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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

(Mark One) |  | Form 10-K |  |

| ☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

OR

| ☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number 000-26481

Financial Institutions, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

New York |  | 16-0816610
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
220 LIBERTY STREET, WARSAW, New York |  | 14569
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (ZIP Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (585) 786-1100

Securities registered under Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of exchange on which registered
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share | FISI | Nasdaq Global Select Market

Securities registered under Section 12(g) of the Exchange Act: NONE

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☑

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☑

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☑
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☑

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑

The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share, held by non-affiliates of the registrant, as computed by reference to the June 30, 2023 closing price reported by Nasdaq, was approximately $235,968,000.

As of February 28, 2024, there were outstanding, exclusive of treasury shares, 15,408,580 shares of the registrant’s common stock.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant’s proxy statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | PART I |  | PAGE
Item 1. |  | Business |  | 4
Item 1A. |  | Risk Factors |  | 20
Item 1B. |  | Unresolved Staff Comments |  | 33
Item 1C. |  | Cybersecurity |  | 33
Item 2. |  | Properties |  | 34
Item 3. |  | Legal Proceedings |  | 34
Item 4. |  | Mine Safety Disclosures |  | 35
|  | PART II |  |
Item 5. |  | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities |  | 36
Item 6. |  | [Reserved] |  | 37
Item 7. |  | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |  | 38
Item 7A. |  | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk |  | 61
Item 8. |  | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data |  | 64
Item 9. |  | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure |  | 131
Item 9A. |  | Controls and Procedures |  | 131
Item 9B. |  | Other Information |  | 131
Item 9C. |  | Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections |  | 131
|  | PART III |  |
Item 10. |  | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance |  | 132
Item 11. |  | Executive Compensation |  | 132
Item 12. |  | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters |  | 132
Item 13. |  | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence |  | 132
Item 14. |  | Principal Accounting Fees and Services |  | 132
|  | PART IV |  |
Item 15. |  | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules |  | 133
Item 16. |  | Form 10-K Summary |  | 134
|  | Signatures |  | 135

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PART I

FORWARD LOOKING INFORMATION

Statements and financial analysis contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K that are based on other than historical data are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements provide current expectations or forecasts of future events and include, among others:

•
statements with respect to the beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, guidelines, expectations, anticipations, and future financial condition, results of operations and performance of Financial Institutions, Inc. (the “Parent” or “FII”) and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company,” “we,” “our,” or “us”); and
•
statements preceded by, followed by or that include the words “may,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “projects” or similar expressions.

These forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance, nor should they be relied upon as representing management’s views as of any subsequent date. Forward-looking statements involve significant risks and uncertainties, and actual results may differ materially from those presented, either expressed or implied, in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including, but not limited to, those presented in the Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Factors that might cause such material differences include, but are not limited to:

•
Fluctuations in market interest rates may affect our interest margins and income, demand for our products, defaults on loans, loan prepayments and the fair value of our financial instruments;
•
Environmental, social and governance matters, and any related reporting obligations may impact our business;
•
If we experience greater credit losses than anticipated, earnings may be adversely impacted;
•
We are subject to risks and losses resulting from fraudulent activities that could adversely impact our financial performance and results of operations;
•
Geographic concentration in our loan portfolio may unfavorably impact our operations;
•
Our commercial business and mortgage loans increase our exposure to credit risks;
•
Our indirect and consumer lending involves risk elements in addition to normal credit risk;
•
Lack of seasoning in portions of our loan portfolio could increase risk of credit defaults in the future;
•
We accept deposits that do not have a fixed term, and which may be withdrawn by the customer at any time for any reason;
•
We are subject to environmental liability risk associated with our lending activities;
•
We operate in a highly competitive industry and market area;
•
Legal and regulatory proceedings and related matters, such as the action brought by a class of consumers against us as described in Part I, Item 3, “Legal Proceedings,” could adversely affect us and the banking industry in general;
•
Any future FDIC insurance premium increases may adversely affect our earnings;
•
We are highly regulated, and any adverse regulatory action may result in additional costs, loss of business opportunities, and reputational damage;
•
We are subject to the CRA and fair lending laws, and failure to comply with these laws could lead to material penalties;
•
The policies of the Federal Reserve have a significant impact on our earnings;
•
Our insurance brokerage subsidiary is subject to risk related to the insurance industry;
•
Our investment advisory and wealth management operations are subject to risk related to the regulation of the financial services industry and market volatility;
•
We make certain assumptions and estimates in preparing our financial statements that may prove to be incorrect, which could significantly impact our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition, and we are subject to new or changing accounting rules and interpretations, and the failure by us to correctly interpret or apply these evolving rules and interpretations could have a material adverse effect;
•
The value of our goodwill and other intangible assets may decline in the future;
•
We may be unable to successfully implement our growth strategies, including the integration and successful management of newly-acquired businesses;
•
The introduction of new products and services may subject us to increased regulation and regulatory scrutiny and may affect our reputation;
•
Acquisitions may disrupt our business and dilute shareholder value;
•
Our tax strategies and the value of our deferred tax assets and liabilities could adversely affect our operating results and regulatory capital ratios;
•
Liquidity is essential to our businesses;
•
We rely on dividends from our subsidiaries for most of our revenue;
•
If our risk management framework does not effectively identify or mitigate our risks, we could suffer losses;
•
We face competition in staying current with technological changes and banking alternatives to compete and meet customer demands;

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•
We rely on other companies to provide key components of our business infrastructure;
•
A breach in security of our or third-party information systems, including the occurrence of a cyber incident or a deficiency in cybersecurity, or a failure by us to comply with New York State cybersecurity regulations, may subject us to liability, result in a loss of customer business or damage our brand image;
•
The soundness of other financial institutions could adversely affect us;
•
We may need to raise additional capital in the future and such capital may not be available on acceptable terms or at all;
•
We may not pay or may reduce the dividends on our common stock;
•
We may issue debt and equity securities or securities convertible into equity securities, any of which may be senior to our common stock as to distributions and in liquidation, which could dilute our current shareholders or negatively affect the value of our common stock;
•
Our certificate of incorporation, our bylaws, and certain banking laws may have an anti-takeover effect;
•
The market price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to a number of factors;
•
We may not be able to attract and retain skilled people;
•
We use financial models for business planning purposes that may not adequately predict future results;
•
We depend on the accuracy and completeness of information about or from customers and counterparties;
•
Our business may be adversely affected by conditions in the financial markets and economic conditions generally, including macroeconomic pressures such as inflation, supply chain issues, and geopolitical risks associated with international conflict; and
•
Severe weather, natural disasters, public health emergencies and pandemics, acts of war or terrorism, and other external events could significantly impact our business.

We caution readers not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date made, and advise readers that various factors, including those described above, could affect our financial performance and could cause our actual results or circumstances for future periods to differ materially from those anticipated or projected. See also Item 1A, Risk Factors, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information. Except as required by law, we do not undertake, and specifically disclaim any obligation to publicly release any revisions to any forward-looking statements to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events or circumstances after the date of such statements.

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

GENERAL

The Parent is a financial holding company organized in 1931 under the laws of New York State (“New York” or “NYS”). The principal office of the Parent is located at 220 Liberty Street, Warsaw, New York 14569 and its telephone number is (585) 786-1100. The Parent was incorporated on September 15, 1931, but the continuity of the Company’s banking business is traced to the organization of the National Bank of Geneva on March 28, 1817. Except as the context otherwise requires, the Parent and its direct and indirect subsidiaries are collectively referred to in this report as the “Company.” The Parent’s common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the ticker symbol “FISI.” Five Star Bank is referred to as “FSB” or “the Bank,” SDN Insurance Agency, LLC is referred to as “SDN,” and Courier Capital, LLC is referred to as “Courier Capital.” The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Parent, the Bank, SDN and Courier Capital.

At December 31, 2023, the Company had consolidated total assets of $6.16 billion, deposits of $5.21 billion and shareholders’ equity of $454.8 million.

The Parent’s primary business is the operation of its subsidiaries. It does not engage in any other substantial business activities. The Parent’s three direct wholly-owned subsidiaries are: (1) the Bank, which provides a full range of banking services to consumer, commercial and municipal customers in Western and Central New York, commercial loans in the Mid-Atlantic and Central New York regions, and Banking-as-a-Service (“BaaS”) capabilities to non-bank service providers and other financial technology firms (“FinTechs”); (2) SDN, which sells various premium-based insurance policies on a commission basis to commercial and consumer customers; and (3) Courier Capital, which provides customized investment management, investment consulting and retirement plan services to individuals, businesses, institutions, foundations and retirement plans. At December 31, 2023, the Bank represented 99.3%, SDN represented 0.3%, and Courier Capital represented 0.3%, respectively, of the consolidated assets of the Company.

Five Star Bank

The Bank is a New York-chartered bank that has its headquarters at 55 North Main Street, Warsaw, NY, a total of 48 full-service banking offices in the New York State counties of Allegany, Cattaraugus, Cayuga, Chemung, Erie, Genesee, Livingston, Monroe, Ontario, Orleans, Seneca, Steuben, Wyoming and Yates, and commercial loan production offices in Baltimore, Maryland and Syracuse, New York serving the Mid-Atlantic and Central New York regions, respectively.

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At December 31, 2023, the Bank had total assets of $6.12 billion, investment securities of $1.04 billion, net loans of $4.41 billion, deposits of $5.23 billion and shareholders’ equity of $485.0 million. The Bank offers deposit products, which include checking and NOW accounts, savings accounts, and certificates of deposit, as its principal source of funding. The Bank’s deposits are insured up to the maximum permitted by the Deposit Insurance Fund (the “DIF”) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”). The Bank offers a variety of loan products to its customers, including commercial and consumer loans.

SDN Insurance Agency, LLC

SDN is a full-service insurance agency founded in 1923 and headquartered in Amherst, NY. SDN offers personal, commercial and financial services products. For the year ended December 31, 2023, SDN had total revenue of $6.7 million.

Most lines of personal insurance are provided, including automobile, homeowners, boat, recreational vehicle, landlord and umbrella coverage. Commercial insurance products are also provided, consisting of property, liability, automobile, inland marine, workers compensation, bonds, crop and umbrella insurance. SDN also provides the following financial services products: life and disability insurance, Medicare supplements, long-term care, annuities, mutual funds, retirement programs and New York State disability.

Courier Capital, LLC

Courier Capital is an SEC-registered investment advisory and wealth management firm founded in 1967 and headquartered in Western New York, with offices in Buffalo, Rochester and Jamestown, New York, and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. With $2.88 billion in assets under management as of December 31, 2023, Courier Capital offers customized investment advice, wealth management, investment consulting and retirement plan services to individuals, businesses and institutions. For the year ended December 31, 2023, Courier Capital had total revenue of $10.1 million.

On May 1, 2023, the Company completed the merger of its wholly-owned SEC-registered investments advisory firms, in which HNP Capital, LLC merged with and into Courier Capital.

Five Star REIT, Inc.

Five Star REIT, Inc. (“Five Star REIT”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Bank, operates as a real estate investment trust that holds residential mortgages and commercial real estate loans. Five Star REIT provides additional flexibility and planning opportunities for the business of the Bank.

Business Strategy

Our business strategy has been to maintain a community bank philosophy, which consists of focusing on and understanding the individualized banking and other financial services needs of individuals, municipalities and businesses of the communities surrounding our primary service area. We believe this focus allows us to be more responsive to our customers’ needs and provide a high level of personal service that differentiates us from larger competitors, resulting in long-standing and broad-based banking relationships. Our core customers are primarily small- to medium-sized businesses, individuals and community organizations who prefer to build banking, insurance and wealth management relationships with a community bank that offers high-quality, competitively-priced products and services with personalized service. Because of our identity and origin as a locally operated bank, we believe that our level of personal service provides a competitive advantage over larger banks, which tend to consolidate decision-making authority outside local communities.

A key aspect of our current business strategy is to foster a community–oriented culture where our customers and employees establish long-standing and mutually beneficial relationships. We believe that we are well-positioned to be a strong competitor within our market area because of our focus on community banking needs and customer service, our comprehensive suite of deposit, loan, insurance and wealth management products and services typically found at larger banks, our highly experienced management team and our strategically located banking centers.

We prioritize customer acquisition through cost-effective, high-demand digital, virtual and physical channels, while maintaining a community bank distinctiveness relative to larger banks and digital-only neobanks. We leverage the retail branch network and customer contact center to build trust and credibility, provide personal financial education and advice, offer convenience, and bridge digital and physical channels. Our enhanced digital capabilities complement a continued focus on a consistent customer experience and engagement across physical and virtual channels, including using branches to create deeper engagement and relationships with customers, balancing customer engagement with efficiency opportunities (e.g., framing outreach to the customer contact center to teach customers how to use digital channels, in addition to addressing the reason for the call), and maintaining and expanding our customer reach digitally, physically or virtually. By employing digital channels across our current products and services, we deepen existing relationships and enter new geographies or market segments that would otherwise be prohibitively expensive targets using traditional approaches. Deepening our existing digital capabilities allows us to capitalize on a shift in customer preferences away from physical branches, while launching opportunities with non-bank entities through BaaS.

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We have evolved to meet changing customer needs by offering complementary physical, digital and virtual channels. We focus on technology to provide solutions that fit our customer preferences for transacting business with us. Branches are staffed by certified personal bankers who are trained to meet a broad array of customer needs. Our digital banking capabilities, interactive teller machine (“ITM”) functionality and Customer Contact Center provide additional self-serve and phone options through which customer needs are met effectively.

Our BaaS business offers banking capabilities to non-bank financial service providers and other FinTechs, allowing them to provide banking services to their end users. With the help of the Bank’s partners, we can offer banking services and products beyond our traditional footprint, creating new fee-based revenue opportunities through service, interchange and other fees, coupled with cost effective deposit gathering opportunities. We are primarily focused on five key BaaS client types where we see strong opportunity: business-to-business, where we help FinTechs innovate solutions while creating new market opportunities and efficiencies; affinity groups, where we help empower traditionally under-banked communities with expanded financial services access; sustainable finance, where we meet customer-led environmental demands by partnering with early movers in the green banking space; cannabis-related businesses, where we can tap into the multi-billion dollar cannabis market by leveraging regulatory and risk experience for sustained operations; and wealth management, which enables wealth managers to meet accelerating client demand for banking services.

We will continue to explore market expansion opportunities that complement current market areas as opportunities arise. Our primary focus will be on increasing the Bank’s market share within existing markets, while taking advantage of potential growth opportunities within our non-interest income lines of business by acquiring businesses that can be incorporated into existing operations. We believe our capital position remains strong enough to support an active merger and acquisition strategy and the expansion of our core financial service businesses. Consequently, we continue to explore acquisition opportunities in these activities. When evaluating acquisition opportunities, we will balance the potential for earnings accretion with maintaining adequate capital levels, which could result in our common stock being the predominant form of consideration and/or the need for us to raise capital.

Conversations with potential strategic partners occur on a regular basis. The evaluation of any potential opportunity will favor a transaction that complements our core competencies and strategic intent, with a lesser emphasis being placed on geographic location or size. Additionally, we remain committed to maintaining a diversified revenue stream. Our senior management team has experience in acquisitions and post-acquisition integration of operations and is prepared to act promptly should a potential opportunity arise but will remain disciplined with its approach. We believe this experience positions us to successfully acquire and integrate additional financial services and banking businesses.

HUMAN CAPITAL RESOURCES STRATEGY

In order to continue to deliver on our mission of financial inclusion for all, it is crucial that we attract and retain talent who desire to enable financial equality through delivery of capable solutions, thoughtful innovation and equitable consumer options in the markets that we serve. To facilitate talent attraction and retention, we strive to make the Company an inclusive, safe and healthy workplace, with opportunities for our employees to grow and develop in their careers, supported by strong compensation, benefits, health and welfare programs.

Employee Profile

As of December 31, 2023, we had 624 employees situated across the United States (the “U.S.”). This represents a decrease of 48 employees, or 7%, from December 31, 2022.

As of December 31, 2023, approximately 64% of our current workforce is female, 36% male, and our average tenure is 6.83 years, an increase of 19% from an average tenure of 5.74 years as of December 31, 2022.

Total Rewards

As part of our compensation philosophy, we believe that we must offer and maintain market competitive total rewards programs for our employees in order to attract and retain superior talent. In addition to market competitive base wages, our rewards programs include performance-based bonus opportunities, equity compensation, Company-sponsored retirement plans, healthcare and insurance benefits, health savings and flexible spending accounts, paid time off, family leave, family care resources, remote work arrangements, flexible work schedules, adoption assistance, and employee assistance programs.

Health and Safety

The success of our business is fundamentally connected to the well-being of our people. Accordingly, we are committed to the health, safety and wellness of our employees. We provide our employees and their families with access to a variety of flexible and convenient health and welfare programs, including benefits that support their physical and mental health by providing tools and resources to help them improve or maintain their health status and that offer choice where possible so they can customize their benefits to meet their needs and the needs of their families.

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Talent

A core tenet of our talent system is to both develop talent from within and supplement with external hires. This approach has yielded loyalty and commitment among our employees which in turn grows our business, our products, and our customers, while also adding new talent, skill sets and ideas to support a continuous improvement mindset and our goals of a diverse and inclusive workforce.

We conduct intentional, strategic hiring to supplement the organization with new skill sets and perspectives. Our talent acquisition team uses internal and external resources to recruit highly skilled and talented workers, and, additionally, we incent employee referrals for open positions.

Our performance management framework positions our leaders as coaches who continuously develop and grow talent through ongoing performance and development discussions, formal talent and development assessments, goal setting and feedback and performance-based compensation programs.

Diversity and Inclusion

We strive toward having a powerful and diverse team of employees, knowing we are better together with our combined wisdom and intellect. With a commitment to equality, inclusion and workplace diversity, we focus on understanding, accepting, and valuing the differences between people. To accomplish this, we established a Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Council (formerly the Diversity & Inclusion Advisory Council) in 2020 that is currently made up of 15 employee representatives throughout our operating footprint. The Council meets regularly to provide feedback and ideas that guide our Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (“DEI”) strategy. We established a series of DEI-focused training to raise awareness of unconscious bias and equip leaders to build inclusive team experiences. We continue our commitment to equal employment opportunity through a comprehensive action plan which includes annual compensation analyses and ongoing reviews of our selection and hiring practices alongside a continued focus on building and maintaining a diverse workforce.

MARKET AREAS AND COMPETITION

We provide a wide range of banking and financial services to individuals, municipalities and businesses through a network of more than 48 offices and an extensive ATM network throughout Western and Central New York. The region includes the counties of Allegany, Cattaraugus, Cayuga, Chautauqua, Chemung, Erie, Genesee, Livingston, Monroe, Ontario, Orleans, Schuyler, Seneca, Steuben, Wayne, Wyoming and Yates. Our banking activities, though concentrated in the communities where we maintain branches, also extend into neighboring counties. During 2023, our consumer indirect lending presence included the Capital District of New York and Northern and Central Pennsylvania, and we have commercial loan production offices in Baltimore, Maryland and Syracuse, New York, serving the Mid-Atlantic and Central New York regions, respectively. Effective January 1, 2024, we exited the Pennsylvania automobile market in order to align our focus more fully around our core Upstate New York market.

Our market area is economically diversified in that we serve both rural markets and the larger markets in and around Rochester and Buffalo, New York. Rochester and Buffalo are the two largest metropolitan areas in New York outside of New York City, with a combined population of over two million people. We anticipate continuing to increase our presence in and around these metropolitan statistical areas and complementary market areas in the coming years.

We face significant competition in both making loans and attracting deposits, as Western and Central New York have a high density of financial institutions. Our competition for loans comes principally from commercial banks, savings banks, savings and loan associations, mortgage banking companies, credit unions, and other financial services companies. Our competition for deposits has historically come from commercial banks, savings banks and credit unions. We face additional competition for deposits from non-traditional FinTech firms and non-depository competitors such as the mutual fund industry, securities and brokerage firms and insurance companies. We generally compete with other financial service providers on factors such as level of customer service, responsiveness to customer needs, availability and pricing of products, and geographic location. Our industry frequently experiences merger activity, which affects competition by eliminating some institutions while potentially strengthening the franchises of others.

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The following table presents the Bank’s market share percentage for total deposits as of June 30, 2023, in each county where we have operations in New York. The table also indicates the ranking by deposit size in each market. All information in the table was obtained from S&P Global Market Intelligence, which compiles deposit data published by the FDIC as of June 30, 2023 and updates the information for any bank mergers and acquisitions completed subsequent to the reporting date.

County |  | Market Share |  | Market Rank |  |  | Number of Branches (1) |
Allegany |  | 10.19% |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 1 |
Cattaraugus |  | 23.61% |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 4 |
Cayuga |  | 11.49% |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 1 |
Chemung |  | 13.42% |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 2 |
Erie |  | 0.43% |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 6 |
Genesee |  | 21.44% |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 2 |
Livingston |  | 36.91% |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 5 |
Monroe |  | 1.94% |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 8 |
Ontario |  | 10.82% |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 4 |
Orleans |  | 24.04% |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 2 |
Seneca |  | 25.72% |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 2 |
Steuben |  | 36.25% |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 5 |
Wyoming |  | 71.38% |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 4 |
Yates |  | 29.58% |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 2 |

(1)
Number of branches current as of December 31, 2023.

In addition, we are pursuing revenue diversification through BaaS and digital banking as new standalone lines of business. We compete with other banks and FinTech companies in these lines of business on a national level.

INVESTMENT ACTIVITIES

Our investment policy is contained within our overall Asset-Liability Management and Investment Policy. This policy dictates that investment decisions will be made based on the safety of the investment, liquidity requirements, potential returns, cash flow targets, need for collateral and desired risk parameters. In pursuing these objectives, we consider the ability of an investment to provide earnings consistent with factors related to quality, maturity, marketability, pledgeability and risk diversification. Our Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer, guided by our Asset–Liability Committee (“ALCO”), is responsible for investment portfolio decisions within the established policies.

Our investment securities strategy is focused on providing liquidity to meet loan demand and redeeming liabilities, meeting pledging requirements, managing credit risks, managing overall interest rate risks and maximizing portfolio yield. Our current policy generally limits security purchases to the following:

•
U.S. treasury securities;
•
U.S. government agency securities, which are securities issued by official Federal government bodies (e.g., the Government National Mortgage Association (“GNMA”) and the Small Business Administration (“SBA”)), and U.S. government-sponsored enterprise securities, which are securities issued by independent organizations that are in part sponsored by the federal government (e.g., the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) system, the Federal National Mortgage Association (“FNMA”), the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“FHLMC”) and the Federal Farm Credit Bureau);
•
Mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”), which include mortgage-backed pass-through securities, collateralized mortgage obligations and multi-family MBS issued by GNMA, FNMA and FHLMC;
•
Investment grade municipal securities, including revenue, tax and bond anticipation notes, statutory installment notes and general obligation bonds;
•
Certain creditworthy unrated securities issued by municipalities;
•
Certificates of deposit;
•
Equity securities at the holding company level;
•
Derivative instruments; and
•
Limited partnership investments.

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LENDING ACTIVITIES

General

We offer a broad range of loans including commercial business and revolving lines of credit, commercial mortgages, equipment loans, residential mortgage loans and home equity loans and lines of credit, home improvement loans, automobile loans and personal loans. Newly originated and refinanced fixed rate residential mortgage loans are either retained in our portfolio or sold to the secondary market with servicing rights retained.

We continually evaluate and update our lending policy. The key elements of our lending philosophy include the following:

•
To ensure consistent underwriting, employees must share a common view of the risks inherent in lending activities as well as the standards to be applied in underwriting and managing credit risk;
•
Pricing of credit products are risk-based;
•
The loan portfolio must be diversified to limit the potential impact of negative events; and
•
Careful, timely exposure monitoring through dynamic use of our risk rating system is required to provide early warning and assure proactive management of potential problems.

Commercial Lending

We primarily originate commercial business loans in our market areas and underwrite them based on the borrower’s ability to service the loan from operating income. We offer a broad range of commercial lending products, including term loans and lines of credit. Short- and medium-term commercial loans, primarily collateralized, are made available to businesses for working capital (including inventory and receivables), business expansion (including acquisition of real estate, expansion and improvements) and the purchase of equipment. As a general practice, where possible, a first position collateral lien is placed on any available real estate, equipment or other assets owned by the borrower and a personal guarantee of the owner is obtained. As of December 31, 2023, our commercial business loan portfolio totaled $735.7 million, or 16% of our total loan portfolio. As of December 31, 2023, $171.7 million, or 23%, of our aggregate commercial business loan portfolio were at fixed interest rates, while $564.0 million, or 77%, were at variable interest rates.

We also offer commercial mortgage loans to finance the purchase of real property, which generally consists of real estate with completed structures. The majority of our commercial mortgage loans are secured by first liens on the real estate and are typically amortized over a 10- to 20-year period. The underwriting analysis includes credit verification, appraisals and a review of the borrower’s financial condition and repayment capacity. As of December 31, 2023, our commercial mortgage loan portfolio totaled $2.01 billion, or 44.9% of our total loan portfolio. As of December 31, 2023, $914.1 million, or 46%, of the loans in our aggregate commercial mortgage portfolio were at fixed interest rates, while $1.09 billion, or 54%, were at variable interest rates.

Commercial loans include both owner-occupied and non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans.

We utilize government loan guarantee programs when available and appropriate.

Government Guarantee Programs

We participate in government loan guarantee programs offered by the SBA, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rural Economic and Community Development and Farm Service Agency, among others. As of December 31, 2023, we had loans with an aggregate principal balance of $25.0 million that were covered by guarantees under these programs. The guarantees typically cover only a certain percentage of these loans. By participating in these programs, we are able to broaden our base of borrowers while reducing credit risk.

Residential Real Estate Lending

We originate fixed and variable rate one-to-four family residential mortgages collateralized by owner-occupied properties located in our market areas. We offer a variety of real estate loan products, including home improvement loans, closed-end home equity loans, and home equity lines of credit, which are generally amortized over periods of up to 30 years. Loans collateralized by one-to-four family residential real estate generally have been originated in amounts of no more than 80% of appraised value or have mortgage insurance. Mortgage title insurance and hazard insurance are normally required. As of December 31, 2023, our residential real estate loan portfolio totaled $649.8 million, or 15% of our total loan portfolio. As of December 31, 2023, our residential real estate lines portfolio totaled $77.4 million, or 2% of our total loan portfolio. As of December 31, 2023, $511.3 million, or 79%, of the loans in our residential real estate loan portfolio were at fixed interest rates, while $138.5 million, or 21%, were at variable interest rates. The residential real estate lines portfolio primarily consists of variable rate lines. Approximately 92% of the loans and lines in our residential real estate portfolios were in first lien positions at December 31, 2023. We do not engage in sub-prime or other high-risk residential mortgage lending as a line of business.

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We sell certain one-to-four family residential mortgages to the secondary mortgage market and typically retain the right to service the mortgages. We typically follow the underwriting and appraisal guidelines of the secondary market, including the FHLMC and the Federal Housing Administration, and service the loans in a manner that satisfies the secondary market agreements. As of December 31, 2023, our residential mortgage servicing portfolio totaled $269.4 million, the majority of which has been sold to the FHLMC.

Consumer Lending

We offer a variety of loan products to our consumer customers, including automobile loans, secured installment loans and other types of secured and unsecured personal loans. As of December 31, 2023, our consumer indirect portfolio totaled $948.8 million, or 21% of our total loan portfolio. Outstanding consumer loan balances were concentrated in indirect automobile loans.

We originate indirect consumer loans for a mix of new and used vehicles predominately through franchised new car dealers. The consumer indirect loan portfolio is primarily comprised of loans with terms that typically range from 36–84 months. We have developed relationships with franchised new car dealers in Western, Central and the Capital District of New York, and Northern and Central Pennsylvania. The consumer indirect loan portfolio primarily consists of fixed rate loans with relatively short durations. Effective January 1, 2024, we exited the Pennsylvania automobile market in order to align our focus more fully around our core Upstate New York market.

Through our BaaS line of business, we originate secured consumer residential solar loans. The terms of these loans typically range from 7–25 years. As of December 31, 2023, the residential solar loan portfolio approximated $30.0 million, all of which were fixed interest rate loans.

We also originate, independently of the indirect and BaaS loans described above, consumer automobile loans, recreational vehicle loans, boat loans, personal loans (collateralized and uncollateralized) and deposit account collateralized loans. The terms of these loans typically range from 12–60 months and vary based upon the nature of the collateral and the size of loan. A portion of the consumer lending program is underwritten on a secured basis using the customer’s financed automobile, mobile home, boat or recreational vehicle as collateral. The other loans in our consumer portfolio totaled $14.6 million as of December 31, 2023, all of which were fixed interest rate loans.

Credit Administration

Our loan policy establishes standardized underwriting guidelines, as well as the loan approval process and the committee structures necessary to facilitate and ensure the highest possible loan quality decision-making in a timely and businesslike manner. The policy establishes requirements for extending credit based on the size, risk rating and type of credit involved. The policy also sets limits on individual lending authority and various forms of joint lending authority, while designating which loans are required to be approved at the committee level.

Our credit objectives are to:

•
Compete effectively and service the legitimate credit needs of our target market;
•
Enhance our reputation for superior quality and timely delivery of products and services;
•
Provide pricing that reflects the entire relationship and is commensurate with the risk profiles of our borrowers;
•
Retain, develop and acquire profitable, multi-product, value added relationships with high-quality borrowers;
•
Focus on government guaranteed lending to meet the needs of the small businesses in our communities;
•
Develop efforts to serve minority and other traditionally underserved communities; and
•
Comply with all relevant laws and regulations.

Our policy includes loan reviews, under the supervision of the Audit and Risk Oversight committees of our Board of Directors and directed by our Chief Risk Officer, in order to render an independent and objective evaluation of our asset quality and credit administration process.

We assign risk ratings to loans in the commercial business and commercial mortgage portfolios. We use those risk ratings to:

•
Profile the risk and exposure in the loan portfolio and identify developing trends and relative levels of risk;
•
Identify deteriorating credits;
•
Reflect the probability that a given customer may default on its obligations; and
•
Assist with risk-based pricing.

Through the loan approval process, loan administration and loan review program, management seeks to continuously monitor our credit risk profile and assess the overall quality of the loan portfolio and adequacy of the allowance for credit losses.

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We have several procedures in place to assist in maintaining the overall quality of our loan portfolio. Delinquent loan reports are monitored by credit administration to identify adverse levels and trends. Loans, including loans individually evaluated for impairment, are generally classified as non-accruing if they are past due as to maturity or payment of principal or interest for a period of more than 90 days, unless such loans are well-collateralized and in the process of collection. Loans that are on a current payment status or past due less than 90 days may also be classified as non-accruing if repayment in full of principal and/or interest is uncertain.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses is established through charges to earnings in the form of a provision for credit losses. The allowance reflects management’s estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in the portfolio, based on factors including, but not limited to:

•
Specific allocations for individually evaluated credits;
•
Segmentation of credit exposures by similar credit characteristics;
•
Historical net charge-off experience by segment;
•
Correlation of segmented historical losses to a loss driver;
•
Evaluation of historical loss emergence by segment;
•
Evaluation and establishment of look-back periods by segment;
•
Evaluation of prepayment and curtailment experience by segment;
•
Evaluation of average life for each segment;
•
Levels and trends in delinquent and non-accruing loans;
•
Trends in volume and terms of loans;
•
Effects of changes in lending policy;
•
National and local economic trends and conditions excluding the loss driver;
•
Regulatory environment;
•
Portfolio administration;
•
Potential funding of unfunded commitments;
•
Evaluation of held to maturity investments; and
•
Evaluation of deferred interest receivable.

Our methodology for estimating the allowance for credit losses includes the following:

1.
Collateral dependent commercial business and commercial mortgage loans, as well as non-collateral dependent criticized loans of two-million dollars and greater are typically reviewed individually and assigned a specific loss allowance, if considered necessary, in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”).
2.
Loans not analyzed for a specific reserve are segmented into “pools” of loans based upon similar risk characteristics. This is referred to as the pooled loan component of the allowance for credit losses estimate. The Company has identified six portfolio segments of loans including commercial loans/lines, commercial mortgage, indirect loans, direct loans, residential lines of credit, and residential loans. Each segment, or pool, is quantitatively analyzed using a discounted cash flow approach over the life of the loan. The pooled loans estimate is based upon periodic review of the collectability of the loans quantitatively correlating historical loan experience with reasonable and supportable forecasts using forward looking information. Adjustments to the quantitative evaluation may be made for differences in current or expected qualitative risk characteristics such as changes in underwriting standards, delinquency level, regulatory environment, economic condition, Company management and the status of portfolio administration including the Company’s credit risk review function.
3.
The Company’s held to maturity (“HTM”) debt securities are also required to utilize the current expected credit losses approach to estimate expected credit losses. The Company’s HTM debt securities included securities that are issued by U.S. government or U.S. government-sponsored enterprises. These securities, widely recognized as “risk free,” carry the explicit and/or implicit guarantee of the U.S. government and have a long history of zero credit loss. The Company also carries a portfolio of HTM municipal bonds. The Company measures its allowance for credit losses on HTM debt securities on a collective basis by major security type. The estimate is based on historical credit losses, if any, adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The Company considers the nature of the collateral, potential future changes in collateral values and available loss information.
4.
The Company had made the election with the adoption of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU 2016-13”) of not measuring an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivable due to the Company’s policy of writing off uncollectible accrued interest receivable balances in a timely manner, as described above.

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5.
The reserve for unfunded commitments (the “Unfunded Reserve”) represents the expected credit losses on off-balance sheet commitments such as unfunded commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. However, a liability is not recognized for commitments unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The unfunded reserve is recognized as a liability (other liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial condition), with adjustments to the reserve recognized as a provision for credit loss expense in the consolidated statements of income. The unfunded reserve is determined by estimating expected future funding, under each segment, and applying the expected loss rates. Expected future funding is based on historical averages of funding rates (i.e., the likelihood of draws taken). To estimate future funding on unfunded balances, current funding rates are compared to historical funding rates.

Management presents a quarterly review of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses to the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors based on the methodology described above. See also the section titled “Allowance for Credit Losses” in Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

SOURCES OF FUNDS

Our primary sources of funds are deposits and borrowed funds.

Deposits

We maintain a full range of deposit products and accounts to meet the needs of the residents and businesses in our primary service area. Products include an array of checking and savings account programs for individuals, municipalities, and businesses, including money market accounts, certificates of deposit, sweep investment capabilities as well as Individual Retirement Accounts and other qualified plan accounts. We rely primarily on competitive pricing of our deposit products, customer service and long-standing relationships with customers to attract and retain these deposits and seek to make our services convenient to the community by offering a choice of several delivery systems and channels, including telephone, mail, online, automated teller machines (“ATMs”), debit cards, point-of-sale transactions, automated clearing house transactions (“ACH”), ITM’s, remote deposit, and mobile banking via telephone or wireless devices. We also take advantage of the use of technology by offering business customers banking access via the Internet and various advanced cash management systems. We provide BaaS products to third parties, including non-maturity deposits that have been received through this delivery channel.

We also participate in reciprocal deposit programs, which enable depositors to receive FDIC insurance coverage for deposits exceeding the maximum insurable amount. Through these programs, deposits in excess of the maximum insurable amount are placed with multiple participating financial institutions. Reciprocal deposits totaled $817.6 million at December 31, 2023.

Borrowings

We have access to a variety of borrowing sources and use both short-term and long-term borrowings to support our asset base. Borrowings from time-to-time include federal funds purchased, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, brokered deposits, FHLB advances, the Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”) Bank Term Funding Program, and borrowings from the discount window of the FRB.

Other sources of funds include scheduled amortization and prepayments of principal from loans and mortgage-backed securities, maturities and calls of investment securities and funds provided by operations.

OTHER INFORMATION

We also make available, free of charge through our website, all reports filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), including our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K, as well as any amendments to those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after those documents are filed with or furnished to the SEC. These filings may be viewed by accessing the SEC Filings subsection of the Financials section of our website (www.FISI-investors.com). Information available on our website is not a part of, and is not incorporated into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

All of the reports we file with the SEC, including this Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K, as well as any amendments thereto may be accessed at www.sec.gov.

SUPERVISION AND REGULATION

We are subject to extensive regulation under federal and state laws. The regulatory framework is intended primarily for the protection of depositors, federal deposit insurance funds and the banking system as a whole and not for the protection of shareholders and creditors.

Elements of the laws and regulations applicable to the Company and the Bank and material to our operations are described below. The description is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the statutes, regulations and policies that are described. Also, such statutes, regulations and policies are continually under review by Congress, state legislatures, and federal and state regulatory agencies. A change in statutes, regulations or regulatory policies applicable to the Company or the Bank could have a material effect on the business, financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

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Holding Company Regulation

We are subject to comprehensive regulation by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, frequently referred to as the Federal Reserve Board (“FRB” or “Federal Reserve”), under the Bank Holding Company Act (the “BHC Act”), as amended by, among other laws, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 (the “Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act”) and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”). We are registered with the Federal Reserve as a financial holding company (“FHC”). We must file reports with the FRB and submit such additional information as the FRB may require, and our holding company and non-banking affiliates are subject to examination by the FRB. Under FRB policy, an FHC must serve as a source of strength for its subsidiary banks. Under this policy, the FRB may require, and has required in the past, a holding company to contribute additional capital to an undercapitalized subsidiary bank. The BHC Act provides that an FHC must obtain FRB approval before:

•
Acquiring, directly or indirectly, ownership or control of any voting shares of another bank, financial holding company or bank holding company if, after such acquisition, it would own or control more than 5% of such shares (unless it already owns or controls the majority of such shares);
•
Acquiring all or substantially all the assets of another bank, financial holding company or bank holding company, or
•
Merging or consolidating with another financial holding company or bank holding company.

The BHC Act generally prohibits a bank holding company from acquiring direct or indirect ownership or control of more than 5% of the voting shares of any company which is not a bank or bank holding company, or from engaging directly or indirectly in activities other than those of banking, managing or controlling banks, or providing services for its subsidiaries. However, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act amended portions of the BHC Act to authorize FHCs, such as us, to directly or through non-bank subsidiaries engage in securities, insurance and other activities that are financial in nature or incidental to a financial activity. In order to undertake and maintain these activities, an FHC must certify that all the depository institutions controlled by the company are well capitalized and well managed.

The Dodd-Frank Act, Economic Growth Act, and Volcker Rule

The Dodd-Frank Act significantly changed the regulation of financial institutions, such as community banks, thrifts, and small bank and thrift holding companies, and the financial services industry.

Although it was enacted in 2010, certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act have yet to be fully implemented and may be impacted by future legislation, rulemaking or executive orders. Our management continues to monitor the ongoing implementation of the Dodd-Frank Act and, as new regulations are issued, will assess their effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In May 2018, the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act (“Economic Growth Act”) was enacted and impacted several of the provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act. The law provided certain regulatory relief to community banks, like us, with less than $10 billion in total consolidated assets. This relief includes an exemption from the Volcker Rule (i.e., a provision of the Dodd-Frank Act which prohibits banks and their affiliates from engaging in proprietary trading and from investing and sponsoring hedge funds and private equity funds.)

Depository Institution Regulation

The Bank is organized under the laws of the state of New York. It is a member of the Federal Reserve System, and its deposits are insured under the DIF of the FDIC up to applicable legal limits. The lending, investment, deposit-taking, and other business authority of the Bank is governed primarily by state and federal law and regulations and the Bank is prohibited from engaging in any operations not authorized by such laws and regulations. The Bank is subject to extensive regulation, supervision and examination by, and the enforcement authority of, the New York State Department of Financial Services (the “NY DFS”) and FRB, and to a lesser extent by the FDIC, as its deposit insurer. This regulatory structure includes:

•
Real estate lending standards, which provide guidelines concerning loan-to-value ratios for various types of real estate loans;
•
Risk-based capital rules, including accounting for interest rate risk, concentration of credit risk and the risks posed by non-traditional activities;
•
Rules requiring depository institutions to develop and implement internal procedures to evaluate and control credit and settlement exposure to their correspondent banks;
•
Rules restricting types and amounts of equity investments; and
•
Rules addressing various safety and soundness issues, including operations and managerial standards, standards for asset quality, earnings and compensation standards.

Capital Requirements

The Company and the Bank are each required to comply with applicable capital adequacy standards established by the Federal Reserve. The current risk-based capital standards applicable to the Company and the Bank are based on the final capital framework for strengthening international capital standards, known as Basel III, of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision.

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The Basel III Rules, among other things, (i) introduce a capital measure called CET1, which consists primarily of retained earnings and common stock, (ii) specify that Tier 1 capital consists of CET1 and “Additional Tier 1 capital” instruments, such as preferred stock and certain convertible securities, meeting certain revised requirements, (iii) define CET1 narrowly by requiring that most deductions/adjustments to regulatory capital measures be made to CET1 and not to the other components of capital, and (iv) expand the scope of the deductions/adjustments to capital as compared to historical regulations.

Under the Basel III Rules, the current minimum capital ratios, including an additional capital conservation buffer (2.5%) applicable to the Company and the Bank, are:

•
7.0% CET1 to risk-weighted assets;
•
8.5% Tier 1 capital (that is, CET1 plus Additional Tier 1 capital) to risk-weighted assets; and
•
10.5% Total capital (that is, Tier 1 capital plus Tier 2 capital) to risk-weighted assets.

Banking institutions that do not hold capital above the required minimum levels, including the capital conservation buffer, will face constraints on paying dividends and compensation based on the amount of the shortfall.

The Basel III Rules provide for a number of deductions from and adjustments to CET1. These include, for example, the requirement that mortgage-servicing rights (“MSRs”), certain deferred tax assets and significant investments in non-consolidated financial entities be deducted from CET1 to the extent that any one such category exceeds 10% of CET1 or all such items, in the aggregate, exceed 15% of CET1.

The Basel III Rules prescribe a standardized approach for risk weightings for a variety of asset classes that, depending on the nature of the assets, generally ranges from 0% for U.S. government and agency securities, to 600% for certain equity exposures.

The Economic Growth Act provided for a potential exception from the Basel III Rules for community banks that maintain a Community Bank Leverage Ratio (“CBLR”) of at least 8.0% to 10.0%. The CBLR is calculated by dividing Tier 1 capital by the bank’s average total consolidated assets. In the final rules approved by the FRB in November 2019, qualifying community banking organizations that opt in to using the CBLR are considered to be in compliance with the Basel III Rules as long as the bank maintains a CBLR of greater than 9.0%. If a bank is not a qualifying community banking organization, does not opt in to using the CBLR, or cannot maintain a CBLR of greater than 9.0%, the bank would have to comply with the Basel III Rules. We determined to comply with the Basel III Rules instead of using the CBLR framework.

Leverage Requirements

Bank holding companies and banks are also required to comply with minimum leverage ratio requirements. These requirements provide for a minimum ratio of Tier 1 capital to total consolidated quarterly average assets (as defined for regulatory purposes), net of the loan loss reserve, goodwill and certain other intangible assets (the “leverage ratio”), of 4.0%.

Prompt Corrective Action

The Federal Deposit Insurance Act, as amended (“FDIA”), requires, among other things, the federal banking agencies to take “prompt corrective action” in respect of depository institutions that do not meet minimum capital requirements. The FDIA establishes five capital categories for FDIC-insured banks: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized and critically undercapitalized. A depository institution is deemed to be “well-capitalized” if the institution has a total risk-based capital ratio of 10.0% or greater, a CET 1 ratio of 6.5% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 8.0% or greater, and a leverage ratio of 5.0% or greater, and the institution is not subject to an order, written agreement, capital directive or prompt corrective action directive to meet and maintain a specific level for any capital measure.

The FDIA imposes progressively more restrictive constraints on operations, management and capital distributions, depending on the capital category in which an institution is classified.

For further information regarding the capital ratios and leverage ratio of the Company and the Bank, see the section titled “Sources and Uses of Capital Resources” in Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The current requirements and the actual levels for the Company and the Bank are detailed in Note 14, Regulatory Matters, of the notes to consolidated financial statements, included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Brokered Deposits

The FDIA and FDIC regulations thereunder limit the ability of banks to accept, renew or rollover brokered deposits unless the institution is well capitalized under the prompt corrective action framework discussed above, or unless it is adequately capitalized and obtains a waiver from the FDIC. Less-than-well-capitalized banks also are subject to restrictions on the interest rates that they may pay on deposits. The characterization of deposits as “brokered” may result in the imposition of higher deposit assessments on such deposits. In December 2020, the FDIC issued a final rule amending its regulations governing brokered deposits. The rule sought to clarify and modernize the FDIC’s regulatory framework for brokered deposits. Notable aspects of the rule include: (i) the establishment of bright-line standards for determining whether an entity meets the statutory definition of “deposit broker”; (ii) the identification of a number of business relationships in which the agent or nominee is automatically not deemed to be a “deposit broker” because their primary purpose is not the placement of funds with depository institutions (the “primary purpose exception”); (iii) the establishment of a more transparent application process for entities that seek the “primary purpose exception,” but do not qualify as one of the identified business relationships to which the exception is automatically applicable; and (iv) the clarification that third parties that have an exclusive deposit-placement arrangement with only one insured depository institution is not considered a “deposit broker.” The final rule took effect in April 2021 and full compliance with the rule has been required since January 1, 2022. Further, as mandated by the Economic Growth Act, the FDIC’s brokered deposit regulations provide a limited exception for reciprocal deposits for banks that are well managed and well capitalized (or adequately capitalized and have obtained a waiver from the FDIC as mentioned above). Under the limited exception, qualified banks are able to exempt from treatment as “brokered” deposits up to $5 billion or 20% of the institution’s total liabilities in reciprocal deposits (which are defined as deposits received by a financial institution through a deposit placement network with the same maturity (if any) and in the same aggregate amount as deposits placed by the institution in other network member banks).

Dividends

The FRB policy is that an FHC should pay cash dividends only to the extent that its net income for the past year is sufficient to cover both the cash dividends and a rate of earnings retention that is consistent with the holding company’s capital needs, asset quality and overall financial condition and that it is inappropriate for an FHC experiencing serious financial problems to borrow funds to pay dividends. Furthermore, a bank that is classified under the prompt corrective action regulations as “undercapitalized” will be prohibited from paying any dividends.

The primary source of cash for dividends we pay is the dividends we receive from the Bank. The Bank is subject to various regulatory policies and requirements relating to the payment of dividends, including requirements to maintain capital above regulatory minimums. Under New York banking law, the Bank may declare and pay dividends from its net profits, unless there is an impairment of capital. Additionally, approval of the NY DFS is required prior to paying a dividend if the dividend declared by the Bank exceeds the sum of the Bank’s net profits for that year and its retained net profits for the preceding two calendar years. At January 1, 2024, the Bank could declare dividends of $70.3 million from retained net profits of the preceding two years. The Bank declared dividends of $14.0 million and $28.0 million in 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Federal Deposit Insurance Assessments

The Bank is a member of the FDIC and pays an insurance premium to the FDIC to fund the Deposit Insurance Fund (“DIF”) based upon the Bank’s assessable assets on a quarterly basis. Deposits are insured up to applicable limits by the FDIC and such insurance is backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government.

The current level of deposit insurance is $250 thousand. The coverage limit is per depositor, per insured depository institution for each account ownership category.

Under the Dodd-Frank Act, the FDIC defined the deposit insurance assessment base for an insured depository institution as an amount equal to the institution’s average consolidated total assets during the assessment period minus average tangible equity. For institutions of the Bank’s asset size, the FDIC operates a risk-based premium system that determines assessment rates from financial modeling designed to estimate the probability of the bank’s failure over a three-year period. Assessment rates for institutions of the Bank’s size ranged from 2.5- to 32-basis points effective January 1, 2023.

The FDIC may also issue special assessments. In 2023, the FDIC issued a special assessment applicable for banks with uninsured deposits in excess of $5 billion in order to recover losses sustained by the DIF as a result of the March 2023 failures of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank.

The FDIC is authorized to conduct examinations of and require reporting by FDIC-insured institutions. It is also authorized to terminate a depository bank’s deposit insurance upon a finding by the FDIC that the bank’s financial condition is unsafe or unsound or that the institution has engaged in unsafe or unsound practices or has violated any applicable law, regulation, order or condition enacted or imposed by the bank’s regulatory agency. The termination of deposit insurance for the Bank would have a material adverse effect on our earnings, operations and financial condition. Management does not know of any practice, condition or violation that might lead to termination of deposit insurance.

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Consumer Laws and Regulations

In addition to the laws and regulations discussed herein, the Bank is also subject to certain federal and state laws and regulations that are designed to protect consumers in transactions with banks. Many of these laws are implemented through regulations issued by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (the “CFPB”) though, for institutions of the Bank’s asset size, compliance is subject to examination by the federal banking regulator, i.e., the FRB in the Bank’s case. While the list set forth herein is not exhaustive, these laws and regulations include, among others, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Truth in Lending Act, the Truth in Savings Act, the Electronic Funds Transfer Act, the Expedited Funds Availability Act, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Housing Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, the Service Members Civil Relief Act, and these laws’ respective state-law counterparts, as well as state usury laws and laws regarding unfair and deceptive acts and practices. These and other federal and state laws, among other things, require disclosures of the cost of credit and terms of deposit accounts, provide substantive consumer rights, prohibit discrimination in credit transactions, regulate the use of credit report information, provide financial privacy protections, prohibit unfair, deceptive and abusive practices, restrict the Company’s ability to raise interest rates and subject the Company to substantial regulatory oversight. Violations of applicable consumer protection laws can result in significant potential liability from litigation brought by customers, including actual damages, restitution and attorneys’ fees. Federal and state bank regulators, federal law enforcement agencies, state attorneys general and state and local consumer protection agencies may also seek to enforce consumer protection requirements and obtain these and other remedies, including regulatory sanctions, customer rescission rights, fines and civil money penalties. Failure to comply with consumer protection requirements may also result in our failure to obtain any required bank regulatory approval for merger or acquisition transactions the Company may wish to pursue or our prohibition from engaging in such transactions even if approval is not required.

Community Reinvestment Act

Pursuant to the federal Community Reinvestment Act (the “CRA”), and its New York state analogue, the Bank is obligated, consistent with safe and sound banking practices, to help meet the credit needs of its entire community, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. The Federal Reserve Bank of New York and NY DFS periodically assess the Bank’s record of performance under the CRA and the New York state analogue, respectively, and issue one of the following ratings: “Outstanding,” “Satisfactory,” “Needs to Improve,” or “Substantial Noncompliance.”

The most recently completed evaluation of the Bank’s performance under the CRA was conducted by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York in April 2022 and resulted in an overall rating of “Satisfactory.”

The last CRA evaluation completed by NY DFS of New York’s analogue was in March 2022 and this performance evaluation resulted in an overall rating by the NY DFS of “Satisfactory.”

On October 24, 2023, the FDIC, the FRB, and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”) issued a final rule to strengthen and modernize the federal CRA regulations. Under the final rule, banks with assets of at least $2 billion as of December 31 in both of the prior two calendar years will be a “large bank.” The agencies will evaluate large banks under four performance tests: the Retail Lending Test, the Retail Services and Products Test, the Community Development Financing Test, and the Community Development Services Test. The applicability date for the majority of the provisions in the CRA regulations is January 1, 2026, and additional requirements will be applicable on January 1, 2027.

Privacy and Cybersecurity

Federal banking regulators, as required under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, have adopted rules limiting the ability of banks and other financial institutions to disclose nonpublic information about consumers to non-affiliated third parties. The rules require disclosure of privacy policies to consumers and, in some circumstances, allow consumers to prevent disclosure of certain personal information to non-affiliated third parties. The privacy provisions of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act affect how consumer information is transmitted through diversified financial services companies and conveyed to outside vendors.

In November 2021, the federal bank regulatory agencies issued a final rule requiring banking organizations to notify their primary federal regulator as soon as possible and no later than 36 hours after determining that a “computer-security incident” that rises to the level of a “notification incident,” as those terms are defined in the final rule, has occurred. A notification incident is a “computer-security incident” that has materially disrupted or degraded, or is reasonably likely to materially disrupt or degrade, the banking organization’s ability to deliver services to a material portion of its customer base, jeopardize the viability of key operations of the banking organization, or impact the stability of the financial sector.

The final rule also requires bank service providers to notify any affected bank to or on behalf of which the service provider provides services “as soon as possible” after determining that it has experienced an incident that materially disrupts or degrades, or is reasonably likely to materially disrupt or degrade, covered services provided to such bank for four or more hours. The rule was effective April 1, 2022, with compliance required by May 1, 2022.

