10-K 1 form10k12312015.htm FORM 10-K

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K

(Mark One) |
þ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
| For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2015

or

¨ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
| For the Transition Period from _____________ to _____________

Commission File Number: 000-30111
Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

| Delaware |  | 76-0474169 |
| (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number) |

| 8800 Technology Forest Place The Woodlands, Texas 77381 (Address of Principal Executive Offices and Zip Code) |  | (281) 863-3000 (Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code) |

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

| Title of Each Class |  | Name of Each Exchange on which Registered |
| Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share |  | Nasdaq Global Select Market |

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933. Yes o No þ
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes o No þ
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes þ No o
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. þ
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. (check one): Large accelerated filer o Accelerated filer þ Non-accelerated filer o Smaller reporting company o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Yes o No þ
The aggregate market value of voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of the last day of the registrant’s most recently completed second quarter was approximately $335.0 million, based on the closing price of the common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on June 30, 2015 of $8.05 per share. For purposes of the preceding sentence only, our directors, executive officers and controlling stockholders are assumed to be affiliates. As of March 7, 2016, 103,769,656 shares of common stock were outstanding.
Documents Incorporated by Reference
Certain sections of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement relating to the registrant’s 2016 annual meeting of stockholders, which proxy statement will be filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 within 120 days of the end of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this annual report on Form 10-K.

Table of Contents
Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Table of Contents

Item |  |
PART I
1. | Business | 1
1A. | Risk Factors | 13
1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 28
2. | Properties | 28
3. | Legal Proceedings | 28
4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 28
PART II
5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 29
6. | Selected Financial Data | 31
7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 32
7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 41
8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 42
9. | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 42
9A. | Controls and Procedures | 42
9B. | Other Information | 42
PART III
10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 43
11. | Executive Compensation | 43
12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 43
13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 43
14. | Principal Accounting Fees and Services | 43
PART IV
15. | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules | 44
Signatures | 47

The Lexicon name and logo are registered trademarks and Genome5000™ is a trademark of Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
_____________________________________________________
In this annual report on Form 10-K, “Lexicon Pharmaceuticals,” “Lexicon,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and its subsidiaries.
_____________________________________________________
This annual report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements. These statements relate to future events or our future financial performance. We have attempted to identify forward-looking statements by terminology including “anticipate,” “believe,” “can,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “should” or “will” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. These statements are only predictions and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, including the risks outlined under “Item 1A. Risk Factors,” that may cause our or our industry’s actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements.
Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. We are not under any duty to update any of the forward-looking statements after the date of this annual report on Form 10-K to conform these statements to actual results, unless required by law.

Table of Contents
PART I
Item 1. Business
Overview
Lexicon Pharmaceuticals is a biopharmaceutical company focused on the development of breakthrough treatments for human disease. We have advanced multiple drug candidates into clinical development and are presently devoting most of our resources to the development of our two most advanced drug candidates:

• | We are developing telotristat etiprate, or LX1032, an orally-delivered small molecule drug candidate, as a treatment for carcinoid syndrome. We have reported positive top-line data from both our pivotal TELESTAR Phase 3 clinical trial and its companion TELECAST Phase 3 clinical trial of telotristat etiprate in carcinoid syndrome patients. We are presently preparing an application for regulatory approval to market telotristat etiprate in the United States and, if approved, for the commercial launch of telotristat etiprate in the United States. We have granted Ipsen Pharma SAS an exclusive, royalty-bearing right to commercialize telotristat etiprate outside of the United States and Japan.

• | We are developing sotagliflozin, or LX4211, an orally-delivered small molecule drug candidate, as a treatment for type 1 and type 2 diabetes. We have reported positive data from a Phase 2 clinical trial of sotagliflozin in type 1 diabetes patients and two additional Phase 2 clinical trials of sotagliflozin in type 2 diabetes patients. We have granted Sanofi an exclusive, worldwide, royalty-bearing right to develop, manufacture and commercialize sotagliflozin. We are presently conducting Phase 3 development of sotagliflozin for type 1 diabetes and preparing with Sanofi for Phase 3 development of sotagliflozin in type 2 diabetes.

Our most advanced drug candidates, as well as compounds from a number of additional drug discovery and development programs that we have advanced into various stages of clinical and preclinical development, originated from our own internal drug discovery efforts. These efforts were driven by a systematic, target biology-driven approach in which we used gene knockout technologies and an integrated platform of advanced medical technologies to systematically study the physiological and behavioral functions of almost 5,000 genes in mice and assessed the utility of the proteins encoded by the corresponding human genes as potential drug targets. We have identified and validated in living animals, or in vivo, more than 100 targets with promising profiles for drug discovery.
We are working both independently and through strategic collaborations and alliances with third parties to capitalize on our drug target discoveries and drug discovery and development programs. We seek to retain exclusive or co-exclusive rights to the benefits of certain drug discovery and development programs by developing and commercializing drug candidates from those programs internally, particularly in the United States for indications treated by specialist physicians. We seek to collaborate with other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, such as Ipsen, Sanofi and Bristol-Myers Squibb, with respect to drug discovery or the development and commercialization of certain of our drug candidates, particularly with respect to commercialization in territories outside the United States, commercialization in the United States for indications treated by primary care physicians, or when the collaboration may otherwise provide us with access to expertise and resources that we do not possess internally or are complementary to our own.
Lexicon Pharmaceuticals was incorporated in Delaware in July 1995, and commenced operations in September 1995. Our corporate headquarters are located at 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, Texas 77381, and our telephone number is (281) 863-3000.
Our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 are made available free of charge on our corporate website located at www.lexpharma.com as soon as reasonably practicable after the filing of those reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Information found on our website should not be considered part of this annual report on Form 10-K.
Our Drug Programs
We have advanced multiple drug candidates into clinical development. We are presently devoting most of our resources to the development of our two most advanced drug candidates, telotristat etiprate for carcinoid syndrome and sotagliflozin for type 1 and type 2 diabetes. We have also advanced a number of additional compounds into various stages of clinical and preclinical development.
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Telotristat etiprate (LX1032)
Telotristat etiprate, or LX1032, is an orally-delivered small molecule compound that we are developing for the treatment of carcinoid syndrome. Telotristat etiprate was internally generated by our medicinal chemists and inhibits tryptophan hydroxylase, or TPH, the rate-limiting enzyme for serotonin production found primarily in enterochromaffin, or EC, cells of the gastrointestinal tract. Our scientists found that mice lacking the non-neuronal form of this enzyme, TPH1, have virtually no serotonin in the gastrointestinal tract, but maintain normal levels of serotonin in the brain. Telotristat etiprate was specifically designed to achieve systemic exposure to address disorders such as carcinoid syndrome that require regulation of serotonin levels beyond the EC cells in the gastrointestinal tract without impacting brain serotonin production.
We reported top-line data in August 2015 from our pivotal TELESTAR Phase 3 clinical trial of telotristat etiprate evaluating the safety and tolerability of telotristat etiprate and its activity in carcinoid syndrome. The trial enrolled 135 patients with inadequately controlled carcinoid syndrome on background somatostatin analog therapy, the current standard of care, in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 250mg three times daily and 500mg three times daily doses of telotristat etiprate over a 12-week treatment period, followed by a 36-week, open-label extension where all patients receive 500mg three times daily doses of telotristat etiprate. The primary efficacy endpoint under evaluation in the trial was the number of daily bowel movements, with secondary efficacy endpoints including changes in urinary 5-HIAA, the primary metabolite of serotonin and a biomarker for serotonin synthesis, flushing episodes, abdominal pain and quality of life measures. Top-line data from the study showed that patients who added telotristat etiprate to the standard of care at both the 250mg and 500mg doses experienced a statistically significant reduction from baseline compared to placebo in the average number of daily bowel movements over the 12-week study period, meeting the study’s primary endpoint. A substantially greater proportion of patients on telotristat etiprate achieved a durable response (44 percent and 42 percent in the 250mg and 500mg treatment arms, respectively), defined as at least a 30 percent reduction in daily bowel movements over at least half the days of the study period, as compared to 20 percent response on placebo (p<0.040). Patients who received 250mg of telotristat etiprate experienced a 29 percent reduction in the average number of daily bowel movements during the final week (week 12) of the study period compared to baseline, and those in the 500mg arm experienced a 35 percent reduction, while the placebo group showed a 17 percent reduction. The proportion of patients with treatment-emergent adverse events, serious adverse events and discontinuation due to adverse events were generally similar in all three treatment arms. The tolerability profile of the 250mg dose appeared similar to placebo and somewhat better than the 500mg dose with respect to gastrointestinal discomfort and mood. The overall incidence and nature of adverse events in TELESTAR were consistent with those reported in previous studies.
We reported top-line data in November 2015 from our additional TELECAST Phase 3 clinical trial of telotristat etiprate, which was designed as a companion to our pivotal TELESTAR Phase 3 clinical trial to provide additional safety exposure while further evaluating telotristat etiprate’s activity in carcinoid syndrome. The trial enrolled 76 patients in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 250mg three times daily and 500mg three times daily doses of telotristat etiprate over a 12-week treatment period. Patients qualified for the trial based on at least one symptom of carcinoid syndrome, such as at least two episodes of flushing per day, elevated urinary 5-HIAA at baseline or nausea present on at least one out of five days at baseline. Most enrolled patients were on background somatostatin analog therapy. Patients who were not on background somatostatin analog therapy could also qualify for the trial based on experiencing at least four bowel movements per day as their symptom of carcinoid syndrome. The primary efficacy endpoint under evaluation in the trial was the change in urinary 5-HIAA, with secondary endpoints including the number of daily bowel movements. Top-line data from the study showed that patients treated with telotristat etiprate at both the 250mg and 500mg doses experienced a statistically significant reduction from baseline compared to placebo in urinary 5-HIAA at week 12, (p<0.001), meeting the study’s primary efficacy endpoint. Patients treated with telotristat etiprate at both the 250mg and 500mg doses also experienced a statistically significant percent reduction from baseline compared to placebo in the average number of daily bowel movements over the 12-week study period (p=0.004 and p<0.001 for the 250mg and 500mg arms, respectively). The proportion of patients with treatment-emergent adverse events, serious adverse events and discontinuation due to adverse events were generally similar in all three treatment arms, with patients receiving telotristat etiprate experiencing a slightly higher rate of treatment-emergent adverse events. In general, the tolerability profile of both doses of telotristat etiprate appeared similar to placebo and the overall incidence and nature of adverse events in TELECAST were consistent with those reported in previous studies.
We previously completed two Phase 2 clinical trials in carcinoid syndrome patients, in which telotristat etiprate provided evidence of efficacy across multiple endpoints, including bowel movement frequency, stool consistency and decreased levels of urinary 5-HIAA. Telotristat etiprate was well tolerated in the studies, with no dose-limiting toxicity observed.
We are presently preparing an application for regulatory approval to market telotristat etiprate in the United States and, if approved, for the commercial launch of telotristat etiprate in the United States. We have entered into a license and
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collaboration agreement with Ipsen Pharma SAS under which we granted Ipsen an exclusive, royalty-bearing right and license to commercialize telotristat etiprate outside of the United States and Japan.
Telotristat etiprate has received Fast Track status and Orphan Drug designation from the United States Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, for the treatment of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with carcinoid syndrome in patients who no longer respond to the standard care. Telotristat etiprate has also received Orphan Drug designation from the Committee for Orphan Medical Products of the European Medicines Agency for the treatment of carcinoid tumors.
Sotagliflozin (LX4211)
Sotagliflozin, or LX4211, is an orally-delivered small molecule compound that we are developing for the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Sotagliflozin was internally generated by our medicinal chemists and inhibits both sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2, or SGLT2, a transporter responsible for most of the glucose reabsorption performed by the kidney, and sodium-glucose cotransporter type 1, or SGLT1, a transporter responsible for glucose and galactose absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Our scientists identified mice lacking SGLT1, SGLT2 or both as having potent anti-diabetic phenotypes across multiple measures of glucose control and metabolism, and found that compounds inhibiting both targets had a favorable preclinical profile relative to compounds selective for SGLT2.
Type 1 Diabetes.
We are conducting two pivotal Phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the safety and tolerability of sotagliflozin and its effects on glycemic parameters associated with type 1 diabetes. Each of the pivotal Phase 3 trials are expected to enroll approximately 750 patients with type 1 diabetes in randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of 200mg and 400mg once daily doses of sotagliflozin over 24-week treatment periods, followed by 28-week extensions. The primary efficacy endpoint under evaluation in both pivotal Phase 3 trials is the reduction of hemoglobin A1c, or A1C, versus placebo on optimized insulin treatment at 24 weeks, with secondary endpoints including percentage of patients achieving A1C levels of less than 7%, reduction in meal-time, or bolus, insulin use and weight loss. We are also conducting a third Phase 3 clinical trial of sotagliflozin, which is expected to enroll approximately 1,400 patients with type 1 diabetes in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of a 400mg once daily dose of sotagliflozin over a 24-week treatment period. The primary efficacy endpoint under evaluation in the third Phase 3 trial is the proportion of patients on optimized insulin treatment achieving A1C levels of less than 7% at 24 weeks, with secondary endpoints including the reduction of A1C, weight loss and systolic blood pressure levels. We are also concurrently conducting a Phase 2 clinical trial of sotagliflozin in a younger adult type 1 diabetes population in collaboration with JDRF and a dose-ranging study of sotagliflozin in patients with type 1 diabetes.
We previously completed a Phase 2 clinical trial evaluating the safety and tolerability of sotagliflozin and its effects on glycemic parameters associated with type 1 diabetes. The Phase 2 trial enrolled 36 patients with type 1 diabetes. An initial cohort consisted of three patients treated with a 400 mg once daily dose of sotagliflozin for a period of four weeks. A subsequent cohort of 33 patients were enrolled in the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled portion of the study and were treated with a 400mg once daily dose of sotagliflozin or placebo for a period of four weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint under evaluation in the trial was reduction in bolus insulin use. Secondary endpoints included multiple parameters of glycemic control, basal and total insulin use and other metabolic, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic parameters. Data from the study showed that treatment with sotagliflozin demonstrated statistically significant benefits in the primary and multiple secondary endpoints. Patients treated with sotagliflozin experienced a reduction in their total daily mealtime bolus insulin dose of 32% compared to 6% for patients who received placebo (p=0.007). We also observed a significant improvement in glycemic control, with a mean A1C reduction of 0.55% in the sotagliflozin-treated group compared to a reduction of 0.06% in the placebo-treated group (p=0.002). These observations were also accompanied by significant improvement in the time spent in a glucose range of 70-180 mg/dl, a significant reduction in time in hyperglycemic range (>180 mg/dl) and no increase in time in hypoglycemic range (<70mg/dl). Multiple measures also indicated that patients treated with sotagliflozin experienced reduced variability in blood glucose levels. Sotagliflozin was well tolerated with no discontinuations of study medication due to adverse events.
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Type 2 Diabetes.
We and Sanofi are presently preparing for the initiation of Phase 3 development of sotagliflozin in type 2 diabetes patients. We previously completed two Phase 2 clinical trials evaluating the safety and tolerability of sotagliflozin and its effects on glycemic parameters associated with type 2 diabetes.
The Phase 2b clinical trial enrolled 299 patients with type 2 diabetes who were not adequately controlled on metformin monotherapy in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of 75mg once daily, 200mg once daily, 200mg twice daily and 400mg once daily doses of sotagliflozin, each administered in combination with standard metformin therapy over a 12‑week treatment period. The primary efficacy endpoint under evaluation in the trial was the change in A1C from baseline to week 12. Secondary efficacy endpoints included percentage of patients achieving A1C levels of less than 7%, as well as changes in fasting plasma glucose levels, weight, blood pressure and triglyceride levels. Data from the study showed that treatment with sotagliflozin demonstrated statistically significant benefits in the primary and multiple secondary endpoints. Patients in each of the 75mg once daily, 200mg once daily, 200mg twice daily and 400mg once daily sotagliflozin treatment arms had mean A1C reductions from baseline of 0.43, 0.52, 0.79 and 0.92 percent, respectively (p<0.001 for all treatment arms), while in patients randomized to placebo, A1C decreased by 0.09 percent. We also observed that patients treated with sotagliflozin showed significant reductions in body weight and blood pressure. Sotagliflozin was well tolerated and adverse events were generally mild to moderate, with the overall incidence of adverse events with sotagliflozin being similar to placebo.
The Phase 2a clinical trial enrolled 36 patients with non-insulin dependent type 2 diabetes in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of 150mg and 300mg doses of sotagliflozin, each administered once daily over a four-week treatment period. The efficacy endpoints under evaluation in the trial included urinary glucose excretion, fasting plasma glucose, response to oral glucose tolerance testing, and change in A1C. Data from the study showed that treatment with 150mg and 300mg of sotagliflozin provided improvements in glycemic control and demonstrated statistically significant benefits in the primary and multiple secondary efficacy endpoints. A marked and statistically significant decrease in fasting plasma glucose was observed at each measurement point throughout the treatment period in both treatment arms relative to placebo. After four weeks of dosing, patients in both dose groups exhibited statistically significant reductions in A1C as compared to patients receiving placebo (p=0.001 and p<0.001 for the 150mg and 300mg treatment arms, respectively). Patients in both treatment arms also exhibited statistically significant improvements in glucose tolerance in response to oral glucose tolerance testing (p<0.001 for both treatment arms). Consistent with the mechanism of action of sotgliflozin, there was also a significant, dose-dependent increase in 24-hour urinary glucose excretion in both treatment arms at each measurement point throughout the study period relative to placebo (p<0.001 at all time points measured). Patients in both treatment arms also showed positive trends in broader metabolic and cardiovascular parameters, including weight reduction, decreased blood pressure and lower triglyceride levels. Sotagliflozin was well tolerated in the trial, with no dose-limiting toxicities observed and adverse events being generally mild and equally distributed across all treatment groups, including the placebo group.
In addition, we previously completed a clinical trial evaluating the safety and tolerability of sotagliflozin and its effects on glycemic parameters associated with type 2 diabetes in patients with moderate renal impairment. The clinical trial enrolled 30 patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate to severe renal impairment in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of a 400mg once daily dose of sotagliflozin over a seven-day treatment period. The primary efficacy endpoint under evaluation in the trial was the change in postprandial glucose from baseline to day seven, with secondary endpoints including a variety of glycemic control parameters. Data from the study showed that treatment with sotagliflozin provided clinically meaningful and statistically significant reductions (p<0.05) in post-prandial glucose and produced significant elevations in GLP-1, a hormone involved in control of glucose and appetite. Sotagliflozin was well tolerated and adverse events were generally mild to moderate, with the overall incidence of adverse events with sotagliflozin being similar to placebo.
We have entered into a collaboration and license agreement with Sanofi under which we granted Sanofi an exclusive, worldwide, royalty-bearing right and license to develop, manufacture and commercialize sotagliflozin.
Other Development Programs
LX2761. LX2761 is an orally-delivered small molecule compound for the treatment of diabetes. LX2761 was internally generated by our medicinal chemists and is designed to inhibit SGLT1 locally in the gastrointestinal tract without any significant inhibition of SGLT2 in the kidney. We have completed IND-enabling studies of LX2761 and are presently preparing to submit an IND and commence clinical development. We have granted Sanofi certain rights of first negotiation with respect to the future development and commercialization of LX2761.
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LX9211. LX9211 is an orally-delivered small molecule compound for the treatment of neuropathic pain. LX9211 is included in our drug discovery alliance with Bristol-Myers Squibb and we and Bristol-Myers Squibb are presently conducting IND-enabling studies in preparation for the commencement of clinical development.
Other Programs. We have advanced small molecule compounds from a number of additional drug programs into various stages of preclinical and clinical development, including LX1033, an orally-delivered small molecule compound for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome, LX2931, an orally-delivered small molecule compound for the treatment of autoimmune disease and LX7101, a topically-delivered small molecule compound for the treatment of glaucoma.
Drug Target Discoveries
Our internal drug discovery efforts were driven by a systematic, target biology-driven approach in which we used gene knockout technologies and an integrated platform of advanced medical technologies to systematically study the physiological and behavioral functions of almost 5,000 genes in mice and assessed the utility of the proteins encoded by the corresponding human genes as potential drug targets. We have identified and validated in living animals, or in vivo, more than 100 targets with promising profiles for drug discovery.
Our Commercialization Strategy
We are working both independently and through strategic collaborations and alliances with third parties to capitalize on our drug target discoveries and drug discovery and development programs. Consistent with this approach, we seek to retain exclusive rights to the benefits of certain drug discovery and development programs by developing and commercializing drug candidates from those programs internally. We seek to collaborate with other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, such as Ipsen and Sanofi, with respect to the development and commercialization of drug candidates from other programs, particularly when the collaboration may provide us with access to expertise and resources that we do not possess internally or are complementary to our own. We also seek to collaborate with other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, research institutes and academic institutions to capitalize on our drug target discoveries.
Strategic Collaborations
Sanofi. We entered into a collaboration and license agreement with Sanofi in November 2015 under which we granted Sanofi an exclusive, worldwide, royalty-bearing right and license to develop, manufacture and commercialize sotagliflozin. We received a $300 million upfront payment under the agreement and we are eligible to receive up to $430 million upon the achievement of specified development and regulatory milestones and up to $990 million upon the achievement of specified sales milestones. We are also entitled to tiered, escalating royalties ranging from low double digit percentages to forty percent of net sales of sotagliflozin, based on indication and territory, with royalties for the higher band of such range attributable to net sales for type 1 diabetes in the United States, and subject in each case to customary royalty reduction provisions. Royalties payable with respect to net sales of sotagliflozin for type 1 diabetes in the United States will also be reduced in the event we do not exercise our co-promotion option.
We are responsible for all clinical development activities relating to type 1 diabetes and retain an exclusive option to co-promote and have a significant role, in collaboration with Sanofi, in the commercialization of sotafliflozin for the treatment of type 1 diabetes in the United States. If we exercise our co-promotion option, we will fund forty percent of the commercialization costs relating to such co-promotion activities. Sanofi is responsible for all clinical development and commercialization of sotagliflozin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes worldwide and is solely responsible for the commercialization of sotagliflozin for the treatment of type 1 diabetes outside the United States. We will share in the funding of a portion of the planned type 2 diabetes development costs over the first three years of the collaboration, up to an aggregate of $100 million.
Ipsen. We entered into a license and collaboration agreement with Ipsen Pharma SAS in October 2014 under which we granted Ipsen an exclusive, royalty-bearing right and license to commercialize telotristat etiprate outside of the United States, Canada and Japan. The collaboration was expanded in March 2015 to include Canada. We received $24.5 million in upfront payments under the agreement and we are eligible to receive up to approximately $34 million upon the achievement of specified regulatory and commercial launch milestones and up to €72 million upon the achievement of specified sales milestones. We are also entitled to tiered, escalating royalties ranging from low twenties to mid-thirties percentages of net sales of telotristat etiprate in the licensed territory, subject to a credit for Ipsen’s payments to us for the manufacture and supply of such units of telotristat etiprate and customary royalty reduction provisions. Our receipt of these payments from Ipsen will trigger our obligation to make certain contingent payments to Symphony Icon Holdings LLC, or Holdings, pursuant to our prior arrangement with Holdings for the financing of the clinical development of telotristat etiprate.
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Subject to certain exceptions, we are responsible for conducting clinical trials required to obtain regulatory approval for telotristat etiprate in the European Union and will have the first right to conduct most other clinical trials of telotristat etiprate.
Bristol-Myers Squibb. We established a drug discovery alliance with Bristol-Myers Squibb Company in December 2003 to discover, develop and commercialize small molecule drugs in the neuroscience field. Bristol-Myers Squibb extended the target discovery term of the alliance in May 2006. We initiated the alliance with a number of neuroscience drug discovery programs at various stages of development and used our gene knockout technologies to identify additional drug targets with promise in the neuroscience field. For those targets that were selected for the alliance, we and Bristol-Myers Squibb are working together, on an exclusive basis, to identify, characterize and carry out the preclinical development of small molecule drugs, and share equally both in the costs and in the work attributable to those efforts. As drugs resulting from the alliance enter clinical trials, Bristol-Myers Squibb will have the first option to assume full responsibility for clinical development and commercialization. We received $86 million in upfront payments and research funding under the agreement during the target discovery portion of the alliance, which expired in October 2009. In addition, we are entitled to receive clinical and regulatory milestone payments ranging, depending on the timing and extent of our efforts in the alliance, up to $76 million for each drug developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb under the alliance. We will also earn royalties on sales of drugs commercialized by Bristol-Myers Squibb under the alliance.
Genentech. We established a drug discovery alliance with Genentech, Inc. in December 2002 to discover novel therapeutic proteins and antibody targets. We and Genentech expanded the alliance in November 2005 for the advanced research, development and commercialization of new biotherapeutic drugs. Under the original alliance agreement, we used our target validation technologies to discover the functions of secreted proteins and potential antibody targets identified through Genentech’s internal drug discovery research. In the expanded alliance, we conducted additional, advanced research on a broad subset of those proteins and targets. We have exclusive rights to develop and commercialize biotherapeutic drugs for two of these targets, while Genentech has exclusive rights to develop and commercialize biotherapeutic drugs for the other targets. We retain certain other rights to discoveries made in the alliance, including non-exclusive rights, along with Genentech, for the development and commercialization of small molecule drugs addressing the targets included in the alliance. We received $58 million in upfront payments, research funding and research milestone payments under the agreement during the research collaboration term, which expired in November 2008. In addition, we are entitled to receive clinical and regulatory milestone payments ranging, depending on the extent of our efforts in the alliance, up to $25 million for each drug target for which Genentech develops a biotherapeutic drug under the alliance. We will also earn royalties on sales of biotherapeutic drugs commercialized by Genentech under the alliance. Genentech is entitled to receive milestone payments and royalties on sales of biotherapeutic drugs which we develop or commercialize under the alliance.
Other Collaborations
We have established collaborations with a number of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, research institutes and academic institutions under which we have received fees in exchange for generating knockout mice for genes requested by the collaborator, providing phenotypic data with respect to such knockout mice or otherwise granting access to some of our technologies and discoveries. In some cases, we remain eligible to receive milestone or royalty payments on the sale of mice and phenotypic data or on products that our collaborators discover or develop using our technology.
Our Executive Officers
Our executive officers and their ages and positions are listed below.

