upon the completion of the application procedure. Our major domain name “niwodai.com” has been registered.

Regulations Relating to Mergers and Acquisitions

Six PRC regulatory authorities, including the CSRC, jointly adopted the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, which became effective in September 2006 and were amended on June 22, 2009. The M&A Rules, among other things, require offshore SPVs formed for overseas listing purposes through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies and controlled by PRC companies or individuals, to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to publicly listing their securities on an overseas stock exchange.

While the implementation of the M&A Rules remains unclear, we believe, based on the advice of our PRC counsel, that CSRC approval is not required in the context of this offering because: (i) the PRC Subsidiary was established by means of direct investment rather than by a merger with or an acquisition of any PRC domestic companies as defined under the M&A Rules, and was not a PRC domestic company as defined under the M&A Rules, and (ii) no explicit provision in the M&A Rules classifies the respective contractual arrangements among our PRC Subsidiary, our consolidated VIE and its shareholders as a type of acquisition transaction falling under the M&A Rules. However, as there has been no official interpretation or clarification of the M&A Rules, there is uncertainty as to how this regulation will be interpreted or implemented. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to This Offering and our American Depositary Shares—The approval of the CSRC may be required in connection with this offering under PRC law.”

Regulations Relating to Foreign Exchange

Regulations on Foreign Currency Exchange

The principal regulations governing foreign currency exchange in China are the Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations, most recently amended in August 2008. Under the Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations, payments of current account items, such as profit distributions, interest payments and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from the SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. By contrast, approval from or registration with appropriate regulatory authorities is required where RMB is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital account items, such as direct investment, repayment of foreign currency-denominated loans, repatriation of investment and investment in securities outside of China.

On February 13, 2015, the SAFE promulgated the Circular on Further Simplifying and Improving the Administration of the Foreign Exchange Concerning Direct Investment, or SAFE Circular13. After SAFE Circular 13 became effective on June 1, 2015, instead of applying for approvals regarding foreign exchange registrations of foreign direct investment and offshore direct investment from the SAFE, entities and individuals will be required to apply for such foreign exchange registrations from qualified banks. The qualified banks, under the supervision of the SAFE, will directly examine the applications and conduct the registration.

On March 30, 2015, the SAFE promulgated SAFE Circular 19, to expand the reform nationwide. Under SAFE Circular 19, the foreign exchange capital in the capital account of foreign-invested enterprises upon the

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confirmation of rights and interests of monetary contribution by the local branches of the SAFE (or the book-entry registration of monetary contribution by the banks) can be settled at the banks based on the actual operation needs of the enterprises. The proportion of discretionary settlement of foreign exchange capital of foreign-invested enterprises is currently 100%. The SAFE can adjust such proportion in due time based on the circumstances of international balance of payments. However, SAFE Circular 19 and SAFE Circular 16 promulgated by the SAFE in June 2016 continue to prohibit foreign-invested enterprises from, among other things, using RMB fund converted from its foreign exchange capitals for expenditure beyond its business scope, investment and financing (except for security investment or guarantee products issued by bank), providing loans to non-affiliated enterprises or constructing or purchasing real estate not for self-use. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of this offering to make loans to or make additional capital contributions to our PRC Subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.”

On January 26, 2017, the SAFE issued the Circular on Further Improving Reform of Foreign Exchange Administration and Optimizing Genuineness and Compliance Verification, or SAFE Circular 3, which stipulates several capital control measures with respect to the outbound remittance of profit from domestic entities, including (i) under the principle of genuine transaction, banks shall check board resolutions regarding profit distribution, the original version of tax filing records and audited financial statements; and (ii) domestic entities shall hold income to account for previous years’ losses before remitting the profits. Moreover, pursuant to SAFE Circular 3, domestic entities shall make detailed explanations of the sources of capital and utilization arrangements, and provide board resolutions, contracts and other proof when completing the registration procedures in connection with an outbound investment.

Regulations on Foreign Exchange Registration of Offshore Investment by PRC Residents

The SAFE promulgated the Circular on Issues Concerning the Administration of Foreign Exchange of Offshore Investment and Financing through Special Purpose Vehicles and Round-Tripping Investment by PRC Resident, or SAFE Circular 37, on July 4, 2014, which replaced the former circular commonly known as “SAFE Circular 75.” SAFE Circular 37 requires PRC residents to register with local branches of the SAFE in connection with their direct establishment or indirect control of an offshore entity, for the purpose of offshore investment and financing, with such PRC residents’ legally owned assets or equity interests in domestic enterprises or offshore assets or interests, referred to in SAFE Circular 37 as a “special purpose vehicle.” SAFE Circular 37 further requires amendment to the registration in the event of any significant changes with respect to the special purpose vehicle, such as increase or decrease of capital contributed by PRC residents, share transfer or exchange, merger, division or other material event. In the event that a PRC shareholder holding interests in a special purpose vehicle fails to fulfill the required SAFE registration, the PRC subsidiaries of that special purpose vehicle may be prohibited from making profit distributions to the offshore parent and from carrying out subsequent cross-border foreign exchange activities, and the special purpose vehicle may be restricted in its ability to contribute additional capital into its PRC subsidiaries. Furthermore, failure to comply with the various SAFE registration requirements described above could result in liability under PRC law for evasion of foreign exchange controls. Mr. Dinggui Yan, Mr. Guanglin Zhang and Mr. Yuanle Wu, who directly or indirectly hold shares in our Cayman Islands holding company and who are known to us as being PRC residents, have completed their SAFE registration pursuant to SAFE Circular 37.

Regulations on Employee Share Incentive Plans of Overseas Publicly-Listed Company

Pursuant to the Circular on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Share Incentive Plan of Overseas Publicly-Listed Company, issued by the SAFE in February 2012, individuals participating in any share incentive plan of any overseas publicly listed company who are PRC citizens or non-PRC citizens who reside in China for a continuous period of not less than one year,

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subject to a few exceptions, are required to register with the SAFE through a domestic qualified agent, which could be a PRC subsidiary of such overseas publicly listed company, and complete certain other procedures. We and our executive officers and other employees who are PRC citizens or non-PRC citizens who reside in China for a continuous period of not less than one year and have been granted options will be subject to these regulations upon the completion of this offering. Failure by these individuals to complete their SAFE registrations may subject us and them to fines and other legal sanctions. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—Any failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding the registration requirements for employee share incentive plans may subject the PRC plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.”

The SAT has issued certain circulars concerning employee share options and restricted shares. Under these circulars, our employees working in China who exercise share options will be subject to PRC individual income tax. Our PRC Subsidiary has obligations to file documents related to employee share options with relevant tax authorities and to withhold individual income taxes of those employees who exercise their share options. If our employees fail to pay or we fail to withhold their income taxes according to relevant laws and regulations, we may face sanctions imposed by the tax authorities or other PRC regulatory authorities.

Regulations on Dividend Distribution

Under our current corporate structure, our Cayman Islands holding company may rely on dividend payments from our PRC Subsidiary, which is a wholly foreign-owned enterprise incorporated in China, to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. The principal regulations governing distribution of dividends of foreign-invested enterprises include the Foreign-Invested Enterprise Law of the PRC, as amended in September 2016, and its implementation rules and the Company Law of the PRC. Under these laws and regulations, wholly foreign-owned enterprises in China may pay dividends only out of their accumulated after-tax profits, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, wholly foreign-owned enterprises in China are required to allocate at least 10% of their respective accumulated profits each year, if any, to fund certain reserve funds until these reserves have reached 50% of the registered capital of the enterprises. Wholly foreign-owned companies may, at their discretion, allocate a portion of their after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to staff welfare and bonus funds. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends.

Regulations Relating to Employment

The PRC Labor Law and the PRC Labor Contract Law require that employers must execute written employment contracts with full-time employees. All employers must compensate their employees with wages equal to at least the local minimum wage standards. Violations of the PRC Labor Law and the PRC Labor Contract Law may result in the imposition of fines and other administrative sanctions, and serious violations may result in criminal liabilities.

Enterprises in China are required by PRC laws and regulations to participate in certain employee benefit plans, including social insurance funds, namely a pension fund, a medical insurance fund, an unemployment insurance fund, a work-related injury insurance fund and a maternity insurance fund, and a housing provident fund, and contribute to the funds in amounts equal to certain percentages of salaries, including bonuses and allowances, of the employees as specified by the local government from time to time at locations where they operate their businesses or where they are located. According to the Social Insurance Law of the PRC, an employer that fails to make social insurance contributions may be ordered to rectify the non-compliance and pay the required contributions within a stipulated deadline and be subject to a late fee of up to 0.05% or 0.2% per day, as the case may be. If the employer still fails to rectify the failure to make social insurance contributions within the stipulated deadline, it may be subject to a fine ranging from one to three times the amount overdue. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—Increases in labor costs in the PRC may adversely affect our business and results of operations.” In addition, the Individual Income Tax Law of the PRC

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requires companies operating in China to withhold individual income tax on employees’ salaries based on the actual salary of each employee upon payment.

Prior to March 2018, we failed to make adequate contributions to employee benefit plans or adequate employee individual income tax withholdings, as required by applicable PRC laws and regulations. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—Failure to make adequate contributions to various employee benefit plans and withhold individual income tax on employees’ salaries as required by PRC regulations may subject us to penalties.” We have recorded accruals for the estimated underpaid amounts in our financial statements. Since March 2018, we have made adequate payments for the social welfare and housing provident fund and withholding individual tax for our employees in accordance with relevant laws and regulations.

Regulations Relating to Tax

Dividend Withholding Tax

Pursuant to the Enterprise Income Tax Law of the PRC, or the EIT Law and its implementation rules, which became effective on January 1, 2008, if a non-resident enterprise has not set up an organization or establishment in the PRC, or has set up an organization or establishment but the income derived has no actual connection with such organization or establishment, it will be subject to a withholding tax on its PRC-sourced income at a rate of 10%. Pursuant to the Arrangement between Mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Tax Evasion on Income, the withholding tax rate in respect to the payment of dividends by a PRC resident enterprise to a Hong Kong resident enterprise is reduced to 5% from a standard rate of 10% if the Hong Kong enterprise directly holds at least 25% of the PRC enterprise. Pursuant to the Circular on Issues Concerning the Application of the Dividend Clauses of Tax Agreements issued by the SAT, or SAT Circular 81, a Hong Kong resident enterprise must meet the following conditions, among others, in order to enjoy the reduced withholding tax: (i) it must directly own the required percentage of equity interests and voting rights in the PRC resident enterprise; and (ii) it must have directly owned such percentage in the PRC resident enterprise throughout the 12 months prior to receiving the dividends. There are also other conditions for enjoying the reduced withholding tax rate according to other relevant tax rules and regulations. In August 2015, the SAT promulgated the Administrative Measures for Non-Resident Taxpayers to Enjoy Treatments under Tax Treaties, or SAT Circular 60, which became effective on November 1, 2015. SAT Circular 60 provides that non-resident enterprises are not required to obtain pre-approval from the relevant tax authority in order to enjoy the reduced withholding tax rate. Instead, non-resident enterprises and their withholding agents may, by self-assessment and on confirmation that the prescribed criteria to enjoy the tax treaty benefits are met, directly apply the reduced withholding tax rate, and file necessary forms and supporting documents when performing tax filings, which will be subject to post-tax filing examinations by the relevant tax authorities. Accordingly, Jiayin (HK) Limited may be able to enjoy the 5% withholding tax rate for the dividends they receive from our PRC Subsidiary, if it satisfies the conditions prescribed under SAT Circular 81 and other relevant tax regulations and rules. However, according to SAT Circular 81 and SAT Circular 60, if the relevant tax authorities consider the transactions or arrangements we have are for the primary purpose of enjoying a favorable tax treatment, the relevant tax authorities may adjust the favorable withholding tax in the future. According to the Circular on Several Issues regarding the “Beneficial Owner” in Tax Treaties, which was issued on February 3, 2018 by the SAT, effective as of April 1, 2018, when determining the applicant’s status of the “beneficial owner”, several factors in connection with dividends, interests or royalties in the tax treaties, including without limitation, whether the applicant is obligated to pay more than 50% of his or her income in twelve months to residents of third country or region, whether the business operated by the applicant constitutes actual business activities, and whether the counterparty country or region to the tax treaties levy no tax, grant tax exemption on relevant incomes or levy tax at an extremely low rate, will be taken into account. The applicant’s status will be analyzed in light of actual circumstances of specific cases. This circular further provides that applicants who intend to prove his or her status of the “beneficial owner” shall submit the relevant documents to the relevant tax bureau according to SAT Circular 60.

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Enterprise Income Tax

The EIT Law and its implementing rules are the principal regulations governing enterprise income tax in the PRC. The EIT Law imposes a uniform enterprise income tax rate of 25% on all resident enterprises in the PRC, including foreign-invested enterprises. Under the EIT Law, an enterprise established outside China with its “de facto management body” located within China is considered a “resident enterprise”, which means that it is treated in a manner similar to a PRC domestic enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes. The implementing rules of the EIT Law define “de facto management body” as a managing body that in practice exercises “substantial and overall management and control over the production and operations, personnel, accounting, and properties” of the enterprise.

The SAT issued the Circular on Issues Concerning the Identification of Chinese-Controlled Offshore Incorporated Enterprises as Resident Enterprises in Accordance With the Actual Standards of Organizational Management, or SAT Circular 82 in 2009. According to SAT Circular 82, a Chinese-controlled offshore incorporated enterprise will be regarded as a PRC resident enterprise by virtue of having a “de facto management body” in China and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its worldwide income only if all of the following criteria are met:(i) the primary location of the day-to- day operational management is in China; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in China; (iii) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholders meeting minutes are located or maintained in China; and (iv) 50% or more of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in China.

If we were to be considered a PRC resident enterprise, we would be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on our global income. In such case, our profitability and cash flow may be materially reduced as a result of our global income being taxed under the EIT Law. We believe that none of our entities outside of China is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.”

In the event that we are considered to be a PRC resident enterprise, interest paid to our overseas shareholders or ADS holders who are non-PRC resident enterprises as well as gains realized by such shareholders or ADS holders from the transfer of our shares or ADSs may be regarded as PRC-sourced income and as a result be subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of up to 10%, subject to any reduction or exemption set forth in relevant tax treaties, and similarly, dividends paid to our overseas shareholders or ADS holders who are non-PRC resident individuals, as well as gains realized by such shareholders or ADS holders from the transfer of our shares or ADSs, may be regarded as PRC-sourced income and as a result be subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of 20%, subject to any reduction or exemption set forth in relevant tax treaties.

SAT issued the Bulletin on Issues of Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Transfers of Assets by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises, or SAT Bulletin 7, on February 3, 2015, which replaced or supplemented certain previous rules under the circular commonly known as “SAT Circular 698.” Under SAT Bulletin 7, an “indirect transfer” of assets, including equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise, by non-PRC resident enterprises may be re-characterized and treated as a direct transfer of PRC taxable assets, if such arrangement does not have a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of avoiding payment of PRC enterprise income tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax. According to SAT Bulletin 7, “PRC taxable assets” include assets attributed to an establishment in China, immoveable properties in China, and equity investment in PRC resident enterprises. In respect of an indirect offshore transfer of assets of a PRC establishment, the relevant gain is to be regarded as effectively connected with the PRC establishment and therefore included in its enterprise income tax filing, and would consequently be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at a rate of 25%. Where the underlying transfer relates to the immoveable properties in China or to equity investment in a PRC resident enterprise, which is not effectively connected to a PRC establishment of a non-resident enterprise, a PRC enterprise income tax at 10% would apply, subject to

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available preferential tax treatment under applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements, and the party who is obligated to make the transfer payments has the withholding obligation. There is uncertainty as to the implementation details of SAT Bulletin 7. If SAT Bulletin 7 was determined by the tax authorities to be applicable to some of our transactions involving PRC taxable assets, our offshore subsidiaries conducting the relevant transactions might be required to spend valuable resources to comply with SAT Bulletin 7 or to establish that the relevant transactions should not be taxed under SAT Bulletin 7. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—We face uncertainty with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies.”

Under applicable PRC laws, payers of PRC-sourced income to non-PRC residents are generally obligated to withhold PRC income taxes from the payment. In the event of a failure to withhold, the non-PRC residents are required to pay such taxes on their own. Failure to comply with the tax payment obligations by the non-PRC residents will result in penalties, including full payment of taxes owed, fines and default interest on those taxes.

PRC Value-Added Tax

In November 2011, the MOF and the SAT promulgated the Pilot Plan for Imposition of Value-Added Tax to Replace Business Tax, pursuant to which, a VAT was imposed to replace the business tax in the transport and shipping industry and some of the modern service industries in certain pilot regions from January 1, 2012. The pilot plan for replacing business tax with VAT was expanded to all regions and industries as of May 1, 2016 according to the Circular on Fully Promoting the Pilot Plan for Replacing Business Tax with Value-Added Tax promulgated by the MOF and the SAT in March 2016. Entities or individuals conducting business in the service industry in the PRC are required to pay a valued-added tax, or VAT, at a rate of 6% with respect to revenues derived from the provision of online information services. A taxpayer is allowed to offset the qualified input VAT paid on taxable purchases against the output VAT chargeable on the revenue from services provided.

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MANAGEMENT

Directors and Executive Officers

The following table sets forth information regarding our executive officers and directors as of the date of this prospectus.

Directors and Executive Officers |  | Age |  |  | Position/Title
Dinggui Yan |  |  | 50 |  |  | Founder, director and chief executive officer
Jiong Feng |  |  | 44 |  |  | Chief technology officer
Chunlin Fan |  |  | 42 |  |  | Chief financial officer
Yifang Xu |  |  | 41 |  |  | Director Appointee* and chief risk officer
Libin Wang |  |  | 32 |  |  | Director Appointee* and vice president of finance
Yuhchang Hwang |  |  | 63 |  |  | Independent Director Appointee*
Meng Rui |  |  | 51 |  |  | Independent Director Appointee*

* | Each of Ms. Xu, Mr. Wang, Mr. Hwang and Mr. Rui has accepted our appointment to be a director of our company, effective upon the SEC’s declaration of effectiveness of our registration statement on Form F-1, of which this prospectus is a part.

Mr. Dinggui Yan, 50, is our founder, and has served as our director since 2015, and as our chief executive officer since 2016. He has also been the chief executive officer of Niwodai Internet since 2014, and the chairman and general manager of Jiayin Finance since 2011. Prior to founding our company, Mr. Yan served as the general manager of Beijing Tianrongxin Network Safety Technology Co., Ltd. in the region of Zhejiang from 2007 to 2010. From 2000 to 2006, Mr. Yan served as the general manager of Shanghai Tongtian Information Technology Co., Ltd. Mr. Yan received a master’s degree from China Europe International Business School in 2016 and a bachelor’s degree from Xidian University in 1990.

Mr. Jiong Feng, 44, has been our chief technology officer since 2014. Prior to joining our company, Mr. Feng worked as a chief architect for commercial products at Cheetah Mobile Inc. from 2013 to 2014. From 2010 to 2013, Mr. Feng worked as an engineering director at Alibaba Group. From 2000 to 2010, Mr. Feng worked mainly as a development engineer at US headquarters of Microsoft Corporation. Mr. Feng received his MBA from Seattle University in 2009, a master’s degree in computer science from Shanghai Jiaotong University in 2000, and a bachelor’s degree in electronic engineering with a dual degree in international finance from Shanghai Jiaotong University in 1997.

Mr. Chunlin Fan, 42, has been the chief financial officer in our company since January 2016. Prior to joining our company, Mr. Fan served as the chief financial officer and leader of the strategic development department at Shanghai Richtech Engineering Co., Ltd. from 2014 to 2016. From 2013 to 2014, Mr. Fan worked as a member of investment decision committee and senior vice president of investment at Shenyin & Wanguo Investment Co. Ltd. From 2011 to 2012, Mr. Fan worked as an executive director at the department of ECM at ICBC International Capital Limited. From 2008 to 2011, Mr. Fan worked as a vice president of the department of investment banking at Macquarie Capital. From 2007 to 2008, Mr. Fan served as a financial manager of US headquarters of Microsoft Corporation. Mr. Fan received his MBA from University of Michigan’s Ross School of Business in 2007, and a bachelor’s degree in engineering from Shanghai Jiaotong University in 1998.

Ms. Yifang Xu, 41, will serve as our director immediately upon the effectiveness of our registration statement on Form F-1, of which this prospectus is a part. Ms. Xu has been our chief risk officer since July 2018. Prior to joining our company, Ms. Xu worked as a director in risk management department at Ant Financial Services Group from 2016 to 2018, leading various lending business solution consultancy and delivery in risk management to consumer banks and leading fin-tech lending companies. From 2015 to 2016, Ms. Xu served as a chief operating officer at Shanghai Fujin Finance and Information Service Corporation, commonly known as Huasheng Finance. From 2004 to 2015, Ms. Xu held various positions in Capital One Financial Corporation (NYSE: COF) in risk management, product management and distribution channel management with credit card business and direct banking, including senior analyst, manager, senior manager and department director. Ms. Xu

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received her MBA from Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University in 2004, a master’s degree in economics from University of International Business and Economics in 2000, and a bachelor’s degree in economics from Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics in 1997.

Mr. Libin Wang, 32, will serve as our director immediately upon the effectiveness of our registration statement on Form F-1, of which this prospectus is a part. Mr. Wang has been our vice president of finance since 2018. He served as a financial supervisor in our company from 2017 to 2018, and as our asset management supervisor from 2015 to 2017. Prior to joining our company, Mr. Wang worked at China Sino-Trans Shipping Agency Shanghai Co., Ltd. and its subsidiaries from 2008 to 2014, responsible for financial-related work. Mr. Wang received his master’s degree in accounting from Fudan University in 2015 and his bachelor’s degree in financial management from Shanghai Second Polytechnic University in 2008.

Mr. Yuhchang Hwang, 63, will serve as our independent director immediately upon the effectiveness of our registration statement on Form F-1, of which this prospectus is a part. Since 2013, Mr. Hwang has been working at China Europe International Business School as a professor in accounting, the department chair in finance and accounting, and a co-director of China Europe International Business School center on China innovation. He has also served as an emeritus professor in Arizona State University since 2013, and served as its assistant professor and a tenured associate professor from 1987 to 1995 and 1995 to 2001, respectively. Since 2015, Mr. Hwang has been an independent director, chair of the compensation committee, and member of the audit committee and strategy committee of Shanghai Jahwa United Co., Ltd. (SSE: 600315), and the chair of its nominating committee since 2018. Mr. Hwang has also worked as an independent director of Red Avenue New Materials Group Co., Ltd. (SSE: 603650) since 2016, and the chair of its audit committee, compensation committee and nominating committee since 2017. Mr. Hwang has also served as an independent director, chair of the compensation committee and member of the audit committee and nominating committee of Opple Lighting Co., Ltd. (SSE: 603515) since 2017. From January 2018 to May 2018, Mr. Hwang worked as an independent director, chair of the compensation committee and member of the audit committee of Chongqing Iron & Steel Company Limited (SEHK: 1053). From 2015 to 2017, Mr. Hwang was as an independent director, chair of the audit committee, and member of the compensation committee and strategy committee of Shanghai Tianji Technology Co., Ltd. (SZSE: 300245). From 2012 to 2018, Mr. Hwang worked as an independent director, chair of the audit committee, and member of the compensation committee and strategy committee of Baoshan Iron & Steel Co., Ltd. (SSE: 600019). Mr. Hwang received his Ph.D. in business administration from University of California, Berkeley in 1987, and a master’s degree in science from National Chengchi University in 1979.

Mr. Meng Rui, 51, will serve as our director immediately upon the effectiveness of our registration statement on Form F-1, of which this prospectus is a part. Mr. Rui has been a professor of finance and accounting at China Europe International Business School since 2012, and has held the title of Zhongkun Group chair in finance at China Europe International Business School since 2015. Mr. Rui is also a tenured professor at the Chinese University of Hong Kong and held various positions in the Chinese University of Hong Kong from 2002 to 2012, including a senior research associate of the Institute of Economics and Finance from 2005 to 2012, a deputy director of the Center for Institutions and Governance from 2005 to 2012, and a program director of master of accountancy and executive master of professional accountancy from 2003 to 2012. From 1997 to 2002, Mr. Rui served as a deputy director of the China accounting and finance center at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University. He also serves as an independent director of COSCO Shipping Energy Transportation Co., Ltd. (SEHK: 1138, SSE:600026) since 2016, an independent director and chairman of the audit committee of Shanghai Winner Information Technology Co., Inc. (SZSE: 300609) since 2017, an independent director of Shang Gong Group Co., Ltd. (SSE: 600843) since 2017, an independent director of China Education Group (SEHK: 839) since 2017 and an independent director of Country Garden Service Holding Company Limited (SEHK: 6098) since 2018. From 2015 to 2018, Mr. Rui worked as an independent director of Midea Group Co., Ltd. (SZSE: 000333). Mr. Rui is also a member of various professional committees, including but not limited to American Finance Association, Financial Management Association, American Accounting Association and Hong Kong Securities Institute. He is also a vice president of Hong Kong Financial Engineering Association. Mr. Rui received his Ph.D. in business administration and MBA in 1997 and 1996, respectively, both from University of

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Houston, a master’s degree in economics from Oklahoma State University in 1993, and a bachelor’s degree in international economics from University of International Relations in 1990.

Board of Directors

Our board of directors will consist of five directors upon the SEC’s declaration of effectiveness of our registration statement on Form F-1, of which this prospectus forms a part. A director is not required to hold any shares in our company to qualify to serve as a director. A director who is in any way, whether directly or indirectly, interested in a contract, transaction or arrangement, or a proposed contract, transaction or arrangement, with our company is required to declare the nature of his interest at a meeting of our directors. A general notice given to our directors by any director to the effect that he is a member, shareholder, director, partner, officer or employee of any specified company or firm and is to be regarded as interested in any contract, transaction or arrangement which may thereafter be made with that company or firm, shall be deemed to be a sufficient declaration of interest with respect to any such contract, transaction or arrangement so made or entered into, and after such notice it shall not be necessary for such director to give any further or special notice relating to any particular contract, transaction or arrangement. A director may vote in respect of any contract, transaction or arrangement, or any proposed contract, transaction or arrangement, notwithstanding that he may be interested therein and if he does so his vote shall be counted and he may be counted in the quorum at any meeting of the directors at which any such contract, transaction or arrangement is considered and voted upon. Our board of directors may exercise all of the powers of our company to borrow money, to mortgage or charge its undertaking, property and uncalled capital, or any part thereof, and to issue debentures, debenture stock or other securities whenever money is borrowed or as security for any debt, liability or obligation of our company or of any third-party. None of our directors has a service contract with us that provides for benefits upon termination of service.

Committees of the Board of Directors

Prior to the completion of this offering, we intend to establish an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee under the board of directors. We intend to adopt a charter for each of the three committees prior to the completion of this offering. Each committee’s members and functions are described below.

Audit Committee. Our audit committee will consist of Mr. Yuhchang Hwang and Mr. Meng Rui, and will be chaired by Mr. Yuhchang Hwang. Mr. Yuhchang Hwang and Mr. Meng Rui satisfy the “independence” requirements of Rule 5605(a)(2) of the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules and meets the independence standards under Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. Our board of directors has also determined that each of Mr. Yuhchang Hwang and Mr. Meng Rui qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” within the meaning of the SEC rules and possesses financial sophistication within the meaning of the Listing Rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market. The audit committee will oversee our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of the financial statements of our company. The audit committee will be responsible for, among other things:

| • |  | selecting our independent registered public accounting firm and pre-approving all auditing and non-auditing services permitted to be performed by our independent registered public accounting firm;

| • |  | reviewing with our independent registered public accounting firm any audit problems or difficulties and management’s response and approving all proposed related party transactions, as defined in Item 404 of Regulation S-K;

| • |  | discussing the annual audited financial statements with management and our independent registered public accounting firm;

| • |  | annually reviewing and reassessing the adequacy of our audit committee charter;

| • |  | meeting separately and periodically with the management and our internal auditor and our independent registered public accounting firm;

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| • |  | reporting regularly to the full board of directors; and

| • |  | such other matters that are specifically delegated to our audit committee by our board of directors from time to time.

Compensation Committee. Our compensation committee will consist of Mr. Yuhchang Hwang, Ms. Yifang Xu and Mr. Libin Wang, and will be chaired by Mr. Libin Wang. Mr. Yuhchang Hwang satisfies the “independence” requirements of Rule 5605(a)(2) of the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules. Our compensation committee will assist the board in reviewing and approving the compensation structure, including all forms of compensation, relating to our directors and executive officers. Our chief executive officer may not be present at any committee meeting during which his compensation is deliberated upon. The compensation committee will be responsible for, among other things:

| • |  | reviewing and approving to the board with respect to the compensation for our chief executive officer;

| • |  | overseeing and making recommendations with respect to the compensation for our officers and employees other than the chief executive officer;

| • |  | reviewing and recommending to the board with respect to the compensation and benefits of our directors;

| • |  | selecting, or receiving advise from compensation and benefits consultants, legal counsel or other advisors after taking into consideration all factors relevant to that person’s independence from management; and

| • |  | reviewing and administrating all long-term incentive compensation, stock option, annual bonuses, employee pension and welfare benefit plans.

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. Our nominating and corporate governance committee will consist of Mr. Dinggui Yan, Mr. Yifang Xu and Mr. Libin Wang, and will be chaired by Mr. Dinggui Yan. The nominating and corporate governance committee will assist the board in selecting individuals qualified to become our directors and in determining the composition of the board of directors and its committees. The nominating and corporate governance committee will be responsible for, among other things:

| • |  | identifying and recommending nominees for election or re-election to our board of directors or for appointment to fill any vacancy;

| • |  | reviewing the performance of each incumbent director and considering the results of such evaluation when determining whether or not to recommend the retention of such director;

| • |  | advising the board policies and procedures with respect to corporate governance matters;

| • |  | monitoring compliance with our code of business conduct and ethics, including reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our procedures to ensure proper compliance;

| • |  | evaluating its own performance on an annual basis; and

| • |  | reporting to the board on its findings and actions periodically.

Duties of Directors

Under Cayman Islands law, our directors owe fiduciary duties to our company, including a duty of loyalty, a duty to act honestly, and a duty to act in what they consider in good faith to be in our best interests. Our directors must also exercise their powers only for a proper purpose. Our directors also owe to our company a duty to exercise the skill they actually possess and such care and diligence that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances. It was previously considered that a director need not exhibit in the performance of his duties a greater degree of skill than may reasonably be expected from a person of his knowledge and experience. However, English and Commonwealth courts have moved towards an objective

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standard with regard to the required skill and care and these authorities are likely to be followed in the Cayman Islands. In fulfilling their duty of care to us, our directors must ensure compliance with our memorandum and articles of association, as amended and restated from time to time. Our company has the right to seek damages if a duty owed by our directors is breached. In limited exceptional circumstances, a shareholder may have the right to seek damages in our name if a duty owed by our directors is breached.

The functions and powers of our board of directors include, among others:

| • |  | convening shareholders’ annual general meetings and reporting its work to shareholders at such meetings;

| • |  | declaring dividends and distributions;

| • |  | appointing officers and determining the term of office of officers;

| • |  | exercising the borrowing powers of our company and mortgaging the property of our company; and

| • |  | approving the transfer of shares of our company, including the registering of such shares in our share register.

Terms of Directors and Executive Officers

Unless otherwise determined by our company in general meeting, our company shall have not less than three directors, and there shall be no maximum number of directors. Our directors may be elected by an ordinary resolution of our shareholders, or by a resolution of our board of directors (whether to fill a casual vacancy or as an addition to the existing board). Our directors are not subject to a term of office and hold office until the expiration of his or her term or his or her successor shall have been elected and qualified, or until his or her office is otherwise vacated. A director will be removed from office automatically if, among other things, the director (i) becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors; (ii) dies or is found to be or becomes of unsound mind; (iii) resigns by notice in writing to our company; (iv) without special leave of absence from our board of directors, is absent from three consecutive meetings of the board and the board resolves that his office be vacated; or (v) is prohibited by any applicable law from being a director. The compensation of our directors may be determined by the board of directors or by an ordinary resolution. There is no mandatory retirement age for directors.

Our officers are appointed by and serve at the discretion of our board of directors.

Employment Agreements and Indemnification Agreements

We expect to enter into employment agreements with our executive officers. Each of our executive officers is employed for a specified time period, which will be automatically extended unless either we or the executive officer gives prior written notice to terminate such employment. We may terminate the employment for cause, at any time, without notice or remuneration, for certain acts of the executive officer, including but not limited to the commitments of any serious or persistent breach or non-observance of the terms and conditions of the employment, conviction of a criminal offense other than one which in the opinion of the board does not affect the executive’s position, willful disobedience of a lawful and reasonable order, misconducts being inconsistent with the due and faithful discharge of the executive officer’s material duties, guilty of fraud or dishonesty, or habitual neglect of his or her duties. An executive officer may terminate his or her employment at any time with a three-month prior written notice.

Each executive officer has agreed to hold, both during and after the employment agreement expires or is earlier terminated, in strict confidence and not to use or disclose to any person, corporation or other entity without written consent, any confidential information, except for the benefit of us. Each executive officer has also agreed to assign to our company all his or her all inventions, improvements, designs, original works of

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authorship, formulas, processes, compositions of matter, computer software programs, databases, mask works, concepts and trade secrets which the executive officer may solely or jointly conceive or develop or reduce to practice, or cause to be conceived or developed or reduced to practice, during the period of the executive officer’s employment with us that are either related to the scope of the employment or make use of the resources of the company. In addition, all executive officers have agreed to be bound by non-competition and non-solicitation restrictions set forth in their agreements. Specifically, each executive officer has agreed to devote all his or her working time, attention and skills to our business and use best efforts to perform his or her duties. Moreover, each executive officer has agreed not to, for a certain period following termination of his or her employment or expiration of the employment agreement: (i) carry on or be engaged, concerned or interested directly or indirectly whether as shareholder, director, employee, partner, agent or otherwise carry on any business in direct competition with us, (ii) solicit or entice away or attempt to solicit or entice away any of our customer, client, representative or agent, or (iii) employ, solicit or entice away or attempt to employ, solicit or entice away any of our officer, manager, consultant or employee.

We expect to enter into indemnification agreements with our directors and executive officers, pursuant to which we will agree to indemnify our directors and executive officers against certain liabilities and expenses incurred by such persons in connection with claims made by reason of their being such a director or officer.

Interested Transactions

A director may, subject to any separate requirement for audit committee approval under applicable law or the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules, vote in respect of any contract or transaction in which he or she is interested, provided that the nature of the interest of any directors in such contract or transaction is disclosed by him or her at or prior to its consideration and any vote in that matter.

Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers

In 2018, we paid an aggregate of RMB2.8 million (US$0.4 million) in cash and benefits to our executive officers, and we did not have non-executive directors during that period. We did not pay any other cash compensation or benefits in kind to our directors and executive officers. We have not set aside or accrued any amount to provide pension, retirement or other similar benefits to our directors and executive officers. Our PRC subsidiaries, consolidated VIE and its subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities are required by law to make contributions equal to certain percentages of each employee’s salary for his or her pension insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance and other statutory benefits and a housing provident fund. Our board of directors may determine compensation to be paid to the directors and the executive officers. The compensation committee will assist the directors in reviewing and approving the compensation structure for the directors and the executive officers.

Share Incentive Plans

We maintain share incentive plans in order to attract, motivate, retain and reward talent, provide additional incentives to our officers, employees, directors and other eligible persons, and promote the success of our business and the interests of our shareholders.