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The NY DFS requires New York State-chartered or licensed banks regulated by the NY DFS, such as us, to adopt broad cybersecurity protections. In particular, we have established a program designed to ensure the safety of our information systems, adopted a written cybersecurity policy, and designated an information security officer. We are subject to ongoing compliance and reporting requirements of the NY DFS. In November 2023, the NY DFS amended its cybersecurity regulations to include heightened governance requirements and an expansion of the breadth and depth of required policies and procedures, among other things.

Digital Banking

Technological developments continue to significantly alter the ways in which financial institutions and their customers conduct their business. The growth of the Internet has caused banks to adopt and refine alternative distribution and marketing systems. The federal bank regulatory agencies have targeted various aspects of Internet banking, including security and systems. There can be no assurance that the bank regulatory agencies will not adopt new regulations that will materially affect the Bank’s Internet operations or restrict any such further operations.

Cannabis Banking

The Marijuana Regulation and Taxation Act was signed into law on March 31, 2021, legalizing the possession and sale of recreational marijuana in New York State for adults aged 21 or older and the state has issued adult-use cannabis cultivation, processing and retail dispensary licenses. We have implemented a program to provide financial products and services to legal cannabis-related businesses and partner with other financial institutions who provide such services.

Offering financial products and services to the cannabis industry presents a unique set of regulatory risks due to the conflict between state and federal laws, as marijuana remains illegal at the federal level. In January 2018, the U.S. Department of Justice (the “DOJ”) rescinded the “Cole Memo” and related memoranda which characterized the enforcement of the Controlled Substances Act against persons and entities complying with state regulatory systems permitting the use, manufacture and sale of medical marijuana as an inefficient use of their prosecutorial resources and discretion. The impact of the DOJ’s rescission of the Cole Memo and related memoranda is unclear, but in the future may result in increased enforcement actions against the regulated cannabis industry generally. The current United States Attorney General has indicated that the DOJ, under his leadership, does not intend to pursue cases against parties who comply with the laws in states which have legalized and are effectively regulating marijuana. However, enforcement policies and practices may be highly variable between political administrations. In addition, federal prosecutors have significant discretion and there can be no assurance that the federal prosecutor for any district in which we operate will not choose to strictly enforce the federal laws governing cannabis. In the future, enforcement actions may be taken against cannabis-related businesses or financial services providers that are viewed as aiding and abetting such activities.

The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (“FinCEN”) published guidelines in 2014 for financial institutions servicing state-legal cannabis businesses. These guidelines clarify how financial institutions can provide services to marijuana-related businesses “in a manner consistent with their obligations to know their customers and to report possible criminal activity.” The Bank has and will continue to follow this and other FinCEN guidance in the areas of cannabis banking.

Anti-Money Laundering and the USA Patriot Act

A major focus of governmental policy on financial institutions is combating money laundering and terrorist financing. The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 substantially broadened the scope of U.S. anti-money laundering laws and regulations by imposing significant new compliance and due diligence obligations, creating new crimes and penalties and expanding the extra-territorial jurisdiction of the United States. Financial institutions are prohibited from entering into specified financial transactions and account relationships and must use enhanced due diligence procedures in their dealings with certain types of high-risk customers and implement a written customer identification program. Financial institutions must take certain steps to assist government agencies in detecting and preventing money laundering and report certain types of suspicious transactions.

Regulatory authorities routinely examine financial institutions for compliance with these obligations. The failure of a financial institution to maintain and implement an adequate program to combat money laundering and terrorist financing, or to comply with all of the relevant laws or regulations, could have serious legal and reputational consequences for the institution, including causing applicable bank regulatory authorities not to approve merger or acquisition transactions when regulatory approval is required or to prohibit such transactions even if approval is not required. Regulatory authorities have increased their regulatory scrutiny of the Bank Secrecy Act (“BSA”) and anti-money laundering programs maintained by financial institutions and have imposed cease and desist orders and civil money penalties against institutions found to be violating these obligations. The Bank has adopted policies and procedures which are in compliance with these requirements.

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The Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020 (“AMLA”), which amends the BSA, was enacted in January 2021. The AMLA is intended to comprehensively reform and modernize U.S. anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing laws. Among other things, it codified a risk-based approach to anti-money laundering compliance for financial institutions; required the U.S. Department of the Treasury to promulgate priorities for anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism policy; required the development of standards for testing technology and internal processes for BSA compliance; expanded enforcement and investigation-related authority, including the increase of available sanctions for certain BSA violations; and expanded BSA whistleblower incentives and protections. In June 2021, the FinCEN issued the priorities for anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism policy required under AMLA. The national priorities include: (i) corruption, (ii) cybercrime, (iii) terrorist financing, (iv) fraud, (v) transnational crime, (vi) drug trafficking, (vii) human trafficking and (viii) proliferation financing. The Bank reviews and monitors its anti-money laundering compliance program to ensure it complies with the changes reflected in the AMLA and the regulations that implement it.

Office of Foreign Assets Control Regulation

The U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control, or “OFAC”, administers and enforces economic and trade sanctions against targeted foreign countries and regimes, nationals, and others, under authority of various laws, regulations, and executive orders. OFAC publishes lists of specially designated nationals and sanctioned countries. The Company is responsible for, among other things, blocking accounts of, and transactions with, such sanctioned parties or jurisdictions, prohibiting unlicensed trade and financial transactions with them and reporting blocked transactions after their occurrence. Failure to comply with these sanctions could have serious legal and reputational consequences, including causing applicable bank regulatory authorities not to approve merger or acquisition transactions when regulatory approval is required or to prohibit such transactions even if approval is not required.

Interstate Branching

Pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act, national and state-chartered banks may open an initial branch in states other than their home state (e.g., host states) by establishing a de novo branch at any location in such host state at which a bank chartered in such host state could establish a branch. Applications to establish such branches must still be filed with the appropriate primary federal regulator.

Transactions with Affiliates

FII, FSB, Five Star REIT, SDN, and Courier Capital are affiliates within the meaning of the Federal Reserve Act and its implementing regulation, Regulation W. The Federal Reserve Act and Regulation W imposes limitations on a bank with respect to extensions of credit to, investments in, and certain other transactions with, its affiliates, including its parent financial holding company and the holding company’s other subsidiaries. Furthermore, bank loans and extensions of credit to affiliates also are subject to various collateral requirements.

Section 23A of the Federal Reserve Act and Regulation W limit the aggregate outstanding amount of any insured depository institution’s loans and other “covered transactions” with any particular affiliate to no more than 10% of the institution’s total capital and limits the aggregate outstanding amount of any insured depository institution’s covered transactions with all of its non-bank affiliates to no more than 20% of its total capital. “Covered transactions” are defined by law and regulation to include a loan or extension of credit to an affiliate, as well as a purchase of securities issued by an affiliate, a purchase of assets from the affiliate, the acceptance of securities issued by the affiliate as collateral for a loan, and the issuance of a guarantee, acceptance or letter of credit on behalf of an affiliate. Section 23A of the Federal Reserve Act and Regulation W also generally requires that an insured depository institution’s loans to its affiliates be, at a minimum, 100% secured, and Section 23B of the Federal Reserve Act and Regulation W generally requires that an insured depository institution’s transactions with its affiliates be on terms and under circumstances that are substantially the same or at least as favorable to the bank as those prevailing for comparable transactions with or involving non-affiliates. The Dodd-Frank Act significantly expanded the coverage and scope of the limitations on affiliate transactions within a banking organization. For example, the Dodd-Frank Act applies the 10% of capital limit on covered transactions to financial subsidiaries and amended the definition of “covered transaction” to include (i) securities borrowing or lending transactions with an affiliate, and (ii) all derivatives transactions with an affiliate, to the extent that either causes a bank or its affiliate to have credit exposure to the securities borrowing/lending or derivative counterparty.

Insurance Regulation

SDN is required to be licensed or receive regulatory approval in nearly every state in which it does business. In addition, most jurisdictions require individuals who engage in brokerage and certain other insurance service activities to be personally licensed. These licensing laws and regulations vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. In most jurisdictions, licensing laws and regulations generally grant broad discretion to supervisory authorities to adopt and amend regulations and to supervise regulated activities.

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Investment Advisory Regulation

Courier Capital is a provider of investment consulting and financial planning services and, as such, is considered an “investment adviser” under the U.S. Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (the “Advisers Act”). An investment adviser is any person or entity that provides advice to others, or that issues reports or analyses, regarding securities for compensation. While an FHC is generally excluded from regulation under the Advisers Act, the SEC has stated that this exclusion does not apply to investment adviser subsidiaries of FHCs, such as Courier Capital. Because Courier Capital has over $100 million in assets under management, it is considered a “large adviser,” which requires registration with the SEC by filing Form ADV, including Part 3 to Form ADV, or Form CRS, which discloses the material terms of the advisor’s relationship with retail customers. Courier Capital must update these forms at least once each year and more frequently under certain specified circumstances. This registration covers Courier Capital and its employees as well as other persons under their control and supervision, such as independent contractors, provided that their activities are undertaken on behalf of Courier Capital.

In addition to these registration requirements, the Advisers Act contains numerous other provisions that impose obligations on investment advisors. For example, Section 206 includes anti-fraud provisions that courts have interpreted as establishing fiduciary duties extending to all services undertaken on behalf of the client. These duties include, but are not limited to, the disclosure of all material facts to clients, providing only suitable investment advice, and seeking best price execution of trades. Section 206 also has specific rules relating to, among other things, advertising, safeguarding client assets, the engagement of third parties, the duty to supervise persons acting on the investment adviser’s behalf, and the establishment of an effective internal compliance program and a code of ethics.

Courier Capital is subject to each of these obligations and, as applicable, restrictions, and is also subject to examination by the SEC’s Office of Compliance, Investigations, and Examinations to assess its overall compliance with the Advisers Act and the effectiveness of its internal controls.

Commencing in October 2013, prior to the Parent’s acquisition of Courier Capital and former HNP Capital, the Bank entered into a partnership with LPL Financial (“LPL”) to provide investment advisory and broker-dealer services to the Bank’s customers through LPL. Currently, the Bank employs a wealth advisor who is licensed by LPL to provide such services to the Bank’s retail banking customers who are not otherwise clients of Courier Capital. LPL is an investment adviser registered under the Advisers Act and is subject to its provisions.

Incentive Compensation

Our compensation practices are subject to oversight by the Federal Reserve. The federal banking agencies’ guidance on incentive compensation policies intends to ensure that the incentive compensation policies of banking organizations do not encourage excessive risk-taking and undermine the safety and soundness of those organizations. The guidance, which covers all employees that have the ability to materially affect the risk profile of an organization, either individually or as part of a group, is based upon the key principles that a banking organization’s incentive compensation arrangements should (i) provide incentives that do not encourage risk-taking beyond the organization’s ability to effectively identify and manage risks, (ii) be compatible with effective internal controls and risk management, and (iii) be supported by strong corporate governance, including active and effective oversight by the organization’s board of directors.

The FRB reviews, as part of the regular, risk-focused examination process, the incentive compensation arrangements of banking organizations, such as the Company, that are not “large, complex banking organizations.” These reviews are tailored to each organization based on the scope and complexity of the organization’s activities and the prevalence of incentive compensation arrangements. The findings of the supervisory initiatives are included in reports of examination. Deficiencies are incorporated into the organization’s supervisory ratings, which can affect the organization’s ability to make acquisitions and take other actions. Enforcement actions may be taken against a banking organization if its incentive compensation arrangements, or related risk-management control or governance processes, pose a risk to the organization’s safety and soundness and the organization is not taking prompt and effective measures to correct the deficiencies.

The Dodd-Frank Act requires the federal banking agencies and the SEC to establish joint regulations or guidelines prohibiting incentive-based payment arrangements at specified regulated entities having at least $1 billion in total consolidated assets (which would include the Company and the Bank) that encourage inappropriate risks by providing an executive officer, employee, director or principal shareholder with excessive compensation, fees or benefits or that could lead to material financial loss to the entity. In addition, the agencies must establish regulations or guidelines requiring enhanced disclosure to regulators of incentive-based compensation arrangements. In May 2016, the federal bank regulatory agencies and the SEC invited public comments on a proposed rule to accomplish this mandate, but no final rule has since been issued.

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In October 2022, the SEC adopted a final rule implementing the incentive-based compensation recovery (“clawback”) provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act. The final rule directs national securities exchanges and associations, including NASDAQ, to require listed companies to develop and implement clawback policies to recover erroneously awarded incentive-based compensation from current or former executive officers in the event of a required accounting restatement due to material noncompliance with any financial reporting requirement under the securities laws, and to disclose their clawback policies and any actions taken under these policies. NASDAQ amended its proposed listing standards relating to clawbacks to provide that listed companies had until December 1, 2023 to adopt a compliant clawback policy. The Company met such requirement.

Other Future Legislation and Changes in Regulations

In addition to the specific proposals described above, from time to time, various legislative and regulatory initiatives are introduced in Congress and state legislatures, as well as by regulatory agencies. Such initiatives may include proposals to expand or contract the powers of FHCs and depository institutions or proposals to substantially change the financial institution regulatory system. Such legislation could change banking statutes and/or our operating environment in substantial and unpredictable ways. If enacted, such legislation could increase or decrease the cost of doing business, limit or expand permissible activities or affect the competitive balance among banks, savings associations, credit unions, and other financial institutions. We cannot predict whether any such legislation will be enacted, and, if enacted, the effect that it, or any implementing regulations, would have on our financial condition or results of operations. A change in statutes, regulations or regulatory policies applicable to us or our subsidiaries could have a material effect on our business.

Regulatory and Economic Policies

Our business and earnings are affected by general and local economic conditions and by the monetary and fiscal policies of the U.S. government, its agencies and various other governmental regulatory authorities. The FRB regulates the supply of money in order to influence general economic conditions. Among the instruments of monetary policy available to the FRB are (i) conducting open market operations in U.S. government obligations, (ii) changing the discount rate on financial institution borrowings, (iii) imposing or changing reserve requirements against financial institution deposits, and (iv) restricting certain borrowings and imposing or changing reserve requirements against certain borrowings by financial institutions and their affiliates. These methods are used in varying degrees and combinations to directly affect the availability of bank loans and deposits, as well as the interest rates charged on loans and paid on deposits. For that reason, the policies of the FRB could have a material effect on our earnings.

ITEM 1A. R ISK FACTORS

An investment in our common stock is subject to risks inherent to our business. The material risks and uncertainties that management believes could affect us are described below. Before making an investment decision, you should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information included or incorporated by reference herein. This Annual Report on Form 10-K is qualified in its entirety by these risk factors. Further, to the extent that any of the information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K constitutes forward-looking statements, the risk factors set forth below also are cautionary statements identifying important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statements made by or on behalf of us.

If any of the following risks occur, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. If this were to happen, the value of our common stock could decline significantly, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

Credit Risks and Risks Related to Banking Activities

If we experience greater credit losses than anticipated, earnings may be adversely impacted.

As a lender, we are exposed to the risk that customers will be unable to repay their loans according to their terms and that any collateral securing the payment of their loans may not be sufficient to assure repayment. Credit losses are inherent in the business of making loans and could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations.

We make various assumptions and judgments about the collectability of our loan portfolio, including the creditworthiness of our borrowers and the value of the real estate and other assets serving as collateral, and we provide an allowance for estimated credit losses based on a number of factors. We believe that the allowance for credit losses is adequate. However, if our assumptions or judgments are wrong, the allowance for loan losses may not be sufficient to cover the actual credit losses. We may have to increase the allowance in the future in response to the request of one of our primary banking regulators, to adjust for changing conditions and assumptions, or as a result of any deterioration in the quality of our loan portfolio. The actual amount of future provisions for credit losses may vary from the amount of past provisions.

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We are subject to risks and losses resulting from fraudulent activities that could adversely impact our financial performance and results of operations.

As a bank, we are susceptible to fraudulent activity that may be committed against us or our clients, which may result in financial losses or increased costs to us or our clients, disclosure or misuse of our information or our client information, misappropriation of assets, privacy breaches against our clients, litigation or damage to our reputation. We are most subject to fraud and compliance risk in connection with the origination of loans, ACH transactions, wire transactions, ATM transactions, checking transactions, and debit cards that we have issued to our customers and through our online banking portals.

Subsequent to year end, the Bank discovered fraudulent activity associated with deposit transactions conducted over the course of several business days ending in early March 2024 by an in-market business customer of the Bank. The Bank continues to investigate this matter to determine the potential exposure to the Company, which the Company currently estimates could be up to $18.9 million, or $14.1 million net of taxes. The ultimate financial impact could be lower and will depend, in part, on the Bank’s success in recovering the funds. The Bank plans to pursue all available sources of recovery to mitigate the potential loss. See Note 24, Subsequent Events, of the notes to consolidated financial statements, included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, for additional details.

While the Company believes this recent incident is an isolated occurrence, there can be no assurance that such fraudulent actions will not occur again or that such acts will be detected in a timely manner. We maintain a system of internal controls and insurance coverage to mitigate against such risks, including data processing system failures and errors, and customer fraud. If our internal controls fail to prevent or detect any such occurrence, or if any resulting loss is not insured or exceeds applicable insurance limits, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Geographic concentration may unfavorably impact our operations.

The majority of our operations are concentrated in the Western and Central New York regions. As a result of this geographic concentration, our results depend largely on economic conditions in these and surrounding areas. Deterioration in economic conditions in our market, whether caused by inflation, recessionary conditions, public health emergencies, unemployment, or other factors beyond our control, could:

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increase loan delinquencies;
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increase problem assets and foreclosures;
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increase claims and lawsuits;
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decrease the demand for our products and services; and
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decrease the value of collateral for loans, especially real estate, reducing customers’ borrowing power, the value of assets associated with non-performing loans and collateral coverage.

Generally, we make loans to small to mid-sized businesses whose success depends on the regional economy. These businesses generally have fewer financial resources in terms of capital or borrowing capacity than larger entities. Adverse economic and business conditions in our market areas could reduce our growth rate, affect our borrowers’ ability to repay their loans and, consequently, adversely affect our business, financial condition and performance. For example, we place substantial reliance on real estate as collateral for our loan portfolio. A sharp downturn in real estate values in our market area could leave many of these loans inadequately collateralized. If we are required to liquidate the collateral securing a loan to satisfy the debt during a period of reduced real estate values, the impact on our results of operations could be materially adverse.

Our commercial business and commercial mortgage loans increase our exposure to credit risks.

At December 31, 2023, our portfolio of commercial business and commercial mortgage loans totaled $2.74 billion, or 61% of total loans. We plan to continue to emphasize the origination of these types of loans, which generally expose us to a greater risk of nonpayment and loss than residential real estate or consumer loans because repayment of such loans often depends on the successful operations and income stream of the borrowers. Additionally, such loans typically involve larger loan balances to single borrowers or groups of related borrowers compared to consumer loans or residential real estate loans. A sudden downturn in the economy, or a prolonged downturn for specific industries, could result in borrowers being unable to repay their loans, thus exposing us to increased credit risk.

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If our regulators impose limitations on our commercial real estate lending activities, earnings could be adversely affected.

In 2006, the federal bank regulatory agencies issued joint guidance entitled “Concentrations in Commercial Real Estate Lending, Sound Risk Management Practices” (the “CRE Guidance”). Although the CRE Guidance did not establish specific lending limits, it provides that a bank’s commercial real estate lending exposure may receive increased supervisory scrutiny where total non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans, including loans secured by apartment buildings, investor commercial real estate and construction and land loans, represent 300% or more of an institution’s total risk-based capital and the outstanding balance of the commercial real estate loan portfolio has increased by 50% or more during the preceding 36 months. Our non-owner occupied commercial real estate level equaled 285% of total risk-based capital at December 31, 2023. If our regulators were to impose restrictions on the amount of commercial real estate loans we can hold in our portfolio, or require higher capital ratios as a result of the level of commercial real estate loans held, our earnings would be adversely affected.

Our indirect and consumer lending involves risk elements in addition to normal credit risk.

A portion of our lending involves the purchase of consumer automobile installment sales contracts from automobile dealers located in Western, Central and the Capital District of New York, and Northern and Central Pennsylvania. Effective January 1, 2024, we exited the Pennsylvania automobile market in order to align our focus more fully around our core Upstate New York market. These loans are for the purchase of new or used automobiles. We serve customers that cover a range of creditworthiness, and the required terms and rates are reflective of those risk profiles. While these loans have higher yields than many of our other loans, such loans involve risk elements in addition to normal credit risk. Additional risk elements associated with indirect lending include the limited personal contact with the borrower as a result of indirect lending through non-bank channels, namely automobile dealers. While indirect automobile loans are secured, such loans are secured by depreciating assets and characterized by loan-to-value ratios that could result in us not recovering the full value of an outstanding loan upon default by the borrower. State and federal laws may further limit our ability to recover outstanding principal balances on such loans. If the losses from our indirect loan portfolio are higher than anticipated, it could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, our consumer lending activities are subject to numerous consumer protection laws and regulations, including fair lending laws. Because indirect automobile loan applications are originated by automobile dealerships, we assume the risk of unsatisfactory origination programs, including any noncompliance with federal, state, and local laws. If we are unable to comply with the regulations applicable to our consumer lending activities, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Lack of seasoning in portions of our loan portfolio could increase risk of credit defaults in the future.

As a result of our growth over the past several years, certain portions of our loan portfolio, such as the increased size of our commercial loan portfolio, are of relatively recent origin. Loans may not begin to show signs of credit deterioration or default until they have been outstanding for some period of time, a process referred to as “seasoning.” As a result, a portfolio of older loans will usually behave more predictably than a newer portfolio. Because these portions of our portfolio are relatively new, the current level of delinquencies and defaults may not represent the level that may prevail as the portfolio becomes more seasoned. If delinquencies and defaults increase, we may be required to increase our provision for loan losses, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We accept deposits that do not have a fixed term, and which may be withdrawn by the customer at any time for any reason.

At December 31, 2023, we had $3.81 billion of deposit liabilities, or 73% of our total deposits, that have no maturity and, therefore, may be withdrawn by the depositor at any time. These deposit liabilities include our checking, savings, and money market deposit accounts.

Market conditions may impact the competitive landscape for deposits in the banking industry. The interest rate environment and future actions of the Federal Reserve may impact pricing and demand for deposits in the banking industry. The withdrawal of more deposits than we anticipate could have an adverse impact on our profitability as this source of funding, if not replaced by similar deposit funding, would need to be replaced with wholesale funding, the sale of interest-earning assets, or a combination of these two actions. The replacement of deposit funding with wholesale funding could cause our overall cost of funding to increase, which would reduce our net interest income. A loss of interest-earning assets could also reduce our net interest income.

We are subject to environmental liability risk associated with our lending activities.

A significant portion of our loan portfolio is secured by real property. During the ordinary course of business, we may foreclose on and take title to properties securing certain loans. There is a risk that hazardous or toxic substances could be found on properties we have foreclosed upon. If hazardous or toxic substances are found, we may be liable for remediation costs, as well as for personal injury and property damage regardless of whether we knew, had reason to know of, or caused the release of such substance. Environmental laws may require us to incur substantial expenses and may materially reduce the affected property’s value or limit our ability to use or sell the affected property. In addition, future laws or more stringent interpretations or enforcement policies with respect to existing laws may increase our exposure to environmental liability. The remediation costs and any other financial liabilities associated with an environmental hazard could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

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We operate in a highly competitive industry and market area.

We face substantial competition in all areas of our operations from a variety of different competitors, many of which are larger and may have more financial resources than us. Such competitors primarily include national, regional and internet banks within the markets in which we operate. We also face competition from many other types of financial institutions, including, without limitation, savings and loan associations, credit unions, finance companies, brokerage firms, insurance companies and other financial intermediaries. The financial services industry could become even more competitive as a result of legislative, regulatory and technological changes and continued consolidation. Banks, securities firms and insurance companies can merge under the umbrella of an FHC, which can offer virtually any type of financial service, including banking, securities underwriting, insurance (both agency and underwriting), and merchant banking. Technology has lowered barriers to entry and made it possible for non-banks to offer products and services traditionally provided by banks, such as automatic transfer and automatic payment systems. More recently, peer to peer lending has emerged as an alternative borrowing source for our customers and many other non-banks offer lending and payment services, such as consumer credit through buy now - pay later offerings, in competition with banks. Many of these competitors have fewer regulatory constraints and may have lower cost structures. Additionally, due to their size, many of our larger competitors may be able to achieve economies of scale and, as a result, may offer a broader range of products and services than we can at competitive prices or with low or no fees.

Our ability to compete successfully depends on a number of factors, including, among other things:

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the ability to develop, maintain and build upon long-term customer relationships based on top quality service, high ethical standards and safe, sound assets;
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the ability to expand our market position;
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the scope, relevance and pricing of products and services offered to meet customer needs and demands;
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the rate at which we introduce new products and services relative to our competitors;
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customer satisfaction with our level of service; and
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industry and general economic trends.

Failure to perform in any of these areas could significantly weaken our competitive position, which could adversely affect our growth and profitability, which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Legal and Regulatory Risks

Legal and regulatory proceedings and related matters could adversely affect us and the banking industry in general.

We have been, and may in the future be, subject to various legal and regulatory proceedings, including class action litigation. It is inherently difficult to assess the outcome of these matters, and there can be no assurance that we will prevail in any proceeding or litigation. Legal and regulatory matters of any degree of significance could result in substantial cost and diversion of our efforts, which by itself could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and operating results.

As disclosed in Part I, Item 3, “Legal Proceedings,” an action has been brought against us by four individuals who sought and were granted class certification to represent classes of consumers who allege to have obtained direct or indirect financing from us for the purchase of vehicles that we later repossessed. On September 30, 2021, the court granted plaintiffs’ motion for class certification and matters and certified four different classes (two classes of New York consumers and two classes of Pennsylvania consumers). There are approximately 5,200 members in the New York classes and approximately 300 members in the Pennsylvania classes. If we settle these claims or the litigation is not resolved in our favor, we may suffer reputational damage and incur legal costs, settlements or judgments that exceed the amounts covered by our existing insurance policies. We can provide no assurances that our insurer will cover the full legal costs, settlements or judgments we incur. If we are not successful in defending ourselves from these claims, or if our insurer does not cover the full amount of legal costs we incur, the result may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Further, adverse determinations in such matters could result in actions by our regulators that could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. There can be no guarantee that other proceedings that may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition will not arise in the near or long-term future.

We establish reserves for legal claims when payments associated with the claims become probable and the costs can be reasonably estimated. We may still incur legal costs for a matter even if we have not established a reserve. In addition, due to the inherent subjectivity of the assessments and unpredictability of the outcome of legal proceedings, the actual cost of resolving a legal claim may be substantially higher than any amounts reserved for that matter. The ultimate resolution of a pending legal proceeding, depending on the remedy sought and granted, could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Any future FDIC insurance premium increases may adversely affect our earnings.

The amount that is assessed by the FDIC for deposit insurance is set by the FDIC based on a variety of factors. These include the depositor insurance fund’s reserve ratio, the Bank’s assessment base, which is equal to average consolidated total assets minus average tangible equity, and various inputs into the FDIC’s assessment rate calculation.

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If there are financial institution failures, we may be required to pay higher FDIC premiums or special assessments. For example, in 2023, the FDIC issued a special assessment applicable for banks with total uninsured deposits in excess of $5 billion in order to recover losses sustained by the DIF as a result of the March 2023 failures of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank. Such increases of FDIC insurance premiums may adversely impact our earnings. See the section captioned “Supervision and Regulation” included in Part I, Item 1 “Business” for more information about FDIC insurance premiums.

We are highly regulated, and any adverse regulatory action may result in additional costs, loss of business opportunities, and reputational damage.

As described in the section captioned “Supervision and Regulation” included in Part I, Item 1, “Business,” we are subject to extensive supervision, regulation and examination. The various regulatory authorities with jurisdiction over us have significant latitude in addressing our compliance with applicable laws and regulations including, but not limited to, those governing consumer credit, fair lending, anti-money laundering, anti-terrorist financing, capital adequacy, asset quality and risk, management ability and performance, earnings, liquidity, and various other factors affecting us. As part of this regulatory structure, we are subject to policies and other guidance developed by the regulatory agencies with respect to, among other things, capital levels, the timing and amount of dividend payments, the classification of assets and the establishment of adequate loan loss reserves for regulatory purposes. Our regulators have broad discretion to impose monetary fines or restrictions and limitations on our operations if they determine, for any reason, that our operations are unsafe or unsound, fail to comply with applicable law or are otherwise inconsistent with laws and regulations or with the supervisory policies of these agencies.

This supervisory framework could materially impact the conduct, growth and profitability of our operations. Any failure on our part to comply with current laws, regulations, other regulatory requirements or safe and sound banking, insurance, or investment advisory practices or concerns about our financial condition, or any related regulatory sanctions or enforcement actions against us, could increase our costs or restrict our ability to expand our business and result in damage to our reputation.

We are subject to the CRA and fair lending laws, and failure to comply with these laws could lead to material penalties.

The Community Reinvestment Act (the “CRA”), the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Housing Act and other fair lending laws and regulations impose nondiscriminatory lending requirements on financial institutions. With respect to the Bank, the NY DFS, FRB, the United States Department of Justice and other federal and state agencies are responsible for enforcing these laws and regulations. A successful regulatory challenge to an institution’s performance under the CRA or fair lending laws and regulations could result in a wide variety of sanctions, including the required payment of damages and civil money penalties, injunctive relief, imposition of restrictions on mergers and acquisitions activity and restrictions on expansion. Private parties may also have the ability to challenge an institution’s performance under fair lending laws in private class action litigation. Such actions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The policies of the Federal Reserve have a significant impact on our earnings.

The policies of the Federal Reserve impact us significantly. The Federal Reserve regulates the supply of money and credit in the United States. Its policies directly and indirectly influence the rate of interest earned on loans and paid on borrowings and interest-bearing deposits and can also affect the value of financial instruments we hold. Those policies determine, to a significant extent, our cost of funds for lending and investing and impact our net interest income, our primary source of revenue. Changes in those policies are beyond our control and are difficult to predict. Federal Reserve policies can also affect our borrowers, potentially increasing the risk that they may fail to repay their loans. For example, a tightening of the money supply by the Federal Reserve could reduce the demand for a borrower’s products and services. This could adversely affect the borrower’s earnings and ability to repay its loan, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Regulatory scrutiny of bank provision of BaaS solutions and related technology considerations has recently increased.

We provide BaaS products and services to third parties. The third parties that use these BaaS solutions, and with which we may partner in marketing efforts, are typically considered FinTech companies but may also include other financial intermediaries. Recently, federal bank regulators have increasingly focused on the risks related to bank and FinTech company partnerships, raising potential concerns regarding risk management, oversight, internal controls, information security, change management, and information technology operational resilience. There have been regulatory enforcement actions against other banks that have not adequately addressed these potential concerns while growing their BaaS offerings. Accordingly, we could be subject to additional regulatory scrutiny with respect to that portion of our business.

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We have implemented a program to provide financial products and services to customers that do business in the cannabis industry and the strict enforcement of federal laws and regulations regarding cannabis could result in our inability to continue to provide financial products and services to these customers and we could have legal action taken against us by the federal government and exposure to additional liabilities and regulatory compliance costs.

Offering financial products and services to the cannabis industry presents a unique set of regulatory risks due to the conflict between state and federal laws. While the possession and sale of recreational marijuana is legal for adults aged 21 and older in New York State, cannabis remains classified as a Schedule I controlled substance under the federal Controlled Substances Act. In January 2018, the DOJ rescinded the “Cole Memo” and related memoranda which characterized the enforcement of the Controlled Substances Act against persons and entities complying with state regulatory systems permitting the use, manufacture and sale of medical marijuana as an inefficient use of their prosecutorial resources and discretion. The impact of the DOJ’s rescission of the Cole Memo and related memoranda is unclear, but in the future may result in increased enforcement actions against the regulated cannabis industry generally. More recently, the United States Attorney General has indicated that the DOJ under his leadership does not intend to pursue cases against parties who comply with the laws in states which have legalized and are effectively regulating marijuana. However, enforcement policies and practices may be highly variable between political administrations. In addition, federal prosecutors have significant discretion and there can be no assurance that the federal prosecutor for any district in which we or our customers operate will not choose to strictly enforce the federal laws governing cannabis.

Any enforcement action against a cannabis-related business customer of ours could affect our results of operation and financial condition. Additionally, as the possession and use of cannabis remains illegal under the Controlled Substances Act, we may be deemed to be aiding and abetting illegal activities through the services that we provide to such customers and could have legal action taken against us by the federal government, including imprisonment and fines. The FinCEN published guidelines in 2014 for financial institutions servicing state-legal cannabis businesses. These guidelines clarify how financial institutions can provide services to marijuana-related businesses in a “manner consistent with their obligations to know their customers and to report possible criminal activity.” The Bank has and will continue to follow this and other FinCEN guidance in the areas of cannabis banking. However, there can be no assurance that compliance with FinCEN’s guidelines will protect us from federal prosecution or other regulatory sanctions. Any change in position or potential action taken against us could result in significant financial damage to us and our stockholders.

Additionally, while we believe our Bank Secrecy Act/Anti-Money Laundering (“BSA/AML”) policies and practices for our cannabis banking program are sufficient, the recreational cannabis business is considered high-risk, and our BSA/AML program will be subject to increased regulatory scrutiny. Any real or perceived shortcomings in our BSA/AML program may result in regulatory action against us and may prevent us from undertaking mergers and acquisitions or other expansion activities.

Risks Related to Non-Banking Activities

Our insurance brokerage subsidiary is subject to risk related to the insurance industry.

SDN derives the bulk of its revenue from commissions and fees earned from brokerage services. SDN does not determine the insurance premiums on which its commissions are based. Insurance premiums are cyclical in nature and may vary widely based on market conditions. As a result, insurance brokerage revenues and profitability can be volatile. As insurance companies outsource the production of premium revenue to non-affiliated brokers or agents such as SDN, those insurance companies may seek to further minimize their expenses by reducing the commission rates payable to insurance agents or brokers, which could adversely affect SDN’s revenues. In addition, there have been and may continue to be various trends in the insurance industry toward alternative insurance markets including, among other things, increased use of self-insurance, captives, and risk retention groups. While SDN has been able to participate in certain of these activities and earn fees for such services, there can be no assurance that we will realize revenues and profitability as favorable as those realized from SDN’s traditional brokerage activities.

Our investment advisory and wealth management operations are subject to risk related to the regulation of the financial services industry and market volatility.

The financial services industry is subject to extensive regulation at the federal and state levels. It is very difficult to predict the future impact of the legislative and regulatory requirements affecting our business. The securities laws and other laws that govern the activities of our registered investment advisor are complex and subject to change. The activities of our investment advisory and wealth management operations are subject primarily to provisions of the Advisers Act and the Employee Retirement Income Act of 1940, as amended (“ERISA”). We are a fiduciary under ERISA. Our investment advisory services are also subject to state laws including anti-fraud laws and regulations.

In addition, the broker-dealer services provided by Courier Capital are subject to Regulation Best Interest, which requires a broker-dealer to act in the best interest of a retail customer when making a recommendation to that customer of any securities transaction or investment strategy involving securities. The regulation imposes heightened standards on broker-dealers and will require us to review and modify the policies and procedures of our wealth management operations, as well as associated supervisory and compliance controls.

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Any claim of noncompliance, regardless of merit or ultimate outcome, could subject us to investigation by the SEC or other regulatory authorities or harm our reputation and customer relationships. Our compliance processes may not be sufficient to prevent assertions that we failed to comply with any applicable law, rule or regulation. If our investment advisory and wealth management operations are subject to investigation by the SEC or other regulatory authorities or if litigation is brought by clients based on our failure to comply with applicable regulations, our results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Our investment advisory revenue may decrease as a result of poor investment performance, in either relative or absolute terms, which could decrease our revenues and net income.

Our investment advisory business derives a significant amount of its revenues from investment management fees based on assets under management. Our ability to maintain or increase assets under management is subject to a number of factors, including our clients’ evaluation of the past performance of our investment advisory business, in either relative or absolute terms, general market and economic conditions, and competition from other investment management firms. A decline in the fair value of the assets under management would decrease our investment advisory revenue.

Investment performance is one of the most important factors in retaining existing investment advisory clients and competing for new investment advisory clients. Poor investment performance could reduce our investment advisory revenues and impede the growth of our investment advisory business in the following ways: existing clients may withdraw funds from our investment advisory business in favor of better performing products or firms; asset-based management fees could decline from a decrease in assets under management; our ability to attract funds from existing and new clients might diminish; and the investment advisory personnel may depart to join a competitor or otherwise.

Strategic and Operational Risks

We make certain assumptions and estimates in preparing our financial statements that may prove to be incorrect, which could significantly impact our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition, and we are subject to new or changing accounting rules and interpretations, and the failure by us to correctly interpret or apply these evolving rules and interpretations could have a material adverse effect.

Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States require us to use certain assumptions and estimates in preparing our financial statements, including in determining credit loss reserves and reserves related to litigation, among other items. Certain of our financial instruments, including available-for-sale securities and certain loans, require a determination of their fair value in order to prepare our financial statements. Where quoted market prices are not available, we may make fair value determinations based on internally developed models or other means, which ultimately rely to some degree on management judgment. Some of these and other assets and liabilities may have no direct observable price levels, making their valuation particularly subjective, as they are based on significant estimation and judgment. In addition, sudden illiquidity in markets or declines in prices of certain loans and securities may make it more difficult to value certain balance sheet items, which may lead to the possibility that such valuations will be subject to further change or adjustment. If assumptions or estimates underlying our financial statements are incorrect, we may experience material losses that would impact our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

As indicated in Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Recent Accounting Pronouncements, to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the regulations, rules, standards, policies, and interpretations underlying GAAP are constantly evolving and may change significantly over time. If we fail to interpret any one or more of these GAAP provisions correctly, or if our methodology in applying them to our financial reporting or disclosures is at all flawed, our financial statements may contain inaccuracies that, if severe enough, could warrant a later restatement by us, which in turn could result in a material adverse event.

The value of our goodwill and other intangible assets may decline in the future.

As of December 31, 2023, we had $67.1 million of goodwill and $5.4 million of other intangible assets. Significant and sustained declines in our stock price and market capitalization, significant declines in our expected future cash flows, significant adverse changes in the business climate or slower growth rates may necessitate our taking charges in the future related to the impairment of our goodwill. Future regulatory actions could also have a material impact on assessments of goodwill for impairment. If the fair value of our net assets improves at a faster rate than the market value of our reporting units, or if we were to experience increases in book values of a reporting unit in excess of the increase in fair value of equity, we may also have to take charges related to the impairment of our goodwill. If we were to conclude that a future write-down of our goodwill is necessary, we would record the appropriate charge, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Identifiable intangible assets other than goodwill consist of core deposit intangibles and other intangible assets (primarily customer relationships). Adverse events or circumstances could impact the recoverability of these intangible assets including loss of core deposits, significant losses of customer accounts and/or balances, increased competition or adverse changes in the economy. To the extent these intangible assets are deemed unrecoverable, a non-cash impairment charge would be recorded which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

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We may be unable to successfully implement our growth strategies, including the integration and successful management of newly-acquired businesses.

Our current growth strategy is multi-faceted. We seek to expand our branch network into nearby areas, continue to invest in our digital banking strategy, develop new sustainable revenue streams through BaaS, make strategic acquisitions of loans, portfolios, other regional banks and non-banking firms whose businesses we feel may be complementary with ours, and to continue to organically grow our core deposits. Any failure by us to effectively implement any one or more of these growth strategies could have several negative effects, including a possible decline in the size or the quality, or both, of our loan portfolio or a decrease in profitability caused by an increase in operating expenses.

We hope to continue an active merger and acquisition strategy. However, even if we use our common stock as the predominant form of consideration, we may need to raise capital to negotiate a transaction on terms acceptable to us and there can be no assurance that we will be able to raise a sufficient amount of capital to enable us to complete an acquisition. It is also possible that even with adequate capital we may still be unable to complete an acquisition on favorable terms, causing us to miss opportunities to increase our earnings and expand or diversify our operations.

Our growth strategy is also dependent upon the successful integration of new businesses and any future acquisitions into our existing operations. While our senior management team has had extensive experience in acquisitions and post-acquisition integration, there is no guarantee that our current or future integration efforts will be successful, and if our senior management is forced to spend a disproportionate amount of time on integrating recently-acquired businesses, it may distract their attention from operating our business or pursuing other growth opportunities.

Acquisitions may disrupt our business and dilute shareholder value.

We intend to continue to pursue a growth strategy for our business by expanding our branch network into communities within or complementary to markets where we currently conduct business. We may consider acquisitions of loans or securities portfolios, lending or leasing firms, commercial and small business lenders, residential lenders, direct banks, banks or bank branches, wealth and investment management firms, securities brokerage firms, specialty finance or other financial services-related companies. We may be unsuccessful in expanding our non-banking subsidiaries through acquisition because of the growing interest in our industry in acquiring insurance brokers and wealth management firms, which could make it more difficult for us to identify appropriate targets and could make such acquisitions more expensive. Even if we are able to identify appropriate acquisition targets, we may not have sufficient capital to fund acquisitions or be able to execute transactions on favorable terms. If we are unable to pursue our growth strategy, we may not be able to achieve all of the expected benefits of our historical acquisitions, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Acquiring other banks, businesses, or branches involves potential adverse impact to our financial results and various other risks commonly associated with acquisitions, including, among other things:

•
difficulty in estimating the value of the target company;
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payment of a premium over book and market values that may dilute our tangible book value and earnings per share in the short and long term;
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potential exposure to unknown or contingent liabilities of the target company;
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exposure to potential asset quality issues of the target company;
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volatility in reported income as goodwill impairment losses could occur irregularly and in varying amounts;
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challenge and expense of integrating the operations and personnel of the target company;
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inability to realize the expected revenue increases, cost savings, increases in geographic or product presence, and other projected benefits;
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potential disruption to our business;
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potential diversion of our management’s time and attention;
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the possible loss of key employees and customers of the target company;
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potential changes in banking or tax laws or regulations that may affect the target company; and
•
additional regulatory burdens associated with new lines of business.

Our tax strategies and the value of our deferred tax assets and liabilities could adversely affect our operating results and regulatory capital ratios.

Our tax strategies are dependent upon our ability to generate taxable income in future periods. Our tax strategies will be less effective in the event we fail to generate taxable income. Our deferred tax assets are subject to an evaluation of whether it is more likely than not that they will be realized for financial statement purposes. In making this determination, we consider all positive and negative evidence available including the impact of recent operating results, reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, tax planning strategies and projected earnings within the statutory tax loss carryover period. If we were to conclude that a significant portion of our deferred tax assets were not more likely than not to be realized, the required valuation allowance could adversely affect our financial position, results of operations and regulatory capital ratios. In addition, the value of our deferred tax assets could be adversely affected by a change in statutory rates.

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Liquidity is essential to our businesses.

Liquidity is essential to our business as we must be able to meet the cash needs of borrowers and depositors. Our liquidity could be impaired by an inability to access the capital markets or unforeseen outflows of cash. Reduced liquidity may arise due to circumstances that we may be unable to control, such as a general market disruption or an operational problem that affects third parties or us. Our efforts to monitor and manage liquidity risk may not be successful or sufficient to deal with dramatic or unanticipated reductions in our liquidity. In such events, our cost of funds may increase, thereby reducing our net interest income, or we may need to sell a portion of our investment and/or loan portfolio, which, depending upon market conditions, could result in us realizing a loss.

We rely on dividends from our subsidiaries for most of our revenue.

We are a separate and distinct legal entity from our subsidiaries. A substantial portion of our revenue comes from dividends from our Bank subsidiary. These dividends are the principal source of funds we use to pay dividends on our common and preferred stock, and to pay interest and principal on our debt. Federal and/or state laws and regulations limit the amount of dividends that our Bank subsidiary may pay to us. Also, our right to participate in a distribution of assets upon a subsidiary’s liquidation or reorganization is subject to the prior claims of the subsidiary’s creditors. In the event our Bank subsidiary is unable to pay dividends to us, we may not be able to service debt, pay obligations, or pay dividends on our common and preferred stock. The inability to receive dividends from our Bank subsidiary could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

If our risk management framework does not effectively identify or mitigate our risks, we could suffer losses.

Our risk management framework seeks to mitigate risk and appropriately balance risk and return. We have established processes and procedures intended to identify, measure, monitor and report the types of risk to which we are subject, including credit risk, operations risk, compliance risk, reputation risk, strategic risk, market risk, and liquidity risk. We seek to monitor and control our risk exposure through a framework of policies, procedures and reporting requirements. Management of our risks in some cases depends upon the use of analytical and/or forecasting models. If the models used to mitigate these risks are inadequate, we may incur losses. In addition, there may be risks that exist, or that develop in the future, that we have not appropriately anticipated, identified or mitigated. If our risk management framework does not effectively identify or mitigate our risks, we could suffer unexpected losses and could be materially adversely affected.

Market Risks

We are subject to interest rate risk, and fluctuations in market interest rates may affect our interest margins and income, demand for our products, defaults on loans, loan prepayments and the fair value of our financial instruments.

Our earnings and cash flows depend largely upon our net interest income. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors that are beyond our control, including general economic conditions and policies of governmental and regulatory agencies, particularly the Federal Reserve. Changes in monetary policy, including changes in interest rates, could influence the interest we receive on loans and investments and the amount of interest we pay on deposits and borrowings, which may affect our net interest margins. Such changes could also affect (i) demand for our products and services and price competition, in turn affecting our ability to originate loans and obtain deposits; (ii) the fair value of our financial assets and liabilities; (iii) the average duration of our mortgage-backed securities portfolio and other interest-earning assets; (iv) levels of defaults on loans; and (v) loan prepayments.

During 2022 and 2023, in response to accelerated inflation, the Federal Reserve implemented monetary tightening policies, resulting in significantly increased interest rates. If the interest rates paid on deposits and other borrowings increase at a faster rate than the interest rates received on loans and other investments, our net interest income, and therefore earnings, could be adversely affected. In addition, our net interest margin may contract in a rising rate environment because our funding costs may increase faster than the yield we earn on our interest-earning assets. In a rising rate environment, demand for loans may decrease and loans with adjustable interest rates are more likely to experience a higher rate of default. Additionally, changes in interest rates also affect the fair value of the securities portfolio. Generally, the value of securities moves inversely with changes in interest rates. The combination of these events may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Earnings could also be adversely affected if the interest rates received on loans and other investments fall more quickly than the interest rates paid on deposits and other borrowings. In addition, in a falling rate environment, or the recent pandemic-related environment where the Federal Reserve held the federal reference rate near 0.00%, loans may be prepaid sooner than we expect, which could result in a delay between when we receive the prepayment and when we are able to redeploy the funds into new interest-earning assets and in a decrease in the amount of interest income we are able to earn on those assets. If we are unable to manage these risks effectively, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Any substantial, unexpected or prolonged change in market interest rates could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Also, our interest rate risk modeling techniques and assumptions likely may not fully predict or capture the impact of actual interest rate changes on our balance sheet.

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The soundness of other financial institutions could adversely affect us.

Financial services institutions are interrelated as a result of trading, clearing, counterparty, or other relationships. We have exposure to many different industries and counterparties, and we routinely execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry, including commercial banks, brokers and dealers, investment banks, and other institutional clients. Many of these transactions expose us to credit risk in the event of a default by our counterparty or client. In addition, our credit risk may be exacerbated when the collateral held by us cannot be realized or is liquidated at prices not sufficient to recover the full amount of the credit or derivative exposure due us. Any such losses could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Additionally, in early 2023, the failures of Silicon Valley Bank, Signature Bank, and First Republic Bank resulted in decreased confidence in banks among depositors, other counterparties and investors. Such events and developments could materially and adversely affect our business or financial condition, including through declines in deposits, increased costs of funds, potential liquidity pressures, increased regulation, and declines and volatility in the price of our common stock.

We may need to raise additional capital in the future and such capital may not be available on acceptable terms or at all.

We may need to raise additional capital in the future to provide sufficient capital resources and liquidity to meet our commitments and business needs.

In addition, we are highly regulated, and our regulators could require us to raise additional common equity in the future. We and our regulators perform a variety of analyses of our assets, including the preparation of stress case scenarios, and as a result of those assessments we could determine, or our regulators could require us, to raise additional capital.

Our ability to raise additional capital, if needed, will depend on our financial performance and, among other things, conditions in the capital markets at that time, which are outside of our control. We may not be able to access required capital on acceptable terms or at all. Any occurrence that may limit our access to the capital markets, such as a decline in the confidence of debt purchasers, depositors of the Bank or counterparties participating in the capital markets, or a downgrade of our debt rating, may adversely affect our capital costs and ability to raise capital and, in turn, our liquidity. An inability to raise additional capital on acceptable terms when needed could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.

Technology and Cybersecurity Risks

We face competition in staying current with technological changes and banking alternatives to compete and meet customer demands.

The financial services market, including banking services, faces rapid changes with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services. Our future success may depend, in part, on our ability to use technology to provide products and services that provide convenience to customers and to create additional efficiencies in our operations. Some of our competitors have substantially greater resources to invest in technological improvements than we currently have. We may not be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products and services or be successful in marketing these products and services to our customers. In addition, technology and other changes are allowing consumers to utilize alternative methods to complete financial transactions that have historically involved banks. For example, consumers can now maintain funds in brokerage accounts or mutual funds that would have historically been held as bank deposits. Consumers can also complete transactions such as paying bills and transferring funds directly without using a traditional bank as an intermediary. The process of eliminating banks as intermediaries could result in the loss of customer deposits, the related income generated from those deposits and additional fee income. We may not be able to effectively compete with these banking alternatives for consumer deposits. As a result, our ability to effectively compete to retain or acquire new business may be impaired, and our business, financial condition or results of operations, may be adversely affected.

We rely on other companies to provide key components of our business infrastructure.

Third-party vendors provide key components of our business infrastructure such as internet connections, network access and core application processing. While we have selected these third-party vendors carefully, we do not control their actions. Any problems caused by these third parties, including as a result of them not providing us their services for any reason or them performing their services poorly, could adversely affect our ability to deliver products and services to our customers or otherwise conduct our business efficiently and effectively. Replacing these third-party vendors could also entail significant delay and expense.

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Third parties perform significant operational services on our behalf. These third-party vendors are subject to similar risks as us relating to cybersecurity, breakdowns or failures of their own systems or employees. One or more of our vendors may experience a cybersecurity event or operational disruption and, if any such event does occur, it may not be adequately addressed, either operationally or financially, by the third-party vendor. Certain of our vendors may have limited indemnification obligations or may not have the financial capacity to satisfy their indemnification obligations. Financial or operational difficulties of a vendor could also impair our operations if those difficulties interfere with the vendor’s ability to serve us. If a critical vendor is unable to meet our needs in a timely manner or if the services or products provided by such a vendor are terminated or otherwise delayed and if we are not able to develop alternative sources for these services and products quickly and cost-effectively, it could have a material adverse effect on our business. Federal banking regulators have proposed rules on managing the risks of how banks select, engage and manage their outside vendors and issued voluntary guidance for banks on similar issues. These regulations and guidance may affect the circumstances and conditions under which we work with third parties and the cost of managing such relationships.

A breach in security of our or third-party information systems, including the occurrence of a cyber incident or a deficiency in cybersecurity, or a failure by us to comply with New York State cybersecurity regulations, may subject us to liability, result in a loss of customer business or damage our brand image.

We rely heavily on communications, information systems (both internal and provided by third parties) and the internet to conduct our business. Our business depends on our ability to process and monitor a large volume of daily transactions in compliance with legal, regulatory and internal standards and specifications. In addition, a significant portion of our operations relies heavily on the secure processing, storage and transmission of personal and confidential information of our customers and clients. These risks may increase in the future as our customers continue to adapt to mobile payment and other internet-based product offerings and we expand the availability of web-based products and applications.