Name | Age | Position with the Company
Lonnel Coats | 51 | President and Chief Executive Officer and Director
Pablo Lapuerta, M.D. | 52 | Executive Vice President and Chief Medical Officer
Alan J. Main, Ph.D. | 62 | Executive Vice President, CMC and Supply Operations
Jeffrey L. Wade, J.D. | 51 | Executive Vice President, Corporate and Administrative Affairs and Chief Financial Officer
James F. Tessmer | 56 | Vice President, Finance and Accounting

Lonnel Coats has been our president and chief executive officer and a director since July 2014. From 1996 through June 2014, Mr. Coats served in a series of leadership positions at Eisai Inc. and Eisai Corporation of North America, most recently as chief executive officer from 2010 to June 2014 and president and chief operating officer from 2004 to 2010. Prior to joining Eisai, Mr. Coats spent eight years with Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a division of Johnson & Johnson, where he held a variety of
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management and sales positions. Mr. Coats serves as a director of Blueprint Medicines Corporation and holds a B.P.A. from Oakland University.
Pablo Lapuerta, M.D. has been our executive vice president and chief medical officer since February 2015. Dr. Lapuerta served as our executive vice president, safety, pharmacovigilance and medical affairs and chief medical officer from August 2014 until February 2015 and was our executive vice president, clinical development and chief medical officer from February 2013 until August 2014 and senior vice president, clinical development and chief medical officer from 2011 until February 2013. From 2009 through 2010, Dr. Lapuerta served as vice president at Bristol-Myers Squibb Company with responsibility for global development of an Alzheimer’s disease drug candidate. From 2007 through 2009, Dr. Lapuerta was senior vice president, clinical strategy and chief medical officer of Cogentus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and prior to that served in a variety of clinical development leadership roles at Bristol-Myers Squibb, where he worked for 11 years before joining Cogentus. He holds a B.A. in biology from Harvard College and an M.D. from Harvard Medical School.
Alan J. Main, Ph.D. has been our executive vice president, CMC and supply operations since February 2015. Dr. Main served as our executive vice president of pharmaceutical research from 2007 until February 2015 and was our senior vice president, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals from 2001 to 2007. Dr. Main was president and chief executive officer of Coelacanth Corporation, a leader in using proprietary chemistry technologies to rapidly discover new chemical entities for drug development, from 2000 until our acquisition of Coelacanth in 2001. Dr. Main was formerly senior vice president, U.S. Research at Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, where he worked for 20 years before joining Coelacanth. Dr. Main holds a B.S. from the University of Aberdeen, Scotland and a Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the University of Liverpool, England and completed postdoctoral studies at the Woodward Research Institute.
Jeffrey L. Wade, J.D. has been our executive vice president, corporate and administrative affairs and chief financial officer since February 2015. Mr. Wade served as our executive vice president, corporate development and chief financial officer from May 2010 until February 2015 and was our executive vice president and general counsel from 2000 until May 2010 and senior vice president and chief financial officer from 1999 to 2000. From 1988 through 1998, Mr. Wade was a corporate securities and finance attorney with the law firm of Andrews & Kurth L.L.P., for the last two years as a partner, where he represented companies in the biotechnology, information technology and energy industries. Mr. Wade is a member of the board of directors of the Texas Healthcare and Bioscience Institute. He received his B.A. and J.D. from the University of Texas.
James F. Tessmer has been our vice president, finance and accounting since November 2007 and previously served as our senior director of finance from 2004 to November 2007 and director of finance from 2001 to 2004. From January 1997 to 2001, Mr. Tessmer was assistant controller for Mariner Health Network, Inc. and prior to that served in a variety of financial and accounting management positions for HWC Distribution Corp. and American General Corporation. Mr. Tessmer is a certified public accountant and received his B.B.A. from the University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee and his M.B.A. from the University of Houston.
Patents and Proprietary Rights
We will be able to protect our proprietary rights from unauthorized use by third parties only to the extent that those rights are covered by valid and enforceable patents or are effectively maintained as trade secrets. Accordingly, patents and other proprietary rights are an essential element of our business. We own patent applications, and in some cases issued patents, covering each of our drug candidates in clinical development, including:

• | worldwide patent applications that claim telotristat etiprate, or LX1032, and associated crystalline forms, pharmaceutical compositions, and methods of manufacture and use, from which patents have granted in multiple jurisdictions, including ten in the United States; and

• | worldwide patent applications that claim sotagliflozin, or LX4211, and associated crystalline forms, pharmaceutical compositions, and methods of manufacture and use, from which patents have granted in multiple jurisdictions, including four in the United States.

Additionally, we hold rights to a number of patents and patent applications under license agreements with third parties. Many of these licenses are nonexclusive, although some are exclusive in specified fields. Most of the licenses have terms that extend for the life of the licensed patents.
Patents extend for varying periods according to the date of patent filing or grant and the legal term of patents in the various countries where patent protection is obtained. The actual protection afforded by a patent, which can vary from country
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to country, depends on the type of patent, the scope of its coverage and the availability of legal remedies in the country. We have filed patent applications and hold issued patents covering each of our drug candidates in clinical development. No United States patent that has issued or may issue based on a patent application we have filed relating to one of our drug candidates in clinical development has a normal expiration date earlier than 2026.
All of our employees, consultants and advisors are required to execute a proprietary information agreement upon the commencement of employment or consultation. In general, the agreement provides that all inventions conceived by the employee or consultant, and all confidential information developed or made known to the individual during the term of the agreement, shall be our exclusive property and shall be kept confidential, with disclosure to third parties allowed only in specified circumstances. We cannot assure you, however, that these agreements will provide useful protection of our proprietary information in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of such information.
Our patent and intellectual property rights are subject to certain rights and uncertainties. See “Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property” under “Item 1A. Risk Factors.”
Competition
The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are highly competitive and characterized by rapid technological change. We face significant competition in each of the aspects of our business from other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, as well as academic research institutions, clinical reference laboratories and governmental agencies that are pursuing research or development activities similar to ours. Many of our competitors have substantially greater research, development and commercialization capabilities and financial, scientific, marketing and human resources than we do. As a result, our competitors may succeed in developing products earlier than we do, obtaining approvals from the FDA or other regulatory agencies for those products more rapidly than we do, developing products that are more effective than those we develop or commercializing products more effectively and profitably than we do. Similarly, our collaborators face similar competition from other competitors who may succeed in developing products more quickly, developing products that are more effective than those developed by our collaborators or commercialize products more effectively and profitably than our collaborators. Any products that we or our collaborators develop or discover are likely to be in highly competitive markets.
The competition for our drug candidates includes both marketed products and drug candidates that are being developed by others, including pharmaceutical products that are currently in a more advanced stage of clinical development or commercialization than are our own drug candidates. These competitive marketed products and drug candidates include compounds that employ different mechanisms of action in addressing diseases and conditions for which we are developing our own drug candidates and, in some cases such as sotagliflozin, that employ the same or similar mechanisms of action.
We believe that our ability to successfully compete with these potentially competitive drug candidates and other competitive products currently on the market will depend on, among other things:

• | the efficacy, safety and reliability of our drug candidates;

• | our ability, and the ability of our collaborators, to complete preclinical and clinical development and obtain regulatory approvals for our drug candidates;

• | the timing and scope of regulatory approvals for our drug candidates;

• | our ability, and the ability of our collaborators, to obtain product acceptance by physicians and other health care providers and secure coverage and adequate reimbursement for product use in approved indications;

• | our ability, and the ability of our collaborators, to manufacture and sell commercial quantities of our products;

• | the skills of our employees and our ability to recruit and retain skilled employees;

• | protection of our intellectual property; and

• | the availability of substantial capital resources to fund development and commercialization activities.

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Government Regulation
Regulation of Pharmaceutical Products
The development, manufacture and sale of any pharmaceutical products developed by us or our collaborators will be subject to extensive regulation by United States and foreign governmental authorities, including federal, state and local authorities. In the United States, new drugs are subject to regulation under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder, or the FDC Act. The FDA and comparable governmental authorities regulate, among other things, the development, preclinical and clinical testing, manufacture, safety, efficacy, record keeping, reporting, labeling, storage, approval, advertising, promotion, sale, distribution and export of pharmaceutical products.
The standard process required by the FDA before a drug candidate may be marketed in the United States generally includes the following:

• | preclinical laboratory and animal tests performed under the FDA’s current Good Laboratory Practices regulations;

• | submission to the FDA of an Investigational New Drug application, or IND, which must become effective before human clinical trials may commence;

• | adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials to establish the safety and efficacy of the drug candidate for its intended use;

• | pre-approval inspection of manufacturing facilities and selected clinical investigators for their compliance with FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practices and Good Clinical Practices regulations;

• | submission and FDA approval of a New Drug Application, or NDA, for commercial marketing and sale, or of an NDA supplement, for approval of a new indication if the product is already approved for another indication.

This process for the testing and approval of drug candidates requires substantial time, effort and financial resources. Preclinical development of a drug candidate can take from one to several years to complete, with no guarantee that an IND based on those studies will become effective to even permit clinical testing to begin. Before commencing the first clinical trial of a drug candidate in the United States, we must submit an IND to the FDA. The IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA, within the 30-day time period, raises concerns or questions about the conduct of the clinical trial. In such a case, we and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial may begin. Submission of an IND may not result in FDA authorization to commence a clinical trial. A separate submission to the existing IND must be made for each successive clinical trial conducted during product development, and the FDA must grant permission for each clinical trial to start and continue. Further, an independent institutional review board for each medical center proposing to participate in the clinical trial must review and approve the plan for any clinical trial before it commences at that center. Regulatory authorities or an institutional review board or the sponsor may suspend a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the subjects or patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk.
For purposes of NDA approval, human clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases that may overlap.

• | Phase 1 clinical trials are conducted in a limited number of healthy human volunteers or, in some cases, patients, to evaluate the safety, dosage tolerance, absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion of the drug candidate;

• | Phase 2 clinical trials are conducted in groups of patients afflicted with a specified disease or condition to obtain preliminary data regarding efficacy as well as to further evaluate safety and optimize dosing of the drug candidate. Multiple Phase 2 clinical trials may be conducted to obtain information prior to beginning larger and more expensive Phase 3 clinical trials; and

• | Phase 3 clinical trials are conducted in larger patient populations at multiple clinical trial sites to obtain statistically significant evidence of the efficacy of the drug candidate for its intended use and to further test for safety in an expanded patient population.

In addition, the FDA may require, or companies may pursue, additional clinical trials after a product is approved. These so-called Phase 4 studies may be made a condition to be satisfied after a drug receives approval. Failure to satisfy such post-marketing commitments can result in FDA enforcement action, up and to including withdrawal of NDA
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approval. The results of phase 4 studies can confirm the effectiveness of a drug candidate and can provide important safety information to augment the FDA’s adverse drug reaction reporting system.
After completion of clinical trials, FDA approval of an NDA must be obtained before a new drug may be marketed in the United States. The submission of an NDA requires payment of a substantial user fee to the FDA. An NDA must contain, among other things, information on chemistry, manufacturing controls and potency and purity, non-clinical pharmacology and toxicology, human pharmacokinetics and bioavailability and clinical data. There can be no assurance that the FDA will accept an NDA for filing and, even if accepted for filing, that approval will be granted. The FDA may convene an advisory committee to provide clinical insight on NDA review questions. Among other things, the FDA reviews an NDA to determine whether a product is safe and effective for its intended use and whether the facility in which it is manufactured, processed, packed, or held meets standards designed to assure the product’s continued safety, purity and potency. The FDA may deny approval of an NDA if the applicable regulatory criteria are not satisfied, or it may require additional clinical data or an additional pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial. Even if such data are submitted, the FDA may ultimately decide that the NDA does not satisfy the criteria for approval. Once issued, the FDA may withdraw product approval if ongoing regulatory standards are not met or if safety problems occur after the product reaches the market. In addition, the FDA may require testing and surveillance programs to monitor the effect of approved products which have been commercialized, and the FDA has the power to prevent or limit further marketing of a product based on the results of these post-marketing programs. Limited indications for use or other conditions on labeling, marketing and distribution could also be placed on any approvals that could restrict the commercial applications of a product or impose costly procedures in connection with the commercialization or use of the product.
In addition to obtaining FDA approval for each product, each drug manufacturing establishment must be inspected and approved by the FDA. All manufacturing establishments are subject to inspections by the FDA and by other federal, state and local agencies and must comply with current Good Manufacturing Practices requirements. Non-compliance with these requirements can result in, among other things, total or partial suspension of production, failure of the government to grant approval for marketing and withdrawal, suspension or revocation of marketing approvals.
Satisfaction of FDA requirements typically takes many years, with the actual time required varying substantially based on, among other things, the nature and complexity of the drug candidate and of the disease or condition. Government regulation may delay or prevent marketing of drug candidates or new diseases for a considerable period of time and impose costly procedures upon our activities. Success in earlier-stage clinical trials does not ensure success in later-stage clinical trials. Targets and pathways identified in vitro may be determined to be less relevant in clinical studies and results in animal model studies may not be predictive of human clinical results. Furthermore, data obtained from clinical activities is not always conclusive and may be susceptible to varying interpretations, which could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval. Even if a drug candidate receives regulatory approval, the approval may be significantly limited to specific disease states, patient populations and dosages. Further, even after regulatory approval is obtained, later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product may result in restrictions on the product or even complete withdrawal of the product from the market.
Once the FDA approves a product, a manufacturer must provide certain updated safety and efficacy information. Product changes as well as certain changes in a manufacturing process or facility would necessitate additional FDA review and approval. Other post-approval changes may also necessitate further FDA review and approval. Additionally, a manufacturer must meet other requirements including those related to adverse event reporting and record keeping.
Any products manufactured or distributed by us pursuant to FDA approvals are subject to continuing regulation by the FDA, including record-keeping requirements and reporting of adverse experiences with the drug. Drug manufacturers and their subcontractors are required to register their establishments with the FDA and certain state agencies, and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and certain state agencies for compliance with GMP, which impose certain procedural and documentation requirements upon us and our third-party manufacturers.
The FDA closely regulates the marketing and promotion of drugs. A company can make only those claims relating to safety and efficacy that are approved by the FDA. Failure to comply with these requirements can result in adverse publicity, warning letters, corrective advertising and potential civil and criminal penalties. Physicians may, in their independent medical judgment, prescribe legally available drugs for uses that are not described in the product’s labeling and that differ from those tested by us and approved by the FDA. Such off-label uses are common across medical specialties. Physicians may believe that such off-label uses are the best treatment for many patients in varied circumstances. The FDA does not regulate the behavior of physicians in their choice of treatments. The FDA does, however, restrict manufacturers’ communications on the subject of off-label use. Additionally, a significant number of pharmaceutical companies have been the target of inquiries and investigations by various United States federal and state regulatory, investigative, prosecutorial and administrative entities in connection with the promotion of products for off-label uses and other sales practices. These investigations have alleged violations of various United States federal and state laws and regulations, including claims asserting antitrust violations,
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violations of the FDC Act, false claims laws, the Prescription Drug Marketing Act, anti-kickback laws, and other alleged violations in connection with the promotion of products for unapproved uses, pricing and Medicare and/or Medicaid reimbursement.
In addition to regulatory approvals that must be obtained in the United States, drugs are also subject to regulatory approval in other countries in which they are marketed. The conduct of clinical trials of drugs in countries other than the United States is likewise subject to regulatory oversight in such countries. The requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing, and reimbursement vary widely from country to country. No action can be taken to market any drug in a country until the regulatory authorities in that country have approved an appropriate application. FDA approval does not assure approval by other regulatory authorities. The current approval process varies from country to country, and the time spent in gaining approval varies from that required for FDA approval. In some countries, the sale price of a drug or biologic product must also be approved. The pricing review period often begins after marketing approval is granted. Even if a foreign regulatory authority approves a drug, it may not approve satisfactory prices for the product.
Healthcare Regulation
Federal and state healthcare laws, including fraud and abuse and health information privacy and security laws, also apply to our business. If we fail to comply with those laws, we could face substantial penalties and our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects could be adversely affected. The laws that may affect our ability to operate include, but are not limited to: the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits. among other things, soliciting, receiving, offering or paying remuneration, directly or indirectly, to induce, or in return for, the purchase or recommendation of an item or service reimbursable under a federal healthcare program, such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs; and federal civil and criminal false claims laws and civil monetary penalty laws, which prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment from Medicare, Medicaid, or other third-party payers that are false or fraudulent. Additionally, we are subject to state law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, which may be broader in scope and apply regardless of payer, and many of which differ from each other in significant ways and may not have the same effect, further complicate compliance efforts.
Numerous federal and state laws, including state security breach notification laws, state health information privacy laws and federal and state consumer protection laws, govern the collection, use and disclosure of personal information. Other countries also have, or are developing, laws governing the collection, use and transmission of personal information. In addition, most healthcare providers who are expected to prescribe our products and from whom we obtain patient health information, are subject to privacy and security requirements under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, as amended by the Health Information Technology and Clinical Health Act, or HIPPA. Although we are not directly subject to HIPPA, we could be subject to criminal penalties if we knowingly obtain individually identifiable health information from a HIPAA-covered entity, including healthcare providers, in a manner that is not authorized or permitted by HIPAA. The legislative and regulatory landscape for privacy and data protection continues to evolve, and there has been an increasing amount of focus on privacy and data protection issues with the potential to affect our business, including recently enacted laws in a majority of states requiring security breach notification. These laws could create liability for us or increase our cost of doing business. International laws regulate the processing of personal data within Europe and between European countries and the United States. Failure to provide adequate privacy protections and maintain compliance with safe harbor mechanisms could jeopardize business transactions across borders and result in significant penalties.
In addition, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care Education Reconciliation Act, or the PPACA, created a federal requirement under the federal Open Payments program, that requires certain manufacturers to track and report to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, or CMS, annually certain payments and other transfers of value provided to physicians and teaching hospitals made in the previous calendar year. In addition, there are also an increasing number of state laws that require manufacturers to make reports to states on pricing and marketing information. These laws may affect our sales, marketing, and other promotional activities by imposing administrative and compliance burdens on us. In addition, given the lack of clarity with respect to these laws and their implementation, our reporting actions could be subject to the penalty provisions of the pertinent state, and soon federal, authorities.
Other Regulations
In addition to the foregoing, our business is subject to regulation under various state and federal environmental laws, including the Occupational Safety and Health Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and the Toxic Substances Control Act. These and other laws govern our use, handling and disposal of various biological, chemical and radioactive substances used in and wastes generated by our operations. We believe that we are in material compliance with applicable environmental laws and that our continued compliance with these laws will not have a material adverse effect on our
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business. We cannot predict, however, whether new regulatory restrictions will be imposed by state or federal regulators and agencies or whether existing laws and regulations will adversely affect us in the future.
Research and Development Expenses
In 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, we incurred expenses of $95.2 million, $89.3 million and $89.7 million in company-sponsored as well as collaborative research and development activities, including $3.7 million, $4.0 million and $4.4 million of stock-based compensation expense in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.
Employees and Consultants
As of February 29, 2016, we employed 120 persons, of whom 27 hold M.D. or Ph.D. degrees and another 28 hold other advanced degrees. We believe that our relationship with our employees is good.
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Item 1A. Risk Factors
The following risks and uncertainties are important factors that could cause actual results or events to differ materially from those indicated by forward-looking statements. The factors described below are not the only ones we face and additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial also may impair our business operations.
Risks Related to Our Need for Additional Financing and Our Financial Results
We will need additional capital in the future and, if it is unavailable, we will be forced to significantly curtail or cease our operations. If it is not available on reasonable terms, we will be forced to obtain funds, if at all, by entering into financing agreements on unattractive terms.
As of December 31, 2015, we had $521.4 million in cash, cash equivalents and investments. We anticipate that our existing capital resources and the cash and revenues we expect to derive from collaborations and other sources will enable us to fund our currently planned operations for at least the next two years. However, we caution you that we may generate less cash and revenues or incur expenses more rapidly than we currently anticipate. Our currently planned operations for the next twelve months include (a) continued preparations for the submission of an NDA for telotristat etiprate in the United States and, if approved, for the commercial launch of telotristat etiprate in the United States, (b) the completion of two pivotal Phase 3 clinical trials of sotagliflozin, which we expect to enroll an aggregate of approximately 1,500 patients with type 1 diabetes, (c) continued enrollment in a third Phase 3 clinical trial of sotagliflozin, which we expect to enroll approximately 1,400 patients with type 1 diabetes, and (d) the completion of a Phase 2 clinical trial of sotagliflozin in a younger adult type 1 diabetes population in collaboration with JDRF and a dose-ranging study of sotagliflozin in patients with type 1 diabetes. In addition, we cannot be certain as to what type and how many clinical trials the FDA, or equivalent foreign regulatory agencies, will require us to conduct in order to gain approval to market either telotristat etiprate or sotagliflozin.
Although difficult to accurately predict, the amount of our future capital requirements will be substantial and will depend on many factors, including:

• | our ability to obtain priority review on an NDA submission for telotristat etiprate and obtain regulatory approval for the marketing and sale of telotristat etiprate in the United States;

• | if approved, our ability to successfully commercialize telotristat etiprate in the United States;

• | the timing and progress of our two pivotal Phase 3 clinical trials of sotagliflozin in type 1 diabetes patients, including completing enrollment in the trials;

• | the timing and progress of our third Phase 3 clinical trial and other clinical trials of sotagliflozin in type 1 diabetes patients, including continuing enrollment of such trials on the timelines anticipated;

• | if approved, the progress and scope of Ipsen’s commercialization activities with respect to telotristat etiprate outside of the United States and Japan;

• | the progress and scope of Sanofi’s development activities with respect to sotagliflozin in type 2 diabetes patients;

• | the amount and timing of payments, if any, under our existing collaboration agreements with Sanofi, Ipsen and other entities and any future collaboration agreements;

• | the amount and timing of our development and commercialization expenditures;

• | future results from clinical trials of our drug candidates;

• | the cost and timing of regulatory approvals and commercialization of drug candidates that we successfully develop;

• | market acceptance of products that we successfully develop and commercially launch;

• | the effect of competing programs and products, and of technological and market developments;

• | the filing, maintenance, prosecution, defense and enforcement of patent claims and other intellectual property rights; and

• | the cost and timing of establishing or contracting for sales, marketing and distribution capabilities of any approved drug candidate.

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Our capital requirements have and will continue to increase substantially as we prepare for the commercial launch of telotristat etiprate in the United States, continue to conduct later stage clinical trials for telotristat etiprate and sotagliflozin and advance new drug candidates into clinical development. Our capital requirements will also be affected by any expenditures we make in connection with license agreements and acquisitions of and investments in complementary products and technologies. For all of these reasons, our future capital requirements cannot easily be quantified.
If our capital resources are insufficient to meet future capital requirements, we will need to raise additional funds to continue our currently planned operations. Our ability to raise additional capital is dependent on a number of factors, including the market demand for our securities, which itself is subject to a number of pharmaceutical development and business risks and uncertainties, as well as uncertainty that we would be able to raise such additional capital at a price or on terms that are favorable to us. If we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, our then-existing stockholders will experience dilution and the terms of any new equity securities may have preferences over our common stock. If we raise additional capital by issuing debt securities, we may be required to pledge certain assets or enter into covenants that would restrict certain business activities or our ability to incur further indebtedness or otherwise contain unfavorable terms. We cannot be certain that additional financing, whether debt or equity, will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. We may be unable to raise sufficient additional capital on reasonable terms, and if so, we will be forced to significantly curtail or cease our operations or obtain funds, if at all, by entering into financing agreements on unattractive terms.
We have a history of net losses, and we expect to continue to incur net losses and may not achieve or maintain profitability.
We have incurred net losses since our inception, including net losses of $4.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, $100.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 and $104.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. As of December 31, 2015, we had an accumulated deficit of $1.1 billion. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with developing drugs, we are unable to predict the extent of any future losses or whether or when we will become profitable, if at all. The size of our net losses will depend, in part, on the rate of decline or growth in our revenues and on the amount of our expenses. We expect net losses to increase significantly over the next several years as we expect to make significant investments in the development of telotristat etiprate and sotagliflozin and, if approved, the commercialization of telotristat etiprate in the United States.
We have derived substantially all of our revenues from strategic collaborations and other research and development collaborations and technology licenses.
Future revenues from our existing collaborations are uncertain because they depend, to a large degree, on the achievement of milestones and payment of royalties we earn from any future products developed under the collaborations. Our ability to secure future revenue-generating agreements will depend upon our ability to address the needs of our potential future collaborators and licensees, and to negotiate agreements that we believe are in our long-term best interests. We may determine, as we have with certain of our drug candidates, including telotristat etiprate in the United States and Japan, that our interests are better served by retaining rights to our discoveries and advancing our therapeutic programs to a later stage, which could limit our near-term revenues and increase expenses. Because of these and other factors, our operating results have fluctuated in the past and are likely to do so in the future, and we do not believe that period-to-period comparisons of our operating results are a good indication of our future performance. Given the current stage of our operations, we do not currently derive any revenues from sales of pharmaceutical products.
A large portion of our expenses is fixed, including expenses related to facilities and equipment. In addition, we expect to spend significant amounts to fund our nonclinical and clinical development activities, including the conduct of ongoing and planned clinical trials for telotristat etiprate and sotagliflozin, and our activities relating to the preparation for and conduct of commercialization activities with respect to telotristat etiprate in the United States. As a result, we will need to generate substantial additional revenues to achieve profitability. Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis.
Our operating results have been and likely will continue to fluctuate, and we believe that period-to-period comparisons of our operating results are not a good indication of our future performance.
Our operating results and, in particular, our ability to generate additional revenues are dependent on many factors, including:

• | our success in obtaining regulatory approval for the marketing and sale of telotristat etiprate in the United States;

• | if approved, our ability to successfully commercialize telotristat etiprate in the United States;

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• | the amount and timing of payments, if any, under our existing collaboration agreements with Sanofi, Ipsen and other entities;

• | the success of our ongoing preclinical and clinical development efforts;

• | our success in establishing new collaborations and technology licenses, and the timing of such arrangements;

• | the success rate of our development efforts leading to opportunities for new collaborations and licenses, as well as milestone payments and royalties;

• | the timing and willingness of our collaborators to commercialize pharmaceutical products that would result in milestone payments and royalties; and

• | general and industry-specific economic conditions, which may affect our and our collaborators’ research and development expenditures.