2016 Share Incentive Plan

In September 2016, Jiayin Finance adopted the 2016 Share Incentive Plan, which allowed Jiayin Finance to grant share-based awards of such company to our founders, employees and officers. The total number of outstanding shares of Jiayin Finance is 50,000,000 and the maximum number of shares that may be issued pursuant to all awards under the 2016 plan is 13,500,000 shares of Jiayin Finance. In September 2016 and October 2018, 13,321,500 and 2,851,600 share options to purchase the respective number of shares of Jiayin Finance were granted to certain of our employees and officers, among which 4,848,900 options were

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subsequently canceled, at exercise prices of RMB3.5 per share, which have vesting periods of 4.5 years. All 13,500,000 shares of Jiayin Finance underlying the 2016 Share Incentive Plan is held by Jinmushuihuotu Investment, and upon the exercise of the share options, our employees and officers become a limited partner of Jinmushuihuotu Investment, which allows such grantees to enjoy beneficial ownership in Jiayin Finance representing the respective awards granted. As of the date of the prospectus, the sole general partner of Jinmushuihuotu Investment is Jinmushuihuotu Marketing, which is controlled by Mr. Dinggui Yan. All options granted under the 2016 Share Incentive Plan will be canceled upon grant of options under the 2019 Share Incentive Plan to replace such option. The 2016 Share Incentive Plan will be terminated once all options granted hereunder are canceled.

The table below summarizes the options we have granted to our directors and executive officers under the 2016 Share Incentive Plan which is outstanding prior to the completion of this offering.

Name |  | Position |  | Ordinary Shares Underlying Options Awarded |  |  | Option Exercise Price |  |  | Grant Date |  | Option Expiration Date
Jiong Feng |  | Chief technology officer |  |  | * |  |  |  | RMB3.5 |  |  | September 30, 2016 |  | March 29, 2021
Chunlin Fan |  | Chief financial officer |  |  | * |  |  |  | RMB3.5 |  |  | September 30, 2016 |  | March 29, 2021
Yifang Xu |  | Director Appointee and chief risk officer |  |  | * |  |  |  | RMB3.5 |  |  | October 11, 2018 |  | April 10, 2023
Libin Wang |  | Director Appointee and vice president of finance |  |  | * |  |  |  | RMB3.5 |  |  | September 30, 2016 |  | March 29, 2021

* | Less than 1% of our outstanding shares.

The accumulated compensation expenses recorded for the options granted in September 2016 were RMB156.4 million (US$22.8 million) as of December 2018, with RMB21.5 million to be recognized thereafter. The accumulated compensation expenses recorded for the options granted in October 2018 were RMB40.7 million (US$5.9 million) as of December 31, 2018, with RMB201.4 million to be recognized thereafter.

2019 Share Incentive Plan

In February 2019, we adopted our 2019 Share Incentive Plan to replace the 2016 Share Incentive Plan, which permits the grant of options to purchase our ordinary shares. The maximum number of ordinary shares may be subject to equity awards pursuant to the 2019 Share Incentive Plan is 54,000,000 initially. Upon completion of this offering, we will grant 45,296,800 options to purchase a total of 45,296,800 ordinary shares to our employees at exercise price of RMB3.5 per share, in U.S. dollar equivalent, to replace the 11,324,200 options granted to such individuals and outstanding under the 2016 Share Incentive Plan, each four options under the 2019 Share Incentive Plan replacing one option under the 2016 Share Incentive Plan so that the percentage of share capital such option will represent once vested and exercised remains unchanged after the replacement. The options vest on a schedule identical to the schedule of the options replaced by the option under the 2016 Share Incentive Plan. Such options, once granted, will be subject to a lockup period ending 180 days after the date of this prospectus.

We established Dream Glory L.P. to hold shares underlying potential awards granted pursuant to our 2019 Share Incentive Plan. In December 2017, 2,700 ordinary shares were issued to in view of the establishment of the 2019 Share Incentive Plan, which were transferred subsequently to Dream Glory L.P. In February 2019, we entered into a shareholding entrustment agreement with Dream Glory L.P., pursuant to which Dream Glory L.P. is entrusted to hold the shares in connection with the 2019 Share Incentive Plan as a nominal holder and Dream Glory L.P. accepts such shareholding entrustment retrospectively. Dream Glory L.P. will use its reasonable best effort to facilitate the exercise of the awards granted under the 2019 Share Incentive Plan and transfer a certain

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number of ordinary shares held by Dream Glory L.P. to a grantee of the awards or to the depositary bank or its nominee for deposit as evidence for ADSs in settlement of any award in lieu of ordinary shares upon our instruction for free. Dream Glory L.P. is entitled to rights as a member of Jiayin Group Inc. except that Dream Glory L.P. irrevocably agrees that it will (i) abstain from voting on any general meetings of members, or acting as any function at a general meeting, or (ii) not sale, transfer, pledge or otherwise encumbrance of the Ordinary Shares of the Company without our written consent, and sale, transfer, pledge or otherwise encumbrance of the ordinary shares as instructed by us in writing.

Such 2,700 ordinary shares with a par value of US$0.0001 each were subsequently sub-divided into 54,000,000 ordinary shares with a par value of US$0.000000005 each. Dream Glory L.P. is a limited partnership established in the British Virgin Islands. The general partner of Dream Glory L.P. is New Dream, which is controlled by Mr. Dinggui Yan.

The following paragraphs summarize the terms of the 2019 Share Incentive Plan.

Plan Administration. Our board of directors or a committee appointed by our board of directors acts as the plan administrator. The board of directors or the committee may also delegate one or more members of our board of directors to grant or amend awards or take other administrative actions.

Types of Awards. The 2019 Share Incentive Plan authorizes the grant of options to purchase ordinary shares, the award of restricted shares and the award of restricted share units.

Award Agreements. Each award under the 2019 Share Incentive Plan shall be evidenced by an award agreement between the award recipient and our company, which may be any written notice, agreement, terms and conditions, contract or other instrument or document evidencing such award.

Eligibility. The plan administrator may select among the following eligible individuals to whom an award may be granted: (i) our employees and (ii) directors who are not our employees; provided however that awards shall not be granted to non-employee directors who are resident of any country in the European Union and any other country, which pursuant to the applicable laws, does not allow grants to non-employee.

Term of Awards. Each award under the 2019 Share Incentive Plan shall vest or be exercised not more than ten years after the date of grant unless extended by the plan administrator. Each share award is subject to earlier termination as set forth in the 2019 Share Incentive Plan. The award is only exercisable before the eligible individual’s termination of service with us, except as determined otherwise by the plan administrator or set forth in the award agreement. Any awards that are outstanding on the tenth anniversary of the 2019 Share Incentive Plan shall be terminated automatically.

Vesting Schedule and Other Restrictions. The plan administrator has discretion in determining the individual vesting schedules and other restrictions applicable to the awards granted under the 2019 Share Incentive Plan. The vesting schedule is set forth in the award agreement.

Exercise Price and Purchase Price. The plan administrator has discretion in determining the price of the awards, which can be fixed or variable related to the fair market value of the underlying ordinary shares and are subject to a number of limitations.

Termination. The 2019 Share Incentive Plan shall expire on the tenth anniversary of the effective date of the 2019 Share Incentive Plan.

Amendment, Suspension or Termination. No amendment, modification or termination of the 2019 Share Incentive Plan shall, without the prior written consent of the award recipients, adversely affect in any material way any award that has been granted or awarded prior to such amendment, suspension or termination. Subject to

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the above, the plan administrator may at any time terminate, amend or modify the 2019 Share Incentive Plan, except where shareholder approval is required to comply with applicable laws or where the amendment relates to (i) any increases in the number of shares available under the 2019 Share Incentive Plan (other than any adjustment permitted under the 2019 Share Incentive Plan), or (ii) an extension of the term of the 2019 Share Incentive Plan or the exercise period for an option beyond ten years from the date of grant. To the extent permissible under the applicable laws, our board of directors may decide to follow home country practice not to seek shareholder approval for any amendment or modification of the 2019 Share Incentive Plan.

Transfer Restrictions. Subject also to all the transfer restrictions under the applicable laws and regulations and the restrictions set forth in the applicable award agreement, all awards are non-transferable and will not be subject in any manner to sale, transfer, anticipation, alienation, assignment, pledge, encumbrance or charge except for certain exceptions set forth in the plan.

Granted Options. The table below summarizes the options we will grant to our directors and executive officers upon grant of options under the 2019 Share Incentive Plan to replace corresponding options under the 2016 Share Incentive Plan.

Name |  | Position |  | Ordinary Shares Underlying Options Awarded |  |  | Option Exercise Price |  |  | Grant Date |  | Option Expiration Date
Jiong Feng |  | Chief technology officer |  |  | * |  |  |  | RMB3.5 |  |  | ** |  | March 29, 2021
Chunlin Fan |  | Chief financial officer |  |  | * |  |  |  | RMB3.5 |  |  | ** |  | March 29, 2021
Yifang Xu |  | Director Appointee and chief risk officer |  |  | * |  |  |  | RMB3.5 |  |  | ** |  | April 10, 2023
Libin Wang |  | Director Appointee and vice president of finance |  |  | * |  |  |  | RMB3.5 |  |  | ** |  | March 29, 2021

* | Less than 1% of our outstanding shares.

** | Such options will be granted upon or shortly after the completion of this offering.

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PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS

The following table sets forth information concerning the beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares as of the date of this prospectus by:

| • |  | each of our directors and executive officers;

| • |  | each person known to us to beneficially own more than 5% of our ordinary shares.

The total number of ordinary shares outstanding as of the date of this prospectus is 200,000,000, which includes 54,000,000 ordinary shares held by Dream Glory. L.P. as an entrusted shareholder of shares issued in view of our 2019 Share Incentive Plan, of which 45,296,800 are underlying shares of options to be granted upon completion of the offering and 8,703,200 are reserved for future issuance. Dream Glory L.P. will not vote such ordinary shares it held at general meetings of our company.

Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. In computing the number of shares beneficially owned by a person and the percentage ownership of that person, we have included shares that the person has the right to acquire within 60 days, including through the exercise of any option, warrant, or other right or the conversion of any other security. These shares, however, are not included in the computation of the percentage ownership of any other person.

The total number of ordinary shares outstanding immediately after completion of this offering will be 214,000,000, comprising 98,000,000 Class A ordinary shares and 116,000,000 Class B ordinary shares, which is based upon (i) the re-designation of all ordinary shares beneficially owned by Mr. Dinggui Yan, our founder, director and chief executive officer, into 116,000,000 Class B ordinary shares on a one-for-one-basis immediately prior to the completion of this offering; (ii) the re-designation of all of the remaining outstanding ordinary shares into 84,000,000 Class A ordinary shares on a one-for-one-basis immediately prior to the completion of this offering; and (iii) 14,000,000 ordinary shares in the form of ADSs issued in connection with this offering (assuming the underwriters do not exercise their option to purchase additional ADSs). The underwriters may choose to exercise the over-allotment option in full, in part or not at all.

|  | Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned Prior to This Offering |  |  | Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned After This Offering |
|  | Number |  |  | Percentage |  |  | Class A ordinary shares |  |  | Class B ordinary shares |  |  | Percentage of total ordinary shares on an as- converted basis |  |  | Percentage of aggregate voting power** |
Directors and Executive Officers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dinggui Yan(1) |  |  | 116,000,000 |  |  |  | 58.0 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 116,000,000 |  |  |  | 54.2 |  |  |  | 92.2 |
Jiong Feng |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
Chunlin Fan |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
Yifang Xu |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
Libin Wang |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
Yuhchang Hwang |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Meng Rui |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Directors and Executive Officers as a Group |  |  | 117,328,000 |  |  |  | 58.3 |  |  |  | 1,328,000 |  |  |  | 116,000,000 |  |  |  | 54.8 |  |  |  | 92.3 |
Principal Shareholders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New Dream(1) |  |  | 116,000,000 |  |  |  | 58.0 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 116,000,000 |  |  |  | 54.2 |  |  |  | 92.2 |
Sunshinewoods Holdings Limited(2) |  |  | 24,000,000 |  |  |  | 12.0 |  |  |  | 24,000,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11.2 |  |  |  | 1.9 |
Dream Glory L.P.(3) |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  |  | 54,000,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 25.2 |  |  |  | — |

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* | Beneficially owns less than 1% of our total outstanding shares.

** | For each person and group included in this column, percentage of voting power is calculated by dividing the voting power beneficially owned by such person or group by the voting power of all of our Class A and Class B ordinary shares as a single class. In respect of all matters subject to a shareholders’ vote, each Class A ordinary share is entitled to one vote, and each Class B ordinary share is entitled to ten votes, voting together as one class. Each Class B ordinary share is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time by the holder thereof. Class A ordinary shares are not convertible into Class B ordinary shares under any circumstances. Upon any transfer of Class B ordinary shares by a holder to any person or entity which is not an affiliate of such holder, such Class B ordinary shares shall be automatically and immediately converted into the equivalent number of Class A ordinary shares.

(1) | Represents 116,000,000 ordinary shares held by New Dream, a limited liability company established in the British Virgin Islands. New Dream is wholly owned by Mr. Dinggui Yan and Mr. Dinggui Yan is the sole director of New Dream. The registered address of New Dream is Sertus Incorporations (BVI) Limited, Sertus Chambers, P.O. Box 905, Quastisky Building, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands. The 116,000,000 ordinary shares held by New Dream will be designated into Class B ordinary shares on a one-for-one-basis upon the completion of this offering.

(2) | Represents 24,000,000 ordinary shares held by Sunshinewoods Holdings Limited, or Sunshinewoods, a limited liability company established in the British Virgin Islands. Sunshinewoods is wholly owned by Mr. Guanglin Zhang, an employee of our company. Mr. Guanglin Zhang is the sole director of Sunshinewoods. The registered address of Sunshinewoods is Sertus Incorporations (BVI) Limited, Sertus Chambers, P.O. Box 905, Quastisky Building, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands.

(3) | Represents 54,000,000 ordinary shares held by Dream Glory L.P., a limited partnership established in the British Virgin Islands, which in accordance with the shareholding entrustment agreement entered into between Dream Glory L.P. and us, does not have any voting or investment power. Dream Glory L.P. is established to hold shares underlying potential awards granted pursuant to our share incentive plan. The general partner of Dream Glory L.P. is New Dream, which is controlled by Mr. Dinggui Yan. The registered address of Dream Glory L.P. is Sertus Chambers, P.O. Box 905, Quastisky Building, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands.

As of the date of this prospectus, none of our outstanding ordinary shares is held by record holders in the United States. We are not aware of any of our shareholders being affiliated with a registered broker-dealer or being in the business of underwriting securities.

We are not aware of any arrangement that may, at a subsequent date, result in a change of control of our company.

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RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

Transactions with Jiayin Zhuoyue and Jiayin (Shanghai)

We engaged Jiayin Zhuoyue to refer investors to us prior to August 2017. We engaged Jiayin (Shanghai) to refer borrowers to us through its offline network until August 2017, and we also collaborated with Jiayin (Shanghai) in connection with our offline-to-online borrower acquisition channel prior to August 2018. Jiayin Zhuoyue also assists us to provide certain value-added services to our investors with higher VIP levels. We pay Jiayin Zhuoyue and Jiayin (Shanghai) referral service fees. Jiayin Zhuoyue and Jiayin (Shanghai) are both controlled by Mr. Dinggui Yan, our founder, director and chief executive officer.

We incurred RMB106.3 million and RMB78.0 million (US$11.3 million) of referral service fees to Jiayin Zhuoyue in 2017 and 2018, respectively. We incurred RMB146.4 million and RMB2.5 million (US$0.4 million) of referral service fees to Jiayin (Shanghai) in 2017 and 2018, respectively.

Amounts due to Jiayin Zhuoyue were RMB10.4 million and RMB8.2 million (US$1.2 million) as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively. Amounts due to Jiayin (Shanghai) were RMB18.1 million and nil as of December 31, 2017 and 2018.

Transactions with Jiayin Credit

We engaged Jiayin Credit to conduct onsite credit information collection and verification for our borrowers referred by our offline partners. Jiayin Credit also serves as one of our data sources that provide us credit data for risk management. Jiayin Credit is controlled by Mr. Dinggui Yan, our founder, director and chief executive officer.

We incurred RMB2.4 million and RMB10.5 million (US$1.5 million) of fees to Jiayin Credit in connection to the credit services in 2017 and 2018, respectively. The amount of service fees payable to Jiayin Credit was RMB2.4 million as of December 31, 2017. All service fees payable to Jiayin Credit were fully paid in 2018.

In addition, Jiayin Credit made certain payments on behalf of us. In 2017 and 2018, Jiayin Credit made payments with net amounts of RMB13.9 million and RMB70.8 million (US$10.3 million) on behalf of us in 2017 and 2018 free of interest to support our working capital management. The largest outstanding balance of the loan in relation to the payments made since December 31, 2017 was RMB104.0 million on December 31, 2017 and we repaid RMB104.4 million (US$15.2 million) in 2018. As of December 31, 2018, the outstanding balance of such loan was RMB70.4 million (US$10.2 million). We expect to repay such loan in full by the end of 2019.

Transactions with Shanghai Jiayin

Shanghai Jiayin is controlled by Mr. Dinggui Yan, our founder, director and chief executive officer. In 2018, Shanghai Jiayin rent certain office space to us and charged us annual rental fees of RMB13.8 million (US$2.0 million), which was fully paid in 2018.

Transaction with Shanghai Jiajie Assets Management Co., Ltd.

Shanghai Jiajie Assets Management Co., Ltd., or Jiayie Assets, is controlled by Mr. Dinggui Yan, our founder, director and chief executive officer. We made payments of RMB7.7 million on behalf of Jiajie Assets. Such amount was fully repaid by Jiajie Assets in June 2018.

Transaction with Niwodai Finance

In December 2015, Shanghai Caiyin acquired the servicing rights and obligations of all outstanding loan facilitated by Niwodai Finance, a subsidiary of Shanghai Jiayin and an entity providing offline individual finance

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services controlled by the Mr. Dinggui Yan, our founder, director and chief executive officer, as well as the obligation to continue to provide guarantee on those loans through investor assurance program that was previously managed by Niwodai Finance. In accordance with the agreement, Niwodai Finance agreed to pay Shanghai Caiyin an aggregate amount of RMB700.0 million as the total consideration, in view of customer recognition of the Niwodai brand and proprietary technology of Niwodai Finance, the benefits of which were shared with us free of charge and not reflected in our financial statements. At the time of the transaction, the investor assurance fund managed by Niwodai Finance had funds of RMB136.3 million, and accordingly, the amounts due from Niwodai Finance to Shanghai Caiyin were RMB563.7 million at the time of the agreement, which amounts represent the contractual consideration net of funds remaining in the investor assurance program of Niwodai Finance. We deemed this transaction to be a business acquisition under common control under ASC 805-50-15 as both the transferring entity, Niwodai Finance, and the receiving entities, Jiayin Finance and Shanghai Caiyin, were controlled by Mr. Yan in this transaction. As the acquired intangible assets are internally developed by Niwodai Finance and are not specifically identifiable or are inherent in a continuing business, Niwodai Finance did not record them as assets on its book. We recognized such assets acquired from Niwodai Finance at their carrying amount, which is nil, at the date of transfer, as a result of the business acquisition under the common control. We recorded a guarantee liability in connection with the transaction of RMB2.9 billion as “other guarantee liabilities” in the consolidated balance sheet. The difference between the total consideration of RMB700 million and the RMB2.9 billion other guarantee liabilities was included in the beginning balance of the equity for the periods presented. As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, other guarantee liabilities were RMB701.2 million and RMB4.1 million (US$0.6 million), respectively. As of December 31, 2017 and 2018 respectively, amounts due from Niwodai Finance were RMB517.7 million and nil, respectively. Such amounts represented outstanding fee payable to us in connection with the agreement, net of funds remaining in the investor assurance program of Niwodai Finance at the date of the transaction which were deducted from the consideration payable. In accordance with the agreement with Niwodai Finance, such amounts were payable on demand of us, prior to the time when the terms of the outstanding loans facilitated by Niwodai Finance expire. Substantially all of the loans covered by the investor assurance program previously managed by Niwodai Finance matured by the end of 2018. Accordingly, other guarantee liabilities substantially wound down in 2018 and we paid out all outstanding other guarantee liabilities in January 2019. Meanwhile, the amounts due from Niwodai Finance have been fully settled in 2018.

Transactions with Shanghai Shilupan Technology Co., Ltd. (“Shilupan”)

We engaged Shilupan as an expert consultant to help screen and re-assess the creditworthiness of applicants and identify creditworthy potential borrowers and paid Shilupan service fees since 2018. The engagement was decided by our credit assessment and legal departments after comprehensive evaluation of several third-party suppliers, including Shilupan, and we negotiated the terms of the agreement with Shilupan, as an independent third party, on an arm’s length basis. To secure a stable collaboration relationship with Shilupan, Mr. Dinggui Yan, our founder, director and chief executive officer invested in Shilupan indirectly and has been capable of exercising significant influence on Shilupan since then. In 2018, Shilupan provided such credit analysis services of RMB17.2 million (US$2.5 million). As of December 31, 2018, amounts due to Shilupan were RMB2.1 million (US$0.3 million). Such amounts represent service fees payable in relation to such credit analysis services provided to us.

Transactions with Kailiantong Payment Service Co., Ltd. (“Kailiantong”)

We engaged Kailiantong, a licensed third-party payment processing company, to process certain payments in the course of our business and paid them transaction processing fees since 2017. Kailiantong is a consolidated subsidiary of China Smartpay Group Holding Limited (HKEX: 8325), on which Mr. Dinggui Yan, our founder, director and chief executive officer is capable of exercising significant influence. In 2018, Kailiantong provided such payment processing services of RMB8.1 million (US$1.2 million). As of December 31, 2018, amounts due to Kailiantong was RMB3.8 million (US$0.6 million). Such amounts represent transaction processing fees payable in relation to their services to us.

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Transactions with Jirongyun (Shanghai) Enterprise Development Co., Ltd. (“Jirongyun”)

We engaged Jirongyun to refer borrowers to us and paid them referral service fees since 2018. The engagement was decided by our credit assessment and legal departments after comprehensive evaluation of several third-party suppliers and Jirongyun, and we negotiated the terms of the agreement on arm’s length basis. Jirongyun is controlled by Mr. Dinggui Yan, our founder, director and chief executive officer. In 2018, Jirongyun provided such borrower referral services of RMB3.1 million (US$0.5 million). As of December 31, 2018, we have paid all such referral service fees.

Contractual Arrangements with Jiayin Finance and Its Shareholders

See “Corporate History and Structure—Contractual Arrangements among Shanghai KunJia, Jiayin Finance and the Shareholders of Jiayin Finance.”

Collaboration Agreement with Shanghai Caiyin

See “Corporate History and Structure—Collaboration Agreement with Shanghai Caiyin.”

Private Placements

See “Description of Share Capital—History of Securities Issuances and Transfers.”

Share Incentive Plan

See “Management—Share Incentive Plans.”

Employment Agreements and Indemnification Agreements

See “Management—Employment Agreements and Indemnification Agreements.”

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DESCRIPTION OF SHARE CAPITAL

We are a Cayman Islands company and our affairs are governed by our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association and the Companies Law (as amended) of the Cayman Islands, or the Companies Law, and the common law of the Cayman Islands.

As of the date of this prospectus, our authorized share capital consists of US$50,000 divided into 10,000,000,000,000 ordinary shares with a par value US$0.000000005 each. As of the date of this prospectus, the total number of ordinary shares outstanding is 200,000,000. All of our issued and outstanding ordinary shares are fully paid.

All of our ordinary shares issued and outstanding prior to the completion of the offering are and will be fully paid, and all of our Class A ordinary shares to be issued in the offering will be issued as fully paid. Our authorized share capital immediately prior to the completion of this offering will be US$50 divided into 84,000,000 Class A ordinary shares with a par value US$0.000000005 each, 116,000,000 Class B ordinary shares with a par value US$0.000000005 each and 9,800,000,000 shares of a par value US$0.000000005, each of such class or classes (however designated) as our board of directors may determine in accordance with the amended and restated memorandum and articles of association.

Immediately after completion of this offering, there will be 98,000,000 Class A ordinary shares and 116,000,000 Class B ordinary shares outstanding, which is based upon (i) the re-designation of all ordinary shares beneficially owned by Mr. Dinggui Yan, our founder, director and chief executive officer, into 116,000,000 Class B ordinary shares on a one-for-one-basis immediately prior to the completion of this offering; (ii) the re-designation of all of the remaining outstanding ordinary shares into 84,000,000 Class A ordinary shares on a one-for-one-basis immediately prior to the completion of this offering; and (iii) 14,000,000 ordinary shares in the form of ADSs issued in connection with this offering, assuming the underwriters do not exercise the over-allotment option.

Assuming that we obtain the requisite shareholder approval, immediately prior to the completion of this offering, we will adopt an amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, or post-IPO memorandum and articles of association, which will replace our current memorandum and articles of association in its entirety. The following are summaries of material provisions of our post-IPO memorandum and articles of association and the Companies Law as they relate to the material terms of our Class A and Class B ordinary shares that we expect will become effective immediately prior to the completion of this offering.

Exempted Company

We are an exempted company incorporated with limited liability under the Companies Law. The Companies Law distinguishes between ordinary resident companies and exempted companies. Any company that is registered in the Cayman Islands but conducts business mainly outside of the Cayman Islands may apply to be registered as an exempted company. The requirements for an exempted company are essentially the same as for an ordinary resident company except for the exemptions and privileges listed below:

| • |  | an exempted company does not have to file an annual return of its shareholders with the Registrar of Companies;

| • |  | an exempted company is not required to open its register of members for inspection;

| • |  | an exempted company does not have to hold an annual general meeting;

| • |  | an exempted company may issue no par value, negotiable or bearer shares;

| • |  | an exempted company may obtain an undertaking against the imposition of any future taxation (such undertakings are usually given for 20 years in the first instance);

| • |  | an exempted company may register by way of continuation in another jurisdiction and be deregistered in the Cayman Islands;

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| • |  | an exempted company may register as a limited duration company; and

| • |  | an exempted company may register as a segregated portfolio company.

Ordinary Shares

General

All of our outstanding Class A and Class B ordinary shares are fully paid and non-assessable. Our shareholders who are non-residents of the Cayman Islands may freely hold and vote their ordinary shares.

Dividends

The holders of our ordinary shares are entitled to receive such dividends as may be declared by our board of directors subject to our post-IPO memorandum and articles of association and the Companies Law. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our directors. Under Cayman Islands law, dividends may be paid only out of profits or share premium, provided that, immediately after the payment, we will be able to pay our debts as they become due in the ordinary course of business. Any dividend declared on our ordinary shares shall be payable equally to holders of Class A and Class B ordinary shares.

Register of Members

Under Cayman Islands law, we must keep a register of members and there must be entered therein:

| • |  | the names and addresses of the members, a statement of the shares held by each member, and of the amount paid or agreed to be considered as paid, on the shares of each member;

| • |  | the date on which the name of any person was entered on the register as a member; and

| • |  | the date on which any person ceased to be a member.

Under Cayman Islands law, the register of members of our company is prima facie evidence of the matters set out therein (i.e. the register of members will raise a presumption of fact on the matters referred to above unless rebutted) and a member registered in the register of members will be deemed as a matter of Cayman Islands law to have legal title to the shares as set against its name in the register of members. Upon the closing of this public offering, our company’s register of members will be immediately updated to reflect the issue of Class A ordinary shares by us to Citibank, N.A., as the depositary (or its custodian or nominee). Once our register of members has been updated, the shareholders recorded in the register of members shall be deemed to have legal title to the shares set against their name in the register of members.

If the name of any person is incorrectly entered in or omitted from the register of members, or if default is made or unnecessary delay takes place in entering on the register the fact of any person having ceased to be a member, the person or member aggrieved or any member or the company itself may apply to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands for an order that the register be rectified, and the Court may either refuse such application or it may, if satisfied of the justice of the case, make an order for the rectification of the register.

Voting Rights

In respect of all matters subject to a shareholders’ vote, each registered holder of Class A ordinary shares is entitled to one vote per share, and each registered holder of Class B ordinary shares is entitled to ten votes per share. Holders of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares shall, at all times, vote together on all resolutions submitted to a shareholders’ vote. Holders of our ordinary shares have the right to receive notice of, attend, speak and vote at general meetings of our company. At any general meeting a resolution put to the vote of

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the meeting shall be decided on a show of hands, unless a poll is (before or on the declaration of the result of the show of hands) demanded by the chairman or by one or more shareholders present in person or by proxy (or, if a corporation or other non-natural person, by its duly authorized representative or proxy) who together hold shares which carry in aggregate not less than ten percent of the votes attaching to all issued and outstanding shares of our company that carry the right to vote at the general meeting. An ordinary resolution to be passed by the shareholders requires the affirmative vote of a simple majority of the votes cast in a general meeting, while a special resolution requires the affirmative vote of no less than two-thirds of the votes cast in a general meeting. Both ordinary resolutions and special resolutions may also be passed by a unanimous written resolution signed by all the shareholders of our company, as permitted by the Companies Law and our post-IPO memorandum and articles of association. A special resolution will be required for important matters such as a change of name or making changes to our memorandum and articles of association.

General Meetings and Shareholder Proposals

As a Cayman Islands exempted company, we are not obliged by the Companies Law to call shareholders’ annual general meetings. Our post-IPO memorandum and articles of association provide that we may (but are not obliged to) in each year hold a general meeting as our annual general meeting in which case we will specify the meeting as such in the notices calling it, and the annual general meeting will be held at such time and place as may be determined by our directors.

Cayman Islands law provides shareholders with only limited rights to requisition a general meeting, and does not provide shareholders with any right to put any proposal before a general meeting. However, these rights may be provided in a company’s articles of association. Our post-IPO memorandum and articles of association allow any two or more of our shareholders, who together hold shares which carry in aggregate not less than ten percent of all votes attaching to all of the issued and outstanding shares of our company, to requisition an extraordinary general meeting of our shareholders, in which case the directors are obliged to call such meeting and to put the resolutions so requisitioned to a vote at such meeting.

A quorum required for a meeting of shareholders consists of one or more shareholders, who together hold shares which carry in aggregate not less than one-third (1/3rd) of all votes attaching to all issued and outstanding shares of our company that carry the right to vote at such general meeting, present in person or by proxy or, if a corporation or other non-natural person, by its duly authorized representative. Advance notice of at least seven calendar days is required for the convening of our annual general meeting and other shareholders meetings.

Conversion

Each Class B ordinary share is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time at the option of the holder thereof. Class A ordinary shares are not convertible into Class B ordinary shares under any circumstances. Upon any transfer of Class B ordinary shares by a holder to any person or entity which is not an affiliate of such holder, such Class B ordinary shares shall be automatically and immediately converted into the equivalent number of Class A ordinary shares.

Transfer of Ordinary Shares

Subject to the restrictions in our post-IPO memorandum and articles of association as set out below, any of our shareholders may transfer all or any of his or her ordinary shares by an instrument of transfer in the usual or common form or any other form approved by our board.

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Our board of directors may, in its absolute discretion, decline to register any transfer of any ordinary share which is not fully paid up or on which we have a lien. Our directors may also decline to register any transfer of any ordinary share unless:

| • |  | the instrument of transfer is lodged with us, accompanied by the certificate for the ordinary shares to which it relates and such other evidence as our board of directors may reasonably require to show the right of the transferor to make the transfer;

| • |  | the instrument of transfer is in respect of only one class of shares;

| • |  | the instrument of transfer is properly stamped, if required;

| • |  | in the case of a transfer to joint holders, the number of joint holders to whom the ordinary share is to be transferred does not exceed four; and

| • |  | the ordinary shares transferred are free of any lien in favor of us.

If our directors refuse to register a transfer they are obligated to, within two months after the date on which the instrument of transfer was lodged, send to each of the transferor and the transferee notice of such refusal. The registration of transfers of shares or of any class of shares may, after compliance with any notice requirement of the designated stock exchange, be suspended at such times and for such periods (not exceeding in the whole thirty (30) days in any calendar year) as our board of directors may determine.

Liquidation

On a return of capital on the winding up of our company, if the assets available for distribution amongst our shareholders shall be more than sufficient to repay the whole of the share capital at the commencement of the winding up, the surplus shall be distributed amongst our shareholders in proportion to the par value of the shares held by them at the commencement of the winding up, subject to a deduction from those shares in respect of which there are monies due, of all monies payable to our company for unpaid calls or otherwise. If our assets available for distribution are insufficient to repay all of the paid-up capital, the assets will be distributed so that the losses are borne by our shareholders in proportion to the par value of the shares held by them. Any distribution of assets or capital to a holder of a Class A ordinary share and a holder of a Class B ordinary share will be the same in any liquidation event. We are an exempted company with limited liability incorporated under the Companies Law, and under the Companies Law, the liability of our members is limited to the amount, if any, unpaid on the shares respectively held by them. Our memorandum of association contains a declaration that the liability of our members is so limited.

Calls on Ordinary Shares and Forfeiture of Ordinary Shares

Our board of directors may from time to time make calls upon shareholders for any amounts unpaid on their ordinary shares in a notice served to such shareholders at least fourteen calendar days prior to the specified time and place of payment. The ordinary shares that have been called upon and remain unpaid on the specified time are subject to forfeiture, subject to certain terms and conditions.

Redemption, Repurchase and Surrender of Ordinary Shares

We may issue shares on terms that such shares are subject to redemption, at our option or at the option of the holders thereof, on such terms and in such manner as may be determined, before the issue of such shares, by our board of directors or by a special resolution of our shareholders. Our company may also repurchase any of our shares provided that the manner and terms of such purchase have been approved by our board of directors or by ordinary resolution of our shareholders, or are otherwise authorized by our memorandum and articles of association. Under the Companies Law, the redemption or repurchase of any share may be paid out of our company’s profits or out of the proceeds of a fresh issue of shares made for the purpose of such redemption or

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repurchase, or out of capital (including share premium account and capital redemption reserve) if the company can, immediately following such payment, pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. In addition, under the Companies Law no such share may be redeemed or repurchased (a) unless it is fully paid up, (b) if such redemption or repurchase would result in there being no shares outstanding, or (c) if the company has commenced liquidation. In addition, our company may accept the surrender of any fully paid share for no consideration.

Variations of Rights of Shares

If at any time the share capital is divided into different classes of shares, the rights attached to any class of shares may, unless otherwise provided by the terms of issue of the shares of that class, be varied either with the unanimous written consent of the holders of the issued shares of that class or with the sanction of a special resolution passed at a separate meeting of the holders of the shares of that class.

Inspection of Books and Records

Holders of our ordinary shares will have no general right under Cayman Islands law to inspect or obtain copies of our list of shareholders or our corporate records (other than a right to receive copies of our memorandum and articles of association, any special resolutions which have been passed by our shareholders, and our register of mortgages and charges). However, we will provide our shareholders with annual audited financial statements. See “Where You Can Find Additional Information.”

Changes in Capital

Our shareholders may from time to time by ordinary resolutions:

| • |  | increase the share capital by such sum, to be divided into shares of such classes and amount, as the resolution prescribes;

| • |  | consolidate and divide all or any of our share capital into shares of a larger amount than our existing shares;

| • |  | sub-divide our existing shares, or any of them into shares of a smaller amount than that fixed by our memorandum of association; provided that in the subdivision the proportion between the amount paid and the amount, if any, unpaid on each reduced share will be the same as it was in case of the share from which the reduced share is derived; and

| • |  | cancel any shares which, at the date of the passing of the resolution, have not been taken or agreed to be taken by any person and diminish the amount of our share capital by the amount of the shares so canceled.

However, no alteration contemplated above, or otherwise, may be made to the par value of the Class A ordinary shares or Class B ordinary shares unless an identical alteration is made to the par value of the Class B ordinary shares and Class A ordinary shares, as the case may be.

Subject to the Companies Law, our shareholders may by special resolution reduce our share capital and any capital redemption reserve in any manner authorized by law.

Differences in Corporate Law

The Companies Law is modeled after that of the English companies’ legislation but does not follow recent English law statutory enactments, and accordingly there are significant differences between the Companies Law and the current Companies Act of England. In addition, the Companies Law differs from laws applicable to Delaware corporations and their shareholders. Set forth below is a summary of certain significant differences between the provisions of the Companies Law applicable to us and the laws applicable to Delaware corporations and their shareholders.