In addition, several U.S. financial institutions have experienced significant distributed denial-of-service attacks, some of which involved sophisticated and targeted attacks intended to disable or degrade service or sabotage systems. Other potential attacks have attempted to obtain unauthorized access to confidential information or destroy data, often through the introduction of computer viruses or malware, cyber-attacks and other means. Such security attacks can originate from a wide variety of sources, including persons who are involved with organized crime or who may be linked to terrorist organizations or hostile foreign governments. Those same parties may also attempt to fraudulently induce employees, customers or other users of our systems to disclose sensitive information in order to gain access to our data or that of our customers or clients. We are also subject to the risk that our employees may intercept and transmit unauthorized confidential or proprietary information. An interception, misuse or mishandling of personal, confidential or proprietary information being sent to or received from a customer or third party could result in legal liability, remediation costs, regulatory action and reputational harm, any of which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We are subject to cybersecurity regulations promulgated by the NY DFS. Any failure by us to comply with these regulations could also result in regulatory sanctions, public disclosure and reputational damage even if we do not experience a significant cybersecurity breach.

Furthermore, as the threat of cyber-attacks continue to evolve, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our systems, or to investigate and remediate vulnerabilities in our systems. Due to the complexity and interconnectedness of information technology systems, the process of enhancing our systems can itself create a risk of systems disruptions and security issues.

Risks Related to our Common Stock

We may not pay or may reduce the dividends on our common stock.

Holders of our common stock are only entitled to receive such dividends as our Board of Directors may declare out of funds legally available for such payments. Although we have historically declared cash dividends on our common stock, we are not required to do so and may reduce or eliminate our common stock dividend in the future. This could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

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We may issue debt and equity securities or securities convertible into equity securities, any of which may be senior to our common stock as to distributions and in liquidation, which could dilute our current shareholders or negatively affect the value of our common stock.

In the future, we may attempt to increase our capital resources by entering into debt or debt-like financing that is unsecured or secured by all or up to all of our assets, or by issuing additional debt or equity securities, which could include issuances of secured or unsecured commercial paper, medium-term notes, senior notes, subordinated notes, preferred stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable for equity securities. In the event of our liquidation, our lenders and holders of our debt and preferred securities would receive a distribution of our available assets before distributions to the holders of our common stock. For example, our outstanding shares of Series A 3% and Series B-1 8.48% Preferred Stock have a preferential right to receive dividends before holders of our common stock. We must declare and pay annual dividends of $3 per share to Series A 3% Preferred Stock holders and of $8.48 per share to Series B-1 8.48% Preferred Stock holders before any dividends or dissolution payments can be paid to holders of common stock. Because our decision to incur debt and issue securities in our future offerings will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings and debt financings. Further, market conditions could require us to accept less favorable terms for the issuance of our securities in the future. We may also issue additional shares of our common stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock that could dilute our current shareholders and affect the value of our common stock.

Our certificate of incorporation, our bylaws, and certain banking laws may have an anti-takeover effect.

Provisions of our certificate of incorporation, our bylaws, and federal and state banking laws, including regulatory approval requirements, could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us, even if doing so would be perceived to be beneficial to our shareholders. The combination of these provisions may discourage others from initiating a potential merger, takeover or other change of control transaction, which, in turn, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

The market price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to a number of factors.

Our quarterly and annual operating results have varied in the past and could vary significantly in the future, which makes it difficult for us to predict our future operating results. Our operating results may fluctuate due to a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control, including the changing U.S. economic environment and changes in the commercial and residential real estate market, any of which may cause our stock price to fluctuate. If our operating results fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. Our stock price can fluctuate significantly in response to a variety of factors including, among other things:

•
volatility of stock market prices and volumes in general;
•
changes in market valuations of similar companies;
•
changes in conditions in credit markets;
•
changes in accounting policies or procedures as required by the FASB or other regulatory agencies;
•
legislative and regulatory actions subjecting us to additional or different regulatory oversight which may result in increased compliance costs and/or require us to change our business model;
•
government intervention in the U.S. financial system and the effects of and changes in trade and monetary and fiscal policies and laws, including the interest rate policies of the Federal Reserve Board;
•
political instability and uncertainty, both within the U.S. and internationally;
•
additions or departures of key members of management;
•
negative publicity regarding our business;
•
fluctuations in our quarterly or annual operating results; and
•
changes in analysts’ estimates of our financial performance.

General Risk Factors

We may not be able to attract and retain skilled people.

Our success depends, in large part, on our ability to attract and retain skilled people. Competition for highly talented people can be intense, and we may not be able to hire sufficiently skilled people or retain them. Further, the rural location of our principal executive offices and many of our bank branches make it challenging for us to attract skilled people to such locations. The unexpected loss of services of one or more of our key personnel could have a material adverse impact on our business because of their skills, knowledge of our markets, years of industry experience, and the difficulty of promptly finding qualified replacement personnel.

Loss of key employees may disrupt relationships with certain customers.

Our customer relationships are critical to the success of our business, and loss of key employees with significant customer relationships may lead to the loss of business if the customers were to follow that employee to a competitor. While we believe our relationships with key personnel are strong, we cannot guarantee that all of our key personnel will remain with the organization, which could result in the loss of some of our customers and could have a negative impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

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We use financial models for business planning purposes that may not adequately predict future results.

We use financial models to aid in planning for various purposes including our capital and liquidity needs, interest rate risk, potential charge-offs, reserves, and other purposes. The models used may not accurately account for all variables that could affect future results, may fail to predict outcomes accurately and/or may overstate or understate certain effects. As a result of these potential failures, we may not adequately prepare for future events and may suffer losses or other setbacks due to these failures.

We depend on the accuracy and completeness of information about or from customers and counterparties.

In deciding whether to extend credit or enter into other transactions, we may rely on information furnished by or on behalf of customers and counterparties, including financial statements, credit reports, and other financial information. We may also rely on representations of those customers, counterparties, or other third parties, such as independent auditors, as to the accuracy and completeness of that information. Reliance on inaccurate or misleading financial statements, credit reports, or other financial information could cause us to enter into unfavorable transactions, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our business may be adversely affected by conditions in the financial markets and economic conditions generally, including macroeconomic pressures such as inflation, supply chain issues, and geopolitical risks associated with international conflict.

Our financial performance generally, and in particular the ability of borrowers to pay interest on and repay principal of outstanding loans and the value of collateral securing those loans, as well as demand for loans and other products and services we offer, is highly dependent on the business environment in the markets where we operate, in the State of New York and in the United States as a whole. Additionally, international conflict, such as the war in Ukraine and the impact of sanctions on Russia and Russian companies may impact global markets, which may create unfavorable or uncertain economic conditions. A favorable business environment is generally characterized by, among other factors, economic growth, efficient capital markets, low inflation, low unemployment, high business and investor confidence, and strong business earnings. Unfavorable or uncertain economic and market conditions can be caused by declines in economic growth, business activity or investor or business confidence; limitations on the availability or increases in the cost of credit and capital; increases in inflation or interest rates; high unemployment, natural disasters; or a combination of these or other factors. The occurrence of any of these conditions could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Severe weather, natural disasters, public health emergencies and pandemics, acts of war or terrorism, and other external events could significantly impact our business.

Severe weather, natural disasters, public health emergencies and pandemics, acts of war or terrorism, geopolitical conflicts, and other adverse external events could have a significant impact on our ability to conduct business. Such events could affect the operations of our bank branches, stability of our deposit base, impair the ability of borrowers to repay outstanding loans, impair the value of collateral securing loans, cause significant property damage, result in loss of revenue, and/or cause us to incur additional expenses. Additionally, demand for our products and services may decline; loan delinquencies, problem assets, and foreclosures may increase, resulting in increased charges and reduced income; collateral for loans may decline in value, which could increase loan losses; our allowance for credit losses may have to be increased if borrowers experience financial difficulties; a material decrease in net income could affect our ability to pay cash dividends; cybersecurity risks may be increased as the result of employees working remotely; critical services provided by third-party vendors may become unavailable; government actions and mandates may affect our workforce and infrastructure; and the Company may experience staffing shortages and unanticipated unavailability or loss of key employees. The occurrence of any such event or a combination of the foregoing factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Negative public opinion could damage our reputation and impact business operations and revenues.

As a financial institution, our earnings and capital are subject to risk associated with negative public opinion. Negative public opinion could result from our actual or alleged conduct in any number of activities, including lending practices, the failure of any of our products or services to meet our clients’ expectations or applicable regulatory requirements, corporate governance and acquisitions, social media and other marketing activities, the implementation of environmental, social and governance practices or actions taken by government regulators and community organizations in response to any of the foregoing. Negative public opinion could affect our ability to attract and/or retain clients, could expose us to litigation and regulatory action, and could have a material adverse effect on our stock price or result in heightened volatility. Negative public opinion could also affect our ability to borrow funds in the unsecured wholesale debt markets.

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Environmental, social and governance matters, and any related reporting obligations may impact our business.

U.S. and international regulators, investors and other stakeholders are increasingly focused on environmental, social, and governance (“ESG”) matters. Additionally, shareholder activism and potential regulatory reform may lead to substantial new regulations and disclosure obligations, including with respect to ESG matters, which may lead to additional compliance costs and impact the manner in which we operate our business in ways that may materially adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition. We could also face potential negative publicity in traditional media or social media if investors determine that we have not adequately considered or addressed ESG matters, which may result in adverse effects on the trading price of our common stock.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY

Risk Management and Strategy

Based on the complex and continuously evolving cybersecurity threat landscape, we established, manage and continually enhance an enterprise-wide Information Security Program (“ISP”). The ISP is based on the National Institute of Standards and Technology (“NIST”) Cybersecurity Framework (“CSF”). The CSF provides guidance for organizations to better manage and reduce cybersecurity risk while helping organizations understand, assess, prioritize, and communicate cybersecurity risks and mitigation. The ISP encompasses critical management components such as risk management, asset management, access controls, cyber awareness training, data security, detection and response, incident response, and business continuity.

The ISP, which is part of our Enterprise Risk Management Program, is organized in an operating framework that is supported by policies, standards, procedures, and guidelines that establish the information security control environment. Information Security collaborates with additional areas of our Enterprise Risk Management Program to ensure comprehensive risk oversight and reporting. The ISP is designed and implemented to comply with or exceed regulatory control requirements. Multiple internal and independent third-party assessments and audits are conducted annually to ensure our compliance with its policies, controls, and regulatory requirements.

The execution of the ISP relies on our committed investment in people, processes, and technology. We have invested in market-leading technology and award-winning security partners to execute key processes that ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of company assets.

We have a Third-Party Risk Management (“TPRM”) Program that includes the comprehensive evaluation of the cybersecurity risks of prospective and existing third-party relationships. The TPRM Program utilizes a risk-based approach to perform ongoing due diligence reviews of existing third-party relationships and new prospective third parties. Third-party risks are identified and evaluated in coordination with period reviews, although threat intelligence monitoring and sound vendor relationships are leveraged to identify third-party risks as announced. TPRM is a function of our Risk Organization overseen by the Chief Risk Officer (“CRO”).

We have not experienced any cybersecurity threats or incidents that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to affect our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. Risks relating to cybersecurity and their potential impact are discussed more fully in “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A herein.

Governance

We have established a dedicated team to manage and execute the ISP. A Chief Information Security Officer (“CISO”) has been appointed as a Senior Vice President of the Company. The CISO leads the strategy and execution of the program while ensuring clear lines of communication with executive management, committees, the Board of Directors, and external stakeholders such as regulators and insurance carriers. The CISO was appointed in August 2023 after serving the Company as a senior officer and technology leader for over 15 years and leads a team of Information Security professionals with diverse security backgrounds including relevant certifications (e.g., CISSP, GSEC, GCTI). As a member of our risk organization, the CISO reports to the CRO, a member of the Executive Management Committee. The CRO joined the Company in February 2023 with over 30 years of progressive risk management experience.

The Company Risk Committee (“CRC”) serves as the management committee responsible for Information Security oversight and the CISO is a member of the committee. The Risk Oversight Committee (“ROC”) is a sub-committee of the Board of Directors (the “Board”) and provides direct oversight of Information Security on behalf of the Board. Kim E. VanGelder, the current Chair of the ROC, has served as a member of our Board since 2016, and has held progressive information technology leadership roles at the Eastman Kodak Company, with responsibilities including cybersecurity, global applications, and global technology infrastructure and has served as its Chief Information Officer since 2004.

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The CISO reports on the status of the ISP including relevant risks, cybersecurity threats, program updates, and program reporting to the CRC and the ROC no less than four times per year. Any material cybersecurity information, including strategic program development, is reported by the CISO to appropriate management and Board representatives to ensure timely awareness and escalation as necessary. Should there be a cybersecurity incident, we have a formal Incident Response plan including escalation processes designed to keep relevant management and committees informed of the mitigation and remediation efforts. The identification of incidents may come through internal monitoring and detection resources, external threat intelligence, third-party risk management efforts or various other event escalation methods. We leverage a Managed Security Services Provider (“MSSP”) for supplemental expertise and resources with the management and enhancement of critical threat monitoring solutions. The MSSP also provides industry-leading Security Operations Center services that serve as a critical source for event and incident detection.

The Board is actively engaged in the oversight and prudent management of risk, including those relating to cybersecurity and regulatory compliance. A comprehensive program update is delivered to the Board annually by the CISO. The Board annually reviews and approves the ISP and related Information Security policies to ensure alignment with the Company’s risk appetite and strategic defense amidst the evolving cybersecurity risk landscape.

ITEM 2. PR OPERTIES

We own a 27,400 square foot building in Warsaw, New York that serves as our headquarters, and principal executive and administrative offices. We lease a 52,300 square foot regional administrative facility located in Rochester, New York. This lease expires in August 2027, with options for two additional ten-year extensions. We also lease a 28,500 square foot facility in Amherst, New York, which serves as a regional administrative facility, as well as an operations facility for SDN. This lease expires in December 2032, with two additional five-year extensions.

We are engaged in the banking business through 48 branch offices, of which 31 are owned and 17 are leased, in the following fourteen contiguous counties of Western and Central New York: Allegany, Cattaraugus, Cayuga, Chemung, Erie, Genesee, Livingston, Monroe, Ontario, Orleans, Seneca, Steuben, Wyoming and Yates Counties. The operating leases for our branch offices expire at various dates through the year 2061 and generally include options to renew.

Courier Capital operates from an owned 11,000 square foot office, located in Buffalo, New York. Courier Capital also has operations at an owned facility in Jamestown, New York.

We believe that our properties have been adequately maintained, are in good operating condition and are suitable for our business as presently conducted, including meeting the prescribed security requirements. For additional information, see Note 7, Premises and Equipment, Net, and Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies, in the accompanying financial statements included in Part II, Item 8, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We are party to an action filed against us on May 16, 2017 by Matthew L. Chipego, Charlene Mowry, Constance C. Churchill and Joseph W. Ewing in the Court of Common Pleas in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Plaintiffs sought class certification to represent classes of consumers in New York and Pennsylvania along with statutory damages, interest and declaratory relief. The plaintiffs sought to represent a putative class of consumers who are alleged to have obtained direct or indirect financing from us for the purchase of vehicles that we later repossessed. The plaintiffs specifically claim that the notices the Bank sent to defaulting consumers after their vehicles were repossessed did not comply with the relevant portions of the Uniform Commercial Code in New York and Pennsylvania. We dispute and believe we have meritorious defenses against these claims and plan to vigorously defend ourselves.

On September 30, 2021, the Court granted plaintiffs’ motion for class certification and certified four different classes (two classes of New York consumers and two classes of Pennsylvania consumers). There are approximately 5,200 members in the New York classes and 300 members in the Pennsylvania classes.

On September 26, 2022, the lower Court denied the plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary judgment for most of the relief they seek and found that there were questions of fact as to whether the members of the class had purchased the subject vehicles for “consumer use” within the meaning of the relevant statutes. The Court also denied our motion for partial summary judgment seeking an offset in the form of recoupment reducing any liability that may be imposed against us by the amounts that the borrowers owe for failing to repay their motor vehicle loans, determining that the Court could not enter a judgment on recoupment — which is a set off from liability — without first determining whether there was liability.

On October 7, 2022, the Superior Court of Pennsylvania granted our December 20, 2021 Request for an Interlocutory Appeal of the denial of our motion to dismiss the claims brought by New York borrowers for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and lack of standing.

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In a Memorandum filed on February 13, 2024, the Superior Court affirmed the decision of the lower court, holding that trial court has subject matter jurisdiction over the New York part of this action and that the New York plaintiffs have standing to pursue relief against us. The Superior Court also remanded the case to the lower court for further proceedings, which will include the completion of any remaining discovery and an adjudication of the open claims and defenses that have been asserted in the case. Once the lower court has issued a final adjudication, the parties will have an opportunity to appeal adverse rulings in the case.

We have not accrued a contingent liability for this matter at this time because, given our defenses, we are unable to conclude whether a liability is probable to occur nor are we able to currently reasonably estimate the amount of potential loss.

If we settle these claims or the action is not resolved in our favor, we may suffer reputational damage and incur legal costs, settlements or judgments that exceed the amounts covered by our insurer. We can provide no assurances that our insurer will cover the full legal costs, settlements or judgments we incur. If we are unsuccessful in defending ourselves from these claims or if our insurer does not cover the full amount of legal costs we incur, the result may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Other than as described above, at December 31, 2023, the Company is not involved in any pending legal proceedings other than routine legal proceedings occurring in the ordinary course of business, which involve amounts in the aggregate believed by management to be immaterial to the financial condition and operating results of the Company.

ITEM 4. MINE SAF ETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

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PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED ST OCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the ticker symbol “FISI.” At February 28, 2024, 15,408,580 shares of our common stock were outstanding and there were 255 registered shareholders of record.

We have paid regular quarterly cash dividends on our common stock and our Board of Directors presently intends to continue this practice, subject to our results of operations and the need for those funds for debt service and other purposes. See the discussions in the section captioned “Supervision and Regulation” included in Part I, Item 1, “Business,” in the section captioned “Liquidity and Capital Management” included in Part II, Item 7, in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and in Note 14, Regulatory Matters, in the accompanying financial statements included in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” all of which are included elsewhere in this report and incorporated herein by reference thereto.

In June 2022, the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board.”) authorized a share repurchase program for up to 766,447 shares of common stock (the “2022 Repurchase Program.”). The program will expire at the earlier of the completion of all share repurchases or a Board vote to retire the program. During the quarter ended December 31, 2023, there were no shares repurchased pursuant to the 2022 Repurchase Program.

The Company’s repurchases of its common shares during the fourth quarter of 2023 were as follows:

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) |  |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  |  | Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs |
October 1 - 31, 2023 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 766,447 |
November 1 - 30, 2023 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 766,447 |
December 1 -31, 2023 |  |  | 540 |  |  |  | 15.55 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 766,447 |
Total |  |  | 540 |  |  | $ | 15.55 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |

(1) This column reflects the deemed surrendered to us of common stock to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of employee restricted stock units.

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Stock Performance Graph

The stock performance graph below compares (a) the cumulative total return on our common stock for the period beginning December 31, 2018 as reported by the Nasdaq Global Select Market, through December 31, 2023, (b) the cumulative total return on stocks included in the NASDAQ Composite Index over the same period, and (c) the cumulative total return of the Standard and Poor’s (“S&P”) U.S. SmallCap Banks Index over the same period. Cumulative return assumes the reinvestment of dividends. During 2021, all SNL indices were replaced with S&P Dow Jones indices. The SNL Bank $1B-$5B Index that has historically been used in our performance graph has therefore been replaced with the comparable S&P U.S. SmallCap Banks Index. The graph was prepared by S&P Global Market Intelligence and is expressed in dollars based on an assumed investment of $100.

|  | Period Ending |
Index |  | 12/31/2018 |  |  | 12/31/2019 |  |  | 12/31/2020 |  |  | 12/31/2021 |  |  | 12/31/2022 |  |  | 12/31/2023 |
Financial Institutions, Inc. |  |  | 100.00 |  |  |  | 129.19 |  |  |  | 95.59 |  |  |  | 139.92 |  |  |  | 111.94 |  |  |  | 104.38 |
NASDAQ Composite Index |  |  | 100.00 |  |  |  | 136.69 |  |  |  | 198.10 |  |  |  | 242.03 |  |  |  | 163.28 |  |  |  | 236.17 |
S&P U.S. SmallCap Banks Index |  |  | 100.00 |  |  |  | 125.46 |  |  |  | 113.94 |  |  |  | 158.62 |  |  |  | 139.85 |  |  |  | 140.55 |

ITEM 6. [RESERVED]

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following is a discussion and analysis of our financial position and results of operations and should be read in conjunction with the information set forth under Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” and our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto appearing under Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

INTRODUCTION

Financial Institutions, Inc. (the “Parent” and together with all its subsidiaries, “we,” “our,” or “us”), is a financial holding company headquartered in New York State. We offer a broad array of deposit, lending, and other financial services to individuals, municipalities and businesses in Western and Central New York through our wholly-owned New York-chartered banking subsidiary, Five Star Bank (the “Bank”). Our indirect lending network includes relationships with franchised automobile dealers in Western and Central New York, the Capital District of New York and Northern and Central Pennsylvania. Effective January 1, 2024, we exited the Pennsylvania automobile market in order to align our focus more fully around our core Upstate New York market. We also have loan production offices in Baltimore, Maryland, and Syracuse, New York, which expands our footprint into the Mid-Atlantic and Central New York regions. In addition, we offer Banking-as-a-Service (“BaaS”) and financial technology (“FinTech”) solutions. We offer insurance services through our wholly-owned subsidiary, SDN Insurance Agency, LLC (“SDN”), a full-service insurance agency. We offer customized investment advice, wealth management, investment consulting and retirement plan services through our wholly-owned subsidiary Courier Capital, LLC (“Courier Capital”) an SEC-registered investment advisory and wealth management firm.

Our primary sources of revenue are net interest income (interest earned on our loans and securities, net of interest paid on deposits and other funding sources) and noninterest income, particularly fees and other revenue from insurance, investment advisory and financial services provided to customers or ancillary services tied to loans and deposits. Business volumes and pricing drive revenue potential, and tend to be influenced by overall economic factors, including market interest rates, business spending, consumer confidence, economic growth, and competitive conditions within the marketplace. We are not able to predict market interest rate fluctuations with certainty and our asset/liability management strategy may not prevent interest rate changes from having a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW

2023 Financial Performance Review

Net income decreased $6.3 million to $50.3 million for 2023, compared to $56.6 million for 2022. This resulted in a 0.83% return on average assets and an 11.86% return on average equity. Net income available to common shareholders was $48.8 million or $3.15 per diluted share for 2023, compared to $55.1 million or $3.56 per diluted share for 2022. The decrease in net income reflects the impact of the prolonged higher interest rate environment on funding costs in 2023 that generated revenue pressure and adversely impacted current year earnings in comparison to 2022. We declared cash dividends of $1.20 per common share during 2023, an increase of $0.04 per common share, or 3%, compared to the prior year.

Net interest income was $165.7 million for 2023, compared to $167.4 million for 2022, a decrease of $1.7 million. Fully-taxable equivalent net interest income was $166.1 million in 2023, a decrease of $1.8 million, compared to 2022. Average interest-earning assets were $408.9 million higher than 2022 due to a $511.8 million increase in average loans and a $31.4 million increase in the average balance of Federal Reserve interest-earning cash, partially offset by a $134.3 million decrease in average investment securities.

Net interest margin was 2.94% for 2023, compared to 3.20% for 2022, primarily as a result of higher funding costs amid the rising interest rate environment, partially offset by an increase in the average yield on interest-earning assets.

The provision for credit losses was $13.7 million in 2023 compared to a provision of $13.3 million in 2022. Net charge-offs were $8.5 million in 2023, representing 0.20% of average loans, compared to $5.2 million, or 0.14% of average loans in 2022. Non-performing loans increased $16.5 million to $26.7 million compared to a year ago and represented 0.60% of total loans at December 31, 2023, compared to 0.25% of total loans at December 31, 2022. The increase in non-performing loans in the current year was driven by one commercial loan relationship totaling $13.6 million that was placed on nonaccrual status during the fourth quarter of 2023.

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

Noninterest income totaled $48.2 million for the full year 2023, an increase of $2.0 million, or 4.3%, when compared to the prior year. The increase was primarily attributed to an increase in income from company owned life insurance (“COLI”) and partially offset by an increase in net loss on investment securities and a decrease in service charges on deposits. Included in income from company owned life insurance for 2023 was an approximate $8 million increase in income, which was generated by the surrender and redeploy of $53.9 million in cash surrender value of company owned life insurance, coupled with additional premium investment. The revenue from the transaction, which was partially offset by $5.4 million of related incremental income taxes, was based upon the crediting rate of the premium allocation to separate account investments, as supported by the performance of the underlying investment divisions. The cash surrender value of the separate account COLI and corresponding revenue is expected to stabilize in future periods. Net loss on investment securities of $3.6 million for the full year 2023 reflected the loss on the sale of approximately $54 million of lower yielding available-for-sale agency mortgage-backed securities, reinvesting the proceeds of such sale into higher yielding bonds. The decrease in service charges on deposits was primarily due to a reduction in nonsufficient fund fees as a result of January 2023 changes in the Bank’s consumer overdraft program that align with trends in community banking.

Noninterest expense for the full year 2023 totaled $137.2 million, a $7.9 million increase compared to $129.4 million in the prior year. Computer and data processing expense increased $2.5 million year-over-year, as a result of strategic investments in technology, primarily driven by a new customer relationship management system implemented in late 2021. FDIC assessments increased $2.5 million, due in part to the increase in the base deposit insurance assessment rate schedules by two basis points, coupled with balance sheet growth compared to 2022. Salaries and benefits expense increased $2.3 million year-over-year, primarily due to annual merit increases, higher pension expenses and increased medical and dental claim activity, partially offset by lower stock-based compensation, executive bonuses and incentive compensation. Other expenses were $3.0 million higher than 2022 primarily due to interest charges related to collateral held for derivative transactions, higher insurance costs and the impact of inflationary pressures generally. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in restructuring charges in 2023, as restructuring charges related to the 2020 closing of five branches totaled $1.6 million in 2022.

Income tax expense for the year was $12.8 million, representing an effective tax rate of 20.3% compared to $14.4 million, representing an effective tax rate of 20.3% in 2022. The decrease in income tax expense was primarily due to the decrease in income before income taxes in 2023 compared to 2022. Income tax expense for 2023 and 2022 included $5.4 million and $2.0 million, respectively, of incremental taxes associated with the COLI surrender and redeployment strategy executed in in the respective year. Effective tax rates are impacted by items of income and expense not subject to federal or state taxation. The Company’s effective tax rates differ from statutory rates primarily because of interest income from tax-exempt securities, earnings on COLI and tax credit investments placed in service.

Total assets were $6.16 billion at December 31, 2023, up $363.6 million from $5.80 billion at December 31, 2022.

Investment securities were $1.04 billion at December 31, 2023, down $107.5 million from December 31, 2022. The decrease from year-end 2022 was primarily the result of the use of portfolio cash flow to fund loan originations.

Total loans were $4.46 billion at December 31, 2023, up $411.7 million, or 10%, from December 31, 2022. The increase in loans in 2023 was primarily driven by strong commercial loan growth in the first half of the year. The following discusses significant changes within our loan portfolio:

•
Commercial business loans totaled $735.7 million, an increase of $71.5 million, or 11%, from December 31, 2022.
•
Commercial mortgage loans totaled $2.01 billion, an increase of $325.5 million, or 19%, from December 31, 2022.
•
Residential real estate loans totaled $649.8 million, an increase of $59.9 million, or 10%, from December 31, 2022.
•
Consumer indirect loans totaled $948.8 million, a decrease of $74.8 million, or 7%, from December 31, 2022.

Total deposits were $5.21 billion at December 31, 2023, an increase of $283.5 million from December 31, 2022, which was driven by increases in nonpublic deposits associated with a money market advertising campaign during 2023, as well as reciprocal and Banking-as-a-Service deposit growth. Short-term borrowings were $185.0 million at December 31, 2023, a decrease of $20.0 million from December 31, 2022. Short-term borrowings and brokered deposits have historically been utilized to manage the seasonality of public deposits.

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

Shareholders’ equity was $454.8 million at December 31, 2023, compared to $405.6 million at December 31, 2022. Common book value per share was $28.40 at December 31, 2023, an increase of $3.09, or 12%, from $25.31 at December 31, 2022. Tangible common book value per share (1) was $23.69 at December 31, 2023, an increase of $3.16, or 15%, from $20.53 at December 31, 2022. The increase in shareholders’ equity as compared to December 31, 2022, was primarily attributable to an increase in retained earnings due to our net income for the year and a reduction in longer-term interest rates, which reduced accumulated other comprehensive loss associated with unrealized losses in the available for sale securities portfolio. Management believes the unrealized losses are temporary in nature, as the losses are associated with the increase in interest rates. The securities portfolio continues to generate cash flow and given the high quality of our agency mortgaged-backed securities portfolio, management expects the bonds to ultimately mature at a terminal value equivalent to par.

(1)
This is a non-GAAP measure that we believe is useful in understanding our financial performance and condition. Refer to the “GAAP to Non-GAAP Reconciliation” section of this Item 7 for further information.

The Company’s leverage ratio was 8.18% at December 31, 2023 compared to 8.33% at December 31, 2022. The Bank’s leverage ratio and total risk-based capital ratio were 9.06% and 11.76%, respectively, at December 31, 2023, compared to 9.17% and 11.60%, respectively, at December 31, 2022.

Additional financial highlights of the Company are as follows:

|  | At or for the year ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Performance ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income, returns on: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average assets |  |  | 0.83 | % |  |  | 1.01 | % |  |  | 1.46 | %
Average equity |  |  | 11.86 | % |  |  | 12.81 | % |  |  | 16.01 | %
Net income available to common shareholders, returns on: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average common equity |  |  | 12.01 | % |  |  | 12.99 | % |  |  | 16.29 | %
Average tangible common equity (1) |  |  | 14.64 | % |  |  | 15.72 | % |  |  | 19.37 | %
Average tangible assets (1) |  |  | 0.82 | % |  |  | 1.00 | % |  |  | 1.45 | %
Common dividend payout ratio |  |  | 37.85 | % |  |  | 32.40 | % |  |  | 22.45 | %
Net interest margin (fully tax-equivalent) |  |  | 2.94 | % |  |  | 3.20 | % |  |  | 3.14 | %
Effective tax rate |  |  | 20.3 | % |  |  | 20.3 | % |  |  | 20.1 | %
Efficiency ratio (2) |  |  | 62.96 | % |  |  | 60.39 | % |  |  | 55.76 | %
Capital ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Leverage ratio |  |  | 8.18 | % |  |  | 8.33 | % |  |  | 8.23 | %
Common equity Tier 1 capital ratio |  |  | 9.43 | % |  |  | 9.42 | % |  |  | 10.28 | %
Tier 1 capital ratio |  |  | 9.76 | % |  |  | 9.78 | % |  |  | 10.68 | %
Total risk-based capital ratio |  |  | 12.13 | % |  |  | 12.13 | % |  |  | 13.12 | %
Average equity to average assets |  |  | 7.03 | % |  |  | 7.88 | % |  |  | 9.10 | %
Common equity to assets |  |  | 7.10 | % |  |  | 6.70 | % |  |  | 8.84 | %
Tangible common equity to tangible assets (1) |  |  | 6.00 | % |  |  | 5.50 | % |  |  | 7.59 | %

(1)
This is a non-GAAP measure that we believe is useful in understanding our financial performance and condition. Refer to the “GAAP to Non-GAAP Reconciliation” section of this Item 7 for further information.
(2)
The efficiency ratio provides a ratio of operating expenses to operating income. Efficiency ratio is calculated by dividing noninterest expense by net revenue, which is defined as the sum of tax-equivalent net interest income and noninterest income before net gains on investment securities. The efficiency ratio is not a financial measurement required by GAAP. However, the efficiency ratio is used by management in its assessment of financial performance specifically as it relates to noninterest expense control. Management also believes such information is useful to investors in evaluating Company performance.

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

GAAP to Non-GAAP Reconciliation

(In thousands, except per share data) |  | At or for the year ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Computation of ending tangible common equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 437,504 |  |  | $ | 388,313 |  |  | $ | 487,850 |
Less: goodwill and other intangible assets, net |  |  | 72,504 |  |  |  | 73,414 |  |  |  | 74,400 |
Tangible common equity |  | $ | 365,000 |  |  | $ | 314,899 |  |  | $ | 413,450 |
Computation of ending tangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $ | 6,160,881 |  |  | $ | 5,797,272 |  |  | $ | 5,520,779 |
Less: goodwill and other intangible assets, net |  |  | 72,504 |  |  |  | 73,414 |  |  |  | 74,400 |
Tangible assets |  | $ | 6,088,377 |  |  | $ | 5,723,858 |  |  | $ | 5,446,379 |
Tangible common equity to tangible assets (1) |  |  | 6.00 | % |  |  | 5.50 | % |  |  | 7.59 | %
Common shares outstanding |  |  | 15,407 |  |  |  | 15,340 |  |  |  | 15,745 |
Tangible common book value per share (2) |  | $ | 23.69 |  |  | $ | 20.53 |  |  | $ | 26.26 |
Computation of average tangible common equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average common equity |  | $ | 406,394 |  |  | $ | 424,421 |  |  | $ | 468,085 |
Average goodwill and other intangible assets, net |  |  | 73,055 |  |  |  | 73,913 |  |  |  | 74,411 |
Average tangible common equity |  | $ | 333,339 |  |  | $ | 350,508 |  |  | $ | 393,674 |
Computation of average tangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average assets |  | $ | 6,025,383 |  |  | $ | 5,606,733 |  |  | $ | 5,335,808 |
Average goodwill and other intangible assets, net |  |  | 73,055 |  |  |  | 73,913 |  |  |  | 74,411 |
Average tangible assets |  | $ | 5,952,328 |  |  | $ | 5,532,820 |  |  | $ | 5,261,397 |
Net income available to common shareholders |  | $ | 48,805 |  |  | $ | 55,114 |  |  | $ | 76,237 |
Return on average tangible common equity (3) |  |  | 14.64 | % |  |  | 15.72 | % |  |  | 19.37 | %
Return on average tangible assets (4) |  |  | 0.82 | % |  |  | 1.00 | % |  |  | 1.45 | %

(1)
Tangible common equity divided by tangible assets.
(2)
Tangible common equity divided by common shares outstanding.
(3)
Net income available to common shareholders divided by average tangible common equity.
(4)
Net income available to common shareholders divided by average tangible assets.

This table contains disclosure that includes calculations for tangible common equity, tangible assets, tangible common equity to tangible assets, tangible common book value per share, average tangible common equity, average tangible assets, return on average tangible common equity and return on average tangible assets, which are determined by methods other than in accordance with GAAP. We believe that these non-GAAP measures are useful to our investors as measures of the strength of our capital and ability to generate earnings on tangible common equity invested by our shareholders. These non-GAAP measures provide supplemental information that may help investors to analyze our capital position without regard to the effects of intangible assets. Non-GAAP financial measures have inherent limitations and are not uniformly utilized by issuers. Therefore, these non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered in isolation, or as a substitute for comparable measures prepared in accordance with GAAP.

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS FOR THE YEARS ENDED

December 31, 2023 AND December 31, 2022

Net Interest Income and Net Interest Margin

Net interest income is our primary source of revenue, comprising 77% of revenue during the year ended December 31, 2023. Net interest income is the difference between interest income on interest-earning assets, such as loans and investment securities, and interest expense on interest-bearing deposits and other borrowings used to fund interest-earning and other assets or activities. Net interest income is affected by changes in interest rates and by the amount and composition of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, as well as the sensitivity of the balance sheet to changes in interest rates, including characteristics such as the fixed or variable nature of the financial instruments, contractual maturities and repricing frequencies.

We use interest rate spread and net interest margin to measure and explain changes in net interest income. Interest rate spread is the difference between the yield on interest-earning assets and the rate paid for interest-bearing liabilities that fund those assets. The net interest margin is expressed as the percentage of net interest income to average interest-earning assets. The net interest margin exceeds the interest rate spread because noninterest-bearing sources of funds (“net free funds”), principally noninterest-bearing demand deposits and shareholders’ equity, also support interest-earning assets. To compare tax-exempt asset yields to taxable yields, the yield on tax-exempt investment securities is computed on a taxable equivalent basis. Net interest income, interest rate spread, and net interest margin are discussed on a taxable equivalent basis.

The Federal Reserve influences the general market rates of interest, which impacts the deposit and loan rates offered by many financial institutions. The Federal Reserve increased the intended federal funds rate, which is the cost of immediately available overnight funds, throughout 2022 and 2023, in an attempt by the Federal Reserve to curb inflation. The first increase in March 2022 increased the federal funds rate by 25-basis points to 0.25% to 0.50%, followed by a 50-basis points increase in May 2022 to 0.75% to 1.00%. The Federal Reserve increased the federal funds rate by 75-basis points each in June, July, September, and November 2022, and by 50-basis points in December 2022 resulting in a federal funds rate of 4.25% to 4.50% as of year-end 2022. The Federal Reserve further increased the federal funds rate by 25-basis points each in February, March, May, and July 2023 resulting in a federal funds rate of 5.25% to 5.50% as of year-end 2023. Our loan portfolio is significantly affected by changes in the prime interest rate and changes in the prime interest rate generally follow changes in the federal funds rate. The prime interest rate, which is the rate offered on loans to borrowers with strong credit, was 8.50% at December 31, 2023, compared to 7.50% at December 31, 2022.

The following table reconciles interest income per the consolidated statements of income to interest income adjusted to a fully taxable equivalent basis for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):

|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Interest income per consolidated statements of income |  | $ | 286,133 |  |  | $ | 196,107 |  |  | $ | 167,205 |
Adjustment to fully taxable equivalent basis |  |  | 418 |  |  |  | 544 |  |  |  | 626 |
Interest income adjusted to a fully taxable equivalent basis |  |  | 286,551 |  |  |  | 196,651 |  |  |  | 167,831 |
Interest expense per consolidated statements of income |  |  | 120,418 |  |  |  | 28,735 |  |  |  | 12,475 |
Net interest income on a taxable equivalent basis |  | $ | 166,133 |  |  | $ | 167,916 |  |  | $ | 155,356 |

Analysis of Net Interest Income and Net Interest Margin

Net interest income on a taxable equivalent basis for 2023 was $166.1 million, a decrease of $1.8 million compared to $167.9 million for 2022. The decrease in net interest income was due primarily to higher funding costs amid the rising interest rate environment.

Our net interest margin for 2023 was 2.94%, 26-basis points lower than 3.20% from the prior year. This decrease was a function of a 70-basis points decrease in the interest rate spread, partially offset by a 44-basis points higher contribution from net free funds. The change in interest rate spread was a net result of a 202-basis points increase in the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities, partially offset by a 132-basis points increase in the average yield on average interest-earning assets.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the average yield on average interest-earning assets of 5.07% was 132-basis points higher than 2022. Loan yields increased 150-basis points during 2023 to 5.98%. The average yield on investment securities increased 11-basis points during 2023 to 1.92%. Overall, the interest-earning asset rate changes increased interest income by $64.3 million during 2023 and a favorable volume variance increased interest income by $25.6 million, which collectively drove an $89.9 million increase in interest income.

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

Average interest-earning assets were $5.65 billion for 2023 compared to $5.24 billion for 2022, an increase of $408.9 million, or 8%, with average loans up $511.8 million from $3.81 billion for 2022 to $4.32 billion for 2023, while average securities were down $134.3 million from $1.38 billion for 2022 to $1.25 billion for 2023. Securities represented 22.1% of average interest-earning assets during 2023 compared to 26.4% in 2022. Loans comprised 76.5% of average interest-earning assets during 2023 compared to 72.7% during 2022. The growth in average loans was primarily due to organic growth in commercial loans bolstered by our expansion into the Mid-Atlantic Region, as well as organic growth residential and other consumer loans, partially offset by a decline in consumer indirect. Loans generally have significantly higher yields compared to other interest-earning assets and, as such, have a more positive effect on the net interest margin. An increase in the volume of average loans resulted in a $27.6 million increase in interest income and higher interest rates increased interest income by $60.2 million. The decrease in the average balance of investment securities was primarily due to repayment and maturities of investment securities, and the use of cash to fund loan originations.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the average cost of average interest-bearing liabilities of 2.75% was 202-basis points higher than 2022. The average cost of average interest-bearing deposits of 2.63% was 202-basis points higher than 2022 primarily due to the continued repricing of deposits at higher rates as a result of the rising interest rate environment that occurred in 2022 and continued into 2023. The average cost of total borrowings increased 65-basis points to 4.23% in 2023, compared to 3.58% in 2022.

Average interest-bearing liabilities of $4.39 billion in 2023 were $456.1 million, or 12%, higher than 2022. On average, interest-bearing deposits grew $307.5 million from $3.77 billion for 2022 to $4.08 billion for 2023, while noninterest-bearing demand deposits (a principal component of net free funds) decreased $74.6 million, or 7%, to $1.03 billion. The increase in average deposits was due to growth in non-public deposits, brokered deposits, and reciprocal deposits, partially offset by a decrease in public deposits. Average short-term borrowings increased $100.8 million from $86.1 million in 2022 to $186.9 million in 2023 as short-term borrowings were utilized, in addition to deposits, to fund interest-earning asset growth. For further discussion of our reciprocal and brokered deposits, refer to the “Funding Activities—Deposits” section of this Management’s Discussion and Analysis. Overall, interest-bearing deposit interest rate changes and volume changes resulted in an increase in interest expense of $77.8 million and $6.6 million, respectively, as compared to 2022, and total borrowings volume and interest rate changes contributed $7.3 million of higher interest expense during 2023.

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

The following table presents, for the years indicated, information regarding: (i) average balances, which were derived from daily balances; (ii) the amount of interest income from interest-earning assets and the resulting annualized yields (tax-exempt yields have been adjusted to a tax-equivalent basis using the applicable Federal tax rate in each year); (iii) the amount of interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities and the resulting annualized rates; (iv) net interest income; (v) net interest rate spread; (vi) net interest income as a percentage of average interest-earning assets (“net interest margin”); and (vii) the ratio of average interest-earning assets to average interest-bearing liabilities. Investment securities are at amortized cost for both held to maturity and available for sale securities. Loans include net unearned income, net deferred loan fees and costs and non-accruing loans. Dollar amounts are shown in thousands.

|  | Years ended December 31,
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |
|  | Average Balance |  |  | Interest |  |  | Average Rate |  |  | Average Balance |  |  | Interest |  |  | Average Rate |  |
Interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal funds sold and other interest-earning deposits |  | $ | 80,415 |  |  | $ | 3,927 |  |  |  | 4.88 | % |  | $ | 49,055 |  |  | $ | 747 |  |  |  | 1.52 | % |
Investment securities (1): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable |  |  | 1,177,615 |  |  |  | 22,048 |  |  |  | 1.87 |  |  |  | 1,283,575 |  |  |  | 22,498 |  |  |  | 1.75 |  |
Tax-exempt (2) |  |  | 72,313 |  |  |  | 1,993 |  |  |  | 2.76 |  |  |  | 100,633 |  |  |  | 2,587 |  |  |  | 2.57 |  |
Total investment securities |  |  | 1,249,928 |  |  |  | 24,041 |  |  |  | 1.92 |  |  |  | 1,384,208 |  |  |  | 25,085 |  |  |  | 1.81 |  |
Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business |  |  | 698,861 |  |  |  | 50,388 |  |  |  | 7.21 |  |  |  | 628,729 |  |  |  | 30,188 |  |  |  | 4.80 |  |
Commercial mortgage |  |  | 1,908,355 |  |  |  | 124,240 |  |  |  | 6.51 |  |  |  | 1,502,904 |  |  |  | 70,608 |  |  |  | 4.70 |  |
Residential real estate loans |  |  | 612,767 |  |  |  | 22,728 |  |  |  | 3.71 |  |  |  | 579,362 |  |  |  | 19,558 |  |  |  | 3.38 |  |
Residential real estate lines |  |  | 76,350 |  |  |  | 5,608 |  |  |  | 7.34 |  |  |  | 77,132 |  |  |  | 3,283 |  |  |  | 4.26 |  |
Consumer indirect |  |  | 997,538 |  |  |  | 53,435 |  |  |  | 5.36 |  |  |  | 1,008,026 |  |  |  | 45,645 |  |  |  | 4.53 |  |
Other consumer |  |  | 28,741 |  |  |  | 2,184 |  |  |  | 7.60 |  |  |  | 14,636 |  |  |  | 1,538 |  |  |  | 10.51 |  |
Total loans (3) |  |  | 4,322,612 |  |  |  | 258,583 |  |  |  | 5.98 |  |  |  | 3,810,789 |  |  |  | 170,820 |  |  |  | 4.48 |  |
Total interest-earning assets |  |  | 5,652,955 |  |  |  | 286,551 |  |  |  | 5.07 |  |  |  | 5,244,052 |  |  |  | 196,652 |  |  |  | 3.75 |  |
Less: Allowance for credit losses |  |  | (49,198 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (42,689 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other noninterest-earning assets |  |  | 421,626 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 405,370 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $ | 6,025,383 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,606,733 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand |  | $ | 818,541 |  |  |  | 7,127 |  |  |  | 0.87 |  |  | $ | 909,799 |  |  |  | 2,180 |  |  |  | 0.24 |  |
Savings and money market |  |  | 1,781,776 |  |  |  | 41,424 |  |  |  | 2.32 |  |  |  | 1,852,571 |  |  |  | 9,778 |  |  |  | 0.53 |  |
Time deposits |  |  | 1,477,596 |  |  |  | 58,810 |  |  |  | 3.98 |  |  |  | 1,008,092 |  |  |  | 11,036 |  |  |  | 1.09 |  |
Total interest-bearing deposits |  |  | 4,077,913 |  |  |  | 107,361 |  |  |  | 2.63 |  |  |  | 3,770,462 |  |  |  | 22,994 |  |  |  | 0.61 |  |
Short-term borrowings |  |  | 186,910 |  |  |  | 6,890 |  |  |  | 3.69 |  |  |  | 86,139 |  |  |  | 1,500 |  |  |  | 1.74 |  |
Long-term borrowings |  |  | 121,903 |  |  |  | 6,167 |  |  |  | 5.06 |  |  |  | 74,059 |  |  |  | 4,242 |  |  |  | 5.73 |  |
Total borrowings |  |  | 308,813 |  |  |  | 13,057 |  |  |  | 4.23 |  |  |  | 160,198 |  |  |  | 5,742 |  |  |  | 3.58 |  |
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  |  | 4,386,726 |  |  |  | 120,418 |  |  |  | 2.75 |  |  |  | 3,930,660 |  |  |  | 28,736 |  |  |  | 0.73 |  |
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits |  |  | 1,030,648 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,105,281 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other noninterest-bearing liabilities |  |  | 184,323 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 129,079 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity |  |  | 423,686 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 441,713 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 6,025,383 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,606,733 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income (tax-equivalent) |  |  |  |  | $ | 166,133 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 167,916 |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate spread |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.32 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.02 | % |
Net earning assets |  | $ | 1,266,229 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,313,392 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest margin (tax-equivalent) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.94 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.20 | % |
Ratio of average interest-earning assets to average interest-bearing liabilities |  |  | 128.87 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 133.41 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) Investment securities are shown at amortized cost.

(2) The interest on tax-exempt securities is calculated on a tax-equivalent basis assuming a Federal income tax rate of 21%.

(3) Loans include net unearned income, net deferred loan fees and costs and non-accruing loans. Net deferred loan fees (costs) included in interest income were as follows (in thousands):

|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Commercial business |  | $ | (56 | ) |  | $ | 2,002 |  |  | $ | 8,087 |
Commercial mortgage |  |  | 2,324 |  |  |  | 2,200 |  |  |  | 1,573 |
Residential real estate loans |  |  | (1,672 | ) |  |  | (1,829 | ) |  |  | (2,241 | )
Residential real estate lines |  |  | (373 | ) |  |  | (327 | ) |  |  | (426 | )
Consumer indirect |  |  | (1,792 | ) |  |  | (2,141 | ) |  |  | (1,549 | )
Other consumer |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 6 |
Total |  | $ | (1,550 | ) |  | $ | (77 | ) |  | $ | 5,450 |

The net interest spread, as well as the net interest margin, will be impacted by future changes in short-term and long-term interest rate levels, as well as the impact from the competitive environment. A discussion of the effects of changing interest rates on net interest income is set forth in Part II, Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” included elsewhere in this report.

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

Rate /Volume Analysis

The following table presents, on a tax-equivalent basis, the relative contribution of changes in volumes and changes in rates to changes in net interest income for the periods indicated. The change in interest income or interest expense not solely due to changes in volume or rate has been allocated in proportion to the absolute dollar amounts of the change in each (in thousands). No out-of-period adjustments were included in the rate/volume analysis.

|  | Change from 2022 to 2023 |  |  | Change from 2021 to 2022 |
Increase (decrease) in: |  | Volume |  |  | Rate |  |  | Total |  |  | Volume |  |  | Rate |  |  | Total |
Interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal funds sold and interest-earning deposits |  | $ | 715 |  |  | $ | 2,465 |  |  | $ | 3,180 |  |  | $ | (255 | ) |  | $ | 786 |  |  | $ | 531 |
Investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable |  |  | (1,927 | ) |  |  | 1,477 |  |  |  | (450 | ) |  |  | 4,798 |  |  |  | 964 |  |  |  | 5,762 |
Tax-exempt |  |  | (770 | ) |  |  | 176 |  |  |  | (594 | ) |  |  | (533 | ) |  |  | 139 |  |  |  | (394 | )
Total investment securities |  |  | (2,697 | ) |  |  | 1,653 |  |  |  | (1,044 | ) |  |  | 4,265 |  |  |  | 1,103 |  |  |  | 5,368 |
Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business |  |  | 3,674 |  |  |  | 16,526 |  |  |  | 20,200 |  |  |  | (4,606 | ) |  |  | 5,327 |  |  |  | 721 |
Commercial mortgage |  |  | 22,073 |  |  |  | 31,559 |  |  |  | 53,632 |  |  |  | 7,371 |  |  |  | 11,518 |  |  |  | 18,889 |
Residential real estate loans |  |  | 1,169 |  |  |  | 2,001 |  |  |  | 3,170 |  |  |  | (474 | ) |  |  | (130 | ) |  |  | (604 | )
Residential real estate lines |  |  | (33 | ) |  |  | 2,358 |  |  |  | 2,325 |  |  |  | (181 | ) |  |  | 680 |  |  |  | 499 |
Consumer indirect |  |  | (480 | ) |  |  | 8,270 |  |  |  | 7,790 |  |  |  | 5,083 |  |  |  | (1,619 | ) |  |  | 3,464 |
Other consumer |  |  | 1,164 |  |  |  | (518 | ) |  |  | 646 |  |  |  | (70 | ) |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | (47 | )
Total loans |  |  | 27,567 |  |  |  | 60,196 |  |  |  | 87,763 |  |  |  | 7,123 |  |  |  | 15,799 |  |  |  | 22,922 |
Total interest income |  |  | 25,585 |  |  |  | 64,314 |  |  |  | 89,899 |  |  |  | 11,133 |  |  |  | 17,688 |  |  |  | 28,821 |
Interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand |  |  | (240 | ) |  |  | 5,187 |  |  |  | 4,947 |  |  |  | 124 |  |  |  | 900 |  |  |  | 1,024 |
Savings and money market |  |  | (388 | ) |  |  | 32,034 |  |  |  | 31,646 |  |  |  | (22 | ) |  |  | 6,437 |  |  |  | 6,415 |
Time deposits |  |  | 7,174 |  |  |  | 40,600 |  |  |  | 47,774 |  |  |  | 438 |  |  |  | 6,999 |  |  |  | 7,437 |
Total interest-bearing deposits |  |  | 6,546 |  |  |  | 77,821 |  |  |  | 84,367 |  |  |  | 540 |  |  |  | 14,336 |  |  |  | 14,876 |
Short-term borrowings |  |  | 2,758 |  |  |  | 2,632 |  |  |  | 5,390 |  |  |  | 1,593 |  |  |  | (213 | ) |  |  | 1,380 |
Long-term borrowings |  |  | 2,469 |  |  |  | (544 | ) |  |  | 1,925 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | 5 |
Total borrowings |  |  | 5,227 |  |  |  | 2,088 |  |  |  | 7,315 |  |  |  | 1,611 |  |  |  | (226 | ) |  |  | 1,385 |
Total interest expense |  |  | 11,773 |  |  |  | 79,909 |  |  |  | 91,682 |  |  |  | 2,151 |  |  |  | 14,110 |  |  |  | 16,261 |
Net interest income |  | $ | 13,812 |  |  | $ | (15,595 | ) |  | $ | (1,783 | ) |  | $ | 8,982 |  |  | $ | 3,578 |  |  | $ | 12,560 |

Provision for Credit Losses

The provision for credit losses was $13.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared with $13.3 million for 2022. The provision for credit losses – loans was $14.2 million for 2023, compared with $11.0 million for 2022. The increase to the loan loss provision in 2023 was primarily driven by higher overall net charge-offs and specific reserves, partially offset by a decline in the level of unfunded commitments. Also included in the provision for credit losses was a credit loss benefit for unfunded commitments of $531 thousand for 2023, compared to credit loss expense of $2.3 million for 2022.