Because of these and other factors, including the risks and uncertainties described in this section, our operating results have fluctuated in the past and are likely to do so in the future. Due to the likelihood of fluctuations in our revenues and expenses, we believe that period-to-period comparisons of our operating results are not a good indication of our future performance.
We have substantial indebtedness that may limit cash flow available to invest in the ongoing needs of our business.
We have incurred $105.8 million of indebtedness and could in the future incur additional indebtedness beyond such amount. We are not restricted under the terms of our existing debt instruments from incurring additional debt. Our substantial debt combined with our other financial obligations and contractual commitments could have significant adverse consequences, including:

• | requiring us to dedicate a substantial portion of cash flow from operations to the payment of interest on, and principal of, our debt, which will reduce the amounts available to fund working capital, capital expenditures, product development efforts and other general corporate purposes;

• | increasing our vulnerability to adverse changes in general economic, industry and market conditions;

• | obligating us to restrictive covenants that may reduce our ability to take certain corporate actions or obtain further debt or equity financing;

• | limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry in which we compete; and

• | placing us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have less debt or better debt servicing options.

We intend to satisfy our current and future debt service obligations with our existing cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities and funds from external sources. However, we may not have sufficient funds or may be unable to arrange for additional financing to pay the amounts due under our existing debt. Funds from external sources may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all. In addition, a failure to comply with the covenants under our existing debt instruments could result in an event of default under those instruments. In the event of an acceleration of amounts due under our debt instruments as a result of an event of default, including upon the occurrence of an event that would reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, properties, assets or condition or a failure to pay any amount due, we may not have sufficient funds or may be unable to arrange for additional financing to repay our indebtedness or to make any accelerated payments, and the lenders could seek to enforce security interests in the collateral securing such indebtedness. In addition, the covenants under our existing debt instruments and the pledge of our assets as collateral limit our ability to obtain additional debt financing.
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We may not have the ability to raise the funds necessary to repurchase the notes evidencing our existing indebtedness upon a fundamental change, and our future debt may contain limitations on our ability to repurchase the notes.
Holders of the notes evidencing our existing indebtedness have the right to require us to repurchase their notes upon the occurrence of a fundamental change at a repurchase price equal to 100% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. However, we may not have enough available cash or be able to obtain financing at the time we are required to make repurchases of notes surrendered therefor. In addition, our ability to repurchase the notes may be limited by law, by regulatory authority or by agreements governing our future indebtedness. Our failure to repurchase notes at a time when the repurchase is required by the indenture pursuant to which the notes were issued would constitute a default under the indenture. A default under the indenture or the fundamental change itself could also lead to a default under agreements governing our future indebtedness. If the repayment of the related indebtedness were to be accelerated after any applicable notice or grace periods, we may not have sufficient funds to repay the indebtedness and repurchase the notes.
Risks Related to Our Drug Candidates
We are dependent on the successful development and commercialization of telotristat etiprate and sotagliflozin.
Our business is dependent on the successful development and commercialization of our two most advanced drug candidates, telotristat etiprate and sotagliflozin, and we are presently devoting most of our resources toward such objectives. If we or our collaborators are unable to successfully develop and commercialize telotristat etiprate and sotagliflozin, whether due to factors discussed in this “Risk Factors” section or otherwise, we may not generate adequate product revenues, if at all, and we may not become profitable.
Clinical testing of our drug candidates in humans is an inherently risky and time-consuming process that may fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy, which could result in the delay, limitation or prevention of regulatory approval.
In order to obtain regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of any products that we may develop, we or our collaborators are required to complete extensive clinical trials in humans to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our drug candidates. We or our collaborators may not be able to obtain authority from the FDA, or other equivalent foreign regulatory agencies to initiate or complete any clinical trials. In addition, we have limited internal resources for making regulatory filings and interacting with regulatory authorities.
Clinical trials are inherently risky and the results from nonclinical testing of a drug candidate that is under development may not be predictive of results that will be obtained in human clinical trials. In addition, the results of early human clinical trials may not be predictive of results that will be obtained in larger-scale, advanced stage clinical trials. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical industry have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials, even after achieving positive results in earlier trials. Although the results of our Phase 2 proof-of-concept clinical trials of sotagliflozin in type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients were positive, we cannot assure you that the ongoing Phase 3 clinical trials of sotagliflozin in type 1 diabetes patients or the planned Phase 3 clinical trials of sotagliflozin in type 2 diabetes patients will achieve positive results. Negative or inconclusive results from a nonclinical study or a clinical trial could cause us, our collaborators or the FDA or other equivalent foreign regulatory agencies to terminate a nonclinical study or clinical trial or require that we or our collaborators repeat or modify it. For example, if the results of our ongoing dose-ranging study of sotagliflozin in type 1 diabetes patients are inconsistent with the design of our ongoing Phase 3 clinical trials of sotaglifozin in type 1 diabetes patients, such as suggesting that there is an effective dose of sotagliflozin lower than the doses we are studying in our Phase 3 clinical trials, we may be required to modify those Phase 3 clinical trials, which could significantly delay the completion of the trials. Furthermore, we, one of our collaborators or a regulatory agency with jurisdiction over the trials may suspend clinical trials at any time if the subjects or patients participating in such trials are being exposed to unacceptable health risks or for other reasons.
Any nonclinical or clinical test may fail to produce results satisfactory to the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities. Nonclinical and clinical data can be interpreted in different ways, which could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval. The FDA or institutional review boards at the medical institutions and healthcare facilities where we or our collaborators sponsor clinical trials may suspend any trial indefinitely if they find deficiencies in the conduct of these trials. Clinical trials must be conducted in accordance with the FDA’s current Good Clinical Practices. The FDA and these institutional review boards have authority to oversee our and our collaborators’ clinical trials, and the FDA may require large numbers of subjects or patients. In addition, we or our collaborators must manufacture, or contract for the manufacture of, the drug candidates that we use in our clinical trials under the FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practices.
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The rate of completion of clinical trials is dependent, in part, upon the rate of enrollment of patients. Patient accrual is a function of many factors, including the size of the patient population, the proximity of patients to clinical sites, the eligibility criteria for the study, the nature of the study, the existence of competitive clinical trials and the availability of alternative treatments. Delays in planned patient enrollment may result in increased costs and prolonged clinical development, which in turn could allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do and impair our ability to commercialize our products or potential products.
We or our collaborators may not be able to successfully complete any clinical trial of a potential product within any specified time period. In some cases, we or our collaborators may not be able to complete the trial at all. Moreover, clinical trials may not show our potential products to be both safe and effective. Thus, the FDA and other regulatory authorities may not approve any products that we develop for any indication or may limit the approved indications or impose other conditions.
Our drug candidates are subject to a lengthy and uncertain regulatory process that may not result in the necessary regulatory approvals, which could adversely affect our and our collaborators’ ability to commercialize products.
Our drug candidates, including telotristat etiprate and sotagliflozin, as well as the activities associated with their research, development and commercialization, are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA and other regulatory agencies in the United States and by comparable authorities in other countries. Failure to obtain regulatory approval for a drug candidate would prevent us from commercializing that drug candidate. We and our collaborators have not received regulatory approval to market any of our drug candidates in any jurisdiction and have only limited experience in preparing and filing the applications necessary to gain regulatory approvals. The process of obtaining regulatory approvals is expensive, and often takes many years, if approval is obtained at all, and can vary substantially based upon the type, complexity and novelty of the drug candidates involved. Before a new drug application can be filed with the FDA, the drug candidate must undergo extensive clinical trials, which can take many years and may require substantial expenditures. Any clinical trial may fail to produce results satisfactory to the FDA. For example, the FDA could determine that the design of a clinical trial is inadequate to produce reliable results. Furthermore, prior to approving a new drug, the FDA typically requires that the efficacy of the drug be demonstrated in two double-blind, controlled studies. In light of the unmet medical need in carcinoid syndrome, the results of our Phase 2 clinical trials of telotristat etiprate and our interactions with the FDA regarding those results, we believe that our single pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of telotristat etiprate will be sufficient. However, the FDA has indicated that the trial must demonstrate statistically robust evidence of important clinical benefit and an acceptable safety profile in order to warrant consideration for marketing approval. If the FDA determines that our Phase 3 results do not have statistically robust results or clinically meaningful benefit, or if the FDA requires us to conduct additional Phase 3 clinical trials of telotristat etiprate prior to seeking marketing approval, we will incur significant additional development costs and commercialization of telotristat etiprate may be prevented or delayed. The regulatory process also requires nonclinical testing, and data obtained from nonclinical and clinical activities are susceptible to varying interpretations, which could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval. For example, we will need to complete certain nonclinical studies on a pre-approval basis in connection with our diabetes program, including carcinogenicity and toxicology. In our carcinoid syndrome program, we will need to conduct carcinogenicity studies on a post-approval basis and drug interaction studies on a pre-approval basis. Negative results in any of these nonclinical studies could delay or prevent approval of our product candidates. In addition, delays or rejections may be encountered based upon changes in regulatory policy for product approval during the period of product development and regulatory agency review. Changes in regulatory approval policy, regulations or statutes or the process for regulatory review during the development or approval periods of our drug candidates may cause delays in the approval or rejection of an application. Even if the FDA or a comparable authority in another country approves a drug candidate, the approval may impose significant restrictions on the indicated uses, conditions for use, labeling, advertising, promotion, marketing and/or production of such product and may impose ongoing requirements for post-approval studies, including additional research and development and clinical trials. These agencies also may impose various civil or criminal sanctions for failure to comply with regulatory requirements, including withdrawal of product approval.
If our potential products receive regulatory approval, we or our collaborators will remain subject to extensive and rigorous ongoing regulation.
If we or our collaborators obtain initial regulatory approvals from the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities for any products that we may develop, we or our collaborators will be subject to extensive and rigorous ongoing domestic and foreign government regulation of, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, labeling, promotion, advertising, distribution and marketing of our products and drug candidates. The failure to comply with these requirements or the identification of safety problems during commercial marketing could lead to the need for product marketing restrictions, product withdrawal or recall or other voluntary or regulatory action, which could delay further marketing until the product is brought into compliance. The failure to comply with these requirements may also subject us or our collaborators to stringent penalties.
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The commercial success of any products that we or our collaborators may develop will depend upon the degree of market acceptance of our products among physicians, patients, health care payors, private health insurers and the medical community.
Even if approved by the relevant regulatory authority, our or our collaborators’ ability to commercialize any products that we or they may develop will be highly dependent upon the extent to which these products gain market acceptance among physicians, patients, health care payors, such as Medicare and Medicaid, private health insurers, including managed care organizations and group purchasing organizations, and the medical community. If these products do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance, we may not generate adequate product revenues, if at all, and we may not become profitable. The degree of market acceptance of our drug candidates, if approved for commercial sale, will depend upon a number of factors, including:

• | the effectiveness, or perceived effectiveness, of our products in comparison to competing products;

• | the existence of any significant side effects, as well as their severity in comparison to any competing products;

• | potential advantages or disadvantages in relation to alternative treatments;

• | indications for which our products may be approved;

• | the ability to offer our products for sale at competitive prices;

• | relative convenience and ease of administration;

• | the strength of marketing and distribution support; and

• | sufficient third-party coverage or reimbursement.

If we are unable to establish sales, marketing and distribution capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to market and sell our drug candidates, we may be unable to generate product revenues.
Our commercialization strategy includes the commercialization of telotristat etiprate on our own behalf in the United States and an exclusive option to co-promote and have a significant role, in collaboration with Sanofi, in the commercialization of sotafliflozin for the treatment of type 1 diabetes in the United States. We have no experience as a company in the sales, marketing and distribution of pharmaceutical products and are presently building our commercial organization. We may not be able to correctly judge the size and experience of the sales and marketing force and the scale of distribution necessary to successfully market and sell our drug candidates. Developing and maintaining a sales and marketing force is expensive and time-consuming, could delay any product launch, and we may never be able to develop this capacity. Such expenses may be disproportional compared to the revenues we may be able to generate on sales of our drug candidates. To the extent that we enter into arrangements with third parties to provide sales, marketing and distribution services, our product revenues are likely to be lower than if we market and sell any products that we develop ourselves. If we are unable to establish adequate sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, independently or with others, we may not be able to generate product revenues.
We are subject to certain healthcare laws, regulation and enforcement; our failure to comply with those laws could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
We are or will be subject to certain healthcare laws and regulations and enforcement by the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business. The laws that may affect our ability to operate include, without limitation:

• | the federal Anti-Kickback Law, which constrains our business activities, which will include our marketing practices, educational programs, pricing policies, and relationships with healthcare providers or other entities, by prohibiting, among other things, persons and entities from knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or paying remuneration, directly or indirectly, in exchange for or to induce either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order or recommendation of, any good or service for which payment may be made under federal healthcare programs such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs;

• | federal civil and criminal false claims laws and civil monetary penalty laws, which prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment from Medicare, Medicaid, or other third-party payers that are false or fraudulent;

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• | federal criminal laws that prohibit executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or making false statements relating to healthcare matters;

• | HIPAA, as amended by HITECH, and their implementing regulations, which impose certain requirements relating to the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information;

• | state law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, such as anti-kickback and false claims laws which may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payer, including commercial insurers, and state laws governing the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and may not have the same effect, thus complicating compliance efforts;

• | the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, a United States law which regulates certain financial relationships with foreign government officials (which could include, for example, certain medical professionals);

• | federal and state consumer protection and unfair competition laws, which broadly regulate marketplace activities and activities that potentially harm consumers;

• | state and federal government price reporting laws that require us to calculate and report complex pricing metrics to government programs, where such reported priced may be used in the calculation of reimbursement and/or discounts on our marketed drugs (participation in these programs and compliance with the applicable requirements may subject us to potentially significant discounts on our products, increased infrastructure costs, and potentially limit our ability to offer certain marketplace discounts); and

• | state and federal marketing expenditure tracking and reporting laws, which generally require certain types of expenditures in the United States to be tracked and reported (compliance with such requirements may require investment in infrastructure to ensure that tracking is performed properly, and some of these laws result in the public disclosure of various types of payments and relationships, which could potentially have a negative effect on our business and/or increase enforcement scrutiny of our activities).

In addition, certain marketing practices, including off-label promotion, may also violate certain federal and state health regulatory fraud and abuse laws as well as false claims laws. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we, or our officers or employees, may be subject to penalties, including administrative civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, withdrawal of regulatory approval, the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, the exclusion from participation in federal and state healthcare programs and imprisonment, any of which could adversely affect our ability to sell our drug candidates or operate our business and also adversely affect our financial results.
Numerous federal and state laws, including state security breach notification laws, state health information privacy laws and federal and state consumer protection laws, govern the collection, use and disclosure of personal information. Other countries also have, or are developing, laws governing the collection, use and transmission of personal information. In addition, most healthcare providers who may be expected to prescribe our products and from whom we may obtain patient health information are subject to privacy and security requirements under the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA. Although we are not directly subject to HIPAA, we could be subject to criminal penalties if we knowingly obtain individually identifiable health information from a HIPAA-covered entity in a manner that is not authorized or permitted by HIPAA. The legislative and regulatory landscape for privacy and data protection continues to evolve, and there has been an increasing amount of focus on privacy and data protection issues with the potential to affect our business, including recently enacted laws in a majority of states requiring security breach notification. These laws could create liability for us or increase our cost of doing business. International laws, such as the EU Data Privacy Directive (95/46/EC) and Swiss Federal Act on Data Protection, regulate the processing of personal data within Europe and between European countries and the United States. Failure to provide adequate privacy protections and maintain compliance with safe harbor mechanisms could jeopardize business transactions across borders and result in significant penalties.
If we are unable to obtain adequate coverage and reimbursement from third-party payors for any products that we or our collaborators may develop, our revenues and prospects for profitability will suffer.
Our ability to successfully commercialize any products that we or our collaborators may develop will be highly dependent on the extent to which coverage and reimbursement for our products will be available from third-party payors, including governmental payors, such as Medicare and Medicaid, and private health insurers, including managed care organizations and group purchasing organizations. Many patients will not be capable of paying themselves for some or all of
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the products that we or our collaborators may develop and will rely on third-party payors to pay for, or subsidize, their medical needs. If third-party payors do not provide coverage or reimbursement for any products that we or our collaborators may develop, our revenues and prospects for profitability will suffer. In addition, even if third-party payors provide some coverage or reimbursement for our products, the availability of such coverage or reimbursement for prescription drugs under private health insurance and managed care plans often varies based on the type of contract or plan purchased.
In addition, in some foreign countries, particularly the countries in the European Union, the pricing of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to governmental control. In these countries, price negotiations with governmental authorities can take six to 12 months or longer after the receipt of regulatory marketing approval for a product. To obtain reimbursement and/or pricing approval in some countries, we or our collaborators may be required to conduct a clinical trial that compares the cost effectiveness of our drug candidates or products to other available therapies. The conduct of such a clinical trial could be expensive and result in delays in the commercialization of our drug candidates. Third-party payors are challenging the prices charged for medical products and services, and many third-party payors limit reimbursement for newly approved health care products. In particular, third-party payors may limit the indications for which they will reimburse patients who use any products that we or our collaborators may develop. Cost-control initiatives could decrease prices we or our collaborators might establish for products that may be developed, which would result in lower product revenues to us.
Current healthcare laws and regulations and future legislative or regulatory reforms to the healthcare system may negatively affect our revenues and prospects for profitability.
A primary trend in the United States and some foreign countries is toward reform and cost containment in the health care industry. The United States and some foreign jurisdictions are considering or have enacted a number of legislative and regulatory proposals that may have the effect of reducing the prices that we are able to charge for products we develop. For example, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act, or collectively the PPACA, substantially modifies the framework by which healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers in the United States. A number of provisions contained in the PPACA have the potential to significantly affect the pharmaceutical industry, including:

• | an annual, nondeductible fee on any entity that manufactures or imports certain branded prescription drugs, apportioned among these entities according to their market share in certain governmental health programs, not including orphan drug sales;

• | expansion of eligibility criteria and increases in the rebates manufacturers must pay under certain Medicaid programs;

• | a new Medicare Part D coverage program, in which manufacturers must agree to offer 50% point-of-sale discounts off negotiated prices of applicable brand drugs to eligible beneficiaries during any coverage gap period, as a condition for the manufacturer’s outpatient drugs to be covered under Medicare Part D;

• | extension of manufacturers’ Medicaid rebate liability to covered drugs dispensed to individuals who are enrolled in Medicaid managed care organizations;

• | expansion of the entities eligible for discounts under the Public Health Service pharmaceutical pricing program; and

• | certain reporting requirements relating to financial arrangements with, and other “transfers of value” to, physicians.