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Majority Independent Board

A domestic U.S. company listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market must comply with the requirement that a majority of the board of directors must be comprised of independent directors as defined under Nasdaq Stock Market Rules 5605(b)(1). As a Cayman Islands corporation, we are allowed to follow home country practices in lieu of certain corporate governance requirements under the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules where there is no similar requirement under the laws of the Cayman Islands. We intend to rely on such exemption and do not intend to have a majority of the board be independent upon completion of the offering.

Mergers and Similar Arrangements

The Companies Law permits mergers and consolidations between Cayman Islands companies and between Cayman Islands companies and non-Cayman Islands companies. For these purposes, (a) “merger” means the merging of two or more constituent companies and the vesting of their undertakings, property and liabilities in one of such companies as the surviving company and (b) a “consolidation” means the combination of two or more constituent companies into a consolidated company and the vesting of the undertakings, property and liabilities of such companies to the consolidated company. In order to effect such a merger or consolidation, the directors of each constituent company must approve a written plan of merger or consolidation, which must then be authorized by (a) a special resolution of the shareholders of each constituent company, and (b) such other authorization, if any, as may be specified in such constituent company’s articles of association. The written plan of merger or consolidation must be filed with the Registrar of Companies together with a declaration as to the solvency of the consolidated or surviving company, a declaration as to the assets and liabilities of each constituent company and an undertaking that a copy of the certificate of merger or consolidation will be given to the members and creditors of each constituent company and that notification of the merger or consolidation will be published in the Cayman Islands Gazette. Dissenting shareholders have the right to be paid the fair value of their shares (which, if not agreed between the parties, will be determined by the Cayman Islands court) if they follow the required procedures, subject to certain exceptions. Court approval is not required for a merger or consolidation which is effected in compliance with these statutory procedures.

Separate from the statutory provisions relating to mergers and consolidations, the Companies Law also contains statutory provisions that facilitate the reconstruction and amalgamation of companies by way of schemes of arrangement, provided that the arrangement is approved by a majority in number of each class of shareholders and creditors with whom the arrangement is to be made, and who must in addition represent three-fourths in value of each such class of shareholders or creditors, as the case may be, that are present and voting either in person or by proxy at a meeting, or meetings, convened for that purpose. The convening of the meetings and subsequently the arrangement must be sanctioned by the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands. While a dissenting shareholder has the right to express to the court the view that the transaction ought not to be approved, the court can be expected to approve the arrangement if it determines that:

| • |  | the statutory provisions as to the due majority vote have been met;

| • |  | the shareholders have been fairly represented at the meeting in question and the statutory majority are acting bona fide without coercion of the minority to promote interests adverse to those of the class;

| • |  | the arrangement is such that may be reasonably approved by an intelligent and honest man of that class acting in respect of his interest; and

| • |  | the arrangement is not one that would more properly be sanctioned under some other provision of the Companies Law.

The Companies Law also contains a statutory power of compulsory acquisition which may facilitate the “squeeze out” of dissentient minority shareholders upon a tender offer. When a tender offer is made and accepted by holders of 90% of the shares affected (within four months), the offeror may, within a two-month period commencing on the expiration of such four month period, require the holders of the remaining shares to transfer

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such shares to the offeror on the terms of the offer. An objection can be made to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands, but this is unlikely to succeed in the case of an offer which has been so approved unless there is evidence of fraud, bad faith or collusion.

If an arrangement and reconstruction by way of scheme of arrangement is thus approved and sanctioned, or if a tender offer is made and accepted, in accordance with the foregoing statutory provisions, a dissenting shareholder would have no rights comparable to appraisal rights, which would otherwise ordinarily be available to dissenting shareholders of United States corporations, providing rights to receive payment in cash for the judicially determined value of the shares.

Shareholders’ Suits

In principle, we will normally be the proper plaintiff and as a general rule a derivative action may not be brought by a minority shareholder. However, based on English authorities, which would in all likelihood be of persuasive authority in the Cayman Islands, the Cayman Islands court can be expected to apply and follow the common law principles (namely the rule in Foss v. Harbottle and the exceptions thereto) which permit a minority shareholder to commence a class action against, or a derivative action in the name of, a company to challenge the following acts in the following circumstances:

| • |  | a company acts or proposes to act illegally or ultra vires;

| • |  | the act complained of, although not ultra vires, could only be effected duly if authorized by more than a simple majority vote that has not been obtained; and

| • |  | those who control the company are perpetrating a “fraud on the minority.”

Directors’ Fiduciary Duties

Under Delaware corporate law, a director of a Delaware corporation has a fiduciary duty to the corporation and its shareholders. This duty has two components, the duty of care and the duty of loyalty. The duty of care requires that a director act in good faith, with the care that an ordinarily prudent person would exercise under similar circumstances. Under this duty, a director must inform himself of, and disclose to shareholders, all material information reasonably available regarding a significant transaction. The duty of loyalty requires that a director must act in a manner he or she reasonably believes to be in the best interests of the corporation.

A director must not use his or her corporate position for personal gain or advantage. This duty prohibits self-dealing by a director and mandates that the best interests of the corporation and its shareholders take precedence over any interest possessed by a director, officer or controlling shareholder not shared by the shareholders generally. In general, actions of a director are presumed to have been made on an informed basis, in good faith and in the honest belief that the action taken was in the best interests of the corporation. However, this presumption may be rebutted by evidence of a breach of one of the fiduciary duties. Should such evidence be presented concerning a transaction by a director, the director must prove the procedural fairness of the transaction and that the transaction was of fair value to the corporation.

As a matter of Cayman Islands law, a director of a Cayman Islands company is in the position of a fiduciary with respect to the company, and therefore he or she owes the following duties to the company—a duty to act bona fide in the best interests of the company, a duty not to make a personal profit out of his or her position as director (unless the company permits him or her to do so), a duty not to put himself or herself in a position where the interests of the company conflict with his or her personal interests or his or her duty to a third-party and a duty to exercise powers for the purpose for which such powers were intended. A director of a Cayman Islands company owes to the company a duty to exercise the skill they actually possess and such care and diligence that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances. It was previously considered that a director need not exhibit in the performance of his or her duties a greater degree of skill than may reasonably be

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expected from a person of his or her knowledge and experience. However, there are indications that the English and commonwealth courts are moving towards an objective standard with regard to the required skill and care and these authorities are likely to be followed in the Cayman Islands.

Under our post-IPO memorandum and articles of association, directors who are in any way, whether directly or indirectly, interested in a contract or proposed contract or arrangement with our company must declare the nature of their interest at a meeting of the board of directors. A director may vote in respect of any contract, transaction or arrangement, or any proposed contract, transaction or arrangement, notwithstanding that he may be interested therein and if he does so his vote shall be counted and he may be counted in the quorum at any meeting of our directors at which any such contract, transaction or arrangement is considered and voted upon.

Indemnification

Cayman Islands law does not limit the extent to which a company’s memorandum and articles of association may provide for indemnification of officers and directors, except to the extent any such provision may be held by the Cayman Islands courts to be contrary to public policy, such as to provide indemnification against civil fraud or the consequences of committing a crime.

Our post-IPO memorandum and articles of association provides that our company shall indemnify our directors (including alternate directors) and officers and their personal representatives against all actions, proceedings, costs, charges, expenses, losses, damages or liabilities incurred or sustained by such persons, other than by reason of any such person’s own dishonesty, wilful default or fraud, in or about the conduct of our company’s business or affairs (including as a result of any mistake of judgment) or in the execution or discharge of his duties, powers, authorities or discretions, including any costs, expenses, losses or liabilities incurred by such persons in defending (whether successfully or otherwise) any civil proceedings concerning our company or our affairs in any court whether in the Cayman Islands or elsewhere. This standard of conduct is generally the same as permitted under the Delaware General Corporation Law for a Delaware corporation. In addition, we have entered into indemnification agreements with our directors and executive officers that provide such persons with additional indemnification beyond that provided in our post-offering amended and restated memorandum and articles of association.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to our directors, officers or persons controlling us under the foregoing provisions, we have been informed that in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.

Shareholder Action by Written Resolution

Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation may eliminate the right of shareholders to act by written consent by amendment to its certificate of incorporation. The Companies Law and our post-IPO memorandum and articles of association provide that shareholders may approve corporate matters by way of a unanimous written resolution signed by or on behalf of each shareholder who would have been entitled to vote on such matter at a general meeting without a meeting being held.

Shareholder Proposals

Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a shareholder has the right to put any proposal before the annual meeting of shareholders, provided it complies with the notice provisions in the governing documents. A special meeting may be called by the board of directors or any other person authorized to do so in the governing documents, but shareholders may be precluded from calling special meetings.

Cayman Islands law does not provide shareholders any right to put proposal before a meeting and provides limited rights for shareholders to requisition a general meeting. However, these rights may be provided in articles

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of association. Our post-IPO memorandum and articles of association allow any two or more our shareholders, who together hold shares which carry in aggregate not less than ten percent of all votes attaching to all of the issued and outstanding shares of our company, to requisition an extraordinary general meeting of our shareholders. As an exempted Cayman Islands company, we are not obliged by law to call shareholders’ annual general meetings.

Cumulative Voting

Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, cumulative voting for elections of directors is not permitted unless the corporation’s certificate of incorporation specifically provides for it. Cumulative voting potentially facilitates the representation of minority shareholders on a board of directors since it permits the minority shareholder to cast all the votes to which the shareholder is entitled for a single director, which increases the shareholder’s voting power with respect to electing such director. There are no prohibitions in relation to cumulative voting under the laws of the Cayman Islands but our post-IPO memorandum and articles of association do not provide for cumulative voting.

Removal of Directors

Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a director of a corporation may be removed with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote, unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. Under our post-IPO memorandum and articles of association, directors can be removed by a special resolution of our shareholders. In addition, a director’s office shall be vacated if the director (i) becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors; (ii) is found to be or becomes of unsound mind or dies; (iii) resigns his office by notice in writing to the Company; (iv) without special leave of absence from our board of directors, is absent from three consecutive meetings of the board and the board resolves that his office be vacated; or (v) is prohibited by law from being a director.

Transactions with Interested Shareholders

The Delaware General Corporation Law contains a business combination statute applicable to Delaware public corporations whereby, unless the corporation has specifically elected not to be governed by such statute by amendment to its certificate of incorporation, it is prohibited from engaging in certain business combinations with an “interested shareholder” for three years following the date on which such person becomes an interested shareholder. An interested shareholder generally is one which owns or owned 15% or more of the target’s outstanding voting shares within the past three years. This has the effect of limiting the ability of a potential acquirer to make a two-tiered bid for the target in which all shareholders would not be treated equally. The statute does not apply if, among other things, prior to the date on which such shareholder becomes an interested shareholder, the board of directors approves either the business combination or the transaction that resulted in the person becoming an interested shareholder. This encourages any potential acquirer of a Delaware public corporation to negotiate the terms of any acquisition transaction with the target’s board of directors.

Cayman Islands law has no comparable statute. As a result, we cannot avail ourselves of the types of protections afforded by the Delaware business combination statute. However, although Cayman Islands law does not regulate transactions between a company and its significant shareholders, it does provide that such transactions entered into must be bona fide in the best interests of the company, for a proper corporate purpose and not with the effect of perpetrating a fraud on the minority shareholders.

Dissolution and Winding Up

Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, unless the board of directors approves the proposal to dissolve, dissolution must be approved by shareholders holding 100% of the total voting power of the corporation. Only if the dissolution is initiated by the board of directors may it be approved by a simple majority

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of the corporation’s outstanding shares. The Delaware General Corporation Law allows a Delaware corporation to include in its certificate of incorporation a supermajority voting requirement in connection with dissolutions initiated by the board of directors. Under the Companies Law, our company may be dissolved, liquidated or wound up by either an order of the courts of the Cayman Islands or by a special resolution of our shareholders, or by an ordinary resolution of our shareholders on the basis that our company is unable to pay its debts as they fall due.

Variation of Rights of Shares

If at any time, our share capital is divided into different classes of shares, under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation may vary the rights of a class of shares with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares of such class, unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. Under our post-IPO memorandum and articles of association and as permitted by the Companies Law, if our share capital is divided into more than one class of shares, we may vary the rights attached to any class either with the unanimous written consent of all of the holders of the issued shares of that class or with the sanction of a special resolution passed at a separate meeting of the holders of the shares of that class.

Amendment of Governing Documents

Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation’s governing documents may be amended with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote, unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. Under the Companies Law, our post-IPO memorandum and articles of association may only be amended by a special resolution of our shareholders.

Inspection of Books and Records

Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, any shareholder of a corporation may for any proper purpose inspect or make copies of the corporation’s stock ledger, list of shareholders and other books and records.

Holders of our shares will have no general right under Cayman Islands law to inspect or obtain copies of our list of shareholders or our corporate records (other than a right to receive copies of our memorandum and articles of association, any special resolutions which have been passed by our shareholders, and our register of mortgages and charges). However, we intend to provide our shareholders with annual reports containing audited financial statements.

Anti-takeover Provisions

Some provisions of our post-IPO memorandum and articles of association may discourage, delay or prevent a change of control of our company or management that shareholders may consider favorable, including a provision that authorizes our board of directors to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to designate the price, rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions of such preferred shares without any further vote or action by our shareholders subject to certain terms and conditions.

However, under Cayman Islands law, our directors may only exercise the rights and powers granted to them under our memorandum and articles of association for a proper purpose and for what they believe in good faith to be in the best interests of our company.

Rights of Non-resident or Foreign Shareholders

There are no limitations imposed by foreign law or by our post-IPO memorandum and articles of association on the rights of non-resident or foreign shareholders to hold or exercise voting rights on our ordinary shares. In addition, there are no provisions in our post-IPO memorandum and articles of association governing the ownership threshold above which shareholder ownership must be disclosed.

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History of Securities Issuances and Transfers

Upon our incorporation on December 21, 2017, we issued (i) 8,500 ordinary shares with a par value of US$0.0001 to New Dream Capital Holdings Limited, (ii) 1,200 ordinary shares with a par value of US$0.0001 to Sunshinewoods Holdings Limited, (iii) 299 ordinary shares with a par value of US$0.0001 to Eastar Capital Holdings Limited, and (iv) 1 ordinary share with a par value of US$0.0001 to Sertus Nominees (Cayman) Limited which was instantly transferred to Eastar Capital Holdings Limited on the same day. On November 28, 2018, 2,700 ordinary shares held by New Dream was transferred to Dream Glory L.P.

On December 19, 2018, each of the 500,000,000 shares with a par value of US$0.0001 each in the capital of the Company (including all issued shares and all unissued shares) was subdivided into 20,000 shares with a par value of US$0.000000005 each, such that, following the sub-division, the authorized share capital of the Company became US$50,000 divided into 10,000,000,000,000 shares with a par value of US$0.000000005 each, of which 200,000,000 shares were issued and outstanding as follows: (i) 6,000,000 shares were held by Eastar Capital Holdings Limited (resulting from the sub-division of the 300 shares originally held by it), (ii) 116,000,000 shares were held by New Dream Capital Holdings (resulting from the sub-division of the 8,500 shares originally held by it), (iii) 24,000,000 shares were held by Sunshinewoods Holdings Limited (resulting from the sub-division of the 1,200 shares originally held by it), and (iv) 54,000,000 shares were held by Dream Glory L.P (resulting from the sub-division of the 2,700 shares originally held by it).

Options, Shares Appreciation Rights, Restricted or Unrestricted Shares

See “Management—Share Incentive Plans.”

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DESCRIPTION OF AMERICAN DEPOSITARY SHARES

Citibank, N.A. has agreed to act as the depositary bank for the American Depositary Shares. Citibank’s depositary offices are located at 388 Greenwich Street, New York, New York 10013. American Depositary Shares are frequently referred to as “ADSs” and represent ownership interests in securities that are on deposit with the depositary bank. ADSs may be represented by certificates that are commonly known as “American Depositary Receipts” or “ADRs.” The depositary bank typically appoints a custodian to safekeep the securities on deposit. In this case, the custodian is Citibank, N.A.—Hong Kong, located at 9/F, Citi Tower, One Bay East, 83 Hoi Bun Road, Kwun Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.

We have appointed Citibank as depositary bank pursuant to a deposit agreement. A copy of the deposit agreement is on file with the SEC under cover of a Registration Statement on Form F-6. You may obtain a copy of the deposit agreement from the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549 and from the SEC’s website (www.sec.gov). Please refer to Registration Number 333-229579 when retrieving such copy.

We are providing you with a summary description of the material terms of the ADSs and of your material rights as an owner of ADSs. Please remember that summaries by their nature lack the precision of the information summarized and that the rights and obligations of an owner of ADSs will be determined by reference to the terms of the deposit agreement and not by this summary. We urge you to review the deposit agreement in its entirety. The portions of this summary description that are italicized describe matters that may be relevant to the ownership of ADSs but that may not be contained in the deposit agreement.

Each ADS represents the right to receive, and to exercise the beneficial ownership interests in, four Class A ordinary shares that are on deposit with the depositary bank and/or custodian. An ADS also represents the right to receive, and to exercise the beneficial interests in, any other property received by the depositary bank or the custodian on behalf of the owner of the ADS but that has not been distributed to the owners of ADSs because of legal restrictions or practical considerations. We and the depositary bank may agree to change the ADS-to-Share ratio by amending the deposit agreement. This amendment may give rise to, or change, the depositary fees payable by ADS owners. The custodian, the depositary bank and their respective nominees will hold all deposited property for the benefit of the holders and beneficial owners of ADSs. The deposited property does not constitute the proprietary assets of the depositary bank, the custodian or their nominees. Beneficial ownership in the deposited property will under the terms of the deposit agreement be vested in the beneficial owners of the ADSs. The depositary bank, the custodian and their respective nominees will be the record holders of the deposited property represented by the ADSs for the benefit of the holders and beneficial owners of the corresponding ADSs. A beneficial owner of ADSs may or may not be the holder of ADSs. Beneficial owners of ADSs will be able to receive, and to exercise beneficial ownership interests in, the deposited property only through the registered holders of the ADSs, the registered holders of the ADSs (on behalf of the applicable ADS owners) only through the depositary bank, and the depositary bank (on behalf of the owners of the corresponding ADSs) directly, or indirectly, through the custodian or their respective nominees, in each case upon the terms of the deposit agreement.

If you become an owner of ADSs, you will become a party to the deposit agreement and therefore will be bound to its terms and to the terms of any ADR that represents your ADSs. The deposit agreement and the ADR specify our rights and obligations as well as your rights and obligations as owner of ADSs and those of the depositary bank. As an ADS holder you appoint the depositary bank to act on your behalf in certain circumstances. The deposit agreement and the ADRs are governed by New York law. However, our obligations to the holders of Class A ordinary shares will continue to be governed by the laws of the Cayman Islands, which may be different from the laws in the United States.

In addition, applicable laws and regulations may require you to satisfy reporting requirements and obtain regulatory approvals in certain circumstances. You are solely responsible for complying with such reporting

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requirements and obtaining such approvals. Neither the depositary bank, the custodian, us or any of their or our respective agents or affiliates shall be required to take any actions whatsoever on your behalf to satisfy such reporting requirements or obtain such regulatory approvals under applicable laws and regulations.

As an owner of ADSs, we will not treat you as one of our shareholders and you will not have direct shareholder rights. The depositary bank will hold on your behalf the shareholder rights attached to the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs. As an owner of ADSs you will be able to exercise the shareholders rights for the Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs through the depositary bank only to the extent contemplated in the deposit agreement. To exercise any shareholder rights not contemplated in the deposit agreement you will, as an ADS owner, need to arrange for the cancelation of your ADSs and become a direct shareholder.

The manner in which you own the ADSs (e.g., in a brokerage account vs. as registered holder, or as holder of certificated vs. uncertificated ADSs) may affect your rights and obligations, and the manner in which, and extent to which, the depositary bank’s services are made available to you. As an owner of ADSs, you may hold your ADSs either by means of an ADR registered in your name, through a brokerage or safekeeping account, or through an account established by the depositary bank in your name reflecting the registration of uncertificated ADSs directly on the books of the depositary bank (commonly referred to as the “direct registration system” or “DRS”). The direct registration system reflects the uncertificated (book-entry) registration of ownership of ADSs by the depositary bank. Under the direct registration system, ownership of ADSs is evidenced by periodic statements issued by the depositary bank to the holders of the ADSs. The direct registration system includes automated transfers between the depositary bank and The Depository Trust Company (“DTC”), the central book-entry clearing and settlement system for equity securities in the United States. If you decide to hold your ADSs through your brokerage or safekeeping account, you must rely on the procedures of your broker or bank to assert your rights as ADS owner. Banks and brokers typically hold securities such as the ADSs through clearing and settlement systems such as DTC. The procedures of such clearing and settlement systems may limit your ability to exercise your rights as an owner of ADSs. Please consult with your broker or bank if you have any questions concerning these limitations and procedures. All ADSs held through DTC will be registered in the name of a nominee of DTC. This summary description assumes you have opted to own the ADSs directly by means of an ADS registered in your name and, as such, we will refer to you as the “holder.” When we refer to “you,” we assume the reader owns ADSs and will own ADSs at the relevant time.

The registration of the Class A ordinary shares in the name of the depositary bank or the custodian shall, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, vest in the depositary bank or the custodian the record ownership in the applicable Class A ordinary shares with the beneficial ownership rights and interests in such Class A ordinary shares being at all times vested with the beneficial owners of the ADSs representing the Class A ordinary shares. The depositary bank or the custodian shall at all times be entitled to exercise the beneficial ownership rights in all deposited property, in each case only on behalf of the holders and beneficial owners of the ADSs representing the deposited property.

Dividends and Distributions

As a holder of ADSs, you generally have the right to receive the distributions we make on the securities deposited with the custodian. Your receipt of these distributions may be limited, however, by practical considerations and legal limitations. Holders of ADSs will receive such distributions under the terms of the deposit agreement in proportion to the number of ADSs held as of the specified record date, after deduction of the applicable fees, taxes and expenses.

Distributions of Cash

Whenever we make a cash distribution for the securities on deposit with the custodian, we will deposit the funds with the custodian. Upon receipt of confirmation of the deposit of the requisite funds, the depositary bank

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will arrange for the funds received in a currency other than U.S. dollars to be converted into U.S. dollars and for the distribution of the U.S. dollars to the holders, subject to the laws and regulations of the Cayman Islands.

The conversion into U.S. dollars will take place only if practicable and if the U.S. dollars are transferable to the United States. The depositary bank will apply the same method for distributing the proceeds of the sale of any property (such as undistributed rights) held by the custodian in respect of securities on deposit.

The distribution of cash will be made net of the fees, expenses, taxes and governmental charges payable by holders under the terms of the deposit agreement. The depositary bank will hold any cash amounts it is unable to distribute in a non-interest bearing account for the benefit of the applicable holders and beneficial owners of ADSs until the distribution can be effected or the funds that the depositary bank holds must be escheated as unclaimed property in accordance with the laws of the relevant states of the United States.

Distributions of Shares

Whenever we make a free distribution of Class A ordinary shares for the securities on deposit with the custodian, we will deposit the applicable number of Class A ordinary shares with the custodian. Upon receipt of confirmation of such deposit, the depositary bank will either distribute to holders new ADSs representing the Class A ordinary shares deposited or modify the ADS-to-Class A ordinary shares ratio, in which case each ADS you hold will represent rights and interests in the additional Class A ordinary shares so deposited. Only whole new ADSs will be distributed. Fractional entitlements will be sold and the proceeds of such sale will be distributed as in the case of a cash distribution.

The distribution of new ADSs or the modification of the ADS-to-Class A ordinary shares ratio upon a distribution of Class A ordinary shares will be made net of the fees, expenses, taxes and governmental charges payable by holders under the terms of the deposit agreement. In order to pay such taxes or governmental charges, the depositary bank may sell all or a portion of the new Class A ordinary shares so distributed.

No such distribution of new ADSs will be made if it would violate a law (e.g., the U.S. securities laws) or if it is not operationally practicable. If the depositary bank does not distribute new ADSs as described above, it may sell the Class A ordinary shares received upon the terms described in the deposit agreement and will distribute the proceeds of the sale as in the case of a distribution of cash.

Distributions of Rights

Whenever we intend to distribute rights to subscribe for additional Class A ordinary shares, we will give prior notice to the depositary bank and we will assist the depositary bank in determining whether it is lawful and reasonably practicable to distribute rights to subscribe for additional ADSs to holders.

The depositary bank will establish procedures to distribute rights to subscribe for additional ADSs to holders and to enable such holders to exercise such rights if it is lawful and reasonably practicable to make the rights available to holders of ADSs, and if we provide all of the documentation contemplated in the deposit agreement (such as opinions to address the lawfulness of the transaction). You may have to pay fees, expenses, taxes and other governmental charges to subscribe for the new ADSs upon the exercise of your rights. The depositary bank is not obligated to establish procedures to facilitate the distribution and exercise by holders of rights to subscribe for new Class A ordinary shares other than in the form of ADSs.

The depositary bank will not distribute the rights to you if:

| • |  | We do not timely request that the rights be distributed to you or we request that the rights not be distributed to you; or

| • |  | We fail to deliver satisfactory documents to the depositary bank; or

| • |  | It is not reasonably practicable to distribute the rights.

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The depositary bank will sell the rights that are not exercised or not distributed if such sale is lawful and reasonably practicable. The proceeds of such sale will be distributed to holders as in the case of a cash distribution. If the depositary bank is unable to sell the rights, it will allow the rights to lapse.

Elective Distributions

Whenever we intend to distribute a dividend payable at the election of shareholders either in cash or in additional shares, we will give prior notice thereof to the depositary bank and will indicate whether we wish the elective distribution to be made available to you. In such case, we will assist the depositary bank in determining whether such distribution is lawful and reasonably practicable.

The depositary bank will make the election available to you only if it is reasonably practicable and if we have provided all of the documentation contemplated in the deposit agreement. In such case, the depositary bank will establish procedures to enable you to elect to receive either cash or additional ADSs, in each case as described in the deposit agreement.

If the election is not made available to you, you will receive either cash or additional ADSs, depending on what a shareholder in the Cayman Islands would receive upon failing to make an election, as more fully described in the deposit agreement.

Other Distributions

Whenever we intend to distribute property other than cash, Class A ordinary shares or rights to subscribe for additional Class A ordinary shares, we will notify the depositary bank in advance and will indicate whether we wish such distribution to be made to you. If so, we will assist the depositary bank in determining whether such distribution to holders is lawful and reasonably practicable.

If it is reasonably practicable to distribute such property to you and if we provide to the depositary bank all of the documentation contemplated in the deposit agreement, the depositary bank will distribute the property to the holders in a manner it deems practicable.

The distribution will be made net of fees, expenses, taxes and governmental charges payable by holders under the terms of the deposit agreement. In order to pay such taxes and governmental charges, the depositary bank may sell all or a portion of the property received.

The depositary bank will not distribute the property to you and will sell the property if:

| • |  | We do not request that the property be distributed to you or if we request that the property not be distributed to you; or

| • |  | We do not deliver satisfactory documents to the depositary bank; or

| • |  | The depositary bank determines that all or a portion of the distribution to you is not reasonably practicable.

The proceeds of such a sale will be distributed to holders as in the case of a cash distribution.

Redemption

Whenever we decide to redeem any of the securities on deposit with the custodian, we will notify the depositary bank in advance. If it is practicable and if we provide all of the documentation contemplated in the deposit agreement, the depositary bank will provide notice of the redemption to the holders.

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The custodian will be instructed to surrender the shares being redeemed against payment of the applicable redemption price. The depositary bank will convert into U.S. dollars upon the terms of the deposit agreement the redemption funds received in a currency other than U.S. dollars and will establish procedures to enable holders to receive the net proceeds from the redemption upon surrender of their ADSs to the depositary bank. You may have to pay fees, expenses, taxes and other governmental charges upon the redemption of your ADSs. If less than all ADSs are being redeemed, the ADSs to be retired will be selected by lot or on a pro rata basis, as the depositary bank may determine.

Changes Affecting Class A ordinary shares

The Class A ordinary shares held on deposit for your ADSs may change from time to time. For example, there may be a change in nominal or par value, split-up, cancelation, consolidation or any other reclassification of such Class A ordinary shares or a recapitalization, reorganization, merger, consolidation or sale of assets of the Company.

If any such change were to occur, your ADSs would, to the extent permitted by law and the deposit agreement, represent the right to receive the property received or exchanged in respect of the Class A ordinary shares held on deposit. The depositary bank may in such circumstances deliver new ADSs to you, amend the deposit agreement, the ADRs and the applicable Registration Statement(s) on Form F-6, call for the exchange of your existing ADSs for new ADSs and take any other actions that are appropriate to reflect as to the ADSs the change affecting the Shares. If the depositary bank may not lawfully distribute such property to you, the depositary bank may sell such property and distribute the net proceeds to you as in the case of a cash distribution.

Issuance of ADSs upon Deposit of Class A ordinary shares

Upon completion of the offering, the Class A ordinary shares being offered pursuant to the prospectus will be deposited by us with the custodian. Upon receipt of confirmation of such deposit, the depositary bank will issue ADSs to the underwriters named in the prospectus. After the completion of the offering, the Class A ordinary shares that are being offered for sale pursuant to the prospectus will be deposited by us with the custodian. Upon receipt of confirmation of such deposit, the depositary bank will issue ADSs to the underwriters named in the prospectus.

After the closing of the offer, the depositary bank may create ADSs on your behalf if you or your broker deposit Class A ordinary shares with the custodian. The depositary bank will deliver these ADSs to the person you indicate only after you pay any applicable issuance fees and any charges and taxes payable for the transfer of the Class A ordinary shares to the custodian. Your ability to deposit Class A ordinary shares and receive ADSs may be limited by U.S. and Cayman Islands legal considerations applicable at the time of deposit.

The issuance of ADSs may be delayed until the depositary bank or the custodian receives confirmation that all required approvals have been given and that the Class A ordinary shares have been duly transferred to the custodian. The depositary bank will only issue ADSs in whole numbers.

When you make a deposit of Class A ordinary shares, you will be responsible for transferring good and valid title to the depositary bank. As such, you will be deemed to represent and warrant that:

| • |  | The Class A ordinary shares are duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid, non-assessable and legally obtained.

| • |  | All preemptive (and similar) rights, if any, with respect to such Class A ordinary shares have been validly waived or exercised.

| • |  | You are duly authorized to deposit the Class A ordinary shares.

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| • |  | The Class A ordinary shares presented for deposit are free and clear of any lien, encumbrance, security interest, charge, mortgage or adverse claim, and are not, and the ADSs issuable upon such deposit will not be, “restricted securities” (as defined in the deposit agreement).

| • |  | The Class A ordinary shares presented for deposit have not been stripped of any rights or entitlements.

If any of the representations or warranties are incorrect in any way, we and the depositary bank may, at your cost and expense, take any and all actions necessary to correct the consequences of the misrepresentations.

Transfer, Combination and Split Up of ADRs

As an ADR holder, you will be entitled to transfer, combine or split up your ADRs and the ADSs evidenced thereby. For transfers of ADRs, you will have to surrender the ADRs to be transferred to the depositary bank and also must:

| • |  | ensure that the surrendered ADR is properly endorsed or otherwise in proper form for transfer;

| • |  | provide such proof of identity and genuineness of signatures as the depositary bank deems appropriate;

| • |  | provide any transfer stamps required by the State of New York or the United States; and

| • |  | pay all applicable fees, charges, expenses, taxes and other government charges payable by ADR holders pursuant to the terms of the deposit agreement, upon the transfer of ADRs.

To have your ADRs either combined or split up, you must surrender the ADRs in question to the depositary bank with your request to have them combined or split up, and you must pay all applicable fees, charges and expenses payable by ADR holders, pursuant to the terms of the deposit agreement, upon a combination or split up of ADRs.

Withdrawal of Class A ordinary shares Upon Cancelation of ADSs

As a holder, you will be entitled to present your ADSs to the depositary bank for cancelation and then receive the corresponding number of underlying Class A ordinary shares at the custodian’s offices. Your ability to withdraw the Class A ordinary shares held in respect of the ADSs may be limited by U.S. and Cayman Islands law considerations applicable at the time of withdrawal. In order to withdraw the Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs, you will be required to pay to the depositary bank the fees for cancelation of ADSs and any charges and taxes payable upon the transfer of the Class A ordinary shares. You assume the risk for delivery of all funds and securities upon withdrawal. Once canceled, the ADSs will not have any rights under the deposit agreement.

If you hold ADSs registered in your name, the depositary bank may ask you to provide proof of identity and genuineness of any signature and such other documents as the depositary bank may deem appropriate before it will cancel your ADSs. The withdrawal of the Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs may be delayed until the depositary bank receives satisfactory evidence of compliance with all applicable laws and regulations. Please keep in mind that the depositary bank will only accept ADSs for cancelation that represent a whole number of securities on deposit.

You will have the right to withdraw the securities represented by your ADSs at any time except for:

| • |  | Temporary delays that may arise because (i) the transfer books for the Class A ordinary shares or ADSs are closed, or (ii) Class A ordinary shares are immobilized on account of a shareholders’ meeting or a payment of dividends.

| • |  | Obligations to pay fees, taxes and similar charges.

| • |  | Restrictions imposed because of laws or regulations applicable to ADSs or the withdrawal of securities on deposit.

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The deposit agreement may not be modified to impair your right to withdraw the securities represented by your ADSs except to comply with mandatory provisions of law.

Voting Rights

As a holder, you generally have the right under the deposit agreement to instruct the depositary bank to exercise the voting rights for the Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs. The voting rights of holders of Class A ordinary shares are described in “Description of Share Capital.”

At our request, the depositary bank will distribute to you any notice of shareholders’ meeting received from us together with information explaining how to instruct the depositary bank to exercise the voting rights of the securities represented by ADSs. In lieu of distributing such materials, the depositary bank may distribute to holders of ADSs instructions on how to retrieve such materials upon request.

If the depositary bank timely receives voting instructions from a holder of ADSs, it will endeavor to vote the securities (in person or by proxy) represented by the holder’s ADSs in accordance with such voting instructions as follows:

| • |  | In the event of voting by show of hands, the depositary bank will vote (or cause the custodian to vote) all Class A ordinary shares held on deposit at that time in accordance with the voting instructions received from a majority of holders of ADSs who provide timely voting instructions.

| • |  | In the event of voting by poll, the depositary bank will vote (or cause the Custodian to vote) the Class A ordinary shares held on deposit in accordance with the voting instructions received from the holders of ADSs.

Securities for which no voting instructions have been received will not be voted (except (a) as set forth above in the case voting is by show of hands and (b) as otherwise contemplated in the deposit agreement). Please note that the ability of the depositary bank to carry out voting instructions may be limited by practical and legal limitations and the terms of the securities on deposit. We cannot assure you that you will receive voting materials in time to enable you to return voting instructions to the depositary bank in a timely manner.

Fees and Charges

As an ADS holder, you will be required to pay the following fees under the terms of the deposit agreement:

Service |  | Fees
•  Issuance of ADSs (e.g., an issuance of ADS upon a deposit of Class A ordinary shares, upon a change in the ADS(s)-to-Class A Ordinary Share(s) ratio, or for any other reason), excluding ADS issuances as a result of distributions of Class A ordinary shares) |  | Up to U.S. 5¢ per ADS issued
•  Cancelation of ADSs (e.g., a cancelation of ADSs for delivery of deposited property, upon a change in the ADS(s)-to-Class A ordinary share(s) ratio, or for any other reason) |  | Up to U.S. 5¢ per ADS canceled
•  Distribution of cash dividends or other cash distributions (e.g., upon a sale of rights and other entitlements) |  | Up to U.S. 5¢ per ADS held
•  Distribution of ADSs pursuant to (i) stock dividends or other free stock distributions, or (ii) exercise of rights to purchase additional ADSs |  | Up to U.S. 5¢ per ADS held

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Service |  | Fees
•  Distribution of securities other than ADSs or rights to purchase additional ADSs (e.g., upon a spin-off) |  | Up to U.S. 5¢ per ADS held
•  ADS Services |  | Up to U.S. 5¢ per ADS held on the applicable record date(s) established by the depositary bank
•  Registration of ADS Transfers (e.g., upon a registration of the transfer of registered ownership of ADSs, upon a transfer of ADSs into DTC and vice versa, or for any other reason). |  | Up to U.S. 5¢ per ADS (or fraction thereof) transferred.
•  Conversion of ADSs of one series for ADSs of another series (e.g., upon conversion of Partial Entitlement ADSs for Full Entitlement ADSs, or upon conversion of Restricted ADSs into freely transferable ADSs, and vice versa). |  | Up to 5¢ per ADS (or fraction thereof) converted.

