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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes

7. Income Taxes

Income before income taxes consisted of the following:

 

Year Ended December 31,

 

2023

 

 

2022

 

 

2021

 

 

 

(In thousands)

 

U.S.

 

$

35,620

 

 

$

39,297

 

 

$

39,569

 

Foreign

 

 

11,737

 

 

 

(34,251

)

 

 

4,295

 

Income before income taxes

 

$

47,357

 

 

$

5,046

 

 

$

43,864

 

The provision for income taxes consisted of the following:

 

Year Ended December 31,

 

2023

 

 

2022

 

 

2021

 

 

 

(In thousands)

 

Current:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

U.S. federal and state

 

$

17,509

 

 

$

12,336

 

 

$

11,070

 

Foreign

 

 

11,867

 

 

 

3,845

 

 

 

5,238

 

Deferred:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

U.S. federal and state

 

 

(9,452

)

 

 

(1,523

)

 

 

(126

)

Foreign

 

 

(2,827

)

 

 

8,920

 

 

 

(2,866

)

Provision for income taxes

 

$

17,097

 

 

$

23,578

 

 

$

13,316

 

Net cash payments for income taxes were $16,050,000, $20,866,000, and $24,936,000 in 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

The provision for income taxes is reconciled to the federal statutory income tax rate of 21% in 2023, 2022, and 2021, as follows:

 

Year Ended December 31,

 

2023

 

 

2022

 

 

2021

 

 

 

(In thousands)

 

Federal income taxes at statutory rate

 

$

9,945

 

 

$

1,060

 

 

$

9,211

 

State income taxes, net of federal benefit

 

 

2,082

 

 

 

3,087

 

 

 

2,310

 

Goodwill impairment

 

 

—

 

 

 

4,221

 

 

 

—

 

Foreign taxes

 

 

5,872

 

 

 

3,232

 

 

 

2,896

 

Change in valuation allowance

 

 

2,131

 

 

 

11,611

 

 

 

(1,185

)

Research and development credits

 

 

(607

)

 

 

(400

)

 

 

(436

)

Foreign tax credits

 

 

(1,668

)

 

 

(492

)

 

 

(1,083

)

Nondeductible meals and entertainment

 

 

643

 

 

 

439

 

 

 

254

 

Change in permanent reinvestment assertion

 

 

280

 

 

 

320

 

 

 

627

 

Disposals and liquidations of businesses

 

 

(305

)

 

 

188

 

 

 

—

 

Global intangible low-tax income, net of credits

 

 

—

 

 

 

—

 

 

 

531

 

Foreign-derived intangible income deduction

 

 

(223

)

 

 

(189

)

 

 

(94

)

Tax rate changes

 

 

(104

)

 

 

(36

)

 

 

(431

)

Other

 

 

(949

)

 

 

537

 

 

 

716

 

Provision for income taxes

 

$

17,097

 

 

$

23,578

 

 

$

13,316

 

The Company's consolidated effective income tax rate may change periodically due to changes in enacted statutory tax rates, changes in tax law or policy, changes in the composition of taxable income from the countries in which it operates, the Company's ability to utilize net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards, and changes in unrecognized tax benefits.

The Company’s effective income tax rate in 2023 was impacted by changes in domestic tax guidance and changes in valuation allowances for certain jurisdictions. The Company’s effective income tax rate in 2022 was impacted by the goodwill impairment and change in valuation allowances for certain foreign jurisdictions, primarily the U.K. The Company’s effective income tax rate in 2021 was impacted by enacted foreign tax rate changes, change in valuation allowances for certain jurisdictions, and deferred taxes attributable to certain undistributed foreign earnings that are no longer permanently reinvested.

The Company maintained its permanent reinvestment position on a portion of prior year undistributed earnings for certain foreign operations and accrued deferred taxes attributable to these earnings. Beyond these earnings the Company has not changed the reinvestment assertion on its undistributed earnings or other outside basis differences of its remaining foreign subsidiaries. Excluding the operations that are not permanently reinvested, no additional income or withholding taxes have been provided for indefinitely reinvested undistributed foreign earnings, other than those previously taxed nor have any taxes been provided for outside basis difference inherent in these entities as these amounts continue to be indefinitely reinvested in foreign operations. The Company has estimated that it has book over tax basis differences of approximately $84,133,000. Due to withholding tax, basis computations, and other related tax considerations, it is not practicable to estimate any taxes to be provided on outside basis differences at this time.