As a result of the overall trend towards cost-effectiveness criteria and managed healthcare in the United States, third-party payers are increasingly attempting to contain healthcare costs by limiting both coverage and the level of reimbursement of new drugs. They may use tiered reimbursement and may adversely affect demand for our drug candidates by placing them in an expensive tier. They may also refuse to provide any coverage of uses of approved products for medical indications other than those for which the FDA has granted market approvals. As a result, significant uncertainty exists as to whether and how much third-party payers will reimburse for newly approved drugs, which in turn will put pressure on the pricing of drugs. Further, we do not have experience in ensuring approval by applicable third-party payers outside of the United States for coverage and reimbursement of pharmaceutical products. We also anticipate pricing pressures in connection with the sale of our drug candidates due to the increasing influence of health maintenance organizations and additional legislative proposals.
The PPACA and other healthcare reform measures which may be adopted in the future in the United States and foreign jurisdictions may result in more rigorous coverage criteria and significant downward pressure on the prices drug manufacturers may charge. As a result, our revenues and prospects for profitability could be significantly harmed.
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Our competitors may develop products that make our or our collaborators’ products obsolete.
The pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries are highly fragmented and are characterized by rapid technological change. We and our collaborators face, and will continue to face, intense competition from biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, as well as academic research institutions, clinical reference laboratories and government agencies that are pursuing research and development activities similar to ours. In addition, significant delays in the development of our drug candidates could allow our competitors to bring products to market before us, which would impair our or our collaborators’ ability to commercialize our drug candidates. Any products that we or our collaborators develop will compete in highly competitive markets. Further, our competitors may be more effective at using their technologies to develop commercial products. Many of the organizations competing with us have greater capital resources, larger research and development staff and facilities, more experience in obtaining regulatory approvals and more extensive product manufacturing and marketing capabilities. As a result, our competitors may be able to more easily develop products that would render our products, and those of our collaborators, obsolete and noncompetitive. For example, drug candidates are currently being developed by other pharmaceutical companies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes that act through SGLT2, one of the targets of sotagliflozin, which are in more advanced stages of development than sotagliflozin or have been approved for commercial sale by the FDA or other regulatory agencies. In addition, there may be drug candidates of which we are not aware at an earlier stage of development that may compete with our drug candidates.
We may not be able to manufacture our drug candidates in commercial quantities, which would prevent us from commercializing our drug candidates.
To date, our drug candidates have been manufactured in small quantities for nonclinical and clinical trials. If any of these drug candidates are approved by the FDA or other regulatory agencies for commercial sale, we or our collaborators will need to manufacture them in larger quantities. We are required under our collaboration agreement to supply Ipsen’s commercial requirements of telotristat etiprate. We may not be able to successfully increase the manufacturing capacity, whether in collaboration with third-party manufacturers or on our own, for any of our drug candidates in a timely or economic manner, or at all. Significant scale-up of manufacturing may require additional validation studies, which the FDA must review and approve. If we or our collaborators are unable to successfully increase the manufacturing capacity for a drug candidate, the regulatory approval or commercial launch of that drug candidate may be delayed or there may be a shortage in supply. Our drug candidates require precise, high-quality manufacturing. The failure to achieve and maintain these high manufacturing standards, including the incidence of manufacturing errors, could result in patient injury or death, product recalls or withdrawals, delays or failures in product testing or delivery, cost overruns or other problems that could seriously hurt our business.
Risks Related to Our Relationships with Third Parties
We are significantly dependent upon our collaborations with Ipsen, Sanofi and other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. If pharmaceutical products are not successfully and timely developed and commercialized under our collaborations, our opportunities to generate revenues from milestones and royalties will be greatly reduced.
We have entered into collaboration agreements with Ipsen for the commercialization of telotristat etiprate outside of the United States and Japan and with Sanofi for the worldwide development and commercialization of sotagliflozin. We have also established collaborative arrangements with other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies with respect to the research, development and commercialization of drug candidates from other programs. We have derived a substantial majority of our revenues to date from these strategic collaborations and other research and development collaborations and technology licenses. Future revenues from our existing collaborations depend upon the achievement of milestones and payment of royalties we earn from any future products developed under the collaborations. If our relationship terminates with any of our collaborators, particularly Ipsen and Sanofi, our reputation in the business and scientific community may suffer and revenues will be negatively impacted to the extent such losses are not offset by additional collaboration agreements. If milestones are not achieved under our collaborations or our collaborators are unable to successfully develop and commercialize products from which milestones and royalties are payable, we will not earn the revenues contemplated by those collaborations.
We have limited or no control over the resources that any collaborator may devote to the development and commercialization of products under our alliances. Any of our present or future collaborators may not perform their obligations as expected. These collaborators may breach or terminate their agreements with us or otherwise fail to conduct research, development or commercialization activities successfully or in a timely manner. Further, our collaborators may elect not to develop pharmaceutical products arising out of our collaborative arrangements or may not devote sufficient resources to the development, regulatory approval, manufacture, marketing or sale of these products. If any of these events occurs, we may
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not receive collaboration revenue or otherwise realize anticipated benefits from such collaborations, our product development efforts may be delayed and our business, operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected.
Conflicts with our collaborators could jeopardize the success of our collaborative agreements and harm our product development efforts.
We may pursue opportunities in specific disease and therapeutic modality fields that could result in conflicts with our collaborators, if any of our collaborators takes the position that our internal activities overlap with those activities that are exclusive to our collaboration. Moreover, disagreements could arise with our collaborators over rights to our intellectual property or our rights to share in any of the future revenues of compounds or therapeutic approaches developed by our collaborators. Any conflict with or among our collaborators could result in the termination of our collaborative agreements, delay collaborative research or development activities, impair our ability to renew or obtain future collaborative agreements or lead to costly and time consuming litigation. Conflicts with our collaborators could also have a negative impact on our relationship with existing collaborators, materially impairing our business and revenues. Some of our collaborators are also potential competitors or may become competitors in the future. Our collaborators could develop competing products, preclude us from entering into collaborations with their competitors or terminate their agreements with us prematurely. Any of these events could harm our product development efforts.
We rely on third parties to carry out drug development activities.
We rely on clinical research organizations and other third party contractors to carry out many of our drug development activities, including the performance of nonclinical laboratory and animal tests under the FDA’s current Good Laboratory Practices regulations and the conduct of clinical trials of our drug candidates in accordance with protocols we establish. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or regulatory obligations or meet expected deadlines, our drug development activities may be delayed, suspended or terminated. Such a failure by these third parties could significantly impair our ability to develop and commercialize the affected drug candidates.
We lack the capability to manufacture materials for nonclinical studies, clinical trials or commercial sales and rely on third parties to manufacture our drug candidates, which may harm or delay our product development and commercialization efforts.
We currently do not have the manufacturing capabilities or experience necessary to produce materials for nonclinical studies, clinical trials or commercial sales and intend in the future to continue to rely on collaborators and third-party contractors to produce such materials. We will rely on selected manufacturers to deliver materials on a timely basis and to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, including the current Good Manufacturing Practices of the FDA, which relate to manufacturing and quality control activities. These manufacturers may not be able to produce material on a timely basis or manufacture material at the quality level or in the quantity required to meet our development timelines and applicable regulatory requirements. In addition, there are a limited number of manufacturers that operate under the FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practices and that are capable of producing such materials, and we may experience difficulty finding manufacturers with adequate capacity for our needs. If we are unable to contract for the production of sufficient quantity and quality of materials on acceptable terms, our product development and commercialization efforts may be delayed. Moreover, noncompliance with the FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practices can result in, among other things, fines, injunctions, civil and criminal penalties, product recalls or seizures, suspension of production, failure to obtain marketing approval and withdrawal, suspension or revocation of marketing approvals.
Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property
If we are unable to adequately protect our intellectual property, third parties may be able to use our products and technologies, which could adversely affect our ability to compete in the market.
Our success will depend in part upon our ability to obtain patents and maintain adequate protection of the intellectual property related to our products and technologies. The patent positions of biotechnology companies, including our patent position, are generally uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions. We will be able to protect our intellectual property rights from unauthorized use by third parties only to the extent that our products and technologies are covered by valid and enforceable patents or are effectively maintained as trade secrets. We will continue to apply for patents covering our products and technologies as and when we deem appropriate. Pending patent applications do not provide protection against competitors because they are not enforceable until they issue as patents. Further, the disclosures contained in our current and future patent applications may not be sufficient to meet statutory requirements for patentability. Once issued, patents still may not provide commercially meaningful protection. Our existing patents and any future patents we obtain may not be sufficiently broad to prevent others from developing competing products and technologies. Furthermore, others may independently
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develop similar or alternative products or technologies or design around our patents. If anyone infringes upon our or our collaborators’ patent rights, enforcing these rights may be difficult, costly and time-consuming and, as a result, it may not be cost-effective or otherwise expedient to pursue litigation to enforce those patent rights. In addition, our patents may be challenged or invalidated or may fail to provide us with any competitive advantages, if, for example, others were the first to invent or to file patent applications for these inventions.
Because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending applications which may later result in issued patents that cover the production, manufacture, commercialization or use of our drug targets or drug candidates. If any such patents are issued to other entities, we will be unable to obtain patent protection for the same or similar discoveries that we make relating to our drug targets or drug candidates. Moreover, we may be blocked from using our drug targets or drug candidates or developing or commercializing our drug candidates, or may be required to obtain a license that may not be available on reasonable terms, if at all. Further, others may discover uses for our drug targets and drug candidates other than those covered in our issued or pending patents, and these other uses may be separately patentable. Even if we have a patent claim on a particular technology or product, the holder of a patent covering the use of that technology or product could exclude us from selling a product that is based on the same use of that product.
The laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending such rights in foreign jurisdictions. Many countries, including certain countries in Europe, have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses to third parties (for example, if the patent owner has failed to “work” the invention in that country or the third party has patented improvements). In addition, many countries limit the enforceability of patents against government agencies or government contractors. In these countries, the patent owner may have limited remedies, which could materially diminish the value of the patent. Compulsory licensing of life-saving drugs is also becoming increasingly popular in developing countries either through direct legislation or international initiatives. Such compulsory licenses could be extended to include some of our drug candidates, which could limit our potential revenue opportunities. Moreover, the legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the aggressive enforcement of patent and other intellectual property protection, which makes it difficult to stop infringement.
We rely on trade secret protection for our confidential and proprietary information. We have taken security measures to protect our proprietary information and trade secrets, but these measures may not provide adequate protection. While we seek to protect our proprietary information by entering into confidentiality agreements with employees, collaborators and consultants, we cannot assure you that our proprietary information will not be disclosed, or that we can meaningfully protect our trade secrets. In addition, our competitors may independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information or may otherwise gain access to our trade secrets.
We may be involved in patent litigation and other disputes regarding intellectual property rights and may require licenses from third parties for our planned nonclinical and clinical development and commercialization activities. We may not prevail in any such litigation or other dispute or be able to obtain required licenses.
Our nonclinical and clinical development efforts as well as our potential products and those of our collaborators may give rise to claims that they infringe the patents of others. We are aware that other companies and institutions are developing products acting through the same drug targets through which some of our drug candidates currently in clinical development act, have conducted research on many of the same targets that we have identified and have filed patent applications potentially covering drug targets that we have identified and certain therapeutic products addressing such targets. In some cases, patents have issued from these applications. In addition, many companies and institutions have well-established patent portfolios directed to common techniques, methods and means of developing, producing and manufacturing pharmaceutical products. These or other companies or institutions could bring legal actions against us or our collaborators for damages or to stop us or our collaborators from engaging in certain nonclinical or clinical development activities or from manufacturing and marketing therapeutic products that allegedly infringe their patent rights. If any of these actions are successful, in addition to our potential liability for damages, these entities would likely require us or our collaborators to obtain a license in order to continue engaging in the infringing activities or to manufacture or market the infringing therapeutic products or may force us to terminate such activities or manufacturing and marketing efforts.
We may need to pursue litigation against others to enforce our patents and intellectual property rights and may be the subject of litigation brought by third parties to enforce their patent and intellectual property rights. In addition, we may become involved in litigation based on intellectual property indemnification undertakings that we have given to certain of our collaborators. Patent litigation is expensive and requires substantial amounts of management attention. The eventual outcome of any such litigation is uncertain and involves substantial risks.
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We believe that there will continue to be significant litigation in our industry regarding patent and other intellectual property rights. We have expended and many of our competitors have expended and are continuing to expend significant amounts of time, money and management resources on intellectual property litigation. If we become involved in future intellectual property litigation, it could consume a substantial portion of our resources and could negatively affect our results of operations.
We have not sought patent protection outside of the United States for some of our inventions, and some of our licensed patents only provide coverage in the United States. As a result, our international competitors could be granted foreign patent protection with respect to our discoveries.
We have decided not to pursue patent protection with respect to some of our inventions outside the United States, both because we do not believe it is cost-effective and because of confidentiality concerns. Accordingly, our international competitors could develop, and receive foreign patent protection for, genes or gene sequences, uses of those genes or gene sequences, gene products and drug targets, assays for identifying potential therapeutic products, potential therapeutic products and methods of treatment for which we are seeking United States patent protection.
We may be subject to damages resulting from claims that we, our employees or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.
Many of our employees and independent contractors were previously employed at universities, other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. We may be subject to claims that these employees, independent contractors or we have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of their former employers. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention. If we fail in defending such claims, in addition to paying money claims, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. A loss of key research personnel and/or their work product could hamper or prevent our ability to commercialize certain drug candidates, which could severely harm our business.
Risks Related to Employees, Advisors and Facilities Operations
The loss of key personnel or the inability to attract and retain additional personnel could impair our ability to expand our operations.
We are highly dependent upon the principal members of our management and scientific staff, the loss of whose services might adversely impact the achievement of our objectives. Recruiting and retaining qualified medical, clinical and scientific personnel will be critical to support activities related to advancing our nonclinical and clinical development programs, and to support our collaborative arrangements. Competition is intense for experienced medical and clinical personnel, in particular, and we may be unable to retain or recruit medical and clinical personnel with the expertise or experience necessary to allow us to pursue collaborations, develop our products or expand our operations to the extent otherwise possible. Further, all of our employees are employed “at will” and, therefore, may leave our employment at any time.
Our collaborations with outside scientists may be subject to restriction and change.
We work with scientific and clinical advisors and collaborators at academic and other institutions that assist us in our nonclinical and clinical development efforts. These advisors and collaborators are not our employees and may have other commitments that limit their availability to us. Although these advisors and collaborators generally agree not to perform competing work, if a conflict of interest between their work for us and their work for another entity arises, we may lose their services. In such a circumstance, our development efforts with respect to the matters on which they were working may be significantly delayed or otherwise adversely affected. In addition, although our advisors and collaborators sign agreements not to disclose our confidential information, it is possible that valuable proprietary knowledge may become publicly known through them.
Security breaches may disrupt our operations and harm our operating results.
Our network security and data recovery measures may not be adequate to protect against computer viruses, break-ins, and similar disruptions from unauthorized tampering with our computer systems. The misappropriation, theft, sabotage or any other type of security breach with respect to any of our proprietary and confidential information that is electronically stored, including research or clinical data, could have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results and financial condition. Additionally, any break-in or trespass of our facilities that results in the misappropriation, theft, sabotage or any
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other type of security breach with respect to our proprietary and confidential information, including research or clinical data, or that results in damage to our research and development equipment and assets could have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results and financial condition.
Risks Related to Environmental and Product Liability
We use hazardous chemicals and radioactive and biological materials in our business. Any claims relating to improper handling, storage or disposal of these materials could be time consuming and costly.
Our research and development processes have historically involved the controlled use of hazardous materials, including chemicals and radioactive and biological materials. Our operations have produced hazardous waste products. We cannot eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or discharge and any resultant injury from these materials. Federal, state and local laws and regulations govern the use, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of hazardous materials. We may face liability for any injury or contamination that results from our use or the use by third parties of these materials, and such liability may exceed our insurance coverage and our total assets. Compliance with environmental laws and regulations may be expensive, and current or future environmental regulations may impair our research, development and production efforts.
In addition, our collaborators may use hazardous materials in connection with our collaborative efforts. In the event of a lawsuit or investigation, we could be held responsible for any injury caused to persons or property by exposure to, or release of, these hazardous materials used by these parties. Further, we may be required to indemnify our collaborators against all damages and other liabilities arising out of our development activities or products produced in connection with these collaborations.
We may be sued for product liability.
We or our collaborators may be held liable if any product that we or our collaborators develop, or any product that is made with the use or incorporation of any of our technologies, causes injury or is found otherwise unsuitable during product testing, manufacturing, marketing or sale. Although we currently have and intend to maintain product liability insurance, this insurance may become prohibitively expensive or may not fully cover our potential liabilities. Our inability to obtain sufficient insurance coverage at an acceptable cost or otherwise to protect against potential product liability claims could prevent or inhibit the commercialization of products developed by us or our collaborators. If we are sued for any injury caused by our or our collaborators’ products, our liability could exceed our total assets.
Risks Related to Our Common Stock
Invus, L.P., Invus C.V. and their affiliates own a controlling interest in our outstanding common stock and may have interests which conflict with those of our other stockholders.
Invus, L.P. and Invus C.V., which we collectively refer to as Invus, and their affiliates currently own approximately 59.6% of the outstanding shares of our common stock and are thereby able to control the election and removal of our directors and determine our corporate and management policies, including potential mergers or acquisitions, asset sales, the amendment of our articles of incorporation or bylaws and other significant corporate transactions. This concentration of ownership may delay or deter possible changes in control of our company, which may reduce the value of an investment in our common stock. The interests of Invus and its affiliates may not coincide with the interests of other holders of our common stock.
Conversion of the notes evidencing our current indebtedness may dilute the ownership interest of our existing stockholders, including holders who had previously converted their notes, or may otherwise depress the price of our common stock.
The conversion of some or all of the notes evidencing our current indebtedness will dilute the ownership interests of existing stockholders to the extent we deliver shares upon conversion of any of the notes. Any sales in the public market of the common stock issuable upon such conversion could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common stock. In addition, the existence of the notes may encourage short selling by market participants because the conversion of the notes could be used to satisfy short positions, or anticipated conversion of the notes into shares of our common stock could depress the price of our common stock.
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Invus has additional rights under our stockholders’ agreement with Invus, L.P. which provides Invus with substantial influence over certain significant corporate matters.
Under our stockholders’ agreement with Invus, L.P., Invus has the right to designate a number of directors equal to the percentage of all the outstanding shares of our common stock owned by Invus and its affiliates, rounded up to the nearest whole number of directors. Invus has designated three of the nine current members of our board of directors. While Invus has not presently exercised its director designation rights in full, it may exercise them at any time in the future in its sole discretion. To facilitate the exercise of such rights, we have agreed, upon written request from Invus, to take all necessary steps in accordance with our obligations under the stockholders’ agreement to (1) increase the number of directors to the number specified by Invus (which number shall be no greater than reasonably necessary for the exercise of Invus’ director designation rights under the stockholders’ agreement) and (2) cause the appointment to the newly created directorships of directors so designated by Invus pursuant to its rights under the stockholders’ agreement.
Invus also has the right to require proportionate representation of Invus-appointed directors on the audit, compensation and corporate governance committees of our board of directors, subject to certain restrictions. Invus-designated directors currently serve as one of the three members of each of the compensation committee and the corporate governance committee of our board of directors. No Invus-designated directors currently serve on the audit committee of our board of directors.
The provisions of the stockholders’ agreement relating to Invus’ rights to designate members of our board of directors and its audit, compensation and corporate governance committees will terminate if the percentage of all the outstanding shares of our common stock owned by Invus and its affiliates falls below 10%. Invus also has the right to terminate these provisions at any time in its discretion.
Invus has preemptive rights under the stockholders’ agreement to participate in future equity issuances by us, subject to certain exceptions, so as to maintain its then-current percentage ownership of our capital stock. Subject to certain limitations, Invus will be required to exercise its preemptive rights in advance with respect to certain marketed offerings, in which case it will be obligated to buy its pro rata share of the number of shares being offered in such marketed offering, including any overallotment (or such lesser amount specified in its exercise of such rights), so long as the sale of the shares were priced within a range within 10% above or below the market price on the date we notified Invus of the offering and we met certain other conditions.
The provisions of the stockholders’ agreement relating to preemptive rights will terminate on the earlier to occur of August 28, 2017 and the date on which the percentage of all the outstanding shares of our common stock owned by Invus and its affiliates falls below 10%.
Invus is entitled to certain consent rights under the stockholders’ agreement, including with respect to (a) the creation or issuance of any new class or series of shares of our capital stock (or securities convertible into or exercisable for shares of our capital stock) having rights, preferences or privileges senior to or on parity with our common stock, (b) any amendment to our certificate of incorporation or bylaws, or amendment to the certificate of incorporation or bylaws of any of our subsidiaries, in a manner adversely affecting Invus’ rights under the securities purchase agreement and the related agreements, (c) the repurchase, retirement, redemption or other acquisition of our or our subsidiaries’ capital stock (or securities convertible into or exercisable for shares of our or our subsidiaries’ capital stock), (d) any increase in the size of our board of directors to more than 12 members and (e) the adoption or proposed adoption of any stockholders’ rights plan, “poison pill” or other similar plan or agreement, unless Invus is exempt from the provisions of such plan or agreement.
The provisions of the stockholders’ agreement relating to those consent rights will terminate on the earlier to occur of August 28, 2017 and the date on which Invus and its affiliates hold less than 15% of the total number of outstanding shares of our common stock.
Our stock price may be extremely volatile.
The trading price of our common stock has been highly volatile, and we believe the trading price of our common stock will remain highly volatile and may fluctuate substantially due to factors such as the following:

• | adverse results or delays in clinical trials;

• | announcement of FDA approval or non-approval, or delays in the FDA review process, of our or our collaborators’ product candidates or those of our competitors or actions taken by regulatory agencies with respect to our, our collaborators’ or our competitors’ clinical trials;

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• | the announcement of new products by us or our competitors;

• | quarterly variations in our or our competitors’ results of operations;

• | conflicts or litigation with our collaborators;

• | litigation, including intellectual property infringement and product liability lawsuits, involving us;

• | failure to achieve operating results projected by securities analysts;

• | changes in earnings estimates or recommendations by securities analysts;

• | financing transactions;

• | developments in the biotechnology or pharmaceutical industry;

• | sales of large blocks of our common stock or sales of our common stock by our executive officers, directors and significant stockholders;

• | departures of key personnel or board members;

• | developments concerning current or future collaborations;

• | FDA or international regulatory actions;

• | third-party reimbursement policies;

• | acquisitions of other companies or technologies;

• | disposition of any of our subsidiaries, drug programs or other technologies; and

• | other factors, including factors unrelated to our operating performance or the operatin g performance of our competitors.

These factors, as well as general economic, political and market conditions, may materially adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted. A securities class action suit against us could result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention and resources, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business.
We may engage in future acquisitions, which may be expensive and time consuming and from which we may not realize anticipated benefits.
We may acquire additional businesses, technologies and products if we determine that these businesses, technologies and products complement our existing technology or otherwise serve our strategic goals. If we do undertake any transactions of this sort, the process of integrating an acquired business, technology or product may result in operating difficulties and expenditures and may not be achieved in a timely and non-disruptive manner, if at all, and may absorb significant management attention that would otherwise be available for ongoing development of our business. If we fail to integrate acquired businesses, technologies or products effectively or if key employees of an acquired business leave, the anticipated benefits of the acquisition would be jeopardized. Moreover, we may never realize the anticipated benefits of any acquisition, such as increased revenues and earnings or enhanced business synergies. Future acquisitions could result in potentially dilutive issuances of our equity securities, the incurrence of debt and contingent liabilities and amortization expenses related to intangible assets, which could materially impair our results of operations and financial condition.
Future sales of our common stock may depress our stock price.
If our stockholders sell substantial amounts of our common stock (including shares issued upon the exercise of options) in the public market, the market price of our common stock could fall. These sales also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and price that we deem appropriate. For example,
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following an acquisition, a significant number of shares of our common stock held by new stockholders may become freely tradable or holders of registration rights could cause us to register their shares for resale. Sales of these shares of common stock held by existing stockholders could cause the market price of our common stock to decline.
If we are unable to meet Nasdaq continued listing requirements, Nasdaq may take action to delist our common stock.
Our common stock trades on The Nasdaq Global Select Market, which has qualitative and quantitative listing criteria, including operating results, net assets, corporate governance, minimum trading price and minimums for public float, which is the amount of stock not held by our affiliates. If we are unable to meet Nasdaq continued listing requirements, Nasdaq may take action to delist our common stock. A delisting of our common stock could negatively impact us and our shareholders by reducing the liquidity and market price of our common stock and potentially reducing the number of investors willing to hold or acquire our common stock.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 2. Properties
We currently own approximately 260,000 square feet of space for our corporate offices and laboratories in buildings located in The Woodlands, Texas, a suburb of Houston, Texas, and lease approximately 25,000 square feet of office space in Basking Ridge, New Jersey.
In April 2004, we obtained a $34.0 million mortgage on our facilities in The Woodlands, Texas. The mortgage loan originally had a ten-year term with a 20-year amortization and a fixed rate of 8.23%. The mortgage was amended in September 2013 to extend the maturity date from April 2014 to April 2017, with the mortgage loan’s monthly payment amount and fixed interest rate each remaining unchanged. The mortgage had a principal balance outstanding of $18.3 million as of December 31, 2015. In January 2016, we agreed to sell our facilities in The Woodlands, Texas for a purchase price of $21.2 million, subject to normal and customary closing conditions and the negotiation and execution of a leaseback agreement with respect to a portion of the facilities.
In March 2015, our subsidiary Lexicon Pharmaceuticals (New Jersey), Inc. leased a 25,000 square-foot office space in Basking Ridge, New Jersey. The term of the lease extends from June 1, 2015 through December 31, 2022, and provides for escalating yearly base rent payments starting at $482,000 and increasing to $646,000 in the final year of the lease. We are the guarantor of the obligations of our subsidiary under the lease.
We believe that our facilities are well-maintained, in good operating condition and acceptable for our current operations.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
We are from time to time party to claims and legal proceedings that arise in the normal course of our business and that we believe will not have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
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PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Our common stock is quoted on The Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “LXRX.” The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the high and low sales prices for our common stock as reported on The Nasdaq Global Select Market.

| High |  | Low
2014 |  |  |
First Quarter | $ | 14.42 |  |  | $ | 11.34 |
Second Quarter | $ | 13.02 |  |  | $ | 8.75 |
Third Quarter | $ | 12.46 |  |  | $ | 8.96 |
Fourth Quarter | $ | 10.57 |  |  | $ | 5.60 |
2015 |  |  |  |  |
First Quarter | $ | 8.54 |  |  | $ | 6.09 |
Second Quarter | $ | 8.49 |  |  | $ | 6.30 |
Third Quarter | $ | 15.79 |  |  | $ | 7.85 |
Fourth Quarter | $ | 14.50 |  |  | $ | 9.22 |

As of February 29, 2016, there were approximately 227 holders of record of our common stock.
We have never paid cash dividends on our common stock. We anticipate that we will retain all of our future earnings, if any, for use in the expansion and operation of our business and do not anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future.
Performance Graph
The following performance graph compares the performance of our common stock to the Nasdaq Composite Index and the Nasdaq Biotechnology Index for the period beginning December 31, 2010 and ending December 31, 2015. The graph assumes that the value of the investment in our common stock and each index was $100 at December 31, 2010, and that all dividends were reinvested.
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| December 31,
| 2010 |  | 2011 |  | 2012 |  | 2013 |  | 2014 |  | 2015
Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | 100 |  | 90 |  | 153 |  | 125 |  | 63 |  | 132
Nasdaq Composite Index | 100 |  | 98 |  | 114 |  | 157 |  | 179 |  | 189
Nasdaq Biotechnology Index | 100 |  | 112 |  | 147 |  | 244 |  | 328 |  | 365

The foregoing stock price performance comparisons shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference by any general statement incorporating by reference this annual report on Form 10-K into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate such comparisons by reference.
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Item 6. Selected Financial Data
The statements of comprehensive loss data for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 and the balance sheet data as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 have been derived from our audited financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10-K. The statements of comprehensive loss data for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, and the balance sheet data as of December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 have been derived from our audited financial statements not included in this annual report on Form 10-K. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for any future period. The data presented below has been derived from financial statements that have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States and should be read with our financial statements, including the notes, and with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10-K.