As an ADS holder you will also be responsible to pay certain charges such as:

| • |  | taxes (including applicable interest and penalties) and other governmental charges;

| • |  | the registration fees as may from time to time be in effect for the registration of Class A ordinary shares on the share register and applicable to transfers of Class A ordinary shares to or from the name of the custodian, the depositary bank or any nominees upon the making of deposits and withdrawals, respectively;

| • |  | certain cable, telex and facsimile transmission and delivery expenses;

| • |  | the expenses and charges incurred by the depositary bank in the conversion of foreign currency;

| • |  | the fees and expenses incurred by the depositary bank in connection with compliance with exchange control regulations and other regulatory requirements applicable to Class A ordinary shares, ADSs and ADRs; and

| • |  | the fees, charges, costs and expenses incurred by the depositary bank, the custodian, or any nominee in connection with the ADR program.

ADS fees and charges for (i) the issuance of ADSs, and (ii) the cancelation of ADSs are charged to the person for whom the ADSs are issued (in the case of ADS issuances) and to the person for whom ADSs are canceled (in the case of ADS cancelations). In the case of ADSs issued by the depositary bank into DTC, the ADS issuance and cancelation fees and charges may be deducted from distributions made through DTC, and may be charged to the DTC participant(s) receiving the ADSs being issued or the DTC participant(s) holding the ADSs being canceled, as the case may be, on behalf of the beneficial owner(s) and will be charged by the DTC participant(s) to the account of the applicable beneficial owner(s) in accordance with the procedures and practices of the DTC participants as in effect at the time. ADS fees and charges in respect of distributions and the ADS service fee are charged to the holders as of the applicable ADS record date. In the case of distributions of cash, the amount of the applicable ADS fees and charges is deducted from the funds being distributed. In the case of (i) distributions other than cash and (ii) the ADS service fee, holders as of the ADS record date will be invoiced for the amount of the ADS fees and charges and such ADS fees and charges may be deducted from distributions made to holders of ADSs. For ADSs held through DTC, the ADS fees and charges for distributions other than cash and the ADS service fee may be deducted from distributions made through DTC, and may be charged to the DTC participants in accordance with the procedures and practices prescribed by DTC and the DTC participants in turn charge the amount of such ADS fees and charges to the beneficial owners for whom they hold ADSs. In the case of (i) registration of ADS transfers, the ADS transfer fee will be payable by the ADS Holder whose ADSs are being transferred or by the person to whom the ADSs are transferred, and (ii) conversion

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of ADSs of one series for ADSs of another series, the ADS conversion fee will be payable by the Holder whose ADSs are converted or by the person to whom the converted ADSs are delivered.

In the event of refusal to pay the depositary bank fees, the depositary bank may, under the terms of the deposit agreement, refuse the requested service until payment is received or may set off the amount of the depositary bank fees from any distribution to be made to the ADS holder. Certain depositary fees and charges (such as the ADS services fee) may become payable shortly after the closing of the ADS offering. Note that the fees and charges you may be required to pay may vary over time and may be changed by us and by the depositary bank. You will receive prior notice of such changes. The depositary bank may reimburse us for certain expenses incurred by us in respect of the ADR program, by making available a portion of the ADS fees charged in respect of the ADR program or otherwise, upon such terms and conditions as we and the depositary bank agree from time to time.

Amendments and Termination

We may agree with the depositary bank to modify the deposit agreement at any time without your consent. We undertake to give holders 30 days’ prior notice of any modifications that would materially prejudice any of their substantial rights under the deposit agreement. We will not consider to be materially prejudicial to your substantial rights any modifications or supplements that are reasonably necessary for the ADSs to be registered under the Securities Act or to be eligible for book-entry settlement, in each case without imposing or increasing the fees and charges you are required to pay. In addition, we may not be able to provide you with prior notice of any modifications or supplements that are required to accommodate compliance with applicable provisions of law.

You will be bound by the modifications to the deposit agreement if you continue to hold your ADSs after the modifications to the deposit agreement become effective. The deposit agreement cannot be amended to prevent you from withdrawing the Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs (except as permitted by law).

We have the right to direct the depositary bank to terminate the deposit agreement. Similarly, the depositary bank may in certain circumstances on its own initiative terminate the deposit agreement. In either case, the depositary bank must give notice to the holders at least 30 days before termination. Until termination, your rights under the deposit agreement will be unaffected.

After termination, the depositary bank will continue to collect distributions received (but will not distribute any such property until you request the cancelation of your ADSs) and may sell the securities held on deposit. After the sale, the depositary bank will hold the proceeds from such sale and any other funds then held for the holders of ADSs in a non-interest bearing account. At that point, the depositary bank will have no further obligations to holders other than to account for the funds then held for the holders of ADSs still outstanding (after deduction of applicable fees, taxes and expenses).

In connection with any termination of the deposit agreement, the depositary bank may make available to owners of ADSs a means to withdraw the Class A ordinary shares represented by ADSs and to direct the depositary of such Class A ordinary shares into an unsponsored American depositary share program established by the depositary bank. The ability to receive unsponsored American depositary shares upon termination of the deposit agreement would be subject to satisfaction of certain U.S. regulatory requirements applicable to the creation of unsponsored American depositary shares and the payment of applicable depositary fees.

Books of Depositary

The depositary bank will maintain ADS holder records at its depositary office. You may inspect such records at such office during regular business hours but solely for the purpose of communicating with other holders in the interest of business matters relating to the ADSs and the deposit agreement.

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The depositary bank will maintain in New York facilities to record and process the issuance, cancelation, combination, split-up and transfer of ADSs. These facilities may be closed from time to time, to the extent not prohibited by law.

Limitations on Obligations and Liabilities

The deposit agreement limits our obligations and the depositary bank’s obligations to you. Please note the following:

| • |  | We and the depositary bank are obligated only to take the actions specifically stated in the deposit agreement without negligence or bad faith.

| • |  | The depositary bank disclaims any liability for any failure to carry out voting instructions, for any manner in which a vote is cast or for the effect of any vote, provided it acts in good faith and in accordance with the terms of the deposit agreement.

| • |  | The depositary bank disclaims any liability for any failure to determine the lawfulness or practicality of any action, for the content of any document forwarded to you on our behalf or for the accuracy of any translation of such a document, for the investment risks associated with investing in Class A ordinary shares, for the validity or worth of the Class A ordinary shares, for any tax consequences that result from the ownership of ADSs, for the credit-worthiness of any third party, for allowing any rights to lapse under the terms of the deposit agreement, for the timeliness of any of our notices or for our failure to give notice.

| • |  | We and the depositary bank will not be obligated to perform any act that is inconsistent with the terms of the deposit agreement.

| • |  | We and the depositary bank disclaim any liability if we or the depositary bank are prevented or forbidden from or subject to any civil or criminal penalty or restraint on account of, or delayed in, doing or performing any act or thing required by the terms of the deposit agreement, by reason of any provision, present or future of any law or regulation, or by reason of present or future provision of any provision of our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, or any provision of or governing the securities on deposit, or by reason of any act of God or war or other circumstances beyond our control.

| • |  | We and the depositary bank disclaim any liability by reason of any exercise of, or failure to exercise, any discretion provided for in the deposit agreement or in our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association or in any provisions of or governing the securities on deposit.

| • |  | We and the depositary bank further disclaim any liability for any action or inaction in reliance on the advice or information received from legal counsel, accountants, any person presenting Shares for deposit, any holder of ADSs or authorized representatives thereof, or any other person believed by either of us in good faith to be competent to give such advice or information.

| • |  | We and the depositary bank also disclaim liability for the inability by a holder to benefit from any distribution, offering, right or other benefit that is made available to holders of Class A ordinary shares but is not, under the terms of the deposit agreement, made available to you.

| • |  | We and the depositary bank may rely without any liability upon any written notice, request or other document believed to be genuine and to have been signed or presented by the proper parties.

| • |  | We and the depositary bank also disclaim liability for any consequential or punitive damages for any breach of the terms of the deposit agreement.

| • |  | No disclaimer of any Securities Act liability is intended by any provision of the deposit agreement.

| • |  | Nothing in the deposit agreement gives rise to a partnership or joint venture, or establishes a fiduciary relationship, among us, the depositary bank and you as ADS holder.

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| • |  | Nothing in the deposit agreement precludes Citibank (or its affiliates) from engaging in transactions in which parties adverse to us or the ADS owners have interests, and nothing in the deposit agreement obligates Citibank to disclose those transactions, or any information obtained in the course of those transactions, to us or to the ADS owners, or to account for any payment received as part of those transactions.

Taxes

You will be responsible for the taxes and other governmental charges payable on the ADSs and the securities represented by the ADSs. We, the depositary bank and the custodian may deduct from any distribution the taxes and governmental charges payable by holders and may sell any and all property on deposit to pay the taxes and governmental charges payable by holders. You will be liable for any deficiency if the sale proceeds do not cover the taxes that are due.

The depositary bank may refuse to issue ADSs, to deliver, transfer, split and combine ADRs or to release securities on deposit until all taxes and charges are paid by the applicable holder. The depositary bank and the custodian may take reasonable administrative actions to obtain tax refunds and reduced tax withholding for any distributions on your behalf. However, you may be required to provide to the depositary bank and to the custodian proof of taxpayer status and residence and such other information as the depositary bank and the custodian may require to fulfill legal obligations. You are required to indemnify us, the depositary bank and the custodian for any claims with respect to taxes based on any tax benefit obtained for you.

Foreign Currency Conversion

The depositary bank will arrange for the conversion of all foreign currency received into U.S. dollars if such conversion is practical, and it will distribute the U.S. dollars in accordance with the terms of the deposit agreement. You may have to pay fees and expenses incurred in converting foreign currency, such as fees and expenses incurred in complying with currency exchange controls and other governmental requirements.

If the conversion of foreign currency is not practical or lawful, or if any required approvals are denied or not obtainable at a reasonable cost or within a reasonable period, the depositary bank may take the following actions in its discretion:

| • |  | Convert the foreign currency to the extent practical and lawful and distribute the U.S. dollars to the holders for whom the conversion and distribution is lawful and practical.

| • |  | Distribute the foreign currency to holders for whom the distribution is lawful and practical.

| • |  | Hold the foreign currency (without liability for interest) for the applicable holders.

Governing Law/Waiver of Jury Trial

The deposit agreement, the ADRs and the ADSs will be interpreted in accordance with the laws of the State of New York. The rights of holders of Class A ordinary shares (including Class A ordinary shares represented by ADSs) is governed by the laws of the Cayman Islands.

AS A PARTY TO THE DEPOSIT AGREEMENT, YOU IRREVOCABLY WAIVE YOUR RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY IN ANY LEGAL PROCEEDING ARISING OUT OF THE DEPOSIT AGREEMENT OR THE ADRs AGAINST US AND/OR THE DEPOSITARY BANK.

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SHARES ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE

Upon completion of this offering, we will have 3,500,000 ADSs outstanding, representing 14,000,000 ordinary shares, or approximately 6.5% of our issued and outstanding ordinary shares, assuming the underwriters do not exercise their option to purchase additional ADSs. All of the ADSs sold in this offering will be freely transferable by persons other than our “affiliates” without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act. Sales of substantial amounts of ADSs in the public market could adversely affect prevailing market prices of the ADSs. Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our Class A ordinary shares or the ADSs, and while we have been approved list the ADSs on the Nasdaq, we cannot assure you that a regular trading market for our ADSs may develop in the ADSs. Our Class A ordinary shares will not be listed on any exchange or quoted for trading on any over- the-counter trading system. We do not expect that a trading market will develop for our ordinary shares not represented by the ADSs.

Lock-Up Agreements

We have agreed that we will not offer, sell, contract to sell, pledge, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, lend or otherwise transfer or dispose of (including entering into any swap or other arrangement that transfers to another, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequence of ownership interests), directly or indirectly, any of the ADSs or ordinary shares or any securities that are convertible into or exchangeable for the ADSs or ordinary shares, without the prior written consent of the representative on behalf of the underwriters for a period ending 180 days after the date of this prospectus, subject to certain exceptions.

Our directors and executive officers and our existing shareholders have agreed, subject to some exceptions, not to sell, transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, any of our ordinary shares, any ADSs, or any securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for our ordinary shares, or for ADSs, for a period ending 180 days after the date of this prospectus. After the expiration of the 180-day period, the ordinary shares or ADSs held by our directors, executive officers or our existing shareholders may be sold subject to the restrictions under Rule 144 under the Securities Act or by means of registered public offerings.

Rule 144

All of our ordinary shares outstanding prior to this offering are “restricted securities” as that term is defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act and may be sold publicly in the United States only under an effective registration statement under the Securities Act or pursuant to an available exemption from the registration requirements.

In general, under Rule 144 as currently in effect, beginning 90 days after the date of this prospectus, a person who is not deemed to have been our affiliate at any time during the three months preceding a sale and who has beneficially owned restricted securities within the meaning of Rule 144 for more than six months would be entitled to sell an unlimited number of those shares, subject only to the availability of current public information about us. A non-affiliate who has beneficially owned restricted securities for at least one year from the later of the date these shares were acquired from us or from our affiliate would be entitled to freely sell those shares.

Our affiliates who have beneficially owned “restricted securities” for at least six months would be entitled to sell within any three-month period a number of restricted shares that does not exceed the greater of the following:

| • |  | 1% of the then outstanding ordinary shares, including shares represented by ADSs, which will equal approximately 2,140,000 Class A ordinary shares immediately after this offering, assuming the underwriters do not exercise their option to purchase additional ADSs, (or 2,161,000 Class A ordinary shares if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional ADSs in full); or

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| • |  | the average weekly trading volume of our ordinary shares, including shares represented by ADSs on the Nasdaq during the four calendar weeks preceding the date on which notice of the sale on Form 144 is filed with the SEC.

Affiliates who sell restricted securities under Rule 144 may not solicit orders or arrange for the solicitation of orders, and they are also subject to certain manner of sale provisions and notice requirements and to the availability of current public information about us. In addition, in each case, shares held by our affiliates would remain subject to lock-up arrangements and would only become eligible for sale when the lock-up period expires, subject to certain exceptions.

Rule 701

Beginning 90 days after the date of this prospectus, persons other than affiliates who purchased ordinary shares under a written compensatory plan or other written agreement executed prior to the completion of this offering may be entitled to sell such shares in the United States in reliance on Rule 701. Rule 701 permits affiliates to sell their Rule 701 shares under Rule 144 without complying with the holding period requirements of Rule 144. Rule 701 further provides that non-affiliates may sell these shares in reliance on Rule 144 subject only to its manner-of-sale requirements. However, the Rule 701 shares would remain subject to lock-up arrangements and would only become eligible for sale when the lock-up period expires.

Form S-8

We intend to file a registration statement on Form S-8 under the Securities Act covering all ordinary shares which are either subject to outstanding options or may be issued upon exercise of any options or other equity awards which may be granted or issued in the future pursuant to our stock plans. We expect to file this registration statement as soon as practicable after the date of this prospectus. Shares registered under any registration statements will be available for sale in the open market, except to the extent that the shares are subject to vesting restrictions with us or the contractual restrictions described below.

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TAXATION

The following summary of Cayman Islands, the PRC and U.S. federal income tax consequences of an investment in the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares is based upon laws and relevant interpretations thereof in effect as of the date of this prospectus, all of which are subject to change. This summary does not deal with all possible tax consequences relating to an investment in the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, such as the tax consequences under state, local and other tax laws, or tax laws of jurisdictions other than the Cayman Islands, the PRC and the United States. To the extent that the discussion relates to matters of Cayman Islands tax law, it represents the opinion of Maples and Calder (Hong Kong) LLP, our Cayman Islands counsel. To the extent that the discussion relates to matters of the PRC tax law, it represents the opinion of King & Wood Mallesons, our PRC counsel. Based on the facts and subject to the limitations set forth herein, the statements of law or legal conclusions under the caption “—United States Federal Income Taxation” constitute the opinion of Kirkland & Ellis LLP, our United States counsel, as to the material United States federal income tax consequences to United States Holders (as defined below) of an investment in the ADSs or the Class A ordinary shares to which such ADSs relate.

Cayman Islands Taxation

The Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciation and there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty. There are no other taxes likely to be material to us levied by the government of the Cayman Islands except for stamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or, after execution, brought within the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands is not party to any double tax treaties that are applicable to any payments made to or by our company. There are no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions in the Cayman Islands.

Payments of dividends and capital in respect of our Class A ordinary shares or ADSs will not be subject to taxation in the Cayman Islands and no withholding will be required on the payment of a dividend or capital to any holder of our Class A ordinary shares or ADSs, nor will gains derived from the disposal of our Class A ordinary shares or ADSs be subject to Cayman Islands income or corporation tax.

People’s Republic of China Tax Considerations

Under the EIT Law, an enterprise established outside the PRC with a “de facto management body” within the PRC is considered a PRC resident enterprise for PRC enterprise income tax purposes and is generally subject to a uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate on its worldwide income as well as tax reporting obligations. Under the Implementation Rules of the Enterprise Income Tax Law, a “de facto management body” is defined as a body that has material and overall management and control over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel and human resources, finances and properties of an enterprise. In addition, SAT Circular 82 issued in April 2009 specifies that certain offshore-incorporated enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups will be classified as PRC resident enterprises if all of the following conditions are met: (a) senior management personnel and core management departments in charge of the daily operations of the enterprises have their presence mainly in the PRC; (b) their financial and human resources decisions are subject to determination or approval by persons or bodies in the PRC; (c) major assets, accounting books and company seals of the enterprises, and minutes and files of their board’s and shareholders’ meetings are located or kept in the PRC; and (d) half or more of the enterprises’ directors or senior management personnel with voting rights habitually reside in the PRC. If the PRC tax authorities deem our company or any of our overseas subsidiaries as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, a number of unfavorable PRC tax consequences could follow. We or the overseas subsidiaries, as the case may be, would be subject to the PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on worldwide income. Also, a 10% withholding tax would be imposed on dividends we pay to our non-PRC enterprise shareholders and with respect to gains derived by our non-PRC enterprise shareholders from transferring our ADS or Class A ordinary shares and potentially a 20% of withholding tax would be imposed on dividends we pay to our non-PRC individual shareholders and with respect to gains derived by such non-PRC

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individual shareholders from transferring our ADS or Class A ordinary shares. These rates may be reduced by an applicable tax treaty.

SAT issued the Bulletin on Issues of Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Transfers of Assets by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises, or SAT Bulletin 7, on February 3, 2015, which replaced or supplemented certain previous rules under the circular commonly known as “SAT Circular 698.” Under SAT Bulletin 7, an “indirect transfer” of assets, including equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise, by non-PRC resident enterprises may be re-characterized and treated as a direct transfer of PRC taxable assets, if such arrangement does not have a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of avoiding payment of PRC enterprise income tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax. According to SAT Bulletin 7, “PRC taxable assets” include assets attributed to an establishment in China, immoveable properties in China, and equity investment in PRC resident enterprises. In respect of an indirect offshore transfer of assets of a PRC establishment, the relevant gain is to be regarded as effectively connected with the PRC establishment and therefore included in its enterprise income tax filing, and would consequently be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at a rate of 25%. Where the underlying transfer relates to the immoveable properties in China or to equity investment in a PRC resident enterprise, which is not effectively connected to a PRC establishment of a non-resident enterprise, a PRC enterprise income tax at a rate of 10% would apply, subject to available preferential tax treatment under applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements, and the party who is obligated to make the transfer payments has the withholding obligation. There is uncertainty as to the implementation details of SAT Bulletin 7. If SAT Bulletin 7 were determined by the tax authorities to be applicable to some of our transactions involving PRC taxable assets, our offshore subsidiaries conducting the relevant transactions might be required to spend valuable resources to comply with SAT Bulletin 7 or to establish that the relevant transactions should not be taxed under SAT Bulletin 7. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—We face uncertainty with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies.”

Pursuant to the Arrangement between the Mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Tax Evasion on Income, or the Tax Arrangement, where a Hong Kong resident enterprise which is considered a non-PRC tax resident enterprise directly holds at least 25% of a PRC enterprise, the withholding tax rate in respect of the payment of dividends by such PRC enterprise to such Hong Kong resident enterprise is reduced to 5% from a standard rate of 10%, subject to approval of the PRC local tax authority. Pursuant to SAT Circular 81, a resident enterprise of the counter-party to such Tax Arrangement should meet the following conditions, among others, in order to enjoy the reduced withholding tax under the Tax Arrangement: (i) it must directly own the required percentage of equity interests and voting rights in such PRC resident enterprise; and (ii) it should directly own such percentage in the PRC resident enterprise anytime in the 12 months prior to receiving the dividends.

United States Federal Income Tax Considerations

The following discussion describes the material United States federal income tax consequences to a United States Holder (as defined below), under current law, of an investment in our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares in the offering. This discussion is based on the federal income tax laws of the United States as of the date of this prospectus, including the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, existing and proposed Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder, judicial authority, published administrative positions of the United States Internal Revenue Service, or IRS, and other applicable authorities, all as of the date of this prospectus. All of the foregoing authorities are subject to change, which change could apply retroactively and could significantly affect the tax consequences described below. We have not sought any ruling from the IRS with respect to the statements made and the conclusions reached in the following discussion and there can be no assurance that the IRS or a court will agree with our statements and conclusions. This discussion, moreover, does not address the U.S. federal estate, gift, Medicare, and alternative minimum tax considerations, or any state, local and non-U.S. tax considerations, relating to the ownership or disposition of our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares. Except as specifically described below, this discussion does not address any of the consequences of holding

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ADSs or Class A ordinary shares through a bank, financial institution or other entity, or a branch thereof, located, organized or resident outside the United States, including withholding taxes or reporting obligations applicable to accounts maintained with non-United States financial institutions (through which a United States Holder may hold our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares).

This discussion applies only to a United States Holder (as defined below) that holds ADSs or Class A ordinary shares as capital assets for United States federal income tax purposes (generally, property held for investment). The discussion neither addresses the tax consequences to any particular investor nor describes all of the tax consequences applicable to persons in special tax situations, such as:

| • |  | banks and certain other financial institutions;

| • |  | insurance companies;

| • |  | pension plans;

| • |  | cooperatives;

| • |  | regulated investment companies;

| • |  | real estate investment trusts;

| • |  | brokers or dealers in stocks and securities, or currencies;

| • |  | persons who use or are required to use a mark-to-market method of accounting;

| • |  | certain former citizens or residents of the United States subject to Section 877 of the Code;

| • |  | entities subject to the United States anti-inversion rules;

| • |  | tax-exempt organizations or entities (including private foundations);

| • |  | persons subject to the alternative minimum tax provisions of the Code;

| • |  | persons whose functional currency is other than the United States dollar;

| • |  | persons holding ADSs or Class A ordinary shares as part of a straddle, hedging, conversion or integrated transaction;

| • |  | persons that actually or constructively own ADSs or Class A ordinary shares representing 10% or more of our voting power or value;

| • |  | persons who acquired ADSs or Class A ordinary shares pursuant to the exercise of an employee stock option or otherwise as compensation;

| • |  | partnerships or other pass-through entities, or persons holding ADSs or Class A ordinary shares through such entities;

| • |  | persons required to accelerate the recognition of any item of gross income with respect to our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares as a result of such income being recognized on an applicable financial statement; or

| • |  | persons that held, directly, indirectly or by attribution, ADSs or Class A ordinary shares or other ownership interests in us prior to this offering.

If a partnership (including an entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for United States federal income tax purposes) holds the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, the tax treatment of a partner in the partnership generally will depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. A partnership or partner in a partnership holding ADSs or Class A ordinary shares should consult its own tax advisors regarding the tax consequences of investing in and holding the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares.

THE FOLLOWING DISCUSSION IS FOR INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY AND IS NOT A SUBSTITUTE FOR CAREFUL TAX PLANNING AND ADVICE. HOLDERS SHOULD CONSULT

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THEIR OWN TAX ADVISORS WITH RESPECT TO THE APPLICATION OF THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL INCOME TAX LAWS TO THEIR PARTICULAR SITUATIONS, AS WELL AS ANY TAX CONSEQUENCES ARISING UNDER THE FEDERAL ESTATE OR GIFT TAX LAWS OR THE LAWS OF ANY STATE, LOCAL OR NON-UNITED STATES TAXING JURISDICTION OR UNDER ANY APPLICABLE TAX TREATY.

For purposes of the discussion below, a “United States Holder” is a beneficial owner of the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares that is, for United States federal income tax purposes:

| • |  | an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States;

| • |  | a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation for United States federal income tax purposes) created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia;

| • |  | an estate, the income of which is subject to United States federal income taxation regardless of its source; or

| • |  | a trust, if (i) a court within the United States is able to exercise primary jurisdiction over its administration and one or more United States persons have the authority to control all of its substantial decisions or (ii) in the case of a trust that was treated as a domestic trust under the law in effect before 1997, a valid election is in place under applicable Treasury Regulations to treat such trust as a domestic trust.

The discussion below assumes that the representations contained in the deposit agreement and any related agreement are true and that the obligations in such agreements will be complied with in accordance with their terms.

Passive Foreign Investment Company

A non-United States corporation such as ourselves will be a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for United States federal income tax purposes for any taxable year if, applying applicable look-through rules, either:

| • |  | at least 75% of its gross income for such year is passive income; or

| • |  | at least 50% of the value of its assets (determined based on a quarterly average) during such year is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income.

For this purpose, passive income generally includes dividends, interest (or income equivalent to interest), royalties and rents (other than certain royalties and rents derived in the active conduct of a trade or business and not derived from a related person). We will be treated as owning a proportionate share of the assets and earning a proportionate share of the income of any other corporation in which we own, directly or indirectly, at least 25% (by value) of the stock.

Although the law in this regard is unclear, we treat our consolidated VIE and its subsidiaries as being owned by us for United States federal income tax purposes, not only because we exercise effective control over the operation of these entities but also because we are entitled to substantially all of their economic benefits, and, as a result, we consolidate their results of operations in our consolidated United States GAAP financial statements. If it were determined, however, that we are not the owner of our consolidated VIE and its subsidiaries for United States federal income tax purposes, the composition of our income and assets would change and we may be a PFIC for the current year or any future taxable year.

We aim to utilize our proprietary technology to facilitate loans to borrowers that are funded by individual investors, rather than by using our own capital. As such, fees received from borrowers are recorded as services

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income on our consolidated statements of operations. However, the treatment of certain of such fees as services or interest income is unclear for purposes of the PFIC rules. In addition, changes in the composition of our income or composition of our assets may cause us to become a PFIC. The determination of whether we will be a PFIC for any taxable year may depend in part upon the value of our goodwill and other unbooked intangibles not reflected on our balance sheets (which may depend upon the market value of the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares from time to time, which may be volatile) and also may be affected by how, and how quickly, we spend our liquid assets and the cash raised in this offering. In estimating the value of our goodwill and other unbooked intangibles, we have taken into account our anticipated market capitalization following the listing of the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares on Nasdaq. Among other matters, if our market capitalization is less than anticipated or subsequently declines, we may be or become a PFIC for the current or future taxable years because our liquid assets and cash (which are for this purpose considered assets that produce passive income) may then represent a greater percentage of our overall assets. Further, while we believe our classification methodology and valuation approach is reasonable, it is possible that the IRS may challenge our classification or valuation of our goodwill and other unbooked intangibles, and we may be or become a PFIC for the current or one or more future taxable years.

Given the foregoing and based on the projected composition and classification of our income and assets, including the proceeds from this offering, and the nature of our business operations, we believe that there is a material risk that we will be a PFIC for United States federal income tax purposes for 2019, and in future taxable years. However, the determination of PFIC status is based on an annual determination that cannot be made until the close of a taxable year, involves extensive factual investigation, including ascertaining the fair market value of all of our assets on a quarterly basis and the character of each item of income that we earn, and is subject to uncertainty in several respects. In addition, there are uncertainties in the application of the PFIC rules to a company with our particular business operations, in particular related to the classification of our income as active or passive and to certain of our funding structures. Accordingly, we cannot assure you that we will not be a PFIC for our current taxable year ending December 31, 2019, or for any future taxable year or that the IRS will not take the position that we are a PFIC. Kirkland & Ellis LLP, our United States tax counsel, therefore expresses no opinion with respect to our PFIC status for any taxable year or our beliefs and expectations relating to such status set forth in this discussion.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which you hold ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, we will continue to be treated as a PFIC with respect to you for all succeeding years during which you hold ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, unless we were to cease to be a PFIC and you make a “deemed sale” election with respect to the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares. If such election is made, you will be deemed to have sold the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares you hold at their fair market value and any gain from such deemed sale would be subject to the rules described in the following two paragraphs. After the deemed sale election, so long as we do not become a PFIC in a subsequent taxable year, the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares with respect to which such election was made will not be treated as shares in a PFIC and, as a result, you will not be subject to the rules described below with respect to any “excess distribution” you receive from us or any gain from an actual sale or other disposition of the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares. You are strongly urged to consult your tax advisors as to the possibility and consequences of making a deemed sale election if we are and then cease to be a PFIC and such an election becomes available to you.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which you hold ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, then, unless you make a “mark-to-market” election (as discussed below), you generally will be subject to special adverse tax rules with respect to any “excess distribution” that you receive from us and any gain that you recognize from a sale or other disposition, including a pledge, of ADSs or Class A ordinary shares. For this purpose, distributions that you receive in a taxable year that are greater than 125% of the average annual distributions that you received during the shorter of the three preceding taxable years or your holding period for the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares will be treated as an excess distribution. Under these rules:

| • |  | the excess distribution or recognized gain will be allocated ratably over your holding period for the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares;

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| • |  | the amount of the excess distribution or recognized gain allocated to the taxable year of distribution or gain, and to any taxable years in your holding period prior to the first taxable year in which we were a PFIC, will be treated as ordinary income; and

| • |  | the amount of the excess distribution or recognized gain allocated to each other taxable year will be subject to the highest tax rate in effect for individuals or corporations, as applicable, for each such year and the resulting tax will be subject to the interest charge generally applicable to underpayments of tax.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which you hold ADSs or Class A ordinary shares and any of our non-United States subsidiaries or other corporate entities in which we own equity interests is also a PFIC, you would be treated as owning a proportionate amount (by value) of the shares of each such non-United States entity classified as a PFIC (each such entity, a lower tier PFIC) for purposes of the application of these rules. You should consult your own tax advisor regarding the application of the PFIC rules to any lower tier PFICs.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which you hold ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, then in lieu of being subject to the tax and interest-charge rules discussed above, you may make an election to include gain on our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares as ordinary income under a mark-to-market method, provided that our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares constitute “marketable stock.” Marketable stock is stock that is regularly traded on a qualified exchange or other market, as defined in applicable Treasury regulations. Our ADSs, but not our ordinary shares, have been approved to list on the Nasdaq, which is a qualified exchange or other market for these purposes. Consequently, if the ADSs are listed on the Nasdaq and are regularly traded, and you are a holder of ADSs, we expect that the mark-to-market election would be available to you if we are or become a PFIC, but no assurances are given in this regard.

If you make a mark-to-market election, it will be effective for the taxable year for which the election is made and all subsequent taxable years unless the ADSs are no longer regularly traded on a qualified exchange or other market, or the IRS consents to the revocation of the election. In light of the risk that we will be a PFIC for 2018, United States Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of the mark-to-market election, and whether making the election would be advisable in such United States Holder’s particular circumstances

Because a mark-to-market election cannot be made for any lower-tier PFICs that we may own, if we were a PFIC for any taxable year, a United States Holder that makes the mark-to-market election may continue to be subject to the tax and interest charges under the general PFIC rules with respect to such United States Holder’s indirect interest in any investments held by us that are treated as an equity interest in a PFIC for United States federal income tax purposes.

In certain circumstances, a shareholder in a PFIC may avoid the adverse tax and interest-charge regime described above by making a “qualified electing fund” election to include in income its share of the corporation’s income on a current basis. However, you may make a qualified electing fund election with respect to the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares only if we agree to furnish you annually with a PFIC annual information statement as specified in the applicable Treasury regulations. We currently do not intend to prepare or provide the information that would enable you to make a qualified electing fund election.

A United States Holder that holds the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares in any year in which we are a PFIC will be required to file an annual report containing such information as the United States Treasury Department may require.

You are strongly encouraged to consult your own tax advisor regarding the application of the PFIC rules to your ownership and disposition of the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares and the availability, application and consequences of the elections discussed above.

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ADSs

If you own our ADSs, then you should be treated as the owner of the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by those ADSs for United States federal income tax purposes. Accordingly, deposits or withdrawals of Class A ordinary shares for ADSs should not be subject to United States federal income tax.

The United States Treasury Department and the IRS have expressed concerns that United States holders of American depositary shares may be claiming foreign tax credits in situations where an intermediary in the chain of ownership between the holder of an American depositary share and the issuer of the security underlying the American depositary share has taken actions that are inconsistent with the ownership of the underlying security by the person claiming the credit. Such actions (for example, a pre-release of an American depositary share by a depositary) also may be inconsistent with the claiming of the reduced rate of tax applicable to certain dividends received by non-corporate United States holders of American depositary shares, including individual United States holders. Accordingly, the availability of foreign tax credits or the reduced tax rate for dividends received by non-corporate United States Holders, each discussed below, could be affected by actions taken by intermediaries in the chain of ownership between the holder of an ADS and our company.

Dividends and Other Distributions on the ADSs or Class A Ordinary Shares

Subject to the passive foreign investment company rules discussed above, the gross amount of any distribution that we make to you with respect to the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares (including any amounts withheld to reflect PRC withholding taxes) will be taxable as a dividend, to the extent paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under United States federal income tax principles. Such income (including any withheld taxes) will be includable in your gross income on the day actually or constructively received by you, if you own the Class A ordinary shares, or by the depositary, if you own ADSs. Because we do not intend to determine our earnings and profits on the basis of United States federal income tax principles, any distribution paid generally will be reported as a “dividend” for United States federal income tax purposes. Such dividends will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction allowed to qualifying corporations under the Code.

Dividends received by a non-corporate United States Holder may qualify for the lower rates of tax applicable to “qualified dividend income,” if the dividends are paid by a “qualified foreign corporation” and other conditions discussed below are met. A non-United States corporation is treated as a qualified foreign corporation (i) with respect to dividends paid by that corporation on shares (or American depositary shares backed by such shares) that are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States (which we expect to be the case for the ADSs but not for the ordinary shares) or (ii) if such non-United States corporation is eligible for the benefits of a qualifying income tax treaty with the United States that includes an exchange of information program. However, a non-United States corporation will not be treated as a qualified foreign corporation if it is a passive foreign investment company in the taxable year in which the dividend is paid or the preceding taxable year. As discussed above under “—Passive Foreign Investment Company,” we believe that there is a material risk that we will be a PFIC for 2019, and in future taxable years.

Under a published IRS Notice, common or ordinary shares, or American depositary shares representing such shares, are considered to be readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States if they are listed on the Nasdaq, as our ADSs (but not our ordinary shares) have been approved to be. Based on existing guidance, it is unclear whether the Class A ordinary shares will be considered to be readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States, because only the ADSs, and not the underlying Class A ordinary shares, will be listed on a securities market in the United States. We believe, but we cannot assure you, that dividends we pay, if any, on the Class A ordinary shares that are represented by ADSs, but not on the ordinary shares that are not so represented, will, subject to applicable limitations, be eligible for the reduced rates of taxation. In addition, if we are treated as a PRC resident enterprise under the PRC tax law (see “Taxation—People’s Republic of China Tax Considerations”), then we may be eligible for the benefits of the income tax

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treaty between the United States and the PRC. If we are eligible for such benefits, then dividends that we pay on our Class A ordinary shares, regardless of whether such shares are represented by ADSs, would, subject to applicable limitations, be eligible for the reduced rates of taxation.