See the “Allowance for Credit Losses” and “Non-Performing Assets and Potential Problem Loans” sections of this Management’s Discussion and Analysis for further discussion.

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

Noninterest Income

The following table summarizes our noninterest income for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):

|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Service charges on deposits |  | $ | 4,625 |  |  | $ | 5,889 |  |  | $ | 5,571 |
Insurance income |  |  | 6,708 |  |  |  | 6,364 |  |  |  | 5,750 |
Card interchange income |  |  | 8,220 |  |  |  | 8,205 |  |  |  | 8,498 |
Investment advisory |  |  | 10,955 |  |  |  | 11,493 |  |  |  | 11,672 |
Company owned life insurance |  |  | 12,106 |  |  |  | 5,542 |  |  |  | 2,947 |
Investments in limited partnerships |  |  | 1,783 |  |  |  | 1,293 |  |  |  | 2,081 |
Loan servicing |  |  | 479 |  |  |  | 507 |  |  |  | 415 |
Income from derivative instruments, net |  |  | 1,350 |  |  |  | 1,919 |  |  |  | 2,695 |
Net gain on sale of loans held for sale |  |  | 566 |  |  |  | 1,227 |  |  |  | 2,950 |
Net (loss) gain on investment securities |  |  | (3,576 | ) |  |  | (15 | ) |  |  | 71 |
Net (loss) gain on other assets |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | (16 | ) |  |  | 441 |
Net loss on tax credit investments |  |  | (252 | ) |  |  | (815 | ) |  |  | (431 | )
Other |  |  | 5,286 |  |  |  | 4,678 |  |  |  | 4,246 |
Total noninterest income |  | $ | 48,244 |  |  | $ | 46,271 |  |  | $ | 46,906 |

The following information discusses the significant changes in noninterest income for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

Service charges on deposits decreased $1.3 million, or 21% to $4.6 million in 2023, compared to $5.9 million in 2022. The decrease was primarily due to a reduction in nonsufficient funds fees as a result of January 2023 changes in the Bank’s consumer overdraft program that align with trends in community banking.

Company owned life insurance (“COLI”) income increased $6.6 million to $12.1 million in 2023, compared to $5.5 million in 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to income from the surrender and redeploy of $53.9 million in cash surrender COLI in 2023. The revenue from the transaction, which was partially offset by $5.4 million of related incremental income taxes, was based upon the credit rating of the premium allocation to separate account investments, as supported by the performance of the underlying investment divisions. The cash surrender value of the separate account COLI and the corresponding revenue is expected to stabilize in future periods. Included in income in 2022 was $2.0 million of income from the surrender and redeployment of $25.5 million in cash surrender value of company owned life insurance, which was offset by approximately $2.0 million of incremental income tax expense.

Income from derivative instruments, net decreased $569 thousand, or 30%, to $1.4 million in 2023, compared to $1.9 million in 2022. Income from derivative instruments, net is based on the number and value of interest rate swap transactions executed during the year combined with the impact of changes in the fair value of borrower-facing trades.

Net gain on sale of loans held for sale was $566 thousand in 2023, compared to $1.2 million in 2022. Included in 2022 was a gain of $586 thousand related to the sale of a $31.2 million portfolio of indirect loans in the second quarter of 2022.

A net loss on investment securities of $3.6 million was recognized in 2023 due to the sale of approximately $54 million in lower yielding available-for-sale agency mortgage-backed securities at an after-tax loss of $2.8 million, reinvesting the proceeds of such sale into higher yielding bonds. The after-tax interest income benefit of $1.4 million annually translates to an earn-back to shareholders’ equity of two years.

Net loss on tax credit investments of $252 thousand was recognized in 2023, compared to $815 thousand in 2022. The net losses include amortization of tax credit investments, partially offset by New York investment tax credits that are refundable and recorded in noninterest income.

Other noninterest income increased $608 thousand, or 13%, to $5.3 million in 2023, compared to $4.7 million in 2022, primarily due to an increase in FHLB dividends which correlates with the increase in FHLB stock owned in 2023 compared to 2022.

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

Noninterest Expense

The following table summarizes our noninterest expense for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):

|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Salaries and employee benefits |  | $ | 71,889 |  |  | $ | 69,633 |  |  | $ | 60,893 |
Occupancy and equipment |  |  | 14,798 |  |  |  | 15,103 |  |  |  | 14,371 |
Professional services |  |  | 5,259 |  |  |  | 5,592 |  |  |  | 6,535 |
Computer and data processing |  |  | 20,110 |  |  |  | 17,638 |  |  |  | 14,112 |
Supplies and postage |  |  | 1,873 |  |  |  | 1,943 |  |  |  | 1,769 |
FDIC assessments |  |  | 4,902 |  |  |  | 2,440 |  |  |  | 2,624 |
Advertising and promotions |  |  | 1,926 |  |  |  | 2,013 |  |  |  | 1,704 |
Amortization of intangibles |  |  | 910 |  |  |  | 986 |  |  |  | 1,060 |
Restructuring charges |  |  | 114 |  |  |  | 1,619 |  |  |  | 111 |
Other |  |  | 15,444 |  |  |  | 12,395 |  |  |  | 9,571 |
Total noninterest expense |  | $ | 137,225 |  |  | $ | 129,362 |  |  | $ | 112,750 |

The following information discusses the significant changes in noninterest expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

Salaries and employee benefits expense increased $2.3 million, or 3%, to $71.9 million in 2023, compared to $69.6 million in 2022. The increase was primarily due to annual merit increases, higher pension expense and increases in medical and dental claim activity, partially offset by lower stock-based compensation, executive bonuses and incentive compensation.

Computer and data processing expense increased $2.5 million, or 14%, to $20.1 million in 2023, compared to $17.6 million in 2022. The increase was primarily a result of our strategic investments in data efficiency and marketing technology primarily driven by a new customer relationship management system implemented in late 2021.

FDIC assessments expense increased $2.5 million to $4.9 million in 2023, compared to $2.4 million in 2022, due in part to the increase in the base deposit insurance assessment rate schedules by two basis points, coupled with balance sheet growth compared to 2022.

Restructuring charges related to the 2020 closing of five branches totaled $114 thousand in 2023 and $1.6 million in 2022, representing selling costs and charges related to the write-down of real estate assets to fair market value based upon current market conditions.

Other expense of $15.4 million in 2023 increased $3.0 million, or 25%, compared to $12.4 million in 2022, primarily due to interest charges related to collateral held for derivative transactions, higher insurance costs and the impact of general inflationary pressures.

The efficiency ratio for the year ended December 31, 2023 was 62.96% compared with 60.39% for 2022. The higher efficiency ratio was primarily the result of the increase in noninterest expense in 2023 as described above. The efficiency ratio is calculated by dividing total noninterest expense by net revenue, defined as the sum of tax-equivalent net interest income and noninterest income before net gains on investment securities. An increase in the efficiency ratio indicates that more resources are being utilized to generate the same volume of income, while a decrease indicates a more efficient allocation of resources. The efficiency ratio, a banking industry financial measure, is not required by GAAP. However, the efficiency ratio is used by management in its assessment of financial performance specifically as it relates to noninterest expense control. Management also believes such information is useful to investors in evaluating Company performance.

Income Taxes

We recorded income tax expense of $12.8 million for 2023, compared to $14.4 million for 2022. The decrease in income tax expense was primarily due to the decrease in income before income taxes in 2023 as compared to 2022. In 2023 and 2022, we incurred additional taxes of approximately $5.4 million and $2.0 million, respectively, associated with the capital gains of the previously mentioned COLI surrenders coupled with a 10% modified endowment contract penalty that is typical of general account surrenders. In 2023 and 2022, we recognized tax credit investments resulting in a $3.0 million and $2.6 million, respectively, reduction in income tax expense, in each year, and a $252 thousand and $815 thousand net loss recorded in noninterest income, respectively.

Our effective tax rate was 20.3% for both 2023 and 2022. Effective tax rates are typically impacted by items of income and expense that are not subject to federal or state taxation. Our effective tax rates reflect the impact of these items, which include, but are not limited to, interest income from tax-exempt securities, earnings on company owned life insurance and the impact of tax credit investments. In addition, our effective tax rate for 2023 and 2022 reflects the New York State tax benefit generated by our real estate investment trust.

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS FOR THE YEARS ENDED

DECEMBER 31, 2022 AND DECEMBER 31, 2021

A discussion regarding our financial condition and results of operations at and for the year ended December 31, 2022 and year-to-year comparisons between 2022 and 2021, which are not included in this Form 10-K, can be found under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 and are incorporated by reference herein.

ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION

OVERVIEW

At December 31, 2023, we had total assets of $6.16 billion, an increase of 6% from $5.80 billion as of December 31, 2022, largely attributable to organic loan growth, partially offset by a decrease in our investment securities portfolio. Net loans were $4.41 billion as of December 31, 2023, up $406.0 million, or 10%, compared to $4.01 billion as of December 31, 2022. The increase in net loans was primarily due to organic growth bolstered by our expansion into the Mid-Atlantic Region, as well as organic growth in residential real estate loans and other consumer loans, partially offset by a decrease in consumer indirect loans. Non-performing assets totaled $26.8 million as of December 31, 2023, up $16.6 million compared to December 31, 2022. The increase in non-performing assets was primarily driven by one commercial loan relationship totaling $13.6 million that was placed on nonaccrual status during the fourth quarter of 2023. Total deposits amounted to $5.21 billion as of December 31, 2023, up $283.5 million, or 6%, compared to December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2023, borrowings totaled $309.5 million, compared to $279.2 million as of December 31, 2022. Common book value per common share was $28.40 and $25.31 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, our total shareholders’ equity was $454.8 million compared to $405.6 million as of December 31, 2022. The increase in shareholders’ equity as compared to December 31, 2022, was primarily attributable to an increase in retained earnings due to our net income for the year and a reduction in longer-term interest rates, which reduced accumulated other comprehensive loss associated with unrealized losses in the available for sale securities portfolio.

INVESTING ACTIVITIES

The following table summarizes the composition of our available for sale and held to maturity securities portfolios (in thousands).

|  | Investment Securities Portfolio Composition At December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
|  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Fair Value |
Securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agency and government-sponsored enterprise securities |  | $ | 24,535 |  |  | $ | 21,811 |  |  | $ | 24,535 |  |  | $ | 21,115 |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 1,013,455 |  |  |  | 865,594 |  |  |  | 1,102,522 |  |  |  | 932,919 |
Non-Agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 325 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 337 |
Total available for sale securities |  |  | 1,037,990 |  |  |  | 887,730 |  |  |  | 1,127,057 |  |  |  | 954,371 |
Securities held to maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agency and government-sponsored enterprise securities |  |  | 16,513 |  |  |  | 15,983 |  |  |  | 16,363 |  |  |  | 15,515 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | 68,854 |  |  |  | 63,782 |  |  |  | 97,583 |  |  |  | 90,435 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 62,793 |  |  |  | 57,265 |  |  |  | 75,034 |  |  |  | 68,238 |
Total held to maturity securities |  |  | 148,160 |  |  |  | 137,030 |  |  |  | 188,980 |  |  |  | 174,188 |
Allowance for credit losses – securities |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  |
Total held to maturity securities, net |  |  | 148,156 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 188,975 |  |  |  |
Total investment securities |  | $ | 1,186,146 |  |  | $ | 1,024,760 |  |  | $ | 1,316,032 |  |  | $ | 1,128,559 |

Our investment policy is contained within our overall Asset-Liability Management and Investment Policy. This policy dictates that investment decisions will be made based on the safety of the investment, liquidity requirements, potential returns, cash flow targets, need for collateral and desired risk parameters. In pursuing these objectives, we consider the ability of an investment to provide earnings consistent with factors of quality, maturity, marketability, pledgeable nature and risk diversification. Our Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer, guided by ALCO, is responsible for investment portfolio decisions within the established policies.

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

Our available for sale (“AFS”) investment securities portfolio decreased $66.6 million from $954.4 million at December 31, 2022 to $887.7 million at December 31, 2023. The decrease from year-end 2022 was primarily the result of the use of portfolio cash flow to fund loan originations. Our AFS portfolio had a net unrealized loss totaling $150.3 million at December 31, 2023 compared to a net unrealized loss of $172.7 million at December 31, 2022. The fair value of most of the investment securities in the AFS portfolio fluctuates as market interest rates change. A net loss on investment securities of $3.6 million was recognized in 2023 due to the sale of approximately $54 million in lower yielding available-for-sale agency mortgage-backed securities at an after-tax loss of $2.8 million, reinvesting the proceeds of such sale into higher yielding bonds. The after-tax interest income benefit of $1.4 million annually translates to an earn-back to shareholder’s equity of two years.

Impairment Assessment

For AFS securities in an unrealized loss position, we first assess whether (i) we intend to sell, or (ii) it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either case is affirmative, any previously recognized allowances are charged-off and the security’s amortized cost is written down to fair value through income. If neither case is affirmative, the security is evaluated to determine whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency and any adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income. Adjustments to the allowance are reported in our income statement as a component of credit loss expense. AFS securities are charged-off against the allowance or, in the absence of any allowance, written down through income when deemed uncollectible by management or when either of the aforementioned criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. For the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 no allowance for credit losses has been recognized on AFS securities in an unrealized loss position as management does not believe any of the securities are impaired due to reasons of credit quality.

The unrealized losses are largely due to increases in market interest rates over the yields available at the time the underlying securities were purchased. The fair value is expected to recover as the bonds approach their maturity date, repricing date or if market yields for such investments decline. We do not believe any of the securities in a loss position are impaired due to reasons of credit quality. Accordingly, as of December 31, 2023, we concluded that unrealized losses on our AFS securities are not impaired due to reasons of credit quality and no allowance for credit losses has been recognized on AFS securities. As the portfolio is managed from a liquidity, earnings, and risk standpoint, sales from the AFS portfolio may be warranted based upon prevailing market factors. The following discussion provides further details of our assessment of the AFS securities portfolio by investment category.

U.S. Government Agencies and Government Sponsored Enterprises (“GSE”)

As of December 31, 2023, there were two AFS securities with unrealized losses of $2.7 million in the U.S. Government agencies and GSE portfolio, both of which were in a continuous unrealized loss position for more than 12 months. The decline in fair value is attributable to changes in interest rates, not to credit quality. We do not have the intent to sell these securities and it is likely that we will not be required to sell the security before the anticipated recovery.

Agency Mortgage-backed Securities

With the exception of the non-Agency mortgage-backed securities (“non-Agency MBS”) discussed below, all of the mortgage-backed securities held by us as of December 31, 2023, were issued by U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies (“Agency MBS”), primarily FNMA and FHLMC. The contractual cash flows of our Agency MBS are guaranteed by FNMA, FHLMC or GNMA. The GNMA mortgage-backed securities are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government.

As of December 31, 2023, there were 199 securities in the AFS Agency MBS portfolio that were in an unrealized loss position with unrealized losses totaling $148.8 million. Of these, 196 were in an unrealized loss position for 12 months or longer and had an aggregate fair value of $813.7 million and unrealized losses of $148.8 million. The unrealized loss of these securities is driven by the timing of the purchases of fixed-rate securities during the extended low interest rate environments experienced in prior years, which has been compounded with subsequent increases in benchmark interest rates. However, these fixed-rate securities were purchased with the expectation that they will continue to prepay principal and the proceeds will be invested at current market rates.

Given the high credit quality inherent in Agency MBS, we do not consider any of the unrealized losses as of December 31, 2023 on such Agency MBS to be credit related. As of December 31, 2023, we did not intend to sell any Agency MBS that were in an unrealized loss position, all of which were performing in accordance with their terms.

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

Non-Agency Mortgage-backed Securities

Our non-Agency MBS portfolio consists of positions in one privately issued whole loan collateralized mortgage obligations with a fair value and net unrealized gain of $325 thousand as of December 31, 2023. As of that date, the one non-Agency MBS was rated below investment grade. This security was not in an unrealized loss position.

Other Investments

As a member of the FHLB, the Bank is required to hold FHLB stock. The amount of required FHLB stock is based on the Bank’s asset size and the amount of borrowings from the FHLB. We have assessed the ultimate recoverability of our FHLB stock and believe that no impairment currently exists. As a member of the FRB system, we are required to maintain a specified investment in FRB stock based on a ratio relative to our capital. At December 31, 2023, our ownership of FHLB and FRB stock totaled $11.0 million and $6.4 million, respectively, and is included in other assets and recorded at cost, which approximates fair value.

LENDING ACTIVITIES

Total loans were $4.46 billion at December 31, 2023, an increase of $411.7 million, or 10%, from December 31, 2022. Commercial loans represented 61% of total loans at the end of 2023 and consumer loans represented 39% of total loans at December 31, 2023. The composition of our loan portfolio, excluding loans held for sale and including net unearned income and net deferred fees and costs, is summarized as follows (in thousands):

|  | Loan Portfolio Composition |
|  | At December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
|  | Amount |  |  | Percent |  |  | Amount |  |  | Percent |
Commercial business |  | $ | 735,700 |  |  |  | 16.5 | % |  | $ | 664,249 |  |  |  | 16.4 | %
Commercial mortgage |  |  | 2,005,319 |  |  |  | 44.9 |  |  |  | 1,679,840 |  |  |  | 41.5 |
Total commercial |  |  | 2,741,019 |  |  |  | 61.4 |  |  |  | 2,344,089 |  |  |  | 57.9 |
Residential real estate loans |  |  | 649,822 |  |  |  | 14.6 |  |  |  | 589,960 |  |  |  | 14.5 |
Residential real estate lines |  |  | 77,367 |  |  |  | 1.7 |  |  |  | 77,670 |  |  |  | 1.9 |
Consumer indirect |  |  | 948,831 |  |  |  | 21.3 |  |  |  | 1,023,620 |  |  |  | 25.3 |
Other consumer |  |  | 45,100 |  |  |  | 1.0 |  |  |  | 15,110 |  |  |  | 0.4 |
Total consumer |  |  | 1,721,120 |  |  |  | 38.6 |  |  |  | 1,706,360 |  |  |  | 42.1 |
Total loans |  |  | 4,462,139 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 4,050,449 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %
Less: Allowance for credit losses |  |  | 51,082 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 45,413 |  |  |  |
Total loans, net |  | $ | 4,411,057 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,005,036 |  |  |  |

Total commercial loans of $2.74 billion, or 61% of total loans at December 31, 2023, were comprised of commercial business loans of $735.7 million, or 16% of total loans, up $71.5 million, or 11%, from December 31, 2022, and commercial mortgage loans of $2.01 billion, or 45% of total loans, up $325.5 million, or 19%, from December 31, 2022. We typically originate commercial business loans of up to $25.0 million for small- to mid-sized businesses in our market area for working capital, equipment financing, inventory financing, accounts receivable financing, or other general business purposes. Loans of this type are in a diverse range of industries. We also offer commercial mortgage loans to finance the purchase of real property, which generally consists of real estate with completed structures. The majority of our commercial mortgage loans are secured by office buildings, manufacturing facilities, distribution/warehouse facilities, and retail centers, which are generally located in our local market area. Commercial loans include both owner-occupied and non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans. Approximately 16% and 19% of our total commercial loan portfolio at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, was owner occupied real estate. As of December 31, 2023, commercial real estate (“CRE”) loans make up approximately 65% of total commercial loans, and 40% of total loans, commercial and industrial loans approximated 30% of total commercial loans, and 19% of total loans, and business banking unit loans were approximately 4% of total commercial loans and 3% of total loans. Our CRE committed credit exposure at December 31, 2023 related to approximately 42% multi-family, 17% office, 8% retail, 7% hospitality, 7% home builder, and 7% industrial property. Approximately 71% of our office exposure at December 31, 2023, or 12% of our total CRE exposure, related to Class B or medial office space. More than 90% of our CRE loans have full or limited personal or corporate recourse.

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

The credit risk related to commercial loans is largely influenced by general economic conditions, inflation, and the resulting impact on a borrower’s operations or on the value of underlying collateral, if any. Factors that are important to managing overall credit quality are sound loan underwriting and administration, systematic monitoring of existing loans and commitments, effective loan review on an ongoing basis, early identification of potential problems, an appropriate allowance for credit losses, and sound nonaccrual and charge off policies. An active credit risk management process is used for commercial loans to further ensure that sound and consistent credit decisions are made. Credit risk is controlled by detailed underwriting procedures, comprehensive loan administration, and periodic review of borrowers’ outstanding loans and commitments. Borrower relationships are formally reviewed and graded on an ongoing basis for early identification of potential problems. Further analyses by customer, industry, and geographic location are performed to monitor trends, financial performance, and concentrations.

We participate in various lending programs in which guarantees are supplied by U.S. government agencies, such as the SBA, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rural Economic and Community Development and Farm Service Agency, among others. As of December 31, 2023, the principal balance of such loans (included in commercial loans) was $20.5 million, and the guaranteed portion amounted to $12.1 million.

We determine our current lending standards for commercial real estate and real estate construction lending by property type and specifically address many criteria, including: maximum loan amounts, maximum loan-to-value (“LTV”), requirements for pre-leasing or pre-sales, minimum debt-service coverage ratios, minimum borrower equity, and maximum loan to cost. Currently, the maximum standard for LTV is 85%, with lower limits established for certain higher risk types, such as raw land which has a 65% LTV maximum.

Consumer loans totaled $1.72 billion at December 31, 2023, up $14.8 million compared to 2022, and represented 39% of the 2023 year-end loan portfolio versus 42% at year-end 2022. Loans in this classification include residential real estate loans, residential real estate lines, indirect consumer and other consumer installment loans. Credit risk for these types of loans is generally influenced by general economic conditions, including inflation, the characteristics of individual borrowers, and the nature of the loan collateral. Risks of loss are generally on smaller average balances per loan spread over many borrowers. Once charged off, there is usually less opportunity for recovery on these smaller retail loans. Credit risk is primarily controlled by reviewing the creditworthiness of the borrowers, monitoring payment histories, and taking appropriate collateral and guaranty positions.

Residential real estate portfolios include conventional first lien mortgages and home equity loans and lines of credit. For conventional first lien mortgages, we generally limit the maximum loan to 85% of collateral value without credit enhancement (e.g., personal mortgage insurance). A portion of our fixed-rate conventional mortgage loans are sold in the secondary market with servicing rights retained. Our conventional mortgage products continue to be underwritten using FHLMC secondary marketing guidelines. Our underwriting guidelines for home equity products include a combination of borrower FICO (credit score), the LTV of the property securing the loan and evidence of the borrower having sufficient income to repay the loan. Currently, for home equity products, the maximum acceptable LTV is 90%. The average FICO score for new home equity production was 750 and 769 during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Residential real estate loans totaled $649.8 million at the end of 2023, down $59.9 million, or 10%, from the end of the prior year and comprised 15% of total loans outstanding at both December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The residential real estate line portfolio amounted to $77.4 million at December 31, 2023 down $303 thousand, compared to 2022 and represented 2% of total loans at both December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The residential real estate loans and lines portfolios had a weighted average LTV at origination of approximately 70% at December 31, 2023 and 2022. Approximately 92% of the loans and lines were first lien positions at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Consumer indirect loans amounted to $948.8 million at December 31, 2023 down $74.8 million, or 7%, compared to 2022 and represented 21% of the 2023 year-end loan portfolio versus 25% at year-end 2022. The loans are primarily for the purchase of automobiles (both new and used) and light duty trucks primarily by individuals, but also by corporations and other organizations. The loans are originated through dealerships and assigned to us with terms that typically range from 36 to 84 months. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we originated $292.1 million in indirect loans with a mix of approximately 27% new vehicles and 73% used vehicles. This compares with $489.0 million in indirect loans with a mix of approximately 29% new vehicles and 71% used vehicles for 2022. The average FICO score for indirect loan production was approximately 713 and 714 during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Effective January 1, 2024, we exited the Pennsylvania automobile market in order to align our focus more fully around our core Upstate New York market, which includes a strong network of approximately 375 new automobile dealers.

Other consumer loans totaled $45.1 million at December 31, 2023, up $30.0 million, compared to 2022, and represented 1% of the 2023 and less than 1% of the 2022 year-end loan portfolio. Other consumer loans consist of BaaS loans, personal loans (collateralized and uncollateralized) and deposit account collateralized loans. The loan growth in our other consumer loans primarily relates to our increases in BaaS loans.

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

Our loan portfolio is widely diversified by types of borrowers, industry groups, and market areas within our operating footprint. Significant loan concentrations are considered to exist for a financial institution when there are amounts loaned to numerous borrowers engaged in similar activities that would cause them to be similarly impacted by economic or other conditions. At December 31, 2023, no significant concentrations, as defined above, existed in our portfolio in excess of 10% of total loans.

Loans Held for Sale and Loan Servicing Rights

Loans held for sale (not included in the loan portfolio composition table) were entirely comprised of residential real estate loans and totaled $1.4 million and $550 thousand as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

We sell certain qualifying newly originated or refinanced residential real estate loans on the secondary market. Residential real estate loans serviced for others, which are not included in the consolidated statements of financial condition, amounted to $269.4 million and $275.3 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The following table summarizes the activity in the allowance for credit losses - loans (in thousands) for the periods indicated.

|  | Credit Loss - Loans Analysis |
|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Allowance for credit losses - loans, beginning of period |  | $ | 45,413 |  |  | $ | 39,676 |  |  | $ | 52,420 |
Net charge-offs (recoveries): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business |  |  | (109 | ) |  |  | (64 | ) |  |  | (212 | )
Commercial mortgage |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | (853 | ) |  |  | 3,814 |
Residential real estate loans |  |  | 89 |  |  |  | 279 |  |  |  | 56 |
Residential real estate lines |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 141 |
Consumer indirect |  |  | 7,595 |  |  |  | 4,538 |  |  |  | 1,256 |
Other consumer |  |  | 893 |  |  |  | 1,339 |  |  |  | 705 |
Total net charge-offs |  |  | 8,544 |  |  |  | 5,238 |  |  |  | 5,760 |
Provision (benefit) for credit losses – loans |  |  | 14,213 |  |  |  | 10,975 |  |  |  | (6,984 | )
Allowance for credit losses – loans, end of year |  | $ | 51,082 |  |  | $ | 45,413 |  |  | $ | 39,676 |
Net loan charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business |  |  | -0.02 | % |  |  | -0.01 | % |  |  | -0.03 | %
Commercial mortgage |  |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | -0.06 | % |  |  | 0.29 | %
Residential real estate loans |  |  | 0.01 | % |  |  | 0.05 | % |  |  | 0.01 | %
Residential real estate lines |  |  | 0.05 | % |  |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | 0.17 | %
Consumer indirect |  |  | 0.76 | % |  |  | 0.45 | % |  |  | 0.14 | %
Other consumer |  |  | 3.11 | % |  |  | 9.15 | % |  |  | 4.61 | %
Total loans |  |  | 0.20 | % |  |  | 0.14 | % |  |  | 0.16 | %
Allowance for credit losses – loans to total loans |  |  | 1.14 | % |  |  | 1.12 | % |  |  | 1.08 | %
Allowance for credit losses – loans to nonaccrual loans |  |  | 192 | % |  |  | 445 | % |  |  | 349 | %
Allowance for credit losses – loans to non-performing loans |  |  | 192 | % |  |  | 445 | % |  |  | 326 | %

Net charge-offs of $8.5 million in 2023 represented 0.20% of average loans compared to $5.2 million, or 0.14%, in 2022. The lower level of net charge-offs for 2022 included a $2.0 million recovery in connection with the pay-off of a commercial loan that was downgraded to non-performing status with a partial charge-off in the fourth quarter of 2021. The allowance for credit losses–loans increased to $51.1 million at December 31, 2023, compared with $45.4 million at December 31, 2022, due to an increase in net charge-offs and specific reserves. Non-performing loans increased $16.5 million to $26.7 million at December 31, 2023 from prior year end, primarily due to one large commercial loan relationship totaling $13.6 million that was placed on nonaccrual status during the fourth quarter of 2023. The ratio of the allowance for credit losses–loans to total loans was 1.14% and 1.12% at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The ratio of allowance for credit losses–loans to non-performing loans was 192% at December 31, 2023, compared with 445% at December 31, 2022, reflective of the large commercial loan relationship noted above.

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

The following table sets forth the allocation of the allowance for credit losses–loans by loan category as of the dates indicated. The allocation is made for analytical purposes and is not necessarily indicative of the categories in which actual losses may occur. The total allowance is available to absorb losses from any segment of the loan portfolio (in thousands).

|  | Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans by Loan Category |
|  | At December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
|  |  |  |  | Percentage |  |  |  |  |  | Percentage |
|  | Credit |  |  | of loans by |  |  | Credit |  |  | of loans by |
|  | Loss |  |  | category to |  |  | Loss |  |  | category to |
|  | Allowance |  |  | total loans |  |  | Allowance |  |  | total loans |
Commercial business |  | $ | 13,102 |  |  |  | 16.5 | % |  | $ | 12,585 |  |  |  | 16.4 | %
Commercial mortgage |  |  | 15,858 |  |  |  | 44.9 |  |  |  | 14,412 |  |  |  | 41.5 |
Residential real estate loans |  |  | 5,286 |  |  |  | 14.6 |  |  |  | 3,301 |  |  |  | 14.5 |
Residential real estate lines |  |  | 764 |  |  |  | 1.7 |  |  |  | 608 |  |  |  | 1.9 |
Consumer indirect |  |  | 14,099 |  |  |  | 21.3 |  |  |  | 14,238 |  |  |  | 25.3 |
Other consumer |  |  | 1,973 |  |  |  | 1.0 |  |  |  | 269 |  |  |  | 0.4 |
Total |  | $ | 51,082 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 45,413 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %

Loans not analyzed for a specific reserve are segmented into “pools” of loans based upon similar risk characteristics. This is referred to as the “pooled loan” component of the allowance for credit losses estimate. The allowance for credit losses for pooled loans estimate is based upon periodic review of the collectability of the loans quantitatively correlating historical loan experience with reasonable and supportable forecasts using forward looking information. Adjustments to the quantitative evaluation may be made for differences in current or expected qualitative risk characteristics such as changes in: underwriting standards, delinquency level, regulatory environment, economic condition, Company management and the status of portfolio administration including the Company’s credit risk review function. The Company establishes a specific reserve for individually evaluated loans which do not share similar risk characteristics with the loans included in the forecasted allowance for credit losses. These individually evaluated loans are removed from the pooling approach discussed above for the forecasted allowance for credit losses, and include nonaccrual loans, and other loans deemed appropriate by management. The process we use to determine the overall allowance for credit losses is based on this analysis. Based on this analysis, we believe the allowance for credit losses is adequate as of December 31, 2023.

Assessing the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses involves substantial uncertainties and is based upon management’s evaluation of the amounts required to meet estimated charge-offs in the loan portfolio after weighing a variety of factors, including the risk profile of our loan products and customers.

Factors beyond our control, however, such as general national and local economic conditions, can adversely impact the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses. As a result, no assurance can be given that adverse economic conditions or other circumstances will not result in increased losses in the portfolio or that the allowance for credit losses will be sufficient to meet actual loan losses. See Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” for the risks impacting this estimate. Management presents a quarterly review of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses to the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors based on the methodology that is described in further detail in Part I, Item I “Business” under the section titled “Lending Activities.” See also “Critical Accounting Estimates” for additional information on the allowance for credit losses.

The adequacy of the allowance for credit losses is subject to ongoing management review. While management evaluates currently available information in establishing the allowance for credit losses – loans, future adjustments to the allowance may be necessary if conditions differ substantially from the assumptions used in making the evaluations. In addition, various regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review our allowance for credit losses – loans. Such agencies may require us to increase the allowance based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination.

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

Non-performing Assets and Potential Problem Loans

The following table summarizes our non-performing assets (in thousands) as of the dates indicated:

|  | Non-performing Assets |
|  | At December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Nonaccrual loans: |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business |  | $ | 5,664 |  |  | $ | 340 |
Commercial mortgage |  |  | 10,563 |  |  |  | 2,564 |
Residential real estate loans |  |  | 6,364 |  |  |  | 4,071 |
Residential real estate lines |  |  | 221 |  |  |  | 142 |
Consumer indirect |  |  | 3,814 |  |  |  | 3,079 |
Other consumer |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 1 |
Total nonaccrual loans |  |  | 26,639 |  |  |  | 10,197 |
Accruing loans 90 days or more delinquent |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | 1 |
Total non-performing loans |  |  | 26,660 |  |  |  | 10,198 |
Foreclosed assets |  |  | 142 |  |  |  | 19 |
Total non-performing assets |  | $ | 26,802 |  |  | $ | 10,217 |
Nonaccrual loans to total loans |  |  | 0.60 | % |  |  | 0.25 | %
Non-performing loans to total loans |  |  | 0.60 | % |  |  | 0.25 | %
Non-performing assets to total assets |  |  | 0.44 | % |  |  | 0.18 | %

Non-performing assets include non-performing loans and foreclosed assets. Non-performing assets at December 31, 2023 were $26.8 million, an increase of $16.6 million from $10.2 million at December 31, 2022. The primary component of non-performing assets is non-performing loans, which were $26.7 million or 0.60% of total loans at December 31, 2023, compared with $10.2 million or 0.25% of total loans at December 31, 2022. The increase in nonperforming loans related primarily to one commercial loan relationship totaling $13.6 million that was placed on nonaccrual status during the fourth quarter of 2023.

Approximately $2.3 million, or 8%, of the $26.6 million of nonaccrual loans, a component of non-performing loans, as of December 31, 2023 were current with respect to payment of principal and interest but were classified as non-accruing because repayment in full of principal and/or interest was uncertain.

Foreclosed assets consist of real property formerly pledged as collateral for loans, which we have acquired through foreclosure proceedings or acceptance of a deed in lieu of foreclosure. We had $142 thousand and $19 thousand of properties representing foreclosed asset holdings at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Potential problem loans are loans that are currently performing, but information known about possible credit problems of the borrowers causes us to have concern as to the ability of such borrowers to comply with the present loan payment terms and may result in disclosure of such loans as nonperforming at some time in the future. These loans remain in a performing status due to a variety of factors, including payment history, the value of collateral supporting the credits, and/or personal or government guarantees. We consider loans classified as substandard, which continue to accrue interest, to be potential problem loans. We identified $29.9 million and $25.5 million in loans that continued to accrue interest which were classified as substandard as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

FUNDING ACTIVITIES

Deposits

The following table summarizes the composition of our deposits (in thousands) as of the dates indicated.

|  | At December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
|  | Amount |  |  | Percent |  |  | Amount |  |  | Percent |
Noninterest-bearing demand |  | $ | 1,010,614 |  |  |  | 19.4 | % |  | $ | 1,139,214 |  |  |  | 23.1 | %
Interest-bearing demand |  |  | 713,158 |  |  |  | 13.7 |  |  |  | 863,822 |  |  |  | 17.5 |
Savings and money market |  |  | 2,084,444 |  |  |  | 40.0 |  |  |  | 1,643,516 |  |  |  | 33.4 |
Time deposits |  |  | 1,404,696 |  |  |  | 26.9 |  |  |  | 1,282,872 |  |  |  | 26.0 |
Total deposits |  | $ | 5,212,912 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 4,929,424 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the aggregate amount of uninsured deposits (deposits in amounts greater than $250 thousand, which is the maximum amount for federal deposit insurance) was $1.82 billion, or 35% of total deposits, and $1.29 billion, or 26% of total deposits, respectively. The portion of our time deposits by account that were in excess of the FDIC insurance limit was $302.6 million and $258.7 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The maturities of our uninsured time deposits at December 31, 2023 were as follows: $107.7 million in three months or less; $84.3 million between three months and six months; $51.0 million between six months and one year; and $59.6 million over one year. Approximately $956.3 million and $1.05 billion of reciprocal and public deposits, characterized as preferred deposits for FDIC call report purposes, were collateralized by government-backed securities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

We offer a variety of deposit products designed to attract and retain customers, with the primary focus on building and expanding long-term relationships. At December 31, 2023, total deposits were $5.21 billion, representing an increase of $283.5 million, or 6%, which was primarily the result of growth in non-public deposits. Time deposits were approximately 27% and 26% of total deposits at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Non-public deposits, the largest component of our funding sources, totaled $3.12 billion and $2.77 billion at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and represented 60% and 56% of total deposits as of the end of each year, respectively. We have managed this segment of funding through a strategy of competitive pricing that minimizes the number of customer relationships that have only a single service high-cost deposit account.

As an additional source of funding, we offer a variety of public (municipal) deposit products to the towns, villages, counties and school districts within our market. Public deposits generally range from 20% to 30% of our total deposits. There is a high degree of seasonality in this component of funding, because the level of deposits varies with the seasonal cash flows for these public customers. We maintain the necessary levels of short-term liquid assets to accommodate the seasonality associated with public deposits. Total public deposits were $1.02 billion and $1.12 billion at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and represented 20% and 23% of total deposits as of the end of each year, respectively.

We participate in reciprocal deposit programs, which enable depositors to receive FDIC insurance coverage for deposits otherwise exceeding the maximum insurable amount. Through these programs, deposits in excess of the maximum insurable amount are placed with multiple participating financial institutions. Reciprocal deposits totaled $817.6 million at December 31, 2023, compared to $696.1 million at December 31, 2022, and represented 16% and 14% of total deposits as of the end of each year, respectively.

Brokered deposits totaled $256.8 million, or 5% of total deposits, and $347.2 million, or 7% of total deposits, at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Borrowings

The Company classifies borrowings as short-term or long-term in accordance with the original terms of the agreement. Outstanding borrowings are summarized as follows as of December 31 (in thousands):

|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Short-term borrowings: |  |  |  |  |  |
FHLB |  | $ | 107,000 |  |  | $ | 205,000 |
FRB |  |  | 78,000 |  |  |  | - |
Total short-term borrowings |  |  | 185,000 |  |  |  | 205,000 |
Long-term borrowings: |  |  |  |  |  |
FHLB |  |  | 50,000 |  |  |  | - |
Subordinated notes, net |  |  | 74,532 |  |  |  | 74,222 |
Total long-term borrowings |  |  | 124,532 |  |  |  | 74,222 |
Total borrowings |  | $ | 309,532 |  |  | $ | 279,222 |

Short-term Borrowings

Short-term borrowings at December 31, 2023 and 2022 were $185.0 million and $205.0 million, respectively, which consisted of $107.0 million in short-term FHLB borrowings and $78.0 million of funds borrowed under the Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”) Bank Term funding program. In May 2023, we borrowed $15.0 million under the FRB Bank Term Funding Program at an interest rate of 4.8%, which matures on May 8, 2024. In December 2023, we borrowed $50.0 million under the program at 4.89%, which matures on December 13, 2024 and $13.0 million at 4.88%, which matures on December 20, 2024. Short-term FHLB borrowings have original maturities of less than one year and include overnight borrowings which we typically utilize to address short-term funding needs as they arise. Short-term borrowings and brokered deposits have historically been utilized to manage the seasonality of public deposits.

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

As of December 31, 2023, $50.0 million of the short-term borrowings balance is designated as a cash-flow hedge, which became effective in April 2022, at a fixed rate of 0.787%, $30.0 million is designated as a cash-flow hedge, which became effective in January 2023, at a fixed rate of 3.669%, and $25.0 million is designated as a cash-flow hedge, which became effective in May 2023, at a fixed rate of 3.4615%. The FHLB borrowings are collateralized by securities from the Company’s investment portfolio and certain qualifying loans. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company’s borrowings had a weighted average rate of 5.29% and 4.60%, respectively.

We have credit capacity with the FHLB and can borrow through facilities that include amortizing and term advances or repurchase agreements. We had approximately $291.1 million of immediate credit capacity with the FHLB as of December 31, 2023. We had approximately $808.5 million in secured borrowing capacity at the FRB discount window, none of which was outstanding at December 31, 2023. The FHLB and FRB credit capacity are collateralized by securities from our investment portfolio and certain qualifying loans. We had approximately $165.0 million of credit available under unsecured federal funds purchased lines with various banks as of December 31, 2023, with no amounts outstanding at December 31, 2023. Additionally, we had approximately $175.4 million of unencumbered liquid securities available for pledging.

The Parent has a revolving line of credit with a commercial bank allowing borrowings up to $20.0 million in total as an additional source of working capital. At December 31, 2023, no amounts have been drawn on the line of credit.

Long-term Borrowings

As of December 31, 2023 we had a long-term advance payable to FHLB of $50.0 million. The advance matures on January 20, 2026 and bears interest at a fixed rate of 4.05%. FHLB advances are collateralized by securities from our investment portfolio and certain qualifying loans.

On October 7, 2020, we completed a private placement of $35.0 million in aggregate principal amount of fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes due 2030 to qualified institutional buyers and accredited institutional investors that were subsequently exchanged for subordinated notes with substantially the same terms (the “2020 Notes”) registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. The 2020 Notes have a maturity date of October 15, 2030 and bear interest, payable semi-annually, at the rate of 4.375% per annum, until October 15, 2025. Commencing on that date, the interest rate will reset quarterly to an interest rate per annum equal to the then current three-month SOFR plus 4.265%, payable quarterly until maturity. The 2020 Notes are redeemable by us, in whole or in part, on any interest payment date on or after October 15, 2025, and we may redeem the Notes in whole at any time upon certain other specified events. We used the net proceeds for general corporate purposes, organic growth and to support regulatory capital ratios at Five Star Bank. Proceeds, net of debt issuance costs of $740 thousand, were $34.3 million. The 2020 Notes qualify as Tier 2 capital for regulatory purposes.

On April 15, 2015, we issued $40.0 million of subordinated notes (the “2015 Notes”) in a registered public offering. The 2015 Notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 6.0% per year, payable semi-annually, for the first 10 years. From April 15, 2025 to the April 15, 2030 maturity date, the interest rate will reset quarterly to an annual interest rate equal to the then current three-month CME Term SOFR plus 0.26161% plus a spread of 3.944%. The 2015 Notes are redeemable by us at any quarterly interest payment date beginning on April 15, 2025 to maturity at par, plus accrued and unpaid interest. Proceeds, net of debt issuance costs of $1.1 million, were $38.9 million. The 2020 and 2015 Notes qualify as Tier 2 capital for regulatory purposes.

Shareholders’ Equity

Total shareholders’ equity was $454.8 million at December 31, 2023, an increase of $49.2 million from $405.6 million at December 31, 2022. Net income for the year increased shareholders’ equity by $50.3 million, partially offset by common and preferred stock dividends declared of $19.9 million. Accumulated other comprehensive loss included in shareholders’ equity decreased $17.5 million during the year due primarily to lower net unrealized losses on securities available for sale. Treasury stock included in shareholders’ equity decreased $2.1 million primarily due to the issuance of shares for the vesting of restricted stock awards. For detailed information on shareholders’ equity, see Note 15, Shareholders’ Equity, of the notes to consolidated financial statements. FII and the Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements. At December 31, 2023, both FII and the Bank exceeded all regulatory requirements. For detailed information on regulatory capital requirements, see Note 14, Regulatory Matters, of the notes to consolidated financial statements.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

The objective of maintaining adequate liquidity is to assure that we meet our financial obligations. These obligations include the withdrawal of deposits on demand or at their contractual maturity, the repayment of matured borrowings, the ability to fund new and existing loan commitments and the ability to take advantage of new business opportunities. We achieve liquidity by maintaining a strong base of both core customer funds and maturing short-term assets; we also rely on our ability to sell or pledge securities and lines-of-credit and our overall ability to access to the financial and capital markets.

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

Liquidity for the Bank is managed through the monitoring of anticipated changes in loans, the investment portfolio, core deposits and wholesale funds. The strength of the Bank’s liquidity position is a result of its base of core customer deposits. These core deposits are supplemented by wholesale funding sources that include credit lines with the other banking institutions such as the FHLB and the FRB.

The primary sources of liquidity for FII are dividends from the Bank and access to financial and capital markets. Dividends from the Bank are limited by various regulatory requirements related to capital adequacy and earnings trends. The Bank relies on cash flows from operations, core deposits, borrowings and short-term liquid assets.

Cash and cash equivalents were $124.4 million as of December 31, 2023, a decrease of approximately $6.0 million from $130.5 million as of December 31, 2022. During 2023, net cash provided by operating activities totaled $10.9 million and the principal source of operating activity cash flow was net income adjusted for noncash income and expense items. Net cash used in investing activities totaled $310.1 million, which included outflows of $420.2 million for net loan originations, $53.7 million from purchases of COLI, net of death benefits received, and $3.0 million purchases of premises and equipment, partially offset by $122.9 million net cash provided from investment securities and $43.9 million proceeds from the surrender of COLI policies. We repositioned a portion of our AFS investment securities portfolio, selling $54 million of lower yielding agency mortgage-backed securities at an after-tax net loss of $2.8 million, reinvesting the proceeds of such sale into higher yielding bonds. Net cash provided by financing activities of $293.2 million was primarily attributed to a $283.5 million net increase in deposits and a $50.0 million net increase in long-term borrowings, partially offset by a $20.0 million net decrease in short-term borrowings and $19.7 million in dividend payments.

Planned Uses of Capital Resources

The Company has various long-term contractual obligations as of December 31, 2023, which include:

•
Time deposits for $1.40 billion;
•
Supplemental executive retirement plans for $374 thousand;
•
Subordinated notes for $75.0 million
•
FHLB long-term advances for $50.0 million; and
•
Operating leases for $50.7 million.

For additional information on the Company’s long-term contractual obligations above, see Note 10, Deposits, Note 20, Employee Benefit Plans, Note 11, Borrowings, and Note 8, Leases, in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

We have financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk established in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit for $1.20 billion and standby letters of credit for $13.5 million as of December 31, 2023. We do not expect all of the commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit to be funded. Thus, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent our future cash requirements.

We have committed to investments in limited partnerships, primarily related to small business investment companies, tax credit investments and FinTech and ESG-related investment funds. As of December 31, 2023, the off-balance sheet commitments related to these investments totaled $27.6 million. We have also recorded a $14.0 million liability primarily related to committed contributions for tax credit investments in property placed in service on or before December 31, 2023.

With the exception of obligations in connection with our irrevocable loan commitments, limited partnership investments and tax credit investments as of December 31, 2023, we had no other off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that is material to investors. For additional information on off-balance sheet arrangements, see Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Note 13, Commitments and Contingencies, in the notes to the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

Security Yields and Maturities Schedule

The following table sets forth certain information regarding the amortized cost (“Cost”), cost-weighted average yields (“Yield”), which is defined as the book yield weighted against the ending book value, and contractual maturities of our debt securities portfolio as of December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands). Mortgage-backed securities are included in maturity categories based on their stated maturity date. Actual maturities may differ from the contractual maturities presented because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay certain investments. No tax-equivalent adjustments were made to the weighted average yields.

|  | Due in less than one year |  |  | Due from one to five years |  |  | Due after five years through ten years |  |  | Due after ten years |  |  | Total |
|  | Cost |  |  | Yield |  |  | Cost |  |  | Yield |  |  | Cost |  |  | Yield |  |  | Cost |  |  | Yield |  |  | Cost |  |  | Yield |
Available for sale debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agencies and government-sponsored enterprises |  | $ | - |  |  |  | 0.00 | % |  | $ | 15,000 |  |  |  | 1.69 | % |  | $ | 9,535 |  |  |  | 1.90 | % |  | $ | - |  |  |  | 0.00 | % |  | $ | 24,535 |  |  |  | 1.77 | %
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | 2.96 |  |  |  | 26,028 |  |  |  | 1.53 |  |  |  | 124,443 |  |  |  | 2.04 |  |  |  | 862,947 |  |  |  | 1.99 |  |  |  | 1,013,455 |  |  |  | 1.99 |
|  |  | 37 |  |  |  | 2.96 |  |  |  | 41,028 |  |  | 1..59 |  |  |  | 133,978 |  |  |  | 2.03 |  |  |  | 862,947 |  |  |  | 1.99 |  |  |  | 1,037,990 |  |  |  | 1.98 |
Held to maturity debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agencies and government-sponsored enterprises |  |  | - |  |  |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | 10,000 |  |  |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | 6,513 |  |  |  | 3.51 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | 16,513 |  |  |  | 3.20 | %
State and political subdivisions |  |  | 26,357 |  |  |  | 2.21 |  |  |  | 15,946 |  |  |  | 1.99 |  |  |  | 5,004 |  |  |  | 1.62 |  |  |  | 21,547 |  |  |  | 2.45 |  |  |  | 68,854 |  |  |  | 2.19 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,839 |  |  |  | 2.50 |  |  |  | 18,511 |  |  |  | 2.27 |  |  |  | 39,443 |  |  |  | 2.88 |  |  |  | 62,793 |  |  |  | 2.67 |
|  |  | 26,357 |  |  |  | 2.21 |  |  |  | 30,785 |  |  |  | 2.11 |  |  |  | 30,028 |  |  |  | 2.43 |  |  |  | 60,990 |  |  |  | 2.72 |  |  |  | 148,160 |  |  |  | 2.51 |
Total investment securities |  | $ | 26,394 |  |  |  | 2.21 | % |  | $ | 71,813 |  |  |  | 1.94 | % |  | $ | 164,006 |  |  |  | 2.11 | % |  | $ | 923,937 |  |  |  | 2.04 | % |  | $ | 1,186,150 |  |  |  | 2.05 | %

Contractual Loan Maturity Schedule

The following table summarizes the contractual maturities of our loan portfolio at December 31, 2023. Loans, net of deferred loan origination costs, include principal amortization and non-accruing loans. Demand loans having no stated schedule of repayment or maturity and overdrafts are reported as due in one year or less (in thousands).

|  | Due in less than one year |  |  | Due from one to five years |  |  | Due from five to fifteen years |  |  | Due after fifteen years |  |  | Total |
Commercial business |  | $ | 154,830 |  |  | $ | 312,960 |  |  | $ | 19,787 |  |  | $ | 248,123 |  |  | $ | 735,700 |
Commercial mortgage |  |  | 463,725 |  |  |  | 1,031,157 |  |  |  | 506,098 |  |  |  | 4,339 |  |  |  | 2,005,319 |
Residential real estate loans |  |  | 85,538 |  |  |  | 230,189 |  |  |  | 291,095 |  |  |  | 43,000 |  |  |  | 649,822 |
Residential real estate lines |  |  | 1,484 |  |  |  | 6,635 |  |  |  | 27,312 |  |  |  | 41,936 |  |  |  | 77,367 |
Consumer indirect (1) |  |  | 324,290 |  |  |  | 624,541 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 948,831 |
Other consumer |  |  | 8,704 |  |  |  | 19,376 |  |  |  | 16,747 |  |  |  | 273 |  |  |  | 45,100 |
Total loans |  | $ | 1,038,571 |  |  | $ | 2,224,858 |  |  | $ | 861,039 |  |  | $ | 337,671 |  |  | $ | 4,462,139 |
Loans maturing after one year: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
With a predetermined interest rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business |  |  |  |  | $ | 97,313 |  |  | $ | 9,864 |  |  | $ | 273 |  |  | $ | 107,450 |
Commercial mortgage |  |  |  |  |  | 448,948 |  |  |  | 257,450 |  |  |  | 832 |  |  |  | 707,230 |
Residential real estate loans |  |  |  |  |  | 169,021 |  |  |  | 247,843 |  |  |  | 38,378 |  |  |  | 455,242 |
Residential real estate lines |  |  |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Consumer indirect (1) |  |  |  |  |  | 624,541 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 624,541 |
Other consumer |  |  |  |  |  | 19,376 |  |  |  | 16,747 |  |  |  | 273 |  |  |  | 36,396 |
With a floating or adjustable rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business |  |  |  |  |  | 215,647 |  |  |  | 9,923 |  |  |  | 247,850 |  |  |  | 473,420 |
Commercial mortgage |  |  |  |  |  | 582,209 |  |  |  | 248,648 |  |  |  | 3,507 |  |  |  | 834,364 |
Residential real estate loans |  |  |  |  |  | 61,168 |  |  |  | 43,252 |  |  |  | 4,622 |  |  |  | 109,042 |
Residential real estate lines |  |  |  |  |  | 6,635 |  |  |  | 27,312 |  |  |  | 41,936 |  |  |  | 75,883 |
Consumer indirect (1) |  |  |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Other consumer |  |  |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total loans maturing after one year |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,224,858 |  |  | $ | 861,039 |  |  | $ | 337,671 |  |  | $ | 3,423,568 |

(1) Amounts include prepayment assumptions based on actual historical experience.

