The following table shows the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:


	North America Loss Adjusting			International Operations			Broadspire			Platform Solutions			Total
	(In thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2021:
Goodwill	$	88,966		$	84,802		$	113,374		$	65,556		$	352,698
Accumulated impairment losses		(68,261	)		(58,987	)		(100,437	)		(8,487	)		(236,172	)
Net goodwill	$	20,705		$	25,815		$	12,937		$	57,069		$	116,526
2022 Activity:
Goodwill of acquired businesses	$	-		$	1,423		$	-		$	-		$	1,423
Adjustments to prior acquisitions		-			(828	)		-			-			(828	)
Impairment of goodwill		(3,365	)		(22,792	)		-			(10,651	)		(36,808	)
Foreign currency effects		(73	)		(3,618	)		-			-			(3,691	)
Balance at December 31, 2022:
Goodwill	$	88,893		$	81,779		$	113,374		$	65,556		$	349,602
Accumulated impairment losses		(71,626	)		(81,779	)		(100,437	)		(19,138	)		(272,980	)
Net goodwill	$	17,267		$	-		$	12,937		$	46,418		$	76,622
2023 Activity:
Foreign currency effects		102			-			-			-			102
Balance at December 31, 2023:
Goodwill	$	88,995		$	81,779		$	113,374		$	65,556		$	349,704
Accumulated impairment losses		(71,626	)		(81,779	)		(100,437	)		(19,138	)		(272,980	)
Net goodwill	$	17,369		$	-		$	12,937		$	46,418		$	76,724

During 2023, the Company performed its goodwill impairment testing. The estimated fair value of each reporting unit tested exceeded its carrying value. The key assumptions used in estimating the fair value of its reporting units as of October 1, 2023 utilizing the income approach include the discount rate and the terminal growth rate. The discount rates utilized in estimating the fair value of its reporting units as of October 1, 2023 range between 12.0% and 13.5%, reflecting the assessment of a market participant's view of the risks associated with the projected cash flows. The terminal growth rate used in the analysis was 2.0%. The assumptions used in estimating the fair values are based on currently available data and management's best estimates of revenues, EBITDA margins, and cash flows and, accordingly, a change in market conditions or other factors could have a material effect on the estimated values. There are inherent uncertainties related to the assumptions used and to management's application of these assumptions.

During the third quarter of 2022, the Company identified goodwill impairment indicators in its International Operations reporting unit and Crawford Legal Services reporting unit, which are reflected in its International Operations reportable segment, as a result of a reduction in forecasted revenue and earnings, higher interest rates, and a lower Crawford & Company stock price. The Company also identified goodwill impairment indicators in its North America Loss Adjusting and Platform Solutions reportable segments related to the edjuster Inc. and Praxis Consulting reporting units, respectively, as these reporting units had minimal historical excesses of fair values over their carrying values due to being recent acquisitions, given higher interest rates and a lower Crawford & Company stock price. As a result of these indicators, the Company performed an interim quantitative goodwill impairment test as of August 31, 2022 and recognized a non-cash pretax goodwill impairment of $36,808,000. The goodwill impairment charge reduced the carrying value of goodwill in the Company's edjuster Inc. and Praxis Consulting reporting units by $3,366,000 and $10,650,000, respectively. Goodwill related to the Company's International Operations and Crawford Legal Services reporting units were fully impaired with charges of $19,640,000 and $3,152,000, respectively. The remaining goodwill in the Company's edjuster Inc. and Praxis Consulting reporting units as of December 31, 2023 was $9,125,000 and $15,543,000, respectively.

The key assumptions used in estimating the fair value of its reporting units as of August 31, 2022 utilizing the income approach include the discount rate and the terminal growth rate. The discount rates utilized in estimating the fair value of its reporting units as of August 31, 2022 range between 15.5% and 18.0%, reflecting the assessment of a market participant's view of the risks associated with the projected cash flows. The terminal growth rate used in the analysis was 2.0%. The assumptions used in estimating the fair values are based on currently available data and management's best estimates of revenues, EBITDA margins, and cash flows and, accordingly, a change in market conditions or other factors could have a material effect on the estimated values. There are inherent uncertainties related to the assumptions used and to management's application of these assumptions.

During the fourth quarter of 2022, for purposes of its October 1 annual impairment test, the Company elected to perform a qualitative assessment of goodwill considering the most recent quantitative assessment performed as of August 31, 2022. Based on the qualitative assessment, no events or circumstances were identified that indicated it was more likely than not that the carrying values of the reporting units exceeded their fair values.

The following is a summary of finite-lived intangible assets acquired through business acquisitions as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:


	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net Carrying Value		Weighted- Average Amortization Period
	(In thousands, except years)
December 31, 2023:
Customer relationships	$	159,707	$	(119,416	)	$	40,291	7.8 years
Technology-based		22,023		(14,818	)		7,205	4.4 years
Trade name		6,030		(3,121	)		2,909	4.9 years
Other		6,819		(6,048	)		771	2.9 years
Total	$	194,579	$	(143,403	)	$	51,176	6.7 years
December 31, 2022:
Customer relationships	$	157,463	$	(113,085	)	$	44,378	8.6 years
Technology-based		21,905		(13,169	)		8,736	5.4 years
Trade name		5,840		(2,437	)		3,403	5.8 years
Other		6,759		(5,772	)		987	3.9 years
Total	$	191,967	$	(134,463	)	$	57,504	7.6 years

Amortization of finite-lived intangible assets was $7,790,000, $7,836,000, and $11,029,000 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. These amortization expenses were excluded from segment operating earnings (see Note 13, "Segment and Geographic Information"). Intangible assets subject to amortization are amortized on a straight-line basis over lives ranging from 2 to 20 years.