Even if dividends would be treated as paid by a qualified foreign corporation, a non-corporate United States Holder will not be eligible for reduced rates of taxation if it does not hold our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares for more than 60 days during the 121-day period beginning 60 days before the ex-dividend date or if the United States Holder elects to treat the dividend income as “investment income” pursuant to Section 163(d)(4) of the Code. In addition, the rate reduction will not apply to dividends of a qualified foreign corporation if the non-corporate United States Holder receiving the dividend is obligated to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property.

You should consult your own tax advisors regarding the availability of the lower tax rates applicable to qualified dividend income for any dividends that we pay with respect to the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, as well as the effect of any change in applicable law after the date of this prospectus.

Any PRC withholding taxes imposed on dividends paid to you with respect to the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares generally will be treated as foreign taxes eligible for credit against your United States federal income tax liability, subject to the various limitations and disallowance rules that apply to foreign tax credits generally. For purposes of calculating the foreign tax credit, dividends paid to you with respect to the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares will be treated as income from sources outside the United States and generally will constitute passive category income. The rules relating to the determination of the foreign tax credit are complex, and you should consult your tax advisors regarding the availability of a foreign tax credit in your particular circumstances.

Disposition of the ADSs or Class A Ordinary Shares

You will recognize gain or loss on a sale or exchange of the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized on the sale or exchange and your tax basis in the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares. Subject to the discussion under “—Passive Foreign Investment Company” above, such gain or loss generally will be capital gain or loss. Capital gains of a non-corporate United States Holder, including an individual, that has held the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares for more than one year currently are eligible for reduced tax rates. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations.

Any gain or loss that you recognize on a disposition of the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares generally will be treated as United States-source income or loss for foreign tax credit limitation purposes. However, if we are treated as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes and PRC tax is imposed on gain from the disposition of the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares (see “Taxation—People’s Republic of China Tax Considerations”), then a United States Holder that is eligible for the benefits of the income tax treaty between the United States and the PRC may elect to treat the gain as PRC-source income for foreign tax credit purposes. If such an election is made, the gain so treated will be treated as a separate class or “basket” of income for foreign tax credit purposes. You should consult your tax advisors regarding the proper treatment of gain or loss, as well as the availability of a foreign tax credit, in your particular circumstances.

Information Reporting and Backup Withholding

Information reporting to the IRS and backup withholding generally will apply to dividends in respect of our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, and the proceeds from the sale or exchange of our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, that are paid to you within the United States (and in certain cases, outside the United States), unless you furnish a correct taxpayer identification number and make any other required certification, generally on IRS Form W-9, or you otherwise establish an exemption from information reporting and backup withholding. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Amounts withheld as backup withholding generally are allowed as a credit against your United States federal income tax liability, and you may be entitled to obtain a refund of any excess

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amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules if you file an appropriate claim for refund with the IRS and furnish any required information in a timely manner.

United States Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the information reporting and backup withholding rules.

Information with Respect to Foreign Financial Assets

United States Holders who are individuals (and certain entities closely held by individuals) generally will be required to report our name, address and such information relating to an interest in the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares as is necessary to identify the class or issue of which the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares are a part. These requirements are subject to exceptions, including an exception for ADSs or Class A ordinary shares held in accounts maintained by certain financial institutions and an exception applicable if the aggregate value of all ‘‘specified foreign financial assets’’ (as defined in the Code) does not exceed US$50,000.

United States Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the application of these information reporting rules.

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UNDERWRITING

Under the terms and subject to the conditions in an underwriting agreement dated the date of this prospectus, the underwriters named below, for whom Roth Capital Partners, LLC is acting as representative, have severally agreed to purchase, and we have agreed to sell to them, severally, the number of ADSs indicated below:

Name |  | Number of ADSs |
Roth Capital Partners, LLC |  |  | 175,000 |
Shenwan Hongyuan Securities (H.K.) Limited |  |  | 3,325,000 |
Total: |  |  | 3,500,000 |

The underwriters and the representative are collectively referred to as the “underwriters” and the “representative,” respectively. The underwriters are offering the ADSs subject to their acceptance of the ADSs from us and subject to prior sale. The underwriting agreement provides that the obligations of the several underwriters to pay for and accept delivery of the ADSs offered by this prospectus are subject to the approval of certain legal matters by their counsel and to certain other conditions. The underwriters are obligated to take and pay for all of the ADSs offered by this prospectus if any such ADSs are taken. However, the underwriters are not required to take or pay for the ADSs covered by the underwriters’ over-allotment option described below.

The underwriters initially propose to offer part of the ADSs directly to the public at the offering price listed on the cover page of this prospectus and part to certain dealers at a price that represents a concession not in excess of US$0.393750 per ADS under the initial public offering price. After the initial offering of the ADSs, the offering price and other selling terms may from time to time be varied by the representative.

Several investors have subscribed for, and have been allocated, an aggregate number of 3,771,000 ADSs, including ADSs over-allocated by the underwriters in this offering at the initial public offering price and on the same terms as the other ADSs being offered. These investors are not our existing shareholders, directors or officers. The underwriters will receive the same underwriting discounts and commissions on any ADSs purchased by these investors as they will on any other ADSs sold to the public in this offering.

We have granted to the underwriters an option, exercisable for 30 days from the date of this prospectus, to purchase up to an additional 525,000 ADSs at the public offering price listed on the cover page of this prospectus, less underwriting discounts and commissions. The underwriters may exercise this option solely for the purpose of covering over-allotments, if any, made in connection with the offering of the ADSs offered by this prospectus. To the extent the option is exercised, each underwriter will become obligated, subject to certain conditions, to purchase about the same percentage of the additional ADSs as the number listed next to the underwriter’s name in the preceding table bears to the total number of ADSs listed next to the names of all underwriters in the preceding table.

The following table shows the per ADS and total public offering price, underwriting discounts and commissions, and proceeds before expenses to us. These amounts are shown assuming both no exercise and full exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase up to an additional 525,000 ADSs.

|  |  |  |  | Total |
|  | Per ADS |  |  | No Exercise |  |  | Full Exercise |
Public offering price |  | US$ | 10.50 |  |  | US$ | 36,750,000 |  |  | US$ | 42,262,500 |
Underwriting discounts and commissions to be paid by us: |  | US$ | 0.78750 |  |  | US$ | 2,756,250 |  |  | US$ | 3,169,688 |
Proceeds, before expenses, to us |  | US$ | 9.71250 |  |  | US$ | 33,993,750 |  |  | US$ | 39,092,813 |

The estimated offering expenses payable by us, exclusive of the underwriting discounts and commissions, are approximately US$4.2 million.

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We agreed to reimburse the underwriters for certain expenses in connection with this offering in the amount not exceeding 1.5% of the gross proceeds from this offering excluding any exercise of the over-allotment option, which is US$551,250.

The underwriters have informed us that they do not intend sales to discretionary accounts to exceed 5% of the total number of ADSs offered by them.

Some of the underwriters are expected to make offers and sales both inside and outside the United States through their respective selling agents. Shenwan Hongyuan Securities (H.K.) Limited is not a broker-dealer registered with the SEC, and therefore, to the extent Shenwan Hongyuan Securities (H.K.) Limited intends to make any offers or sales of ADSs in the United States, it will do so only through one or more registered broker-dealers in compliance with applicable securities law and regulations, and FINRA rules.

We have been approved to list our ADSs on the Nasdaq under the trading symbol “JFIN.”

We and all directors and officers, and all existing shareholders have agreed that, without the prior written consent of the representative on behalf of the underwriters, we and they will not, during the period ending 180 days after the date of this prospectus (the “restricted period”):

| • |  | offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, lend or otherwise transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, any ordinary shares, ADSs or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for ordinary shares or ADSs;

| • |  | file any registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission relating to the offering of any ordinary shares, ADSs or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for ordinary shares or ADSs; or

| • |  | enter into any swap or other arrangement that transfers to another, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of ordinary shares or ADSs,

whether any such transaction described above is to be settled by delivery of ordinary shares, ADSs or such other securities, in cash or otherwise. In addition, we and each such person agrees that, without the prior written consent of the representative on behalf of the underwriters, we or such other person will not, during the restricted period, make any demand for, or exercise any right with respect to, the registration of any ordinary shares, ADSs or any security convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for ordinary shares or ADSs.

The restrictions described in the preceding paragraph are subject to certain exceptions.

The representative, in its sole discretion, may release the ordinary shares, ADSs and other securities subject to the lock-up agreements described above in whole or in part at any time.

In order to facilitate the offering of the ADSs, the underwriters may engage in transactions that stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the price of the ADSs. Specifically, the underwriters may sell more ADSs than they are obligated to purchase under the underwriting agreement, creating a short position. A short sale is covered if the short position is no greater than the number of ADSs available for purchase by the underwriters under the over-allotment option. The underwriters can close out a covered short sale by exercising the over-allotment option or purchasing ADSs in the open market. In determining the source of shares to close out a covered short sale, the underwriters will consider, among other things, the open market price of shares compared to the price available under the over-allotment option. The underwriters may also sell ADSs in excess of the over-allotment option, creating a naked short position. The underwriters must close out any naked short position by purchasing ADSs in the open market. A naked short position is more likely to be created if the underwriters are concerned that there may be downward pressure on the price of the ADSs in the open market after pricing that could adversely affect investors who purchase in this offering. As an additional means of facilitating this offering, the underwriters may bid for, and purchase, ADSs in the open market to stabilize the price of the ADSs. Finally, the

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underwriters may reclaim selling concessions allowed to an underwriter or a dealer for distributing the ADSs in this offering, if the syndicate repurchases previously distributed ADSs to cover syndicate short positions or to stabilize the price of the ADSs. These activities may raise or maintain the market price of the ADSs above independent market levels or prevent or retard a decline in the market price of the ADSs. The underwriters are not required to engage in these activities and may end any of these activities at any time.

We and the underwriters have agreed to indemnify each other against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act.

A prospectus in electronic format may be made available on websites maintained by one or more underwriters, or selling group members, if any, participating in this offering. The representative may agree to allocate a number of ADSs to underwriters for sale to their online brokerage account holders. Internet distributions will be allocated by the representative to underwriters that may make Internet distributions on the same basis as other allocations.

The underwriters and their respective affiliates are full service financial institutions engaged in various activities, which may include securities trading, commercial and investment banking, financial advisory, investment management, investment research, principal investment, hedging, financing and brokerage activities. Certain of the underwriters and their respective affiliates have, from time to time, performed, and may in the future perform, various financial advisory and investment banking services for us, for which they received or will receive customary fees and expenses.

In addition, in the ordinary course of their various business activities, the underwriters and their respective affiliates may make or hold a broad array of investments and actively trade debt and equity securities (or related derivative securities) and financial instruments (including bank loans) for their own account and for the accounts of their customers and may at any time hold long and short positions in such securities and instruments. Such investment and securities activities may involve our securities and instruments. The underwriters and their respective affiliates may also make investment recommendations or publish or express independent research views in respect of such securities or instruments and may at any time hold, or recommend to clients that they acquire, long or short positions in such securities and instruments.

The address of Roth Capital Partners, LLC is 888 San Clemente Drive Suite 400, Newport Beach, California 92660, United States of America. The address of Shenwan Hongyuan Securities (H.K.) Limited is Level 19, 28 Hennessy Road, Hong Kong.

Pricing of the Offering

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our Class A ordinary shares or ADSs. The initial public offering price was determined by negotiations between us and the representative. Among the factors considered in determining the initial public offering price were our future prospects and those of our industry in general, our sales, earnings and certain other financial and operating information in recent periods, and the price-earnings ratios, price-sales ratios, market prices of securities, and certain financial and operating information of companies engaged in activities similar to ours.

Selling Restrictions

No action may be taken in any jurisdiction other than the United States that would permit a public offering of the ADSs or the possession, circulation or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required. Accordingly, the ADSs may not be offered or sold, directly or indirectly, and neither the prospectus nor any other offering material or advertisements in connection with the ADSs may be distributed or published in or from any country or jurisdiction except under circumstances that will result in compliance with any applicable laws, rules and regulations of any such country or jurisdiction.

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Australia

This document has not been lodged with the Australian Securities & Investments Commission and is only directed to certain categories of exempt persons. Accordingly, if you receive this document in Australia:

(a) you confirm and warrant that you are either:

(i) “sophisticated investor” under section 708(8)(a) or (b) of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) of Australia, or the Corporations Act;

(ii) “sophisticated investor” under section 708(8)(c) or (d) of the Corporations Act and that you have provided an accountant’s certificate to the company which complies with the requirements of section 708(8)(c)(i) or (ii) of the Corporations Act and related regulations before the offer has been made;

(iii) person associated with the company under section 708(12) of the Corporations Act; or

(iv) “professional investor” within the meaning of section 708(11)(a) or (b) of the Corporations Act;

and to the extent that you are unable to confirm or warrant that you are an exempt sophisticated investor, associated person or professional investor under the Corporations Act, any offer made to you under this document is void and incapable of acceptance;

(b) you warrant and agree that you will not offer any of the ADSs issued to you pursuant to this document for resale in Australia within 12 months of those ADSs being issued unless any such resale offer is exempt from the requirement to issue a disclosure document under section 708 of the Corporations Act.

Canada

The ADSs may be sold only to purchasers purchasing, or deemed to be purchasing, as principal that are accredited investors, as defined in National Instrument 45-106 Prospectus Exemptions or subsection 73.3(1) of the Securities Act (Ontario), and are permitted clients, as defined in National Instrument 31-103 Registration Requirements, Exemptions and Ongoing Registrant Obligations. Any resale of the ADSs must be made in accordance with an exemption from, or in a transaction not subject to, the prospectus requirements of applicable securities laws.

Securities legislation in certain provinces or territories of Canada may provide a purchaser with remedies for rescission or damages if this prospectus (including any amendment thereto) contains a misrepresentation, provided that the remedies for rescission or damages are exercised by the purchaser within the time limit prescribed by the securities legislation of the purchaser’s province or territory. The purchaser should refer to any applicable provisions of the securities legislation of the purchaser’s province or territory for particulars of these rights or consult with a legal advisor.

Pursuant to section 3A.3 (or, in the case of securities issued or guaranteed by the government of a non-Canadian jurisdiction, section 3A.4) of National Instrument 33-105 Underwriting Conflicts (“NI 33-105”), the underwriters are not required to comply with the disclosure requirements of NI 33-105 regarding underwriter conflicts of interest in connection with this offering.

Cayman Islands

This prospectus does not constitute an invitation or offer to the public in the Cayman Islands of the ADSs, whether by way of sale or subscription. The underwriters have not offered or sold, and will not offer or sell, directly or indirectly, any ADSs in the Cayman Islands.

Dubai International Finance Center

This document relates to an Exempt Offer, as defined in the Offered Securities Rules module of the DFSA Rulebook, or the OSR, in accordance with the Offered Securities Rules of the Dubai Financial Services

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Authority. This document is intended for distribution only to Persons, as defined in the OSR, of a type specified in those rules. It must not be delivered to, or relied on by, any other Person. The Dubai Financial Services Authority has no responsibility for reviewing or verifying any documents in connection with Exempt Offers. The Dubai Financial Services Authority has not approved this document nor taken steps to verify the information set out in it, and has no responsibility for it. The ADSs to which this document relates may be illiquid and/or subject to restrictions on their resale. Prospective purchasers of the ADSs offered should conduct their own due diligence on the ADSs. If you do not understand the contents of this document you should consult an authorized financial adviser.

European Economic Area

In relation to each Member State of the European Economic Area which has implemented the Prospectus Directive (each, a “Relevant Member State”) an offer to the public of any shares which are the subject of the offering contemplated by this prospectus may not be made in that Relevant Member State unless the prospectus has been approved by the competent authority in such Relevant Member State or, where appropriate, approved in another Relevant Member State and notified to the competent authority in that Relevant Member State, all in accordance with the Prospectus Directive, except that an offer to the public in that Relevant Member State of any shares may be made at any time under the following exemptions under the Prospectus Directive, if they have been implemented in that Relevant Member State:

to legal entities which are authorized or regulated to operate in the financial markets or, if not so authorized or regulated, whose corporate purpose is solely to invest in securities;

to any legal entity which has two or more of (i) an average of at least 250 employees during the last financial year; (ii) a total balance sheet of more than €43,000,000 and (iii) an annual net turnover of more than €50,000,000, as shown in its last annual or consolidated accounts;

by the underwriters to fewer than 100 or, if the Relevant Member State has implemented the relevant provision of the 2010 PD Amending Directive, 150, natural or legal persons (other than “qualified investors” as defined in the Prospectus Directive) subject to obtaining the prior consent of the representative for any such offer; or

in any other circumstances falling within Article 3(2) of the Prospectus Directive; provided that no such offer of shares shall result in a requirement for the publication by us or any representative of a prospectus pursuant to Article 3 of the Prospectus Directive or supplement a prospectus pursuant to Article 16 of the Prospectus Directive.

Any person making or intending to make any offer of shares within the EEA should only do so in circumstances in which no obligation arises for us or any of the underwriters to produce a prospectus for such offer. Neither we nor the underwriters have authorized, nor do they authorize, the making of any offer of shares through any financial intermediary, other than offers made by the underwriters which constitute the final offering of shares contemplated in this prospectus.

For the purposes of this provision, and your representation below, the expression an “offer to the public” in relation to any shares in any Relevant Member State means the communication in any form and by any means of sufficient information on the terms of the offer and any shares to be offered so as to enable an investor to decide to purchase any shares, as the same may be varied in that Relevant Member State by any measure implementing the Prospectus Directive in that Relevant Member State and the expression “Prospectus Directive” means Directive 2003/71/EC (including the 2010 PD Amending Directive, to the extent implemented in the Relevant Member State) and includes any relevant implementing measure in each Relevant Member State and the expression “2010 PD Amending Directive” means Directive 2010/73/EU.

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Each person in a Relevant Member State who receives any communication in respect of, or who acquires any shares under, the offer of shares contemplated by this prospectus will be deemed to have represented, warranted and agreed to and with us and each underwriter that:

| • |  | it is a “qualified investor” within the meaning of the law in that Relevant Member State implementing Article 2(1)(e) of the Prospectus Directive; and

| • |  | in the case of any shares acquired by it as a financial intermediary, as that term is used in Article 3(2) of the Prospectus Directive, (i) the shares acquired by it in the offering have not been acquired on behalf of, nor have they been acquired with a view to their offer or resale to, persons in any Relevant Member State other than “qualified investors” (as defined in the Prospectus Directive), or in circumstances in which the prior consent of the representative has been given to the offer or resale; or (ii) where shares have been acquired by it on behalf of persons in any Relevant Member State other than qualified investors, the offer of those shares to it is not treated under the Prospectus Directive as having been made to such persons.

In addition, in the United Kingdom, this document is being distributed only to, and is directed only at, and any offer subsequently made may only be directed at persons who are “qualified investors” (as defined in the Prospectus Directive) (i) who have professional experience in matters relating to investments falling within Article 19 (5) of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion) Order 2005, as amended, or the Order, and/or (ii) who are high net worth companies (or persons to whom it may otherwise be lawfully communicated) falling within Article 49(2)(a) to (d) of the Order (all such persons together being referred to as “relevant persons”). This document must not be acted on or relied on in the United Kingdom by persons who are not relevant persons. In the United Kingdom, any investment or investment activity to which this document relates is only available to, and will be engaged in with, relevant persons.

Hong Kong

The ADSs may not be offered or sold in Hong Kong by means of any document other than (i) in circumstances which do not constitute an offer to the public within the meaning of the Companies (Winding Up and Miscellaneous Provisions) Ordinance (Cap.32, Laws of Hong Kong), or (ii) to “professional investors” within the meaning of the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap.571, Laws of Hong Kong) and any rules made thereunder, or (iii) in other circumstances which do not result in the document being a “prospectus” within the meaning of the Companies (Winding Up and Miscellaneous Provisions) Ordinance (Cap.32, Laws of Hong Kong), and no advertisement, invitation or document relating to the ADSs may be issued or may be in the possession of any person for the purpose of issue (in each case whether in Hong Kong or elsewhere), which is directed at, or the contents of which are likely to be accessed or read by, the public in Hong Kong (except if permitted to do so under the laws of Hong Kong) other than with respect to ADSs which are or are intended to be disposed of only to persons outside Hong Kong or only to “professional investors” within the meaning of the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap.571, Laws of Hong Kong) and any rules made thereunder.

Japan

The ADSs have not been and will not be registered under the Financial Instruments and Exchange Law of Japan, and ADSs will not be offered or sold, directly or indirectly, in Japan or to, or for the benefit of, any resident of Japan (which term as used herein means any person resident in Japan, including any corporation or other entity organized under the laws of Japan), or to others for re-offering or resale, directly or indirectly, in Japan or to a resident of Japan, except pursuant to any exemption from the registration requirements of, and otherwise in compliance with, the Financial Instruments and Exchange Law and any other applicable laws, regulations and ministerial guidelines of Japan.

Korea

The ADSs may not be offered, sold and delivered directly or indirectly, or offered or sold to any person for reoffering or resale, directly or indirectly, in Korea or to any resident of Korea except pursuant to the applicable

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laws and regulations of Korea, including the Korea Securities and Exchange Act and the Foreign Exchange Transaction Law and the decrees and regulations thereunder. The ADSs have not been registered with the Financial Services Commission of Korea for public offering in Korea. Furthermore, the ADSs may not be resold to Korean residents unless the purchaser of the ADSs complies with all applicable regulatory requirements (including but not limited to government approval requirements under the Foreign Exchange Transaction Law and its subordinate decrees and regulations) in connection with the purchase of the ADSs.

Kuwait

Unless all necessary approvals from the Kuwait Ministry of Commerce and Industry required by Law No. 31/1990 “Regulating the Negotiation of Securities and Establishment of Investment Funds,” its Executive Regulations and the various Ministerial Orders issued pursuant thereto or in connection therewith, have been given in relation to the marketing and sale of the ADSs, these may not be marketed, offered for sale, nor sold in the State of Kuwait. Neither this prospectus (including any related document), nor any of the information contained therein is intended to lead to the conclusion of any contract of whatsoever nature within Kuwait.

Malaysia

No prospectus or other offering material or document in connection with the offer and sale of the securities has been or will be registered with the Securities Commission of Malaysia, or Commission, for the Commission’s approval pursuant to the Capital Markets and Services Act 2007. Accordingly, this prospectus and any other document or material in connection with the offer or sale, or invitation for subscription or purchase, of the securities may not be circulated or distributed, nor may the securities be offered or sold, or be made the subject of an invitation for subscription or purchase, whether directly or indirectly, to persons in Malaysia other than (i) a closed end fund approved by the Commission; (ii) a holder of a Capital Markets Services License; (iii) a person who acquires the securities as principal, if the offer is on terms that the securities may only be acquired at a consideration of not less than RM250,000 (or its equivalent in foreign currencies) for each transaction; (iv) an individual whose total net personal assets or total net joint assets with his or her spouse exceeds RM3 million (or its equivalent in foreign currencies), excluding the value of the primary residence of the individual; (v) an individual who has a gross annual income exceeding RM300,000 (or its equivalent in foreign currencies) per annum in the preceding twelve months; (vi) an individual who, jointly with his or her spouse, has a gross annual income of RM400,000 (or its equivalent in foreign currencies), per annum in the preceding twelve months; (vii) a corporation with total net assets exceeding RM10 million (or its equivalent in a foreign currencies) based on the last audited accounts; (viii) a partnership with total net assets exceeding RM10 million (or its equivalent in foreign currencies); (ix) a bank licensee or insurance licensee as defined in the Labuan Financial Services and Securities Act 2010; (x) an Islamic bank licensee or takaful licensee as defined in the Labuan Financial Services and Securities Act 2010; and (xi) any other person as may be specified by the Commission; provided that, in the each of the preceding categories (i) to (xi), the distribution of the securities is made by a holder of a Capital Markets Services License who carries on the business of dealing in securities. The distribution in Malaysia of this prospectus is subject to Malaysian laws. This prospectus does not constitute and may not be used for the purpose of public offering or an issue, offer for subscription or purchase, invitation to subscribe for or purchase any securities requiring the registration of a prospectus with the Commission under the Capital Markets and Services Act 2007.

People’s Republic of China

This prospectus has not been and will not be circulated or distributed in the PRC, and ADSs may not be offered or sold, and will not be offered or sold to any person for re-offering or resale, directly or indirectly, to any resident of the PRC except pursuant to applicable laws and regulations of the PRC.

Qatar

In the State of Qatar, the offer contained herein is made on an exclusive basis to the specifically intended recipient thereof, upon that person’s request and initiative, for personal use only and shall in no way be construed

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as a general offer for the sale of securities to the public or an attempt to do business as a bank, an investment company or otherwise in the State of Qatar. This prospectus and the underlying securities have not been approved or licensed by the Qatar Central Bank or the Qatar Financial Center Regulatory Authority or any other regulator in the State of Qatar. The information contained in this prospectus shall only be shared with any third parties in Qatar on a need to know basis for the purpose of evaluating the contained offer. Any distribution of this prospectus by the recipient to third parties in Qatar beyond the terms hereof is not permitted and shall be at the liability of such recipient.

Saudi Arabia

This prospectus may not be distributed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia except to such persons as are permitted under the Offers of Securities Regulations issued by the Capital Market Authority. The Capital Market Authority does not make any representation as to the accuracy or completeness of this prospectus, and expressly disclaims any liability whatsoever for any loss arising from, or incurred in reliance upon, any part of this prospectus. Prospective purchasers of the securities offered hereby should conduct their own due diligence on the accuracy of the information relating to the securities. If you do not understand the contents of this prospectus you should consult an authorized financial adviser.

Singapore

This prospectus has not been registered as a prospectus with the Monetary Authority of Singapore. Accordingly, this prospectus and any other document or material in connection with the offer or sale, or invitation for subscription or purchase, of our ADSs may not be circulated or distributed, nor may our ADSs be offered or sold, or be made the subject of an invitation for subscription or purchase, whether directly or indirectly, to persons in Singapore other than (i) to an institutional investor under Section 274 of the Securities and Futures Act, Chapter 289 of Singapore, or SFA, (ii) to a relevant person or any person pursuant to Section 275(1A), and in accordance with the conditions specified in Section 275 of the SFA, and in accordance with the conditions specified in Section 275 of the SFA or (iii) otherwise pursuant to, and in accordance with the conditions of, any other applicable provision of the SFA, in each case subject to compliance with conditions set forth in the SFA.

Where our ADSs are subscribed or purchased under Section 275 by a relevant person which is: (a) a corporation (which is not an accredited investor as defined in Section 4A of the SFA) the sole business of which is to hold investments and the entire share capital of which is owned by one or more individuals, each of whom is an accredited investor; or (b) a trust (where the trustee is not an accredited investor) whose sole purpose is to hold investments and each beneficiary of the trust is an individual who is an accredited investor; shares, debentures and units of shares and debentures of that corporation or the beneficiaries’ rights and interest (howsoever described) in that trust shall not be transferred within six months after that corporation or that trust has acquired the ADSs under Section 275 of the SFA, except: (1) to an institutional investor (for corporations under Section 274 of the SFA) or to a relevant person defined in Section 275(2) of the SFA, or to any person pursuant to an offer that is made on terms that such shares, debentures and units of shares and debentures of that corporation or such rights and interest in that trust are acquired at a consideration of not less than S$200,000 (or its equivalent in a foreign currency) for each transaction, whether such amount is to be paid for in cash or by exchange of securities or other assets, and further for corporations, in accordance with the conditions, specified in Section 275 of the SFA; (2) where no consideration is or will be given for the transfer; or (3) where the transfer is by operation of law.

Switzerland

The ADSs will not be publicly offered in Switzerland and will not be listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange, or SIX, or on any other stock exchange or regulated trading facility in Switzerland. This prospectus has been prepared without regard to the disclosure standards for issuance prospectuses under art. 652a or art. 1156 of the

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Swiss Code of Obligations or the disclosure standards for listing prospectuses under art. 27 ff. of the SIX Listing Rules or the listing rules of any other stock exchange or regulated trading facility in Switzerland.

Neither this prospectus nor any other offering or marketing material relating to our company or the ADSs have been or will be filed with or approved by any Swiss regulatory authority. In particular, this prospectus will not be filed with, and the offer of the ADSs will not be supervised by, the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority, and the offer of the ADSs has not been and will not be authorized under the Swiss Federal Act on Collective Investment Schemes (the “CISA”). The investor protection afforded to acquirers of interests in collective investment schemes under the CISA does not extend to acquirers of the ADSs.

Taiwan

The ADSs have not been and will not be registered or filed with, or approved by, the Financial Supervisory Commission of Taiwan pursuant to relevant securities laws and regulations and may not be offered or sold in Taiwan through a public offering or in circumstances which constitute an offer within the meaning of the Securities and Exchange Act of Taiwan or relevant laws and regulations that require a registration, filing or approval of the Financial Supervisory Commission of Taiwan. No person or entity in Taiwan has been authorized to offer or sell the ADSs in Taiwan.

United Arab Emirates

This prospectus is not intended to constitute an offer, sale or delivery of shares or other securities under the laws of the United Arab Emirates, or the UAE. The ADSs have not been and will not be registered under Federal Law No. 4 of 2000 Concerning the Emirates Securities and Commodities Authority and the Emirates Security and Commodity Exchange, or with the UAE Central Bank, the Dubai Financial Market, the Abu Dhabi Securities Market or with any other UAE exchange.

The offering, the ADSs and interests therein have not been approved or licensed by the UAE Central Bank or any other relevant licensing authorities in the UAE, and do not constitute a public offer of securities in the UAE in accordance with the Commercial Companies Law, Federal Law No. 8 of 1984 (as amended) or otherwise.

In relation to its use in the UAE, this prospectus is strictly private and confidential and is being distributed to a limited number of investors and must not be provided to any person other than the original recipient, and may not be reproduced or used for any other purpose. The interests in the ADSs may not be offered or sold directly or indirectly to the public in the UAE.

United Kingdom

Each underwriter has represented and agreed that:

| (a) | it has only communicated or caused to be communicated and will only communicate or cause to be communicated an invitation or inducement to engage in investment activity (within the meaning of Section 21 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (“FSMA”) received by it in connection with the issue or sale of the ADSs in circumstances in which Section 21(1) of the FSMA does not apply to us; and

| (b) | it has complied and will comply with all applicable provisions of the FSMA with respect to anything done by it in relation to the ADSs in, from or otherwise involving the United Kingdom.

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EXPENSES RELATED TO THIS OFFERING

Set forth below is an itemization of the total expenses, excluding underwriting discounts and commissions, which are expected to be incurred in connection with the offer and sale of the ADSs by us. With the exception of the SEC registration fee and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority filing fee, all amounts are estimates.

SEC registration fee |  | US$ | 6,098 |
Nasdaq listing fee |  |  | 125,000 |
Financial Industry Regulatory Authority filing fee |  |  | 8,047 |
Printing and engraving expenses |  |  | 200,000 |
Legal fees and expenses |  |  | 1,348,182 |
Accounting fees and expenses |  |  | 1,800,032 |
Miscellaneous |  |  | 701,856 |
Total |  | US$ | 4,189,215 |

These expenses and the underwriting discounts and commissions will be borne by us.

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LEGAL MATTERS

The validity of the ADSs and certain other legal matters with respect to U.S. federal and New York State law in connection with this offering will be passed upon for us by Kirkland & Ellis International LLP. Certain legal matters with respect to U.S. federal and New York State law in connection with this offering will be passed upon for the underwriters by Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP. The validity of the Class A ordinary shares represented by the ADSs offered in this offering and other certain legal matters as to Cayman Islands law will be passed upon for us by Maples and Calder (Hong Kong) LLP. Legal matters as to the PRC law will be passed upon for us by King & Wood Mallesons and for the underwriters by Tian Yuan Law Firm. Kirkland & Ellis International LLP may rely upon Maples and Calder (Hong Kong) LLP with respect to matters governed by Cayman Islands law, and King & Wood Mallesons with respect to matters governed by the PRC law. Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP may rely upon Tian Yuan Law Firm with respect to matters governed by the PRC law.

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EXPERTS

Our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2017 and 2018 and for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2018 and the related financial statement schedule included in this prospectus have been audited by Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report appearing herein (which report expresses an unqualified opinion on the financial statements and financial statement schedule and includes explanatory paragraphs referring to the translation of Renminbi amounts to United States dollar amounts for the convenience of readers in the United States of America). Such consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule have been so included in reliance upon the report of such firm given upon their authority as experts in accounting and auditing.

The offices of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLP are located at Bund Center, 30th Floor 222 Yan An Road East, Shanghai, the People’s Republic of China.

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WHERE YOU CAN FIND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

We have filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form F-1, including relevant exhibits, under the Securities Act with respect to the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by the ADSs to be sold in this offering. We have also filed with the SEC a related registration statement on Form F-6 to register the ADSs. This prospectus, which constitutes a part of the registration statement on Form F-1, does not contain all of the information contained in the registration statement. You should read our registration statements and their exhibits and schedules for further information with respect to us and the ADSs.

Immediately upon the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, we will become subject to periodic reporting and other informational requirements of the Exchange Act as applicable to foreign private issuers. Accordingly, we will be required to file reports, including annual reports on Form 20-F, and other information with the SEC. As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules of the Exchange Act prescribing, among other things, the furnishing and content of proxy statements to shareholders, and Section 16 short swing profit reporting for our officers and directors and for holders of more than 10% of our ordinary shares.

All information filed with the SEC can be obtained over the Internet at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov or inspected and copied at the public reference facilities maintained by the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. You can request copies of these documents, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by writing to the SEC. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 or visit the SEC website for further information on the operation of the public reference rooms.

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INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

|  | Page |
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm |  |  | F-2 |
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2017 and 2018 |  |  | F-3 |
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018 |  |  | F-4 |
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Deficit for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018 |  |  | F-5 |
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018 |  |  | F-6 |
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |  |  | F-7 |
Schedule I—Condensed Financial Information of Parent Company |  |  | F-46 |

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of Jiayin Group Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Jiayin Group Inc. (the “Company”), its subsidiaries, and variable interest entities (collectively referred to as the “Group”) as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ deficit and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and the financial statement schedule listed in Schedule I (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Group as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with the accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Convenience Translation

Our audits also comprehended the translation of Renminbi amounts into United States dollar amounts and, in our opinion, such translation has been made in conformity with the basis stated in Note 2(h). Such United States dollar amounts are presented solely for the convenience of the readers in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Group’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Group’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLP

Shanghai, China

March 26, 2019

We have served as the Group’s auditor since 2018.

