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Stock-Based Compensation | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2023
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract] |
Stock-Based Compensation | Stock-Based Compensation Equity Incentive Plan Share Reserve. As of September 30, 2023, the number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan equaled the sum of 14,662,500 shares, plus up to approximately 13,719,000 shares subject to awards granted under the 2011 Plan that expire, forfeit or are repurchased following the effective date of the 2021 Plan. In addition, the number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2021 Plan will be increased automatically on the first business day of each of the Company’s fiscal years, by a number equal to the lowest of (i) 4,784,100 shares, (ii) 5% of the shares of Class A common stock outstanding on the last business day of the prior fiscal year; or (iii) the number of shares determined by the Board of Directors. Pursuant to this evergreen provision, the Company increased the number of shares reserved under the 2021 Plan by 809,916 and 411,399 shares of Class A common stock during January 2023 and 2022, respectively. In general, to the extent that any awards under the 2021 Plan are forfeited, terminate, expire or lapse without the issuance of shares, or if the Company reacquires the shares subject to awards granted under the 2021 Plan, those shares will again become available for issuance under the 2021 Plan, as will shares applied to pay the exercise or purchase price of an award or to satisfy tax withholding obligations related to any award. Restricted Stock Units Restricted stock units (“RSUs”) granted under the 2021 Plan generally vest based on continued service over a one-to-four-year period for employees, and over a one year period for non-employee directors. RSU activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was as follows:
| Shares |  | Weighted-average grant date fair value per share
Unvested balance as of December 31, 2022 | 3,716,061 |  | $ | 6.60 |
Granted | 4,214,704 |  | $ | 5.04 |
Vested | (1,877,745) |  | $ | 6.23 |
Forfeited | (239,510) |  | $ | 5.44 |
Unvested balance as of September 30, 2023 | 5,813,510 |  | $ | 5.64 |
Stock Options Stock Options. Stock options granted under the Company’s equity plans generally vest based on continued service over four years and expire ten years from the date of grant. The following table summarizes the Black-Scholes option pricing model weighted-average assumptions used in estimating the fair value of stock options granted to employees during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. No stock options were granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Expected term (in years) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6.0
Expected volatility |  |  |  |  |  |  | 49.0 | %
Risk-free interest rate |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.20 | %
Expected dividend yield |  |  |  |  |  |  | — | %
Expected term. For stock options considered to be “plain vanilla” options, the Company estimates the expected term based on the simplified method, which is essentially the weighted average of the vesting period and contractual term, as the Company’s historical share option exercise experience does not provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate the expected term. Expected volatility. The Company performed an analysis using the average volatility of a peer group of representative public companies with sufficient trading history over the expected term to develop an expected volatility assumption. Risk-free interest rate. Based upon quoted market yields for the United States Treasury debt securities for a term consistent with the expected life of the awards in effect at the time of grant. Expected dividend yield. Because the Company has never paid and has no intention to pay cash dividends on common stock, the expected dividend yield is zero. A summary of equity award activity under the Company’s equity plans and related information is as follows (in thousands, except share, price and year data):
| Shares available for grant |  | Outstanding stock options |  | Weighted- average exercise Price |  | Weighted- average remaining contractual life (years) |  | Aggregate intrinsic value
Balance as of December 31, 2022 | 1,836,566 |  |  | 12,371,281 |  |  | $ | 5.74 |  |  | 6.07 |  | $ | 32,385 |
Shares authorized | 9,102,074 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Options granted | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Options exercised | — |  |  | (1,844,602) |  |  | 1.79 |  |  |  |  |
Options canceled | 428,189 |  |  | (428,189) |  |  | 11.31 |  |  |  |  |
RSU award activity | (3,975,194) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of September 30, 2023 | 7,391,635 |  |  | 10,098,490 |  |  | $ | 6.22 |  |  | 5.74 |  | $ | 18,855 |
Vested and exercisable as of September 30, 2023 |  |  | 8,075,929 |  |  | $ | 4.89 |  |  | 5.27 |  | $ | 17,967 |