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

Capital Resources

The FRB has adopted a system using risk-based capital guidelines to evaluate the capital adequacy of bank holding companies on a consolidated basis. The final rules implementing the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision’s (“BCBS”) capital guidelines for U.S. banks were fully phased-in on January 1, 2019. As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s capital levels remained characterized as “well-capitalized” under the BCBS rules. See Note 14, Regulatory Matters of the notes to consolidated financial statements and the “Basel III Capital Rules” section below for further discussion. The following table reflects the Company’s ratios and their components as of December 31 (in thousands):

|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Common shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 441,773 |  |  | $ | 394,716 |
Less: Goodwill and other intangible assets |  |  | 69,594 |  |  |  | 70,643 |
Net unrealized loss on investment securities (1) |  |  | (111,761 | ) |  |  | (128,440 | )
Hedging derivative instruments |  |  | 3,911 |  |  |  | 4,735 |
Net periodic pension and postretirement benefits plan adjustments |  |  | (11,946 | ) |  |  | (13,588 | )
Other |  |  | (145 | ) |  |  | (194 | )
Common Equity Tier 1 (“CET1”) capital |  |  | 492,120 |  |  |  | 461,560 |
Plus: Preferred stock |  |  | 17,292 |  |  |  | 17,292 |
Tier 1 Capital |  |  | 509,412 |  |  |  | 478,852 |
Plus: Qualifying allowance for credit losses |  |  | 48,916 |  |  |  | 40,895 |
Subordinated Notes |  |  | 74,532 |  |  |  | 74,222 |
Total regulatory capital |  | $ | 632,860 |  |  | $ | 593,969 |
Adjusted average total assets (for leverage capital purposes) |  | $ | 6,224,339 |  |  | $ | 5,748,203 |
Total risk-weighted assets |  | $ | 5,218,724 |  |  | $ | 4,896,451 |
Regulatory Capital Ratios |  |  |  |  |  |
Tier 1 Leverage (Tier 1 capital to adjusted average assets) |  |  | 8.18 | % |  |  | 8.33 | %
CET1 Capital (CET1 capital to total risk-weighted assets) |  |  | 9.43 |  |  |  | 9.42 |
Tier 1 Capital (Tier 1 capital to total risk-weighted assets) |  |  | 9.76 |  |  |  | 9.78 |
Total Risk-Based Capital (Total regulatory capital to total risk-weighted assets) |  |  | 12.13 |  |  |  | 12.13 |

(1)
Includes unrealized gains and losses related to the Company’s reclassification of available for sale investment securities to the held to maturity category.

We have elected to apply the 2020 Current Expected Credit Losses methodology (“CECL”) transition provision related to the impact of the CECL accounting standard on regulatory capital, as provided by the US banking agencies’ March 2020 interim final rule. Under the 2020 CECL transition provision, the regulatory capital impact of the Day 1 adjustment to the allowance for credit losses (after-tax) upon the January 1, 2020 CECL adoption date has been deferred and will phase in to regulatory capital at 25% per year commencing January 1, 2022. For the ongoing impact of CECL, we were allowed to defer the regulatory capital impact of the allowance for credit losses in an amount equal to 25% of the change in the allowance for credit losses (pre-tax) recognized through earnings for each period between January 1, 2020, and December 31, 2021. The cumulative adjustment to the allowance for credit losses between January 1, 2020, and December 31, 2021, was also phased in to regulatory capital at 25% per year commencing January 1, 2022.

Basel III Capital Rules

Under the Basel III Rules, the current minimum capital ratios, including an additional capital conservation buffer (2.5%) applicable to the Company and the Bank, are:

•
7.0% CET1 to risk-weighted assets;
•
8.5% Tier 1 capital (that is, CET1 plus Additional Tier 1 capital) to risk-weighted assets; and
•
10.5% Total capital (that is, Tier 1 capital plus Tier 2 capital) to risk-weighted assets.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s capital levels remained characterized as “well-capitalized” under the Basel III rules, including the additional capital conservation buffer.

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP and are consistent with predominant practices in the financial services industry. Application of critical accounting policies, which are those policies that management believes are the most important to our financial position and results, requires management to make estimates, assumptions, and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes and are based on information available as of the date of the financial statements. Future changes in information may affect these estimates, assumptions and judgments, which, in turn, may affect amounts reported in the financial statements.

We have numerous accounting policies, of which the most significant are presented in Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, of the notes to consolidated financial statements. These policies, along with the disclosures presented in the other financial statement notes and, in this discussion, provide information on how significant assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses are reported in the consolidated financial statements and how those reported amounts are determined. Based on the sensitivity of financial statement amounts to the methods, assumptions, and estimates underlying those amounts, management has determined that the accounting policy with respect to the allowance for credit losses requires particularly subjective or complex judgments important to our financial position and results of operations, and, as such, is considered to be a critical accounting estimate as discussed below.

Adequacy of the Allowance for Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses represents management’s estimate of probable credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio, and consists of an allowance for credit losses for pooled loans and a specific reserve for individually evaluated loans. Management estimates the allowance for credit losses for pooled loans utilizing a Discounted Cash Flow (“DCF”) method. The DCF method implements a probability of default with loss given default and exposure at default estimation. The probability of default and loss given default are applied to future cash flows that are adjusted to present value and these discounted expected losses become the allowance for credit losses. In the analysis at the portfolio level, we found that the best model for predicting defaults considers the national unemployment rate. With the large number of observations afforded by using peer data, the default curve is less sensitive to unusual loss events and has a much smoother shape. The national unemployment rate is an extremely strong predictor of defaults and explains almost all variation in the default rate. Excluded from the pooled analysis are loans to be individually evaluated due to the assets not maintaining similar risk characteristics to those included in pooled loans. These loans are generally considered to be collateral dependent and, therefore, an analysis of the collateral position versus the pooled loan discounted cash flow approach better reflects the potential loss. Individually evaluated accounts include: loans over 90 days past due, loans placed on non-accrual status and classified assets with exposure greater than $2.0 million.

Determining the amount of the allowance for credit losses is considered a critical accounting estimate because it requires significant judgment and the use of subjective measurements including, but not limited to, management’s assessment of the internal risk classifications of loans, estimating future losses utilizing current forecasts, forward-looking estimates of qualitative factors including national and local economic trends and conditions (excluding national unemployment), levels and trends in delinquencies, non-accrual loans and classified assets, trends in volume, terms and concentrations of loans, changes in lending policies and procedures, quality of credit review function and administration and changes in the regulatory environment, management, markets and product offerings. Because current economic conditions and borrower strength can change, and future events are inherently difficult to predict, the anticipated amount of estimated loan losses, and therefore the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses, could change significantly. Management will periodically assess what adjustments are necessary to qualitatively adjust the allowance for credit losses based on their assessment of current expected credit losses. Various regulatory agencies also review the allowance for credit losses as an integral part of their examination process. Such agencies may require additions to the allowance for credit losses or may require that certain loan balances be charged off or downgraded into criticized loan categories when their credit evaluations differ from those of management, based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination. We believe the level of the allowance for credit losses is appropriate as recorded in the consolidated financial statements. As future events cannot be determined with precision, actual results could differ significantly from our estimates.

For additional discussion related to our accounting policies for the allowance for credit losses, see the sections titled “Allowance for Credit Losses” in Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, of the notes to consolidated financial statements.

RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

See Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Recent Accounting Pronouncements, in the notes to consolidated financial statements for a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITA TIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Asset-Liability Management

The principal objective of our interest rate risk management is to evaluate the interest rate risk inherent in assets and liabilities, determine the appropriate level of risk to us given our business strategy, operating environment, capital and liquidity requirements and performance objectives, and manage the risk consistent with the guidelines approved by our Board of Directors. Management is responsible for reviewing with the Board of Directors our activities and strategies, the effect of those strategies on net interest income, the fair value of the portfolio and the effect that changes in interest rates will have on the portfolio and exposure limits. Management has developed an Asset-Liability Management and Investment Policy that meets the strategic objectives and regularly reviews the activities of the Bank.

Portfolio Composition

Our balance sheet assets are a mix of fixed and variable rate assets with consumer indirect loans, commercial loans, and MBSs comprising a significant portion of our assets. Our consumer indirect loan portfolio comprised 15% of total assets and is primarily fixed rate loans. Our commercial loan portfolio totaled 44% of total assets and is a combination of fixed and variable rate loans, lines and mortgages. The MBS portfolio, including collateralized mortgages obligations, totaled 17% of total assets with durations averaging three to five years.

Our liabilities are comprised primarily of deposits, which accounted for 91% of total liabilities as of December 31, 2023. Of these deposits, the majority, or 59%, is in nonpublic variable interest rate and noninterest bearing products including demand (both noninterest- and interest- bearing), savings and money market accounts. In addition, fixed interest rate nonpublic certificate of deposit products comprised 12% of total deposits. The Bank also has a significant amount of public deposits, which represented 20% of total deposits as of December 31, 2023.

Net Interest Income at Risk

A primary tool used to manage interest rate risk is “rate shock” simulation to measure the rate sensitivity. Rate shock simulation is a modeling technique used to estimate the impact of changes in rates on net interest income as well as economic value of equity.

Net interest income at risk is measured by estimating the changes in net interest income resulting from instantaneous and sustained parallel shifts in interest rates of different magnitudes over a period of 12 months. The following table sets forth the estimated changes to net interest income over the 12-month period ending December 31, 2024 assuming instantaneous changes in interest rates for the given rate shock scenarios (dollars in thousands):

|  | Changes in Interest Rate |
|  | -100 bp |  |  | +100 bp |  |  | +200 bp |  |  | +300 bp |
Estimated change in net interest income |  | $ | (3,663 | ) |  | $ | 2,184 |  |  | $ | 4,364 |  |  | $ | 6,549 |
% Change |  |  | (2.14 | )% |  |  | 1.28 | % |  |  | 2.55 | % |  |  | 3.83 | %

In the rising rate scenarios, the model results indicate that net interest income is modeled to increase compared to the flat rate scenario over a one-year timeframe. This is a combination of an increase across the entire deposit portfolio, which has decreased wholesale borrowings and the higher costs associated with borrowings. Model results in the declining rate scenario indicate decreases in net interest income due to a combination of increases in the yield curve, as well as increases in higher yielding public and nonpublic deposits, that will reprice downward slower, due to market deposit competition.

In addition to the changes in interest rate scenarios listed above, other scenarios are typically modeled to measure interest rate risk. These scenarios vary depending on the economic and interest rate environment.

The simulation referenced above is based on our assumption as to the effect of interest rate changes on assets and liabilities and assumes a parallel shift of the yield curve. It also includes certain assumptions about the future pricing of loans and deposits in response to changes in interest rates. Further, it assumes that delinquency rates would not change as a result of changes in interest rates, although there can be no assurance that this will be the case. While this simulation is a useful measure as to net interest income at risk due to a change in interest rates, it is not a forecast of the future results, does not measure the effect of changing interest rates on noninterest income and is based on many assumptions that, if changed, could cause a different outcome.

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Economic Value of Equity At Risk

The economic (or “fair”) value of financial instruments on our balance sheet will also vary under the interest rate scenarios previously discussed. This variance is measured by simulating changes in our economic value of equity (“EVE”), which is calculated by subtracting the estimated fair value of liabilities from the estimated fair value of assets. Fair values for financial instruments are estimated by discounting projected cash flows (principal and interest) at current replacement rates for each account type, while fair values of non-financial assets and liabilities are assumed to equal book value and do not vary with interest rate fluctuations. An economic value simulation is a static measure for balance sheet accounts at a given point in time, but this measurement can change substantially over time as the characteristics of our balance sheet evolve and as interest rate and yield curve assumptions are updated.

The amount of change in economic value under different interest rate scenarios depends on the characteristics of each class of financial instrument, including the stated interest rate or spread relative to current market rates or spreads, the likelihood of prepayment, whether the rate is fixed or floating, and the maturity date of the instrument. As a general rule, fixed-rate financial assets become more valuable in declining rate scenarios and less valuable in rising rate scenarios, while fixed-rate financial liabilities gain in value as interest rates rise and lose value as interest rates decline. The longer the duration of the financial instrument, the greater the impact a rate change will have on its value. In our economic value simulations, estimated prepayments are factored in for financial instruments with stated maturity dates, and decay rates for non-maturity deposits are projected based on historical data, based on third-party review and inputs.

The analysis that follows presents the estimated EVE resulting from market interest rates prevailing at a given quarter-end (“Pre-Shock Scenario”), and under other interest rate scenarios (each a “Rate Shock Scenario”) represented by immediate, permanent, parallel shifts in interest rates from those observed at December 31, 2023 and 2022. The analysis additionally presents a measurement of the interest rate sensitivity at December 31, 2023 and 2022. EVE amounts are computed under each respective Pre-Shock Scenario and Rate Shock Scenario. An increase in the EVE amount is considered favorable, while a decline is considered unfavorable (dollars in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Rate Shock Scenario: |  | EVE |  |  | Change |  |  | Percentage Change |  |  | EVE |  |  | Change |  |  | Percentage Change |
Pre-Shock Scenario |  | $ | 627,519 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 848,308 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- 100 Basis Points |  |  | 616,940 |  |  | $ | (10,579 | ) |  |  | -1.69 | % |  |  | 851,921 |  |  | $ | 3,613 |  |  |  | 0.43 | %
+ 100 Basis Points |  |  | 626,463 |  |  |  | (1,056 | ) |  |  | -0.17 |  |  |  | 838,462 |  |  |  | (9,846 | ) |  |  | -1.16 |
+ 200 Basis Points |  |  | 628,434 |  |  |  | 915 |  |  |  | 0.15 |  |  |  | 832,558 |  |  |  | (15,750 | ) |  |  | -1.86 |
+ 300 Basis Points |  |  | 628,230 |  |  |  | 711 |  |  |  | 0.11 |  |  |  | 825,826 |  |  |  | (22,482 | ) |  |  | -2.65 |

The Pre-Shock Scenario EVE was $627.5 million at December 31, 2023, compared to $848.3 million at December 31, 2022. The decrease in the Pre-Shock Scenario EVE at December 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022 is the result of a deposit mix shift from non-maturity deposits to time deposits and non-interest bearing deposits to interest bearing deposits, while rising rates have muted asset valuation, specifically on fixed assets. The sensitivity in the -100-basis point Rate Shock Scenario to EVE shifted negative at December 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022. This is a result of a concerted effort to grow the deposit portfolio and to decrease wholesale borrowings. As a result, the shift in mix of deposits previously noted have become less valuable when rates shock downward, most notably from money market accounts and time deposits in comparison to December 31, 2022.

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Interest Rate Sensitivity Gap

The following table presents an analysis of our interest rate sensitivity gap position at December 31, 2023. All interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities are shown based on the earlier of their contractual maturity or re-pricing date. The expected maturities are presented on a contractual basis or, if more relevant, based on projected call dates. Investment securities are at amortized cost for both securities available for sale and securities held to maturity. Loans, net of deferred loan origination costs, include principal amortization adjusted for estimated prepayments (principal payments in excess of contractual amounts) and non-accruing loans. Because the interest rate sensitivity levels shown in the table could be changed by external factors such as loan prepayments and liability decay rates or by factors controllable by us, such as asset sales, it is not an absolute reflection of our potential interest rate risk profile (in thousands).

|  | At December 31, 2023 |
|  | Three Months or Less |  |  | Over Three Months Through One Year |  |  | Over One Year Through Five Years |  |  | Over Five Years |  |  | Total |
INTEREST-EARNING ASSETS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal funds sold and other interest-earning deposits |  | $ | 53,245 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 53,245 |
Investment securities |  |  | 183,290 |  |  |  | 110,031 |  |  |  | 423,982 |  |  |  | 468,847 |  |  |  | 1,186,150 |
Loans |  |  | 1,845,570 |  |  |  | 490,029 |  |  |  | 1,465,169 |  |  |  | 662,741 |  |  |  | 4,463,509 |
Total interest-earning assets |  | $ | 2,082,105 |  |  | $ | 600,060 |  |  | $ | 1,889,151 |  |  | $ | 1,131,588 |  |  |  | 5,702,904 |
Cash and due from banks |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 71,197 |
Other assets (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 386,780 |
Total assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,160,881 |
INTEREST-BEARING LIABILITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand, savings and money market |  | $ | 2,797,602 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 2,797,602 |
Time deposits |  |  | 472,355 |  |  |  | 839,329 |  |  |  | 93,012 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,404,696 |
Borrowings |  |  | 107,000 |  |  |  | 78,000 |  |  |  | 50,000 |  |  |  | 74,532 |  |  |  | 309,532 |
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  | $ | 3,376,957 |  |  | $ | 917,329 |  |  | $ | 143,012 |  |  | $ | 74,532 |  |  |  | 4,511,830 |
Noninterest-bearing deposits |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,010,614 |
Other liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 183,641 |
Total liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,706,085 |
Shareholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 454,796 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,160,881 |
Interest sensitivity gap |  | $ | (1,294,852 | ) |  | $ | (317,269 | ) |  | $ | 1,746,139 |  |  | $ | 1,057,056 |  |  | $ | 1,191,074 |
Cumulative gap |  | $ | (1,294,852 | ) |  | $ | (1,612,121 | ) |  | $ | 134,018 |  |  | $ | 1,191,074 |  |  |  |
Cumulative gap ratio (2) |  |  | 61.7 | % |  |  | 62.5 | % |  |  | 103.0 | % |  |  | 126.4 | % |  |  |
Cumulative gap as a percentage of total assets |  |  | (21.0 | )% |  |  | (26.2 | )% |  |  | 2.2 | % |  |  | 19.3 | % |  |  |

(1)
Includes net unrealized loss on securities available for sale and allowance for credit losses.
(2)
Cumulative total interest-earning assets divided by cumulative total interest-bearing liabilities.

For purposes of interest rate risk management, we direct more attention on simulation modeling, such as “net interest income at risk” as previously discussed, rather than gap analysis. We consider the net interest income at risk simulation modeling to be more informative in forecasting future income at risk.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEME NTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

|  | Page
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting |  | 65
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (on the Consolidated Financial Statements) (PCAOB ID: 49) |  | 66
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (on Internal Control over Financial Reporting) (PCAOB ID: 49) |  | 68
Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition at December 31, 2023 and 2022 |  | 70
Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 |  | 71
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 |  | 72
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 |  | 73
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 |  | 74
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |  | 75

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Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for Financial Institutions, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”), as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). The Company’s system of internal control over financial reporting has been designed to provide reasonable assurance to the Company’s management and board of directors regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

Any system of internal control over financial reporting, no matter how well designed, has inherent limitations, including the possibility that a control can be circumvented or overridden and misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected. Also, because of changes in conditions, internal control effectiveness may vary over time. Accordingly, even an effective system of internal control will provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.

The Company’s management has, including the Company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer as identified below, assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. To make this assessment, we used the criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting described in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our assessment and based on such criteria, we believe that, as of December 31, 2023, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective.

RSM US LLP, the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm that audited the Company’s consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023 has issued a report on internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. That report appears herein.

/s/ Martin K. Birmingham |  | /s/ W. Jack Plants, II
President and Chief Executive Officer |  | Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
March 13, 2024 |  | March 13, 2024

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Financial Institutions, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition of Financial Institutions, Inc. and its Subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income (loss), changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes to the consolidated financial statements (collectively, the financial statements). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013, and our report dated March 13, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Allowance for Credit Losses – Loans

As described in Notes 1 and 5 to the financial statements, the Company’s allowance for credit losses - loans was $51,082,000 at December 31, 2023, which consisted of an allowance for credit losses for pooled loans ($48,325,000) and a specific reserve for individually evaluated loans ($2,757,000). Management estimates the allowance for credit losses for pooled loans utilizing a discounted cash flow (DCF) method. The DCF method implements a probability of default with a loss given default applied to future cash flows that are adjusted to present value. The Company uses forecasts to predict the

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performance of modeled economic factors. In addition, the Company uses qualitative factors that are likely to cause estimated credit losses to differ from historical loss experience, including but not limited to: national and local economic trends and conditions (excluding national unemployment), levels and trends in delinquencies, non-accrual loans and classified assets, trends in volume, terms and concentrations of loans, changes in lending policies and procedures, quality of credit review function and administration and changes in regulatory environment. The establishment of probability of default, loss given default, reasonable and supportable forecasts, and qualitative factor adjustments require a significant amount of judgment by management and involve a high degree of estimation uncertainty.

We identified the determination of the allowance for credit losses for pooled loans as a critical audit matter as auditing the underlying development of probability of default, loss given default, reasonable and supportable forecasts, and qualitative factor adjustments required significant auditor judgment as amounts determined by management rely on analyses that are highly subjective and include significant estimation uncertainty.

Our audit procedures related to the determination of the allowance for credit losses for pooled loans included the following, among others:

•
We obtained an understanding of the relevant controls related to management’s establishment, review and approval of probability of default, loss given default, reasonable and supportable forecasts, and qualitative factor adjustments, and tested such controls for design and operating effectiveness.
•
We tested the completeness and accuracy of data used by management in determining the probability of default and loss given default by agreeing this data to both internal and external information, as applicable.
•
We evaluated the reasonableness of the forecasts utilized by management by comparing them to external information.
•
We tested the completeness and accuracy of information used by management in determining the qualitative factor adjustments, evaluated its appropriateness and agreed the adjustments included in the allowance for credit losses - loans calculation.

/s/ RSM US LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2018.

Chicago, Illinois

March 13, 2024

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Financial Institutions, Inc.

Opinion on the Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited Financial Institutions, Inc. and Subsidiaries’ (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Spons oring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated statements of financial condition of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income (loss), changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes to the consolidated financial statements of the Company and our report dated March 13, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

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Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ RSM US LLP

Chicago, Illinois

March 13, 2024

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition

(in thousands, except share and per share data) |  | December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  | $ | 124,442 |  |  | $ | 130,466 |
Securities available for sale, at fair value (amortized cost of $1,037,990 and $1,127,057, respectively) |  |  | 887,730 |  |  |  | 954,371 |
Securities held to maturity, at amortized cost (net of allowance for credit losses of $4 and $5, respectively) (fair value of $137,030 and $174,188, respectively) |  |  | 148,156 |  |  |  | 188,975 |
Loans held for sale |  |  | 1,370 |  |  |  | 550 |
Loans (net of allowance for credit losses of $51,082 and $45,413, respectively) |  |  | 4,411,057 |  |  |  | 4,005,036 |
Company owned life insurance |  |  | 161,363 |  |  |  | 139,482 |
Premises and equipment, net |  |  | 39,902 |  |  |  | 41,986 |
Goodwill and other intangible assets, net |  |  | 72,504 |  |  |  | 73,414 |
Other assets |  |  | 314,357 |  |  |  | 262,992 |
Total assets |  | $ | 6,160,881 |  |  | $ | 5,797,272 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing demand |  | $ | 1,010,614 |  |  | $ | 1,139,214 |
Interest-bearing demand |  |  | 713,158 |  |  |  | 863,822 |
Savings and money market |  |  | 2,084,444 |  |  |  | 1,643,516 |
Time deposits |  |  | 1,404,696 |  |  |  | 1,282,872 |
Total deposits |  |  | 5,212,912 |  |  |  | 4,929,424 |
Short-term borrowings |  |  | 185,000 |  |  |  | 205,000 |
Long-term borrowings, net of issuance costs of $468 and $778, respectively |  |  | 124,532 |  |  |  | 74,222 |
Other liabilities |  |  | 183,641 |  |  |  | 183,021 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 5,706,085 |  |  |  | 5,391,667 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 13) |  |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |
Series A 3% preferred stock, $100 par value; 1,533 shares authorized; 1,435 shares issued |  |  | 143 |  |  |  | 143 |
Series B-1 8.48% preferred stock, $100 par value; 200,000 shares authorized; 171,486 shares issued |  |  | 17,149 |  |  |  | 17,149 |
Total preferred equity |  |  | 17,292 |  |  |  | 17,292 |
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 50,000,000 shares authorized; 16,099,556 shares issued |  |  | 161 |  |  |  | 161 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 125,841 |  |  |  | 126,636 |
Retained earnings |  |  | 451,687 |  |  |  | 421,340 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | (119,941 | ) |  |  | (137,487 | )
Treasury stock, at cost – 692,150 and 759,555 shares, respectively |  |  | (20,244 | ) |  |  | (22,337 | )
Total shareholders’ equity |  |  | 454,796 |  |  |  | 405,605 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 6,160,881 |  |  | $ | 5,797,272 |

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Income

(in thousands, except per share data) |  | Years ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and fees on loans |  | $ | 258,583 |  |  | $ | 170,819 |  |  | $ | 147,898 |
Interest and dividends on investment securities |  |  | 23,623 |  |  |  | 24,541 |  |  |  | 19,091 |
Other interest income |  |  | 3,927 |  |  |  | 747 |  |  |  | 216 |
Total interest income |  |  | 286,133 |  |  |  | 196,107 |  |  |  | 167,205 |
Interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  |  | 107,361 |  |  |  | 22,994 |  |  |  | 8,118 |
Short-term borrowings |  |  | 6,890 |  |  |  | 1,500 |  |  |  | 120 |
Long-term borrowings |  |  | 6,167 |  |  |  | 4,241 |  |  |  | 4,237 |
Total interest expense |  |  | 120,418 |  |  |  | 28,735 |  |  |  | 12,475 |
Net interest income |  |  | 165,715 |  |  |  | 167,372 |  |  |  | 154,730 |
Provision (benefit) for credit losses |  |  | 13,681 |  |  |  | 13,311 |  |  |  | (8,336 | )
Net interest income after provision (benefit) for credit losses |  |  | 152,034 |  |  |  | 154,061 |  |  |  | 163,066 |
Noninterest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service charges on deposits |  |  | 4,625 |  |  |  | 5,889 |  |  |  | 5,571 |
Insurance income |  |  | 6,708 |  |  |  | 6,364 |  |  |  | 5,750 |
Card interchange income |  |  | 8,220 |  |  |  | 8,205 |  |  |  | 8,498 |
Investment advisory |  |  | 10,955 |  |  |  | 11,493 |  |  |  | 11,672 |
Company owned life insurance |  |  | 12,106 |  |  |  | 5,542 |  |  |  | 2,947 |
Investments in limited partnerships |  |  | 1,783 |  |  |  | 1,293 |  |  |  | 2,081 |
Loan servicing |  |  | 479 |  |  |  | 507 |  |  |  | 415 |
Income from derivative instruments, net |  |  | 1,350 |  |  |  | 1,919 |  |  |  | 2,695 |
Net gain on sale of loans held for sale |  |  | 566 |  |  |  | 1,227 |  |  |  | 2,950 |
Net (loss) gain on investment securities |  |  | (3,576 | ) |  |  | (15 | ) |  |  | 71 |
Net (loss) gain on other assets |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | (16 | ) |  |  | 441 |
Net loss on tax credit investments |  |  | (252 | ) |  |  | (815 | ) |  |  | (431 | )
Other |  |  | 5,286 |  |  |  | 4,678 |  |  |  | 4,246 |
Total noninterest income |  |  | 48,244 |  |  |  | 46,271 |  |  |  | 46,906 |
Noninterest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits |  |  | 71,889 |  |  |  | 69,633 |  |  |  | 60,893 |
Occupancy and equipment |  |  | 14,798 |  |  |  | 15,103 |  |  |  | 14,371 |
Professional services |  |  | 5,259 |  |  |  | 5,592 |  |  |  | 6,535 |
Computer and data processing |  |  | 20,110 |  |  |  | 17,638 |  |  |  | 14,112 |
Supplies and postage |  |  | 1,873 |  |  |  | 1,943 |  |  |  | 1,769 |
FDIC assessments |  |  | 4,902 |  |  |  | 2,440 |  |  |  | 2,624 |
Advertising and promotions |  |  | 1,926 |  |  |  | 2,013 |  |  |  | 1,704 |
Amortization of intangibles |  |  | 910 |  |  |  | 986 |  |  |  | 1,060 |
Restructuring charges |  |  | 114 |  |  |  | 1,619 |  |  |  | 111 |
Other |  |  | 15,444 |  |  |  | 12,395 |  |  |  | 9,571 |
Total noninterest expense |  |  | 137,225 |  |  |  | 129,362 |  |  |  | 112,750 |
Income before income taxes |  |  | 63,053 |  |  |  | 70,970 |  |  |  | 97,222 |
Income tax expense |  |  | 12,789 |  |  |  | 14,397 |  |  |  | 19,525 |
Net income |  | $ | 50,264 |  |  | $ | 56,573 |  |  | $ | 77,697 |
Preferred stock dividends |  |  | 1,459 |  |  |  | 1,459 |  |  |  | 1,460 |
Net income available to common shareholders |  | $ | 48,805 |  |  | $ | 55,114 |  |  | $ | 76,237 |
Earnings per common share (Note 19): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 3.17 |  |  | $ | 3.58 |  |  | $ | 4.81 |
Diluted |  | $ | 3.15 |  |  | $ | 3.56 |  |  | $ | 4.78 |
Cash dividends declared per common share |  | $ | 1.20 |  |  | $ | 1.16 |  |  | $ | 1.08 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  | 15,376 |  |  |  | 15,384 |  |  |  | 15,841 |
Diluted |  |  | 15,475 |  |  |  | 15,471 |  |  |  | 15,937 |

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

(in thousands) |  | Years ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Net income |  | $ | 50,264 |  |  | $ | 56,573 |  |  | $ | 77,697 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available for sale and transferred securities |  |  | 16,728 |  |  |  | (123,663 | ) |  |  | (19,714 | )
Hedging derivative instruments |  |  | (824 | ) |  |  | 3,575 |  |  |  | 1,476 |
Pension and post-retirement obligations |  |  | 1,642 |  |  |  | (4,192 | ) |  |  | 2,903 |
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  | 17,546 |  |  |  | (124,280 | ) |  |  | (15,335 | )
Comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | 67,810 |  |  | $ | (67,707 | ) |  | $ | 62,362 |

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

Years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(in thousands, except per share data) |  | Preferred Equity |  |  | Common Stock |  |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  |  | Retained Earnings |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  | Total Shareholders’ Equity |
Balance at December 31, 2020 |  | $ | 17,328 |  |  | $ | 161 |  |  | $ | 125,118 |  |  | $ | 324,850 |  |  | $ | 2,128 |  |  | $ | (1,222 | ) |  | $ | 468,363 |
Comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 77,697 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 77,697 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (15,335 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (15,335 | )
Common stock issued |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 298 |  |  |  | 301 |
Purchases of common stock for treasury |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (9,235 | ) |  |  | (9,235 | )
Purchases of 8.48% preferred stock |  |  | (36 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (43 | )
Share-based compensation plans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Share-based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,743 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,743 |
Restricted stock units released |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (574 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 574 |  |  |  | - |
Restricted stock awards issued, net |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (223 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 223 |  |  |  | - |
Stock awards |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 146 |  |  |  | 191 |
Cash dividends declared: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Series A 3% Preferred–$3.00 per share |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (4 | )
Series B-1 8.48% Preferred–$8.48 per share |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,456 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,456 | )
Common–$1.08 per share |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (17,080 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (17,080 | )
Balance at December 31, 2021 |  | $ | 17,292 |  |  | $ | 161 |  |  | $ | 126,105 |  |  | $ | 384,007 |  |  | $ | (13,207 | ) |  | $ | (9,216 | ) |  | $ | 505,142 |
Comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 56,573 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 56,573 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (124,280 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (124,280 | )
Purchases of common stock for treasury |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (15,340 | ) |  |  | (15,340 | )
Share-based compensation plans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Share-based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,551 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,551 |
Restricted stock units released |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,628 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,628 |  |  |  | - |
Restricted stock awards issued, net |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (360 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 360 |  |  |  | - |
Stock awards |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (32 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 231 |  |  |  | 199 |
Cash dividends declared: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Series A 3% Preferred–$3.00 per share |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (4 | )
Series B-1 8.48% Preferred–$8.48 per share |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,455 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,455 | )
Common–$1.16 per share |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (17,781 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (17,781 | )
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 17,292 |  |  | $ | 161 |  |  | $ | 126,636 |  |  | $ | 421,340 |  |  | $ | (137,487 | ) |  | $ | (22,337 | ) |  | $ | 405,605 |
Comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 50,264 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 50,264 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 17,546 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 17,546 |
Purchases of common stock for treasury |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (571 | ) |  |  | (571 | )
Share-based compensation plans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Share-based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,674 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,674 |
Restricted stock units released |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,764 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,764 |  |  |  | - |
Restricted stock awards issued, net |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (590 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 590 |  |  |  | - |
Stock awards |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (115 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 310 |  |  |  | 195 |
Cash dividends declared: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Series A 3% Preferred–$3.00 per share |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (4 | )
Series B-1 8.48% Preferred–$8.48 per share |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,455 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,455 | )
Common–$1.20 per share |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (18,458 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (18,458 | )
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 17,292 |  |  | $ | 161 |  |  | $ | 125,841 |  |  | $ | 451,687 |  |  | $ | (119,941 | ) |  | $ | (20,244 | ) |  | $ | 454,796 |

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands) |  | Years ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 50,264 |  |  | $ | 56,573 |  |  | $ | 77,697 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 8,091 |  |  |  | 8,112 |  |  |  | 8,049 |
Net amortization of premiums on securities |  |  | 3,466 |  |  |  | 4,970 |  |  |  | 5,493 |
Provision (benefit) for credit losses |  |  | 13,681 |  |  |  | 13,311 |  |  |  | (8,336 | )
Share-based compensation |  |  | 1,674 |  |  |  | 2,551 |  |  |  | 1,743 |
Deferred income tax (benefit) expense |  |  | (1,348 | ) |  |  | (4,382 | ) |  |  | 5,218 |
Proceeds from sale of loans held for sale |  |  | 19,316 |  |  |  | 31,556 |  |  |  | 81,334 |
Originations of loans held for sale |  |  | (19,570 | ) |  |  | (24,677 | ) |  |  | (80,281 | )
Income on company owned life insurance |  |  | (12,106 | ) |  |  | (5,542 | ) |  |  | (2,947 | )
Net gain on sale of loans held for sale |  |  | (566 | ) |  |  | (1,227 | ) |  |  | (2,950 | )
Net loss (gain) on investment securities |  |  | 3,576 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | (71 | )
Net loss (gain) on other assets |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | (441 | )
Restructuring charges |  |  | 114 |  |  |  | 1,619 |  |  |  | 392 |
Increase in other assets |  |  | (56,076 | ) |  |  | (29,902 | ) |  |  | (9,342 | )
Increase (decrease) in other liabilities |  |  | 372 |  |  |  | 80,580 |  |  |  | (2,596 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 10,894 |  |  |  | 133,573 |  |  |  | 72,962 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available for sale |  |  | (51,472 | ) |  |  | (75,269 | ) |  |  | (784,064 | )
Held to maturity |  |  | (3,145 | ) |  |  | (38,551 | ) |  |  | (18,425 | )
Proceeds from principal payments, maturities and calls on investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available for sale |  |  | 83,412 |  |  |  | 122,591 |  |  |  | 150,919 |
Held to maturity |  |  | 43,601 |  |  |  | 54,479 |  |  |  | 83,684 |
Proceeds from sales of securities available for sale |  |  | 50,515 |  |  |  | 6,252 |  |  |  | 51,891 |
Net loan originations |  |  | (420,234 | ) |  |  | (376,251 | ) |  |  | (90,058 | )
Purchases of company owned life insurance, net of benefits received |  |  | (53,655 | ) |  |  | (35,564 | ) |  |  | (20,056 | )
Proceeds from surrender of company owned life insurance |  |  | 43,880 |  |  |  | 25,522 |  |  |  | - |
Proceeds from sales of other assets |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,510 |
Purchases of premises and equipment |  |  | (2,992 | ) |  |  | (8,369 | ) |  |  | (9,403 | )
Cash consideration paid for acquisition, net of cash acquired |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,420 | )
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (310,090 | ) |  |  | (325,160 | ) |  |  | (633,422 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net increase in deposits |  |  | 283,488 |  |  |  | 102,334 |  |  |  | 548,723 |
Net (decrease) increase in short-term borrowings |  |  | (20,000 | ) |  |  | 175,000 |  |  |  | 24,700 |
Repurchase of preferred stock |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (43 | )
Issuance of long-term debt |  |  | 50,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Purchases of common stock for treasury |  |  | (571 | ) |  |  | (15,340 | ) |  |  | (9,235 | )
Cash dividends paid to preferred shareholders |  |  | (1,459 | ) |  |  | (1,459 | ) |  |  | (1,460 | )
Cash dividends paid to common shareholders |  |  | (18,286 | ) |  |  | (17,594 | ) |  |  | (16,991 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | 293,172 |  |  |  | 242,941 |  |  |  | 545,694 |
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (6,024 | ) |  |  | 51,354 |  |  |  | (14,766 | )
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period |  |  | 130,466 |  |  |  | 79,112 |  |  |  | 93,878 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period |  | $ | 124,442 |  |  | $ | 130,466 |  |  | $ | 79,112 |

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(1.) SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Financial Institutions, Inc. (individually referred to herein as the “Parent Company” and together with all of its subsidiaries, collectively referred to herein as the “Company”) is a financial holding company organized in 1931 under the laws of New York State (“New York”). At December 31, 2023, the Company conducted its business through its subsidiaries: Five Star Bank (the “Bank”), a New York chartered bank; SDN Insurance Agency, LLC (“SDN”), a full-service insurance agency; and Courier Capital, LLC (“Courier Capital”), a Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”)-registered investment advisory and wealth management firm. The Company provides a full range of banking and related financial services to consumer, commercial and municipal customers through its bank and non-bank subsidiaries.

On May 1, 2023, the Company completed the merger of its wholly-owned SEC-registered investments advisory firms, under which HNP Capital, LLC merged with and into Courier Capital. The merger was accounted for under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 805-50-15 — Transactions Between Entities Under Common Control, as an exchange of assets in which Courier Capital recognized the assets and liabilities transferred at historical cost basis at the date of transfer. Corn Hill Innovations Lab, LLC, which oversaw the Company’s Banking-as-a-Service (“BaaS”) and financial technology (“FinTech”) relationships, was dissolved on March 28, 2023, and all assets and liabilities were transferred to the Bank.

The accounting and reporting policies conform to general practices within the banking industry and to accounting standards set by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) under accounting principles generally accepted in the Unites States of America (“GAAP”).

The Company has evaluated events and transactions for potential recognition or disclosure through the day the financial statements were issued and determined there were no material recognizable subsequent events.

The following is a description of the Company’s significant accounting policies.

(a.) Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

(b.) Use of Estimates

In preparing the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities as of the date of the statement of financial condition and reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Material estimates relate to the determination of the allowance for credit losses, the carrying value of goodwill and deferred tax assets, and assumptions used in the defined benefit pension plan accounting. These estimates and assumptions are based on management’s best estimates and judgment and are evaluated on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors, including the current economic environment. The Company adjusts these estimates and assumptions when facts and circumstances dictate. As future events cannot be determined with precision, actual results could differ significantly from the Company’s estimates.

(c.) Cash Flow Reporting

Cash and cash equivalents include cash and due from banks, federal funds sold and interest-bearing deposits in other banks. Net cash flows are reported for loans, deposit transactions and short-term borrowings.

Supplemental cash flow information is summarized as follows for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):

|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Supplemental information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for interest |  | $ | 133,847 |  |  | $ | 32,571 |  |  | $ | 14,709 |
Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds received |  |  | 6,298 |  |  |  | 3,398 |  |  |  | 10,832 |
Noncash investing and financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate and other assets acquired in settlement of loans |  |  | 142 |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | - |
Accrued and declared unpaid dividends |  |  | 4,982 |  |  |  | 4,811 |  |  |  | 4,624 |
Common stock issued for acquisition |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 301 |
Assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of assets acquired |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 712 |

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(1.) SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)

(d.) Investment Securities

Investment securities are classified as either available for sale (“AFS”) or held to maturity (“HTM”). Debt securities that management has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held to maturity and are recorded at amortized cost. Other investment securities are classified as available for sale and recorded at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings and reported as a component of comprehensive income (loss) and shareholders’ equity.

Purchase premiums and discounts are recognized in interest income using the interest method over the terms of the securities. Gains and losses on the sale of securities are recorded on the trade date and are determined using the specific identification method.

(e.) Loans Held for Sale and Loan Servicing Rights

The Company generally makes the determination of whether to identify a mortgage as held for sale at the time the loan is closed based on the Company’s intent and ability to hold the loan. Loans held for sale are recorded at the lower of cost or market computed on the aggregate portfolio basis. The amount by which cost exceeds market value, if any, is accounted for as a valuation allowance with changes included in the determination of results of operations for the period in which the change occurs. The amount of loan origination costs and fees are deferred at origination and recognized as part of the gain or loss on sale of the loans, determined using the specific identification method, in the consolidated statements of income.

The Company originates and sells certain residential real estate loans in the secondary market. The Company typically retains the right to service the mortgages upon sale. Mortgage-servicing rights (“MSRs”) represent the cost of acquiring the contractual rights to service loans for others. MSRs are recorded at their fair value at the time a loan is sold, and servicing rights are retained. MSRs are reported in other assets in the consolidated statements of financial position and are amortized to noninterest income in the consolidated statements of income in proportion to and over the period of estimated net servicing income. The Company uses a valuation model that calculates the present value of future cash flows to determine the fair value of servicing rights. In using this valuation method, the Company incorporates assumptions to estimate future net servicing income, which include estimates of the cost to service the loan, the discount rate, an inflation rate and prepayment speeds. On a quarterly basis, the Company evaluates its MSRs for impairment and charges any such impairment to current period earnings. In order to evaluate its MSRs, the Company stratifies the related mortgage loans on the basis of their predominant risk characteristics, such as interest rates, year of origination and term, using discounted cash flows and market-based assumptions. Impairment of MSRs is recognized through a valuation allowance, determined by estimating the fair value of each stratum and comparing it to its carrying value. Subsequent increases in fair value are adjusted through the valuation allowance, but only to the extent of the valuation allowance.

Mortgage loan servicing includes collecting monthly mortgagor payments, forwarding payments and related accounting reports to investors, collecting escrow deposits for the payment of mortgagor property taxes and insurance, paying taxes and insurance from escrow funds when due and administrating foreclosure actions when necessary. Loan servicing income (a component of noninterest income in the consolidated statements of income) consists of fees earned for servicing mortgage loans sold to third parties, net of amortization expense and impairment losses associated with capitalized mortgage servicing assets.

(f.) Loans

Loans are classified as held for investment when management has both the intent and ability to hold the loan for the foreseeable future, or until maturity or payoff. Loans are carried at the principal amount outstanding, net of any unearned income and unamortized deferred fees and costs on originated loans. Loan origination fees and certain direct loan origination costs are deferred, and the net amount is amortized into net interest income over the contractual life of the related loans or over the commitment period as an adjustment of yield. Interest income on loans is based on the principal balance outstanding computed using the effective interest method.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(1.) SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)

A loan is considered delinquent when a payment has not been received in accordance with the contractual terms. The accrual of interest income for commercial loans is discontinued when there is a clear indication that the borrower’s cash flow may not be sufficient to meet payments as they become due, while the accrual of interest income for retail loans is discontinued when loans reach specific delinquency levels. Loans are generally placed on nonaccrual status when contractually past due 90 days or more as to interest or principal payments, unless the loan is well secured and in the process of collection. Additionally, if management becomes aware of facts or circumstances that may adversely impact the collectability of principal or interest on loans, it is management’s practice to place such loans on a nonaccrual status immediately, rather than delaying such action until the loans become 90 days past due. When a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, previously accrued and uncollected interest is reversed, amortization of related deferred loan fees or costs is suspended, and income is recorded only to the extent that interest payments are subsequently received in cash and a determination has been made that the principal balance of the loan is collectible. If collectability of the principal is in doubt, payments received are applied to loan principal. A nonaccrual loan may be returned to accrual status when all delinquent principal and interest payments become current in accordance with the terms of the loan agreement, the borrower has demonstrated a period of sustained performance (generally a minimum of six months) and the ultimate collectability of the total contractual principal and interest is no longer in doubt.

The Company’s loan policy dictates the guidelines to be followed in determining when a loan is charged-off. All charge offs are approved by the Bank’s senior loan officers or loan committees, depending on the amount of the charge off, and are reported in aggregate to the Bank’s Board of Directors. Commercial business and commercial mortgage loans are charged-off when a determination is made that the financial condition of the borrower indicates that the loan will not be collectible in the ordinary course of business. Residential mortgage loans and home equities are generally charged-off or written down when the credit becomes severely delinquent, and the balance exceeds the fair value of the property less costs to sell. Indirect and other consumer loans, both secured and unsecured, are generally charged-off in full during the month in which the loan becomes 120 days past due, unless the collateral is in the process of repossession in accordance with the Company’s policy.

The Company evaluates loan modifications to determine whether a modification represents a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan and discloses information about the type and magnitude of certain loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. Loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty may be in the form of principal forgiveness, an interest rate reduction, an other-than-insignificant payment delay, a term extension, or a combination of these concessions.

See Allowance for Credit Losses below for further policy discussion and see Note 5, Loans, for additional information.

(g.) Off-Balance Sheet Financial Instruments

In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into off-balance sheet financial instruments consisting of commitments to extend credit, standby letters of credit and financial guarantees. Such financial instruments are recorded in the consolidated financial statements when they are funded or when related fees are incurred or received. The Company periodically evaluates the credit risks inherent in these commitments and establishes loss allowances for such risks if and when these are deemed necessary.

The Company recognizes as liabilities the fair value of the obligations undertaken in issuing the guarantees under the standby letters of credit, net of the related amortization at inception. The fair value approximates the unamortized fees received from the customers for issuing the standby letters of credit. The fees are deferred and recognized on a straight-line basis over the commitment period. Standby letters of credit outstanding typically have original terms ranging from one to five years. Fees received for providing loan commitments and letters of credit that result in loans are typically deferred and amortized to interest income over the life of the related loan, beginning with the initial borrowing. Fees on commitments and letters of credit are amortized to other income as banking fees and commissions over the commitment period when funding is not expected.

(h.) Allowance for Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) is evaluated on a regular basis and established through charges to earnings in the form of a provision (benefit) for credit losses. When a loan or portion of a loan is determined to be uncollectible, the portion deemed uncollectible is charged against the allowance and subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires estimates that are susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(1.) SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)

Portfolio Segmentation and “Pooled Loans” Calculation

Loans are pooled based on their homogeneous risk characteristics. Once loans have been segmented into pools, a loss rate is applied to the amortized cost basis. The Company has divided its portfolio into six segments, as the loans within the segments have similar characteristics. Characteristics considered include: purpose, tenor, amortization, repayment source, payment frequency, collateral and recourse. The Company has identified six portfolio segments of loans including Commercial Loans/Lines, Commercial Mortgage, Indirect Loans, Direct Loans, Residential Lines of Credit, and Residential Loans.

The Company utilizes the Discounted Cash Flow (“DCF”) method for its pooled segment calculation. The DCF method implements a probability of default with loss given default and exposure at default estimation. The probability of default and loss given default are applied to future cash flows that are adjusted to present value and these discounted expected losses become the Allowance for Credit Losses.

DCF analysis is reliant upon a variety of loan-level data, peripheral model outputs and key assumptions. The data fields required to create the contractual portion of the forward-looking cash flow schedule relate to the terms of each loan and include information regarding payment amount, payment frequency, interest rate, interest type, maturity date, amortization term, etc. Contractual terms must be adjusted for prepayments to arrive at expected cashflows. The Company modeled amortizing/installment notes with a prepayment rate, annualized to one-year. For loans where principal collection is dominated by borrower election, e.g., lines of credit, interest-only, etc., and not by contractual obligation, the Company modeled a statistical tendency to repay as a curtailment rate, normalized to a one-year rate.

The Company uses forecasts to predict how modeled economic factors will perform. The Company currently elects to forecast economic factors over a period for which it can produce a reliable and defensible forecast from widely accepted economic forecast resources. After the forecast period, the following eight quarters are reverted on a straight-line basis to the economic factor’s average. The Company uses an eight-quarter straight-line reversion to reduce the potential for a spike impact on the model caused by a rapid reversion. Additionally, as the Company is past its point of forecast, a straight-line reversion represents a most-likely scenario absent a reasonable and supportable forecast.

In the Company’s analysis at the portfolio level, it found that the best model for predicting defaults considers the National Unemployment Rate. With the large number of observations afforded by using peer data, the default curve is less sensitive to unusual loss events and has a much smoother shape. The national unemployment rate is an extremely strong predictor of defaults and explains almost all variation in the default rate.

The reserve is calculated based on a life of loan basis. The life of loan is assumed with consideration of prepayments and contractual maturity dates. If a given loan does not have a populated maturity date, based upon historical experience, the Company elected to amortize the loan for a length of time equal to the average life of the loan’s segment before the remaining balance will balloon with the exception of Commercial Demand Lines of Credit where the Company uses one year, reflecting the demand nature of these exposures with annual review.

Management also considers Qualitative Factors (“QF”) that are likely to cause estimated credit losses with the Company’s existing portfolio to differ from historical loss experience, including but not limited to: national and local economic trends and conditions (excluding national unemployment), levels and trends in delinquencies, non-accrual loans and classified assets, trends in volume, terms and concentrations of loans, changes in lending policies and procedures, quality of credit review function and administration, and changes in regulatory environment, management, markets and product offerings. The Company will periodically assess what adjustments are necessary to qualitatively adjust the ACL based on their assessment of current expected credit losses.

The range for the QF in a specific pool represents the difference, in basis points, between the portfolio segment loss explained by the regression analysis (r-squared factor) and the total loss for that period, looking back to 2006, when the Company experienced its highest four quarter loss rate. In this approach, the Company is capturing, based upon historical experience, its largest potential loss rate. Where possible, the QFs are calculated using available data sources to support the allocation of basis points within the ranges. For example, delinquency for a segment is mapped backed to 2006 and current delinquency is allocated a QF based upon where it lies in that range.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(1.) SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)

Individually Evaluated Loans

Excluded from pooled analysis are loans to be individually evaluated due to the assets not maintaining similar risk characteristics to those in the six designated segments. These loans are generally considered to be collateral dependent and, therefore, an analysis of the collateral position versus the pooled loan discounted cash flow approach better reflects the potential loss. Individually

evaluated accounts include: loans over 90 days past due, loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, loans placed on non-accrual status and classified assets with exposure greater than $2.0 million.

Held to Maturity (“HTM”) Debt Securities

The Company’s HTM debt securities are also required to utilize the current expected credit losses approach to estimate expected credit losses. The Company’s HTM debt securities included securities that are issued by U.S. government agencies or U.S. government-sponsored enterprises. These securities carry the explicit and/or implicit guarantee of the U.S. government, are widely recognized as “risk free,” and have a long history of zero credit loss. The Company also carries a portfolio of HTM municipal bonds. The Company measures its allowance for credit losses on HTM debt securities on a collective basis by major security type. The estimate is based on historical credit losses, if any, adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The Company considers the nature of the collateral, potential future changes in collateral values and available loss information.

Available for Sale (“AFS”) Debt Securities

For AFS securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company first assesses whether (i) it intends to sell, or (ii) it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either case is affirmative, any previously recognized allowances are charged-off and the security’s amortized cost is written down to fair value through income. If neither case is affirmative, the security is evaluated to determine whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency and any adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income. Adjustments to the allowance are reported in our income statement as a component of provision for credit losses. AFS securities are charged-off against the allowance or, in the absence of any allowance, written down through income when deemed uncollectible by management or when either of the aforementioned criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met.