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JIAYIN GROUP INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2017 AND 2018

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (Note 2(h)) |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 606,097 |  |  |  | 41,441 |  |  |  | 6,027 |
Restricted cash |  |  | 155,235 |  |  |  | 41,500 |  |  |  | 6,036 |
Amounts due from related parties |  |  | 517,685 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Accounts receivable, net (net of allowance for uncollectible receivables of nil and RMB28,014 as of December 31,2017 and 2018, respectively) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 336,849 |  |  |  | 48,993 |
Contract assets, net (net of allowance for uncollectible contract assets of RMB82,005 and RMB39,801 as of December 31,2017 and 2018, respectively) |  |  | 799,291 |  |  |  | 203,080 |  |  |  | 29,537 |
Assets from the investor assurance program, net |  |  | 270,276 |  |  |  | 5,525 |  |  |  | 804 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | 118,309 |  |  |  | 88,234 |  |  |  | 12,833 |
Deferred tax assets |  |  | 38,390 |  |  |  | 56,027 |  |  |  | 8,149 |
Property and equipment |  |  | 23,870 |  |  |  | 29,011 |  |  |  | 4,219 |
Other long-term assets |  |  | 1,379 |  |  |  | 212 |  |  |  | 30 |
TOTAL ASSETS |  |  | 2,530,532 |  |  |  | 801,879 |  |  |  | 116,628 |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities including amounts of the consolidated VIEs without recourse to the Company (Note 2(b)): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payroll and welfare payables |  |  | 105,386 |  |  |  | 110,562 |  |  |  | 16,081 |
Amounts due to related parties |  |  | 134,949 |  |  |  | 84,509 |  |  |  | 12,291 |
Liabilities from the investor assurance program |  |  | 3,017,124 |  |  |  | 1,547,072 |  |  |  | 225,012 |
Other guarantee liabilities |  |  | 701,228 |  |  |  | 4,060 |  |  |  | 590 |
Tax payables |  |  | 203,990 |  |  |  | 422,177 |  |  |  | 61,403 |
Refund liabilities |  |  | 156,111 |  |  |  | 84,498 |  |  |  | 12,290 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | 143,286 |  |  |  | 201,007 |  |  |  | 29,235 |
TOTAL LIABILITIES |  |  | 4,462,074 |  |  |  | 2,453,885 |  |  |  | 356,902 |
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 11) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SHAREHOLDERS’ DEFICIT |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ordinary shares (US$ 0.000000005 par value; 10,000,000,000,000 shares authorized, 200,000,000 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2017 and 2018) |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 327,694 |  |  |  | 395,472 |  |  |  | 57,519 |
Accumulated deficit |  |  | (2,259,236 | ) |  |  | (2,047,478 | ) |  |  | (297,793 | )
TOTAL SHAREHOLDERS’ DEFICIT |  |  | (1,931,542 | ) |  |  | (1,652,006 | ) |  |  | (240,274 | )
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND DEFICIT |  |  | 2,530,532 |  |  |  | 801,879 |  |  |  | 116,628 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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JIAYIN GROUP INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017 AND 2018

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (Note 2(h)) |
Net revenue |  |  | 2,250,850 |  |  |  | 2,881,940 |  |  |  | 419,161 |
Operating cost and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Origination and servicing |  |  | (229,353 | ) |  |  | (401,679 | ) |  |  | (58,422 | )
Allowance for uncollectible receivables and contract assets |  |  | (130,943 | ) |  |  | (265,978 | ) |  |  | (38,685 | )
Provision for assets and liabilities from the investor assurance program |  |  | (42,463 | ) |  |  | (467,728 | ) |  |  | (68,028 | )
Sales and marketing |  |  | (884,866 | ) |  |  | (726,582 | ) |  |  | (105,677 | )
General and administrative |  |  | (95,597 | ) |  |  | (150,465 | ) |  |  | (21,884 | )
Research and development |  |  | (180,967 | ) |  |  | (184,302 | ) |  |  | (26,806 | )
Total operating cost and expenses |  |  | (1,564,189 | ) |  |  | (2,196,734 | ) |  |  | (319,502 | )
Income from operation |  |  | 686,661 |  |  |  | 685,206 |  |  |  | 99,659 |
Interest income |  |  | 1,922 |  |  |  | 169 |  |  |  | 25 |
Other income, net |  |  | 12,609 |  |  |  | 20,298 |  |  |  | 2,952 |
Income before income taxes |  |  | 701,192 |  |  |  | 705,673 |  |  |  | 102,636 |
Income tax expense |  |  | (161,647 | ) |  |  | (93,915 | ) |  |  | (13,659 | )
Net income |  |  | 539,545 |  |  |  | 611,758 |  |  |  | 88,977 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax of nil |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Comprehensive income |  |  | 539,545 |  |  |  | 611,758 |  |  |  | 88,977 |
Net income per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Basic |  |  | 2.70 |  |  |  | 3.06 |  |  |  | 0.44 |
- Diluted |  |  | 2.70 |  |  |  | 3.06 |  |  |  | 0.44 |
Weighted average shares used in calculating net income per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Basic |  |  | 200,000,000 |  |  |  | 200,000,000 |  |  |  | 200,000,000 |
- Diluted |  |  | 200,000,000 |  |  |  | 200,000,000 |  |  |  | 200,000,000 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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JIAYIN GROUP INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ DEFICIT

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017 AND 2018

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

|  | Ordinary shares |  |  | Additional paid-in capital |  |  | Accumulated deficit |  |  | Accumulated other comprehensive income |  |  | Total deficit |
|  | Number |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Balance at January 1, 2017 |  |  | 200,000,000 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 238,298 |  |  |  | (2,798,781 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,560,483 | )
Net income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 539,545 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 539,545 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Share-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 89,396 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 89,396 |
Balance at December 31, 2017 |  |  | 200,000,000 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 327,694 |  |  |  | (2,259,236 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,931,542 | )
Net income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 611,758 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 611,758 |
Dividend distributed to shareholders |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (400,000 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (400,000 | )
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Share-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 67,778 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 67,778 |
Balance at December 31, 2018 |  |  | 200,000,000 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 395,472 |  |  |  | (2,047,478 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,652,006 | )

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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JIAYIN GROUP INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017 AND 2018

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (Note2(h)) |
Net income for the year |  |  | 539,545 |  |  |  | 611,758 |  |  |  | 88,977 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for uncollectible receivables and contract assets |  |  | 130,943 |  |  |  | 265,978 |  |  |  | 38,685 |
Share-based compensation |  |  | 89,396 |  |  |  | 67,778 |  |  |  | 9,858 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 4,098 |  |  |  | 11,300 |  |  |  | 1,644 |
Gain from disposal of property, equipment and software |  |  | — |  |  |  | (18 | ) |  |  | (3 | )
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets from the investor assurance program |  |  | (108,800 | ) |  |  | 264,751 |  |  |  | 38,506 |
Contract assets |  |  | (535,548 | ) |  |  | (6,616 | ) |  |  | (962 | )
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | (2,840 | ) |  |  | 31,242 |  |  |  | 4,544 |
Amount due from/to related parties |  |  | 68,564 |  |  |  | 500,845 |  |  |  | 72,845 |
Deferred tax assets |  |  | 81,099 |  |  |  | (17,637 | ) |  |  | (2,565 | )
Liabilities from the investor assurance program |  |  | 843,357 |  |  |  | (1,470,052 | ) |  |  | (213,810 | )
Other guarantee liabilities |  |  | (1,298,842 | ) |  |  | (697,168 | ) |  |  | (101,399 | )
Payroll and welfare payables |  |  | 43,368 |  |  |  | 5,176 |  |  |  | 753 |
Tax payables |  |  | 153,412 |  |  |  | 218,187 |  |  |  | 31,734 |
Refund liabilities |  |  | (693 | ) |  |  | (71,613 | ) |  |  | (10,416 | )
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | 97,693 |  |  |  | 57,721 |  |  |  | 8,396 |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |  |  | 104,752 |  |  |  | (228,368 | ) |  |  | (33,213 | )
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of property and equipment |  |  | (21,743 | ) |  |  | (16,889 | ) |  |  | (2,456 | )
Sale of property, equipment and software |  |  | — |  |  |  | 466 |  |  |  | 68 |
Loan to a related party |  |  | — |  |  |  | (11,550 | ) |  |  | (1,680 | )
Repayment from a related party |  |  | 82,958 |  |  |  | 11,550 |  |  |  | 1,680 |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  |  | 61,215 |  |  |  | (16,423 | ) |  |  | (2,388 | )
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans from related parties |  |  | 13,876 |  |  |  | 70,765 |  |  |  | 10,292 |
Repayment to related parties |  |  | — |  |  |  | (104,365 | ) |  |  | (15,179 | )
Dividend distributed to shareholders |  |  | — |  |  |  | (400,000 | ) |  |  | (58,178 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  |  | 13,876 |  |  |  | (433,600 | ) |  |  | (63,065 | )
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  | 179,843 |  |  |  | (678,391 | ) |  |  | (98,666 | )
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of the year |  |  | 581,489 |  |  |  | 761,332 |  |  |  | 110,729 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of the year |  |  | 761,332 |  |  |  | 82,941 |  |  |  | 12,063 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income taxes paid, net |  |  | 91,032 |  |  |  | 33,773 |  |  |  | 4,912 |
Reconciliation to amounts on consolidated balance sheets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 606,097 |  |  |  | 41,441 |  |  |  | 6,027 |
Restricted cash |  |  | 155,235 |  |  |  | 41,500 |  |  |  | 6,036 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  | 761,332 |  |  |  | 82,941 |  |  |  | 12,063 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

1. |  | ORGANIZATION AND PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES

Jiayin Group Inc. (the “Company”) is an exempted company incorporated with limited liabilities in the Cayman Islands under the laws of the Cayman Islands in December 2017.

The Company, its subsidiaries and its variable interest entities and their subsidiary (collectively referred to as the “Group”) provide individual finance services in the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”) by connecting investors with borrowers through a proprietary internet platform.

The Group began the operations mainly through its PRC entities in 2015. In June 2015, Shanghai Jiayin Finance Technology Co., Ltd (“Jiayin Finance”, previously known as Furen Technology Limited, also the “VIE”), a shell company listed on the National Equities Exchange and Quotations Co., Ltd., or the NEEQ, was acquired by Mr. Yan (the “Founder”) as a listing vehicle. In September 2015, Jiayin Finance formed a wholly-owned subsidiary Shanghai Niwodai Internet Finance Information Services Co., Ltd (“Niwodai Internet”) to develop online individual finance services.

In September 2015, Shanghai Caiyin Asset Management Co., Ltd (“Shanghai Caiyin”) was established by the Founder to provide the guarantee services to the loans facilitated through Niwodai Internet. Upon formation, Shanghai Caiyin entered into an agreement (see Note 2(b)) with Niwodai Internet through which Niwodai Internet has the power to direct the activities that most significantly affects the economic performance of Shanghai Caiyin and will be able to receive the economic benefits of Shanghai Caiyin that could be significant to Shanghai Caiyin. Therefore Niwodai Internet is considered the primary beneficiary of Shanghai Caiyin and consolidates Shanghai Caiyin.

In December 2015, Shanghai Caiyin acquired the servicing rights and obligations of all outstanding loan contracts facilitated by Shanghai Niwodai Finance Information Co., Ltd. (“Niwodai Finance”), an entity providing offline individual finance services controlled by the Founder, as well as the obligation to continue to provide guarantee on those loans through the investor assurance program that was previously managed by Niwodai Finance. Meanwhile, the Group acquired a group of selective intangible assets, including the Niwodai brand, the Niwodai website, and Niwodai Finance’s proprietary technology, which the Group believed would greatly benefit the development of the Group’s online loan facilitation business, from Niwodai Finance. Niwodai Finance agreed to pay Shanghai Caiyin an aggregate amount of RMB700 million as the total consideration. At the time of the transaction, the investor assurance fund managed by Niwodai Finance had funds of RMB136.3 million, and accordingly, the amounts due from Niwodai Finance to pay Shanghai Caiyin was RMB563.7 million at the time of the agreement, which represents the contractual consideration net of funds remaining in the investor assurance program of Niwodai Finance. The transaction is referred to as the “2015 Acquisition”. The Group deemed the 2015 Acquisition to be a business acquisition under common control under ASC 805-50-15 as both the transferring entity, Niwodai Finance, and the receiving entities, Jiayin Finance and Shanghai Caiyin, were controlled by Mr. Yan in the 2015 Acquisition. As the acquired intangible assets are internally developed by Niwodai Finance and are not specifically identifiable or are inherent in a continuing business, Niwodai Finance did not record them as assets on its book. The Group recognized such assets acquired from Niwodai Finance at their carrying amount, which is nil, at the date of transfer, as a result of the business acquisition under the common control. The Group recorded a guarantee liability in connection with the transaction of RMB2.9 billion as “other guarantee liabilities” in the consolidated balance sheet. Meanwhile, the difference between the total consideration of RMB700 million and the RMB2.9 billion other guarantee liabilities was included in the beginning balance of the equity for the periods presented. The liability has gradually depleted as Shanghai Caiyin fulfilled its guarantee obligations and has wound down by the end of 2018, which is the due date of the last repayment of loans facilitated by Niwodai Finance (see Note 6).

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JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

1. |  | ORGANIZATION AND PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES - continued

In order to raise capital through an initial public offering in the United States, the Group has undertaken a series of transactions as the listing entity (“Reorganization”):

The Company was established in December 2017 as the proposed listing entity by the same shareholders of Jiayin Finance. As PRC laws and regulations prohibit and restrict foreign ownership of internet value-added businesses, the Company established, through a BVI and a Hong Kong intermediary company, a wholly-owned foreign invested subsidiary in the PRC, Shanghai Kunjia Technology Co., Ltd. (“Shanghai Kunjia” or “WFOE”) in June 2018.

WFOE entered into a series of contractual arrangements (Note 2(b)) in June 2018 with Jiayin Finance (the “VIE”) and the shareholders of the VIE. The series of contractual agreements include Power of Attorney Agreement, Exclusive Purchase Agreement, Exclusive Consultation and Service Agreement, and Equity Pledge Agreement. The Group believes that these contractual agreements would enable WFOE to (1) have power to direct the activities that most significantly affects the economic performance of the VIE and its subsidiary and (2) receive the economic benefits of the VIE and its subsidiary that could be significant to them. Accordingly, the Group believes that WFOE is the primary beneficiary of the VIE and its subsidiary. Jiayin Finance, Niwodai Internet and Shanghai Caiyin are collectively referred to as “VIEs”.

The Group considered the Reorganization as a reorganization of entities under common control. Accordingly, the accompanying financial statements have been prepared using historical cost basis as if the reorganization had occurred at the beginning of the first period presented. The share and per share data relating to the ordinary shares issued by Jiayin Group Inc. are presented as if the Reorganization occurred at the beginning of the first period presented.

The Group authorized a total of 500,000,000 shares with a par value of US$0.0001 upon its establishment in December 2017, of which 10,000 shares were issued and outstanding. Following the approval of the Group’s Board on December 19, 2018, the Group split each of its ordinary shares to 20,000 ordinary shares. The share split has been applied retrospectively for all periods presented.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company’s principal subsidiaries and VIEs are as follows:

Name |  | Date of incorporation/ establishment or acquisition |  | Place of incorporation/ establishment |  |  | Percentage of legal ownership |  |  | Principal activities
Wholly owned subsidiaries |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Jiayin Holdings Limited |  | January 2018 |  |  | BVI |  |  |  | 100% |  |  | Investment Holding
Jiayin (HK) Limited |  | January 2018 |  |  | Hong Kong |  |  |  | 100% |  |  | Investment Holding
Jiayin Southeast Asia Holdings Limited |  | February 2018 |  |  | BVI |  |  |  | 100% |  |  | Investment Holding
Shanghai Kunjia Technology Co., Ltd. (“Shanghai Kunjia” or “WFOE”) |  | June 2018 |  |  | Shanghai |  |  |  | 100% |  |  | Investment Holding
VIEs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shanghai Jiayin Finance Technology Co., Ltd. (“Jiayin Finance”) |  | June 2015 |  |  | Shanghai |  |  |  | 100% |  |  | Technology service
Shanghai Niwodai Internet Finance Information Services Co., Ltd. (“Niwodai Internet”) |  | September 2015 |  |  | Shanghai |  |  |  | 100% |  |  | Technology development and consumer finance services
Shanghai Caiyin Asset Management Co., Ltd. (“Shanghai Caiyin”) |  | September 2015 |  |  | Shanghai |  |  |  | 100% |  |  | Guarantee services

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JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

2. |  | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

(a) Basis of presentation and consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“US GAAP”).

The Group has been historically operating with negative working capital. The aggregated amount of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, contract assets, accounts receivable, and assets from the investor assurance program was less than the aggregated amount of liabilities from the investor assurance program and other guarantee liabilities by RMB922.7 million as of December 31, 2018. In addition, as of December 31, 2018, the Group had shareholders’ deficit of RMB1,652.0 million. Although the Group had net income of RMB 539.5 million and RMB 611.8 million for the two years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively, the net cash used in the operating activities was RMB228.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2018, the Group had cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash of RMB41.4 million and RMB41.5 million, respectively. The Group regularly monitors its current and expected liquidity requirements to ensure that it maintains sufficient cash balances to meet its liquidity requirements in the short and long term.

Based on the Group’s cash flow projections from operating activities, existing cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, and current assets, the Group believes that it will be able to meet its payment obligations and other commitments for at least through the period ending March 26, 2020.

(b) Principles of consolidation

Variable interest entity

The consolidated financial statements include the financial information of the Company, its wholly owned subsidiaries and its consolidated variable interest entities (“VIEs”). All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation.

The VIE Arrangement with Shanghai Caiyin

In December 2015, Niwodai Internet entered into an agreement with Shanghai Caiyin through which Shanghai Caiyin will provide guarantee services for the loans facilitated by Niwodai Internet. Shanghai Caiyin will charge the borrowers a service fee at certain percentage of facilitated loan amount (“charge rate”) and will repay the loan and respective interests to investors within certain days upon borrowers’ default. The charge rate of the guarantee services is determined by Niwodai Internet who has the right to adjust it at any time at its discretion based on the actual performance of the loans facilitated. Niwodai Internet also has the right to collect from the excess of the guarantee services Shanghai Caiyin charges over the payment for default loans after deducting a reasonable cost incurred by Shanghai Caiyin. Furthermore, Niwodai Internet reserves the right to terminate the agreement at any time and engage other parties to perform the guarantee services. Upon termination, Niwodai Internet should assist Shanghai Caiyin to continue to perform guarantee services for existing loans. Shanghai Caiyin does not have business other than guarantee services during the periods presented. Through the aforementioned agreement Niwodai Internet has obtained the power to direct the activities that most significantly affects the economic performance of Shanghai Caiyin and will be able to receive the economic benefits of Shanghai Caiyin that could be significant to Shanghai Caiyin. Therefore, Niwodai Internet is considered the primary beneficiary of Shanghai Caiyin and has consolidated Shanghai Caiyin since its incorporation.

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##### Table of Contents

JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

2. |  | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continued

(b) Principles of consolidation - continued

Variable interest entity - continued

The VIE Arrangement with Shanghai Kunjia, the WFOE

As PRC laws and regulations prohibit and restrict foreign ownership of internet value added businesses, the Company operates its business, primarily through the VIEs. In June 2018, the Company, through its wholly owned foreign invested subsidiary, Shanghai Kunjia or WFOE, entered into a series of contractual arrangements (“VIE agreements”) with Jiayin Finance and its respective shareholders that enable the Company to (1) have power to direct the activities that most significantly affects the economic performance of the VIE and its subsidiary, and (2) receive the economic benefits of the VIE and its subsidiary that could be significant to the VIE and its subsidiary.

Despite the lack of technical majority ownership, there exists a parent subsidiary relationship between Shanghai Kunjia and the VIE and its subsidiary through the aforementioned agreements. The following is a summary of the VIE agreements:

The agreements that provide the Company effective control over the VIE and its subsidiary include:

Powers of Attorney:

Pursuant to the Power of Attorney, each of the four shareholders have signed power of attorney with WFOE to irrevocably authorize the board of directors / Executive Directors of WFOE and their successors to act as his or her attorney-in-fact to exercise all of his or her rights as a shareholder of Jiayin Finance including, but not limited to, the right (1) to make and sign the relevant shareholders’ general meeting decision on behalf of the shareholders of Jiayin Finance; (2) in accordance with the law and Jiayin Finance’s Charter of shareholders exercise the right to enjoy all the rights of shareholders, including but not limited to the right of shareholders to vote, sell or transfer or pledge or dispose of all or any part of Jiayin Finance’s shares; and (3) designate and appoint the legal representative, chairman, director, supervisor, general manager and other senior management of Jiayin Finance as the authorized representative of the company. This power of attorney is irrevocable and continues to be in force during the period when the authorized person is a shareholder of WFOE, from the date of signature of this power of attorney.

Exclusive Purchase Agreement:

Pursuant to the Exclusive Purchase Agreement among WFOE, Jiayin Finance and the four shareholders of Jiayin Finance, the four shareholders and Jiayin Finance shall irrevocably grant WFOE, to purchase or appoint one or more persons from WFOE at any time to purchase all or part of the shares which is not subject to legal restriction or assets held by the four shareholders or Jiayin Finance. Except for WFOE and the designated person, no third party shall have the right to purchase shares and assets or other shares and assets related to the four shareholders. The consideration of the purchase should be RMB1 or the lowest price permitted by the PRC laws. The effective time period of this agreement is ten years, and will be automatically extended to further years.

The agreements that transfer economic benefits to the Company include:

Exclusive Consultation and Service Agreement:

Pursuant to the Exclusive Consultation and Service Agreement between WFOE and Jiayin Finance, WFOE has the exclusive right to provide Jiayin Finance with consulting and other services. Without WFOE’s prior written consent, Jiayin Finance may not accept any services subject to this agreement from any third party. WFOE has the right to determine the service fee to be charged to Jiayin Finance under this agreement by

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JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

2. |  | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continued

(b) Principles of consolidation - continued

Variable interest entity - continued

The VIE Arrangement with Shanghai Kunjia, the WFOE - continued

Exclusive Consultation and Service Agreement: - continued

considering, among other things, the complexity of the services, the actual cost that may be incurred for providing such services, as well as the value and comparable price on the market of the service provided. WFOE will have the exclusive ownership of all intellectual property rights created as a result of the performance of this agreement. Unless WFOE terminates this agreement in advance or otherwise provided by law, this agreement will remain effective for ten years and shall automatically extend the term of this agreement prior to its expiration. Jiayin Finance may not terminate this agreement unilaterally.

Equity Pledge Agreement:

Pursuant to the Equity Pledge Agreement among WFOE, Jiayin Finance and the four shareholders, in order to ensure that Jiayin Finance and its shareholders will fulfill the obligations under the power of attorney, the exclusive consultation and service agreement, and the exclusive purchase agreement (collectively “the Main Agreement”), the four shareholders have pledged 100% equity interest in Jiayin Finance to WFOE. According to the Main Agreement, the pledgee has the right to charge the service fee to Jiayin Finance. Those shareholders and WFOE also agree that without a prior written consent of the pledgee, they shall not transfer the shares or set up any pledge or other form of guarantee which may affect the rights and interests of the pledgee.

These contractual arrangements allow the Company, through its wholly owned subsidiary WFOE, to effectively control the VIEs, and to derive substantially all of the economic benefits from them. Accordingly, the Company has consolidated the financial results of the VIEs.

The Company believes that the contractual arrangements with the VIEs are in compliance with PRC law and are legally enforceable. However, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit the Company’s ability to enforce the contractual arrangements. If the legal structure and contractual arrangements were found to be in violation of PRC laws and regulations, the PRC government could:

| • |  | revoke the Group’s and operating licenses;

| • |  | levy fines on the Group;

| • |  | confiscate any of our income that they deem to be obtained through illegal operations;

| • |  | shut down the Group’s services;

| • |  | discontinue or restrict the Group’s operations in China;

| • |  | impose conditions or requirements with which the Group may not be able to comply;

| • |  | require the Group to change corporate structure and contractual arrangements;

| • |  | restrict or prohibit the use of the proceeds from overseas offerings to finance the Group’s PRC consolidated VIEs’ business and operations; and

| • |  | take other regulatory or enforcement actions that could be harmful to the Group’s business.

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JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

2. |  | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continued

(b) Principles of consolidation - continued

Variable interest entity - continued

The VIE Arrangement with Shanghai Kunjia, the WFOE - continued

Equity Pledge Agreement: - continued

The following condensed financial statement balances and amounts of the Company’s VIEs, were included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements after the elimination of intercompany balances and transactions among the Company, its subsidiaries and its VIEs.

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
TOTAL ASSETS |  |  | 2,530,532 |  |  |  | 801,879 |
Payroll and welfare payables |  |  | 105,386 |  |  |  | 110,562 |
Amounts due to related parties |  |  | 134,949 |  |  |  | 84,509 |
Liabilities from the investor assurance program |  |  | 3,017,124 |  |  |  | 1,547,072 |
Other guarantee liabilities |  |  | 701,228 |  |  |  | 4,060 |
Tax payables |  |  | 203,990 |  |  |  | 422,177 |
Refund liabilities |  |  | 156,111 |  |  |  | 84,498 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | 143,286 |  |  |  | 201,007 |
TOTAL LIABILITIES |  |  | 4,462,074 |  |  |  | 2,453,885 |

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Net revenue |  |  | 2,250,850 |  |  |  | 2,881,940 |
Operating income |  |  | 686,661 |  |  |  | 685,206 |
Net income |  |  | 539,545 |  |  |  | 611,758 |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |  |  | 104,752 |  |  |  | (228,368 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  |  | 61,215 |  |  |  | (16,423 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  |  | 13,876 |  |  |  | (433,600 | )

The VIEs contributed 100% of the Group’s consolidated revenue for years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018. As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, the VIEs accounted for an aggregate of 100% of the consolidated total assets, and 100% of the consolidated total liabilities. Total assets not associated with the VIEs was less than 1% as of December 31, 2017 and 2018.

There are no terms in any arrangements, considering both explicit arrangements and implicit variable interests that require the Company or its subsidiaries to provide financial support to the VIEs. However, if the VIEs were ever to need financial support, the Group may, at its option and subject to statutory limits and restrictions, provide financial support to its VIEs through loans to the shareholders of the VIEs or entrustment loans to the VIEs.

The Group believes that there are no assets held in the VIEs that can be used only to settle obligations of the VIEs, except for registered capital and the PRC statutory reserves. As the VIEs are incorporated as limited liability companies under the PRC Company Law, creditors of the VIEs do not have recourse to the general credit of the Company for any of the liabilities of the VIEs. Relevant PRC laws and regulations restrict the

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JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

2. |  | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continued

(b) Principles of consolidation - continued

Variable interest entity - continued

The VIE Arrangement with Shanghai Kunjia, the WFOE - continued

Equity Pledge Agreement: - continued

VIEs from transferring a portion of their net assets, equivalent to the balance of its statutory reserve and its share capital, to the Company in the form of loans and advances or cash dividends. Please refer to Note 12 for disclosure of restricted net assets.

(c) Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results may differ from these estimates. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period they are identified.

The Group bases its estimates on historical experience and various other factors believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Significant accounting estimates reflected in the Group’s financial statements include allowance for uncollectible receivables and contract assets, provision for assets and liabilities from the investor assurance program, valuation allowances for deferred tax assets, valuation of share-based awards, measurement of assets and liabilities from the investor assurance program, and allocation of considerations under revenue arrangements with various performance obligations.

(d) Fair value

Fair value is considered to be the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities required or permitted to be recorded at fair value, the Group considers the principal or most advantageous market in which it would transact and considers assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability.

Authoritative literature provides a fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. The level in the hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement as follows:

Level 1 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in markets with insufficient volume or infrequent transactions (less active markets); or model-derived valuations in which significant inputs are observable or can be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data.

Level 3 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are unobservable inputs to the valuation methodology that are significant to the measurement of the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

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##### Table of Contents

JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

2. |  | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continued

(d) Fair value - continued

The carrying values of financial instruments, which consist of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, amounts due from/to related parties, accounts receivable, contract assets, assets from the investor assurance program, prepaid expenses and other assets, and other liabilities, approximate their fair value mainly due to the short-term nature of these instruments.

The Group does not have any assets or liabilities that are recorded at fair value subsequent to initial recognition on a recurring or non-recurring basis during the periods presented.

(e) Certain risks and concentrations

As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, substantially all of the Group’s cash and cash equivalents as well as restricted cash were held in major financial institutions located in the PRC, which management considers to be of high credit quality.

No customer represented greater than 10% or more of the total net revenues or receivables for the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2018.

(f) Foreign currency risk

The RMB is not a freely convertible currency. The State Administration for Foreign Exchange, under the authority of the Peoples Bank of China, controls the conversion of RMB into other currencies. The value of the RMB is subject to changes in central government policies, international economic and political developments affecting supply and demand in the China Foreign Exchange Trading System market. The Group’s cash and cash equivalents and denominated in RMB amounted to RMB606,097 and RMB41,441 as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively.

(g) Foreign currency translation

The functional currency of Jiayin Group Inc. is in US dollars (“US$”). The functional currency of the Group’s subsidiaries and VIEs in the PRC is Renminbi (“RMB”). The determination of the respective functional currency is based on the criteria stated in ASC 830, Foreign Currency Matters. The Group also uses RMB as its reporting currency. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are translated into the functional currency at the rates of exchange ruling at the balance sheet date. Transactions in currencies other than the functional currency are measured and recorded in the functional currency at the exchange rate prevailing on the transaction date. Translation gains and losses are recognized in the statements of comprehensive income.

The Company with functional currency of US$ translates its operating results and financial positions into RMB, the Group’s reporting currency. Assets and liabilities are translated using the exchange rates in effect on the balance sheet date. Equity amounts are translated at historical exchange rates. Revenues, expenses, gains and losses are translated using the average rates for the year. Translation adjustments are reported as cumulative translation adjustments and are shown as a separate component in the statements of comprehensive income.

(h) Convenience translation

The Group’s financial statements are stated in RMB. Translations of balances in the consolidated balance sheets, and the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity and cash flows from RMB into US dollars as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018 are solely for the

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JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

2. |  | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continued

(h) Convenience translation - continued

convenience of the readers and were calculated at the rate of US$1.00=RMB6.8755, representing the noon buying rate set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the U.S. Federal Reserve Board on December 31, 2018. No representation is made that the RMB amounts could have been, or could be, converted, realized or settled into US$ at that rate on December 31, 2018, or at any other rate.

(i) Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand and demand deposits which are highly liquid and have original maturities of three months or less and are unrestricted as to withdrawal or use.

(j) Investor assurance program

Investor assurance program managed by the consolidated VIE

Since its inception, the Group maintains an investor assurance program through its consolidated VIE, Shanghai Caiyin, for the benefits of investors who invested on unsecured loans through its marketplace. Under the investor assurance program, the Group sets aside the service fees charged by Shanghai Caiyin into designated restricted cash accounts (“investor assurance fund”) to be used to cover the principal and interest of defaulted loans on a portfolio basis, payable on a first-loss basis up to the balance of the investor assurance program. The Group repays the aggregate amounts of principal and respective interest, which are due based on the repayment schedule, to investors typically within a few days upon borrowers’ default. In accordance with the terms of the investor assurance program, an investor is entitled to compensation for losses resulting from defaulted loans within 15 calendar days of the due date.

Default payments to investors can only be made from the investor assurance program when there are sufficient funds available. The Group’s obligation under the investor assurance program to make payments is limited to the amount of the restricted cash at any point in time and the Group is obliged to compensate investors once the restricted cash balance is replenished again from service fees generated from future borrowers. Once the investor is paid for a borrower’s default, any future amount recovered is deposited into the investor assurance program. The Group regularly reviews the actual net accumulated loss rate of each loan product facilitated and relevant economic factors to ensure the estimations are kept up-to-date. For the loans facilitated under the investor assurance program managed by Shanghai Caiyin, the Group has transferred cash to the restricted cash accounts to fund the investor assurance program in 2018, when the balance of the investor assurance fund is depleted.

At the loan inception, the Group recorded liability from investor assurance program in accordance with ASC Topic 460-10, which incorporates the expectation of potential future payments under the guarantee and takes into account both non-contingent and contingent aspects of the guarantee.

Subsequently, the liability from the investor assurance program is measured in a combination of two components: (i) ASC Topic 460 component; and (ii) ASC Topic 450 component. The liability recorded based on ASC Topic 460 is determined on a loan by loan basis and it is reduced when the Group is released from the underlying risk, meaning when the loan is repaid by the borrower or when the lender is compensated in the event of a default. This component is a stand ready obligation which is not subject to the probable threshold used to record a contingent obligation. When the Group is released from the stand-ready liability upon expiration of the underlying loan, the Group records a corresponding amount as net revenue in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income. The other component is a contingent liability determined based on probable loss considering the actual historical performance and current condition,

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JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

2. |  | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continued

(j) Investor assurance program - continued

Investor assurance program managed by the consolidated VIE - continued

representing the future payouts under the investor assurance program in excess of the stand-ready liability and is measured using the guidance in ASC Topic 450, Contingencies. The ASC Topic 450 contingent component is determined on a collective basis and loans with similar risk characteristics are pooled into cohorts for purposes of measuring incurred losses. The ASC Topic 450 contingent component is recognized as part of operating expenses in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income as “provision for assets and liabilities from the investor assurance program”. At all times the recognized liability (including the stand-ready liability and contingent liability) is at least equal to the probable estimated losses of the guarantee portfolio.

As the Group’s stand-ready liability is not traded in an active market with readily observable prices, the Group uses significant unobservable inputs to measure the fair value of stand-ready liabilities upon initial recognition. Stand-ready liabilities are categorized in the Level 3 valuation hierarchy based on the significance of unobservable factors in the overall fair value measurement. The Group estimates the fair value of the stand-ready liability by estimating net expected accumulated loss rate for each product type, based on historical net accumulated loss rate for each product type and incorporating a markup margin. A discounted cash flow methodology was used to estimate the fair value of the guarantee liabilities. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of guarantee liabilities include the expected net accumulative loss rates applied in the valuation models. The weighted average expected net accumulative loss rates applied for year 2017 and 2018 are 13.4% and 11.2% on new loans facilitated in the respective years. These inputs in isolation can cause significant increases or decreases in fair value. The increase in the net expected cumulative loss rates can significantly increase the fair value of stand-ready liability of the loan newly facilitated upon initial recognition; conversely a decrease in the net expected cumulative loss rates can significantly decrease the fair value of stand-ready liability of the loan newly facilitated upon initial recognition. When a discounted cash flow model is used to determine fair value, the significant input used in the valuation model is the discount rate applied to present value the projected cash flows which is based on market rates. The Group also estimated the markup margin by looking at several comparable business models. The expected net accumulated loss rate of underlying loans was determined based on the average historical net accumulated loss rate of the Group’s products.

At the loan inception, the Group records the assets from the investor assurance program which corresponds to the stand-ready liability recognized at fair value, and represents service fees that are collectible from the underlying loans that are expected to be used for the estimated payout of the corresponding guarantee liabilities. At each reporting date, the Group estimates the future cash flows and assesses whether there is any indicator of impairment. If the carrying amounts of the assets from the investor assurance program exceed the expected cash to be received, an impairment loss is recorded for the asset not recoverable and is reported as “provision for assets and liabilities from the investor assurance program” in the statements of comprehensive income.

The investor assurance program also covers the outstanding loans acquired from Niwodai Finance in the 2015 Acquisition, of which the associated guarantee liabilities are separately recorded as “other guarantee liabilities” in the Group’s consolidated balance sheet (see Note 1). Service fees collected from all the loans, including loans newly facilitated by the Group and loans related to other guarantee liabilities acquired in the 2015 Acquisition, are utilized to pay out on both liabilities from the investor assurance program and other guarantee liabilities. However, service fees collected from all the loans are principally related to new loans facilitated by the Group.

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JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

2. |  | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continued

(j) Investor assurance program - continued

Investor assurance program managed by the consolidated VIE - continued

As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, the total outstanding loan balances, the maximum potential undiscounted future payments as determined under ASC Topic 460, the remaining weighted average contractual term of the underlying loans under the investor assurance program, and the net expected accumulative loss rate on outstanding loans are presented in the following tables:

As of December 31, 2017 |  | Current loan products |  |  | Other online standard loan products |  |  | Offline and non- standard loan products |  |  | Loans related to other guarantee liabilities |
Total outstanding loan balances |  |  | 4,413,584 |  |  |  | 2,198,226 |  |  |  | 8,063,135 |  |  |  | 1,460,619 |
Maximum potential undiscounted future payments |  |  | 4,629,783 |  |  |  | 2,281,060 |  |  |  | 9,033,985 |  |  |  | 1,548,277 |
Remaining weighted average contractual term |  |  | 8.5 |  |  |  | 4.8 |  |  |  | 19.9 |  |  |  | 7.4 |
Net expected accumulative loss rate on outstanding loans |  |  | 11.0 | % |  |  | 19.0 | % |  |  | 19.4 | % |  |  | 38.6 | %

As of December 31, 2018 |  | Current loan products |  |  | Other online standard loan products |  |  | Offline and non- standard loan products |  |  | Loans related to other guarantee liabilities |
Total outstanding loan balances |  |  | 1,224,961 |  |  |  | 169,072 |  |  |  | 3,554,398 |  |  |  | — |
Maximum potential undiscounted future payments |  |  | 1,265,267 |  |  |  | 180,845 |  |  |  | 3,847,072 |  |  |  | 4,060 |
Remaining weighted average contractual term |  |  | 2.3 |  |  |  | 8.8 |  |  |  | 10.5 |  |  |  | — |
Net expected accumulative loss rate on outstanding loans |  |  | 11.3 | % |  |  | 16.0 | % |  |  | 19.0 | % |  |  | — |

The Group has facilitated a total of RMB8,632 million unsecured loans that are subject to the investor assurance program managed by the consolidated VIE, representing 36% of total loan volume facilitated in the 2018. On April 28, 2018, Shanghai Caiyin ceased to provide the investor assurance program for new loans facilitated by the Group. However, the investor assurance program for existing unsecured loans facilitated prior to April 28, 2018 were still served by Shanghai Caiyin. The Group transferred cash to the restricted cash accounts to fund the investor assurance program for those loans when the balance of restricted cash accounts is not sufficient to compensate losses for all investors. The table above pertains to information related to existing unsecured loans facilitated prior to April 28, 2018.