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013 |  | 2012 |  | 2011
Statements of Comprehensive Loss Data: |  |  | (in thousands, except per share data) |  |
Revenues | $ | 130,014 |  |  | $ | 22,854 |  |  | $ | 2,222 |  |  | $ | 1,089 |  |  | $ | 1,849 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development, including stock-based compensation of $3,693 in 2015, $4,020 in 2014, $4,376 in 2013, $3,673 in 2012 and $3,249 in 2011 | 95,187 |  |  | 89,279 |  |  | 89,682 |  |  | 82,574 |  |  | 91,828 |
Increase (decrease) in fair value of Symphony Icon, Inc. purchase liability | 5,927 |  |  | 1,428 |  |  | (2,210 | ) |  | 9,887 |  |  | 6,766 |
General and administrative, including stock-based compensation of $3,150 in 2015, $3,061 in 2014, $3,045 in 2013, $2,822 in 2012 and $2,458 in 2011 | 23,835 |  |  | 19,411 |  |  | 17,121 |  |  | 17,043 |  |  | 17,350 |
Impairment loss on buildings | 3,597 |  |  | 13,102 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total operating expenses | 128,546 |  |  | 123,220 |  |  | 104,593 |  |  | 109,504 |  |  | 115,944 |
Income (loss) from operations | 1,468 |  |  | (100,366 | ) |  | (102,371 | ) |  | (108,415 | ) |  | (114,095 | )
Interest and other income (expense), net | (6,150 | ) |  | 2 |  |  | (1,755 | ) |  | (1,796 | ) |  | (2,120 | )
Consolidated net loss before taxes | (4,682 | ) |  | (100,364 | ) |  | (104,126 | ) |  | (110,211 | ) |  | (116,215 | )
Income tax benefit | — |  |  | 70 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consolidated net loss | $ | (4,682 | ) |  | $ | (100,294 | ) |  | $ | (104,126 | ) |  | $ | (110,211 | ) |  | $ | (116,215 | )
Consolidated net loss per common share, basic and diluted | $ | (0.05 | ) |  | $ | (1.31 | ) |  | $ | (1.42 | ) |  | $ | (1.58 | ) |  | $ | (2.39 | )
Shares used in computing consolidated net loss per common share, basic and diluted | 103,591 |  |  | 76,347 |  |  | 73,302 |  |  | 69,958 |  |  | 48,680 |

| As of December 31,
| 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013 |  | 2012 |  | 2011
Balance Sheet Data: |  |  | (in thousands) |  |
Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, including restricted cash and investments | $ | 521,352 |  |  | $ | 339,339 |  |  | $ | 129,128 |  |  | $ | 223,208 |  |  | $ | 281,692 |
Working capital | 409,404 |  |  | 324,018 |  |  | 115,260 |  |  | 212,650 |  |  | 264,400 |
Total assets | 654,832 |  |  | 471,376 |  |  | 274,160 |  |  | 371,778 |  |  | 430,512 |
Long-term debt, net of current portion | 103,793 |  |  | 87,500 |  |  | 20,167 |  |  | 21,877 |  |  | 23,451 |
Accumulated deficit | (1,108,934 | ) |  | (1,104,252 | ) |  | (1,003,958 | ) |  | (899,832 | ) |  | (789,621 | )
Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. stockholders’ equity | 285,850 |  |  | 284,018 |  |  | 170,163 |  |  | 266,678 |  |  | 297,568 |

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis should be read with “Selected Financial Data” and our financial statements and notes included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10-K.
Overview
We are a biopharmaceutical company focused on the development of breakthrough treatments for human disease. We have advanced multiple drug candidates into clinical development and are presently devoting most of our resources to the development of our two most advanced drug candidates:

• | We are developing telotristat etiprate, or LX1032, an orally-delivered small molecule drug candidate, as a treatment for carcinoid syndrome. We have reported positive top-line data from both our pivotal TELESTAR Phase 3 clinical trial and its companion TELECAST Phase 3 clinical trial of telotristat etiprate in carcinoid syndrome patients. We are presently preparing an application for regulatory approval to market telotristat etiprate in the United States and, if approved, for the commercial launch of telotristat etiprate in the United States. We have granted Ipsen Pharma SAS an exclusive, royalty-bearing right to commercialize telotristat etiprate outside of the United States and Japan.

• | We are developing sotagliflozin, or LX4211, an orally-delivered small molecule drug candidate, as a treatment for type 1 and type 2 diabetes. We have reported positive data from a Phase 2 clinical trial of sotagliflozin in type 1 diabetes patients and two additional Phase 2 clinical trials of sotagliflozin in type 2 diabetes patients. We have granted Sanofi an exclusive, worldwide, royalty-bearing right to develop, manufacture and commercialize sotagliflozin. We are presently conducting Phase 3 development of sotagliflozin for type 1 diabetes and preparing with Sanofi for Phase 3 development of sotagliflozin in type 2 diabetes.

Our most advanced drug candidates, as well as compounds from a number of additional drug discovery and development programs that we have advanced into various stages of clinical and preclinical development, originated from our own internal drug discovery efforts. These efforts were driven by a systematic, target biology-driven approach in which we used gene knockout technologies and an integrated platform of advanced medical technologies to systematically study the physiological and behavioral functions of almost 5,000 genes in mice and assessed the utility of the proteins encoded by the corresponding human genes as potential drug targets. We have identified and validated in living animals, or in vivo, more than 100 targets with promising profiles for drug discovery.
We are working both independently and through strategic collaborations and alliances with third parties to capitalize on our drug target discoveries and drug discovery and development programs. We seek to retain exclusive or co-exclusive rights to the benefits of certain drug discovery and development programs by developing and commercializing drug candidates from those programs internally, particularly in the United States for indications treated by specialist physicians. We seek to collaborate with other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, such as Ipsen, Sanofi and Bristol-Myers Squibb, with respect to drug discovery or the development and commercialization of certain of our drug candidates, particularly with respect to commercialization in territories outside the United States, commercialization in the United States for indications treated by primary care physicians, or when the collaboration may otherwise provide us with access to expertise and resources that we do not possess internally or are complementary to our own.
We have derived substantially all of our revenues from strategic collaborations and other research and development collaborations and technology licenses. To date, we have generated a substantial portion of our revenues from a limited number of sources.
Our operating results and, in particular, our ability to generate additional revenues are dependent on many factors, including our success in obtaining regulatory approval for the marketing and sale of telotristat etiprate in the United States; if approved, our ability to successfully commercialize telotristat etiprate in the United States; the amount and timing of payments, if any, under our existing collaboration agreements with Sanofi, Ipsen and other entities; the success of our ongoing preclinical and clinical development efforts; our success in establishing new collaborations and licenses; the timing and willingness of such new collaborators to commercialize products that would result in milestone payments and royalties and their success in such efforts; and general and industry-specific economic conditions which may affect research and development expenditures. Future revenues from our existing collaborations are uncertain because they depend, to a large degree, on the achievement of milestones and payment of royalties we earn from any future products developed under the collaborations. Our ability to secure future revenue-generating agreements will depend upon our ability to address the needs of our potential future collaborators and licensees, and to negotiate agreements that we believe are in our long-term best interests. We may determine, as we have with certain of our drug candidates, including telotristat etiprate in the United States and Japan, that our interests are
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better served by retaining rights to our discoveries and advancing our therapeutic programs to a later stage, which could limit our near-term revenues and increase expenses. Because of these and other factors, our operating results have fluctuated in the past and are likely to do so in the future, and we do not believe that period-to-period comparisons of our operating results are a good indication of our future performance.
Since our inception, we have incurred significant losses and, as of December 31, 2015, we had an accumulated deficit of $1.1 billion. Our losses have resulted principally from costs incurred in research and development, general and administrative costs associated with our operations, and non-cash stock-based compensation expenses associated with stock options and restricted stock granted to employees and consultants. Research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries and related personnel costs, external research costs related to our nonclinical and clinical efforts, material costs, facility costs, depreciation on property and equipment, and other expenses related to our drug discovery and development programs. General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related expenses for executive and administrative personnel, professional fees and other corporate expenses, including information technology, facilities costs and general legal activities. We expect to continue to incur significant research and development costs in connection with the continuing development of our drug candidates. As a result, we will need to generate significantly higher revenues to achieve profitability.
Critical Accounting Policies
Revenue Recognition
We recognize revenues when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, the price is fixed or determinable, and collectibility is reasonably assured.
Collaborative agreements revenues include both license revenue and contract research revenue. Activities under collaborative agreements are evaluated to determine if they represent a multiple element revenue agreement. The Company identifies the deliverables included within the agreement and evaluates which deliverables represent separate units of accounting. The Company accounts for those components as separate units of accounting if the following two criteria are met:

• | The delivered item or items have value to the customer on a stand-alone basis.

• | If there is a general right of return relative to the delivered items, delivery or performance of the undelivered items is considered probable and within the Company’s control.

Factors considered in this determination include, among other things, whether any other vendors sell the items separately and if the licensee could use the delivered item for its intended purpose without the receipt of the remaining deliverables. If multiple deliverables included in an arrangement are separable into different units of accounting, the Company allocates the arrangement consideration to those units of accounting. The amount of allocable arrangement consideration is limited to amounts that are fixed or determinable. Arrangement consideration is allocated at the inception of the arrangement to the identified units of accounting based on their relative estimated selling price. Revenue is recognized for each unit of accounting when the appropriate revenue recognition criteria are met.
Future milestone payments that are contingent upon the achievement of a substantive milestone are recognized in their entirety in the period in which the milestone is achieved. A milestone is substantive if:

• | It can only be achieved based in whole or in part on either the Company’s performance or on the occurrence of a specific outcome resulting from the Company’s performance;

• | There is substantive uncertainty at the date an arrangement is entered into that the event will be achieved; and

• | It would result in additional payments being due to the Company.

Subscription and license fees are recognized as revenue upon the grant of the technology license when performance is complete and there is no continuing involvement. Royalty revenues are recognized as earned in accordance with the contract terms at the time the royalty amount is fixed and determinable based on information received from the sublicensees and at the time collectibility is reasonably assured.
A change in our revenue recognition policy or changes in the terms of contracts under which we recognize revenues could have an impact on the amount and timing of our recognition of revenues.
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Research and Development Expenses
Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred for research and development activities solely sponsored by us as well as collaborative research and development activities. These costs include direct and research-related overhead expenses and are expensed as incurred. Technology license fees for technologies that are utilized in research and development and have no alternative future use are expensed when incurred.
We have advanced multiple drug candidates into clinical development. We are presently devoting most of our resources to the development of our two most advanced drug candidates:

• | Telotristat etiprate, an orally-delivered small molecule drug candidate that we are developing as a treatment for carcinoid syndrome; and

• | Sotagliflozin, an orally-delivered small molecule drug candidate that we are developing as a treatment for type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Our most advanced drug candidates, as well as compounds from a number of additional drug discovery and development programs that we have advanced into various stages of clinical and preclinical development, originated from our own internal drug discovery efforts. These efforts were driven by a systematic, target biology-driven approach in which we used gene knockout technologies and an integrated platform of advanced medical technologies to systematically study the physiological and behavioral functions of almost 5,000 genes in mice and assessed the utility of the proteins encoded by the corresponding human genes as potential drug targets. We have identified and validated in living animals, or in vivo, more than 100 targets with promising profiles for drug discovery.
The drug development process takes many years to complete. The cost and length of time varies due to many factors including the type, complexity and intended use of the drug candidate. We estimate that drug development activities are typically completed over the following periods:

Phase |  | Estimated Completion Period
Preclinical development |  | 1-2 years
Phase 1 clinical trials |  | 1-2 years
Phase 2 clinical trials |  | 1-2 years
Phase 3 clinical trials |  | 2-4 years

We expect research and development costs to increase in the future as later stage clinical trials for telotristat etiprate and sotagliflozin continue to enroll and new drug candidates enter clinical development. Due to the variability in the length of time necessary for drug development, the uncertainties related to the cost of these activities and ultimate ability to obtain governmental approval for commercialization, accurate and meaningful estimates of the ultimate costs to bring our potential drug candidates to market are not available.
We record significant accrued liabilities related to unbilled expenses for products or services that we have received from service providers, specifically related to ongoing nonclinical studies and clinical trials. These costs primarily relate to clinical study management, monitoring, laboratory and analysis costs, drug supplies, toxicology studies and investigator grants. We have multiple drugs in concurrent nonclinical studies and clinical trials at clinical sites throughout the world. In order to ensure that we have adequately provided for ongoing nonclinical and clinical development costs during the period in which we incur such costs, we maintain accruals to cover these expenses. Substantial portions of our nonclinical studies and clinical trials are performed by third-party laboratories, medical centers, contract research organizations and other vendors. For nonclinical studies, we accrue expenses based upon estimated percentage of work completed and the contract milestones remaining. For clinical studies, expenses are accrued based upon the number of patients enrolled and the duration of the study. We monitor patient enrollment, the progress of clinical studies and related activities to the extent possible through internal reviews of data reported to us by the vendors and clinical site visits. Our estimates depend on the timeliness and accuracy of the data provided by our vendors regarding the status of each program and total program spending. We periodically evaluate the estimates to determine if adjustments are necessary or appropriate based on information we receive. Although we use consistent milestones or subject or patient enrollment to drive expense recognition, the assessment of these costs is a subjective process that requires judgment. Upon settlement, these costs may differ materially from the amounts accrued in our consolidated financial statements.
We record our research and development costs by type or category, rather than by project. Significant categories of costs include personnel, facilities and equipment costs and third-party and other services. In addition, a significant portion of
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our research and development expenses is not tracked by project as it benefits multiple projects. Consequently, fully-loaded research and development cost summaries by project are not available.
Stock-based Compensation Expense
We recognize compensation expense in our statements of comprehensive loss for share-based payments, including stock options issued to employees, based on their fair values on the date of the grant, with the compensation expense recognized over the period in which an employee is required to provide service in exchange for the stock award. Stock-based compensation expense for awards without performance conditions is recognized on a straight-line basis. Stock-based compensation expense for awards with performance conditions is recognized over the period from the date the performance condition is determined to be probable of occurring through the time the applicable condition is met. We had stock-based compensation expense of $6.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, or $0.07 per share. As of December 31, 2015, stock-based compensation cost for all outstanding unvested options and restricted stock units was $10.5 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average vesting period of 1.3 years.
The fair value of stock options is estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. For purposes of determining the fair value of stock options, we segregate our options into two homogeneous groups, based on exercise and post-vesting employment termination behaviors, resulting in a change in the assumptions used for expected option lives and forfeitures. Expected volatility is based on the historical volatility in our stock price. The following weighted-average assumptions were used for options granted in the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively:

| Expected Volatility |  | Risk-free Interest Rate |  | Expected Term |  | Dividend Rate
December 31, 2015: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Employees | 64 | % |  | 1.2 | % |  | 4 |  | 0 | %
Officers and non-employee directors | 81 | % |  | 1.8 | % |  | 8 |  | 0 | %
December 31, 2014: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Employees | 66 | % |  | 1.2 | % |  | 4 |  | 0 | %
Officers and non-employee directors | 80 | % |  | 2.3 | % |  | 8 |  | 0 | %
December 31, 2013: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Employees | 85 | % |  | 0.9 | % |  | 5 |  | 0 | %
Officers and non-employee directors | 81 | % |  | 1.6 | % |  | 8 |  | 0 | %

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
Our long-lived assets include property, plant and equipment, intangible assets and goodwill. We regularly review long-lived assets for impairment. The recoverability of long-lived assets, other than goodwill, is measured by comparing the assets carrying amount to the expected undiscounted future cash flows that the asset is expected to generate. Determining whether an impairment has occurred typically requires various estimates and assumptions, including determining which cash flows are directly related to the potentially impaired asset, the useful life over which cash flows will occur, their amount, and the asset's residual value, if any. We use internal cash flow estimates, quoted market prices when available and independent appraisals as appropriate to determine fair value. We derive the required cash flow estimates from our historical experience and our internal business plans and apply an appropriate discount rate.
Indefinite-lived intangible assets, composed primarily of in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) projects acquired in business combinations which have not reached technological feasibility, are reviewed annually for impairment and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Estimating future cash flows of an IPR&D product candidate for purposes of an impairment analysis requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions regarding the amount and timing of costs to complete the project and the amount, timing and probability of achieving revenues from the completed product similar to how the acquisition date fair value of the project was determined.
During the year ended December 31, 2014, we reclassified our buildings and land to assets held for sale, as we intended to sell these assets. In the fourth quarter of the year ended December 31, 2015, we made a change to our plan of sale and reclassified our buildings and land as assets held and used in accordance with the accounting guidance regarding selling assets with a leaseback requirement. We estimated the fair value of the net assets to be sold at approximately $20.3 million and $23.8 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, which represents estimated selling price less costs to sell. This resulted in impairment losses on the buildings of $3.6 million and $13.1 million in the years ended December 31, 2015 and
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2014, respectively, which were recorded in impairment loss on buildings in the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive loss (see Note 6, Buildings and Land for Sale, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, for more information). There were no significant impairments of long-lived assets in 2013.
Goodwill is not amortized, but is tested at least annually for impairment at the reporting unit level. We have determined that the reporting unit is the single operating segment disclosed in our current financial statements. Impairment is the condition that exists when the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value. The first step in the impairment process is to determine the fair value of the reporting unit and then compare it to the carrying value, including goodwill. We determined that the market capitalization approach is the most appropriate method of measuring fair value of the reporting unit. Under this approach, fair value is calculated as the average closing price of our common stock for the 30 days preceding the date that the annual impairment test is performed, multiplied by the number of outstanding shares on that date. A control premium, which is representative of premiums paid in the marketplace to acquire a controlling interest in a company, is then added to the market capitalization to determine the fair value of the reporting unit. If the fair value exceeds the carrying value, no further action is required and no impairment loss is recognized. Additional impairment assessments may be performed on an interim basis if we encounter events or changes in circumstances that would indicate that, more likely than not, the carrying value of goodwill has been impaired. There was no impairment of goodwill in 2015, 2014 and 2013.
Business Combinations
We allocate the purchase price of acquired businesses to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based upon their estimated fair values on the acquisition date. The purchase price allocation process requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially at acquisition date with respect to intangible assets and in-process research and development.
These assumptions are based in part on historical experience and are inherently uncertain. Examples of critical estimates in valuing certain of the intangible assets we have acquired or may acquire in the future include but are not limited to: the feasibility and timing of achievement of development, regulatory and commercial milestones; expected costs to develop the in-process research and development into commercially viable products; and future expected cash flows from product sales.
In connection with the purchase price allocations for acquisitions, we estimate the fair value of the contingent payments. The estimated fair value of any contingent payments is determined utilizing a probability-based income approach inclusive of an estimated discount rate.
Unanticipated events and circumstances may occur which may affect the accuracy or validity of such assumptions, estimates or actual results.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 3, Recent Accounting Pronouncements, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, for a discussion of the impact of new accounting standards on our consolidated financial statements.
Results of Operations – Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013
Revenues
Total revenues and dollar and percentage changes as compared to the prior year are as follows (dollar amounts are presented in millions):

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
Total revenues | $ | 130.0 |  |  | $ | 22.9 |  |  | $ | 2.2 |
Dollar increase | $ | 107.2 |  |  | $ | 20.6 |  |  |
Percentage increase | 469 | % |  | 929 | % |  |

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Years Ended December 31, 2015 and 2014

• | Collaborative agreements – Revenue from collaborative agreements increased 474% to $129.7 million, primarily due to revenues recognized from the collaboration and license agreement with Sanofi.

• | Subscription and license fees – Revenues from subscriptions and license fees increased 10% to $0.3 million.

Years Ended December 31, 2014 and 2013

• | Collaborative agreements – Revenue from collaborative agreements increased 971% to $22.6 million, primarily due to revenues recognized from the license and collaboration agreement with Ipsen Pharma SAS.

• | Subscription and license fees – Revenue from subscriptions and license fees decreased 131% to $0.3 million, primarily due to increases in technology license fees.

In 2015, Sanofi represented 98% of revenues. In 2014, Ipsen Pharma SAS represented 94% of revenues. In 2013, McNair Medical Institute, LLC and Taconic Farms, Inc. represented 57% and 33% of revenues, respectively.
Research and Development Expenses
Research and development expenses and dollar and percentage changes as compared to the prior year are as follows (dollar amounts are presented in millions):

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
Total research and development expense | $ | 95.2 |  |  | $ | 89.3 |  |  | $ | 89.7 |
Dollar increase (decrease) | $ | 5.9 |  |  | $ | (0.4 | ) |  |  |
Percentage increase (decrease) | 7 | % |  | — | % |  |  |

Research and development expenses consist primarily of third-party and other services principally related to nonclinical and clinical development activities, salaries and other personnel-related expenses, facility and equipment costs, stock-based compensation.
Years Ended December 31, 2015 and 2014

• | Third-party and other services – Third-party and other services increased 37% in 2015 to $69.9 million, primarily due to increases in our external clinical and nonclinical research and development costs. Third-party and other services relate principally to our clinical trial and related development activities, such as nonclinical and clinical studies and contract manufacturing.

• | Personnel – Personnel costs decreased 35% in 2015 to $14.8 million, primarily due to reductions in our personnel in 2014. Salaries, bonuses, employee benefits, payroll taxes, recruiting and relocation costs are included in personnel costs.

• | Facilities and equipment – Facilities and equipment costs decreased 54% in 2015 to $3.1 million, primarily due to reductions in depreciation and rent expense.

• | Stock-based compensation – Stock-based compensation expense decreased 8% in 2015 to $3.7 million.

• | Other – Other costs decreased 23% to $3.7 million.

Years Ended December 31, 2014 and 2013

• | Third-party and other services – Third-party and other services increased 22% in 2014 to $51.0 million, primarily due to increases in our external clinical and nonclinical research and development costs.

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• | Personnel – Personnel costs decreased 13% in 2014 to $22.6 million, primarily due to reductions in our personnel in 2014, partially offset by increased severance costs as a result of those reductions.

• | Facilities and equipment – Facilities and equipment costs decreased 22% in 2014 to $6.8 million, primarily due to reductions in laboratory equipment costs and reductions in depreciation expense.

• | Stock-based compensation – Stock-based compensation expense decreased 8% in 2014 to $4.0 million.

• | Other – Other costs decreased 45% to $4.8 million.

Increase (Decrease) in Fair Value of Symphony Icon Liability
The fair value of the Symphony Icon purchase liability increased by $5.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2015, increased by $1.4 million in the year ended December 31, 2014, and decreased by $2.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, respectively (see Note 11, Arrangements with Symphony Icon, Inc., of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, for more information). The decrease in 2013 was primarily attributable to a reduction in the liability associated with our LX1033 development program in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome.
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses and dollar and percentage changes as compared to the prior year are as follows (dollar amounts are presented in millions):

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
Total general and administrative expense | $ | 23.8 |  |  | $ | 19.4 |  |  | $ | 17.1 |
Dollar increase | $ | 4.4 |  |  | $ | 2.3 |  |  |  |
Percentage increase | 23 | % |  | 13 | % |  |  |

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel costs to support our research and development activities, professional and consulting fees, stock-based compensation expense, and facility and equipment costs.
Years Ended December 31, 2015 and 2014

• | Personnel – Personnel costs increased 8% in 2015 to $10.3 million. Salaries, bonuses, employee benefits, payroll taxes, recruiting and relocation costs are included in personnel costs.

• | Professional and consulting fees – Professional and consulting fees increased 91% in 2015 to $7.4 million, primarily due to increased consulting costs in preparation for commercialization of telotristat etiprate.

• | Stock-based compensation – Stock-based compensation expense was $3.1 million in 2015, consistent with the prior year.

• | Facilities and equipment – Facilities and equipment costs decreased 37% in 2015 to $1.0 million.

• | Other – Other costs increased 46% in 2015 to $2.0 million.

Years Ended December 31, 2014 and 2013

• | Personnel – Personnel costs increased 24% in 2014 to $9.5 million, primarily due to increased severance costs as a result of reductions in personnel in 2014.

• | Professional and consulting fees – Professional and consulting fees increased 19% in 2014 to $3.9 million, primarily due to increased consulting costs in preparation for commercialization of telotristat etiprate.

• | Stock-based compensation – Stock-based compensation expense increased 1% in 2014 to $3.1 million.

• | Facilities and equipment – Facilities and equipment costs decreased 10% in 2014 to $1.5 million.

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• | Other – Other costs in 2014 were $1.4 million, consistent with the prior year.