Deferred income taxes consisted of the following at December 31, 2023 and 2022:

 

 

 

2023

 

 

2022

 

 

 

(In thousands)

 

Accounts receivable allowance

 

$

2,957

 

 

$

2,672

 

Accrued compensation

 

 

14,412

 

 

 

11,256

 

Accrued pension liabilities

 

 

3,685

 

 

 

1,878

 

Self-insured risks

 

 

4,513

 

 

 

4,252

 

Deferred revenues

 

 

5,602

 

 

 

5,114

 

Interest

 

 

2,987

 

 

 

2,684

 

Tax credit carryforwards

 

 

2,152

 

 

 

1,285

 

Loss carryforwards

 

 

32,304

 

 

 

29,362

 

Lease liability

 

 

26,361

 

 

 

27,445

 

Other

 

 

337

 

 

 

1,755

 

Gross deferred income tax assets

 

 

95,310

 

 

 

87,703

 

Unbilled revenues

 

 

5,596

 

 

 

8,944

 

Repatriated earnings

 

 

1,249

 

 

 

1,120

 

Depreciation and amortization

 

 

15,129

 

 

 

19,042

 

Lease right-of-use asset

 

 

22,612

 

 

 

23,687

 

Gross deferred income tax liabilities

 

 

44,586

 

 

 

52,793

 

Net deferred income tax assets before valuation allowances

 

 

50,724

 

 

 

34,910

 

Valuation allowance

 

 

(29,644

)

 

 

(23,295

)

Net deferred income tax assets

 

$

21,080

 

 

$

11,615

 

Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets consist of:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Long-term deferred income tax assets included in "Deferred income tax assets"

 

 

26,247

 

 

 

19,573

 

Long-term deferred income tax liabilities included in "Other noncurrent liabilities"

 

 

(5,167

)

 

 

(7,958

)

Net deferred income tax assets

 

$

21,080

 

 

$

11,615

 

At December 31, 2023, the Company had deferred tax assets related to loss carryforwards of $32,435,000, before netting of unrecognized tax benefits of $131,000. An estimated $27,386,000 of the deferred tax assets will not expire, and $5,049,000 will expire over the next 20 years if not utilized by the Company.

Changes in the Company's deferred tax valuation allowance are recorded as adjustments to the provision for income taxes. An analysis of the Company's deferred tax asset valuation allowances is as follows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

 

 

 

2023

 

 

2022

 

 

2021

 

 

 

(In thousands)

 

Balance, beginning of year

 

$

23,295

 

 

$

14,114

 

 

$

16,579

 

Other changes

 

 

6,349

 

 

 

9,181

 

 

 

(2,465

)

Balance, end of year

 

$

29,644

 

 

$

23,295

 

 

$

14,114

 

Changes to the valuation allowance for the year ended December 31, 2023 were primarily due to establishments for various foreign jurisdictions deferred tax attributes and losses in certain of the Company’s international operations. Changes to the valuation allowance for the year ended December 31, 2022 were primarily due to establishments for U.K. deferred tax attributes and losses in certain of the Company's international operations, net of anticipated expiration of certain foreign tax credits after consideration of the four sources of taxable income. Changes to the valuation allowance for the year ended December 31, 2021 were primarily due to anticipated expiration of certain foreign tax credits after consideration of the four sources of taxable income and losses in certain of the Company's international operations, net of releases for certain state NOLs.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balance of unrecognized income tax benefits follows:

 

 

 

(In thousands)

 

Balance at December 31, 2020

 

$

3,778

 

Reductions for tax positions related to prior years

 

 

(11

)

Reductions for settlements

 

 

(21

)

Currency translation adjustment

 

 

4

 

Balance at December 31, 2021

 

$

3,750

 

Reductions for tax positions related to prior years

 

 

(97

)

Balance at December 31, 2022

 

$

3,653

 

Additions for tax positions related to prior years

 

 

432

 

Reductions for tax positions related to prior years

 

 

(153

)

Lapses of applicable statutes of limitation

 

 

(344

)

Balance at December 31, 2023

 

$

3,588

 

The Company accrues interest and, if applicable, penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income taxes. Total accrued interest expense at December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, was $13,000, $160,000, and $119,000, respectively.

Included in the total unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 were $685,000, $685,000, and $669,000, respectively, of tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect the effective income tax rate.

The Company conducts business in a number of countries and, as a result, files U.S. federal and various state and foreign jurisdiction income tax returns. In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to examination by various taxing jurisdictions throughout the world, including Canada, the U.K., and the U.S. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to income tax examinations for years before 2013.

Although the outcome of tax audits is always uncertain, the Company believes that adequate amounts of tax, including interest and penalties, have been provided for any adjustments that are expected to result from those years.

The Company expects $442,000 of reductions to unrecognized income tax benefits within the next 12 months as a result of projected resolutions of income tax uncertainties.