Investor assurance program managed by independent third parties

Starting on April 28, 2018, all newly facilitated unsecured loans are subject to an investor assurance program managed Shenzhen Rongxinbao Non-financial Guarantee Co., Ltd. (“Shenzhen Rongxinbao”), an unrelated third party guarantee company. All the borrowers obtaining new loans are required to enter into service agreement with Shenzhen Rongxinbao, according to which Shenzhen Rongxinbao will compensate investors for losses on principal and interest from borrower’s default. The Group has facilitated RMB11,082 million unsecured loans subject to the investor assurance program managed by Shenzhen Rongxinbao, representing 47% of total loan volume facilitated in 2018.

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##### Table of Contents

JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

2. |  | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continued

(j) Investor assurance program - continued

Investor assurance program managed by independent third parties - continued

Starting on July 3, 2018, a part of unsecured loans newly facilitated by the Group are subject to an investor assurance program managed by China United SME Guarantee Corporation (“Sino Guarantee”), an unrelated third party guarantee company. Borrowers of those loans are required to enter into a separate agreement with Sino Guarantee and to contribute to an investor protection fund managed by Sino Guarantee. Investments made by investors on those loans are protected by the investor protection fund to the extent of the existing balance of the fund. The Group has facilitated RMB1,233 million unsecured loans that is managed by Sino Guarantee, representing 5% of total loan volume facilitated in 2018.

The Group does not assume any liabilities if the balance of the fund is not sufficient to fully compensate all investors.

Investor assurance program partnering with Class B Investors

In July 2018, the Group launched an investor assurance programs by partnering with selective unrelated third party individual investors (“Class B investors”), who are willing to take higher risks in exchange for higher returns from managing the investor assurance for other investors who invest in the same loan product but with lower level of risk tolerance (“Class A investors”). The minimum investment amount for such Class B investment program is RMB1 million. The investment of Class B investors are matched with a number of loans on the Group’s marketplace and each of such loans are matched with Class A and Class B investors at the same time.

The borrower is required to pay certain non-refundable fees to the Class B investor, which will be contributed to an investor assurance program and deposited in a separated restricted cash account under the name of the Class B investor. According to the loan agreement entered among the investor, the borrower and the Company, the Class B investor is required to compensate the Class A investor for the losses due to loan default, including principals and interests as defined in the loan agreement, within 90 days after the borrower’s default. The Class B investor’s obligation to make payment under this investor assurance program is limited to the proceeds received from the investment. The Group is authorized to withdraw cash from the Class B investor’s account and to deposit them into the Class A investor’s account within 90 days of default. The investor assurance program is separately managed for each Class B investor under each of the corresponding investment in the Class B investment program. Upon the maturity of the loans the Class B investors invested in and after the repayment to the Class A investors, Class B investor is entitled to the residual balance of such investor assurance program. The Group does not assume any liabilities to repay Class A or Class B investors of such loans, even if the balance of the fund and the proceeds received by the Class B investors are not sufficient to fully compensate all Class A investors of such loans. The Group has facilitated RMB2,727 million unsecured loans that is subject to the investor assurance program partnering with Class B investors, represent 12% of total loan volume facilitated in the current year.

The Group no longer provides any form of guarantee for new loans facilitated through the marketplace since April 28, 2018 and therefore does not record liabilities from the investor assurance program associated with those new loans. The Group no longer provides any guarantee services, and offers only loan facilitation services and post-origination servicers on loans facilitated between Class A and Class B investor.

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JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

2. |  | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continued

(k) Restricted cash

Restricted cash primarily represents funds managed by the Group through designated deposit accounts for the investor assurance program. Services fees collected from borrowers are utilized to net payout on both liabilities from the investor assurance program and other guarantee liabilities. There is no other use of these funds except for making payments to investors for default loans that are subject to the investor assurance program.

The balance of restricted cash as of December 31, 2017 and 2018 is comprised of the following:

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Restricted cash related to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investor assurance program |  |  | 154,742 |  |  |  | 41,000 |
Others |  |  | 493 |  |  |  | 500 |
Total restricted cash |  |  | 155,235 |  |  |  | 41,500 |

The movement of restricted cash related to the investor assurance program, which covers both liabilities from the investor assurance program and other guarantee liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018 is presented as follows:

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Beginning balance |  |  | 382,451 |  |  |  | 154,742 |
Service fees collected by Shanghai Caiyin and deposited directly into restricted cash (1) |  |  | 2,940,554 |  |  |  | 2,284,291 |
Service fees collected by Niwodai Internet and subsequently transferred to restricted cash (2) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,079,932 |
Gross payouts related to other guarantee liabilities (3) |  |  | (1,735,561 | ) |  |  | (822,643 | )
Gross recoveries related to other guarantee liabilities (3) |  |  | 436,719 |  |  |  | 124,643 |
Gross payouts related to liabilities from the investor assurance program |  |  | (2,676,725 | ) |  |  | (3,276,710 | )
Gross recoveries related to liabilities from the investor assurance program |  |  | 807,304 |  |  |  | 496,745 |
Ending balance |  |  | 154,742 |  |  |  | 41,000 |

| (1) | Service fees collected by Shanghai Caiyin and deposited directly into restricted cash represents service fees charged by Shanghai Caiyin on loans that were facilitated by the Group in the year presented that are directly deposited to the restricted cash accounts.

| (2) | Service fees collected by Niwodai Internet and subsequently transferred to restricted cash represents service fees charged by Niwodai Internet and subsequently transferred by the Group into the designated deposit account when the balance of the account is not sufficient to compensate losses for all investors.

| (3) | Gross payouts related to other guarantee liabilities represents the cash amount paid to investors upon the default of loans in relation to the 2015 Acquisition in the year presented; gross recoveries related to other guarantee liabilities is the cash amount received subsequently from borrowers and service fees recovered in the year presented.

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JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

2. |  | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continued

(l) Property and equipment

Property and equipment is generally stated at historical cost and depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Depreciation and amortization expense of long-lived assets is included in either origination and servicing expenses, selling and marketing expenses, general and administrative expenses, or research and development expenses as appropriate. Property and equipment consist of the following and depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over the following estimated useful lives:

Category |  | Estimated useful life
Electronic equipment |  | 3 years
Office equipment & Furniture |  | 5 years
Motor vehicles |  | 4 years
Leasehold improvement |  | Shorter of the lease term or expected useful life
Software |  | 10 years

(m) Valued-added taxes (“VAT”)

The Group is subject to VAT at the rate of 6% given that they are classified as a general tax payer. VAT is reported as a deduction to revenue when incurred and amounted to RMB273,785 and RMB298,720 for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively. Entities that are VAT general taxpayers are allowed to offset qualified input VAT paid to suppliers against their output VAT liabilities. Net VAT balance between input VAT and output VAT is recorded in the line item of accrued expense and other liabilities on the face of balance sheet.

(n) Share-based compensation

Share-based payment transactions with employees are measured based on the grant date fair value of the equity instrument issued and recognized as compensation expense on a graded vesting basis, over the requisite service period, with a corresponding impact reflected in additional paid-in capital.

The expected term represents the period that share-based awards are expected to be outstanding, giving consideration to the contractual terms of the share-based awards, vesting schedules and expectations of future employee exercise behavior. Volatility is estimated based on annualized standard deviation of daily stock price return of comparable companies for the period before valuation date and with similar span as the expected expiration term. The Group accounts for forfeitures of the share-based awards when they occur. Previously recognized compensation cost for the awards is reversed in the period that the award is forfeited. Amortization of share-based compensation is presented in the same line item in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) as the cash compensation of those employees receiving the award.

Modifications of the terms or conditions of the awards are treated as an exchange of the original awards for new awards. Incremental compensation cost is measured and recognized as the excess, if any, of the fair value of the modified award over the fair value of the original award immediately before the terms are modified.

The Group adopted ASU 2016-09 and has elected to account for forfeitures as they occur.

(o) Revenue Recognition

The Group provides services mainly as an online marketplace connecting investors with borrowers. The Group provides three services for loans facilitated on its platform: loan facilitation service, post-origination

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JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

2. |  | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continued

(o) Revenue Recognition - continued

service (e.g. cash processing and collection services) and guarantee service. However, since the Group ceased to provide investor assurance program managed by itself, the Group no longer provides any guarantee services, and offers only loan facilitation services and post-origination servicers on loans facilitated on its marketplace.

The Group’s platform enables investors to directly invest in loans that can be selected, at the investors’ discretion, from hundreds of new lending opportunities to pre-approved borrowers that are posted on the Group’s marketplace every day. Investors also have the option to use the automated investment programs whereby the funds are automatically allocated among pre-approved borrowers. The automated investment programs automatically reinvests investors’ funds as soon as a loan is repaid, enabling the investors to accelerate the reinvestment of cash flows without having to continually revisit the Group’s mobile application.

Historically, the Group has typically charged a portion of service fees at loan origination with the remaining service fees collected on a monthly basis, which are payable by the borrowers for all services provided. The upfront fees collected were RMB2.9 billion and RMB0.5 billion during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively. The upfront fees are due when the underlying loan is successfully facilitated, and monthly fees are due on the same days when the monthly repayments of principal and interest are due. The Group has stopped charging upfront service fees to comply with the new regulatory requirements since February 2018 for all loans facilitated through its online marketplace. From February to April 2018, the Group charged service fees on a monthly basis at the same day when the monthly repayment of the principal and interest is due and the Group has the unconditional right to the first six months’ service fees upon loan inception. The majority of the total service fees were collected in the first two months. However, the Group did not have unconditional rights to the monthly service fees that are collectible from the seventh month to the maturity of the loan contract. Subsequent to April 28, 2018, the Group charges all of the service fees on the same days when the first and second monthly repayments of principal and interest are due, and does not charge any service fees beyond the second repayment date.

The Group also charges service fees to investors for using the automated investment programs which equal to a certain percentage of the actual return in excess of the expected rate of return from the investments, payable at the end of the investment period. No application fee is charged to borrowers or investors. For certain loan products, borrowers have the option of early repayment and upon termination they do not have the obligation to pay the remaining monthly service fees to the Group.

In order to be more competitive by providing a certain level of assurance to the investors, the Group maintains an investor assurance program for the benefit of the investors using its marketplace. In the event of borrowers’ default, marketplace investors are entitled to receive unpaid interest and principal under the terms of the investor assurance program. Prior to April 28, 2018, the Group, through its consolidated VIE entity, Shanghai Caiyin, is obligated to make the payment to the investors to the extent that the funds under the investor assurance program are available. In the event of insufficient funds, the Group is required to make payments to investors as soon as the funding is replenished from future collections of service fees. Given that the Group effectively takes on all of the credit risk of the borrowers and is compensated by the service fee charged, the Group deems the guarantee as a service and recognizes a stand-ready obligation for its guarantee exposure in accordance with ASC Topic 460, Guarantees. However, the Group ceased to provide the investor assurance program managed by itself, and therefore no longer provides guarantee service on loans newly facilitated subsequent to April 28, 2018 (see accounting policy for investor assurance program).

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JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

2. |  | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continued

(o) Revenue Recognition - continued

The Group has adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) and all subsequent ASUs that modified ASC 606 on January 1, 2018 using the full retrospective method which requires the Group to present its financial statements for all periods as if Topic 606 had been applied to all prior periods.

The core principle of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve that core principle, the Group applies the following steps:

| • |  | Step 1: Identify the contract (s) with a customer

| • |  | Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contract

| • |  | Step 3: Determine the transaction price

| • |  | Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract

| • |  | Step 5: Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation

The Group determines that both the investors and the borrowers are its customers. The Group assesses ability and intention to pay the service fees of both borrowers and investors when they become due and determines if the collection of the service fees is probable, based on historical experiences as well as the credit due diligence performed on each borrower prior to loan origination. The Group considers the loan facilitation service, guarantee service and post-origination service as three separate services, of which, the guarantee service is accounted for in accordance with ASC Topic 460, Guarantees. While the post-origination service is within the scope of ASC Topic 860, the ASC Topic 606 revenue recognition model is applied due to the lack of definitive guidance in ASC Topic 860. The loan facilitation service and post-origination service are two separate performance obligations under ASC 606, as these two deliverables are distinct in that customers can benefit from each service on its own and the Group’s promises to deliver the services are separately identifiable from each other in the contract.

The Group determines the total transaction price to be the service fees chargeable from the borrowers, net of value-added tax. The Group’s transaction price includes variable consideration in the form of prepayment risk of the borrowers. The Group reflects in the transaction price the borrower’s prepayment risk and estimates variable consideration for these contracts using the expected value approach on the basis of historical information and current trends of the repayment percentage of the borrowers. The transaction price is allocated amongst the guarantee service, if any, and two performance obligations.

The Group first allocates the transaction price to the guarantee liabilities, if any, in accordance with ASC Topic 460, Guarantees which requires the guarantee to be measured initially at fair value based on the stand-ready obligation. Then the remaining considerations are allocated to the loan facilitation services and post-origination services using their relative standalone selling prices consistent with the guidance in ASC 606. The Group does not have observable standalone selling price information for the loan facilitation services or post-origination services because it does not provide loan facilitation services or post-origination services on a standalone basis. There is no direct observable standalone selling price for similar services in the market reasonably available to the Group. As a result, the estimation of standalone selling price involves significant judgment. The Group uses expected cost plus margin approach to estimate the standalone selling prices of loan facilitation services and post-origination services as the basis of revenue allocation. In

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##### Table of Contents

JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

2. |  | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continued

(o) Revenue Recognition - continued

estimating its standalone selling price for the loan facilitation services and post-origination services, the Group considers the cost incurred to deliver such services, profit margin for similar arrangements, customer demand, effect of competitors on the Group’s services, and other market factors.

For each type of service, the Group recognizes revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies the service/ performance obligation by transferring the promised service (that is, an asset) to customers based on the underlying contract terms excluding consideration of impairment of contract assets or accounts receivable. Revenues from loan facilitation services are recognized at the time a loan is originated between the investor and the borrower and the principal loan balance is transferred to the borrower, at which time the facilitation service is considered completed. Revenues from post-origination services are recognized evenly over the term of the underlying loans as the post-origination services are a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and that have the same pattern of transfer to the investors. Revenues from guarantee services are recognized at the expiry of the guarantee term.

For upfront fees that are partially refundable to the borrowers, the Group estimated the refund based on historical prepayment rate and recorded a corresponding refund liabilities upon receiving such fees.

Other revenue

Under ASC 606, service fees derived from investors using the automated investment programs are initially estimated based on historical experience of returns on similar investment products and current trends. The service fees are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the investment period. The service fees related to the automated investment programs are due at the end of the investment period. The investment period refers to the period of time when the investments are matched with loans and are generating returns for the investors. The Group records service fees only when it becomes probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue will not occur. The revenue of service fee recognized under ASC 606 for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018 was RMB156,563 and RMB242,513, respectively. The weighted average investment period was 8.7 months and 8.0 months for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively.

Other revenue also includes revenue from guarantee services recognized at the expiry of the guarantee term (see Note 5), penalty fees for loan prepayment and late payment, and service fee for transferring loans between investors on the Group’s platform. Under ASC 606, penalty fees are contingency-based variable considerations and constrained by the occurrence of delinquency or prepayment. They are recognized when the uncertainty associated with the variability is resolved, that is, when the underlying event occurs and the fees are collected. The service fees for transferring loans between investors are recognized when the transfer is completed and service fees are collected from the investors.

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##### Table of Contents

JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

2. |  | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continued

(o) Revenue Recognition - continued

Other revenue - continued

The following table illustrates the disaggregation of revenue by product the Group offered in 2017 and 2018 respectively:

For the year ended December 31, 2017 |  | Loan facilitation services |  |  | Post-origination services |  |  | Other revenues |  |  | Total |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Current loan products |  |  | 678,003 |  |  |  | 21,067 |  |  |  | 15,330 |  |  |  | 714,400 |
Other online standard loan products |  |  | 637,860 |  |  |  | 60,070 |  |  |  | 80,225 |  |  |  | 778,155 |
Offline and non-standard loan products |  |  | 540,721 |  |  |  | 44,301 |  |  |  | 722 |  |  |  | 585,744 |
Other services |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 172,551 |  |  |  | 172,551 |
Total |  |  | 1,856,584 |  |  |  | 125,438 |  |  |  | 268,828 |  |  |  | 2,250,850 |

For the year ended December 31, 2018 |  | Loan facilitation services |  |  | Post-origination services |  |  | Other revenues |  |  | Total |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Current loan products |  |  | 2,245,941 |  |  |  | 174,370 |  |  |  | 27,021 |  |  |  | 2,447,332 |
Other online standard loan products |  |  | 51 |  |  |  | 26,938 |  |  |  | 89,582 |  |  |  | 116,571 |
Offline and non-standard loan products |  |  | 916 |  |  |  | 40,660 |  |  |  | 1,918 |  |  |  | 43,494 |
Other services |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 274,543 |  |  |  | 274,543 |
Total |  |  | 2,246,908 |  |  |  | 241,968 |  |  |  | 393,064 |  |  |  | 2,881,940 |

Incentives to investors

The Group provides incentives to investors in a form that either reduces the amount of investment required to purchase financial products or entitles them to receive higher interest rates in the products they purchase. Such incentives are accounted for as a reduction of revenue in accordance with ASC 606.

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Incentives paid to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
New investors |  |  | 69,150 |  |  |  | 89,776 |
Returning investors |  |  | 100,000 |  |  |  | 206,380 |
Total incentives paid to investors |  |  | 169,150 |  |  |  | 296,156 |

Accounts receivable and contract assets, net

Contract assets represent the Group’s right to consideration in exchange for services that the Company has transferred to the customer before payment is due. Prior to February 2018, the Group’s right to consideration for the monthly fees of facilitation service is conditional on the borrowers’ actual payment, as

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##### Table of Contents

JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

2. |  | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continued

(o) Revenue Recognition - continued

Accounts receivable and contract assets, net - continued

the borrower had the right to early terminate the loan contract prior to the loan maturity and are not obligated to pay the remaining monthly fees. As such, the Group records a corresponding contract asset for the monthly service fees allocated to loan facilitation service and post-origination service that have already been delivered in relation to loans facilitated on the Group’s platform when recognizing revenue from loan facilitation service and post-origination service. No accounts receivable is recorded since the Group does not have unconditional right to the consideration if the borrowers choose to early terminate and are not obligated to pay the remaining service fees in relation to the loans facilitated prior to February 2018. In addition, the Group’s right to the consideration for the service fee derived from automated investment programs is conditional on the actual return of the investment; therefore, a corresponding contract asset is recorded when the revenue of service fee is recognized.

Starting from February 2018, according to the contractual agreement with borrower, upon inception of the loan, the Group has the unconditional right to the first six months’ service fee for the loans facilitated on the Group’s platform at loan inception regardless of the subsequent timing of the borrower’s repayment of the loan. The majority of the total service fees were collectible in the first two months. Therefore, the Group recorded accounts receivable up to total fees collectible in the first six months and contract assets for fees collectible in the subsequent months when recognizing revenue from loan facilitation service subsequent to February 2018.

Starting from April 28, 2018, the Group charged all of the service fees in two equal installments that are due on the same days when the first and second monthly repayments of principal and interest are due. The Group also has unconditional right to the first two months’ service fees upon loan origination. As such, accounts receivable were recorded by the Group when recognizing revenue from the loan facilitation service. Meanwhile, the portion of service fees that are collected and allocated to the post-origination service yet to be provided were recorded as deferred revenue on the consolidated balance sheet. No contract assets were recognized on loans facilitated subsequent to April 28, 2018.

Accounts receivable and contract assets are stated at the historical carrying amount net of write-offs and allowance for collectability in accordance with ASC Topic 310. The Group established an allowance for uncollectible contract assets based on estimates, which incorporate historical experience and other factors surrounding the credit risk of specific customers which is essentially the net expected accumulative loss rates used in determining the fair value of guarantee liabilities under each product type. The Group estimated the allowance for uncollectible receivables based on expected net accumulated loss rates for terms during which losses of such service fees are expected to occur, which are consistent with the terms during which the Group expects to collect service fees. The profile of the borrowers are homogeneous for each product type and as such, the Group applies a portfolio approach in accounting for credit risk. For individual customers where there is an observable indicator of impairment such as fraud, a specific allowance is provided. The Group evaluates and adjusts its allowance for uncollectible contract assets on a quarterly basis or more often as necessary. Uncollectible receivables and contract assets are written off when the consideration entitled to be received by the Group is due and a settlement is reached for an amount that is less than the outstanding historical balance or when the Group has determined the balance will not be collected. Accounts receivable and contract assets are identified as uncollectible if any repayment of the underlying loan is 90 days past due, and no other factor evidences the possibility of collecting the delinquent amounts. The Group will write off accounts receivable and contract assets and corresponding provisions if any repayment of the underlying loan is 90 days past due. Recoveries of accounts receivable and contract

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##### Table of Contents

JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

2. |  | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continued

(o) Revenue Recognition - continued

Accounts receivable and contract assets, net - continued

assets previously charged off will be recorded when received by crediting the allowance in the period of recovery.

Subsequent to the previously issued consolidated financial statements for year ended December 31, 2017, the Group has determined its charge-off policy was not in accordance with the U.S. GAAP as indicated in Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 310-10, and has corrected its charge-off policy to charge off the uncollectible balances of contract assets and related provisions when any repayment of the underlying loan is 90 days past due. The revision to the charge-off policy is a correction of an error in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Management believes that the effect of this correction is not material to previously issued consolidated financial statements. This correction does not have any impact on the net balance of contract assets as of the balance sheet date, or the amount of provisions for each of the periods presented.

The balances of contract assets and allowance for uncollectible contract assets as of December 31, 2017 have been revised accordingly as follows:

|  | As previously reported |  |  | Adjustment |  |  | As revised |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Contract assets |  |  | 1,054,559 |  |  |  | (173,263 | ) |  |  | 881,296 |
Allowance for uncollectible contract assets |  |  | (255,268 | ) |  |  | 173,263 |  |  |  | (82,005 | )

The Group’s accounts receivable as of December 31, 2018 are as follows:

|  | Accounts Receivable |  |  | Allowance for uncollectible receivables |  |  | Accounts receivable, net |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Current loan products |  |  | 364,863 |  |  |  | (28,014 | ) |  |  | 336,849 |
Other online standard loan products |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Offline and non-standard loan products |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Other services |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  |  | 364,863 |  |  |  | (28,014 | ) |  |  | 336,849 |

The aging of accounts receivable as of December 31, 2018 is presented as follows:

|  | Current loan products |  |  | Other online standard loan products |  |  | Offline and non-standard loan products |  |  | Other Services |  |  | Total |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
0-30 days |  |  | 351,250 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 351,250 |
31-60 days |  |  | 6,945 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,945 |
61-90 days |  |  | 6,668 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,668 |
Total |  |  | 364,863 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 364,863 |

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##### Table of Contents

JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

2. |  | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continued

(o) Revenue Recognition - continued

Accounts receivable and contract assets, net - continued

The movement of accounts receivable for the year ended December 31, 2018 is as follows:

|  | Opening balance as of January 1, 2018 |  |  | Addition in the current year |  |  | Collection in the current year |  |  | Write off in the current year |  |  | Ending balance as of December 31, 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Current loan products |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,517,277 |  |  |  | (1,128,998 | ) |  |  | (23,416 | ) |  |  | 364,863 |
Other online standard loan products |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Offline and non-standard loan products |  |  | — |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | (18 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Other services |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,252 |  |  |  | (4,252 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,521,549 |  |  |  | (1,133,270 | ) |  |  | (23,416 | ) |  |  | 364,863 |

The movement of allowance for uncollectible receivables for the year ended December 31, 2018 is as follows:

|  | Opening balance as of January 1, 2018 |  |  | Current year net provision |  |  | Current year write-off |  |  | As of December 31, 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Current loan products |  |  | — |  |  |  | (51,430 | ) |  |  | 23,416 |  |  |  | (28,014 | )
Other online standard loan products |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Offline and non-standard loan products |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Other services |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  |  | — |  |  |  | (51,430 | ) |  |  | 23,416 |  |  |  | (28,014 | )

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##### Table of Contents

JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

2. |  | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continued

(o) Revenue Recognition - continued

Accounts receivable and contract assets, net - continued

The Group’s contract assets as of December 31, 2017 and 2018 are as follows:

As of December 31, 2017 |  | Contract assets |  |  | Allowance for uncollectible contract assets |  |  | Contract assets, net |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Current loan products |  |  | 335,550 |  |  |  | (32,571 | ) |  |  | 302,979 |
Other online standard loan products |  |  | 162,942 |  |  |  | (42,484 | ) |  |  | 120,458 |
Offline and non-standard loan products |  |  | 376,304 |  |  |  | (6,950 | ) |  |  | 369,354 |
Other services |  |  | 6,500 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,500 |
Total |  |  | 881,296 |  |  |  | (82,005 | ) |  |  | 799,291 |

As of December 31, 2018 |  | Contract assets |  |  | Allowance for uncollectible contract assets |  |  | Contract assets, net |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Current loan products |  |  | 54,615 |  |  |  | (33,912 | ) |  |  | 20,703 |
Other online standard loan products |  |  | 14,102 |  |  |  | (2,998 | ) |  |  | 11,104 |
Offline and non-standard loan products |  |  | 163,026 |  |  |  | (2,891 | ) |  |  | 160,135 |
Other services |  |  | 11,138 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,138 |
Total |  |  | 242,881 |  |  |  | (39,801 | ) |  |  | 203,080 |

The contract asset balance by the delinquent days of underlying loans as of December 31, 2017 and 2018 is presented as follows:

|  |  |  |  | Loans Delinquent for |
|  | Current |  |  | 1-30 days |  |  | 31-60 days |  |  | 61-90 days |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
As of December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current loan products |  |  | 305,533 |  |  |  | 19,985 |  |  |  | 6,532 |  |  |  | 3,499 |
Other online standard loan products |  |  | 134,715 |  |  |  | 23,896 |  |  |  | 4,032 |  |  |  | 299 |
Offline loan products |  |  | 373,972 |  |  |  | 1,089 |  |  |  | 750 |  |  |  | 494 |
Other service |  |  | 6,500 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  |  | 820,720 |  |  |  | 44,970 |  |  |  | 11,314 |  |  |  | 4,292 |
As of December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current loan products |  |  | 22,927 |  |  |  | 11,310 |  |  |  | 9,054 |  |  |  | 11,324 |
Other online standard loan products |  |  | 12,445 |  |  |  | 652 |  |  |  | 509 |  |  |  | 496 |
Offline loan products |  |  | 160,424 |  |  |  | 1,024 |  |  |  | 800 |  |  |  | 778 |
Other service |  |  | 11,138 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  |  | 206,934 |  |  |  | 12,986 |  |  |  | 10,363 |  |  |  | 12,598 |

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JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

2. |  | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continued

(o) Revenue Recognition - continued

Accounts receivable and contract assets, net - continued

The movement of contract assets for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018 are as follows:

|  | Opening balance as of January 1, 2017 |  |  | Addition in the current year |  |  | Collection in the current year |  |  | Write off in the current year |  |  | Ending balance as of December 31, 2017 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Current loan products |  |  | 22,975 |  |  |  | 699,070 |  |  |  | (369,229 | ) |  |  | (17,266 | ) |  |  | 335,550 |
Other online standard loan products |  |  | 13,974 |  |  |  | 697,930 |  |  |  | (543,556 | ) |  |  | (5,406 | ) |  |  | 162,942 |
Offline and non-standard loan products |  |  | 389,233 |  |  |  | 585,022 |  |  |  | (519,055 | ) |  |  | (78,896 | ) |  |  | 376,304 |
Other services |  |  | 21,134 |  |  |  | 172,551 |  |  |  | (187,185 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,500 |
Total |  |  | 447,316 |  |  |  | 2,154,573 |  |  |  | (1,619,025 | ) |  |  | (101,568 | ) |  |  | 881,296 |
|  | Opening balance as of January 1, 2018 |  |  | Addition in the current year |  |  | Collection in the current year |  |  | Write off in the current year |  |  | Ending balance as of December 31, 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Current loan products |  |  | 335,550 |  |  |  | 898,142 |  |  |  | (1,001,265 | ) |  |  | (177,812 | ) |  |  | 54,615 |
Other online standard loan products |  |  | 162,942 |  |  |  | 26,987 |  |  |  | (107,384 | ) |  |  | (68,443 | ) |  |  | 14,102 |
Offline and non-standard loan products |  |  | 376,304 |  |  |  | 41,548 |  |  |  | (244,329 | ) |  |  | (10,497 | ) |  |  | 163,026 |
Other services |  |  | 6,500 |  |  |  | 270,291 |  |  |  | (265,653 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,138 |
Total |  |  | 881,296 |  |  |  | 1,236,968 |  |  |  | (1,618,631 | ) |  |  | (256,752 | ) |  |  | 242,881 |

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##### Table of Contents

JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

2. |  | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continued

(o) Revenue Recognition - continued

Accounts receivable and contract assets, net - continued

The movement of allowance for uncollectible contract assets for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018 are as follows:

|  | As of January 1, 2017 |  |  | Current year net provision |  |  | Current year write-off |  |  | As of December 31, 2017 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Current loan products |  |  | (5,468 | ) |  |  | (44,369 | ) |  |  | 17,266 |  |  |  | (32,571 | )
Other online standard loan products |  |  | (2,398 | ) |  |  | (45,492 | ) |  |  | 5,406 |  |  |  | (42,484 | )
Offline and non-standard loan products |  |  | (44,764 | ) |  |  | (41,082 | ) |  |  | 78,896 |  |  |  | (6,950 | )
Other services |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  |  | (52,630 | ) |  |  | (130,943 | ) |  |  | 101,568 |  |  |  | (82,005 | )

|  | As of January 1, 2018 |  |  | Current year net provision |  |  | Current year write-off |  |  | As of December 31, 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Current loan products |  |  | (32,571 | ) |  |  | (179,153 | ) |  |  | 177,812 |  |  |  | (33,912 | )
Other online standard loan products |  |  | (42,484 | ) |  |  | (28,957 | ) |  |  | 68,443 |  |  |  | (2,998 | )
Offline and non-standard loan products |  |  | (6,950 | ) |  |  | (6,438 | ) |  |  | 10,497 |  |  |  | (2,891 | )
Other services |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  |  | (82,005 | ) |  |  | (214,548 | ) |  |  | 256,752 |  |  |  | (39,801 | )

The following tables represent the net contract assets by the year in which they were initially recorded for each of the loan products as of December 31, 2017 and 2018:

December 31, 2017 |  | Current loan products |  |  | Other online standard loan products |  |  | Offline and non-standard loan products |  |  | Other Services |  |  | Total |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Loans facilitated in 2016 |  |  | 1,146 |  |  |  | 780 |  |  |  | 174,481 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 176,407 |
Loans facilitated in 2017 |  |  | 301,833 |  |  |  | 119,678 |  |  |  | 194,873 |  |  |  | 6,500 |  |  |  | 622,884 |
Total |  |  | 302,979 |  |  |  | 120,458 |  |  |  | 369,354 |  |  |  | 6,500 |  |  |  | 799,291 |

December 31, 2018 |  | Current loan products |  |  | Other online standard loan products |  |  | Offline and non-standard loan products |  |  | Other Services |  |  | Total |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Loans facilitated in 2016 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 74 |  |  |  | 61,773 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 61,847 |
Loans facilitated in 2017 |  |  | 4,800 |  |  |  | 11,030 |  |  |  | 98,256 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 114,086 |
Loans facilitated in 2018 |  |  | 15,903 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 106 |  |  |  | 11,138 |  |  |  | 27,147 |
Total |  |  | 20,703 |  |  |  | 11,104 |  |  |  | 160,135 |  |  |  | 11,138 |  |  |  | 203,080 |

The contract liabilities in relation to the post-origination service were nil and RMB41,252 as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively, which is recorded in “accrued expenses and other current

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JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

2. |  | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continued

(o) Revenue Recognition - continued

Accounts receivable and contract assets, net - continued

liabilities” on the consolidated balance sheet. Meanwhile the Group recognized RMB4,902 post-origination revenues by reducing the balance of the contract liability in 2018. The aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to performance obligations that are unsatisfied pertaining to post-origination service are RMB171,100 and RMB222,735 as of December 31, 2017 and 2018 respectively, among which approximately 70% and 92% of the remaining performance obligations will be recognized by the Group over the following 12 months, respectively, with the remainder recognized thereafter.

Revenue recognized for the years ended December 31, 2017 or 2018 from performance obligations satisfied (or partially satisfied) in prior periods pertaining to adjustments to variable consideration due to the change of estimated return on investment periods, change of estimated prepayment rate and refund upfront fees was immaterial.

The Group used practical expedient in applying full retrospective method on completed contracts in transiting to ASC 606. For completed contracts that have variable consideration, the Group used the transaction price at the date the contract was completed rather than estimating variable consideration amounts in the comparative reporting periods.

The Group determines that the investor and borrower acquisition cost paid based on the amount of investment or borrowing represents costs to obtain a contract qualifying for capitalization since these payments are directly related to sales achieved during a period. Such cost was not material during the years presented.

(p) Employee defined contribution plan

Full time employees of the Group in the PRC participate in a government mandated multi-employer defined contribution plan pursuant to which certain pension benefits, medical care, unemployment insurance, employee housing fund and other welfare benefits are provided to employees. Chinese labor regulations require that the Group makes contributions to the government for these benefits based on a certain percentage of the employee’s salaries. The Group has no legal obligation for the benefits beyond the contributions. The total amount that was expensed as incurred was RMB82,053 and RMB51,611 for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively.

(q) Origination and servicing expense

Origination and servicing expenses consist primarily of variable expenses including costs related to credit assessment, user and system support, payment processing services and collection, associated with facilitating and servicing loans, salaries and benefits for the personnel who work on credit checking, data processing and analysis, loan origination, user and system support and loan collection.

(r) Sales and marketing expenses

Sales and marketing expenses primarily consist of variable marketing and promotional expenses, including those related to borrower and investor acquisition and retention, and general brand and awareness building. Salaries and benefits expenses related to the Group’s sales and marketing personnel and other expenses related to the Group’s sales and marketing team are also included in the sales and marketing expenses. The

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JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

2. |  | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continued

(r) Sales and marketing expenses - continued

Group’s investor and borrower acquisition expenses include charges by third-party online channels for online marketing services such as search engine marketing and search engine optimization, and referral fees charged by other parties relating to borrower and investor acquisition. For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, the advertising expenses were RMB21,828 and RMB25,994, respectively.

(s) Government grant

Government grants are primarily referred to the amounts received from various levels of local governments from time to time which are granted for general corporate purposes and to support its ongoing operations in the region. The grants are determined at the discretion of the relevant government authority and there are no restrictions on their use. The government subsidies are recorded as other income in the period the cash is received. The government grants received by the Group amount to RMB12,471 and RMB22,465 for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively.

(t) Income taxes

Current income taxes are provided for in accordance with the laws of the relevant tax authorities.