Impairment Loss on Buildings
In 2014, Lexicon reclassified its buildings and land to assets held for sale on its consolidated balance sheets, as it intended to sell these assets. In the fourth quarter of 2015, Lexicon made a change to its plan of sale and reclassified these assets as assets held and used in accordance with the accounting guidance regarding selling assets with a leaseback requirement. The Company recognized impairment losses on its buildings of $3.6 million and $13.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, as a result of writing down the buildings to the estimated net selling price (see Note 6, Buildings and Land for Sale, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, for more information).
Interest Expense and Interest and Other Income (Expense), Net
Interest Expense. Interest expense increased 198% in 2015 to $6.7 million from $2.3 million in 2014 and increased 14% in 2014 from $2.0 million in 2013. The increase in 2015 was primarily due to the Convertible Senior Notes issued by the Company in November 2014 (see Note 10, Debt Obligations, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, for more information).
Interest and Other Income (Expense), Net. Interest and other income, net was $0.6 million, $2.3 million, and $0.2 million in the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. The increase in interest and other income in 2014 was primarily due to gains from sales of excess property and equipment.
Income Tax Benefit
The income tax benefit for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 was $0, $70,000 and $0, respectively.
Consolidated Net Loss and Consolidated Net Loss per Common Share
Consolidated net loss decreased to $4.7 million in 2015 from $100.3 million in 2014 and $104.1 million in 2013. Net loss per common share was $0.05 in 2015, $1.31 in 2014, and $1.42 in 2013.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
We have financed our operations from inception primarily through sales of common and preferred stock, contract and milestone payments to us under our strategic and other collaborations, target validation, database subscription and technology license agreements, government grants and contracts and financing under debt and lease arrangements. We have also financed certain of our research and development activities under our agreements with Symphony Icon, Inc. From our inception through December 31, 2015, we had received net proceeds of $1.3 billion from issuances of common and preferred stock. In addition, from our inception through December 31, 2015, we received $782.6 million in cash payments from strategic and other collaborations, target validation, database subscription and technology license agreements, sales of compound libraries and reagents and government grants and contracts, of which $597.6 million had been recognized as revenues through December 31, 2015.
As of December 31, 2015, we had $521.4 million in cash, cash equivalents and investments. As of December 31, 2014, we had $339.3 million in cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments. We generated cash of $184.8 million from operations in 2015. This consisted primarily of the increase in deferred revenue of $171.4 million and non-cash charges of $6.8 million related to stock-based compensation expense, $5.9 million related to the increase in fair value of the Symphony Icon purchase liability, impairment of assets of $3.6 million, a net decrease in other operating assets net of liabilities of $0.5 million and $0.7 million related to depreciation expense, partially offset by the consolidated net loss for the year of $4.7 million. Investing activities used cash of $117.0 million in 2015, primarily due to net purchases of investments of $116.4 million. Financing activities used cash of $2.0 million primarily due to repayment of debt borrowings of $1.9 million.
Symphony Drug Development Financing Agreements. In June 2007, we entered into a series of related agreements providing for the financing of the clinical development of certain drug programs, including telotristat etiprate, along with any other pharmaceutical compositions modulating the same targets as those drug candidates. Under the financing arrangement, we licensed to Symphony Icon, Inc., a then wholly-owned subsidiary of Symphony Icon Holdings LLC, our intellectual property rights related to the programs and Holdings contributed $45 million to Symphony Icon in order to fund the clinical
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development of the programs. We also issued and sold to Holdings shares of our common stock in exchange for $15 million and received an exclusive option to acquire all of the equity of Symphony Icon, thereby allowing us to reacquire the programs.
Upon the recommendation of Symphony Icon’s development committee, which was comprised of an equal number of representatives from us and Symphony Icon, Symphony Icon’s board of directors had the right to require us to pay Symphony Icon up to $15 million for Symphony Icon’s use in the development of the programs in accordance with a specified development plan and related development budget. Symphony Icon’s board of directors requested that we pay Symphony Icon $9.3 million under the agreement, all of which was paid prior to the exercise of the purchase option in July 2010.
In July 2010, we entered into an amended and restated purchase option agreement with Symphony Icon and Holdings and simultaneously exercised our purchase option. Pursuant to the amended terms of the purchase option, we paid Holdings $10 million in July 2010 and issued 1,891,074 shares of common stock to designees of Holdings in July 2012 in satisfaction of an additional $35 million base payment obligation.
We also agreed to make up to $45 million in additional contingent payments, which will consist of 50% of any consideration we receive pursuant to any licensing transaction under which we grant a third party rights to commercialize telotristat etiprate or other pharmaceutical compositions modulating the same target as telotristat etiprate, which we refer to as the “LG103 programs,” subject to certain exceptions. The contingent payments will be due if and when we receive such consideration from such a licensing transaction. In the event we receive regulatory approval in the United States for the marketing and sale of any product resulting from the LG103 programs prior to entering into such a licensing transaction for the commercialization of such product in the United States, in lieu of any contingent payment from such a licensing transaction, we will pay Holdings the sum of $15 million and the amount of certain expenses we incurred after our exercise of the purchase option which are attributable to the development of such product, reduced by up to 50% of such sum for the amount of any contingent payments paid prior to such United States regulatory approval attributable to any such licensing transaction outside of the United States with respect to such product. In the event we make any such payment upon United States regulatory approval, we will have no obligation to make subsequent contingent payments attributable to any such licensing transactions for the commercialization of such product outside the United States until the proceeds of such licensing transactions exceed 50% of the payment made as a result of such United States regulatory approval.
The contingent payments may be paid in cash or a combination of cash and common stock, in our discretion, provided that no more than 50% of any contingent payment will be paid in common stock. On December 4, 2014, we paid $5.8 million in cash and issued 666,111 shares of common stock to designees of Holdings in satisfaction of a $11.5 million contingent payment obligation as a result of receiving an upfront payment pursuant to our license and collaboration agreement with Ipsen Pharma SAS. On April 24, 2015, we paid $0.75 million in cash to Holdings in satisfaction of our contingent payment obligation as a result of receiving an additional upfront payment from Ipsen in March 2015 (see Note 16, Collaboration and License Agreements, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, for more information).
Texas Institute for Genomic Medicine. In July 2005, we received an award from the Texas Enterprise Fund for the creation of a knockout mouse embryonic stem cell library containing 350,000 cell lines for the Texas Institute for Genomic Medicine, or TIGM, using our proprietary gene trapping technology, which we completed in 2007. We also equipped TIGM with the bioinformatics software required for the management and analysis of data relating to the library. The Texas Enterprise Fund made an additional award to the Texas A&M University System for the creation of facilities and infrastructure to house the library.
Under the terms of our award, we are responsible for the creation of a specified number of jobs beginning in 2012, reaching an aggregate of 1,616 new jobs in Texas by December 31, 2016. We will receive credits against those job obligations based on funding received by TIGM and certain related parties from sources other than the State of Texas. We will also receive credits against those jobs obligations for any surplus jobs we create. We may be required to repay the state a portion of the award if we fail to meet those job obligations. Subject to these credits, if we fail to create the specified number of jobs, the State may require us to repay $2,415 for each job we fall short beginning in 2013. Our maximum aggregate exposure for such payments, if we fail to create any new jobs, is approximately $14.2 million, including $6.4 million through 2016, without giving effect to any credits to which we may be entitled.
Facilities. In April 2004, we obtained a $34.0 million mortgage on our facilities in The Woodlands, Texas. The mortgage loan originally had a ten-year term with a 20-year amortization and a fixed interest rate of 8.23%. The mortgage was amended in September 2013 to extend the maturity date from April 2014 to April 2017, with the mortgage loan’s monthly payment amount and fixed interest rate each remaining unchanged. The mortgage has a principal balance of $18.3 million as of December 31, 2015. In January 2016, we agreed to sell our facilities in The Woodlands, Texas for a purchase price of $21.2 million, subject to normal and customary closing conditions and the negotiation and execution of a leaseback agreement
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with respect to a portion of the facilities (see Note 6, Buildings and Land for Sale, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, for more information).
In March 2015, our subsidiary Lexicon Pharmaceuticals (New Jersey), Inc. leased a 25,000 square-foot office space in Basking Ridge, New Jersey. The term of the lease extends from June 1, 2015 through December 31, 2022, and provides for escalating yearly base rent payments starting at $482,000 and increasing to $646,000 in the final year of the lease. We are the guarantor of the obligations of our subsidiary under the lease.
Including the lease and debt obligations described above, we had incurred the following contractual obligations as of December 31, 2015:

| Payments due by period (in millions)
Contractual Obligations | Total |  | Less than 1 year |  | 2-3 years |  | 4-5 years |  | More than 5 years
Debt | $ | 105.8 |  |  | $ | 2.0 |  |  | $ | 16.3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 87.5 |
Interest payment obligations | 29.5 |  |  | 6.0 |  |  | 9.7 |  |  | 9.2 |  |  | 4.6 |
Operating leases | 4.2 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | 1.3 |
Total | $ | 139.5 |  |  | $ | 8.5 |  |  | $ | 27.2 |  |  | $ | 10.4 |  |  | $ | 93.4 |

The foregoing table does not include any potential payments related to the award we received from the Texas Enterprise Fund. Under the terms of the award, we are responsible for the creation of jobs beginning in 2012. Subject to credits, if we fail to create the specified number of jobs, the State of Texas may require us to repay $2,415 for each job we fall short beginning in 2013 and continuing until 2019. Our maximum aggregate exposure for such payment, if we fail to create any new jobs, is approximately $14.2 million, including $6.4 million through 2016, without giving effect to any credits to which we may be entitled. See Note 16, Collaboration and License Agreements, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, for further discussion.
Our future capital requirements will be substantial and will depend on many factors, including the amount and timing of payments, if any, under our existing collaboration agreements with Sanofi, Ipsen and other entities, our ability to establish new collaborations and licenses and the amount and timing of payments under such agreements, the level and timing of our research, development and commercialization expenditures, market acceptance of our products, the resources we devote to developing and supporting our products and other factors. Our capital requirements will also be affected by any expenditures we make in connection with license agreements and acquisitions of and investments in complementary technologies and businesses. We expect to devote substantial capital resources to seek regulatory approval for and, if approved, to commercialize our drug candidates, to continue and expand our development efforts, and for other general corporate activities. We believe that our current unrestricted cash and investment balances and cash and revenues we expect to derive from strategic and other collaborations and other sources will be sufficient to fund our operations for at least the next 12 months. During or after this period, if cash generated by operations is insufficient to satisfy our liquidity requirements, we will need to sell additional equity or debt securities or obtain additional credit arrangements. Additional financing may not be available on terms acceptable to us or at all. The sale of additional equity or convertible debt securities may result in additional dilution to our stockholders.
Disclosure about Market Risk
We are exposed to limited market and credit risk on our cash equivalents which have maturities of three months or less at the time of purchase. We maintain a short-term investment portfolio which consists of U.S. Treasury bills and corporate debt securities that mature three to 12 months from the time of purchase, which we believe are subject to limited market and credit risk. We currently do not hedge interest rate exposure or hold any derivative financial instruments in our investment portfolio.
We had approximately $521.4 million in cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments as of December 31, 2015. We believe that the working capital available to us will be sufficient to meet our cash requirements for at least the next 12 months.
We have operated primarily in the United States and substantially all sales to date have been made in U.S. dollars. Accordingly, we have not had any material exposure to foreign currency rate fluctuations.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
See “Disclosure about Market Risk” under “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk.
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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
The financial statements required by this Item are incorporated under Item 15 in Part IV of this report.
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) are effective to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file under the Securities Exchange Act is gathered, analyzed and disclosed with adequate timeliness, accuracy and completeness, based on an evaluation of such controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report.
Subsequent to our evaluation, there were no significant changes in internal controls or other factors that could significantly affect internal controls, including any corrective actions with regard to significant deficiencies and material weaknesses.
Management Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act).
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013 Framework).
Based on such assessment using those criteria, management believes that, as of December 31, 2015, our internal control over financial reporting is effective.
Our independent auditors have also audited our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015 as stated in the audit report which appears on page F-2 and is incorporated under Item 15 in Part IV of this report.
Item 9B. Other Information
None.
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PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
The information required by this Item is hereby incorporated by reference from (a) the information appearing under the captions “Election of Directors,” “Stock Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management,” “Corporate Governance” and “Executive and Director Compensation” in our definitive proxy statement which involves the election of directors and is to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 within 120 days of the end of our fiscal year on December 31, 2015 and (b) the information appearing under Item 1 in Part I of this report.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information required by this Item is hereby incorporated by reference from the information appearing under the captions “Corporate Governance” and “Executive and Director Compensation” in our definitive proxy statement which involves the election of directors and is to be filed with the Commission pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 within 120 days of the end of our fiscal year on December 31, 2015. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in accordance with the instructions to Item 407(e)(5) of Regulation S-K, the information contained in our proxy statement under the sub-heading “Compensation Committee Report” shall not be deemed to be filed as part of or incorporated by reference into this annual report on Form 10-K.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The information required by this Item is hereby incorporated by reference from the information appearing under the captions “Stock Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” and “Equity Compensation Plan Information” in our definitive proxy statement which involves the election of directors and is to be filed with the Commission pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 within 120 days of the end of our fiscal year on December 31, 2015.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information required by this Item is hereby incorporated by reference from the information appearing under the captions “Corporate Governance” and “Transactions with Related Persons” in our definitive proxy statement which involves the election of directors and is to be filed with the Commission pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 within 120 days of the end of our fiscal year on December 31, 2015.
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services
The information required by this Item as to the fees we pay our principal accountant is hereby incorporated by reference from the information appearing under the caption “Ratification and Approval of Independent Auditors” in our definitive proxy statement which involves the election of directors and is to be filed with the Commission pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 within 120 days of the end of our fiscal year on December 31, 2015.
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PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

(a) | Documents filed as a part of this report:

1. | Consolidated Financial Statements

| Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | F-1
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets | F-3
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss | F-4
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity | F-5
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | F-6
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | F-7

2. | Financial Statement Schedules

All other financial statement schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or not required, or because the required information is included in the financial statements or notes thereto.
3. Exhibits

Exhibit No. |  |  | Description
3.1 |  | — | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated April 26, 2012 and incorporated by reference herein).
3.2 |  | — | Certificate of Amendment to Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 20, 2015 and incorporated by reference herein).
3.3 |  | — | Second Amended and Restated Bylaws (filed as Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8‑K dated April 26, 2012 and incorporated by reference herein).
4.1 |  | — | Securities Purchase Agreement, dated June 17, 2007, with Invus, L.P. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 17, 2007 and incorporated by reference herein).
4.2 |  | — | Amendment, dated October 7, 2009, to Securities Purchase Agreement, dated June 17, 2007, with Invus, L.P. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated October 7, 2009 and incorporated by reference herein).
4.3 |  | — | Registration Rights Agreement, dated June 17, 2007, with Invus, L.P. (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 17, 2007 and incorporated by reference herein).
4.4 |  | — | Stockholders’ Agreement, dated June 17, 2007, with Invus, L.P. (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 17, 2007 and incorporated by reference herein).
4.5 |  | — | Supplement to Transaction Agreements, dated March 15, 2010, with Invus, L.P. and Invus C.V. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated March 15, 2010 and incorporated by reference herein).
4.6 |  | — | Supplement No. 2 to Transaction Agreements, dated February 23, 2012, with Invus, L.P. and Invus C.V. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated February 23, 2012 and incorporated by reference herein).
4.7 |  | — | Amended and Restated Purchase Option Agreement, dated July 30, 2010, with Symphony Icon Holdings LLC and Symphony Icon, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated July 30, 2010 and incorporated by reference herein).
4.8 |  | — | Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement, dated July 30, 2010, with Symphony Icon Holdings LLC (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated July 30, 2010 and incorporated by reference herein).
4.9 |  | — | Indenture related to the 5.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2021, dated as of November 26, 2014, with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated November 26, 2014 and incorporated by reference herein).

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Exhibit No. |  |  | Description
4.10 |  | — | Form of 5.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2021 (filed as Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated November 26, 2014 and incorporated by reference herein).
10.1 |  | — | Offer Letter, dated July 1, 2014, with Lonnel Coats (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated July 7, 2014 and incorporated by reference herein).
10.2 |  | — | Offer Letter, dated March 10, 2011, with Pablo Lapuerta, M.D. (filed as Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2011 and incorporated by reference herein).
10.3 |  | — | Employment Agreement with Alan Main, Ph.D. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2001 and incorporated by reference herein).
10.4 |  | — | Employment Agreement with Jeffrey L. Wade, J.D. (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Registration No. 333-96469) and incorporated by reference herein).
10.5 |  | — | Consulting Agreement with Alan S. Nies, M.D. dated February 19, 2003, as amended (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2010 and incorporated by reference herein).
10.6 |  | — | Consulting Agreement with Robert J. Lefkowitz, M.D. dated March 31, 2003 (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2003 and incorporated by reference herein).
10.7 |  | — | Form of Indemnification Agreement with Officers and Directors (filed as Exhibit 10.7 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Registration No. 333-96469) and incorporated by reference herein).
*10.8 |  | — | Summary of Non-Employee Director Compensation.
*10.9 |  | — | Equity Incentive Plan.
*10.10 |  | — | Non-Employee Directors’ Equity Incentive Plan.
10.11 |  | — | Form of Stock Option Agreement with Officers under the Equity Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.15 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2011 and incorporated by reference herein).
10.12 |  | — | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement with Officers under the Equity Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.15 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2012 and incorporated by reference herein).
*10.13 |  | — | Form of Notice of Stock Option Grant to Directors under the Non-Employee Directors’ Equity Incentive Plan.
*†10.14 |  | — | Collaboration and License Agreement, dated November 5, 2015, with Sanofi.
†10.15 |  | — | License and Collaboration Agreement, dated October 21, 2014, with Ipsen Pharma SAS (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the amendment to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q/A for the period ended September 30, 2014, as filed on December 23, 2014, and incorporated by reference herein).
†10.16 |  | — | First Amendment, dated March 17, 2015, to License and Collaboration Agreement, dated October 21, 2014, with Ipsen Pharma SAS (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2015 and incorporated by reference herein).
†10.17 |  | — | Collaboration and License Agreement, dated December 17, 2003, with Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2015 and incorporated by reference herein).

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Exhibit No. |  | Description
†10.18 | — | First Amendment, dated May 30, 2006, to Collaboration and License Agreement, dated December 17, 2003, with Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2015 and incorporated by reference herein).
†10.19 | — | Second Amended and Restated Collaboration and License Agreement, dated November 30, 2005, with Genentech, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.22 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2005 and incorporated by reference herein).
10.20 | — | Amendment, dated June 8, 2009, to Second Amended and Restated Collaboration and License Agreement, dated November 30, 2005, with Genentech, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A dated June 8, 2009 and incorporated by reference herein).
10.21 | — | Economic Development Agreement dated July 15, 2005, with the State of Texas and the Texas A&M University System (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2005 and incorporated by reference herein).
10.22 | — | Amendment, dated April 30, 2008, to Economic Development Agreement, dated July 15, 2005, with the State of Texas and the Texas A&M University System (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated April 30, 2008 and incorporated by reference herein).
10.23 | — | Loan and Security Agreement, dated April 21, 2004, between Lex-Gen Woodlands, L.P. and iStar Financial Inc., as amended (filed as Exhibit 10.23 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2014 and incorporated by reference herein).
10.24 | — | Real Estate Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated January 21, 2016, between Lex-Gen Woodlands, L.P. and TC Houston Office Development, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 22, 2016 and incorporated by reference herein).
21.1 | — | Subsidiaries (filed as Exhibit 21.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2010 and incorporated by reference herein).
*23.1 | — | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
*24.1 | — | Power of Attorney (contained in signature page).
*31.1 | — | Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
*31.2 | — | Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
*32.1 | — | Certification of Principal Executive and Principal Financial Officers Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
*101.INS | — | XBRL Instance Document.
*101.SCH | — | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
*101.CAL | — | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
*101.DEF | — | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
*101.LAB | — | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
*101.PRE | — | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

_____________________

* | Filed herewith.
† | Confidential treatment has been requested for a portion of this exhibit. The confidential portions of this exhibit have been omitted and filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

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Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  | Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Date: | March 11, 2016 | By: | /s/ LONNEL COATS
|  |  | Lonnel Coats
|  |  | President and Chief Executive Officer
Date: | March 11, 2016 | By: | /s/ JEFFREY L. WADE
|  |  | Jeffrey L. Wade
|  |  | Executive Vice President, Corporate and Administrative Affairs and Chief Financial Officer

Power of Attorney
KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Lonnel Coats and Jeffrey L. Wade, or either of them, each with the power of substitution, his or her attorney-in-fact, to sign any amendments to this Form 10-K, and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, here ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorneys-in-fact, or his or her substitute or substitutes, may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature |  | Title | Date
/s/ LONNEL COATS |  | President, Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer) | March 11, 2016
Lonnel Coats |  |
/s/ JEFFREY L. WADE |  | Executive Vice President, Corporate and Administrative Affairs and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) | March 11, 2016
Jeffrey L. Wade |  |
/s/ JAMES F. TESSMER |  | Vice President, Finance and Accounting (Principal Accounting Officer) | March 11, 2016
James F. Tessmer |  |
/s/ RAYMOND DEBBANE |  | Chairman of the Board of Directors | March 11, 2016
Raymond Debbane |  |  |
/s/ PHILIPPE J. AMOUYAL |  | Director | March 11, 2016
Philippe J. Amouyal |  |  |
/s/ SAMUEL L. BARKER |  | Director | March 11, 2016
Samuel L. Barker, Ph.D. |  |  |
/s/ ROBERT J. LEFKOWITZ |  | Director | March 11, 2016
Robert J. Lefkowitz, M.D. |  |  |
/s/ ALAN S. NIES |  | Director | March 11, 2016
Alan S. Nies, M.D. |  |  |
/s/ FRANK P. PALANTONI |  | Director | March 11, 2016
Frank P. Palantoni |  |  |
/s/ CHRISTOPHER J. SOBECKI |  | Director | March 11, 2016
Christopher J. Sobecki |  |  |
/s/ JUDITH L. SWAIN |  | Director | March 11, 2016
Judith L. Swain, M.D. |  |  |

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F-1

Table of Contents
Report of Independent
Registered Public Accounting Firm
The Board of Directors and Stockholders
of Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.:
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the related consolidated statements of comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated March 11, 2016 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
Houston, Texas
March 11, 2016
F-1

Table of Contents
Report of Independent
Registered Public Accounting Firm
The Board of Directors and Stockholders
of Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.:
We have audited Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission 2013 framework (the COSO criteria). Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In our opinion, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on the COSO criteria.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the related consolidated statements of comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015 and our report dated March 11, 2016 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
Houston, Texas
March 11, 2016
F-2

Table of Contents
Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(In thousands, except par value)

| As of December 31,
| 2015 |  | 2014
Assets |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 202,989 |  |  | $ | 137,266 |
Short-term investments, including restricted investments of $0 and $430, respectively | 318,363 |  |  | 202,073 |
Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $4 and $35, respectively | 911 |  |  | 1,035 |
Assets held for sale | — |  |  | 23,849 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 10,137 |  |  | 4,764 |
Total current assets | 532,400 |  |  | 368,987 |
Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization of $59,428 and $36,274, respectively | 21,227 |  |  | 1,080 |
Goodwill | 44,543 |  |  | 44,543 |
Other intangible assets | 53,357 |  |  | 53,357 |
Other assets | 3,305 |  |  | 3,409 |
Total assets | $ | 654,832 |  |  | $ | 471,376 |
Liabilities and Equity |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 19,725 |  |  | $ | 13,064 |
Accrued liabilities | 24,757 |  |  | 10,120 |
Current portion of deferred revenue | 76,499 |  |  | 1,618 |
Current portion of long-term debt | 2,015 |  |  | 20,167 |
Total current liabilities | 122,996 |  |  | 44,969 |
Deferred revenue, net of current portion | 109,151 |  |  | 12,679 |
Long-term debt | 103,793 |  |  | 87,500 |
Deferred tax liabilities | 18,675 |  |  | 18,675 |
Other long-term liabilities | 14,367 |  |  | 23,535 |
Total liabilities | 368,982 |  |  | 187,358 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |
Equity: |  |  |
Preferred stock, $.01 par value; 5,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $.001 par value; 225,000 and 128,571 shares authorized; 103,860 and 103,663 shares issued, respectively | 104 |  |  | 104 |
Additional paid-in capital | 1,397,646 |  |  | 1,390,619 |
Accumulated deficit | (1,108,934 | ) |  | (1,104,252 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (219 | ) |  | (63 | )
Treasury stock, at cost, 237 and 183 shares, respectively | (2,747 | ) |  | (2,390 | )
Total equity | 285,850 |  |  | 284,018 |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 654,832 |  |  | $ | 471,376 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-3

Table of Contents
Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss
(In thousands, except per share amounts)

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |
Collaborative agreements | $ | 129,728 |  |  | $ | 22,593 |  |  | $ | 2,109 |
Subscription and license fees | 286 |  |  | 261 |  |  | 113 |
Total revenues | 130,014 |  |  | 22,854 |  |  | 2,222 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development, including stock-based compensation of $3,693, $4,020 and $4,376, respectively | 95,187 |  |  | 89,279 |  |  | 89,682 |
Increase (decrease) in fair value of Symphony Icon, Inc. purchase liability | 5,927 |  |  | 1,428 |  |  | (2,210 | )
General and administrative, including stock-based compensation of $3,150, $3,061 and $3,045, respectively | 23,835 |  |  | 19,411 |  |  | 17,121 |
Impairment loss on buildings | 3,597 |  |  | 13,102 |  |  | — |
Total operating expenses | 128,546 |  |  | 123,220 |  |  | 104,593 |
Income (loss) from operations | 1,468 |  |  | (100,366 | ) |  | (102,371 | )
Interest expense | (6,722 | ) |  | (2,253 | ) |  | (1,971 | )
Interest and other income, net | 572 |  |  | 2,255 |  |  | 216 |
Consolidated net loss before taxes | (4,682 | ) |  | (100,364 | ) |  | (104,126 | )
Income tax benefit | — |  |  | 70 |  |  | — |
Consolidated net loss | $ | (4,682 | ) |  | $ | (100,294 | ) |  | $ | (104,126 | )
Consolidated net loss per common share, basic and diluted | $ | (0.05 | ) |  | $ | (1.31 | ) |  | $ | (1.42 | )
Shares used in computing consolidated net loss per common share, basic and diluted | 103,591 |  |  | 76,347 |  |  | 73,302 |
Other comprehensive loss: |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized loss on investments | (156 | ) |  | (65 | ) |  | (21 | )
Comprehensive loss | $ | (4,838 | ) |  | $ | (100,359 | ) |  | $ | (104,147 | )

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-4

Table of Contents
Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
(In thousands)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | Additional |  |  |  | Other |  |  |  |
| Common Stock |  | Paid-In |  | Accumulated |  | Comprehensive |  | Treasury |  |
| Shares |  | Par Value |  | Capital |  | Deficit |  | Gain (Loss) |  | Stock |  | Total
Balance at December 31, 2012 | 73,196 |  |  | $ | 73 |  |  | $ | 1,167,044 |  |  | $ | (899,832 | ) |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | (630 | ) |  | $ | 266,678 |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,421 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,421 |
Issuance of common stock under Equity Incentive Plans | 282 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,084 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,084 |
Repurchase of common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (873 | ) |  | (873 | )
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (104,126 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (104,126 | )
Unrealized loss on investments | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (21 | ) |  | — |  |  | (21 | )
Balance at December 31, 2013 | 73,478 |  |  | 73 |  |  | 1,175,549 |  |  | (1,003,958 | ) |  | 2 |  |  | (1,503 | ) |  | 170,163 |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,081 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,081 |
Issuance of common stock to designees of Symphony Icon Holdings LLC | 666 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 5,749 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,750 |
Issuance of common stock under Equity Incentive Plans | 252 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 322 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 323 |
Issuance of common stock, net of fees | 29,267 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 201,918 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 201,947 |
Repurchase of common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (887 | ) |  | (887 | )
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (100,294 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (100,294 | )
Unrealized loss on investments | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (65 | ) |  | — |  |  | (65 | )
Balance at December 31, 2014 | 103,663 |  |  | 104 |  |  | 1,390,619 |  |  | (1,104,252 | ) |  | (63 | ) |  | (2,390 | ) |  | 284,018 |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,843 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,843 |
Issuance of common stock under Equity Incentive Plans | 197 |  |  | — |  |  | 114 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 114 |
Repurchase of common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (357 | ) |  | (357 | )
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,682 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,682 | )
Unrealized loss on investments | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (156 | ) |  | — |  |  | (156 | )
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | 70 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 70 |
Balance at December 31, 2015 | 103,860 |  |  | $ | 104 |  |  | $ | 1,397,646 |  |  | $ | (1,108,934 | ) |  | $ | (219 | ) |  | $ | (2,747 | ) |  | $ | 285,850 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-5