The weighted-averag e grant-date fair value of options granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was $6.26. The intrinsic value of options exercised for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 was $6.1 million and $9.1 million, respectively. Aggregate intrinsic value represents the difference between the exercise price of the options and the estimated fair value of the Company’s common stock at the time of exercise. The aggregate grant-date fair value of options vested was $6.8 million and $8.0 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. ESPP As of September 30, 2023, the ESPP reserved and authorized the issuance of up to a total of 956,800 shares of Class A common stock to participating employees. Pursuant to its evergreen provision, the Company increased the number of shares reserved under the ESPP by 667,874 and 607,696 during January 2023 and 2022, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, 348,555 shares of Class A common stock have been purchased under the ESPP. The fair value of the purchase rights under the ESPP was estima ted using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with a similar methodology for determining inputs as the Company’s stock options, as described above. The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense under this plan of $0.9 million and $0.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, of which the Company capitalized $0.2 million and $0.2 million, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense under this plan for the development of internal-use software. The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense under this plan of $2.8 million and $2.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, of which the Company capitalized $0.7 million and $0.3 million, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense under this plan for the development of internal-use software. As of September 30, 2023, the total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to the ESPP was $1.8 million and is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of one year. As of September 30, 2023, $1.2 million had been withheld on behalf of employees, respectively. The following table summarizes the Black-Scholes option pricing model assumptions used in estimating the fair value of the stock purchase rights under the ESPP during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Expected term (in years) | N/A |  | 0.5 - 2.0 |  | 0.5 - 2.0 |  | 0.5 - 2.0
Expected volatility | N/A |  | 45% - 68% |  | 45% - 68% |  | 45% - 68%
Risk-free interest rate | N/A |  | 0.10% - 2.60% |  | 0.10% - 5.43% |  | 0.10% - 2.60%
Expected dividend yield | N/A |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | %
Stock-Based Compensation Expense Stock-based compensation expense included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations was as follows (in thousands):
| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Cost of revenue | $ | 653 |  |  | $ | 353 |  |  | $ | 1,456 |  |  | $ | 977 |
Research and development | 2,865 |  |  | 1,828 |  |  | 6,786 |  |  | 5,066 |
Sales and marketing | 2,747 |  |  | 1,539 |  |  | 6,616 |  |  | 3,906 |
General and administrative | 1,693 |  |  | 1,110 |  |  | 3,812 |  |  | 3,062 |
Total stock-based compensation expense | $ | 7,958 |  |  | $ | 4,830 |  |  | $ | 18,670 |  |  | $ | 13,011 |
During the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company capitalized $3.7 million and $1.8 million, respectively, of stock-based compensation for the development of internal-use software. As of September 30, 2023, total compensation cost related to stock options and RSUs not yet vested was $13.0 million and $30.4 million, respectively, which will be recognized over a weighted-average period of two years for stock options and RSUs. Bonus Plan During March 2022, the Company’s Compensation Committee approved a new bonus structure (“Bonus Plan”) for its employees. The Bonus Plan is contingent upon the achievement of annual corporate performance targets. In each respective calendar year, the Company accrues for the Bonus Plan. The actual payout amount is determined by the Company’s Compensation Committee based on the actual achievement with respect to the annual performance targets and paid in the subsequent year in the variable number of RSUs equal to the payout amount. These RSU’s are fully vested as they were earned (and expensed) prior to the payout. Participants must remain employed with the Company through the date of payout to maintain eligibility under the Bonus Plan. Pursuant to the Bonus Plan, during February 2023 the Company’s Compensation Committee approved the issuance of approximately 288,000 RSUs that immediately vested based on actual performance against the performance targets for 2022. The Company recognized $0.7 million and $1.7 million in stock-based compensation during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, of which the Company capitalized $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense under this plan for the development of internal-use software. During February 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors approved annual corporate performance targets under its Bonus Plan for 2023 for its employees. If these performance targets are met during 2023, employees will be paid out under the Bonus Plan in RSUs in 2024. As a result, the Company recognized $1.7 million and $2.6 million in stock-based compensation during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, based on progress made towards these performance targets. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company capitalized $0.2 million and $0.4 million, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense under this plan for the development of internal-use software.

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