Deferred income taxes are provided using assets and liabilities method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined on the basis of the differences between financial statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such a determination, the management consider all positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of projected future taxable income and results of recent operation. Deferred tax assets are then reduced by a valuation allowance through a charge to income tax expense when, in the opinion of management, it is more like than not that a portion of or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

The Group accounts for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in the consolidated financial statements by applying a two-step process to determine the amount of the benefit to be recognized. First, the tax position must be evaluated to determine the likelihood that it will be sustained upon external examination by the taxing authorities. If the tax position is deemed more-likely-than-not to be sustained (defined as a likelihood of more than fifty percent of being sustained upon an audit, based on the technical merits of the tax position), the tax position is then assessed to determine the amount of benefits to recognize in the consolidated financial statements. The amount of the benefits that may be recognized is the largest amount that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Interest and penalties on income taxes will be classified as a component of the provisions for income taxes. The Group did not recognize any income tax due to uncertain tax position or incur any interest and penalties related to potential underpaid income tax expenses for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018.

(u) Comprehensive income

Comprehensive income includes all changes in equity except those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners. For the years presented, total comprehensive income included net income and foreign currency translation adjustments.

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JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

2. |  | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continued

(v) Income per share

Basic income per share are computed by dividing net income attributable to holders of ordinary shares by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period.

Diluted income per ordinary share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue ordinary shares were exercised or converted into ordinary shares. Ordinary share equivalents of stock options are calculated using the treasury stock method. Ordinary share equivalents are excluded from the computation in income periods should their effects be anti-dilutive.

(w) Segment reporting

The Group uses management approach to determine operation segment. The management approach considers the internal organization and reporting used by the Group’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) for making decisions, allocation of resource and assessing performance.

The Group’s CODM has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer who reviews the consolidated results of operations when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance of the Group. The Group operates and manages its business as a single segment.

The Group’s long-lived assets are substantially all located in the PRC and substantially all of the Group’s revenues are derived from within the PRC. Therefore, no geographical segments are presented.

(x) Operating leases

Leases where substantially all the rewards and risks of ownership of assets remain with the lessor are accounted for as operating leases. Rentals applicable to such operating leases are recognized on a straight line basis over the lease term. Certain of the operating lease agreements contain rent holidays. Rent holidays are considered in determining the straight line rent expense to be recorded over the lease term.

(y) Recent accounting pronouncements

Recent Accounting Guidance Not Yet Adopted

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). The guidance supersedes existing guidance on accounting for leases with the main difference being that operating leases are to be recorded in the statement of financial position as right-of-use assets and lease liabilities, initially measured at the present value of the lease payments. For operating leases with a term of 12 months or less, a lessee is permitted to make an accounting policy election not to recognize lease assets and liabilities. For public business entities, the guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early application of the guidance is permitted. In transition, entities are required to recognize and measure leases at the beginning of the earliest period presented using a modified retrospective approach. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-10 Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases and ASU No. 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842), Targeted Improvements. ASU No. 2018-10 affects narrow aspects of the guidance issued in the amendments in Update 2016-02 and ASU No. 2018-11 allows for an additional optional transition method where comparative periods presented in the financial statements in the period of adoption will not be restated and instead, companies will recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. The Group will adopt the new lease requirement on January 1, 2019 utilizing this additional

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JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

2. |  | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES - continued

(y) Recent accounting pronouncements - continued

Recent Accounting Guidance Not Yet Adopted - continued

optional transition method. As of December 31, 2018, the Group has RMB50,682 of future minimum operating lease commitments that are not currently recognized on its consolidated balance sheets (Note 11). The Group expects changes to its consolidated balance sheets for the recognition of these and any additional leases entered into in the future upon adoption. The impact on the consolidated statements of comprehensive income is expected to be immaterial.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. This ASU is intended to improve financial reporting by requiring timelier recording of credit losses on loans and other financial instruments held by financial institutions and other organizations. This ASU requires the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. This ASU requires enhanced disclosures to help investors and other financial statement users better understand significant estimates and judgments used in estimating credit losses, as well as the credit quality and underwriting standards of the Group’s portfolio. These disclosures include qualitative and quantitative requirements that provide additional information about the amounts recorded in the financial statements. For public business entities, the guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early application of the pending content that links to this paragraph is permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. In November 2018, the FASB issued ASC No. 2018-19, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses, which mitigate transition complexity by requiring that for nonpublic business entities the amendments in Update 2016-13 are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, including interim periods within those fiscal years, and clarifies that receivables arising from operating leases are not within the scope of Subtopic 326-20. Instead, impairment of receivables arising from operating leases should be accounted for in accordance with Topic 842, Leases. The Group is in the process of evaluating the impact of adoption of this guidance on its consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, which modifies the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements by removing, modifying, or adding certain disclosures. The ASU eliminates such disclosures as the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy and valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. The ASU adds new disclosure requirements for Level 3 measurements. The new guidance is effective January 1, 2020 and permits early adoption of either the entire standard or only the provisions that eliminate or modify the requirements. The Group is evaluating the impact this ASU will have on its disclosures.

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JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

3. |  | ASSETS FROM THE INVESTOR ASSURANCE PROGRAM

The movement of the assets from the investor assurance program for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018 is as follow:

|  | Opening balance at January 1, 2017 |  |  | Assets arising from new business |  |  | Subsequent collections during the year |  |  | Additional Provision in the current year |  |  | Ending Balance at December 31, 2017 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Current loan products |  |  | 17,168 |  |  |  | 863,955 |  |  |  | (879,936 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,187 |
Other online standard loan products |  |  | 5,132 |  |  |  | 1,366,901 |  |  |  | (1,153,347 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 218,686 |
Offline and non-standard loan products |  |  | 139,176 |  |  |  | 535,736 |  |  |  | (624,509 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 50,403 |
Total |  |  | 161,476 |  |  |  | 2,766,592 |  |  |  | (2,657,792 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 270,276 |
|  | Opening balance at January 1, 2018 |  |  | Assets arising from new business |  |  | Subsequent collections during the year |  |  | Additional provision in the current year |  |  | Ending Balance at December 31, 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Current loan products |  |  | 1,187 |  |  |  | 968,732 |  |  |  | (969,919 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Other online standard loan products |  |  | 218,686 |  |  |  | 373 |  |  |  | (218,806 | ) |  |  | (87 | ) |  |  | 166 |
Offline and non-standard loan products |  |  | 50,403 |  |  |  | 710 |  |  |  | (37,564 | ) |  |  | (8,190 | ) |  |  | 5,359 |
Total |  |  | 270,276 |  |  |  | 969,815 |  |  |  | (1,226,289 | ) |  |  | (8,277 | ) |  |  | 5,525 |

The Group recorded RMB8,277 additional provisions as provision for assets and liabilities from the investor assurance program in 2018, which was subsequently written off in the same year. The allowance for uncollectible assets from the investor assurance program were nil and nil for years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018.

4. |  | PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT

Property and equipment consisted of the followings:

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Leasehold improvement |  |  | 6,587 |  |  |  | 7,291 |
Motor vehicles |  |  | 1,246 |  |  |  | 1,604 |
Electronic equipment |  |  | 17,237 |  |  |  | 29,756 |
Office equipment & furniture |  |  | 3,849 |  |  |  | 6,432 |
Software |  |  | 905 |  |  |  | 1,182 |
Total costs |  |  | 29,824 |  |  |  | 46,265 |
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization |  |  | (5,954 | ) |  |  | (17,254 | )
Property and equipment, net |  |  | 23,870 |  |  |  | 29,011 |

For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, depreciation expenses were RMB4,098 and RMB11,300 respectively.

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JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

5. |  | LIABILITIES FROM THE INVESTOR ASSURANCE PROGRAM

The Group’s movement on liabilities from the investor assurance program for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018 is as follows:

|  | Current loan products |  |  | Other online standard loan products |  |  | Offline and non-standard loan products |  |  | Total |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Opening balance at January 1, 2017 |  |  | 145,344 |  |  |  | 18,258 |  |  |  | 2,010,165 |  |  |  | 2,173,767 |
Liability arising from new business |  |  | 863,955 |  |  |  | 1,366,901 |  |  |  | 535,736 |  |  |  | 2,766,592 |
Net payouts for loans originated in 2015 |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | (111,850 | ) |  |  | (111,830 | )
Net payouts for loans originated in 2016 |  |  | (131,470) |  |  |  | (9,468 | ) |  |  | (654,448 | ) |  |  | (795,386 | )
Net payouts for loans originated in 2017 |  |  | (190,904) |  |  |  | (736,452 | ) |  |  | (34,849 | ) |  |  | (962,205 | )
Release on expiration |  |  | (15,330 | ) |  |  | (80,225 | ) |  |  | (722 | ) |  |  | (96,277 | )
Contingent liability accrued |  |  | — |  |  |  | 42,462 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 42,463 |
Ending Balance at December 31, 2017 |  |  | 671,610 |  |  |  | 601,481 |  |  |  | 1,744,033 |  |  |  | 3,017,124 |
|  | Current loan products |  |  | Other online standard loan products |  |  | Offline and non-standard loan Products |  |  | Total |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Opening balance at January 1, 2018 |  |  | 671,610 |  |  |  | 601,481 |  |  |  | 1,744,033 |  |  |  | 3,017,124 |
Liability arising from new business |  |  | 968,732 |  |  |  | 373 |  |  |  | 710 |  |  |  | 969,815 |
Net payouts for loans originated in 2015 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (94,923 | ) |  |  | (94,923 | )
Net payouts for loans originated in 2016 |  |  | 254 |  |  |  | (4,412 | ) |  |  | (750,399 | ) |  |  | (754,557 | )
Net payouts for loans originated in 2017 |  |  | (778,674 | ) |  |  | (399,874 | ) |  |  | (231,609 | ) |  |  | (1,410,157 | )
Net payouts for loans originated in 2018 |  |  | (519,849 | ) |  |  | (146 | ) |  |  | (333 | ) |  |  | (520,328 | )
Release on expiration |  |  | (27,021 | ) |  |  | (89,582 | ) |  |  | (1,918 | ) |  |  | (118,521 | )
Contingent liability accrued |  |  | 103,964 |  |  |  | 6,386 |  |  |  | 348,269 |  |  |  | 458,619 |
Ending Balance at December 31, 2018 |  |  | 419,016 |  |  |  | 114,226 |  |  |  | 1,013,830 |  |  |  | 1,547,072 |

6. |  | OTHER GUARANTEE LIABILITIES

Other guarantee liabilities represent the liabilities accrued for the expected net payment in relation to guarantee services of the existing loans from the 2015 Acquisition, that were facilitated by Niwodai Finance through offline channels (see Note 1). The net payments were made from the funds in the investor assurance program (See note 2(k)).The movement is as follows:

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Opening balance |  |  | 2,000,070 |  |  |  | 701,228 |
Additional accruals during the year |  |  | — |  |  |  | 832 |
Net payouts during the year |  |  | (1,298,842 | ) |  |  | (698,000 | )
Ending balance |  |  | 701,228 |  |  |  | 4,060 |

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JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

7. |  | SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

The following table presents the classification of the Group’s share-based compensation expenses:

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Origination and servicing |  |  | 1,620 |  |  |  | 2,516 |
General and administrative |  |  | 24,326 |  |  |  | 29,734 |
Research and development |  |  | 28,619 |  |  |  | 22,820 |
Sales and marketing |  |  | 34,831 |  |  |  | 12,708 |
Total |  |  | 89,396 |  |  |  | 67,778 |

In September 2016, Jiayin Finance approved an employee incentive plan (the “Plan”) and utilized a limited liability partnership (“LLP”) as a vehicle to hold 13,500,000 shares that will be used under the Plan. The shares were contributed by the Founder, representing 27% of Jiayin Finance’s total outstanding shares at the time. A company controlled by the Founder is the general partner (“GP”) of the LLP.

The purpose of the LLP is to allow employees of the Group to receive share-based incentives. The LLP has no activities other than administrating the Plan and does not have any employees. On behalf of the Group and subject to approval of board of director of the Company, the Founder, as the controller of LLP has the authority to select the eligible participants to whom awards will be granted; determine the number of shares covered; and establish the terms, conditions and provision of such awards.

The Plan allows the grantees to hold options to purchase LLP shares from the GP or the designated persons to indirectly hold the equity shares of Jiayin Finance.

In September 2016, Jiayin Finance granted options to acquire certain LLP shares, equivalent of 13,321,500 ordinary shares of Jiayin Finance with the exercise price of RMB3.5 per share to employees of the Group pursuant to the Plan. Options have a 4.5-year life and vest at 15%, 25%, 30%, and 30% respectively at March 31, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020 respectively.

In October 2018, Jiayin Finance granted options to acquire certain LLP shares, equivalent of 2,851,600 ordinary shares of Jiayin Finance with the exercise price of RMB3.5 per share to employees of the Group pursuant to the Plan. Options have a 4.5-year life and vest at 15%, 25%, 30%, and 30% respectively at March 31, 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022 respectively.

For illustration purposes, all the share information disclosed in this section refers to the shares of Jiayin Finance the grantees are entitled through LLP shares. The additional grants in October 2018 include the 2,851,600 shares from options forfeited in relation to the options granted in September 2016, which were automatically released to the Plan.

The awards are in substance share-based expenses incurred by the controlling Founder on behalf of the Company. The related expenses are reflected in the Company’s consolidated financial statements as share-based compensation expenses with an offsetting to additional paid-in capital. Given the shares owned by the LLP for the purpose of the Plan are existing outstanding shares of Jiayin Finance, the option does not have dilution effect on income per share (see Note 9).

Binomial options pricing model was applied in determining the estimated fair value of the options granted. The model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions including the estimated expected stock price volatility and, the exercise multiple for which employees are likely to exercise share options. For expected volatilities, the Group has made reference to the historical price volatilities of ordinary shares of several

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JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

7. |  | SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION - continued

comparable companies in the same industry as the Group. For the exercise multiple, the Group has no historical exercise patterns as reference, thus the exercise multiple is based on management’s estimation, which the Group believes is representative of the future exercise pattern of the options. The risk-free rate for periods within the contractual life of the option is based on the China Government Bond with maturity similar to the maturity of the options as of valuation. The estimated fair value of the ordinary shares, at the option grant dates, was determined with assistance from an independent third party valuation firm. The Group’s management is ultimately responsible for the determination of the estimated fair value of its ordinary shares.

The following assumptions were applied to estimate the fair value of the options at the date of grant:

|  | September 2016 |  | October 2018
Average risk-free rate of interest |  | 2.54% |  | 3.32%
Estimated volatility rate |  | 50.46% |  | 44.32%
Dividend yield |  | 0.00% |  | 0.00%
Time to maturity |  | 4.5 years |  | 4.5 years
Fair value per underlying ordinary share |  | RMB21.38 |  | RMB88.13

The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted during the year ended December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2018 was RMB18.16 per shares and RMB84.88 per share. For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, the Group recognized share-based compensation expense of RMB89,396 and RMB67,778, respectively.

A summary of the aggregate option activity and information regarding options outstanding as of December 31, 2018 is as follows:

|  | Number of Options (in ’000s) |  |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contract Life |  |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value |
|  |  |  |  | RMB |  |  | Years |  |  | RMB |
Options outstanding at January 1, 2017 |  |  | 13,146 |  |  |  | 3.5 |  |  |  | 4.2 |  |  |  | 192,749 |
Options granted in 2017 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Options forfeited in 2017 |  |  | (1,912 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Options outstanding at December 31, 2017 |  |  | 11,234 |  |  |  | 3.5 |  |  |  | 3.25 |  |  |  | 164,714 |
Options granted in 2018 |  |  | 2,852 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Options forfeited in 2018 |  |  | (2,649 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Options outstanding at December 31, 2018 |  |  | 11,437 |  |  |  | 3.5 |  |  |  | 3.55 |  |  |  | 357,993 |
Options exercisable at December 31, 2018 |  |  | 2,146 |  |  |  | 3.5 |  |  |  | 3.55 |  |  |  | 31,468 |
Options vested or expected to be vested at December 31, 2018 |  |  | 11,437 |  |  |  | 3.5 |  |  |  | 3.55 |  |  |  | 357,993 |

As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, there was RMB74,962 and RMB222,928 in total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock options, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.25 years and 3.55 years, respectively.

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JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

8. |  | INCOME TAXES

Income tax expense consist of the following:

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Current income tax expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
PRC |  |  | 80,548 |  |  |  | 111,552 |
Deferred income tax expense (benefit): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
PRC |  |  | 81,099 |  |  |  | (17,637 | )
Total income tax expense |  |  | 161,647 |  |  |  | 93,915 |

Cayman Islands

Jiayin Group Inc. is incorporated in the Cayman Islands. Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, Jiayin Group Inc. is not subject to income or capital gains taxes. In addition, dividend payments are not subject to withholdings tax in the Cayman Islands.

Hong Kong

The Company subsidiary, Jiayin (HK) Limited, is located in Hong Kong and is subject to an income tax rate of 16.5% for taxable income earned in Hong Kong. Additionally, payments of dividends by the subsidiary incorporated in Hong Kong to the Company are not subject to any Hong Kong withholding tax. No provision for Hong Kong Profits tax has been made in the consolidated financial statements as it has no assessable income for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018.

PRC

Under the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Enterprise Income Tax (“EIT Law”), the Group’s subsidiaries and VIEs incorporated in the PRC are subject to statutory rate of 25%. High-technology enterprises may obtain a preferential tax rate of 15% provided they meet the related criteria. Niwodai Internet received approval from certain government authorities to be classified as a “High and New Technology Enterprise” (“HNTE”) and became subject to a 15% statutory tax rate from 2017 to 2019.

Uncertainties exist with respect to how the current income tax law in the PRC applies to the Group’s overall operations, and more specifically, with regard to tax residency status. The EIT Law includes a provision specifying that legal entities organized outside of the PRC will be considered residents for Chinese Income tax purposes if the place of effective management or control is within the PRC. The implementation rules to the EIT Law provide that non-resident legal entities will be considered PRC residents if substantial and overall management and control over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel, accounting and properties, occurs within the PRC. Despite the present uncertainties resulting from the limited PRC tax guidance on the issue, the Group does not believe that the legal entities organized outside of the PRC within the Group should be treated as residents for EIT law purposes. If the PRC tax authorities subsequently determine that the Company and its subsidiaries registered outside the PRC should be deemed resident enterprises, the Company and its subsidiaries registered outside the PRC will be subject to the PRC income taxes, at a statutory income tax rate of 25%. The Company and its subsidiaries outside the PRC do not have any assessable profits as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, therefore, the Group is not subject to any uncertain tax position.

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JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

8. |  | INCOME TAXES - continued

PRC - continued

According to PRC Tax Administration and Collection Law, the statute of limitations is three years if the underpayment of taxes is due to computational errors made by the taxpayer or withholding agent. The statute of limitations will be extended five years under special circumstances, which are not clearly defined (but an underpayment of tax liability exceeding RMB0.1 million is specifically listed as a special circumstance). In the case of a related party transaction, the statute of limitations is ten years. There is no statute of limitations in the case of tax evasion. From inception to the calendar year of 2018, the Group is subject to examination of the PRC tax authorities.

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes.

The following table sets forth the significant components of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Deferred tax assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payroll and welfare payable |  |  | 9,513 |  |  |  | 16,880 |
Accrued expenses |  |  | 19,622 |  |  |  | 20,462 |
Allowance for uncollectible receivables and contract assets |  |  | 63,817 |  |  |  | 101,048 |
Liabilities from the investor assurance program |  |  | 331,331 |  |  |  | 306,655 |
Net loss carryforward |  |  | 519,065 |  |  |  | 576,810 |
Others |  |  | 4,179 |  |  |  | 23,423 |
Gross deferred tax assets |  |  | 947,527 |  |  |  | 1,045,278 |
Valuation allowances |  |  | (619,533 | ) |  |  | (619,533 | )
Net deferred tax assets |  |  | 327,994 |  |  |  | 425,745 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Uncollected revenues |  |  | (289,604 | ) |  |  | (369,718 | )
Total deferred tax liabilities |  |  | (289,604 | ) |  |  | (369,718 | )
Net deferred tax assets |  |  | 38,390 |  |  |  | 56,027 |

The Group assesses the available positive and negative evidence to estimate if sufficient future taxable income will be generated to use the existing deferred tax assets. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon its ability to generate sufficient future taxable income within the carry-forward periods provided for in the tax law and during the periods in which the temporary differences become deductible. When assessing the realization of deferred tax assets, the Group has considered possible sources of taxable income including (i) future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, (ii) future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carry-forwards, (iii) future taxable income arising from implementing tax planning strategies, and (iv) specific known trend of profits expected to be reflected within the industry. On the basis of this evaluation, valuation allowances of RMB619,533 have been established for deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, based on a more likely than not threshold due to cumulated loss and uncertainty of sufficient profit generated in future years for certain subsidiary within the Group. The amount of the deferred tax assets considered realizable, however, could be adjusted if estimates of future taxable income during the carry forwards period are reduced or increased or if

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JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

8. |  | INCOME TAXES - continued

PRC - continued

objective negative evidence in the form of cumulative losses is no longer present and additional weight may be given to subjective evidence such as our projections for growth.

At December 31, 2017 and 2018, tax loss carry-forward amounted to RMB2,076,261 and RMB2,307,241, and would expire in calendar year 2022 to 2023 if not utilized, respectively. The Group operates its business through its subsidiaries and VIEs. The Group does not file consolidated tax returns, therefore, losses from individual subsidiaries or the VIEs may not be used to offset other subsidiaries’ or VIEs’ earnings within the Group.

In accordance with the EIT Law, dividends, which arise from profits of foreign invested enterprises (“FIEs”) earned after January 1, 2008, are subject to a 10% withholding income tax. In addition, under tax treaty between the PRC and Hong Kong, if the foreign investor is incorporated in Hong Kong and qualifies as the beneficial owner, the applicable withholding tax rate is reduced to 5%, if the investor holds at least 25% in the FIE, or 10%, if the investor holds less than 25% in the FIE. A deferred tax liability should be recognized for the undistributed profits of PRC subsidiaries unless the Company has sufficient evidence to demonstrate that the undistributed dividends will be reinvested and the remittance of the dividends will be postponed indefinitely. The Group plans to indefinitely reinvest undistributed profits earned from its China subsidiaries in its operations in the PRC. Therefore, no withholding income taxes for undistributed profits of the Group’s PRC subsidiaries have been provided as of December 31, 2017 and 2018. The aggregate undistributed earnings of the Group’s PRC subsidiaries that are available for distribution was nil as of December 31, 2017 and 2018.

A deferred tax liability should be recorded for taxable temporary differences attributable to the excess of financial reporting amounts over tax basis amounts, including those differences attributable to a more than 50% interest in a domestic subsidiary. However, recognition is not required in situations where the tax law provides a means by which the reported amount of that investment can be recovered tax-free and the enterprise expects that it will ultimately use that means. The Group does not accrue deferred tax liabilities on the earnings of the VIEs given that the Group’s VIEs had accumulated deficits as of December 31, 2017 and 2018.

Reconciliations of the differences between PRC statutory income tax rate and the Group’s effective income tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018 are as follows:

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2017 |  | 2018
|  | RMB |  | RMB
Statutory income tax rate |  | 25% |  | 25%
Non-deductible expenses |  | 4% |  | 1%
Effect of lower rates due to HNTE status |  | (6%) |  | (13%)
Effective tax rate |  | 23% |  | 13%

The effect of the tax holiday on the income (loss) per share is as follows:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Tax saving amount due to HNTE status |  |  | 29,739 |  |  |  | 90,819 |
Income (loss) per share effect-basic and diluted |  |  | 0.15 |  |  |  | 0.45 |

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JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

9. |  | INCOME PER SHARE

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net income per share attribute to ordinary shareholders after the stock split:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Net income attributable to ordinary shareholders – basic and diluted |  |  | 539,545 |  |  |  | 611,758 |
Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding – basic |  |  | 200,000,000 |  |  |  | 200,000,000 |
Plus: shares that have dilution effect |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding – diluted |  |  | 200,000,000 |  |  |  | 200,000,000 |
Basic net income per share |  |  | 2.70 |  |  |  | 3.06 |
Diluted net income per share |  |  | 2.70 |  |  |  | 3.06 |

The Group does not have shares with anti-dilutive effect for the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2018.

10. |  | RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

The table below sets forth the major related parties and their relationships with the Group, with which the Group entered into truncations during the year ended December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2018:

Name of related parties |  | Relationship with the group
Shanghai Jiayin Finance Services Co., Ltd (“Shanghai Jiayin”) |  | Entity controlled by Mr. Yan, the Founder and Chairman of the Group
Jiayin (Shanghai) Finance Information Service Co., Ltd (“Jiayin (Shanghai)”) |  | Entity controlled by Mr. Yan, the Founder and Chairman of the Group
Shanghai Niwodai Finance Information Service Co., Ltd (“Niwodai Finance”) |  | Entity controlled by Mr. Yan, the Founder and Chairman of the Group
Shanghai Jiayin Zhuoyue Wealth Management Co., Ltd (“Jiayin Zhuoyue”) |  | Entity controlled by Mr. Yan, the Founder and Chairman of the Group
Jiayin Credit Investigation Service Co., Ltd (“Jiayin Credit”) |  | Entity controlled by Mr. Yan, the Founder and Chairman of the Group
Jirongyun (Shanghai) Enterprise Development Co., Ltd. (“Jirongyun”) |  | Entity controlled by Mr. Yan, the Founder and Chairman of the Group
Shanghai Shilupan Technology Co., Ltd. (“Shilupan) |  | Entity influenced by Mr. Yan the Founder and Chairman of the Group
Kailiantong Payment Service Co., Ltd. (“Kailiantong”) |  | Entity influenced by Mr. Yan the Founder and Chairman of the Group
Shanghai Jiajie Assets Management Co., Ltd (Jiajie Assets) |  | Entity controlled by Mr. Yan, the Founder and Chairman of the Group

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JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

10. |  | RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS - continued

The Group entered into the following transactions with its related parties:

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Services provided by related parties: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Jiayin Zhuoyue (1) |  |  | 106,256 |  |  |  | 77,984 |
Shilupan(2) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 17,202 |
Shanghai Jiayin(3) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,806 |
Jiayin Credit (4) |  |  | 2,420 |  |  |  | 10,513 |
Kailiantong(5) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,065 |
Jirongyun(6) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,136 |
Jiayin (Shanghai) (1) |  |  | 146,446 |  |  |  | 2,459 |
Total |  |  | 255,122 |  |  |  | 133,165 |

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Loans to a related party: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Jiajie Asset (7) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,700 |
Jirongyun (7) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,850 |
Total |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,550 |
Loans from a related party |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Jiayin Credit |  |  | 13,876 |  |  |  | 70,765 |
Total |  |  | 13,876 |  |  |  | 70,765 |

| (1) | Jiayin Zhuoyue and Jiayin (Shanghai) referred investors and borrowers to the Group and charged referral service fees.

| (2) | Shilupan provided credit analysis service for the Group and charged corresponding service fees.

| (3) | Shanghai Jiayin rent office to the Group and charged rental fees.

| (4) | Jiayin Credit provided credit services to the Group and charged credit service fees.

| (5) | Kailiantong provided cash payment services to the Group charged transaction processing fees.

| (6) | Jirongyun referred borrowers to the Group and charged referral service fees.

| (7) | The amount represents loans to related parties in 2018, which was subsequently collected in the same year.

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JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

10. |  | RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS - continued

The following table present amounts due from and due to related parties as of December 31, 2017 and 2018:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Amounts due from related parties |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Niwodai Finance (1) |  |  | 517,685 |  |  |  | — |
Total |  |  | 517,685 |  |  |  | — |
Amounts due to related parties |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Jiayin Credit (2) |  |  | 106,420 |  |  |  | 70,399 |
Jiayin Zhuoyue (3) |  |  | 10,449 |  |  |  | 8,199 |
Kailiantong (3) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,835 |
Shilupan (3) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,076 |
Jiayin (Shanghai) |  |  | 18,080 |  |  |  | — |
Total |  |  | 134,949 |  |  |  | 84,509 |

| (1) | The balance mainly consists of receivable from Niwodai Finance resulting from the 2015 Acquisition (see Note 1), and loans to Niwodai Finance.

| (2) | Balance as of December 31, 2017 represents RMB103,999 loans from Jiayin Credit and RMB2,421 accounts payable in relation to credit assessment service provided by Jiayin Credit. Balance as of December 31, 2018 represents RMB70,399 loans from Jiayin Credit. The Group received RMB70,765 loan from Jiayin Credit to support the Group’s working capital management and recorded RMB10,513 accounts payable in relation to the credit assessment service during the year ended December 31, 2018. There was RMB104,365 repayment on loans of related party and RMB12,934 repayment on accounts payable to Jiayin Credit during the year ended December 31, 2018.

| (3) | Balances mainly represents the amount of service fees payable to related parties.

Amounts due from/to related parties are non-interest bearing, unsecured, and due on demand.

11. |  | COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Lease Obligations

The Group leases office premises under operating leases. The term of each lease agreement vary and may contain renewal options. Rental payments under operating leases are charged to operating expenses on the straight-line basis over the period of the lease based on contract terms. Rental expenses under operating leases for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018 were RMB22,886 and RMB24,255, respectively.

Future minimum lease payments under non-cancelable operating leases as of December 31, 2018 were as follows:

Year ending of December 31: |  | RMB |
2019 |  |  | 23,901 |
2020 |  |  | 22,955 |
2021 |  |  | 3,826 |
2022 |  |  | — |
Total |  |  | 50,682 |

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JIAYIN GROUP INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

11. |  | COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES - continued

Capital and other commitments

The Group did not have significant capital and other commitments, long-term obligations, or guarantees other than those relating to the investor assurance program, as of December 31, 2017 and 2018.

Contingencies

The Group is subject to legal proceedings and regulatory actions in the ordinary course of business. The results of such proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, but the Group does not anticipate that the final outcome arising out of any such matter will have a material adverse effect on the consolidated business, financial position, cash flows or results of operations taken as a whole. As of December 31, 2018, the Group is not a party to any material legal or administrative proceedings.

12. |  | RESTRICTED NET ASSETS

The Company’s ability to pay dividends is primarily dependent on the Company receiving distributions of funds from its subsidiaries. Relevant PRC statutory laws and regulations permit payments of dividends by the VIEs and subsidiaries of the VIEs incorporated in PRC only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. The consolidated results of operations reflected in the consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP differ from those reflected in the statutory financial statements of the Company’s subsidiaries.

Under PRC law, the Company’s subsidiaries, VIEs and the subsidiaries of the VIEs located in the PRC (collectively referred as the “PRC entities”) are required to provide for certain statutory reserves, namely a general reserve, an enterprise expansion fund and a staff welfare and bonus fund. The PRC entities are required to allocate at least 10% of their after tax profits on an individual company basis as determined under PRC accounting standards to the statutory reserve and has the right to discontinue allocations to the statutory reserve if such reserve has reached 50% of registered capital on an individual company basis. In addition, the registered capital of the PRC entities is also restricted.

Amounts restricted that include paid in capital and statutory reserve funds, as determined pursuant to PRC GAAP, are RMB217,199 and RMB217,199 as of December 31, 2017 and 2018.

13. |  | SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

The Group has evaluated subsequent events through March 26, 2019, the date on which the consolidated financial statements were available to be issued.

In February 2019, the Group has approved a new share incentive plan, i.e., the 2019 Share Incentive Plan, to be effective upon the completion of the initial public offering (“IPO”). Upon IPO, the Group will grant 45,614,400 options of Jiayin Group Inc. pursuant to the 2019 Share Incentive Plan to replace the 11,403,600 options granted and outstanding under the 2016 Share Incentive Plan on a 4:1 ratio, with all other terms and conditions remain relatively the same.

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##### Table of Contents

JIAYIN GROUP INC.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION—FINANCIAL STATEMENTS SCHEDULE I

CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF PARENT COMPANY BALANCE SHEETS

(AMOUNT IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT SHARE AND SHARE RELATED DATA)

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Total current assets |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Investments in subsidiaries and VIEs |  |  | (1,931,542 | ) |  |  | (1,652,006 | ) |  |  | (240,274 | )
Total assets |  |  | (1,931,542 | ) |  |  | (1,652,006 | ) |  |  | (240,274 | )
Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ordinary shares |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Accumulated deficit |  |  | (1,931,542 | ) |  |  | (1,652,006 | ) |  |  | (240,274 | )
Total deficit |  |  | (1,931,542 | ) |  |  | (1,652,006 | ) |  |  | (240,274 | )
Total liabilities and deficit |  |  | (1,931,542 | ) |  |  | (1,652,006 | ) |  |  | (240,274 | )

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JIAYIN GROUP INC.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION—FINANCIAL STATEMENTS SCHEDULE I

CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF PARENT COMPANY STATEMENTS OF

COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(AMOUNT IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT SHARE AND SHARE RELATED DATA)

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries and VIEs |  |  | 539,545 |  |  |  | 611,758 |  |  |  | 88,977 |
Net income |  |  | 539,545 |  |  |  | 611,758 |  |  |  | 88,977 |
Net income attributable to the parent company |  |  | 539,545 |  |  |  | 611,758 |  |  |  | 88,977 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Comprehensive income |  |  | 539,545 |  |  |  | 611,758 |  |  |  | 88,977 |

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JIAYIN GROUP INC.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION—FINANCIAL STATEMENTS SCHEDULE I

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPANY CASH FLOW STATEMENTS

(AMOUNT IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT FOR SHARE AND PER SHARE DATA)

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributed to the parent company |  |  | 539,545 |  |  |  | 611,758 |  |  |  | 88,799 |
Share of results of subsidiaries and VIEs |  |  | (539,545 | ) |  |  | (611,758 | ) |  |  | (88,799 | )
Net cash from operating activities |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net cash from investing activities |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net cash from financing activities |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of the year |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Supplemental disclosure of significant non-cash investing and financing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Decease in investment in subsidiaries and VIEs for cash dividend paid by a subsidiary on behalf of the parent to the Group’s shareholders |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | (400,000 | ) |  |  | (58,178 | )

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JIAYIN GROUP INC.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION—FINANCIAL STATEMENTS SCHEDULE I

NOTES TO SCHEDULE I

1. | Schedule I has been provided pursuant to the requirements of Rule 12-04(a) and 5-04(c) of Regulation S-X, which require condensed financial information as to the financial position, changes in financial position and results of operations of a parent company as of the same dates and for the same periods for which audited consolidated financial statements have been presented when the restricted net assets of consolidated subsidiaries exceed 25 percent of consolidated net assets as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal year.

2. | As disclosed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company was incorporated on December 21, 2017 in the Cayman Islands to be the holding company of the Group. The Company undertook a series of transactions to redomicile its business from PRC to the Cayman Islands. The Company has presented Schedule I as if Cayman Islands parent company has been incorporated on January 1, 2017.

3. | The condensed financial information has been prepared using the same accounting policies as set out in the consolidated financial statements except that the equity method has been used to account for investments in its subsidiaries and VIEs. For the parent company, the Company records its investments in subsidiaries and VIEs under the equity method of accounting as prescribed in ASC 323, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures. Such investments are presented on the Condensed Balance Sheets as “Investment in subsidiaries and VIEs” and share of their earnings as “Equity in earnings of subsidiaries and VIEs” on the Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income.

4. | Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with US GAAP have been condensed or omitted. The footnote disclosure certain supplemental information relating to the operations of the Company and, as such, these statements should be read in conjunction with the notes to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.

5. | As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, there were no material contingencies, significant provisions of long term obligations, mandatory dividend or redemption requirements of redeemable stocks or guarantees of the Company.

6. | Translations of balances in the additional financial information of Parent Company- Financial Statements Schedule I from RMB into US$ as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018 are solely for the convenience of the readers and were calculated at the rate of US$1.00= RMB6.8755, representing the noon buying rate set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the U.S. Federal Reserve Board on December 31, 2018. No representation is made that the RMB amounts could have been, or could be, converted, realized or settled into US$ at that rate on December 31, 2018, or at any other rate.

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