Accrued Interest Receivable

Accrued interest receivable balances are presented separately within other assets on the statement of financial condition. Accrued interest receivable that is included in the amortized cost of financial receivables and debt securities are excluded from related disclosure requirements. The Company does not measure an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivable as the Company writes off accrued interest receivable, in a timely manner, by reversing interest income. For commercial loans, the write off typically occurs upon becoming 90 days past due. For consumer loans, the write off typically occurs upon becoming 120 days past due. Historically, the Company has not experienced uncollectible accrued interest receivable on its investment securities. However, the Company would generally write off accrued interest receivable by reversing interest income if the Company does not reasonably expect to receive payments. Due to the timely manner in which accrued interest receivables are written off, the amounts of such write offs are immaterial.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(1.) SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)

Reserve for Unfunded Commitments

The reserve for unfunded commitments (the “Unfunded Reserve”) represents the expected credit losses on off-balance sheet commitments such as unfunded commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. However, a liability is not recognized for commitments unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The Unfunded Reserve is recognized as a liability (other liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial condition), with adjustments to the reserve recognized as a provision for credit loss expense in the consolidated statements of income. The Unfunded Reserve is determined by estimating expected future fundings, under each segment, and applying the expected loss rates. Expected future fundings are based on historical averages of funding rates (i.e., the likelihood of draws taken). Average funding rates are determined based on the most recent 20 quarters (5 years) of actual fundings on lines of credit. The average funding rate for each segment is compared to the current funding rate on each line to determine the average fundings available to be drawn. The fund up rate (the difference between the average funding rate and the current funding rate) for each segment is then applied within the Current Expected Credit Losses (“CECL”) model to the unfunded commitment balance to estimate the expected future fundings under each segment. The loss rate derived for each segment in the current CECL calculation is then applied to the expected future fundings to derive the estimate of allowance for credit losses for unfunded commitments.

(i.) Other Real Estate Owned

Other real estate owned consists of properties acquired through foreclosure or by acceptance of a deed in lieu of foreclosure. These assets are initially recorded at fair value less estimated costs to sell, which establishes the cost basis. Subsequently, other real estate owned is carried at the lower of the cost basis or fair value less estimated selling costs. At the time of foreclosure, or when foreclosure occurs in-substance, the excess, if any, of the loan over the fair market value of the assets received, less estimated selling costs, is charged to the allowance for credit losses and any subsequent valuation write-downs are charged to other expense. In connection with the determination of the allowance for credit losses and the valuation of other real estate owned, management obtains appraisals for properties. Operating costs associated with the properties are charged to expense as incurred. Gains on the sale of other real estate owned are included in income when title has passed, and the sale has met the minimum down payment requirements prescribed by GAAP. The balance of other real estate owned was $142 thousand and $19 thousand at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

(j.) Company Owned Life Insurance (“COLI”)

The Company holds life insurance policies on certain current and former employees and is the owner and beneficiary of the policies. The Company invests in these policies to provide an efficient form of funding for long-term retirement and other employee benefit costs. Certain life insurance policies have a stable value contract that provides limited cash surrender value protection from declines in the value of the policy’s underlying investments and may result in an extended surrender redemption period. The cash surrender value of these policies is included as an asset on the consolidated statements of financial condition, and changes in cash surrender value are recorded as noninterest income on the consolidated statements of income. In the event of the death of an insured individual under these policies, the Company would receive a death benefit which would be recorded as noninterest income.

(k.) Premises and Equipment

Premises and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is computed on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. The Company generally amortizes buildings and building improvements over a period of 15–39 years and software, furniture and equipment over a period of 3–10 years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the lease term or the useful life of the improvements. Premises and equipment are periodically reviewed for impairment or when circumstances present indicators of impairment.

(l.) Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

The excess of the cost of an acquisition over the fair value of the net assets acquired consists primarily of goodwill, core deposit intangibles, and other identifiable intangible assets. Intangible assets are acquired assets that lack physical substance but can be distinguished from goodwill because of contractual or other legal rights or because the asset is capable of being sold or exchanged either on its own or in combination with a related contract, asset, or liability. The Company’s intangible assets consist of core deposits and other intangible assets (primarily customer relationships). Core deposit intangible assets are amortized on an accelerated basis over their estimated life of approximately nine and a half years. Other intangible assets are amortized on an accelerated basis over their weighted average estimated life of approximately twenty years. The Company reviews long-lived assets and certain identifiable intangibles for impairment at least annually, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable, in which case an impairment charge would be recorded.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(1.) SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)

Goodwill is not amortized but, instead, is subject to impairment tests on at least an annual basis, and more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. The impairment testing process is conducted by assigning net assets and goodwill to each reporting unit. An initial qualitative evaluation is made to assess the likelihood of impairment and determine whether further quantitative testing to calculate the fair value is necessary. When the qualitative evaluation indicates that impairment is more likely than not, quantitative testing is required whereby the fair value of each reporting unit is calculated and compared to the recorded book value. If the calculated fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, then goodwill is not considered impaired. However, if the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its calculated fair value, a goodwill impairment charge is recognized. See Note 7, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, for additional information on goodwill and other intangible assets.

(m.) Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) and Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”) Stock

The non-marketable investments in FHLB and FRB stock are included in other assets in the consolidated statements of financial condition at par value or cost and are periodically reviewed for impairment. The dividends received relative to these investments are included in other noninterest income in the consolidated statements of income.

As a member of the FHLB system, the Company is required to maintain a specified investment in FHLB of New York (“FHLBNY”) stock in proportion to its volume of certain transactions with the FHLB. FHLBNY stock totaled $11.0 million and $13.0 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

As a member of the FRB system, the Company is required to maintain a specified investment in FRB stock based on a ratio relative to the Company’s capital. FRB stock totaled $6.4 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

(n.) Equity Method Investments

The Company has investments in limited partnerships, primarily Small Business Investment Companies, and accounts for these investments under the equity method. These investments are included in other assets in the consolidated statements of financial condition and totaled $16.9 million and $12.9 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

(o.) Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”), provides the disclosure requirements for derivatives and hedging activities with the intent to provide users of financial statements with an enhanced understanding of: (a) how and why an entity uses derivative instruments, (b) how the entity accounts for derivative instruments and related hedged items, and (c) how derivative instruments and related hedged items affect an entity’s financial position, financial performance, and cash flows. Further, qualitative disclosures are required that explain the Company’s objectives and strategies for using derivatives, as well as quantitative disclosures about the fair value of and gains and losses on derivative instruments, and disclosures about credit-risk-related contingent features in derivative instruments.

As required by ASC 815, the Company records all derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of derivatives depends on the intended use of the derivative. Changes in fair value of the Company’s derivatives designated in a qualifying hedging relationship are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Changes in fair value of the Company’s derivatives not designated in a qualifying hedging relationship are recognized directly in earnings.

In accordance with the FASB’s fair value measurement guidance, the Company made an accounting policy election to measure the credit risk of its derivative financial instruments that are subject to master netting agreements on a net basis by counterparty portfolio.

Cash flows from the settlement of derivatives, including both economic hedges and those designated in hedge accounting relationships, appear on our statements of cash flows in the same categories as the cash flow of the hedged item.

(p.) Treasury Stock

Acquisitions of treasury stock are recorded at cost. The reissuance of shares in treasury is recorded at weighted-average cost.

(q.) Transfers of Financial Assets

Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales, when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over financial assets is deemed surrendered when the assets have been isolated from the Company, the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of the right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets and the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(1.) SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)

(r.) Revenue Recognition

ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), establishes principles for reporting information about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from the entity’s contracts to provide goods or services to customers. The core principle requires an entity to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that it expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for those goods or services recognized as performance obligations are satisfied.

The majority of our revenue-generating transactions are not subject to ASC 606, including revenue generated from financial instruments, such as our loans, letters of credit, derivatives and investment securities, as well as revenue related to our loan servicing activities, as these activities are subject to other GAAP. Descriptions of our primary revenue-generating activities that are within the scope of ASC 606, which are presented in our income statements as components of noninterest income are as follows:

•
Transactions and service-based revenues - these include service charges on deposits, investment advisory, and ATM and debit card fees. Revenue is recognized when the transactions occur or as services are performed over primarily monthly or quarterly periods. Payment is typically received in the period the transactions occur or, in some cases, within 90 days of the service period. Fees may be fixed or, where applicable, based on a percentage of transaction size or managed assets.
•
Insurance income - Insurance commissions are received on the sale of insurance products, and revenue is recognized upon the placement date of the insurance policies. Payment is normally received within the policy period. In addition to placement, SDN also provides insurance policy related risk management services. Revenue is recognized as these services are provided.

(s.) Employee Benefits

The Company maintains an employer sponsored 401(k) plan where participants may make contributions in the form of salary deferrals and the Company may provide discretionary matching contributions in accordance with the terms of the plan. Contributions due under the terms of our defined contribution plans are accrued as earned by employees.

The Company also participates in a non-contributory defined benefit pension plan for certain employees who meet participation requirements. The actuarially determined pension benefit is based on years of service and the employee’s highest average compensation during five consecutive years of employment. The Company’s policy is to at least fund the minimum amount required by the Employment Retirement Income Security Act of 1974. The cost of the pension is based on actuarial computations of current and future benefits for employees and is charged to noninterest expense in the consolidated statements of income. The Company also provides post-retirement benefits, principally health and dental care, to retirees of a previously acquired entity. The Company has closed the post-retirement plan to new participants.

The Company recognizes an asset or a liability for a pension plan’s overfunded status or underfunded status, respectively, in the consolidated financial statements and reports changes in the funded status as a component of other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes, in the year in which changes occur.

(t.) Share-Based Compensation Plans

Compensation expense for stock options, restricted stock awards and restricted stock units is based on the fair value of the award on the measurement date, which, for the Company, is the date of grant, and is recognized ratably over the service period of the award. The fair value of stock options is estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The fair value of restricted stock awards is generally the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. The fair value of restricted stock unit awards is generally equal to the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant reduced by the present value of the dividends expected to be paid on the underlying shares. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.

Share-based compensation expense is included in the consolidated statements of income under salaries and employee benefits for awards granted to management and in other noninterest expense for awards granted to directors.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(1.) SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)

(u.) Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is recognized on deferred tax assets if, based upon the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the assets may not be realized. The Company recognizes interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense.

The Company has investments directly and indirectly in several limited partnerships formed by third parties that generate investment tax credits related to rehabilitation of certified real property and qualified affordable housing projects. As a limited partner in the partnerships, the Company has determined that it is not the primary beneficiary of these investments because the general partners have the power to direct the activities that most significantly influence the economic performance of their respective partnerships and have the obligation to absorb expected losses and the right to receive residual returns. As the Company is not the primary beneficiary of these investments, it does not consolidate them.

For limited partnerships that generate tax credits related to the rehabilitation of certified real property, at the time that a structure is placed into service, the limited partnership is eligible for federal and New York State tax credits. The federal tax credit impact is recorded as a reduction of income tax expense. For a New York State tax credit generated after January 1, 2015, the amount not used in the current tax year is treated as a refund or overpayment of tax to be credited to next year’s tax. Since the realization of the tax credit does not depend on the Company’s generation of future taxable income or the Company’s ongoing tax status or tax position, the credit is not considered an element of income tax accounting (ASC 740). The Company includes the tax credit in non-interest income as opposed to a reduction of income tax expense. At the time that a structure is placed into service, the Company records a loss on tax credit investments in noninterest income to reduce the investment to the present value of the expected cash flows from its partnership interest.

For limited partnerships that generate tax credits related to qualified affordable housing projects, the investments are accounted for using the proportional amortization method. Under this method, the Company amortizes the initial cost of the investment in proportion to the tax credits and other tax benefits received and recognizes the net amount as a reduction of income tax expense.

The tax credit investments are included in other assets in the consolidated statements of financial condition and totaled $68.3 million and $55.6 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company does not have any loss reserves recorded related to these investments because it believes the likelihood of any loss is remote. For all legally binding unfunded equity commitments, the Company increases its recognized investment and recognizes a liability. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had liabilities of $14.0 million and $4.8 million, res pectively, related to these investments that are included in other liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial condition. The Company continues to invest in these limited partnerships.

(v.) Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Comprehensive income (loss) includes all changes in shareholders’ equity during a period, except those resulting from transactions with shareholders. In addition to net income, other components of the Company’s comprehensive income (loss) include the after-tax effect of changes in net unrealized gain / loss on securities available for sale, changes in unrealized gain / loss on hedging derivative instruments and changes in net actuarial gain/loss on defined benefit post-retirement plans. Comprehensive income (loss) is reported in the accompanying consolidated statements of changes in shareholders’ equity and consolidated statements of comprehensive (loss) income. See Note 16, Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), f or additional information.

(w.) Earnings Per Common Share

The Company calculates earnings per common share (“EPS”) using the two-class method in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 260, “Earnings Per Share”. The two-class method requires the Company to present EPS as if all of the earnings for the period are distributed to common shareholders and any participating securities, regardless of whether any actual dividends or distributions are made. All outstanding unvested share-based payment awards that contain rights to non-forfeitable dividends are considered participating securities.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(1.) SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)

Basic EPS is computed by dividing distributed and undistributed earnings available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Distributed and undistributed earnings available to common shareholders represent net income reduced by preferred stock dividends and distributed and undistributed earnings available to participating securities. Common shares outstanding include common stock and vested restricted stock awards. Diluted EPS reflects the assumed conversion of all potential dilutive securities. A reconciliation of the weighted-average shares used in calculating basic earnings per common share and the weighted average common shares used in calculating diluted earnings per common share for the reported periods is provided in Note 19, Earnings Per Common Share.

(x.) Reclassifications

Certain items in prior financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. These reclassifications did not result in any changes to previously reported net income or shareholders’ equity.

(y.) Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In March 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2022-02, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructuring and Vintage Disclosures. The amendments eliminate the accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings by creditors and enhance the disclosure requirements for loan refinancings and restructurings made with borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. In addition, the amendments require disclosure of current-period gross write-offs for financing receivables by year of origination in the vintage disclosures. ASU 2022-02 became effective for the Company on January 1, 2023 and was applied on a prospective basis. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. See Note 5, Loans, for additional information regarding loan refinancings and restructurings made when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulties and updates to vintage disclosures.

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-01, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Fair Value Hedging — Portfolio Layer Method. The ASU expands the scope in which an entity can apply the portfolio layer method of hedge accounting, allowing for more consistent accounting for similar hedges. The amendments in this update became effective for the Company on January 1, 2023. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Standards Not Yet Effective

In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-02, Investments — Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method. The ASU allows for entities to consistently account for tax credit equity investments utilizing the proportional amortization method across all types of tax credits when certain requirements are met. The election of proportional amortization method must be made on a programmatic basis rather than an individual investment basis. For previously held tax credit investments, the amendments will be applied either on a modified retrospective basis or a retrospective basis. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this guidance will not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The amendments expand the disclosure requirements of segment expenses, as well as adding disclosure of the title and position of the chief operation decision maker “CODM” and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measures of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources is also required. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this guidance may require additional disclosure in the Company’s financial statement related to segments.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Tax (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The amendments expand the disclosure requirements of income taxes, primarily related to the income tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. The guidance also eliminates certain existing disclosure requirements related to uncertain tax positions and unrecognized deferred income tax liabilities. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2025. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this guidance will not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(2.) RESTRUCTURING CHARGES

On July 17, 2020, the Bank announced management’s decision to adopt a full-service branch model that streamlines retail branches to better align with shifting customer needs and preferences. The transformation resulted in six branch closures and a reduction in staffing. The announcement was the result of a nine-month comprehensive assessment of all lines of business and functional areas, conducted in partnership with a leading process improvement organization. The data-driven analysis identified, among other things, overlapping service areas, automation opportunities and streamlining of processes and operations that would enhance customer experiences and facilitate the long-term sustainability of current and future branches. The announced consolidations represented about ten percent of the branch network and impacted approximately six percent of the total Company workforce. Where possible, those impacted were offered alternative roles or the opportunity to apply for open positions in other areas of the Company. Separated associates received a comprehensive severance package based on tenure.

In October 2020, the Company announced the planned closure of one additional branch in January 2021. This location was not included in the branch consolidations announced in July 2020, as alternative options were being considered and consolidation was not possible given its significant distance from other Bank branches.

The Company incurred total pre-tax expense related to the branch closures of approximately $1.7 million, including approximately $0.2 million in employee severance, $0.5 million in lease termination costs and $1.0 million in valuation adjustments on branch facilities during 2020. Additional related restructuring charges of $200 thousand and $1.6 million were incurred in 2023 and 2022, respectively, as a result of property valuation adjustments to write-down certain real estate assets to fair market value based on existing purchase offers and current market conditions.

The following table represents the consolidated statements of income classification of the Company’s restructuring charges (in thousands):

|  | Income Statement Location |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Release of restructuring reserve |  | Restructuring charges |  | $ | (4 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Valuation adjustments |  | Restructuring charges |  |  | 200 |  |  |  | 1,619 |  |  |  | 111 |
Other |  | Restructuring charges |  |  | (82 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 11 |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 114 |  |  | $ | 1,619 |  |  | $ | 122 |

The following table represents the changes in the restructuring reserve (in thousands):

|  | Amount |
Balance, December 31, 2020 |  | $ | 1,245 |
Restructuring charges |  |  | 122 |
Cash payments |  |  | (192 | )
Charges against assets |  |  | (730 | )
Balance, December 31, 2021 |  |  | 445 |
Restructuring charges |  |  | 1,619 |
Cash payments |  |  | (59 | )
Charges against assets |  |  | (1,703 | )
Balance, December 31, 2022 |  |  | 302 |
Restructuring charges |  |  | 114 |
Other |  |  | 82 |
Cash payments |  |  | (53 | )
Charges against assets |  |  | (200 | )
Balance, December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 245 |

In contemplation of the transactions noted above, certain long-lived assets had met the held for sale criteria as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Long lived assets held for sale totaled $629 thousand and $1.5 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2023 the Company recognized a $44 thousand g ain on the sale of long-lived assets held for sale.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(3.) INVESTMENT SECURITIES

The amortized cost and fair value of investment securities are summarized below (in thousands).

|  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Unrealized Gains |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agencies and government sponsored enterprises |  | $ | 24,535 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 2,724 |  |  | $ | 21,811 |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal National Mortgage Association |  |  | 449,418 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 61,219 |  |  |  | 388,199 |
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation |  |  | 402,399 |  |  |  | 488 |  |  |  | 59,665 |  |  |  | 343,222 |
Government National Mortgage Association |  |  | 126,417 |  |  |  | 252 |  |  |  | 21,409 |  |  |  | 105,260 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal National Mortgage Association |  |  | 10,954 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,343 |  |  |  | 8,611 |
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation |  |  | 19,766 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,186 |  |  |  | 15,580 |
Government National Mortgage Association |  |  | 4,501 |  |  |  | 221 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,722 |
Privately issued |  |  | - |  |  |  | 325 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 325 |
Total mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 1,013,455 |  |  |  | 1,286 |  |  |  | 148,822 |  |  |  | 865,919 |
Total available for sale securities |  | $ | 1,037,990 |  |  | $ | 1,286 |  |  | $ | 151,546 |  |  | $ | 887,730 |
Securities held to maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agencies and government sponsored enterprises |  | $ | 16,513 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 530 |  |  | $ | 15,983 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | 68,854 |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 5,106 |  |  |  | 63,782 |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal National Mortgage Association |  |  | 5,729 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 467 |  |  |  | 5,262 |
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation |  |  | 7,648 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,269 |  |  |  | 6,379 |
Government National Mortgage Association |  |  | 20,223 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,703 |  |  |  | 18,520 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal National Mortgage Association |  |  | 11,432 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 851 |  |  |  | 10,581 |
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation |  |  | 14,196 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 968 |  |  |  | 13,228 |
Government National Mortgage Association |  |  | 3,565 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 270 |  |  |  | 3,295 |
Total mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 62,793 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,528 |  |  |  | 57,265 |
Total held to maturity securities |  |  | 148,160 |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | 11,164 |  |  | $ | 137,030 |
Allowance for credit losses – securities |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total held to maturity securities, net |  | $ | 148,156 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(3.) INVESTMENT SECURITIES (Continued)

|  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Unrealized Gains |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agencies and government sponsored enterprises |  | $ | 24,535 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 3,420 |  |  | $ | 21,115 |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal National Mortgage Association |  |  | 545,797 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 76,193 |  |  |  | 469,604 |
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation |  |  | 410,829 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 68,608 |  |  |  | 342,221 |
Government National Mortgage Association |  |  | 112,202 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 18,037 |  |  |  | 94,166 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal National Mortgage Association |  |  | 12,175 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,603 |  |  |  | 9,572 |
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation |  |  | 21,519 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,163 |  |  |  | 17,356 |
Privately issued |  |  | - |  |  |  | 337 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 337 |
Total mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 1,102,522 |  |  |  | 338 |  |  |  | 169,604 |  |  |  | 933,256 |
Total available for sale securities |  | $ | 1,127,057 |  |  | $ | 338 |  |  | $ | 173,024 |  |  | $ | 954,371 |
Securities held to maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agencies and government sponsored enterprises |  | $ | 16,363 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 848 |  |  | $ | 15,515 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | 97,583 |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 7,172 |  |  |  | 90,435 |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal National Mortgage Association |  |  | 8,332 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 582 |  |  |  | 7,750 |
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation |  |  | 7,959 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,396 |  |  |  | 6,563 |
Government National Mortgage Association |  |  | 22,541 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,116 |  |  |  | 20,425 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal National Mortgage Association |  |  | 14,268 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,119 |  |  |  | 13,149 |
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation |  |  | 17,712 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,253 |  |  |  | 16,459 |
Government National Mortgage Association |  |  | 4,222 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 330 |  |  |  | 3,892 |
Total mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 75,034 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,796 |  |  |  | 68,238 |
Total held to maturity securities |  |  | 188,980 |  |  | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | 14,816 |  |  | $ | 174,188 |
Allowance for credit losses – securities |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total held to maturity securities, net |  | $ | 188,975 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

The Company elected to exclude accrued interest receivable (“AIR”) from the amortized cost basis of debt securities disclosed throughout this footnote. For AFS debt securities, AIR totaled $2.1 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. For HTM debt securities, AIR totaled $571 thousand and $695 thousand as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. AIR is included in other assets on the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition.

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, credit loss (credit) expense for HTM investment securities was a credit of $1 thousand and less than $1 thousand, respectively.

Investment securities with a total fair value of $845.2 million and $850.4 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, were pledged as collateral to secure public deposits and for other purposes required or permitted by law.

Interest and dividends on securities for the years ended December 31 are summarized as follows (in thousands):

|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Taxable interest and dividends |  | $ | 22,048 |  |  | $ | 22,498 |  |  | $ | 16,736 |
Tax-exempt interest and dividends |  |  | 1,575 |  |  |  | 2,043 |  |  |  | 2,355 |
Total interest and dividends on securities |  | $ | 23,623 |  |  | $ | 24,541 |  |  | $ | 19,091 |

Sales of securities available for sale for the years ended December 31 were as follows (in thousands):

|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Proceeds from sales |  | $ | 50,515 |  |  | $ | 6,252 |  |  | $ | 51,891 |
Gross realized gains |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 251 |
Gross realized losses |  |  | 3,576 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 180 |

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(3.) INVESTMENT SECURITIES (Continued)

The scheduled maturities of securities available for sale and securities held to maturity at December 31, 2023 are shown below (in thousands). Actual expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations.

|  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Fair Value |
Debt securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |
Due in one year or less |  | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | 36 |
Due from one to five years |  |  | 41,028 |  |  |  | 37,505 |
Due after five years through ten years |  |  | 133,978 |  |  |  | 119,497 |
Due after ten years |  |  | 862,947 |  |  |  | 730,692 |
Total available for sale securities |  | $ | 1,037,990 |  |  | $ | 887,730 |
Debt securities held to maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |
Due in one year or less |  | $ | 26,357 |  |  | $ | 26,202 |
Due from one to five years |  |  | 30,785 |  |  |  | 30,100 |
Due after five years through ten years |  |  | 30,028 |  |  |  | 27,140 |
Due after ten years |  |  | 60,990 |  |  |  | 53,588 |
Total held to maturity securities |  | $ | 148,160 |  |  | $ | 137,030 |

Unrealized losses on investment securities for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded and the fair value of the related securities, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of December 31 are summarized as follows (in thousands):

|  | Less than 12 months |  |  | 12 months or longer |  |  | Total |
|  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agencies and government sponsored enterprises |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 21,811 |  |  | $ | 2,724 |  |  | $ | 21,811 |  |  | $ | 2,724 |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal National Mortgage Association |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 388,191 |  |  |  | 61,219 |  |  |  | 388,199 |  |  |  | 61,219 |
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 314,854 |  |  |  | 59,665 |  |  |  | 314,854 |  |  |  | 59,665 |
Government National Mortgage Association |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 86,475 |  |  |  | 21,409 |  |  |  | 86,475 |  |  |  | 21,409 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal National Mortgage Association |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,611 |  |  |  | 2,343 |  |  |  | 8,611 |  |  |  | 2,343 |
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 15,580 |  |  |  | 4,186 |  |  |  | 15,580 |  |  |  | 4,186 |
Total mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 813,711 |  |  |  | 148,822 |  |  |  | 813,719 |  |  |  | 148,822 |
Total available for sale securities |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 835,522 |  |  |  | 151,546 |  |  |  | 835,530 |  |  |  | 151,546 |
Total temporarily impaired securities |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 835,522 |  |  | $ | 151,546 |  |  | $ | 835,530 |  |  | $ | 151,546 |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agencies and government sponsored enterprises |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 21,115 |  |  | $ | 3,420 |  |  | $ | 21,115 |  |  | $ | 3,420 |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal National Mortgage Association |  |  | 154,006 |  |  |  | 14,708 |  |  |  | 315,598 |  |  |  | 61,485 |  |  |  | 469,604 |  |  |  | 76,193 |
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation |  |  | 28,493 |  |  |  | 2,199 |  |  |  | 313,728 |  |  |  | 66,409 |  |  |  | 342,221 |  |  |  | 68,608 |
Government National Mortgage Association |  |  | 10,301 |  |  |  | 921 |  |  |  | 83,841 |  |  |  | 17,116 |  |  |  | 94,142 |  |  |  | 18,037 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal National Mortgage Association |  |  | 1,000 |  |  |  | 94 |  |  |  | 8,572 |  |  |  | 2,509 |  |  |  | 9,572 |  |  |  | 2,603 |
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 17,356 |  |  |  | 4,163 |  |  |  | 17,356 |  |  |  | 4,163 |
Total mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 193,800 |  |  |  | 17,922 |  |  |  | 739,095 |  |  |  | 151,682 |  |  |  | 932,895 |  |  |  | 169,604 |
Total available for sale securities |  |  | 193,800 |  |  |  | 17,922 |  |  |  | 760,210 |  |  |  | 155,102 |  |  |  | 954,010 |  |  |  | 173,024 |
Total temporarily impaired securities |  | $ | 193,800 |  |  | $ | 17,922 |  |  | $ | 760,210 |  |  | $ | 155,102 |  |  | $ | 954,010 |  |  | $ | 173,024 |

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(3.) INVESTMENT SECURITIES (Continued)

The total number of available for sale securities positions, for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded, in the investment portfolio in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2023 was 201 compared to 226 at December 31, 2022. At December 31, 2023, the Company had a position in 198 investment securities with a fair value of $835.5 million and a total unrealized loss of $151.5 million that has been in a continuous unrealized loss position for more than 12 months. At December 31, 2023, there were a total of three securities positions in the Company’s investment portfolio with a fair value of $8 thousand and a total unrealized loss of less than $1 thousand that had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months. At December 31, 2022, the Company had a position in 127 investment securities with a fair value of $760.2 million and a total unrealized loss of $155.1 million that has been in a continuous unrealized loss position for more than 12 months. At December 31, 2022, there were a total of 99 securities positions in the Company’s investment portfolio with a fair value of $193.8 million and a total unrealized loss of $17.9 million that had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months. The unrealized loss on investment securities was predominantly caused by changes in market interest rates subsequent to purchase. The fair value of most of the investment securities in the Company’s portfolio fluctuates as market interest rates change.

Securities Available for Sale

As of December 31, 2023, no allowance for credit losses has been recognized on available for sale securities in an unrealized loss position as management does not believe any of the securities are impaired due to reasons of credit quality. This is based upon our analysis of the underlying risk characteristics, including credit ratings, and other qualitative factors related to our available for sale sec urities and in consideration of our historical credit loss experience and internal forecasts. The issuers of these securities continue to make timely principal and interest payments under the contractual terms of the securities. Furthermore, the Company expects to recover the amortized cost basis of its investments and more than likely will not need to sell before the recovery period for operating purposes, with no impairment identified. As the portfolio is managed from a liquidity, earnings, and risk standpoint, sales from the AFS portfolio may be warranted based upon prevailing market factors. The unrealized losses are due to increases in market interest rates over the yields available at the time the underlying securities were purchased. The fair value is expected to recover as the securities approach their maturity date or repricing date or if market yields for such investments decline.

Securities Held to Maturity

The Company’s HTM investment securities include debt securities that are issued by U.S. government agencies or U.S. government-sponsored enterprises. These securities carry the explicit and/or implicit guarantee of the U.S. government, are widely recognized as “risk free,” and have a long history of zero credit loss. In addition, the Company’s HTM investment securities include debt securities that are issued by state and local government agencies, or municipal bonds.

The Company monitors the credit quality of our municipal bonds through the use of a credit rating agency or by ratings that are derived by an internal scoring model. The scoring methodology for the internally derived ratings is based on a series of financial ratios for the municipality being reviewed as compared to typical industry figures. This information is used to determine the financial strengths and weaknesses of the municipality, which is indicated with a numeric rating. This number is then converted into a letter rating to better match the system used by the credit rating agencies. As of December 31, 2023, $64.6 million of our municipal bonds were rated as an equivalent to Standard & Poor’s A/AA/AAA, with $4.2 million internally rated to be the equivalent of Standard & Poor’s A/AA/AAA rating. Additionally, no municipal bonds were rated below investment grade. As of December 31, 2022, $90.6 million of our municipal bonds were rated as an equivalent to Standard & Poor’s A/AA/AAA, with $6.9 million internally rated to be the equivalent of Standard & Poor’s A/AA/AAA rating. Additionally, as of December 31, 2022, no municipal bonds were rated below investment grade.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company h ad no pa st due or nonaccrual held to maturity investment securities.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(4.) LOANS HELD FOR SALE AND LOAN SERVICING RIGHTS

Loans held for sale were entirely comprised of residential real estate loans and totaled $1.4 million and $550 thousand as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The Company sells certain qualifying newly originated or refinanced residential real estate loans on the secondary market. Residential real estate loans serviced for others, which are not included in the consolidated statements of financial condition, amounted to $269.4 million and $275.3 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. In connection with these mortgage-servicing activities, the Company administered escrow and other custodial funds which amounted to approximately $4.8 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

The activity in capitalized loan servicing assets is summarized as follows for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):

|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Mortgage servicing assets, beginning of year |  | $ | 1,470 |  |  | $ | 1,518 |  |  | $ | 1,376 |
Originations |  |  | 436 |  |  |  | 210 |  |  |  | 520 |
Amortization |  |  | (446 | ) |  |  | (258 | ) |  |  | (378 | )
Mortgage servicing assets, end of year |  |  | 1,460 |  |  |  | 1,470 |  |  |  | 1,518 |
Valuation allowance |  |  | (78 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1 | )
Mortgage servicing assets, net, end of year |  | $ | 1,382 |  |  | $ | 1,470 |  |  | $ | 1,517 |

(5.) LOANS

The Company’s loan portfolio consisted of the following at December 31 (in thousands):

|  | Principal Amount Outstanding |  |  | Net Deferred Loan (Fees) Costs |  |  | Loans, Net |
2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business |  | $ | 734,947 |  |  | $ | 753 |  |  | $ | 735,700 |
Commercial mortgage |  |  | 2,009,269 |  |  |  | (3,950 | ) |  |  | 2,005,319 |
Residential real estate loans |  |  | 637,173 |  |  |  | 12,649 |  |  |  | 649,822 |
Residential real estate lines |  |  | 73,972 |  |  |  | 3,395 |  |  |  | 77,367 |
Consumer indirect |  |  | 915,723 |  |  |  | 33,108 |  |  |  | 948,831 |
Other consumer |  |  | 45,167 |  |  |  | (67 | ) |  |  | 45,100 |
Total |  | $ | 4,416,251 |  |  | $ | 45,888 |  |  |  | 4,462,139 |
Allowance for credit losses – loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (51,082 | )
Total loans, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,411,057 |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business |  | $ | 663,611 |  |  | $ | 638 |  |  | $ | 664,249 |
Commercial mortgage |  |  | 1,683,814 |  |  |  | (3,974 | ) |  |  | 1,679,840 |
Residential real estate loans |  |  | 576,279 |  |  |  | 13,681 |  |  |  | 589,960 |
Residential real estate lines |  |  | 74,432 |  |  |  | 3,238 |  |  |  | 77,670 |
Consumer indirect |  |  | 985,580 |  |  |  | 38,040 |  |  |  | 1,023,620 |
Other consumer |  |  | 15,002 |  |  |  | 108 |  |  |  | 15,110 |
Total |  | $ | 3,998,718 |  |  | $ | 51,731 |  |  |  | 4,050,449 |
Allowance for credit losses – loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (45,413 | )
Total loans, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,005,036 |

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(5.) LOANS (Continued)

The Company elected to exclude AIR from the amortized cost basis of loans disclosed throughout this footnote. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, AIR for loans totaled $21.8 million and $16.6 million, respectively, and is included in other assets on the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition.

The Company’s significant concentrations of credit risk in the loan portfolio relate to a geographic concentration in the communities that the Company serves.

Certain executive officers, directors and their business interests are customers of the Company. Transactions with these parties are based on the same terms as similar transactions with unrelated third parties and do not carry more than normal credit risk. Borrowings by these related parties amounted t o $40.0 million and $37.8 million a t December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. During 2023, new borrowings amounte d to $10.7 million (including borrowings of executive officers and directors that were outstanding at the time of their appointment), and repayments and other reductions were $8.5 million.

Past Due Loans Aging

The Company’s recorded investment, by loan class, in current and nonaccrual loans, as well as an analysis of accruing delinquent loans is set forth as of December 31 (in thousands):

|  | 30-59 Days Past Due |  |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  |  | Greater Than 90 Days |  |  | Total Past Due |  |  | Nonaccrual |  |  | Current |  |  | Total Loans |  |  | Nonaccrual with no allowance |
2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business |  | $ | 341 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 341 |  |  | $ | 5,664 |  |  | $ | 728,942 |  |  | $ | 734,947 |  |  | $ | 341 |
Commercial mortgage |  |  | 5,900 |  |  |  | 727 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,627 |  |  |  | 10,563 |  |  |  | 1,992,079 |  |  |  | 2,009,269 |  |  |  | 10,563 |
Residential real estate loans |  |  | 2,614 |  |  |  | 80 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,694 |  |  |  | 6,364 |  |  |  | 628,115 |  |  |  | 637,173 |  |  |  | 6,364 |
Residential real estate lines |  |  | 163 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 183 |  |  |  | 221 |  |  |  | 73,568 |  |  |  | 73,972 |  |  |  | 221 |
Consumer indirect |  |  | 16,128 |  |  |  | 3,204 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 19,332 |  |  |  | 3,814 |  |  |  | 892,577 |  |  |  | 915,723 |  |  |  | 3,814 |
Other consumer |  |  | 122 |  |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | 170 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 44,984 |  |  |  | 45,167 |  |  |  | 13 |
Total loans, gross |  | $ | 25,268 |  |  | $ | 4,058 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 29,347 |  |  | $ | 26,639 |  |  | $ | 4,360,265 |  |  | $ | 4,416,251 |  |  | $ | 21,316 |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business |  | $ | 176 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 186 |  |  | $ | 340 |  |  | $ | 663,085 |  |  | $ | 663,611 |  |  | $ | 233 |
Commercial mortgage |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,564 |  |  |  | 1,681,250 |  |  |  | 1,683,814 |  |  |  | 659 |
Residential real estate loans |  |  | 1,306 |  |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,334 |  |  |  | 4,071 |  |  |  | 570,874 |  |  |  | 576,279 |  |  |  | 4,071 |
Residential real estate lines |  |  | 264 |  |  |  | 102 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 366 |  |  |  | 142 |  |  |  | 73,924 |  |  |  | 74,432 |  |  |  | 142 |
Consumer indirect |  |  | 12,637 |  |  |  | 2,073 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 14,710 |  |  |  | 3,079 |  |  |  | 967,791 |  |  |  | 985,580 |  |  |  | 3,079 |
Other consumer |  |  | 111 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 113 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 14,888 |  |  |  | 15,002 |  |  |  | 1 |
Total loans, gross |  | $ | 14,494 |  |  | $ | 2,214 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 16,709 |  |  | $ | 10,197 |  |  | $ | 3,971,812 |  |  | $ | 3,998,718 |  |  | $ | 8,185 |

There was $21 thousand an d $1 thousand in consumer overdrafts which were past due greater than 90 days as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Consumer overdrafts are overdrawn deposit accounts which have been reclassified as loans but by their terms do not accrue interest.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(5.) LOANS (Continued)

Interest income on nonaccrual loans, if recognized, is recorded using the cash basis method of accounting. There was no interest income recognized on nonaccrual loans during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, estimated interest income of $589 thousand, $391 thousand, and $211 thousand, respectively, would have been recorded if all such loans had been accruing interest according to their original contractual terms.

Loans Modifications for Borrower Experiencing Financial Difficulty

Loans may be modified when it is determined that a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. Loan modifications may include principal forgiveness, interest rate reduction, an other-than-insignificant payment delay, and term extensions, or a combination of these concessions.

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of loans modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, disaggregated by loan class and type of concession granted as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

|  | Amortized Cost Basis |  |  |  |
Loan Type |  | Interest Rate Reduction |  |  | Term Extension |  |  | Principal Forgiveness |  |  | Combination - Term Extension and Principal Forgiveness |  |  | Combination - Term Extension and Interest Rate Reduction |  |  | Total |  |  | % of Total Loans |
Commercial business |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | 0.0 | %
Commercial mortgage |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 0.0 | %
Residential real estate loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | 935 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 935 |  |  |  | 0.1 | %
Residential real estate lines |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 0.0 | %
Consumer indirect |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 0.0 | %
Other consumer |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 0.0 | %
Total |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 935 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 935 |  |  |  | 0.0 | %

The following table describes the financial effect of the modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty:

Term Extension
Loan Type |  | Financial Effect
Residential real estate loans |  | Added a weighted average 10.0 years to the life of the loans, which reduced monthly payment amount for the borrower.

The Company closely monitors the performance of loans that are modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of its modification efforts. The following table depicts the performance of loans that have been modified during the year ended December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

|  | Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis) |
Loan Type |  | Current |  |  | 30-89 Days Past Due |  |  | 90+ Days Past Due |
Commercial business |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Commercial mortgage |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Residential real estate loans |  |  | 611 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 324 |
Residential real estate lines |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Consumer indirect |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Other consumer |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total |  | $ | 611 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 324 |

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Table of Contents

FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(5.) LOANS (Continued)

Collateral Dependent Loans

Management has determined that specific commercial loans on nonaccrual status, all loans that have had their terms restructured when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, and other loans deemed appropriate by management where repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral to be collateral dependent loans. The amortized cost basis of collateral dependent loans categorized by collateral type are set forth as of the dates indicated (in thousands):

|  | Collateral Type |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Business Assets |  |  | Real Property |  |  | Total |  |  | Specific Reserve |
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business |  | $ | 8,698 |  |  | $ | 5,000 |  |  | $ | 13,698 |  |  | $ | 2,198 |
Commercial mortgage |  |  | - |  |  |  | 26,575 |  |  |  | 26,575 |  |  |  | 559 |
Total |  | $ | 8,698 |  |  | $ | 31,575 |  |  | $ | 40,273 |  |  | $ | 2,757 |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business |  | $ | 147 |  |  | $ | 993 |  |  | $ | 1,140 |  |  | $ | 126 |
Commercial mortgage |  |  | - |  |  |  | 21,592 |  |  |  | 21,592 |  |  |  | 1,152 |
Total |  | $ | 147 |  |  | $ | 22,585 |  |  | $ | 22,732 |  |  | $ | 1,278 |

Credit Quality Indicators

The Company categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors such as the fair value of collateral. The Company analyzes commercial business and commercial mortgage loans individually by classifying the loans as to credit risk. Risk ratings are updated any time the situation warrants. The Company uses the following definitions for risk ratings:

Special Mention: Loans classified as special mention have a potential weakness that deserves management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or of the Company’s credit position at some future date.

Substandard: Loans classified as substandard are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful: Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.

Loans that do not meet the criteria above that are analyzed individually as part of the process described above are considered “uncriticized” or pass-rated loans and are included in groups of homogeneous loans with similar risk and loss characteristics.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(5.) LOANS (Continued)

The following tables sets forth the Company’s commercial loan portfolio, categorized by internally assigned asset classification, as of the dates indicated (in thousands):

|  | Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis |  |  | Revolving Loans Converted to Term |  |  | Total |
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Business: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Uncriticized |  | $ | 111,035 |  |  | $ | 124,572 |  |  | $ | 77,079 |  |  | $ | 49,531 |  |  | $ | 21,971 |  |  | $ | 64,648 |  |  | $ | 257,585 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 706,421 |
Special mention |  |  | 7,532 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,400 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 114 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,442 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 12,488 |
Substandard |  |  | 1,609 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 81 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 888 |  |  |  | 8,532 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 11,121 |
Doubtful |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,097 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 397 |  |  |  | 162 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,670 |
Total |  | $ | 120,176 |  |  | $ | 129,680 |  |  | $ | 79,560 |  |  | $ | 49,531 |  |  | $ | 22,099 |  |  | $ | 65,933 |  |  | $ | 268,721 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 735,700 |
Current period gross write-offs |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 235 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 282 |
Commercial Mortgage: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Uncriticized |  | $ | 350,370 |  |  | $ | 603,686 |  |  | $ | 328,916 |  |  | $ | 209,213 |  |  | $ | 151,022 |  |  | $ | 294,703 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,937,910 |
Special mention |  |  | - |  |  |  | 494 |  |  |  | 17,136 |  |  |  | 8,982 |  |  |  | 119 |  |  |  | 11,355 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 38,086 |
Substandard |  |  | - |  |  |  | 338 |  |  |  | 212 |  |  |  | 918 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 17,291 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 18,759 |
Doubtful |  |  | 1,397 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,098 |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 67 |  |  |  | 4,988 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 10,564 |
Total |  | $ | 351,767 |  |  | $ | 604,518 |  |  | $ | 350,362 |  |  | $ | 219,127 |  |  | $ | 151,208 |  |  | $ | 328,337 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 2,005,319 |
Current period gross write-offs |  | $ | 981 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,012 |
|  | Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis |  |  | Revolving Loans Converted to Term |  |  | Total |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Business: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Uncriticized |  | $ | 146,581 |  |  | $ | 105,001 |  |  | $ | 61,115 |  |  | $ | 29,644 |  |  | $ | 39,625 |  |  | $ | 21,467 |  |  | $ | 244,848 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 648,281 |
Special mention |  |  | 238 |  |  |  | 2,351 |  |  |  | 8,736 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,809 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13,146 |
Substandard |  |  | - |  |  |  | 72 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 42 |  |  |  | 516 |  |  |  | 1,034 |  |  |  | 1,158 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,822 |
Doubtful |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total |  | $ | 146,819 |  |  | $ | 107,424 |  |  | $ | 69,851 |  |  | $ | 29,693 |  |  | $ | 40,146 |  |  | $ | 22,501 |  |  | $ | 247,815 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 664,249 |
Commercial Mortgage: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Uncriticized |  | $ | 464,863 |  |  | $ | 380,138 |  |  | $ | 260,463 |  |  | $ | 171,918 |  |  | $ | 116,770 |  |  | $ | 248,771 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,642,923 |
Special mention |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,319 |  |  |  | 136 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 11,784 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 14,239 |
Substandard |  |  | 2,987 |  |  |  | 202 |  |  |  | 105 |  |  |  | 78 |  |  |  | 10,104 |  |  |  | 9,202 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 22,678 |
Doubtful |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total |  | $ | 467,850 |  |  | $ | 380,340 |  |  | $ | 262,887 |  |  | $ | 172,132 |  |  | $ | 126,874 |  |  | $ | 269,757 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,679,840 |

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(5.) LOANS (Continued)

The Company utilizes payment status as a means of identifying and reporting problem and potential problem retail loans. The Company considers nonaccrual loans and loans past due greater than 90 days and still accruing interest to be non-performing. The following tables sets forth the Company’s retail loan portfolio, categorized by payment status, as of the dates indicated (in thousands):

|  | Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis |  |  | Revolving Loans Converted to Term |  |  | Total |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | Prior |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential Real Estate Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 112,704 |  |  | $ | 80,117 |  |  | $ | 80,323 |  |  | $ | 109,601 |  |  | $ | 70,325 |  |  | $ | 190,388 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 643,458 |
Nonperforming |  |  | - |  |  |  | 384 |  |  |  | 1,190 |  |  |  | 1,354 |  |  |  | 1,137 |  |  |  | 2,299 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,364 |
Total |  | $ | 112,704 |  |  | $ | 80,501 |  |  | $ | 81,513 |  |  | $ | 110,955 |  |  | $ | 71,462 |  |  | $ | 192,687 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 649,822 |
Current period gross write-offs |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | 95 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 127 |
Residential Real Estate Lines: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 72,128 |  |  | $ | 5,018 |  |  | $ | 77,146 |
Nonperforming |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 55 |  |  |  | 166 |  |  |  | 221 |
Total |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 72,183 |  |  | $ | 5,184 |  |  | $ | 77,367 |
Current period gross write-offs |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 41 |
Consumer Indirect: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 247,194 |  |  | $ | 336,369 |  |  | $ | 232,891 |  |  | $ | 78,652 |  |  | $ | 31,091 |  |  | $ | 18,820 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 945,017 |
Nonperforming |  |  | 724 |  |  |  | 1,083 |  |  |  | 1,273 |  |  |  | 380 |  |  |  | 224 |  |  |  | 130 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,814 |
Total |  | $ | 247,918 |  |  | $ | 337,452 |  |  | $ | 234,164 |  |  | $ | 79,032 |  |  | $ | 31,315 |  |  | $ | 18,950 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 948,831 |
Current period gross write-offs |  | $ | 1,371 |  |  | $ | 6,279 |  |  | $ | 5,845 |  |  | $ | 1,787 |  |  | $ | 1,282 |  |  | $ | 1,459 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 18,023 |
Other Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 35,483 |  |  | $ | 3,990 |  |  | $ | 1,424 |  |  | $ | 949 |  |  | $ | 217 |  |  | $ | 256 |  |  | $ | 2,747 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 45,066 |
Nonperforming |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 34 |
Total |  | $ | 35,496 |  |  | $ | 3,990 |  |  | $ | 1,424 |  |  | $ | 949 |  |  | $ | 217 |  |  | $ | 256 |  |  | $ | 2,768 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 45,100 |
Current period gross write-offs |  | $ | 902 |  |  | $ | 127 |  |  | $ | 105 |  |  | $ | 52 |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 47 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,284 |

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Table of Contents

FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(5.) LOANS (Continued)

|  | Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis |  |  | Revolving Loans Converted to Term |  |  | Total |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | Prior |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential Real Estate Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 79,882 |  |  | $ | 85,821 |  |  | $ | 118,819 |  |  | $ | 76,437 |  |  | $ | 55,520 |  |  | $ | 169,410 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 585,889 |
Nonperforming |  |  | - |  |  |  | 305 |  |  |  | 510 |  |  |  | 795 |  |  |  | 677 |  |  |  | 1,784 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,071 |
Total |  | $ | 79,882 |  |  | $ | 86,126 |  |  | $ | 119,329 |  |  | $ | 77,232 |  |  | $ | 56,197 |  |  | $ | 171,194 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 589,960 |
Residential Real Estate Lines: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 70,942 |  |  | $ | 6,586 |  |  | $ | 77,528 |
Nonperforming |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 108 |  |  |  | 142 |
Total |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 70,976 |  |  | $ | 6,694 |  |  | $ | 77,670 |
Consumer Indirect: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 440,332 |  |  | $ | 331,902 |  |  | $ | 126,664 |  |  | $ | 59,981 |  |  | $ | 39,352 |  |  | $ | 22,310 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,020,541 |
Nonperforming |  |  | 748 |  |  |  | 1,209 |  |  |  | 432 |  |  |  | 381 |  |  |  | 205 |  |  |  | 104 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,079 |
Total |  | $ | 441,080 |  |  | $ | 333,111 |  |  | $ | 127,096 |  |  | $ | 60,362 |  |  | $ | 39,557 |  |  | $ | 22,414 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,023,620 |
Other Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 6,463 |  |  | $ | 2,664 |  |  | $ | 2,043 |  |  | $ | 761 |  |  | $ | 213 |  |  | $ | 308 |  |  | $ | 2,656 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 15,108 |
Nonperforming |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2 |
Total |  | $ | 6,463 |  |  | $ | 2,664 |  |  | $ | 2,043 |  |  | $ | 761 |  |  | $ | 213 |  |  | $ | 308 |  |  | $ | 2,658 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 15,110 |

Allowance for Credit Losses – Loans

The following tables set forth the changes in the allowance for credit losses – loans for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):

|  | Commercial Business |  |  | Commercial Mortgage |  |  | Residential Real Estate Loans |  |  | Residential Real Estate Lines |  |  | Consumer Indirect |  |  | Other Consumer |  |  | Total |
2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  |  | 12,585 |  |  |  | 14,412 |  |  |  | 3,301 |  |  |  | 608 |  |  |  | 14,238 |  |  |  | 269 |  |  | $ | 45,413 |
Charge-offs |  |  | (282 | ) |  |  | (1,012 | ) |  |  | (127 | ) |  |  | (41 | ) |  |  | (18,023 | ) |  |  | (1,284 | ) |  |  | (20,769 | )
Recoveries |  |  | 391 |  |  |  | 977 |  |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 10,428 |  |  |  | 391 |  |  |  | 12,225 |
Provision |  |  | 408 |  |  |  | 1,481 |  |  |  | 2,074 |  |  |  | 197 |  |  |  | 7,456 |  |  |  | 2,597 |  |  |  | 14,213 |
Ending balance |  | $ | 13,102 |  |  | $ | 15,858 |  |  | $ | 5,286 |  |  | $ | 764 |  |  | $ | 14,099 |  |  | $ | 1,973 |  |  | $ | 51,082 |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  |  | 11,099 |  |  |  | 14,777 |  |  |  | 1,604 |  |  |  | 379 |  |  |  | 11,611 |  |  |  | 206 |  |  | $ | 39,676 |
Charge-offs |  |  | (312 | ) |  |  | (1,170 | ) |  |  | (303 | ) |  |  | (38 | ) |  |  | (13,215 | ) |  |  | (1,682 | ) |  |  | (16,720 | )
Recoveries |  |  | 376 |  |  |  | 2,023 |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 39 |  |  |  | 8,677 |  |  |  | 343 |  |  |  | 11,482 |
Provision (benefit) |  |  | 1,422 |  |  |  | (1,218 | ) |  |  | 1,976 |  |  |  | 228 |  |  |  | 7,165 |  |  |  | 1,402 |  |  |  | 10,975 |
Ending balance |  | $ | 12,585 |  |  | $ | 14,412 |  |  | $ | 3,301 |  |  | $ | 608 |  |  | $ | 14,238 |  |  | $ | 269 |  |  | $ | 45,413 |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  |  | 13,580 |  |  |  | 21,763 |  |  |  | 3,924 |  |  |  | 674 |  |  |  | 12,165 |  |  |  | 314 |  |  |  | 52,420 |
Charge-offs |  |  | (669 | ) |  |  | (3,999 | ) |  |  | (148 | ) |  |  | (141 | ) |  |  | (7,236 | ) |  |  | (1,026 | ) |  |  | (13,219 | )
Recoveries |  |  | 881 |  |  |  | 185 |  |  |  | 92 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,980 |  |  |  | 321 |  |  |  | 7,459 |
(Benefit) provision |  |  | (2,693 | ) |  |  | (3,172 | ) |  |  | (2,264 | ) |  |  | (154 | ) |  |  | 702 |  |  |  | 597 |  |  |  | (6,984 | )
Ending balance |  | $ | 11,099 |  |  | $ | 14,777 |  |  | $ | 1,604 |  |  | $ | 379 |  |  | $ | 11,611 |  |  | $ | 206 |  |  | $ | 39,676 |

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(5.) LOANS (Continued)

Risk Characteristics

Commercial business loans primarily consist of loans to small to mid-sized businesses in our market area in a diverse range of industries. These loans are of higher risk and typically are made on the basis of the borrower’s ability to make repayment from the cash flow of the borrower’s business. Further, the collateral securing the loans may depreciate over time, may be difficult to appraise and may fluctuate in value. The credit risk related to commercial loans is largely influenced by general economic conditions, inflation and the resulting impact on a borrower’s operations or on the value of underlying collateral, if any.