Table of Contents
Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(In thousands)

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated net loss | $ | (4,682 | ) |  | $ | (100,294 | ) |  | $ | (104,126 | )
Adjustments to reconcile consolidated net loss to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 727 |  |  | 1,928 |  |  | 2,863 |
Impairment of assets | 3,597 |  |  | 13,544 |  |  | — |
Increase (decrease) in fair value of Symphony Icon, Inc. purchase liability | 5,927 |  |  | 1,428 |  |  | (2,210 | )
Stock-based compensation | 6,843 |  |  | 7,081 |  |  | 7,421 |
Gain on disposal of property and equipment | (47 | ) |  | (1,631 | ) |  | — |
Amortization of debt issuance costs | 520 |  |  | 100 |  |  | — |
Deferred tax benefit | — |  |  | (70 | ) |  | — |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Decrease in accounts receivable | 124 |  |  | 457 |  |  | 588 |
(Increase) decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets | (5,373 | ) |  | (128 | ) |  | 1,713 |
Increase in other assets | (416 | ) |  | — |  |  | (9 | )
Increase in accounts payable and other liabilities | 6,203 |  |  | 1,266 |  |  | 3,119 |
Increase (decrease) in deferred revenue | 171,353 |  |  | 697 |  |  | (438 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | 184,776 |  |  | (75,622 | ) |  | (91,079 | )
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of property and equipment | (910 | ) |  | (80 | ) |  | (1,721 | )
Proceeds from disposal of property and equipment | 335 |  |  | 2,170 |  |  | 130 |
Purchases of investments | (326,446 | ) |  | (221,953 | ) |  | (111,490 | )
Maturities of investments | 210,000 |  |  | 111,444 |  |  | 212,625 |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | (117,021 | ) |  | (108,419 | ) |  | 99,544 |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net of fees | 114 |  |  | 202,270 |  |  | 1,084 |
Repurchase of common stock | (357 | ) |  | (887 | ) |  | (873 | )
Proceeds from debt borrowings, net of fees | — |  |  | 84,135 |  |  | — |
Repayment of debt borrowings | (1,859 | ) |  | (1,710 | ) |  | (1,574 | )
Other financing activities | 70 |  |  | — |  |  | (26 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (2,032 | ) |  | 283,808 |  |  | (1,389 | )
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents | 65,723 |  |  | 99,767 |  |  | 7,076 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year | 137,266 |  |  | 37,499 |  |  | 30,423 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year | $ | 202,989 |  |  | $ | 137,266 |  |  | $ | 37,499 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for interest | $ | 6,270 |  |  | $ | 1,761 |  |  | $ | 1,897 |
Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing and financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized loss on investments | $ | (156 | ) |  | $ | (65 | ) |  | $ | (21 | )
Common stock issued in satisfaction of Symphony Icon payment obligation | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,750 |  |  | $ | — |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2015
1. Organization and Operations
Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Lexicon” or the “Company”) is a Delaware corporation incorporated on July 7, 1995. Lexicon was organized to discover the functions and pharmaceutical utility of genes and use those gene function discoveries in the discovery and development of pharmaceutical products for the treatment of human disease.
Lexicon has financed its operations from inception primarily through sales of common and preferred stock, contract and milestone payments to it under strategic collaborations and other research and development collaborations, target validation, database subscription and technology license agreements, government grants and contracts and financing under debt and lease arrangements. The Company’s future success is dependent upon many factors, including, but not limited to, its ability to develop and obtain regulatory approval for its products, successfully commercialize its products which gain regulatory approval, achieve milestones under its collaboration agreements, establish new collaboration and license agreements, obtain and enforce patents and other proprietary rights in its discoveries, comply with federal and state regulations, and maintain sufficient capital to fund its activities. As a result of the aforementioned factors and the related uncertainties, there can be no assurance of the Company’s future success.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation: The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Lexicon and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation.
Use of Estimates: The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U. S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments: Lexicon considers all highly-liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2015, short-term investments consist of U.S. treasury bills and corporate debt securities. As of December 31, 2014, short-term investments consist of U.S. treasury bills and certificates of deposit. The Company’s short-term investments are classified as available-for-sale securities and are carried at fair value, based on quoted market prices of the securities. The Company views its available-for-sale securities as available for use in current operations regardless of the stated maturity date of the security. Unrealized gains and losses on such securities are reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity. Net realized gains and losses, interest and dividends are included in interest income. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method.
Restricted Cash and Investments: Lexicon was required to maintain restricted cash or investments to collateralize standby letters of credit for the lease on its office and laboratory facilities in Hopewell, New Jersey that terminated in June 2015. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, restricted cash and investments were zero and $0.4 million, respectively.
Accounts Receivable: Lexicon records trade accounts receivable in the normal course of business related to the sale of products or services. The allowance for doubtful accounts takes into consideration such factors as historical write-offs, the economic climate and other factors that could affect collectibility. Write-offs are evaluated on a case by case basis.
Concentration of Credit Risk: Lexicon’s cash equivalents, investments and accounts receivable represent potential concentrations of credit risk. The Company attempts to minimize potential concentrations of risk in cash equivalents and investments by placing investments in high-quality financial instruments. The Company’s accounts receivable are unsecured and are concentrated in pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies located in the United States. The Company has not experienced any significant credit losses to date. In 2015, customers in France and the United States represented 99% and 1% of revenue, respectively. In 2014, customers in France and the United States represented 94% and 6%, respectively. In 2013, customers in the United States represented 100% of revenue. At December 31, 2015, management believes that the Company has no significant concentrations of credit risk.
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Segment Information and Significant Customers: Lexicon operates in one business segment, which primarily focuses on the discovery of the functions and pharmaceutical utility of genes and the use of those gene function discoveries in the discovery and development of pharmaceutical products for the treatment of human disease. Substantially all of the Company’s revenues have been derived from drug discovery alliances, target validation collaborations for the development and, in some cases, analysis of the physiological effects of genes altered in knockout mice, technology licenses, subscriptions to its databases, government grants and contracts and compound library sales. In 2015, Sanofi represented 98% of revenues. In 2014, Ipsen Pharma SAS represented 94% of revenues. In 2013, McNair Medical Institute, LLC and Taconic Farms, Inc. represented 57% and 33% of revenues, respectively.
Property and Equipment: Property and equipment that is held and used is carried at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the assets which ranges from three to 40 years. Maintenance, repairs and minor replacements are charged to expense as incurred. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the estimated useful life or the remaining lease term. Significant renewals and betterments are capitalized.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets: Long-lived assets and certain identifiable intangible assets to be held and used are reviewed for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to future net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount that the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. In 2014, Lexicon reclassified its buildings and land as assets held for sale, as it intended to sell these assets, and recorded an impairment loss of $13.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2014. In the fourth quarter of 2015, Lexicon made a change to its plan of sale and reclassified its buildings and land as assets held and used in accordance with the accounting guidance regarding selling assets with a leaseback requirement, and recorded an additional impairment loss of $3.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2015 (see Note 6, Buildings and Land for Sale).
Indefinite lived intangible assets are also tested annually for impairment and whenever indicators of impairment are present. When performing the impairment assessment, the Company first assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to recalculate the fair value of its intangible assets. If management believes, as a result of the qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the intangible assets is less than its carrying amount, the Company calculates the asset’s fair value. If the carrying value of the asset exceeds its fair value, then the intangible asset is written down to its fair value.
Goodwill Impairment: Goodwill is not amortized, but is tested at least annually for impairment at the reporting unit level. The Company has determined that the reporting unit is the single operating segment disclosed in its current financial statements. Impairment is the condition that exists when the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value. The first step in the impairment process is to determine the fair value of the reporting unit and then compare it to the carrying value, including goodwill. If the fair value exceeds the carrying value, no further action is required and no impairment loss is recognized. Additional impairment assessments may be performed on an interim basis if the Company encounters events or changes in circumstances that would indicate that, more likely than not, the carrying value of goodwill has been impaired. There was no impairment of goodwill in 2015, 2014 or 2013.
Revenue Recognition: Revenues are recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, the price is fixed or determinable and collectibility is reasonably assured.
Collaborative agreements revenues include both license revenue and contract research revenue. Activities under collaborative agreements are evaluated to determine if they represent a multiple element revenue agreement. The Company identifies the deliverables included within the agreement and evaluates which deliverables represent separate units of accounting. The Company accounts for those components as separate units of accounting if the following two criteria are met:

• | The delivered item or items have value to the customer on a stand-alone basis.

• | If there is a general right of return relative to the delivered items, delivery or performance of the undelivered items is considered probable and within the Company’s control.

Factors considered in this determination include, among other things, whether any other vendors sell the items separately and if the licensee could use the delivered item for its intended purpose without the receipt of the remaining deliverables. If multiple deliverables included in an arrangement are separable into different units of accounting, the Company allocates the arrangement consideration to those units of accounting. The amount of allocable arrangement consideration is limited to amounts that are fixed or determinable. Arrangement consideration is allocated at the inception of the arrangement
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to the identified units of accounting based on their relative estimated selling price. Revenue is recognized for each unit of accounting when the appropriate revenue recognition criteria are met.
Future milestone payments that are contingent upon the achievement of a substantive milestone are recognized in their entirety in the period in which the milestone is achieved. A milestone is substantive if:

• | It can only be achieved based in whole or in part on either the Company’s performance or on the occurrence of a specific outcome resulting from the Company’s performance;

• | There is substantive uncertainty at the date an arrangement is entered into that the event will be achieved; and

• | It would result in additional payments being due to the Company.

Subscription and license fees are recognized as revenue upon the grant of the technology license when performance is complete and there is no continuing involvement. Royalty revenues are recognized as earned in accordance with the contract terms at the time the royalty amount is fixed and determinable based on information received from the sublicensees and at the time collectibility is reasonably assured.
Research and Development Expenses: Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred for company-sponsored as well as collaborative research and development activities. These costs include direct and research-related overhead expenses and are expensed as incurred. Technology license fees for technologies that are utilized in research and development and have no alternative future use are expensed when incurred. Substantial portions of the Company’s preclinical and clinical trials are performed by third-party laboratories, medical centers, contract research organizations and other vendors. For preclinical studies, the Company accrues expenses based upon estimated percentage of work completed and the contract milestones remaining. For clinical studies, expenses are accrued based upon the number of patients enrolled and the duration of the study. The Company monitors patient enrollment, the progress of clinical studies and related activities to the extent possible through internal reviews of data reported to the Company by the vendors and clinical site visits. The Company’s estimates depend on the timeliness and accuracy of the data provided by the vendors regarding the status of each program and total program spending. The Company periodically evaluates the estimates to determine if adjustments are necessary or appropriate based on information it receives.
Stock-Based Compensation: The Company recognizes compensation expense in its statements of comprehensive loss for share-based payments, including stock options and restricted stock units issued to employees, based on their fair values on the date of the grant, with the compensation expense recognized over the period in which an employee is required to provide service in exchange for the stock award. Stock-based compensation expense for awards without performance conditions is recognized on a straight-line basis. Stock-based compensation expense for awards with performance conditions is recognized over the period from the date the performance condition is determined to be probable of occurring through the time the applicable condition is met. As of December 31, 2015, stock-based compensation cost for all outstanding unvested options and restricted stock units was $10.5 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.3 years.
The fair value of stock options is estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes method. The Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires the input of subjective assumptions. Because the Company’s employee stock options have characteristics significantly different from those of traded options, and because changes in the subjective input assumptions can materially affect the fair value estimate, in management’s opinion, the existing models do not necessarily provide a reliable single measure of the fair value of its employee stock options. For purposes of determining the fair value of stock options, the Company segregates its options into two homogeneous groups, based on exercise and post-vesting employment termination behaviors, resulting in a change in the assumptions used for expected option lives and forfeitures. Expected volatility is based on the historical volatility in the Company’s stock price. The following weighted-average assumptions were used for options granted in the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively:
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| Expected Volatility |  | Risk-free Interest Rate |  | Expected Term |  | Dividend Rate
December 31, 2015: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Employees | 64% |  | 1.2% |  | 4 |  | 0 | %
Officers and non-employee directors | 81% |  | 1.8% |  | 8 |  | 0 | %
December 31, 2014: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Employees | 66% |  | 1.2% |  | 4 |  | 0 | %
Officers and non-employee directors | 80% |  | 2.3% |  | 8 |  | 0 | %
December 31, 2013: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Employees | 85% |  | 0.9% |  | 5 |  | 0 | %
Officers and non-employee directors | 81% |  | 1.6% |  | 8 |  | 0 | %

Net Loss per Common Share: Net loss per common share is computed using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. Shares associated with convertible debt, stock options and restricted stock units are not included because they are antidilutive.
3. Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”, which amends FASB ASC Topic 606. ASU 2014-09 provides a single, comprehensive revenue recognition model for all contracts with customers. This standard contains principles for the determination of the measurement of revenue and the timing of when such revenue is recognized. Revenue recognition will reflect the transfer of goods or services to customers at an amount that is expected to be earned in exchange for those goods or services. ASU 2014-09 was scheduled to be effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and early adoption was not permitted. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-14, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Deferral of Effective Date”, which defers the effective date of ASU 2014-09 by one year. ASU 2014-19 is now effective for annual periods after December 15, 2017 including interim periods within that reporting period. Early application is permitted only for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within that reporting period. Management is currently evaluating the impact of this pronouncement on Lexicon’s consolidated financial statements.
In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-15, “Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern.” ASU 2014-15 will explicitly require management to assess an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern, and to provide related footnote disclosure in certain circumstances. This pronouncement is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2016, and early adoption is permitted. Management does not expect the adoption of this pronouncement to have a material impact on Lexicon’s consolidated financial statements.
In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-03, “Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs.” ASU
2015-03 requires that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct
deduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability, consistent with debt discounts. This pronouncement is effective for
fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2015, and early adoption is permitted. Management does not expect the adoption of this pronouncement to have a material impact on Lexicon’s consolidated financial statements.
In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, “Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities.” ASU 2016-01 requires that most equity investments be measured at fair value, with subsequent changes in fair value recognized in net income. The pronouncement also impacts financial liabilities under the fair value option and the presentation and disclosure requirements for financial instruments. This pronouncement is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2017, and early adoption is not permitted. Management does not expect the adoption of this pronouncement to have a material impact on Lexicon’s consolidated financial statements.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases.” ASU 2016-01 requires companies that lease assets to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability, initially measured at the present value of the lease payments, in its balance sheet. The pronouncement will also require additional disclosures about the amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. This pronouncement is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after
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December 15, 2018, and early adoption is permitted. Management is currently evaluating the impact of this pronouncement on Lexicon’s consolidated financial statements.
4. Cash and Cash Equivalents and Investments
The fair value of cash and cash equivalents and investments held at December 31, 2015 and 2014 are as follows:

| As of December 31, 2015
| Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
|  |  | (in thousands) |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 202,989 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 202,989 |
Securities maturing within one year: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasury securities | 313,105 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (219 | ) |  | 312,888 |
Corporate debt securities | 5,477 |  |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 5,475 |
Total short-term investments | $ | 318,582 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | (221 | ) |  | $ | 318,363 |
Total cash and cash equivalents and investments | $ | 521,571 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | (221 | ) |  | $ | 521,352 |

| As of December 31, 2014
| Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
|  |  | (in thousands) |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 137,266 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 137,266 |
Securities maturing within one year: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Certificates of deposit | 552 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 552 |
U.S. treasury securities | 201,584 |  |  | 3 |  |  | (66 | ) |  | 201,521 |
Total short-term investments | $ | 202,136 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | (66 | ) |  | $ | 202,073 |
Total cash and cash equivalents and investments | $ | 339,402 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | (66 | ) |  | $ | 339,339 |

There were no realized gains or losses for the year ended December 31, 2015, no realized gains or losses for the year ended December 31, 2014, and no realized gains or losses for the year ended December 31, 2013.
5. Fair Value Measurements
The Company uses various inputs in determining the fair value of its investments and measures these assets on a recurring basis. Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets are categorized by the level of objectivity associated with the inputs used to measure their fair value. The following levels are directly related to the amount of subjectivity associated with the inputs to fair valuation of these assets and liabilities:

• | Level 1 – quoted prices in active markets for identical assets, which include U.S. treasury securities

• | Level 2 – other significant observable inputs (including quoted prices for similar investments, market corroborated inputs, etc.), which include corporate debt securities

• | Level 3 – significant unobservable inputs (including the Company’s own assumptions in determining the fair value of the Symphony Icon purchase consideration liability)

The inputs or methodology used for valuing securities are not necessarily an indication of the credit risk associated with investing in those securities. The following tables provide the fair value measurements of applicable Company assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis according to the fair value levels defined above as of December 31, 2015 and 2014.
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| Assets and Liabilities at Fair Value
| As of December 31, 2015
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
| (in thousands)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 200,526 |  |  | $ | 2,463 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 202,989 |
Short-term investments | 312,888 |  |  | 5,475 |  |  | — |  |  | 318,363 |
Total cash and cash equivalents and investments | $ | 513,414 |  |  | $ | 7,938 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 521,352 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrued liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12,453 |  |  | $ | 12,453 |
Other long-term liabilities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,362 |  |  | 10,362 |
Total liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 22,815 |  |  | $ | 22,815 |

| Assets and Liabilities at Fair Value
| As of December 31, 2014
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
| (in thousands)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 137,266 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 137,266 |
Short-term investments | 201,521 |  |  | 552 |  |  | — |  |  | 202,073 |
Total cash and cash equivalents and investments | $ | 338,787 |  |  | $ | 552 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 339,339 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other long-term liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17,638 |  |  | $ | 17,638 |
Total liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17,638 |  |  | $ | 17,638 |

The Company did not have any Level 3 assets during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. Transfers between levels are recognized at the actual date of circumstance that caused the transfer. The Company’s Level 3 liabilities represent the contingent purchase consideration payable to Symphony Icon, and are estimated using a probability-based income approach utilizing an appropriate discount rate. Subsequent changes in the fair value of the Symphony Icon (“Symphony Icon”) purchase consideration liability are recorded as an increase or decrease in Symphony Icon purchase liability in the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. The fair value of the Symphony Icon purchase consideration liability increased by $5.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2015, increased by $1.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2014, and decreased by $2.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2013. The following table summarizes the change in consolidated balance sheet carrying value associated with Level 3 liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015.

| Other Long-term Liabilities
| (in thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2012 | $ | 29,920 |
Change in valuation of purchase consideration payable to former Symphony Icon stockholders | (2,210 | )
Balance at December 31, 2013 | 27,710 |
Change in valuation of purchase consideration payable to former Symphony Icon stockholders | 1,428 |
Payment of base payment obligation with common stock and cash | (11,500 | )
Balance at December 31, 2014 | 17,638 |
Change in valuation of purchase consideration payable to former Symphony Icon stockholders | 5,927 |
Payment of contingent payment obligation with cash | (750 | )
Balance at December 31, 2015 | $ | 22,815 |

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The Company also has assets that under certain conditions are subject to measurement at fair value on a non-recurring basis. These assets include goodwill associated with the acquisitions of Coelacanth Corporation in 2001 and Symphony Icon in 2010 and intangible assets associated with the acquisition of Symphony Icon in 2010. For these assets, measurement at fair value in periods subsequent to their initial recognition is applicable if one or more is determined to be impaired.
6. Buildings and Land for Sale
In 2014, Lexicon reclassified its buildings and land to assets held for sale on the consolidated balance sheet, as it intended to sell these assets. In the fourth quarter of 2015, Lexicon made a change to its plan of sale and reclassified its buildings and land as assets held and used in accordance with the accounting guidance regarding selling assets with a leaseback requirement. The Company estimated the fair value of the net assets to be sold at approximately $20.3 million and $23.8 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, which represents estimated selling price less costs to sell. This resulted in an impairment loss on the buildings of $3.6 million and $13.1 million in the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, which were recorded in impairment loss on buildings in the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. The fair value of the net assets to be sold was determined using Level 2 inputs using sales prices in similar real estate sales and offers received from potential purchasers of the building.
In January 2016, Lexicon entered into a Real Estate Purchase and Sale Agreement (“Real Estate Agreement”) with TC Houston Office Development, Inc. (“Purchaser).” Under the Real Estate Agreement, Lexicon agreed to sell its facilities in The Woodlands, Texas to Purchaser for a purchase price of $21.2 million. Such sale is subject to normal and customary closing conditions, including a study period, which extends until March 21, 2016, subject to extension, during which Purchaser may conduct inspections, analyses and other studies of the property and may terminate the Real Estate Agreement in its discretion. Such sale is also subject to the negotiation and execution by the parties of a leaseback agreement with respect to a portion of the property concurrently with closing.
7. Property and Equipment
Property and equipment at December 31, 2015 and 2014 are as follows:

| Estimated Useful Lives |  | As of December 31,
| In Years |  | 2015 |  | 2014
|  |  |  |  | (in thousands)
Computers and software | 3-5 |  | $ | 8,457 |  |  | $ | 9,468 |
Furniture and fixtures | 5-7 |  | 6,269 |  |  | 7,032 |
Laboratory equipment | 3-7 |  | 3,908 |  |  | 12,737 |
Leasehold improvements | 7-10 |  | 240 |  |  | 8,117 |
Buildings | 15-40 |  | 59,117 |  |  | — |
Land |  | — |  |  |  | 2,664 |  |  | — |
Total property and equipment |  |  |  |  | 80,655 |  |  | 37,354 |
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization |  |  |  |  | (59,428 | ) |  | (36,274 | )
Net property and equipment |  |  |  |  | $ | 21,227 |  |  | $ | 1,080 |

Buildings of $59.1 million and land of $2.7 million, as well as $38.0 million of related accumulated depreciation, have been reclassified to assets held for sale as of December 31, 2014. In 2015, these assets were reclassified to assets held and used, and are therefore disclosed as property and equipment as of December 31, 2015 (see Note 6, Buildings and Land for Sale).
8. Income Taxes
Lexicon recognizes deferred tax liabilities and assets for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized differently in the financial statements and tax returns. Under this method, deferred tax liabilities and assets are determined based on the difference between the financial statement carrying amounts and tax bases of liabilities and assets using enacted tax rates and laws in effect in the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. Deferred tax assets are evaluated for realization based on a more-likely-than-not criteria in determining if a valuation allowance should be provided.
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The components of Lexicon’s deferred tax assets (liabilities) at December 31, 2015 and 2014 are as follows:

| As of December 31,
| 2015 |  | 2014
| (in thousands)
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
Net operating loss carryforwards | $ | 263,138 |  |  | $ | 255,518 |
Research and development tax credits | 43,728 |  |  | 40,173 |
Capitalized research and development | 85,385 |  |  | 95,946 |
Stock-based compensation | 8,160 |  |  | 7,648 |
Deferred revenue | 4,363 |  |  | 4,457 |
Other | 8,831 |  |  | 8,681 |
Total deferred tax assets | 413,605 |  |  | 412,423 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
Deferred tax liability related to acquisition of Symphony Icon | (18,675 | ) |  | (18,675 | )
Total deferred tax liabilities | (18,675 | ) |  | (18,675 | )
Less: valuation allowance | (413,605 | ) |  | (412,423 | )
Net deferred tax liabilities | $ | (18,675 | ) |  | $ | (18,675 | )

