Charges for restructuring activities are recorded in the period in which Kodak commits to a formalized restructuring plan, or executes the specific actions contemplated by the plan, and all criteria for liability recognition under the applicable accounting guidance have been met. Restructuring actions taken in the first six months of 2019 were initiated to reduce Kodak’s cost structure as part of its commitment to drive sustainable profitability and included various targeted reductions in manufacturing, service, sales and other administrative functions.

The activity in the accrued balances and the non-cash charges and credits incurred in relation to restructuring activities for the six months ended June 30, 2019 were as follows:

(in millions)	Severance Reserve ⁽¹⁾			Exit Costs Reserve ⁽¹⁾		Long-lived Asset Impairments and Inventory Write-downs ⁽¹⁾		Total
Balance as of December 31, 2018	$	6		$	2	$	—	$	8
Q1 charges		2			—		—		2
Q1 utilization/cash payments		(2	)		—		—		(2	)
Q1 other adjustments and reclasses ⁽²⁾		(1	)		—		—		(1	)
Balance as of March 31, 2019	$	5		$	2	$	—	$	7
Q2 charges - continuing operations	$	2		$	—	$	—	$	2
Q2 charges - discontinued operations		1			—		—		1
Q2 utilization/cash payments		(2	)		—		—		(2	)
Q2 other adjustments and reclasses ⁽²⁾		(1	)		—		—		(1	)
Balance as of June 30, 2019	$	5		$	2	$	—	$	7

⁽¹⁾The severance and exit costs reserves require the outlay of cash, while long-lived asset impairments and inventory write-downs represent non-cash items.

⁽²⁾Represents severance charges funded from pension plan assets, which were reclassified to Pension and other postretirement liabilities.

For the three months ended June 30, 2019 $2 million of charges was reported as Restructuring costs and other, and $1 million was reported in Income from discontinued operations.

The severance costs for the three months ended June 30, 2019 related to the elimination of approximately 35 positions including approximately 5 manufacturing/service positions, and 30 administrative and sales positions. The geographic composition of these positions includes approximately 20 in the United States and Canada and 15 throughout the rest of the world.

For the six months ended June 30, 2019 $4 million of charges was reported as Restructuring costs and other, and $1 million was reported in Income from discontinued operations.

The severance costs for the six months ended June 30, 2019 related to the elimination of approximately 75 positions including approximately 20 manufacturing/service positions, and 55 administrative and sales positions. The geographic composition of these positions includes approximately 40 in the United States and Canada and 35 throughout the rest of the world.

As a result of these initiatives, the majority of the severance will be paid during periods through the end of 2019.