Commercial mortgage loans generally have larger balances and involve a greater degree of risk than residential mortgage loans, potentially resulting in higher potential losses on an individual customer basis. Loan repayment is often dependent on the successful operation and management of the properties, as well as on the collateral securing the loan. Economic events, inflation or conditions in the real estate market could have an adverse impact on the cash flows generated by properties securing the Company’s commercial real estate loans and on the value of such properties.

Residential real estate loans (comprised of conventional mortgages and home equity loans) and residential real estate lines (comprised of home equity lines) are generally made based on the borrower’s ability to make repayment from his or her employment and other income but are secured by real property whose value tends to be more easily ascertainable. Credit risk for these types of loans is generally influenced by general economic conditions, inflation, the characteristics of individual borrowers, and the nature of the loan collateral.

Consumer indirect and other consumer loans may entail greater credit risk than residential mortgage loans and home equities, particularly in the case of other consumer loans which are unsecured or, in the case of indirect consumer loans, secured by depreciable assets, such as automobiles. In such cases, any repossessed collateral for a defaulted consumer loan may not provide an adequate source of repayment of the outstanding loan balance. In addition, consumer loan collections are dependent on the borrower’s continuing financial stability, and thus are more likely to be affected by adverse personal circumstances such as job loss, illness or personal bankruptcy, including the heightened risk that such circumstances may arise as a result inflatio n. Furthermore, the application of various federal and state laws, including bankruptcy and insolvency laws, may limit the amount which can be recovered on such loans.

(6.) PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT, NET

Major classes of premises and equipment at December 31 are summarized as follows (in thousands):

|  | 2023(1) |  |  | 2022(1) |
Land and land improvements |  | $ | 5,019 |  |  | $ | 5,019 |
Buildings and leasehold improvements |  |  | 52,601 |  |  |  | 51,206 |
Furniture, fixtures, equipment and vehicles |  |  | 45,369 |  |  |  | 44,974 |
Premises and equipment |  |  | 102,989 |  |  |  | 101,199 |
Accumulated depreciation and amortization |  |  | (63,087 | ) |  |  | (59,213 | )
Premises and equipment, net |  | $ | 39,902 |  |  | $ | 41,986 |

(1)
The premises and equipment balances exclude amounts reclassified to assets held for sale. See Note 2, Restructuring Charges, for additional information.

Depreciation and amortization expense included in occupancy and equipment expense on the consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31 was as follows (in thousands):

|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Occupancy and equipment expense |  | $ | 3,658 |  |  | $ | 3,971 |  |  | $ | 3,905 |
Computer and data processing expense |  |  | 1,367 |  |  |  | 888 |  |  |  | 659 |
Total depreciation and amortization expense |  | $ | 5,025 |  |  | $ | 4,859 |  |  | $ | 4,564 |

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(7.) GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS

Goodwill

Goodwill is not amortized but, instead, is subject to impairment tests on at least an annual basis, and more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. The Company performs its annual impairment test of goodwill as of October 1 st of each year. See Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, for the Company’s accounting policy for goodwill and other intangible assets.

The Company considered the continued capital markets downturn for bank stocks due to macroeconomic pressures, including inflation, along with volatility in the banking industry as a result of recent bank failures during the first half of 2023, a “triggering event” for purposes of a goodwill impairment test, and a quantitative assessment of the Banking reporting unit was performed in the second quarter of 2023. Based on this quantitative assessment, the Company concluded that there was no goodwill impairment as of June 30, 2023. At that time, a qualitative assessment was performed for the SDN and Courier Capital reporting units and the Company concluded no quantitative assessment was deemed necessary as of June 30, 2023.

The Company completed annual impairment assessments for all reporting units during the fourth quarter of 2023, utilizing a quantitative assessment. Based on the results of the 2023 annual impairment tests, management concluded that there was no goodwill impairment. There were no goodwill impairment charges recorded in 2023, 2022 or 2021.

Declines in the market value of the Company’s publicly traded stock price or declines in the Company’s ability to generate future cash flows may increase the potential that goodwill recorded on the Company’s consolidated statement of financial condition be designated as impaired and that the Company may incur a goodwill write-down in the future.

The change in the balance for goodwill during the years ended December 31 was as follows (in thousands):

|  | Banking |  |  | All Other(1) |  |  | Total |
Balance, December 31, 2021 |  | $ | 48,536 |  |  | $ | 18,535 |  |  | $ | 67,071 |
No activity during the period |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Balance, December 31, 2022 |  |  | 48,536 |  |  |  | 18,535 |  |  |  | 67,071 |
No activity during the period |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Balance, December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 48,536 |  |  | $ | 18,535 |  |  | $ | 67,071 |

(1)
All Other includes the SDN, Courier Capital and HNP prior to the May 1, 2023 merger. The amounts are reported net of $4.7 million accumulated impairment related to the SDN reporting unit.

Other Intangible Assets

The Company has other intangible assets that are amortized, consisting of core deposit intangibles and other intangibles (primarily related to customer relationships). Changes in the gross carrying amount, accumulated amortization and net book value for the years ended December 31 were as follows (in thousands):

|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Core deposit intangibles: |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross carrying amount |  | $ | 2,042 |  |  | $ | 2,042 |
Accumulated amortization |  |  | (2,042 | ) |  |  | (2,042 | )
Net book value |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Other intangibles: |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross carrying amount |  | $ | 14,545 |  |  | $ | 14,545 |
Accumulated amortization |  |  | (9,112 | ) |  |  | (8,202 | )
Net book value |  | $ | 5,433 |  |  | $ | 6,343 |

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(7.) GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS (Continued)

Other intangibles amortization expense was $910 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2023. Core deposit intangibles and other intangibles amortization expense was $3 thousand and $983 thousand, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2022. Core deposit intangibles and other intangibles amortization expense was $25 thousand and $1.0 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2021. Estimated amortization expense of other intangible assets for each of the next five years is as follows (in thousands):

|  | Amount |
2024 |  | $ | 838 |
2025 |  |  | 766 |
2026 |  |  | 694 |
2027 |  |  | 623 |
2028 |  |  | 551 |
Thereafter |  |  | 1,961 |
Total |  | $ | 5,433 |

(8.) LEASES

Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 842, Leases (“ASC 842”), establishes a right of use model that requires a lessee to record a right of use asset and a lease liability for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. The Company is obligated under a number of non-cancellable operating lease agreements for land, buildings and equipment with terms, including renewal options reasonably certain to be exercised, extending through 2061. Two building leases were subleased with terms that extended through December 31, 2024.

The following table represents the consolidated statements of financial condition classification of the Company’s right of use assets and lease liabilities as of December 31 (in thousands):

|  | Balance Sheet Location |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Operating Lease Right of Use Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross carrying amount |  | Other assets |  | $ | 38,684 |  |  | $ | 36,723 |
Accumulated amortization |  | Other assets |  |  | (7,160 | ) |  |  | (5,603 | )
Net book value |  |  |  | $ | 31,524 |  |  | $ | 31,120 |
Operating Lease Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Right of use lease obligations |  | Other liabilities |  | $ | 33,788 |  |  | $ | 33,229 |

The weighted average remaining lease term for operating leases was 20.6 years at December 31, 2023 and the weighted-average discount rate used in the measurement of operating lease liabilities was 3.91%. The Company utilizes its incremental borrowing rate at lease inception, on a collateralized basis, over a similar term for the discount rate.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(8.) LEASES (Continued)

The following table represents lease costs and other lease information for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):

|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Lease Costs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease costs |  | $ | 3,082 |  |  | $ | 2,885 |  |  | $ | 2,830 |
Variable lease costs (1) |  |  | 406 |  |  |  | 475 |  |  |  | 427 |
Sublease income |  |  | (106 | ) |  |  | (69 | ) |  |  | (23 | )
Net lease costs |  | $ | 3,382 |  |  | $ | 3,291 |  |  | $ | 3,234 |
Other information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating cash flows from operating leases |  | $ | 2,963 |  |  | $ | 2,587 |  |  | $ | 2,647 |
Right of use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 2,249 |  |  | $ | 11,006 |  |  | $ | 4,251 |

(1)
Variable lease costs primarily represent variable payments such as common area maintenance, insurance, taxes and utilities.

Future minimum payments under non-cancellable operating leases with initial or remaining terms of one year or more are as follows at December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

|  | Amount |
2024 |  | $ | 2,984 |
2025 |  |  | 2,887 |
2026 |  |  | 2,733 |
2027 |  |  | 2,703 |
2028 |  |  | 2,420 |
Thereafter |  |  | 37,013 |
Total future minimum operating lease payments |  |  | 50,740 |
Amounts representing interest |  |  | (16,952 | )
Present value of net future minimum operating lease payments |  | $ | 33,788 |

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(9.) OTHER ASSETS AND OTHER LIABILITIES

A summary of other assets and other liabilities as of December 31 is as follows (in thousands):

|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Other Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Tax credit investments |  | $ | 68,253 |  |  | $ | 55,568 |
Net deferred tax asset |  |  | 48,733 |  |  |  | 53,427 |
Derivative instruments |  |  | 43,506 |  |  |  | 54,557 |
Operating lease right of use assets |  |  | 31,524 |  |  |  | 31,120 |
Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) and Federal Reserve Bank (FRB) stock |  |  | 17,406 |  |  |  | 19,385 |
Accrued interest receivable |  |  | 24,481 |  |  |  | 19,371 |
Other |  |  | 80,454 |  |  |  | 29,564 |
Total other assets |  | $ | 314,357 |  |  | $ | 262,992 |
Other Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Collateral on derivative instruments |  | $ | 40,350 |  |  | $ | 54,300 |
Derivative instruments |  |  | 37,521 |  |  |  | 47,751 |
Operating lease right of use obligations |  |  | 33,788 |  |  |  | 33,229 |
Accrued interest expense |  |  | 19,412 |  |  |  | 5,983 |
Other |  |  | 52,570 |  |  |  | 41,758 |
Total other liabilities |  | $ | 183,641 |  |  | $ | 183,021 |

Included in other assets at December 31, 2023 was a receivable of $37.9 million related to the surrender of a COLI policy in connection with the surrender and redeploy strategy during the fourth quarter of 2023. The Company expects to receive the proceeds from this transaction in the first half of 2024.

(10.) DEPOSITS

A summary of deposits as of December 31 is as follows (in thousands):

|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Noninterest-bearing demand |  | $ | 1,010,614 |  |  | $ | 1,139,214 |
Interest-bearing demand |  |  | 713,158 |  |  |  | 863,822 |
Savings and money market |  |  | 2,084,444 |  |  |  | 1,643,516 |
Time deposits, due: |  |  |  |  |  |
Within one year |  |  | 1,310,495 |  |  |  | 1,238,202 |
One to two years |  |  | 79,684 |  |  |  | 35,046 |
Two to three years |  |  | 12,391 |  |  |  | 4,952 |
Three to four years |  |  | 1,634 |  |  |  | 3,386 |
Four to five years |  |  | 492 |  |  |  | 1,286 |
Thereafter |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total time deposits |  |  | 1,404,696 |  |  |  | 1,282,872 |
Total deposits |  | $ | 5,212,912 |  |  | $ | 4,929,424 |

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the aggregate amount of uninsured deposits (deposits in amounts greater than $250 thousand, which is the maximum amount for federal deposit insurance) was $1.82 billion, or 35% of total deposits, and $1.29 billion, or 26% of total deposits, respectively. The portion of time deposits by account that were in excess of the FDIC insurance limit at December 31, 2023 and 2022 amounted to $302.6 million and $258.7 million, respectively.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, $206.8 million and $207.2 million of interest-bearing demand deposits and $50.0 million and $140.0 million of time deposits are brokered deposit accounts.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(10.) DEPOSITS (Continued)

Interest expense by deposit type for the years ended December 31 is summarized as follows (in thousands):

|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Interest-bearing demand |  | $ | 7,127 |  |  | $ | 2,180 |  |  | $ | 1,156 |
Savings and money market |  |  | 41,424 |  |  |  | 9,778 |  |  |  | 3,363 |
Time deposits |  |  | 58,810 |  |  |  | 11,036 |  |  |  | 3,599 |
Total interest expense on deposits |  | $ | 107,361 |  |  | $ | 22,994 |  |  | $ | 8,118 |

Interest expense included in the table above attributable to brokered deposits was $20.2 million, $5.1 million and $588 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(11.) BORROWINGS

The Company classifies borrowings as short-term or long-term in accordance with the original terms of the applicable agreement. Outstanding borrowings consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands):

|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Short-term borrowings: |  |  |  |  |  |
FHLB borrowings |  | $ | 107,000 |  |  | $ | 205,000 |
FRB borrowings |  |  | 78,000 |  |  |  | - |
Total short-term borrowings |  |  | 185,000 |  |  |  | 205,000 |
Long-term borrowings: |  |  |  |  |  |
FHLB borrowings |  |  | 50,000 |  |  |  | - |
Subordinated notes, net |  |  | 74,532 |  |  |  | 74,222 |
Total long-term borrowings |  |  | 124,532 |  |  |  | 74,222 |
Total borrowings |  | $ | 309,532 |  |  | $ | 279,222 |

Short-term borrowings

Short-term FHLB borrowings have original maturities of less than one year and include overnight borrowings which the Company typically utilizes to address short-term funding needs as they arise. Short-term FHLB borrowings at December 31, 2023 and 2022 consisted of $107.0 million and $205.0 million, respectively. The FHLB borrowings are collateralized by securities from the Company’s investment portfolio and certain qualifying loans. In May 2023, we borrowed $15.0 million under the FRB Bank Term Funding Program at an interest rate of 4.80%, which matures on May 8, 2024. In December 2023, we borrowed an additional $50.0 million under the program at an interest rate of 4.89%, which matures on December 13, 2024, and $13.0 million at an interest rate of 4.88%, which matures on December 20, 2024. Short-term borrowings and brokered deposits have historically been utilized to manage the seasonality of public deposits. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company’s short-term borrowings had a weighted average rate of 5.29% and 4.60%, respectively.

As of December 31, 2023, $50.0 million of the short-term borrowings balance is designated as a cash-flow hedge, which became effective in April 2022, at a fixed rate of 0.787%; $30.0 million is designated as a cash-flow hedge, which became effective in January 2023, at a fixed rate of 3.669%; and $25.0 million is designated as a cash-flow hedge, which became effective in May 2023, at a fixed rate of 3.4615%.

The Parent has a revolving line of credit with a commercial bank allowing borrowings up to $20.0 million in total as an additional source of working capital. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, no amounts have been drawn on the line of credit.

Long-term borrowings

As of December 31, 2023 we had a long-term advance payable to FHLB of $50.0 million. The advance matures on January 20, 2026 and bears interest at a fixed rate of 4.05%. FHLB advances are collateralized by securities from our investment portfolio and certain qualifying loans.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(11.) BORROWINGS (Continued)

On October 7, 2020, the Company completed a private placement of $35.0 million in aggregate principal amount of fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes due 2030 to qualified institutional buyers and accredited institutional investors that were subsequently exchanged for subordinated notes with substantially the same terms (the “2020 Notes”) registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. The 2020 Notes have a maturity date of October 15, 2030 and bear interest, payable semi-annually, at the rate of 4.375% per annum, until October 15, 2025. Commencing on that date, the interest rate will reset quarterly to an interest rate per annum equal to the then current three-month secured overnight financing rate (“SOFR”) plus 4.265%, payable quarterly until maturity. Proceeds, net of debt issuance costs of $779 thousand, were $34.2 million. The net proceeds from this offering were used for general corporate purposes, including but not limited to, contribution of capital to the Bank to support both organic growth and regulatory capital ratios. The 2020 Notes qualify as Tier 2 capital for regulatory purposes.

On April 15, 2015, the Company issued $40.0 million of 6.0% fixed to floating rate subordinated notes due April 15, 2030 (the “2015 Notes”) in a registered public offering. The 2015 Notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 6.0% per year, payable semi-annually, for the first 10 years. From April 15, 2025 to the April 15, 2030 maturity date, the interest rate will reset quarterly to an annual interest rate equal to t he then current three-month CME Term SOFR plus 4.20561%. T he 2015 Notes are redeemable by the Company at any quarterly interest payment date beginning on April 15, 2025 to maturity at par, plus accrued and unpaid interest. Proceeds, net of debt issuance costs of $1.1 million, were $38.9 million. The net proceeds from this offering were used for general corporate purposes, including but not limited to, contribution of capital to the Bank to support both organic growth and opportunistic acquisitions. The 2015 Notes qualify as Tier 2 capital for regulatory purposes.

The Company adopted ASU 2015-03 that requires debt issuance costs to be reported as a direct deduction from the face value of the 2015 Notes and the 2020 Notes, and not as a deferred charge. The debt issuance costs will be amortized as an adjustment to interest expense through April 15, 2025 for the 2015 Notes and through October 15, 2025 for the 2020 Notes.

(12.) DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES

Risk Management Objective of Using Derivatives

The Company is exposed to certain risks arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. The Company principally manages its exposures to a wide variety of business and operational risks through management of its core business activities. The Company manages economic risks, including interest rate, liquidity and credit risk, primarily by managing the amount, sources, and duration of its assets and liabilities, and the use of derivative financial instruments. Specifically, the Company enters into derivative financial instruments to manage exposures that arise from business activities that result in the receipt or payment of future known and uncertain cash amounts, the value of which are determined by interest rates. The Company’s derivative financial instruments are used to manage differences in the amount, timing, and duration of the Company’s known or expected cash receipts and its known or expected cash payments.

Cash Flow Hedges of Interest Rate Risk

The Company’s objectives in using interest rate derivatives are to add stability to interest expense and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements. To accomplish this objective, the Company primarily uses interest rate caps and interest rate swaps as part of its interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate caps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of variable amounts from a counterparty if interest rates rise above the strike rate on the contract in exchange for an up-front premium. During 2023, such derivatives were used to hedge the variable cash flows associated with short-term borrowings. Interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of variable amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount.

The following table summarizes the terms of the Company’s outstanding interest rate swap agreements entered into to manage its exposure to the variability in future cash flows as of December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands):

Effective Date |  | Expiration Date |  | Notional Amount |  |  | Pay Fixed Rate
4/11/2022 |  | 4/11/2027 |  | $ | 50,000 |  |  | 0.787%
1/24/2023 |  | 1/24/2026 |  | $ | 30,000 |  |  | 3.669%
5/5/2023 |  | 5/5/2026 |  | $ | 25,000 |  |  | 3.4615%

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(12.) DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES (Continued)

For derivatives designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk, the gain or loss on the derivative is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and subsequently reclassified into interest expense in the same period(s) during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Amounts reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) related to derivatives will be reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on the Company’s borrowings. During the next twelve months, the Company estimates that $2.6 million i n accumulated other comprehensive loss will be reclassified as a decrease to interest expense.

Interest Rate Swaps

The Company executes interest rate swaps with commercial banking customers to facilitate their respective risk management strategies. These interest rate swaps are simultaneously hedged by offsetting interest rate swaps that the Company executes with a third party, such that the Company minimizes its net risk exposure resulting from such transactions. As the interest rate swaps associated with this program do not meet hedge accounting requirements, changes in the fair value of both the customer swaps and the offsetting swaps are recognized directly in earnings.

Credit-risk-related Contingent Features

The Company has agreements with certain of its derivative counterparties that contain one or more of the following provisions: (a) if the Company defaults on any of its indebtedness, including a default where repayment of the indebtedness has not been accelerated by the lender, the Company could also be declared in default on its derivative obligations, and (b) if the Company fails to maintain its status as a well-capitalized institution, the counterparty could terminate the derivative positions and the Company would be required to settle its obligations under the agreements.

Mortgage Banking Derivatives

The Company extends rate lock agreements to borrowers related to the origination of residential mortgage loans. To mitigate the interest rate risk inherent in these rate lock agreements when the Company intends to sell the related loan, once originated, as well as closed residential mortgage loans held for sale, the Company enters into forward commitments to sell individual residential mortgages. Rate lock agreements and forward commitments are considered derivatives and are recorded at fair value.

Fair Values of Derivative Instruments on the Balance Sheet

The table below presents the notional amounts, respective fair values of the Company’s derivative financial instruments, as well as their classification on the balance sheet as of December 31 (in thousands):

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Asset derivatives |  |  | Liability derivatives |
|  | Gross notional amount |  |  | Balance sheet |  | Fair value |  |  | Balance sheet |  | Fair value |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | line item |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | line item |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash flow hedges |  | $ | 105,000 |  |  | $ | 50,000 |  |  | Other assets |  | $ | 5,939 |  |  | $ | 6,725 |  |  | Other liabilities |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Total derivatives |  | $ | 105,000 |  |  | $ | 50,000 |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,939 |  |  | $ | 6,725 |  |  |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps (1) |  | $ | 1,104,804 |  |  | $ | 1,006,386 |  |  | Other assets |  | $ | 37,517 |  |  | $ | 47,736 |  |  | Other liabilities |  | $ | 37,519 |  |  | $ | 47,738 |
Credit contracts |  |  | 81,211 |  |  |  | 104,497 |  |  | Other assets |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | Other liabilities |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Mortgage banking |  |  | 5,292 |  |  |  | 7,884 |  |  | Other assets |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | 96 |  |  | Other liabilities |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 13 |
Total derivatives |  | $ | 1,191,307 |  |  | $ | 1,118,767 |  |  |  |  | $ | 37,567 |  |  | $ | 47,832 |  |  |  |  | $ | 37,521 |  |  | $ | 47,751 |

(1)
The Company was holding collateral of $40.4 million and $54.3 million against its net obligations under these contracts at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(12.) DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES (Continued)

Effect of Derivative Instruments on the Income Statement

The table below presents the effect of the Company’s derivative financial instruments on the income statement for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):

|  |  |  | Gain (loss) recognized in income |
Undesignated derivatives |  | Line item of gain (loss) recognized in income |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Interest rate swaps |  | Income from derivative instruments, net |  | $ | 1,276 |  |  | $ | 2,035 |  |  | $ | 2,852 |
Credit contracts |  | Income from derivative instruments, net |  |  | 109 |  |  |  | 39 |  |  |  | 74 |
Mortgage banking |  | Income from derivative instruments, net |  |  | (35 | ) |  |  | (156 | ) |  |  | (231 | )
Total undesignated |  |  |  | $ | 1,350 |  |  | $ | 1,918 |  |  | $ | 2,695 |

(13.) COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Financial Instruments with Off-Balance Sheet Risk

The Company has financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk established in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk extending beyond amounts recognized in the financial statements.

The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved with extending loans to customers. The Company uses the same credit underwriting policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as for on-balance sheet instruments.

Off-balance sheet commitments as of December 31 consist of the following (in thousands):

|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Commitments to extend credit |  | $ | 1,200,617 |  |  | $ | 1,435,323 |
Standby letters of credit |  |  | 13,498 |  |  |  | 17,181 |

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the agreement. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses which may require payment of a fee. Commitments may expire without being drawn upon; therefore, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Each customer’s creditworthiness is evaluated on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if any, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the borrower. Standby letters of credit are conditional lending commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. These standby letters of credit are primarily issued to support private borrowing arrangements. The credit risk involved in issuing standby letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers.

Unfunded Commitments

At December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the allowance for credit losses for unfunded commitments totaled $3.6 million and $4.1 million, respectively, and was included in other liabilities on the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2021, credit loss (benefit) expense for unfunded commitments was of a benefit of $531 thousand and $1.4 million, respectively, and for the year ended December 31, 2022 was a credit loss expense of $2.3 million, and was included in provision (benefit) for credit losses on the Company’s consolidated statements of income.

Contingent Liabilities and Litigation

In the ordinary course of business there are various threatened and pending legal proceedings against the Company. Management believes that the aggregate liability, if any, arising from such litigation would not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(13) COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Continued)

The Company is party to an action filed against it on May 16, 2017 by Matthew L. Chipego, Charlene Mowry, Constance C. Churchill and Joseph W. Ewing in the Court of Common Pleas in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Plaintiffs sought and were granted class certification to represent classes of consumers in New York and Pennsylvania seeking to recover statutory damages, interest and declaratory relief. The plaintiffs specifically claim that the notices the Bank sent to defaulting consumers after their vehicles were repossessed did not comply with the relevant portions of the Uniform Commercial Code in New York and Pennsylvania. The Company disputes and believes it has meritorious defenses against these claims and plans to vigorously defend itself.

On September 30, 2021, the Court granted plaintiffs’ motion for class certification and certified four different classes (two classes of New York consumers and two classes of Pennsylvania consumers). There are approximately 5,200 members in the New York classes and 300 members in the Pennsylvania classes.

On September 26, 2022, the lower Court denied the plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary judgment for most of the relief they seek and found that there were questions of fact as to whether the members of the class had purchased the subject vehicles for “consumer use” within the meaning of the relevant statutes. The Court also denied the Company’s motion for partial summary judgment and seeking an offset in the form of recoupment reducing any liability that may be imposed against the Company by the amounts that the borrowers owe for failing to repay their motor vehicle loans, determining that the Court could not enter a judgment on recoupment – which is a set off from liability – without first determining whether there was liability.

On October 7, 2022, the Superior Court of Pennsylvania granted the Company’s December 20, 2021 Request for an Interlocutory Appeal of the denial of the Company’s motion to dismiss the claims brought by New York borrowers for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and lack of standing.

In a Memorandum filed on February 13, 2024, the Superior Court affirmed the decision of the lower court, holding that trial court has subject matter jurisdiction over the New York part of this action and that the New York plaintiffs have standing to pursue relief against the Company. The Superior Court also remanded the case to the lower court for further proceedings, which will include the completion of any remaining discovery and an adjudication of the open claims and defenses that have been asserted in the case. Once the lower court has issued a final adjudication, the parties will have an opportunity to appeal adverse rulings in the case.

The Company has not accrued a contingent liability for this matter at this time because, given its defenses, it is unable to conclude whether a liability is probable to occur nor is it able to currently reasonably estimate the amount of potential loss.

If the Company settles these claims or the action is not resolved in its favor, the Company may suffer reputational damage and incur legal costs, settlements or judgments that exceed the amounts covered by its insurer. The Company can provide no assurances that its insurer will cover the full legal costs, settlements or judgments it incurs. If the Company is unsuccessful in defending itself from these claims or if its insurer does not cover the full amount of legal costs it incurs, the result may materially adversely affect the Company’s business, results of operations and financial condition.

(14.) REGULATORY MATTERS

General

The supervision and regulation of financial and bank holding companies and their subsidiaries is intended primarily for the protection of depositors, the deposit insurance fund regulated by the FDIC and the banking system as a whole, and not for the protection of shareholders or creditors of bank holding companies. The various bank regulatory agencies have broad enforcement power over financial holding companies and banks, including the power to impose substantial fines, operational restrictions and other penalties for violations of laws and regulations and for safety and soundness considerations.

Capital

Banks and bank holding companies are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by state and federal banking agencies. Capital adequacy guidelines and, additionally for banks, prompt corrective action regulations, involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance-sheet items calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by regulators about components, risk weighting and other factors.

The Basel III Capital Rules, a comprehensive capital framework for U.S. banking organizations, became effective for the Company and the Bank on January 1, 2015 (subject to a phase-in period for certain provisions). Quantitative measures established by the Basel III Capital Rules to ensure capital adequacy require the maintenance of minimum amounts and ratios (set forth in the table that follows) of Common Equity Tier 1 capital (“CET1”), Tier 1 capital and Total capital to risk-weighted assets, and of Tier 1 capital to adjusted quarterly average assets (each as defined in the regulations).

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(14.) REGULATORY MATTERS (Continued)

The Economic Growth Act provided for a potential exception from the Basel III Rules for community banks that maintain a Community Bank Leverage Ratio (“CBLR”) of at least 8.0% to 10.0%. The CBLR is calculated by dividing Tier 1 capital by the bank’s average total consolidated assets. In the final rules approved by the FDIC in September 2019, qualifying community banking organizations that opt in to using the CBLR are considered to be in compliance with the Basel III Rules as long as the bank maintains a CBLR of greater than 9.0%. If a bank is not a qualifying community banking organization, does not opt in to using the CBLR, or cannot maintain a CBLR of greater than 9.0%, the bank would have to comply with the Basel III Rules. The Company determined to comply with the Basel III Rules instead of using the CBLR framework.

The Company’s and the Bank’s Common Equity Tier 1 capital includes common stock and related paid-in capital, net of treasury stock, and retained earnings. In connection with the adoption of the Basel III Capital Rules, The Company elected to opt-out of the requirement to include most components of accumulated other comprehensive income in Common Equity Tier 1. Common Equity Tier 1 for both the Company and the Bank is reduced by goodwill and other intangible assets, net of associated deferred tax liabilities.

Tier 1 capital includes Common Equity Tier 1 capital and additional Tier 1 capital. For the Company, additional Tier 1 capital at December 31, 2023 includes, subject to limitation, $17.3 million of preferred stock.

Total capital includes Tier 1 capital and Tier 2 capital. Tier 2 capital for both the Company and the Bank includes a permissible portion of the allowance for credit losses. Tier 2 capital for the Company also includes qualified subordinated debt. At December 31, 2023, the Company’s Tier 2 capital included $74.5 million of Subordinated Notes.

The Common Equity Tier 1, Tier 1 and Total capital ratios are calculated by dividing the respective capital amounts by risk-weighted assets. Risk-weighted assets are calculated based on regulatory requirements and include total assets, with certain exclusions, allocated by risk weight category, and certain off-balance-sheet items, among other things. The leverage ratio is calculated by dividing Tier 1 capital by adjusted quarterly average total assets, which exclude goodwill and other intangible assets, among other things.

The Basel III Capital Rules require the Company and the Bank to maintain (i) a minimum ratio of Common Equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 4.5%, plus a 2.5% “capital conservation buffer” (which is added to the 4.5% Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratio, effectively resulting in a minimum ratio of Common Equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 7.0%), (ii) a minimum ratio of Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 6.0%, plus the capital conservation buffer (which is added to the 6.0% Tier 1 capital ratio, effectively resulting in a minimum Tier 1 capital ratio of 8.5%), (iii) a minimum ratio of Total capital (that is, Tier 1 plus Tier 2) to risk-weighted assets of at least 8.0%, plus the capital conservation buffer (which is added to the 8.0% total capital ratio, effectively resulting in a minimum total capital ratio of 10.5%) and (iv) a minimum leverage ratio of 4.0%, calculated as the ratio of Tier 1 capital to average quarterly assets.

The Basel III Capital Rules also provide for a “countercyclical capital buffer” that is applicable to only certain covered institutions and does not have any current applicability to the Company or the Bank. The capital conservation buffer is designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress and effectively increases the minimum required risk-weighted capital ratios. Banking institutions with a ratio of Common Equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets below the effective minimum will face constraints on dividends, equity repurchases, and compensation based on the amount of the shortfall.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(14.) REGULATORY MATTERS (Continued)

The following table presents actual and required capital ratios as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 for the Company and the Bank under the Basel III Capital Rules. Capital levels required to be considered well capitalized are based upon prompt corrective action regulations, as amended to reflect the changes under the Basel III Capital Rules (dollars in thousands):

|  | Actual |  |  | Minimum Capital Required – Basel III |  |  | Required to be Considered Well Capitalized |
|  | Amount |  |  | Ratio |  |  | Amount |  |  | Ratio |  |  | Amount |  |  | Ratio |
2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tier 1 leverage: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Company |  | $ | 509,412 |  |  |  | 8.18 | % |  | $ | 248,974 |  |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | $ | 311,217 |  |  |  | 5.00 | %
Bank |  |  | 562,775 |  |  |  | 9.06 |  |  |  | 248,385 |  |  |  | 4.00 |  |  |  | 310,481 |  |  |  | 5.00 |
CET1 capital: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Company |  |  | 492,120 |  |  |  | 9.43 |  |  |  | 365,311 |  |  |  | 7.00 |  |  |  | 339,217 |  |  |  | 6.50 |
Bank |  |  | 562,775 |  |  |  | 10.82 |  |  |  | 364,191 |  |  |  | 7.00 |  |  |  | 338,177 |  |  |  | 6.50 |
Tier 1 capital: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Company |  |  | 509,412 |  |  |  | 9.76 |  |  |  | 443,592 |  |  |  | 8.50 |  |  |  | 417,498 |  |  |  | 8.00 |
Bank |  |  | 562,775 |  |  |  | 10.82 |  |  |  | 442,232 |  |  |  | 8.50 |  |  |  | 416,218 |  |  |  | 8.00 |
Total capital: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Company |  |  | 632,860 |  |  |  | 12.13 |  |  |  | 547,966 |  |  |  | 10.50 |  |  |  | 521,872 |  |  |  | 10.00 |
Bank |  |  | 611,691 |  |  |  | 11.76 |  |  |  | 546,286 |  |  |  | 10.50 |  |  |  | 520,272 |  |  |  | 10.00 |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tier 1 leverage: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Company |  | $ | 478,852 |  |  |  | 8.33 | % |  | $ | 229,928 |  |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | $ | 287,410 |  |  |  | 5.00 | %
Bank |  |  | 525,997 |  |  |  | 9.17 |  |  |  | 229,434 |  |  |  | 4.00 |  |  |  | 286,793 |  |  |  | 5.00 |
CET1 capital: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Company |  |  | 461,560 |  |  |  | 9.42 |  |  |  | 342,852 |  |  |  | 7.00 |  |  |  | 318,363 |  |  |  | 6.50 |
Bank |  |  | 525,997 |  |  |  | 10.77 |  |  |  | 341,944 |  |  |  | 7.00 |  |  |  | 317,520 |  |  |  | 6.50 |
Tier 1 capital: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Company |  |  | 478,852 |  |  |  | 9.78 |  |  |  | 416,321 |  |  |  | 8.50 |  |  |  | 391,831 |  |  |  | 8.00 |
Bank |  |  | 525,997 |  |  |  | 10.77 |  |  |  | 415,218 |  |  |  | 8.50 |  |  |  | 390,794 |  |  |  | 8.00 |
Total capital: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Company |  |  | 593,969 |  |  |  | 12.13 |  |  |  | 514,278 |  |  |  | 10.50 |  |  |  | 489,789 |  |  |  | 10.00 |
Bank |  |  | 566,891 |  |  |  | 11.60 |  |  |  | 512,917 |  |  |  | 10.50 |  |  |  | 488,492 |  |  |  | 10.00 |

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company and Bank were considered “well capitalized” under all regulatory capital guidelines. Such determination has been made based on the Tier 1 leverage, CET1 capital, Tier 1 capital and total capital ratios.

Federal Reserve Requirements

The Bank is typically required to maintain cash on hand or on deposit at the FRB of New York according to the reserve requirements set by the FRB. In March 2020, the FRB reduced the required reserve to 0%. Accordingly, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Bank was not required to maintain a reserve balance at the FRB of New York.

Dividend Restrictions

In the ordinary course of business, the Company is dependent upon dividends from the Bank to provide funds for the payment of dividends to shareholders and to provide for other cash requirements. Banking regulations may limit the amount of dividends that may be paid. Approval by regulatory authorities is required if the effect of dividends declared would cause the regulatory capital of the Bank to fall below specified minimum levels. Approval is also required if dividends declared exceed the net profits for that year combined with the retained net profits for the preceding two years.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(15.) SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

The Company’s authorized capital stock c onsists of 50,210,000 shares of capital stock, 50,000,000 of which are common stock, par value $0.01 per share, and 210,000 of which are preferred stock, par value $100 per share, which is designated into two classes: Class A of which 10,000 shares are authorized, and Class B of which 200,000 shares are authorized. There are two series of Class A preferred stock: Series A 3% preferred stock, and the Series A preferred stock. There is one series of Class B preferred stock: Series B-1 8.48% preferred stock. There were 172,921 shares of preferred stock issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Common Stock

The following table sets forth the changes in the number of shares of common stock for the years ended December 31:

|  | Outstanding |  |  | Treasury |  |  | Issued |
2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shares outstanding at beginning of year |  |  | 15,340,001 |  |  |  | 759,555 |  |  |  | 16,099,556 |
Restricted stock awards issued |  |  | 20,185 |  |  |  | (20,185 | ) |  |  | - |
Restricted stock units released |  |  | 59,984 |  |  |  | (59,984 | ) |  |  | - |
Stock awards |  |  | 10,591 |  |  |  | (10,591 | ) |  |  | - |
Treasury stock purchases |  |  | (23,355 | ) |  |  | 23,355 |  |  |  | - |
Shares outstanding at end of year |  |  | 15,407,406 |  |  |  | 692,150 |  |  |  | 16,099,556 |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shares outstanding at beginning of year |  |  | 15,745,453 |  |  |  | 354,103 |  |  |  | 16,099,556 |
Restricted stock awards issued |  |  | 12,242 |  |  |  | (12,242 | ) |  |  | - |
Restricted stock units released |  |  | 55,912 |  |  |  | (55,912 | ) |  |  | - |
Stock awards |  |  | 7,856 |  |  |  | (7,856 | ) |  |  | - |
Treasury stock purchases |  |  | (481,462 | ) |  |  | 481,462 |  |  |  | - |
Shares outstanding at end of year |  |  | 15,340,001 |  |  |  | 759,555 |  |  |  | 16,099,556 |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shares outstanding at beginning of year |  |  | 16,041,926 |  |  |  | 57,630 |  |  |  | 16,099,556 |
Shares issued for Landmark Group acquisition |  |  | 12,831 |  |  |  | (12,831 | ) |  |  | - |
Restricted stock awards issued |  |  | 9,350 |  |  |  | (9,350 | ) |  |  | - |
Restricted stock units released |  |  | 24,069 |  |  |  | (24,069 | ) |  |  | - |
Stock awards |  |  | 5,972 |  |  |  | (5,972 | ) |  |  | - |
Treasury stock purchases |  |  | (348,695 | ) |  |  | 348,695 |  |  |  | - |
Shares outstanding at end of year |  |  | 15,745,453 |  |  |  | 354,103 |  |  |  | 16,099,556 |

Share Repurchase Programs

In June 2022, the Company’s Board of Directors (“the Board”) authorized a share repurchase program for up to 766,447 shares of common stock (the “2022 Share Repurchase Program”). Repurchased shares are recorded in treasury stock, at cost, which includes any applicable transaction costs. As of December 31, 2023, there have been no shares repurchased under the 2022 Share Repurchase Program.

In November 2020, the Board authorized a share repurchase program of common stock for up to 801,879 shares of common stock (the “2020 Share Repurchase Program”). The 2020 Repurchase Program was completed in March 2022. Under the 2020 Share Repurchase Program, 461,191 shares were repurchased at an average price of $31.99 during the first quarter of 2022, and 340,688 shares were repurchased at an average price of $26.44 during the year ended December 31, 2021.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(15.) SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Continued)

Preferred Stock

Series A 3% Preferred Stock. There were 1,435 shares of Series A 3% preferred stock issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Holders of Series A 3% preferred stock are entitled to receive an annual dividend of $3.00 per share, which is cumulative and payable quarterly. Holders of Series A 3% preferred stock have no pre-emptive right to, or right to purchase or subscribe for, any additional shares of the Company’s capital stock and have no voting rights. Dividend or dissolution payments to the Class A shareholders must be declared and paid, or set apart for payment, before any dividends or dissolution payments can be declared and paid, or set apart for payment, to the holders of Class B preferred stock or common stock. The Series A 3% preferred stock is not convertible into any other of the Company’s securities.

Series B-1 8.48% Preferred Stock. There were 171,486 shares of Series B-1 8.48% preferred stock issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Holders of Series B-1 8.48% preferred stock are entitled to receive an annual dividend of $8.48 per share, which is cumulative and payable quarterly. Holders of Series B-1 8.48% preferred stock have no pre-emptive right to, or right to purchase or subscribe for, any additional shares of the Company’s common stock and have no voting rights. Accumulated dividends on the Series B-1 8.48% preferred stock do not bear interest, and the Series B-1 8.48% preferred stock is not subject to redemption. Dividend or dissolution payments to the Class B shareholders must be declared and paid, or set apart for payment, before any dividends or dissolution payments are declared and paid, or set apart for payment, to the holders of common stock. The Series B-1 8.48% preferred stock is not convertible into any other of the Company’s securities.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(16.) ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

The following table presents the components of other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):

|  | Pre-tax Amount |  |  | Tax Effect |  |  | Net-of-tax Amount |
2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available for sale and transferred securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in unrealized gain (loss) during the year |  | $ | 18,849 |  |  | $ | 4,829 |  |  | $ | 14,020 |
Reclassification adjustment for net gains included in net income (1) |  |  | 3,642 |  |  |  | 934 |  |  |  | 2,708 |
Total securities available for sale and transferred securities |  |  | 22,491 |  |  |  | 5,763 |  |  |  | 16,728 |
Hedging derivative instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in unrealized (loss) gain during the year |  |  | (1,108 | ) |  |  | (284 | ) |  |  | (824 | )
Pension and post-retirement obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial (loss) gain arising during the year |  |  | (2,470 | ) |  |  | (633 | ) |  |  | (1,837 | )
Amortization of net actuarial loss and prior service cost included in income |  |  | 4,677 |  |  |  | 1,198 |  |  |  | 3,479 |
Total pension and post-retirement obligations |  |  | 2,207 |  |  |  | 565 |  |  |  | 1,642 |
Other comprehensive income |  | $ | 23,590 |  |  | $ | 6,044 |  |  | $ | 17,546 |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available for sale and transferred securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in unrealized (loss) gain during the year |  | $ | (166,380 | ) |  | $ | (42,630 | ) |  | $ | (123,750 | )
Reclassification adjustment for net gains included in net income (1) |  |  | 117 |  |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 87 |
Total securities available for sale and transferred securities |  |  | (166,263 | ) |  |  | (42,600 | ) |  |  | (123,663 | )
Hedging derivative instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in unrealized gain (loss) during the year |  |  | 4,807 |  |  |  | 1,232 |  |  |  | 3,575 |
Pension and post-retirement obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial (loss) gain arising during the year |  |  | (5,932 | ) |  |  | (1,520 | ) |  |  | (4,412 | )
Amortization of net actuarial loss and prior service cost included in income |  |  | 296 |  |  |  | 76 |  |  |  | 220 |
Total pension and post-retirement obligations |  |  | (5,636 | ) |  |  | (1,444 | ) |  |  | (4,192 | )
Other comprehensive loss |  | $ | (167,092 | ) |  | $ | (42,812 | ) |  | $ | (124,280 | )
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available for sale and transferred securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in unrealized (loss) gain during the year |  | $ | (26,643 | ) |  | $ | (6,826 | ) |  | $ | (19,817 | )
Reclassification adjustment for net gains included in net income (1) |  |  | 139 |  |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | 103 |
Total securities available for sale and transferred securities |  |  | (26,504 | ) |  |  | (6,790 | ) |  |  | (19,714 | )
Hedging derivative instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in unrealized gain (loss) during the year |  |  | 1,984 |  |  |  | 508 |  |  |  | 1,476 |
Pension and post-retirement obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial gain (loss) arising during the year |  |  | 3,162 |  |  |  | 810 |  |  |  | 2,352 |
Amortization of net actuarial loss and prior service cost included in income |  |  | 741 |  |  |  | 190 |  |  |  | 551 |
Total pension and post-retirement obligations |  |  | 3,903 |  |  |  | 1,000 |  |  |  | 2,903 |
Other comprehensive loss |  | $ | (20,617 | ) |  | $ | (5,282 | ) |  | $ | (15,335 | )

(1)
Includes amounts related to the amortization/accretion of unrealized net gains and losses related to the Company’s reclassification of available for sale investment securities to the held to maturity category. The unrealized net gains/losses will be amortized/accreted over the remaining life of the investment securities as an adjustment of yield.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(16.) ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (Continued)

Activity in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, was as follows (in thousands):

|  | Hedging Derivative Instruments |  |  | Securities Available for Sale and Transferred Securities |  |  | Pension and Post- retirement Obligations |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |
Balance at January 1, 2023 |  | $ | 4,735 |  |  | $ | (128,634 | ) |  | $ | (13,588 | ) |  | $ | (137,487 | )
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications |  |  | (824 | ) |  |  | 14,020 |  |  |  | (1,837 | ) |  |  | 11,359 |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,708 |  |  |  | 3,479 |  |  |  | 6,187 |
Net current period other comprehensive (loss) income |  |  | (824 | ) |  |  | 16,728 |  |  |  | 1,642 |  |  |  | 17,546 |
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 3,911 |  |  | $ | (111,906 | ) |  | $ | (11,946 | ) |  | $ | (119,941 | )
Balance at January 1, 2022 |  | $ | 1,160 |  |  | $ | (4,971 | ) |  | $ | (9,396 | ) |  | $ | (13,207 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications |  |  | 3,575 |  |  |  | (123,750 | ) |  |  | (4,412 | ) |  |  | (124,587 | )
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 87 |  |  |  | 220 |  |  |  | 307 |
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | 3,575 |  |  |  | (123,663 | ) |  |  | (4,192 | ) |  |  | (124,280 | )
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 4,735 |  |  | $ | (128,634 | ) |  | $ | (13,588 | ) |  | $ | (137,487 | )
Balance at January 1, 2021 |  | $ | (316 | ) |  | $ | 14,743 |  |  | $ | (12,299 | ) |  | $ | 2,128 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications |  |  | 1,476 |  |  |  | (19,817 | ) |  |  | 2,352 |  |  |  | (15,989 | )
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 103 |  |  |  | 551 |  |  |  | 654 |
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | 1,476 |  |  |  | (19,714 | ) |  |  | 2,903 |  |  |  | (15,335 | )
Balance at December 31, 2021 |  | $ | 1,160 |  |  | $ | (4,971 | ) |  | $ | (9,396 | ) |  | $ | (13,207 | )

The following table presents the amounts reclassified out of each component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):

|  | Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income |  |  |
Details About Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Components |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Affected Line Item in the Consolidated Statement of Income
Realized (loss) gain on sale of investment securities |  | $ | (3,576 | ) |  | $ | (15 | ) |  | Net gain on investment securities
Amortization of unrealized holding losses on investment securities transferred from available for sale to held to maturity |  |  | (66 | ) |  |  | (102 | ) |  | Interest income
|  |  | (3,642 | ) |  |  | (117 | ) |  | Total before tax
|  |  | 934 |  |  |  | 30 |  |  | Income tax benefit
|  |  | (2,708 | ) |  |  | (87 | ) |  | Net of tax
Amortization of pension and post-retirement items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Prior service credit (1) |  |  | (3,413 | ) |  |  | - |  |  | Salaries and employee benefits
Net actuarial losses (1) |  |  | (1,264 | ) |  |  | (296 | ) |  | Salaries and employee benefits
|  |  | (4,677 | ) |  |  | (296 | ) |  | Total before tax
|  |  | 1,198 |  |  |  | 76 |  |  | Income tax benefit
|  |  | (3,479 | ) |  |  | (220 | ) |  | Net of tax
Total reclassified for the period |  | $ | (6,187 | ) |  | $ | (307 | ) |  |

(1)
These items are included in the computation of net periodic pension expense. See Note 20, Employee Benefit Plans, for additional information.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(17.) SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

The Company maintains certain stock-based compensation plans, approved by the Company’s shareholders, that are administered by the Management Development and Compensation Committee (the “Compensation Committee”) of the Board. The share-based compensation plans were established to allow for the granting of compensation awards to attract, motivate and retain employees, executive officers and non-employee directors who contribute to the long-term growth and profitability of the Company and to give such persons a proprietary interest in the Company, thereby enhancing their personal interest in the Company’s success.

In May 2015, the Company’s shareholders approved the 2015 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “2015 Plan”) to replace the 2009 Management Stock Incentive Plan and the 2009 Directors’ Stock Incentive Plan (collectively, the “2009 Plans”). A total of 438,076 shares transferred from the 2009 Plans were available for grant pursuant to the 2015 Plan. In addition, any shares subject to outstanding awards under the 2009 Plans that were canceled, expired, forfeited or otherwise not issued or are settled in cash became available for future award grants under the 2015 Plan. In June 2021, the Company's shareholders approved the Amended and Restated 2015 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “Plan”), which increased the total number of shares available for grant under the Plan by 734,000 s hares. As of December 31, 2023, there were approximately 516,000 shares available for grant under the 2015 Plan.

Under the 2015 Plan, the Compensation Committee may establish and prescribe grant guidelines including various terms and conditions for the granting of stock-based compensation. For stock options, the exercise price of each option equals the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the date of the grant. All options expire after a period of ten years from the date of grant and generally become fully exercisable over a period of 3 to 5 years from the grant date. When an option recipient exercises their options, the Company issues shares from treasury stock and records the proceeds as additions to capital. The Company uses the Black-Scholes valuation method to estimate the fair value of its stock option awards. Shares of restricted stock awards granted to employees generally vest over 2 to 3 years from the grant date. Fifty percent of the shares of restricted stock awards granted to non-employee directors generally vests on the date of grant and the remaining fifty percent generally vests one year from the grant date. Vesting of the shares may be based on years of service, established performance measures or both. If restricted stock awards are forfeited before they vest, the shares are reacquired into treasury stock. The grant-date fair value for restricted stock awards is generally equal to the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. The grant-date fair value for restricted stock unit awards is generally equal to the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant reduced by the present value of the dividends expected to be paid on the underlying shares.

The Company awards grants of performance-based restricted stock units (“PSUs”) to certain members of management. In 2020, the Compensation Committee approved new PSUs under the 2015 Plan. Fifty percent of the shares subject to each grant that ultimately vest are contingent on achieving specified return on average equity (“ROAE”) targets relative to the market index the Compensation Committee has selected as a peer group for this purpose. These shares will be earned based on the Company’s achievement of a relative ROAE performance requirement, on a percentile basis, compared to the market index over a three-year performance period. The shares earned based on the achievement of the ROAE performance requirement, if any, will vest on the third anniversary of the grant date assuming the recipient’s continuous service to the Company. The remaining fifty percent of the PSUs that ultimately vest are contingent upon achievement of an average return on average assets (“ROAA”) performance requirement over a three-year performance period. The shares earned based on the achievement of the ROAA performance requirement, if any, will vest on the third anniversary of the grant date assuming the recipient’s continuous service to the Company.

The restricted stock awards granted to the directors and the restricted stock units granted to employees in 2023, 2022 and 2021 do not have rights to dividends or dividend equivalents.

There were no stock options awarded during 2023, 2022 or 2021. There was no unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested stock options as of December 31, 2023. There was no stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2023.

The following table is a summary of restricted stock award activity for the year ended December 31, 2023:

|  | Number of Shares |  |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Non-vested at beginning of year |  |  | 6,121 |  |  | $ | 26.53 |
Granted |  |  | 20,185 |  |  |  | 16.34 |
Vested |  |  | (16,219 | ) |  |  | 20.19 |
Forfeited |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Non-vested at end of year |  |  | 10,087 |  |  | $ | 16.34 |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(17.) SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION (Continued)

The weighted average grant date fair value of restricted stock granted during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $16.34, $26.53, and $32.06, respectively. The total fair value of restricted stock units that vested during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $265 thousand, $282 thousand and $353 thousand, respectively.

The following is a summary of restricted stock units’ activity for the year ended December 31, 2023:

|  | Number of Shares |  |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Non-vested at beginning of year |  |  | 182,399 |  |  | $ | 27.40 |
Granted |  |  | 148,110 |  |  |  | 16.46 |
Vested |  |  | (40,087 | ) |  |  | 25.28 |
Forfeited |  |  | (62,036 | ) |  |  | 22.93 |
Non-vested at end of year |  |  | 228,386 |  |  | $ | 21.89 |

The weighted average grant date fair value of restricted stock units granted during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $16.46, $28.38, and $27.55, respectively. The total fair value of restricted stock units that vested during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $976 thousand, $1.1 million and $682 thousand, respectively.

