The following table presents the changes in the carrying value of goodwill by reportable segment.

(in millions)	Traditional Printing			Digital Printing		Advanced Materials and Chemicals			Brand		Consolidated Total
As of December 31, 2018
Goodwill	$	56		$	6	$	14		$	—	$	76
Accumulated impairment losses		(56	)		—		(8	)		—		(64	)
Balance as of December 31, 2018		—			6		6			—		12
Impairment		—			—		—			—		—
Balance as of December 31, 2019		—			6		6			—		12
Goodwill reallocation		—			—		(6	)		6		—
As of December 31, 2020		—			6		—			6		12

Goodwill		56			6		8			6		76
Accumulated impairment losses		(56	)		—		(8	)		—		(64	)
Balance as of December 31, 2020	$	—		$	6	$	—		$	6	$	12

As a result of the change in segments that became effective as of January 1, 2020, Kodak’s goodwill reporting units changed. Refer to Note 27, “Segment Information” for additional information on the change to Kodak’s organizational structure. The Digital Printing segment has three goodwill reporting units: Electrophotographic Printing Solutions; Prosper and Versamark; and Software. The Advanced Materials and Chemicals segment has two goodwill reporting units: Motion Picture and Industrial Films and Chemicals; and Advanced Materials and Functional Printing. The Traditional Printing segment and Brand segment each have one goodwill reporting unit.

As of December 31, 2019, the goodwill balance of $12 million under the prior year segment reporting structure was comprised of $6 million for the Brand, Film and Imaging segment and $6 million for the Kodak Software segment, which had only one reporting unit (Software). The goodwill in the Brand, Film and Imaging segment was reported in the Consumer Products reporting unit. The goodwill previously reported in the Consumer Products goodwill reporting unit was transferred to the Brand goodwill reporting unit using a relative fair value allocation to affected reporting units. Goodwill previously reported in the Software reporting unit was transferred to the Digital Printing segment where it continues to remain its own reporting unit.

Kodak performed interim tests of impairment for goodwill as of June 30, 2020 due to the uncertainty regarding the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on its operations, and as of March 31, 2020, due to the decline in market capitalization as of that date since the last goodwill impairment test (December 31, 2019) and the uncertainty regarding the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic at that time. Based on the results of the June 30, 2020 and March 31, 2020 analyses, no impairment of goodwill was indicated. No interim impairment test for goodwill was performed as of September 30, 2020.

Based upon the results of Kodak’s December 31, 2020 annual impairment test, no impairment of goodwill is indicated. As of December 31, 2020, the Brand reporting unit had negative carrying value.

The gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization by major intangible asset category as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 were as follows:

	As of December 31, 2020
	Gross Carrying		Accumulated				Weighted-Average
(in millions)	Amount		Amortization		Net		Amortization Period
Technology-based	$	99	$	80	$	19	5 years
Kodak trade name		18		—		18	Indefinite life
Customer-related		11		9		2	3 years
Total	$	128	$	89	$	39

	As of December 31, 2019
	Gross Carrying		Accumulated				Weighted-Average
(in millions)	Amount		Amortization		Net		Amortization Period
Technology-based	$	99	$	76	$	23	5 years
Kodak trade name		21		—		21	Indefinite life
Customer-related		11		8		3	4 years
Total	$	131	$	84	$	47

The annual and interim impairment tests of the Kodak trade name use the income approach, specifically the relief from royalty method.

In the first quarter of 2020, due to the uncertainty regarding the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic at that time, Kodak performed an interim test of impairment for the Kodak trade name. Based on the result of the interim impairment test, Kodak concluded the carrying value of the Kodak trade name exceeded its fair value. Pre-tax impairment charges of $3 million are included in Other operating (income) expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2020 in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. Kodak also performed an interim test of impairment for the Kodak trade name as of June 30, 2020 due to the uncertainty regarding the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on the result of the interim impairment test as of June 30, 2020, Kodak concluded the fair value of the Kodak trade name exceeded its’ carrying value resulting in no additional impairment. No interim impairment test for the Kodak tradename was performed as of September 30, 2020. Based upon the results of Kodak’s annual December 31, 2020 impairment test, no impairment of the Kodak trade name was indicated.

In the fourth quarter of 2019, Kodak concluded the carrying value of the Kodak trade name exceeded its fair value. Pre-tax impairment charges of $4 million are included in Other operating (income) expense, net in the Consolidated Statement of Operations.

Amortization expense related to intangible assets was $5 million and $7 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Estimated future amortization expense related to intangible assets that are currently being amortized as of December 31, 2020 was as follows: