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Income Taxes | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Income Taxes | 7. Income Taxes Income before income taxes consisted of the following:
Year Ended December 31, |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | (In thousands) |
U.S. |  | $ | 39,297 |  |  | $ | 39,569 |  |  | $ | (1,029 | )
Foreign |  |  | (34,251 | ) |  |  | 4,295 |  |  |  | 40,117 |
Income before income taxes |  | $ | 5,046 |  |  | $ | 43,864 |  |  | $ | 39,088 |
The provision for income taxes consisted of the following:
Year Ended December 31, |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | (In thousands) |
Current: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. federal and state |  | $ | 12,336 |  |  | $ | 11,070 |  |  | $ | 12,561 |
Foreign |  |  | 3,845 |  |  |  | 5,238 |  |  |  | 8,457 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. federal and state |  |  | (1,523 | ) |  |  | (126 | ) |  |  | (8,870 | )
Foreign |  |  | 8,920 |  |  |  | (2,866 | ) |  |  | (135 | )
Provision for income taxes |  | $ | 23,578 |  |  | $ | 13,316 |  |  | $ | 12,013 |
Net cash payments for income taxes were $20,866,000, $24,936,000, and $12,216,000 in 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. The provision for income taxes is reconciled to the federal statutory income tax rate of 21% in 2022, 2021, and 2020, as follows:
Year Ended December 31, |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | (In thousands) |
Federal income taxes at statutory rate |  | $ | 1,060 |  |  | $ | 9,211 |  |  | $ | 8,208 |
State income taxes, net of federal benefit |  |  | 3,087 |  |  |  | 2,310 |  |  |  | 325 |
Goodwill impairment |  |  | 4,221 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,322 |
Foreign taxes |  |  | 3,232 |  |  |  | 2,896 |  |  |  | 3,328 |
Change in valuation allowance |  |  | 11,611 |  |  |  | (1,185 | ) |  |  | (374 | )
Research and development credits |  |  | (400 | ) |  |  | (436 | ) |  |  | (1,001 | )
Foreign tax credits |  |  | (492 | ) |  |  | (1,083 | ) |  |  | (1,150 | )
Nondeductible meals and entertainment |  |  | 439 |  |  |  | 254 |  |  |  | 377 |
Change in permanent reinvestment assertion |  |  | 320 |  |  |  | 627 |  |  |  | 776 |
Disposals and liquidations of businesses |  |  | 188 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (935 | )
Global intangible low-tax income, net of credits |  |  | — |  |  |  | 531 |  |  |  | (54 | )
Foreign-derived intangible income deduction |  |  | (189 | ) |  |  | (94 | ) |  |  | (115 | )
Tax rate changes |  |  | (36 | ) |  |  | (431 | ) |  |  | (359 | )
Other |  |  | 537 |  |  |  | 716 |  |  |  | 665 |
Provision for income taxes |  | $ | 23,578 |  |  | $ | 13,316 |  |  | $ | 12,013 |
The Company's consolidated effective income tax rate may change periodically due to changes in enacted statutory tax rates, changes in tax law or policy, changes in the composition of taxable income from the countries in which it operates, the Company's ability to utilize net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards, and changes in unrecognized tax benefits. The Company’s effective income tax rate in 2022 was impacted by the goodwill impairment and change in valuation allowances for certain foreign jurisdictions, primarily the U.K. The Company’s effective income tax rate in 2021 was impacted by enacted foreign tax rate changes, change in valuation allowances for certain jurisdictions, and deferred taxes attributable to certain undistributed foreign earnings that are no longer permanently reinvested. The Company's effective income tax rate in 2020 was impacted by goodwill impairment charges, disposals and liquidations of businesses, and deferred taxes attributable to undistributed foreign earnings that are no longer permanently reinvested. The Company maintained its permanent reinvestment position on a portion of prior year undistributed earnings for certain foreign operations and accrued deferred taxes attributable to these earnings. Beyond these earnings the Company has not changed the reinvestment assertion on its undistributed earnings or other outside basis differences of its remaining foreign subsidiaries. Excluding the operations that are not permanently reinvested, no additional income or withholding taxes have been provided for indefinitely reinvested undistributed foreign earnings, other than those previously taxed nor have any taxes been provided for outside basis difference inherent in these entities as these amounts continue to be indefinitely reinvested in foreign operations. The Company has estimated that it has book over tax basis differences of approximately $70,937,000. Due to withholding tax, basis computations, and other related tax considerations, it is not practicable to estimate any taxes to be provided on outside basis differences at this time. Topic 740, No. 5, Accounting for Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income, states that an entity can make an accounting policy election to either recognize deferred taxes for temporary basis differences expected to reverse as GILTI in future years or to provide for the tax expense related to GILTI in the year the tax is incurred as a period expense only. The Company has elected to account for GILTI in the year the tax is incurred. Deferred income taxes consisted of the following at December 31, 2022 and 2021:
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
|  | (In thousands) |
Accounts receivable allowance |  | $ | 2,672 |  |  | $ | 1,386 |
Accrued compensation |  |  | 11,256 |  |  |  | 16,182 |
Accrued pension liabilities |  |  | 1,878 |  |  |  | — |
Self-insured risks |  |  | 4,252 |  |  |  | 5,280 |
Deferred revenues |  |  | 5,114 |  |  |  | 5,045 |
Interest |  |  | 2,684 |  |  |  | 2,907 |
Tax credit carryforwards |  |  | 1,285 |  |  |  | 3,326 |
Loss carryforwards |  |  | 29,362 |  |  |  | 28,122 |
Lease liability |  |  | 27,445 |  |  |  | 28,547 |
Other |  |  | 1,755 |  |  |  | 2,218 |
Gross deferred income tax assets |  |  | 87,703 |  |  |  | 93,013 |
Unbilled revenues |  |  | 8,944 |  |  |  | 6,290 |
Accrued pension liabilities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,491 |
Repatriated earnings |  |  | 1,120 |  |  |  | 937 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 19,042 |  |  |  | 27,593 |
Lease right-of-use asset |  |  | 23,687 |  |  |  | 24,958 |
Gross deferred income tax liabilities |  |  | 52,793 |  |  |  | 62,269 |
Net deferred income tax assets before valuation allowances |  |  | 34,910 |  |  |  | 30,744 |
Valuation allowance |  |  | (23,295 | ) |  |  | (14,114 | )
Net deferred income tax assets |  | $ | 11,615 |  |  | $ | 16,630 |
Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets consist of: |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-term deferred income tax assets included in "Deferred income tax assets" |  |  | 19,573 |  |  |  | 21,266 |
Long-term deferred income tax liabilities included in "Other noncurrent liabilities" |  |  | (7,958 | ) |  |  | (4,636 | )
Net deferred income tax assets |  | $ | 11,615 |  |  | $ | 16,630 |
At December 31, 2022, the Company had deferred tax assets related to loss carryforwards of $29,481,000, before netting of unrecognized tax benefits of $131,000. An estimated $23,906,000 of the deferred tax assets will not expire, and $5,575,000 will expire over the next 20 years if not utilized by the Company. Changes in the Company's deferred tax valuation allowance are recorded as adjustments to the provision for income taxes. An analysis of the Company's deferred tax asset valuation allowances is as follows for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | (In thousands) |
Balance, beginning of year |  | $ | 14,114 |  |  | $ | 16,579 |  |  | $ | 28,128 |
Other changes |  |  | 9,181 |  |  |  | (2,465 | ) |  |  | (11,549 | )
Balance, end of year |  | $ | 23,295 |  |  | $ | 14,114 |  |  | $ | 16,579 |
Changes to the valuation allowance for the year ended December 31, 2022 were primarily due to establishments for U.K. deferred tax attributes and losses in certain of the Company's international operations, net of anticipated expiration of certain foreign tax credits after consideration of the four sources of taxable income. Changes to the valuation allowance for the year ended December 31, 2021 were primarily due to anticipated expiration of certain foreign tax credits after consideration of the four sources of taxable income and losses in certain of the Company's international operations, net of releases for certain state NOLs. Changes to the valuation allowance for the year ended December 31, 2020 were primarily due to anticipated expiration of certain foreign tax credits after consideration of the four sources of taxable income and disposals and liquidations of businesses, net of losses in certain of the Company’s international operations. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balance of unrecognized income tax benefits follows:
|  | (In thousands) |
Balance at December 31, 2019 |  | $ | 5,287 |
Additions for tax provisions related to the current year |  |  | 92 |
Additions for tax positions related to prior years |  |  | 2 |
Reductions for tax positions related to prior years |  |  | (505 | )
Reductions for settlements |  |  | (516 | )
Lapses of applicable statutes of limitation |  |  | (582 | )
Balance at December 31, 2020 |  | $ | 3,778 |
Reductions for tax positions related to prior years |  |  | (11 | )
Reductions for settlements |  |  | (21 | )
Currency translation adjustment |  |  | 4 |
Balance at December 31, 2021 |  | $ | 3,750 |
Reductions for tax positions related to prior years |  |  | (97 | )
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 3,653 |
The Company accrues interest and, if applicable, penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income taxes. Total accrued interest expense at December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, was $160,000, $119,000, and $107,000, respectively. Included in the total unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 were $685,000, $669,000, and $713,000, respectively, of tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect the effective income tax rate. The Company conducts business in a number of countries and, as a result, files U.S. federal and various state and foreign jurisdiction income tax returns. In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to examination by various taxing jurisdictions throughout the world, including Canada, the U.K., and the U.S. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to income tax examinations for years before 2012. Although the outcome of tax audits is always uncertain, the Company believes that adequate amounts of tax, including interest and penalties, have been provided for any adjustments that are expected to result from those years. The Company expects $292,000 of reductions to unrecognized income tax benefits within the next 12 months as a result of projected resolutions of income tax uncertainties.

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