The following is a summary of performance-based restricted stock units’ activity for the year ended December 31, 2023:

|  | Number of Shares |  |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Non-vested at beginning of year |  |  | 66,332 |  |  | $ | 27.88 |
Granted |  |  | 53,060 |  |  |  | 16.66 |
Vested |  |  | (15,938 | ) |  |  | 25.60 |
Forfeited |  |  | (25,688 | ) |  |  | 23.24 |
Non-vested at end of year |  |  | 77,766 |  |  | $ | 22.22 |

The weighted average grant date fair value of PSUs granted during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $16.66, $29.35, and $27.58, respectively. The total fair value of PSUs that vested during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $491 thousand and $556 thousand respectively. For PSUs that vested during 2021, the threshold performance for any payout had not been met, and no shares were paid out or vested.

The Company amortizes the expense related to share-based compensation over the vesting period. Share-based compensation expense is recorded as a component of salaries and employee benefits in the consolidated statements of income for awards granted to management and as a component of other noninterest expense for awards granted to directors. The share-based compensation expense and the total income tax benefit included in the statements on income for the years ended December 31 was as follows (in thousands):

|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Salaries and employee benefits |  | $ | 1,346 |  |  | $ | 2,234 |  |  | $ | 1,460 |
Other noninterest expense |  |  | 328 |  |  |  | 317 |  |  |  | 283 |
Total share-based compensation expense |  | $ | 1,674 |  |  | $ | 2,551 |  |  | $ | 1,743 |
Income tax benefit realized for compensation costs |  | $ | 444 |  |  | $ | 486 |  |  | $ | 265 |

As of December 31, 2023, there was $3.0 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested restricted stock awards and restricted stock units that is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.83 years.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(18.) INCOME TAXES

The income tax expense for the years ended December 31 consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Current tax expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | $ | 13,302 |  |  | $ | 15,371 |  |  | $ | 11,453 |
State |  |  | 835 |  |  |  | 3,408 |  |  |  | 2,854 |
Total current tax expense |  |  | 14,137 |  |  |  | 18,779 |  |  |  | 14,307 |
Deferred tax (benefit) expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  |  | (1,136 | ) |  |  | (3,250 | ) |  |  | 4,384 |
State |  |  | (212 | ) |  |  | (1,132 | ) |  |  | 834 |
Total deferred tax (benefit) expense |  |  | (1,348 | ) |  |  | (4,382 | ) |  |  | 5,218 |
Total income tax expense |  | $ | 12,789 |  |  | $ | 14,397 |  |  | $ | 19,525 |

Income tax expense differed from the statutory federal income tax rate for the years ended December 31 as follows:

|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Statutory federal tax rate |  |  | 21.0 | % |  |  | 21.0 | % |  |  | 21.0 | %
Increase (decrease) resulting from: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tax exempt interest income |  |  | (0.8 | ) |  |  | (0.9 | ) |  |  | (0.7 | )
Tax credits and adjustments |  |  | (2.1 | ) |  |  | (2.6 | ) |  |  | (2.6 | )
Non-taxable earnings on company owned life insurance |  |  | 0.9 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (0.6 | )
State taxes, net of federal tax benefit |  |  | 0.8 |  |  |  | 2.5 |  |  |  | 3.0 |
Nondeductible expenses |  |  | 0.3 |  |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  | - |
Other, net |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | - |
Effective tax rate |  |  | 20.3 | % |  |  | 20.3 | % |  |  | 20.1 | %

Total income tax expense (benefit) was as follows for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):

|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Income tax expense |  | $ | 12,789 |  |  | $ | 14,397 |  |  | $ | 19,525 |
Shareholder’s equity |  |  | 6,044 |  |  |  | (42,812 | ) |  |  | (5,282 | )

The Company recognizes deferred income taxes for the estimated future tax effects of differences between the tax and financial statement bases of assets and liabilities considering enacted tax laws. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities, which are included in other assets in the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition. The Company also assesses the likelihood that deferred tax assets will be realizable based on, among other considerations, future taxable income and establishes, if necessary, a valuation allowance for those deferred tax assets determined to not likely be realizable. A deferred tax asset valuation allowance is recognized if, based on the weight of available evidence (both positive and negative), it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The future realization of deferred tax benefits depends upon the existence of sufficient taxable income within the carry-back and carry-forward periods. Management’s judgment is required in determining the appropriate recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities, including projections of future taxable income.

In 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized the impact of its investments in limited partnerships that generated qualifying tax credits resulting in a $3.0 million and $2.6 million reduction in income tax expense, respectively, and an $252 thousand and $815 thousand net loss recorded in noninterest income, respectively. See Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, for the Company’s accounting policy for income taxes and these tax credit investments.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(18.) INCOME TAXES (Continued)

The Company’s net deferred tax asset is included in other assets in the consolidated statements of financial condition. The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are as follows at December 31 (in thousands):

|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for credit losses |  | $ | 14,011 |  |  | $ | 12,695 |
Leases – right of use obligations |  |  | 8,657 |  |  |  | 8,505 |
Deferred compensation |  |  | 1,471 |  |  |  | 1,615 |
Investment in limited partnerships |  |  | 785 |  |  |  | 1,381 |
SERP agreements |  |  | 92 |  |  |  | 179 |
Share-based compensation |  |  | 930 |  |  |  | 975 |
Net unrealized loss on securities available for sale |  |  | 38,549 |  |  |  | 44,312 |
Accrued pension costs |  |  | 297 |  |  |  | 229 |
Other |  |  | 1,395 |  |  |  | 1,206 |
Gross deferred tax assets |  |  | 66,187 |  |  |  | 71,097 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Leases – right of use assets |  |  | 8,077 |  |  |  | 7,964 |
Prepaid expenses |  |  | 929 |  |  |  | 637 |
Intangible assets |  |  | 2,760 |  |  |  | 2,580 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 3,833 |  |  |  | 4,080 |
Loan servicing assets |  |  | 354 |  |  |  | 377 |
Deferred loan origination costs |  |  | 154 |  |  |  | 401 |
Other |  |  | 1,347 |  |  |  | 1,631 |
Gross deferred tax liabilities |  |  | 17,454 |  |  |  | 17,670 |
Net deferred tax asset |  | $ | 48,733 |  |  | $ | 53,427 |

Based upon the Company’s historical and projected future levels of pre-tax and taxable income, the scheduled reversals of taxable temporary differences to offset future deductible amounts, and prudent and feasible tax planning strategies, management believes it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will be realized. Therefore, no valuation allowance has been recorded as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

The Company and its subsidiaries are primarily subject to federal and New York income taxes. The federal income tax years currently open for audit are 2018 through 2023. The New York income tax years currently open for audit are 2020 through 2023.

At December 31, 2023, the Company had no federal or New York net operating loss, capital loss or tax credit carryforwards.

The Company’s unrecognized tax benefits and changes in unrecognized tax benefits were not significant as of or for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. There were no material i nterest or penalties recorded in the income statement in income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no amounts accrued for interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(19.) EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE

The following table presents a reconciliation of the earnings and shares used in calculating basic and diluted EPS for each of the years ended December 31 (in thousands, except per share amounts). All outstanding unvested share-based payment awards that contain rights to non-forfeitable dividends are considered participating securities.

|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Net income available to common shareholders |  | $ | 48,805 |  |  | $ | 55,114 |  |  | $ | 76,237 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total shares issued |  |  | 16,100 |  |  |  | 16,100 |  |  |  | 16,100 |
Unvested restricted stock awards |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | (5 | )
Treasury shares |  |  | (716 | ) |  |  | (711 | ) |  |  | (254 | )
Total basic weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  | 15,376 |  |  |  | 15,384 |  |  |  | 15,841 |
Incremental shares from assumed: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercise of stock options |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Vesting of restricted stock awards |  |  | 99 |  |  |  | 87 |  |  |  | 96 |
Total diluted weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  | 15,475 |  |  |  | 15,471 |  |  |  | 15,937 |
Basic earnings per common share |  | $ | 3.17 |  |  | $ | 3.58 |  |  | $ | 4.81 |
Diluted earnings per common share |  | $ | 3.15 |  |  | $ | 3.56 |  |  | $ | 4.78 |

For each of the periods presented, average shares subject to the following instruments were excluded from the computation of diluted EPS because the effect would be antidilutive:

|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Restricted stock awards |  |  | 155 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 3 |

There were no participating securities outstanding for the years ended December 2023, 2022 and 2021. Therefore, the two-class method of calculating basic and diluted EPS was not applicable for the years presented.

(20.) EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

Supplemental Executive Retirement Agreements

The Company has non-qualified Supplemental Executive Retirement Agreements (“SERPs”) covering certain former executives. The unfunded liability related to the SERPs was $374 thousand and $697 thousand at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. SERP expense w as $17 thousand, $28 thousand and $39 t housand for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Defined Contribution Plan

Employees that meet specified eligibility conditions are eligible to participate in the Company sponsored 401(k) plan. Under the plan, participants may make contributions, in the form of salary deferrals, up to the maximum Internal Revenue Code limit. The Company is also permitted to make additional discretionary contributions, although no such additional discretionary contributions were made in 2023, 2022 or 2021.

Defined Benefit Pension Plan

The Company participates in The New York State Bankers Retirement System (the “Plan”), a defined benefit pension plan covering substantially all employees. For employees hired prior to December 31, 2006, who met participation requirements on or before January 1, 2008 (“Tier 1 Participant”), the benefits are generally based on years of service and the employee’s highest average compensation during five consecutive years of employment.

Effective January 1, 2016, the Plan was amended to open the Plan to eligible employees who were hired on and after January 1, 2007 (“Tier 2 Participant”) and provide these eligible participants with a cash balance benefit formula.

As part of the reorganization the Company implemented in December 2022, the Plan was amended such that effective January 31, 2023, benefits under Tier 1 will be frozen to future accruals and going forward all participants will be earning benefits under Tier 2.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(20.) EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS (Continued)

The following table provides a reconciliation of the Company’s changes in the Plan’s benefit obligations, fair value of assets and a statement of the funded status as of and for the year ended December 31 (in thousands):

|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Change in projected benefit obligation: |  |  |  |  |  |
Projected benefit obligation at beginning of period |  | $ | 74,172 |  |  | $ | 97,682 |
Service cost |  |  | 1,788 |  |  |  | 3,485 |
Interest cost |  |  | 3,421 |  |  |  | 2,588 |
Actuarial gain (loss) |  |  | 3,507 |  |  |  | (25,055 | )
Benefits paid and plan expenses |  |  | (4,638 | ) |  |  | (4,528 | )
Prior year service costs due to plan amendments |  |  | (3,905 | ) |  |  | - |
Projected benefit obligation at end of period |  |  | 74,345 |  |  |  | 74,172 |
Change in plan assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of period |  |  | 73,276 |  |  |  | 104,227 |
Actual return on plan assets |  |  | 4,549 |  |  |  | (26,422 | )
Employer contributions |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Benefits paid and plan expenses |  |  | (4,639 | ) |  |  | (4,529 | )
Fair value of plan assets at end of period |  |  | 73,186 |  |  |  | 73,276 |
Funded status at end of period |  | $ | (1,159 | ) |  | $ | (896 | )

The accumulated benefit obligation was $73.9 million and $70.2 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The Company’s funding policy is to contribute, at a minimum, an actuarially determined amount that will satisfy the minimum funding requirements determined under the appropriate sections of the Internal Revenue Code. The Company has no minimum required contribution for the 2024 fiscal year.

Estimated benefit payments under the Plan over the next ten years at December 31, 2023 are as follows (in thousands):

|  | Amount |
2024 |  | $ | 4,359 |
2025 |  |  | 4,532 |
2026 |  |  | 4,856 |
2027 |  |  | 4,854 |
2028 |  |  | 5,103 |
2029 - 2032 |  |  | 26,149 |

Net periodic pension cost consists of the following components for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):

|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Service cost |  | $ | 1,788 |  |  | $ | 3,485 |  |  | $ | 4,196 |
Interest cost on projected benefit obligation |  |  | 3,421 |  |  |  | 2,588 |  |  |  | 2,202 |
Expected return on plan assets |  |  | (3,511 | ) |  |  | (4,565 | ) |  |  | (5,225 | )
Amortization of unrecognized loss |  |  | 1,264 |  |  |  | 250 |  |  |  | 724 |
Amortization of unrecognized prior service credit |  |  | (492 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Net periodic pension cost |  | $ | 2,470 |  |  | $ | 1,758 |  |  | $ | 1,897 |

The actuarial assumptions used to determine the net periodic pension cost were as follows:

|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Weighted average discount rate |  |  | 4.98 | % |  |  | 2.70 | % |  |  | 2.32 | %
Rate of compensation increase |  |  | 3.00 | % |  |  | 3.00 | % |  |  | 3.00 | %
Expected long-term rate of return |  |  | 6.00 | % |  |  | 5.25 | % |  |  | 5.25 | %

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(20.) EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS (Continued)

The actuarial assumptions used to determine the projected benefit obligation were as follows:

|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Weighted average discount rate |  |  | 4.78 | % |  |  | 4.98 | % |  |  | 2.70 | %
Rate of compensation increase |  |  | 4.00 | % |  |  | 3.00 | % |  |  | 3.00 | %

The weighted average discount rate was based upon the projected benefit cash flows and the market yields of high-grade corporate bonds that are available to pay such cash flows.

The Plan’s overall investment strategy is to invest in a diversified portfolio while managing the variability between the assets and projected liabilities of underfunded pension plans. The Plan’s Board Members approved a migration (the “Migration”) of substantially all of the Plan’s assets to one fund, Commingled Pensions Trust Fund (LDI Diversified Balanced) of JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. (“JPMCB LDI Diversified Balanced Fund” or the “Fund”). The Fund is a collective investment fund managed by the Plan’s trustee (the “Trustee”) under the Declaration of Trust. The Trustee is the Fund’s manager and makes day-to-day investment decisions for the Fund. The Fund is a group trust within the meaning of Internal Revenue Service Revenue Ruling 81-100, as amended. In reliance upon exemptions from the registration requirements of the federal securities laws, neither the Fund nor the Fund’s Units are registered with the SEC or any state securities commission. Because the Fund is not subject to registration under federal or state securities laws, certain protections that might otherwise be provided to investors in registered funds are not available to investors in the Fund. However, as a bank-sponsored collective investment trust holding qualified retirement plan assets, the Fund is required to comply with applicable provisions of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (“ERISA”), and the Trustee is subject to supervision and regulation by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and the Department of Labor.

Prior to the Migration, the Plan’s overall investment strategy was to achieve a mix of approximately 97% of investments for long-term growth and 3% f or near-term benefit payments with a wide diversification of asset types, fund strategies, and fund managers. The Board made the election in their December 2018 meeting and the Migration had an effective trade date of February 28, 2019. The Fund employs a liability driven investing (“LDI”) strategy for pension plans that are seeking a solution that is balanced between growth and hedging. The Bloomberg Barclays Long A U.S. Corporate Index, the Fund’s primary liability-performance benchmark, is used as a proxy for plan projected liabilities. The growth-oriented portion of the Fund invests in a mix of asset classes that the Fund’s Trustee believes will collectively maximize total risk-adjusted return through a combination of capital appreciation and income. This portion of the Fund will comprise between 35% and 90% of the portfolio and will invest directly or indirectly via underlying funds in a broad mix of global equity, credit, global fixed income, real estate and cash-plus strategies. The remaining portion of the Fund, between 10% and 65% of the portfolio, provides exposure to U.S. long duration fixed income and is used to minimize volatility relative to a plan’s projected liabilities. This portion of the Fund will invest directly or indirectly via underlying funds in investment grade corporate bonds and securities issued by the U.S. Treasury and its agencies or instrumentalities.

The following table represents the Plan’s target asset allocation and actual asset allocation, respectively, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

|  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | Target |  | Actual |  | Target |  | Actual
Asset category: |  | Allocation |  | Allocation |  | Allocation |  | Allocation
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | 0.14 | % |  |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | 16.59 | %
Equity securities |  |  | 30.00 |  |  |  | 31.51 |  |  |  | 30.00 |  |  |  | 25.05 |
Fixed income securities |  |  | 15.00 |  |  |  | 36.14 |  |  |  | 15.00 |  |  |  | 21.70 |
Alternative investments |  |  | 55.00 |  |  |  | 32.21 |  |  |  | 55.00 |  |  |  | 36.66 |

Cash equivalents include repurchase agreements, banker’s acceptances, commercial paper, negotiable certificates of deposit, U.S. government securities with less than one year to maturity and funds (including the Commingled Pension Trust Fund (Liquidity) of JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. (“JPMorgan”)) established to invest in these types of highly liquid, high-quality instruments. Equity securities primarily include investments in common stocks, depository receipts, preferred stocks, commingled pension trust funds, exchange traded funds and real estate investment trusts. Fixed income securities include corporate bonds, government issues, credit card receivables, mortgage-backed securities, municipals, commingled pension trust funds and other asset backed securities. Alternative investments are real estate interests and related investments held within a commingled pension trust fund.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(20.) EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS (Continued)

The Fund is valued utilizing the valuation policies set forth by JP Morgan’s asset management committee. Underlying investments for which market quotations are readily available are valued at their market value. Underlying investments for which market quotations are not readily available are fair valued by approved affiliated and/or unaffiliated pricing vendors, third-party broker-dealers or methodologies as approved by the asset management committee. Fixed income instruments are valued based on prices received from approved affiliated and unaffiliated pricing vendors or third-party broker-dealers (collectively referred to as “Pricing Services”). The Pricing Services use multiple valuation techniques to determine the valuation of fixed income instruments. In instances where sufficient market activity exists, the Pricing Services may utilize a market-based approach through which trades or quotes from market makers are used to determine the valuation of these instruments. In instances where sufficient market activity may not exist, the Pricing Services also utilize proprietary valuation models which may consider market transactions in comparable securities and the various relationships between securities in determining fair value and/or market characteristics in order to estimate the relevant cash flows, which are then discounted to calculate the fair values. Equities and other exchange-traded instruments are valued at the last sales price or official market closing price on the primary exchange on which the instrument is traded before the net asset values (“NAV”) of the Funds are calculated on a valuation date. Futures contracts are generally valued on the basis of available market quotations. Forward foreign currency exchange contracts are valued utilizing market quotations from approved Pricing Services. The Fund invests in the Commingled Pension Trust Fund (“Strategic Property Fund”) of JPMorgan (the “SPF”), which holds significant amounts of investments which have been fair valued at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no transfers in or out of Levels 1, 2 or 3. In addition, there were no changes in valuation methodologies during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

The major categories of Plan assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31 are presented in the following tables (in thousands).

|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
|  | Inputs |  |  | Inputs |  |  | Inputs |  |  | Fair Value |
2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash (including foreign currencies) |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 15 |
Short term investment funds |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,187 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,187 |
Total cash equivalents |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 1,187 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,202 |
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commingled pension trust funds |  |  | - |  |  |  | 22,714 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 22,714 |
Total equity securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 22,714 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 22,714 |
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commingled pension trust funds |  |  | - |  |  |  | 26,050 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 26,050 |
Corporate bonds |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2 |
Total fixed income securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 26,052 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 26,052 |
Other investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commingled pension trust funds |  |  | - |  |  |  | 23,218 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 23,218 |
Total Plan investments |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 73,171 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 73,186 |

At December 31, 2023, the portfolio was substantially managed by one investment firm, with control of approximately 98% of the Plan’s assets. A portfolio concentration of 98% in the JPMCB LDI Diversified Balanced Fund, a commingled pension trust fund (“CPTF”), existed at December 31, 2023.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(20.) EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS (Continued)

|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
|  | Inputs |  |  | Inputs |  |  | Inputs |  |  | Fair Value |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash (including foreign currencies) |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 7 |
Short term investment funds |  |  | - |  |  |  | 12,149 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 12,149 |
Total cash equivalents |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 12,149 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 12,156 |
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commingled pension trust funds |  |  | - |  |  |  | 18,356 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 18,356 |
Total equity securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 18,356 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 18,356 |
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commingled pension trust funds |  |  | - |  |  |  | 15,898 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 15,898 |
Corporate bonds |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3 |
Total fixed income securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 15,901 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 15,901 |
Other investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commingled pension trust funds |  |  | - |  |  |  | 26,863 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 26,863 |
Total Plan investments |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 73,269 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 73,276 |

At December 31, 2022, the portfolio was substantially managed by one investment firm, with control of approximately 96% of the Plan’s assets. A portfolio concentration of 96% in the JPMCB LDI Diversified Balanced Fund, a CPTF, existed at December 31, 2022.

Postretirement Benefit Plan

An entity acquired by the Company provided health and dental care benefits to retired employees who met specified age and service requirements through a postretirement health and dental care plan in which both the acquired entity and the retirees shared the cost. The plan provided for substantially the same medical insurance coverage as for active employees until their death and was integrated with Medicare for those retirees aged 65 or older. In 2001, the plan’s eligibility requirements were amended to curtail eligible benefit payments to only retired employees and active employees who had already met the then-applicable age and service requirements under the Plan. In 2003, retirees under age 65 began contributing to health coverage at the same cost-sharing level as that of active employees. Retirees ages 65 or older were offered new Medicare supplemental plans as alternatives to the plan historically offered. The cost sharing of medical coverage was standardized throughout the group of retirees aged 65 or older. In addition, to be consistent with the administration of the Company’s dental plan for active employees, all retirees who continued dental coverage began paying the full monthly premium. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there wa s no a ccrued liability related to this plan. The postretirement expense for the plan that was included in salaries and employee benefits in the consolidated statements of income was not significant for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. This plan is unfunded.

(21.) FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Determination of Fair Value — Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis

Valuation Hierarchy

The fair value of an asset or liability is the price that would be received to sell that asset or paid to transfer that liability in an orderly transaction occurring in the principal market (or most advantageous market in the absence of a principal market) for such asset or liability. ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures,” establishes a fair value hierarchy for valuation inputs that gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs. There have been no changes in the valuation techniques used during the current period. The fair value hierarchy is as follows:

•
Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date.

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December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(21.) FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (Continued)

•
Level 2 - Inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These might include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (such as interest rates, volatilities, prepayment speeds, credit risks, etc.) or inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by market data by correlation or other means.
•
Level 3 - Unobservable inputs for determining the fair values of assets or liabilities that reflect an entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the assets or liabilities.

Transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy are recorded as of the end of the reporting period.

In general, fair value is based upon quoted market prices, where available. If such quoted market prices are not available, fair value is based upon internally developed models that primarily use, as inputs, observable market-based parameters. Valuation adjustments may be made to ensure that financial instruments are recorded at fair value. These adjustments may include amounts to reflect counterparty credit quality and the company’s creditworthiness, among other things, as well as unobservable parameters. Any such valuation adjustments are applied consistently over time. The Company’s valuation methodologies may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. While management believes the Company’s valuation methodologies are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date. Furthermore, the reported fair value amounts have not been comprehensively revalued since the presentation dates, and therefore, estimates of fair value after the balance sheet date may differ significantly from the amounts presented herein. A more detailed description of the valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy, is set forth below.

Securities available for sale: Securities classified as available for sale are reported at fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs. For these securities, the Company obtains fair value measurements from an independent pricing service. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information and the bond’s terms and conditions, among other things.

Derivative instruments: The fair value of derivative instruments is determined using quoted secondary market prices for similar financial instruments and are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Loans held for sale: The fair value of loans held for sale is determined using quoted secondary market prices and investor commitments. Loans held for sale are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Collateral dependent loans: Fair value of collateral dependent loans with specific allocations of the allowance for credit losses - loans is measured based on the value of the collateral securing these loans and is classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. Collateral may be real estate and/or business assets including equipment, inventory and/or accounts receivable and collateral value is determined based on appraisals performed by qualified licensed appraisers hired by the Company. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Appraised and reported values may be discounted based on management’s historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of valuation, and/or management’s expertise and knowledge of the client and the client’s business. Such discounts are typically significant and result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. Collateral dependent loans are reviewed and evaluated on at least a quarterly basis for additional impairment and adjusted accordingly, based on the same factors identified above.

Long-lived assets held for sale: The fair value of the long-lived assets held for sale was based on estimated market prices from independently prepared current appraisals, adjusted for expected costs to sell, and are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(21.) FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (Continued)

Loan servicing rights: Loan servicing rights do not trade in an active market with readily observable market data. As a result, the Company estimates the fair value of loan servicing rights by using a discounted cash flow model to calculate the present value of estimated future net servicing income. The assumptions used in the discounted cash flow model are those that the Company believes market participants would use in estimating future net servicing income, including estimates of loan prepayment rates, servicing costs, ancillary income, impound account balances, and discount rates. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s loan servicing rights are the constant prepayment rates and weighted average discount rate. Significant increases (decreases) in any of those inputs in isolation could result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement. Although the constant prepayment rate and the discount rate are not directly interrelated, they will generally move in opposite directions. Loan servicing rights are classified as Level 3 measurements due to the use of significant unobservable inputs, as well as significant management judgment and estimation.

Other real estate owned (foreclosed assets): Nonrecurring adjustments to certain commercial and residential real estate properties classified as other real estate owned are measured at the lower of carrying amount or fair value, less costs to sell. Fair values are generally based on third-party appraisals of the property, resulting in a Level 3 classification. The appraisals are sometimes further discounted based on management’s historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of valuation, and/or management’s expertise and knowledge of the client and client’s business. Such discounts are typically significant and result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. In cases where the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, less costs to sell, an impairment loss is recognized.

Commitments to extend credit and letters of credit: Commitments to extend credit and fund letters of credit are principally at current interest rates, and, therefore, the carrying amount approximates fair value. The fair value of commitments is not material.

Assets Measured at Fair Value

The following tables present for each of the fair-value hierarchy levels the Company’s assets that are measured at fair value on a recurring and non-recurring basis as of December 31 (in thousands):

|  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets or Liabilities (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |  |  | Total |
2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Measured on a recurring basis: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agencies and government sponsored enterprises |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 21,811 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 21,811 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 865,919 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 865,919 |
Other assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hedging derivative instruments |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,939 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,939 |
Fair value adjusted through comprehensive income |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 893,669 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 893,669 |
Other assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative instruments – interest rate products |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 37,517 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 37,517 |
Derivative instruments – mortgage banking |  |  | - |  |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 50 |
Other liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative instruments – interest rate products |  |  | - |  |  |  | (37,519 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (37,519 | )
Derivative instruments – mortgage banking |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2 | )
Fair value adjusted through net income |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 46 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 46 |
Measured on a nonrecurring basis: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans held for sale |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,370 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,370 |
Collateral dependent loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 37,516 |  |  |  | 37,516 |
Other assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-lived assets held for sale |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 629 |  |  |  | 629 |
Loan servicing rights |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,382 |  |  |  | 1,382 |
Other real estate owned |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 142 |  |  |  | 142 |
Total |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,370 |  |  | $ | 39,669 |  |  | $ | 41,039 |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(21.) FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (Continued)

There were no t ransfers between Levels 1 and 2 during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. There were no liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

|  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets or Liabilities (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |  |  | Total |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Measured on a recurring basis: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agencies and government sponsored enterprises |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 21,115 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 21,115 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 933,256 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 933,256 |
Other assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hedging derivative instruments |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,725 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,725 |
Fair value adjusted through comprehensive income |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 961,096 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 961,096 |
Other assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative instruments – interest rate products |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 47,736 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 47,736 |
Derivative instruments – mortgage banking |  |  | - |  |  |  | 96 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 96 |
Other liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative instruments – interest rate products |  |  | - |  |  |  | (47,738 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (47,738 | )
Derivative instruments – mortgage banking |  |  | - |  |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (13 | )
Fair value adjusted through net income |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 81 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 81 |
Measured on a nonrecurring basis: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans held for sale |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 550 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 550 |
Collateral dependent loans |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  | 21,454 |  |  |  | 21,454 |
Other assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-lived assets held for sale |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,509 |  |  |  | 1,509 |
Loan servicing rights |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,470 |  |  |  | 1,470 |
Other real estate owned |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 19 |
Total |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 550 |  |  | $ | 24,452 |  |  | $ | 25,002 |

There wer e no transfers between Levels 1 and 2 during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. There were no li abilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

The following table presents additional quantitative information about assets measured at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis for which the Company has utilized Level 3 inputs to determine fair value (dollars in thousands) at December 31, 2023.

Asset |  | Fair Value |  |  | Valuation Technique |  | Unobservable Input |  | Unobservable Input Value / Range
Collateral dependent loans |  | $ | 37,516 |  |  | Appraisal of collateral (1) |  | Appraisal adjustments (2) |  | 48.8% (3) / 0 - 92%
Loan servicing rights |  | $ | 1,382 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Discount rate |  | 10.2% (3)
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Constant prepayment rate |  | 12.8% (3)
Long-lived assets held for sale |  | $ | 629 |  |  | Appraisal of collateral (1) |  | Appraisal adjustments (2) |  | 12.4 - 46.3%
Other real estate owned |  | $ | 142 |  |  | Appraisal of collateral (1) |  | Appraisal adjustments (2) |  | 34.0 - 47.7%

(1)
Fair value is generally determined through independent appraisals of the underlying collateral, which generally include various Level 3 inputs which are not identifiable.
(2)
Appraisals may be adjusted by management for qualitative factors such as economic conditions and estimated liquidation expenses.
(3)
Weighted averages.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(21.) FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (Continued)

Changes in Level 3 Fair Value Measurements

There wer e no a ssets measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) as of or during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Disclosures about Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The assumptions used below are expected to approximate those that market participants would use in valuing these financial instruments.

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on available market information and judgments about the financial instrument, including estimates of timing, amount of expected future cash flows and the credit standing of the issuer. Such estimates do not consider the tax impact of the realization of unrealized gains or losses. In some cases, the fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets. In addition, the disclosed fair value may not be realized in the immediate settlement of the financial instrument. Care should be exercised in deriving conclusions about our business, its value or financial position based on the fair value information of financial instruments presented below.

The estimated fair value approximates carrying value for cash and cash equivalents, FHLB and FRB stock, accrued interest receivable, non-maturity deposits, short-term borrowings and accrued interest payable. Fair value estimates for other financial instruments not included elsewhere in this disclosure are discussed below.

Securities held to maturity: The fair value of the Company’s investment securities held to maturity is primarily measured using information from a third-party pricing service. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information and the bond’s terms and conditions, among other things.

Loans: The fair value of the Company’s loans was estimated by discounting the expected future cash flows using the current interest rates at which similar loans would be made for the same remaining maturities. Loans were first segregated by type, such as commercial, residential mortgage, and consumer, and were then further segmented into fixed and variable rate and loan quality categories. Expected future cash flows were projected based on contractual cash flows, adjusted for estimated prepayments.

Time deposits: The fair value of time deposits was estimated using a discounted cash flow approach that applies prevailing market interest rates for similar maturity instruments. The fair values of the Company’s time deposit liabilities do not take into consideration the value of the Company’s long-term relationships with depositors, which may have significant value.

Long-term borrowings: Long-term borrowings consist of $75 million of subordinated notes and $50 million of long-term borrowings from the FHLB. The subordinated notes are publicly traded and are valued based on market prices, which are characterized as Level 2 liabilities in the fair value hierarchy. The FHLB borrowings are valued using discounted cash flows based on current market rates for borrowings with similar remaining maturities and are characterized as Level 2 liabilities in the fair value hierarchy.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(21.) FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (Continued)

The following presents the carrying amount, estimated fair value, and placement in the fair value measurement hierarchy of the Company’s financial instruments as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

|  | Level in |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
|  | Fair Value |  |  |  |  | Estimated |  |  |  |  |  | Estimated |
|  | Measurement |  | Carrying |  |  | Fair |  |  | Carrying |  |  | Fair |
|  | Hierarchy |  | Amount |  |  | Value |  |  | Amount |  |  | Value |
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | Level 1 |  | $ | 124,442 |  |  | $ | 124,442 |  |  | $ | 130,466 |  |  | $ | 130,466 |
Securities available for sale |  | Level 2 |  |  | 887,730 |  |  |  | 887,730 |  |  |  | 954,371 |  |  |  | 954,371 |
Securities held to maturity, net |  | Level 2 |  |  | 148,156 |  |  |  | 137,030 |  |  |  | 188,975 |  |  |  | 174,188 |
Loans held for sale |  | Level 2 |  |  | 1,370 |  |  |  | 1,370 |  |  |  | 550 |  |  |  | 550 |
Loans |  | Level 2 |  |  | 4,373,541 |  |  |  | 4,143,918 |  |  |  | 3,983,582 |  |  |  | 3,867,285 |
Loans⁽¹⁾ |  | Level 3 |  |  | 37,516 |  |  |  | 37,516 |  |  |  | 21,454 |  |  |  | 21,454 |
Long-lived assets held for sale |  | Level 3 |  |  | 629 |  |  |  | 629 |  |  |  | 1,509 |  |  |  | 1,509 |
Accrued interest receivable |  | Level 1 |  |  | 24,481 |  |  |  | 24,481 |  |  |  | 19,371 |  |  |  | 19,371 |
Derivative instruments – cash flow hedge |  | Level 2 |  |  | 5,939 |  |  |  | 5,939 |  |  |  | 6,725 |  |  |  | 6,725 |
Derivative instruments – interest rate products |  | Level 2 |  |  | 37,517 |  |  |  | 37,517 |  |  |  | 47,736 |  |  |  | 47,736 |
Derivative instruments – mortgage banking |  | Level 2 |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | 96 |  |  |  | 96 |
FHLB and FRB stock |  | Level 2 |  |  | 17,406 |  |  |  | 17,406 |  |  |  | 19,385 |  |  |  | 19,385 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-maturity deposits |  | Level 1 |  |  | 3,808,216 |  |  |  | 3,808,216 |  |  |  | 3,646,552 |  |  |  | 3,646,552 |
Time deposits |  | Level 2 |  |  | 1,404,696 |  |  |  | 1,398,352 |  |  |  | 1,282,872 |  |  |  | 1,268,957 |
Short-term borrowings |  | Level 1 |  |  | 185,000 |  |  |  | 185,000 |  |  |  | 205,000 |  |  |  | 205,000 |
Long-term borrowings |  | Level 2 |  |  | 124,532 |  |  |  | 128,363 |  |  |  | 74,222 |  |  |  | 70,814 |
Accrued interest payable |  | Level 1 |  |  | 19,412 |  |  |  | 19,412 |  |  |  | 5,983 |  |  |  | 5,983 |
Derivative instruments – cash flow hedges |  | Level 2 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Derivative instruments – interest rate products |  | Level 2 |  |  | 37,519 |  |  |  | 37,519 |  |  |  | 47,738 |  |  |  | 47,738 |
Derivative instruments – credit contracts |  | Level 2 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Derivative instruments – mortgage banking |  | Level 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 13 |

(1)
Comprised of collateral dependent loans.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(22.) PARENT COMPANY FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Condensed financial statements pertaining only to the Parent are presented below (in thousands).

Condensed Statements of Financial Condition |  | December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from subsidiary |  | $ | 16,331 |  |  | $ | 23,802 |
Investment in and receivables due from subsidiary |  |  | 518,680 |  |  |  | 462,253 |
Other assets |  |  | 7,216 |  |  |  | 6,698 |
Total assets |  | $ | 542,227 |  |  | $ | 492,753 |
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | - |
Long-term borrowings, net of issuance costs of $468 and $778, respectively |  |  | 74,532 |  |  |  | 74,222 |
Other liabilities |  |  | 12,897 |  |  |  | 12,926 |
Shareholders’ equity |  |  | 454,796 |  |  |  | 405,605 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 542,227 |  |  | $ | 492,753 |

Condensed Statements of Income |  | Years ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Dividends from subsidiary and associated companies |  | $ | 18,000 |  |  | $ | 32,000 |  |  | $ | 24,000 |
Management and service fees from subsidiaries |  |  | 527 |  |  |  | 511 |  |  |  | 147 |
Other income (loss) |  |  | 463 |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | 93 |
Total income |  |  | 18,990 |  |  |  | 32,507 |  |  |  | 24,240 |
Interest expense |  |  | 4,242 |  |  |  | 4,242 |  |  |  | 4,237 |
Operating expenses |  |  | 3,119 |  |  |  | 3,213 |  |  |  | 3,379 |
Total expense |  |  | 7,361 |  |  |  | 7,455 |  |  |  | 7,616 |
Income before income tax benefit and equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiary |  |  | 11,629 |  |  |  | 25,052 |  |  |  | 16,624 |
Income tax benefit |  |  | 1,647 |  |  |  | 1,848 |  |  |  | 1,999 |
Income before equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiary |  |  | 13,276 |  |  |  | 26,900 |  |  |  | 18,623 |
Equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiary |  |  | 36,988 |  |  |  | 29,673 |  |  |  | 59,074 |
Net income |  | $ | 50,264 |  |  | $ | 56,573 |  |  | $ | 77,697 |

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(22.) PARENT COMPANY FINANCIAL INFORMATION (Continued)

Condensed Statements of Cash Flows |  | Years ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 50,264 |  |  | $ | 56,573 |  |  | $ | 77,697 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiary |  |  | (36,988 | ) |  |  | (29,673 | ) |  |  | (59,074 | )
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 76 |  |  |  | 77 |  |  |  | 367 |
Share-based compensation |  |  | 1,674 |  |  |  | 2,551 |  |  |  | 1,743 |
Decrease in other assets |  |  | (399 | ) |  |  | (577 | ) |  |  | (1,448 | )
Increase (decrease) in other liabilities |  |  | 111 |  |  |  | 7,477 |  |  |  | (86 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 14,738 |  |  |  | 36,428 |  |  |  | 19,199 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital investment in subsidiaries |  |  | (1,893 | ) |  |  | (1,551 | ) |  |  | - |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (1,893 | ) |  |  | (1,551 | ) |  |  | - |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchase of preferred and common shares |  |  | (571 | ) |  |  | (15,340 | ) |  |  | (9,235 | )
Proceeds from issuance of preferred and common shares |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (43 | )
Dividends paid |  |  | (19,745 | ) |  |  | (19,053 | ) |  |  | (18,451 | )
Net cash used in financing activities |  |  | (20,316 | ) |  |  | (34,393 | ) |  |  | (27,729 | )
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (7,471 | ) |  |  | 484 |  |  |  | (8,530 | )
Cash and cash equivalents as of beginning of year |  |  | 23,802 |  |  |  | 23,318 |  |  |  | 31,848 |
Cash and cash equivalents as of end of the year |  | $ | 16,331 |  |  | $ | 23,802 |  |  | $ | 23,318 |

(23.) SEGMENT REPORTING

The Company has one reportable segment, Banking, which includes all of the Company’s retail and commercial banking operations. This reportable segment has been identified and organized based on the nature of the underlying products and services applicable to the segment, the type of customers to whom those products and services are offered and the distribution channel through which those products and services are made available.

All other segments that do not meet the quantitative threshold for separate reporting have been grouped as “All Other,” which include the activities of SDN, Courier Capital and HNP, prior to the May 1, 2023 merger. Refer to Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, for further details on the merger. SDN is a full-service insurance agency that provides a broad range of insurance services to both personal and business clients, and Courier Capital is an investment advisor and wealth management firm that provides customized investment management, investment consulting and retirement plan services to individuals, businesses, institutions, foundations and retirement plans. Also included in “All Other” are Holding Company amounts, which are the primary differences between segment amounts and consolidated totals, along with amounts to eliminate balances and transactions between segments.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(23.) SEGMENT REPORTING (Continued)

The following table presents information regarding the Company’s business segments as of the dates indicated (in thousands).

|  | Banking |  |  | All Other |  |  | Consolidated Totals |
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill |  | $ | 48,536 |  |  | $ | 18,535 |  |  | $ | 67,071 |
Other intangible assets, net |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,433 |  |  |  | 5,433 |
Total assets |  |  | 6,117,748 |  |  |  | 43,133 |  |  |  | 6,160,881 |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill |  | $ | 48,536 |  |  | $ | 18,535 |  |  | $ | 67,071 |
Other intangible assets, net |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,343 |  |  |  | 6,343 |
Total assets |  |  | 5,756,441 |  |  |  | 40,831 |  |  |  | 5,797,272 |

The following table presents information regarding the Company’s business segments for the periods indicated (in thousands).

|  | Banking |  |  | All Other |  |  | Consolidated Totals |
Year ended December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income (expense) |  | $ | 169,957 |  |  | $ | (4,242 | ) |  | $ | 165,715 |
Provision for credit losses - loans |  |  | (13,681 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (13,681 | )
Noninterest income |  |  | 31,893 |  |  |  | 16,351 |  |  |  | 48,244 |
Noninterest expense |  |  | (121,822 | ) |  |  | (15,403 | ) |  |  | (137,225 | )
Income (loss) before income taxes |  |  | 66,347 |  |  |  | (3,294 | ) |  |  | 63,053 |
Income tax (expense) benefit |  |  | (13,618 | ) |  |  | 829 |  |  |  | (12,789 | )
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 52,729 |  |  | $ | (2,465 | ) |  | $ | 50,264 |
Year ended December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income (expense) |  | $ | 171,613 |  |  | $ | (4,241 | ) |  | $ | 167,372 |
Provision for credit losses - loans |  |  | (13,311 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (13,311 | )
Noninterest income |  |  | 30,519 |  |  |  | 15,752 |  |  |  | 46,271 |
Noninterest expense |  |  | (113,703 | ) |  |  | (15,659 | ) |  |  | (129,362 | )
Income (loss) before income taxes |  |  | 75,118 |  |  |  | (4,148 | ) |  |  | 70,970 |
Income tax (expense) benefit |  |  | (15,510 | ) |  |  | 1,113 |  |  |  | (14,397 | )
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 59,608 |  |  | $ | (3,035 | ) |  | $ | 56,573 |
Year ended December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income (expense) |  | $ | 158,967 |  |  | $ | (4,237 | ) |  | $ | 154,730 |
Benefit for credit losses - loans |  |  | 8,336 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,336 |
Noninterest income |  |  | 31,340 |  |  |  | 15,566 |  |  |  | 46,906 |
Noninterest expense |  |  | (95,882 | ) |  |  | (16,868 | ) |  |  | (112,750 | )
Income (loss) before income taxes |  |  | 102,761 |  |  |  | (5,539 | ) |  |  | 97,222 |
Income tax (expense) benefit |  |  | (21,038 | ) |  |  | 1,513 |  |  |  | (19,525 | )
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 81,723 |  |  | $ | (4,026 | ) |  | $ | 77,697 |

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(24.) SUBSEQUENT EVENT

The Bank discovered fraudulent activity associated with deposit transactions conducted over the course of several business days ending in early March 2024 by an in-market business customer of the Bank. The Bank continues to investigate this matter to determine the potential exposure to the Company, which the Company currently estimates could be $18.9 million, or $14.1 million net of taxes. The ultimate financial impact could be lower and will depend, in part on the Bank’s success in its efforts to recover the funds. The Bank plans to pursue all available sources of recovery and other means of mitigating the potential loss.

The Bank is working with the appropriate law enforcement authorities in connection with this matter. The Company may be limited in what information it can disclose due to the ongoing investigation.

Based on the Bank’s review of the circumstances of fraudulent activity, the Bank believes this incident is an isolated occurrence involving a single deposit-only business relationship.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

ITEM 9A. CONTRO LS AND PROCEDURES

Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures

As of the end of the period covered by this report, the Company carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15(b), as adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”). Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Disclosure controls and procedures are the controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that the Company files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that the Company files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting and Attestation Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Management assessed the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on criteria established in the Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this assessment, management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2023, the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting. Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting is included under Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” in Part II of this Form 10-K.

RSM US LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has audited the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023 which are included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and has issued a report on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. The Report of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm that attests the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting is included under Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” in Part II of this Form 10-K.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 9B. OTH ER INFORMATION

During the fourth quarter of 2023, none of our directors or officers adopted or terminated any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of Company securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) or any “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as that term is used in SEC regulations.

ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

Not applicable.

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PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OF FICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

In response to this Item, the information set forth in the Company’s Proxy Statement for its 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (the “2024 Proxy Statement”) to be filed within 120 days following the end of the Company’s fiscal year, under the headings “Proposal 1 - Election of Directors,” “Business Experience and Qualification of Directors,” “Our Executive Officers” and “Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports” is incorporated herein by reference.

Information concerning the Company’s Audit Committee and the Audit Committee’s financial expert is set forth under the caption “Committees of the Board” in the 2024 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

Information concerning the Company’s Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is set forth under the caption “Corporate Governance and Board Matters” in the 2024 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 11. EXECUTI VE COMPENSATION

In response to this Item, the information set forth in the 2024 Proxy Statement under the headings “Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” “Executive Compensation Tables,” “Management Development & Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation,” “Director Compensation,” and “Management Development & Compensation Committee Report” is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL O WNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

In response to this Item, the information set forth in the 2024 Proxy Statement under the heading “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” is incorporated herein by reference.

Equity Compensation Plan Information

The following table sets forth, as of December 31, 2023, information about our equity compensation plans that have been approved by our shareholders, including the number of shares of our common stock exercisable under all outstanding options, warrants and rights, the weighted average exercise price of all outstanding options, warrants and rights and the number of shares available for future issuance under our equity compensation plans. We have no equity compensation plans that have not been approved by our shareholders.

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Number of securities |
|  |  |  |  | Weighted average |  |  | remaining for future |
|  | Number of securities to |  |  | exercise price |  |  | issuance under equity |
|  | be issued upon exercise |  |  | of outstanding |  |  | compensation plans |
|  | of outstanding options, |  |  | options, warrants |  |  | (excluding securities |
|  | warrants and rights |  |  | and rights |  |  | reflected in column (a)) |
Plan Category |  | (a) (1) |  |  | (b) (1) |  |  | (c) |
Equity compensation plans approved by shareholders |  |  | 306,152 |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | 515,613 |
Equity compensation plans not approved by shareholders |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |

(1)
Comprised of restricted stock units granted under our 2015 Plan. See Note 17, Share-Based Compensation, to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details. All restricted stock units are excluded from the weighted average exercise price column.

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATE D TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

In response to this Item, the information set forth in the 2024 Proxy Statement under the headings “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions” and “Director Independence and Qualifications” is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOU NTING FEES AND SERVICES

In response to this Item, the information set forth in the 2024 Proxy Statement under the heading “Proposal 3 — Ratification of Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” is incorporated herein by reference.

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PART IV

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND F INANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a)
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Reference is made to the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements of Financial Institutions, Inc. and subsidiaries under Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

(b)
EXHIBITS

The following is a list of all exhibits filed or incorporated by reference as part of this Report.

Exhibit Number |  | Description |  | Location
3.1 |  | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibits 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 of the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008, dated March 12, 2009
3.2 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of Financial Institutions, Inc. |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Form 8-K, dated June 25, 2019
4.1 |  | Subordinated Indenture, dated as of April 15, 2015, between Financial Institutions, Inc. and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as Trustee |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Form 8-K, dated April 15, 2015
4.2 |  | First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of April 15, 2015, between Financial Institutions, Inc. and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as Trustee |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Form 8-K, dated April 15, 2015
4.3 |  | Form of Global Note to represent the 6.00% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due April 15, 2030 |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit A of Exhibit 4.2 of the Form 8-K, dated April 15, 2015
4.4 |  | Subordinated Indenture, dated as of October 7, 2020, between Financial Institutions, Inc. and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as Trustee |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Form 8-K, dated October 7, 2020.
4.5 |  | Form of 4.375% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Note due October 15, 2030 |  | Included in Exhibit 4.4.
4.6 |  | Description of the Company’s Securities |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 of the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, dated March 4, 2020.
10.1 |  | Supplemental Executive Retirement Agreement between Financial Institutions, Inc. and Peter G. Humphrey |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2012, dated November 6, 2012
10.2 |  | Supplemental Executive Retirement Agreement between Financial Institutions, Inc. and Richard J. Harrison |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2014, dated August 5, 2014
10.3 |  | Financial Institutions, Inc. Amended and Restated 2015 Long-Term Incentive Plan |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2021, dated August 9, 2021
10.4 |  | Form of Director Annual Restricted Stock Award Agreement Pursuant to the Financial Institutions, Inc. 2015 Long-Term Incentive Plan |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, dated March 9, 2023
10.5 |  | Form of Director “In Lieu of Cash Fees” Stock Award Agreement Pursuant to the Financial Institutions, Inc. 2015 Long-Term Incentive Plan |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2015, dated August 5, 2015
10.6 |  | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement Pursuant to the Financial Institutions, Inc. 2015 Long-Term Incentive Plan |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, dated March 9, 2023
10.7 |  | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement Pursuant to the Financial Institutions, Inc. Amended and Restated 2015 Long-Term Incentive Plan |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 of the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, dated March 9, 2023
10.8 |  | Form of Indemnification Agreement |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 of the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, dated March 9, 2023

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Exhibit Number |  | Description |  | Location
10.9 |  | Amended and Restated Executive Agreement, dated May 3, 2017, by and between Financial Institutions, Inc. and Martin K. Birmingham |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Form 8-K, dated May 4, 2017
10.10 |  | Supplemental Executive Retirement Agreement between Financial Institutions, Inc. and Kevin B. Klotzbach dated June 26, 2018 |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2018, dated August 8, 2018
10.11 |  | Form of Executive Agreement |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 of the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, dated March 15, 2021
10.12 |  | Form of Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement Pursuant to the Financial Institutions, Inc. 2015 Long-Term Incentive Plan |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2021, dated May 10, 2021
10.13 |  | Financial Institutions, Inc. Executive Incentive Plan, effective as of January 1, 2021 |  | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 of the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, dated March 10, 2022
10.14 |  | Severance Agreement and Release of All Claims, by and between Financial Institutions, Inc. and Justin K. Bigham |  | Filed Herewith
21 |  | Subsidiaries of Financial Institutions, Inc. |  | Filed Herewith
23.1 |  | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, RSM US LLP |  | Filed Herewith
31.1 |  | Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 - Principal Executive Officer |  | Filed Herewith
31.2 |  | Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 - Principal Financial Officer |  | Filed Herewith
32 |  | Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  | Filed Herewith
101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document |  |
97 |  | Policy Relating to Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation |  | Filed Herewith
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema With Embedded Linkbases Document |  |
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document) |  |

All material agreements consist of management contracts, compensatory plans or arrangements.

ITEM 16. FOR M 10-K SUMMARY

None.

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SIGNAT URES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, the registrant caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  | FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC.
March 13, 2024 |  | By: | /s/ Martin K. Birmingham
|  |  | Martin K. Birmingham
|  |  | President and Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signatures |  | Title |  | Date
/s/ Martin K. Birmingham |  | Director, President and Chief Executive Officer |  | March 13, 2024
Martin K. Birmingham |  | (Principal Executive Officer) |  |
/s/ W. Jack Plants, II |  | Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer |  | March 13, 2024
W. Jack Plants, II |  | (Principal Financial Officer) |  |
/s/ Sonia M. Dumbleton |  | Senior Vice President and Controller |  | March 13, 2024
Sonia M. Dumbleton |  | (Principal Accounting Officer) |  |
/s/ Donald K. Boswell |  | Director |  | March 13, 2024
Donald K. Boswell |  |  |  |
/s/ Dawn H. Burlew |  | Director |  | March 13, 2024
Dawn H. Burlew |  |  |  |
/s/ Andrew W. Dorn, Jr. |  | Director |  | March 13, 2024
Andrew W. Dorn, Jr. |  |  |  |
/s/ Robert M. Glaser |  | Director |  | March 13, 2024
Robert M. Glaser |  |  |  |
/s/ Samuel M. Gullo |  | Director |  | March 13, 2024
Samuel M. Gullo |  |  |  |
/s/ Bruce W. Harting |  | Director |  | March 13, 2024
Bruce W. Harting |  |  |  |
/s/ Susan R. Holliday |  | Director, Chair |  | March 13, 2024
Susan R. Holliday |  |  |  |
/s/ Robert N. Latella |  | Director |  | March 13, 2024
Robert N. Latella |  |  |  |
/s/ Mauricio F. Riveros |  | Director |  | March 13, 2024
Mauricio F. Riveros |  |  |  |
/s/ Kim E. VanGelder |  | Director |  | March 13, 2024
Kim E. VanGelder |  |  |  |
/s/ Mark A. Zupan |  | Director |  | March 13, 2024
Mark A. Zupan |  |  |  |

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