The $18.7 million deferred tax liability relates to the tax impact of future amortization or possible impairments associated with intangible assets acquired with Symphony Icon, which are not deductible for tax purposes. Lexicon does not believe it can estimate the reversal of the temporary difference related to the assets acquired with sufficient certainty such that the related deferred tax liability could be considered as a source of taxable income in assessing the Company’s need for a valuation allowance.
At December 31, 2015, Lexicon had both federal and state NOL carryforwards of approximately $738.0 million and $455.1 million, respectively. The federal and state NOL carryforwards began to expire in 2011 and continued to expire in 2012. The Company’s R&D tax credit carryforwards of approximately $43.7 million began to expire in 2012. Utilization of the NOL and R&D credit carryforwards may be subject to a significant annual limitation due to ownership changes that have occurred previously or could occur in the future provided by Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. Based on the federal tax law limits and the Company’s cumulative loss position, Lexicon concluded it was appropriate to establish a full valuation allowance for its net deferred tax assets until an appropriate level of profitability is sustained. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the valuation allowance increased $1.2 million, primarily due to the Company’s current year net loss. Lexicon recorded income tax benefits of $0, $70,000 and $0 in the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company did not have any unrecognized tax benefits.
The Company is primarily subject to U.S. federal and New Jersey and Texas state income taxes. The tax years 1995 to current remain open to examination by U.S. federal authorities and 2004 to current remain open to examination by state authorities. The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company had no accruals for interest or penalties related to income tax matters.
9. Goodwill
On July 12, 2001, Lexicon completed the acquisition of Coelacanth Corporation in a merger. Coelacanth, now Lexicon Pharmaceuticals (New Jersey), Inc., formed the core of the Company’s division responsible for small molecule compound discovery. The results of Lexicon Pharmaceuticals (New Jersey), Inc. are included in the Company’s results of operations for the period subsequent to the acquisition. Goodwill associated with the acquisition of $25.8 million, which represents the excess of the $36.0 million purchase price over the fair value of the underlying net identifiable assets, was assigned to the consolidated entity, Lexicon.
On July 30, 2010, Lexicon exercised its Purchase Option (as defined in Note 11) and completed the acquisition of Symphony Icon. Goodwill associated with the acquisition of $18.7 million, which represents the assets recognized in
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connection with the deferred tax liability acquired and did not result from excess purchase price, was assigned to the consolidated entity, Lexicon.
Goodwill is not subject to amortization, but is tested at least annually for impairment at the reporting unit level, which is the Company’s single operating segment. The Company performed an impairment test of goodwill on its annual impairment assessment date. This test did not result in an impairment of goodwill.
10. Debt Obligations
Convertible Debt. In November 2014, Lexicon completed an offering of $87.5 million in aggregate principal amount of its 5.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2021 (the “Notes”). The conversion feature did not meet the criteria for bifurcation as required by generally accepted accounting principles and the entire principal amount was recorded as long-term debt on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
The Notes are governed by an indenture (the “Indenture”), dated as of November 26, 2014, between the Company and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as trustee. The Notes bear interest at a rate of 5.25% per year, payable semiannually in arrears on June 1 and December 1 of each year, beginning on June 1, 2015. The Notes mature on December 1, 2021. The Company may not redeem the Notes prior to the maturity date, and no sinking fund is provided for the Notes.
Holders of the Notes may convert their Notes at their option at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding the maturity date. Upon conversion, the Company will deliver for each $1,000 principal amount of converted Notes a number of shares of its common stock equal to the conversion rate, as described in the Indenture. The conversion rate is initially 118.4553 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of Notes (equivalent to an initial conversion price of $8.442 per share of common stock). The conversion rate is subject to adjustment in some events but will not be adjusted for any accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, following certain corporate events that occur prior to the maturity date, the Company will increase the conversion rate for a holder who elects to convert its Notes in connection with such a corporate event in certain circumstances.
If the Company undergoes a fundamental change, holders may require the Company to repurchase for cash all or any portion of their Notes at a fundamental change repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date.
In connection with the issuance of the Notes, the Company incurred $3.4 million of debt issuance costs, which is included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. The debt issuance costs are amortized as interest expense over the expected life of the Notes using the effective interest method. The Company determined the expected life of the debt was equal to the seven-year term of the Notes. As of December 31, 2015, the balance of unamortized debt issuance costs was $2.8 million.
The fair value of the Notes was $154.2 million as of December 31, 2015 and was determined using Level 2 inputs based on the indicative pricing published by certain investment banks or trading levels of the Notes, which are not listed on any securities exchange or quoted on an inter-dealer automated quotation system.
Mortgage Loan. In April 2004, Lexicon purchased its existing laboratory and office buildings and animal facilities in The Woodlands, Texas with proceeds from a $34.0 million third-party mortgage financing and $20.8 million in cash. The mortgage loan originally had a ten-year term with a 20-year amortization and a fixed interest rate of 8.23%. The mortgage was amended in September 2013 to extend the maturity date from April 2014 to April 2017, with the mortgage loan’s monthly payment amount and fixed interest rate each remaining unchanged. The mortgage had a principal balance of $18.3 million as of December 31, 2015. This entire balance was classified as current liabilities on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2014 as management intended to repay the mortgage when the assets that serve as collateral for the mortgage loan were sold, and those assets were classified as held for sale as of December 31, 2014. In 2015, these assets were reclassified to assets held and used, and are therefore disclosed as property and equipment as of December 31, 2015, and the related mortgage was reclassified to long-term liabilities, to the extent it is scheduled to be paid after one year, assuming the purchase and sale agreement is not completed (see Note 6, Buildings and Land for Sale). If the purchase and sale agreement that is discussed in Note 6 is completed, the mortgage will be repaid immediately. The buildings and land that serve as collateral for the mortgage loan are included in assets held for sale at $59.1 million and $2.7 million, respectively, before accumulated depreciation, as of December 31, 2015. The fair value of Lexicon’s mortgage loan approximates its carrying value. The fair value of Lexicon’s mortgage loan was determined using Level 2 inputs using discounted cash flow analysis, based on the Company’s estimated current incremental borrowing rate.
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The following table includes the aggregate scheduled future principal payments of the Company’s long-term debt as of December 31, 2015:

| For the Year Ending December 31
| (in thousands)
2016 | $ | 2,015 |
2017 | 16,293 |
2018 | — |
2019 | — |
2020 | — |
Thereafter | 87,500 |
Total debt | 105,808 |
Less current portion | (2,015 | )
Total long-term debt | $ | 103,793 |

11. Arrangements with Symphony Icon, Inc.
On June 15, 2007, Lexicon entered into a series of related agreements providing for the financing of the clinical development of certain of its drug candidates, including telotristat etiprate (LX1032) and LX1033, along with any other pharmaceutical compositions modulating the same targets as those drug candidates (the “Programs”). The agreements included a Novated and Restated Technology License Agreement pursuant to which the Company licensed to Symphony Icon, a then wholly-owned subsidiary of Symphony Icon Holdings LLC (“Holdings”), the Company’s intellectual property rights related to the Programs. Holdings contributed $45 million to Symphony Icon in order to fund the clinical development of the Programs.
Under a Share Purchase Agreement, dated June 15, 2007, between the Company and Holdings, the Company issued and sold to Holdings 1,092,946 shares of its common stock on June 15, 2007 in exchange for $15 million and an exclusive purchase option (the “Purchase Option”) that gave the Company the right to acquire all of the equity of Symphony Icon, thereby allowing the Company to reacquire all of the Programs. On July 30, 2010, Lexicon entered into an Amended and Restated Purchase Option Agreement with Symphony Icon and Holdings and simultaneously exercised the Purchase Option, thereby reacquiring the Programs. Pursuant to the amended terms of the Purchase Option, Lexicon paid Holdings $10 million on July 30, 2010 and issued 1,891,074 shares of common stock to designees of Holdings on July 30, 2012 in satisfaction of an additional $35.0 million base payment obligation.
Lexicon also agreed to make up to $45 million in additional contingent payments, which will consist of 50% of any consideration Lexicon receives pursuant to any licensing transaction (a “Licensing Transaction”) under which Lexicon grants a third party rights to commercialize telotristat etiprate, LX1033 or other pharmaceutical compositions modulating the same target as those drug candidates (the “LG103 Programs”), subject to certain exceptions. The contingent payments will be due if and when Lexicon receives such consideration from a Licensing Transaction. In the event Lexicon receives regulatory approval in the United States for the marketing and sale of any product resulting from the LG103 Programs prior to entering into a Licensing Transaction for the commercialization of such product in the United States, in lieu of any contingent payment from such a Licensing Transaction, Lexicon will pay Holdings the sum of $15 million and the amount of certain expenses Lexicon incurred after its exercise of the Purchase Option which are attributable to the development of such product, reduced by up to 50% of such sum on account of any contingent payments paid prior to such United States regulatory approval attributable to any such Licensing Transaction outside of the United States with respect to such product. In the event Lexicon makes any such payment upon United States regulatory approval, Lexicon will have no obligation to make subsequent contingent payments attributable to any such Licensing Transactions for the commercialization of such product outside the United States until the proceeds of such Licensing Transactions exceed 50% of the payment made as a result of such United States regulatory approval. The contingent payments may be paid in cash or a combination of cash and common stock, in Lexicon’s discretion, provided that no more than 50% of any contingent payment will be paid in common stock. On December 4, 2014, Lexicon paid $5.8 million in cash and issued 666,111 shares of common stock to designees of Holdings in satisfaction of a $11.5 million contingent payment obligation as a result of receiving an upfront payment pursuant to Lexicon’s license and collaboration agreement with Ipsen Pharma SAS. On April 24, 2015, Lexicon paid $0.75 million in cash to Holdings in satisfaction of its contingent payment obligation as a result of receiving an additional upfront payment from Ipsen in March 2015 (see Note 16, Collaboration and License Agreements).
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Lexicon accounted for the exercise of the Purchase Option and acquisition of Symphony Icon as a business combination. In connection with its acquisition of Symphony Icon, Lexicon paid $10.0 million in cash, and has also agreed to pay Holdings additional base and contingent payments as discussed above. The fair value of the base and contingent consideration payments was $45.6 million and was estimated by applying a probability-based income approach utilizing an appropriate discount rate. This estimation was based on significant inputs that are not observable in the market, referred to as Level 3 inputs. Key assumptions include: (1) a discount rate of 14% for the base payments; (2) a discount rate of 18% for the contingent payments; and (3) a probability adjusted contingency. The discount rate assumptions have not changed through December 31, 2015, and as programs progress, the probability adjusted contingency is adjusted as necessary. Subsequent changes in the fair value of the Symphony Icon purchase consideration liability are recorded as increase or decrease in fair value of Symphony Icon purchase liability expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. The fair value of the Symphony Icon purchase consideration liability increased by $5.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2015, increased by $1.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2014, and decreased by $2.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2013. In August 2015, Lexicon announced that the pivotal TELESTAR Phase 3 clinical trial met its primary endpoint, showing the benefit of oral telotristat etiprate in treating cancer patients with carcinoid syndrome that is not adequately controlled by the current standard of care. The increase in the contingent purchase liability during the year ended December 31, 2015 reflects a greater likelihood following the top-line results from the TELESTAR trial that the Company will achieve certain milestones with telotristat etiprate, such as regulatory approval, that would trigger payments under the contingent liability.
12. Commitments and Contingencies
Operating Lease Obligations: A Lexicon subsidiary leases office space in Basking Ridge, New Jersey under a lease agreement, the term of which began in June 2015 and terminates in December 2022. Rent expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Lexicon is the guarantor of the obligations of its subsidiary under this lease agreement. Under a lease that expired in June 2015, the Company was required to maintain restricted investments to collateralize a standby letter of credit for this lease. The Company had $0.0 million and $0.4 million in restricted investments as collateral as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Additionally, Lexicon leases certain equipment under operating leases.
Rent expense for all operating leases was approximately $0.1 million, $1.0 million and $0.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The following table includes non-cancelable, escalating future lease payments for the facility in New Jersey:

| For the Year Ending December 31
| (in thousands)
2016 | $ | 512 |
2017 | 582 |
2018 | 595 |
2019 | 607 |
2020 | 620 |
Thereafter | 1,277 |
Total | $ | 4,193 |

Employment Arrangements: Lexicon has entered into employment arrangements with certain of its corporate officers. Under the arrangements, each officer receives a base salary, subject to adjustment, with an annual discretionary bonus based upon specific objectives to be determined by the compensation committee. The employment arrangements are at-will and some contain non-competition agreements. Some of the arrangements also provide for certain severance payments for either six or 12 months and, in some cases, payment of a specified portion of the officer’s bonus target for such year, in the event of a specified termination of the officer’s employment.
Legal Proceedings: Lexicon is from time to time party to claims and legal proceedings that arise in the normal course of its business and that it believes will not have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on its results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.
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13. Other Capital Stock Agreements
Common Stock: In November 2014, Lexicon sold 7,944,133 shares of its common stock at a price of $7.035 per share in a public offering, and sold 21,321,961 shares of its common stock at a price of $7.035 per share in a private placement to Artal International S.C.A, an affiliate of Invus, L.P., Lexicon’s largest stockholder, resulting in net proceeds of $201.9 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $3.4 million and offering expenses of $0.6 million. All of the net proceeds of these offerings are reflected as issuance of common stock in the accompanying financial statements.
Reverse Stock Split: Effective May 20, 2015, Lexicon completed a one-for-seven reverse split of its common stock. All references to shares of common stock and per-share data for all periods presented in this report have been adjusted to give effect to this reverse stock split. Proportional adjustments were also made to all shares of common stock issuable under Lexicon’s equity incentive plans and upon conversion of Lexicon’s Notes. Concurrent with the reverse stock split, the authorized shares of common stock were reduced from 900 million (prior to the reverse stock split) to 225 million. As no change was made to the par value of the common shares, common stock and additional paid-in capital were adjusted on a retroactive basis to give effect to the reverse stock split. No fractional shares were issued in connection with the reverse stock split. Any fractional share of common stock that would otherwise have resulted from the reverse stock split were converted into cash payments equal to such fraction multiplied by the closing sales price of the common stock as last reported on the last trading day immediately preceding the effective date of the reverse stock split.
14. Equity Incentive Awards
Equity Incentive Plans
Equity Incentive Plan: In September 1995, Lexicon adopted the 1995 Stock Option Plan, which was subsequently amended and restated in February 2000, April 2009, April 2012 and April 2015 and renamed the Equity Incentive Plan (the “Equity Incentive Plan”).
The Equity Incentive Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options to employees and nonstatutory stock options to employees, directors and consultants of the Company. The plan also permits the grant of stock bonus awards, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit (phantom stock) awards and stock appreciation rights. Incentive and nonstatutory stock options have an exercise price of 100% or more of the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant. The purchase price of restricted stock awards may not be less than 85% of fair market value. However, the plan administrator may award stock bonus awards in consideration of past services or phantom stock awards without a purchase payment. Shares may be subject to a repurchase option in the discretion of the plan administrator. Most options granted under the Equity Incentive Plan become vested and exercisable over a period of four years; however some have been granted with different vesting schedules. Options granted under the Equity Incentive Plan have a term of ten years from the date of grant.
The total number of shares of common stock that may be issued pursuant to stock awards under the Equity Incentive Plan shall not exceed in the aggregate 10,000,000 shares. No more than 3,571,428 shares may be issued pursuant to awards other than stock options and stock appreciation rights. As of December 31, 2015, an aggregate of 10,000,000 shares of common stock had been reserved for issuance, options to purchase 4,046,758 shares and 636,906 restricted stock units were outstanding, 858,875 shares had been issued upon the exercise of stock options, 626,839 shares had been issued pursuant to restricted stock units and 113,940 shares had been issued pursuant to stock bonus awards or restricted stock awards granted under the Equity Incentive Plan.
Non-Employee Directors’ Equity Incentive Plan: In February 2000, Lexicon adopted the 2000 Non-Employee Directors’ Stock Option Plan, which was subsequently amended and restated in April 2009, April 2012 and April 2015 and renamed the Non-Employee Directors’ Equity Incentive Plan (the “Directors’ Plan”). Under the Directors’ Plan, non-employee directors receive an initial option to purchase 4,285 shares of common stock. In addition, on the day following each of the Company’s annual meetings of stockholders, each non-employee director who has been a director for at least six months is automatically granted an option to purchase 2,857 shares of common stock and a restricted stock award of the number of shares of common stock having a fair market value on the date of grant of $20,000, rounded down to the nearest whole share number. Initial option grants become vested and exercisable over a period of five years and annual option grants become vested over a period of 12 months from the date of grant. Options granted under the Directors’ Plan have an exercise price equal to the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant and a term of ten years from the date of grant.
The total number of shares of common stock that may be issued pursuant to stock awards under the Directors’ Plan shall not exceed in the aggregate 357,142 shares. As of December 31, 2015, an aggregate of 357,142 shares of common stock
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had been reserved for issuance, options to purchase 169,971 shares were outstanding, none had been issued upon the exercise of stock options and 60,992 shares had been issued pursuant to restricted stock awards granted under the Directors’ Plan.
Stock Option Activity: The following is a summary of option activity under Lexicon’s equity incentive plans:

|  | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
(in thousands, except exercise price data) |  | Options |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Options |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Options |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at beginning of year |  | 3,371 |  |  | $ | 14.98 |  |  | 3,329 |  |  | $ | 16.94 |  |  | 3,075 |  |  | $ | 17.57 |
Granted |  | 1,207 |  |  | 6.83 |  |  | 643 |  |  | 11.76 |  |  | 499 |  |  | 14.91 |
Exercised |  | (19 | ) |  | 11.14 |  |  | (32 | ) |  | 10.22 |  |  | (82 | ) |  | 12.25 |
Expired |  | (187 | ) |  | 27.29 |  |  | (476 | ) |  | 24.78 |  |  | (136 | ) |  | 27.86 |
Forfeited |  | (155 | ) |  | 8.51 |  |  | (93 | ) |  | 13.79 |  |  | (27 | ) |  | 13.58 |
Outstanding at end of year |  | 4,217 |  |  | 12.35 |  |  | 3,371 |  |  | 14.98 |  |  | 3,329 |  |  | 16.94 |
Exercisable at end of year |  | 2,686 |  |  | $ | 14.53 |  |  | 2,417 |  |  | $ | 15.89 |  |  | 2,483 |  |  | $ | 17.92 |

The weighted average estimated grant date fair value of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 were $4.58, $8.61 and $11.13, respectively. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 were $35,000, $43,000 and $325,000, respectively. The weighted average remaining contractual term of options outstanding and exercisable was 6.1 and 4.5 years, respectively, as of December 31, 2015. At December 31, 2015, the aggregate intrinsic value of the outstanding options and the exercisable options was $10.0 million and $2.4 million, respectively.
Stock Bonus and Restricted Stock Unit Activity:
During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, Lexicon granted its non-employee directors 21,360, 14,651 and 11,544 shares, respectively, of restricted stock awards. The restricted stock awards had weighed average grant date fair values of $7.49, $10.92 and $13.86 per share, respectively, and vested immediately. During the year ended December 31, 2014, Lexicon granted a consultant 8,200 shares of restricted stock awards. The restricted stock awards had a weighted average grant date fair value of $11.20 per share and vested immediately.
During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, Lexicon granted its employees restricted stock units in lieu of or in addition to annual stock option awards. These restricted stock units vest in four annual installments. The following is a summary of restricted stock units activity under Lexicon’s stock-based compensation plans for the year ended December 31, 2015:

|  | Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
|  | (in thousands) |  |
Outstanding at December 31, 2014 |  | 447 |  |  | $ | 12.88 |
Granted |  | 452 |  |  | 6.23 |
Vested |  | (166 | ) |  | 12.91 |
Forfeited |  | (96 | ) |  | 8.98 |
Nonvested at December 31, 2015 |  | 637 |  |  | $ | 8.74 |

Aggregate Shares Reserved for Issuance
As of December 31, 2015, an aggregate of 4,853,635 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance upon exercise of outstanding stock options and vesting of outstanding restricted stock units and 3,842,861 additional shares were available for future grants under Lexicon’s equity incentive plans. The Company has a policy of using either authorized and unissued shares or treasury shares, including shares acquired by purchase in the open market or in private transactions, to satisfy equity award exercises.
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15. Benefit Plan
Lexicon maintains a defined-contribution savings plan under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. The plan covers substantially all full-time employees. Participating employees may defer a portion of their pretax earnings, up to the Internal Revenue Service annual contribution limit. Beginning in 2000, the Company was required to match employee contributions according to a specified formula. The matching contributions totaled $332,000, $376,000 and $511,000 in the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Company contributions are vested based on the employee’s years of service, with full vesting after four years of service.
16. Collaboration and License Agreements
Lexicon has derived substantially all of its revenues from drug discovery and development alliances, target validation collaborations for the development and, in some cases, analysis of the physiological effects of genes altered in knockout mice, government grants and contracts, technology licenses, subscriptions to its databases and compound library sales.
Sanofi. In November 2015, Lexicon entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement (the “Sanofi Agreement”) with Sanofi for the worldwide development of Lexicon’s drug candidate sotagliflozin (LX4211).
Under the Sanofi Agreement, Lexicon granted Sanofi an exclusive, worldwide, royalty-bearing right and license under its patent rights and know-how to develop, manufacture and commercialize sotagliflozin. Subject to specified exceptions, neither party may (a) perform clinical development activities relating to any other compound which inhibits sodium-glucose cotransporters type 1 or type 2 or (b) commercialize any such compounds in the United States, countries of the European Union and certain other specified countries, in each case during the royalty terms applicable in such countries. Among the specified exceptions is a right Lexicon retained to pursue the development of its LX2761 drug candidate, with respect to which Lexicon granted Sanofi certain rights of first negotiation specified in the Sanofi Agreement.
Under the Sanofi Agreement, Sanofi paid Lexicon an upfront payment of $300 million. In addition, Lexicon is eligible to receive from Sanofi (a) up to an aggregate of $430 million upon the achievement of specified development and regulatory milestones and (b) up to an aggregate of $990 million upon the achievement of specified sales milestones. Due to the uncertainty surrounding the achievement of the future development, regulatory and sales milestones, these payments will not be recognized as revenue unless and until they are earned as the Company is not able to reasonably predict if and when the milestones will be achieved. Lexicon is also entitled to tiered, escalating royalties ranging from low double digit percentages to forty percent of net sales of sotagliflozin, based on indication and territory, with royalties for the higher band of such range attributable to net sales for type 1 diabetes in the United States, and subject in each case to customary royalty reduction provisions. Royalties payable with respect to net sales of sotagliflozin for type 1 diabetes in the United States will also be reduced in the event Lexicon does not exercise its co-promotion option described below.
Lexicon will continue to be responsible for all clinical development activities relating to type 1 diabetes and will retain an exclusive option to co-promote and have a significant role, in collaboration with Sanofi, in the commercialization of sotagliflozin for the treatment of type 1 diabetes in the United States. If Lexicon exercises its co-promotion option, Lexicon will fund forty percent of the commercialization costs relating to such co-promotion activities. Sanofi will be responsible for all clinical development and commercialization of sotagliflozin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes worldwide and will be solely responsible for the commercialization of sotagliflozin for the treatment of type 1 diabetes outside the United States. Lexicon will share in the funding of a portion of the planned type 2 diabetes development costs over the next three years, up to an aggregate of $100 million. Sanofi will book sales worldwide in all indications.
The parties are responsible for using commercially reasonable efforts to perform their development and commercialization obligations pursuant to mutually approved development and commercialization plans.
The parties’ activities under the Sanofi Agreement are governed by a joint steering committee and certain other governance committees which reflect equal or other appropriate representation from both parties. If the applicable governance committee is not able to make a decision by consensus and the parties are not able to resolve the issue through escalation to specified senior executive officers of the parties, then Sanofi will have final decision-making authority, subject to limitations specified in the Sanofi Agreement.
The Sanofi Agreement will expire upon the expiration of all applicable royalty terms for all licensed products in all countries. The royalty term for each licensed product in each country is the period commencing on the effective date of the Sanofi Agreement and ending on the latest of expiration of specified patent coverage, expiration of specified regulatory exclusivity and 10 years following the first commercial sale in the applicable country. Either party may terminate the Sanofi
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Agreement in the event of an uncured material breach by the other party. Prior to completion of the core development activities for type 2 diabetes specified in the development plan, Sanofi may terminate the Sanofi Agreement on a country-by-country and licensed product-by-licensed product basis, in the event of (a) notification of a material safety issue relating to the licensed product or the class of sodium-glucose cotransporters type 1 or type 2 inhibitors resulting in a recommendation or requirement that Lexicon or Sanofi cease development, (b) failure to achieve positive results with respect to certain clinical trial results, (c) the occurrence of specified fundamental adverse events or (d) the exploitation of the licensed product infringing third party intellectual property rights in specified major markets and Sanofi is unable to obtain a license to such third party intellectual property rights.
The Company considered the following deliverables with respect to the revenue recognition of the $300 million upfront payment:
•The exclusive worldwide license granted to Sanofi to develop and commercialize sotagliflozin;
•The development services Lexicon is performing for sotagliflozin relating to type 1 diabetes; and
•The funding Lexicon will provide for development relating to type 2 diabetes.
The Company determined that the license had stand-alone value because it is an exclusive license that gives Sanofi the right to develop and commercialize sotagliflozin or to sublicense its rights. In addition, sotagliflozin is currently in development and it is possible that Sanofi or another third party could conduct clinical trials without assistance from Lexicon. As a result, the Company considers the license and the development services under the Sanofi Agreement to be separate units of accounting. The Company recognized the portion of the consideration allocated to the license immediately because Lexicon delivered the license and earned the revenue at the inception of the arrangement. The Company is recognizing as revenue the amount allocated to the development services for type 1 diabetes and the obligation to provide funding for development services for type 2 diabetes over the period of time Lexicon performs services or provides funding, currently expected to be through 2020.
The Company determined that the initial allocable arrangement consideration was the $300 million upfront payment because it was the only payment that was fixed and determinable at the inception of the arrangement. There was considerable uncertainty at the date of the agreement as to whether Lexicon would earn milestone payments or royalty payments. As such, the Company did not include those payments in the allocable consideration. The Company allocated the allocable consideration based on the relative best estimate of selling price of each unit of accounting. The Company estimated the selling price of the license deliverable by applying a probability-based income approach utilizing an appropriate discount rate. The significant inputs the Company used to determine the projected income of the license included: exercising the option to co-promote, estimated future product sales, estimated cost of goods sold, estimated operating expenses, income taxes, and an appropriate discount rate. The Company estimated the selling price of the development services for type 1 diabetes by using internal estimates of the cost to hire third parties to perform the services over the expected period to perform the development. The Company estimated the obligation to provide funding for type 2 diabetes by using internal estimates of the expected cash flows and timing for $100 million in funding.
As a result of the allocation, the Company recognized $126.8 million of the $300 million upfront payment for the license in the year ended December 31, 2015. The Company is recognizing the $113.8 million allocated to the development services deliverable and the $59.4 million allocated to the funding deliverable over the estimated period of performance as the development and funding occurs. Revenue recognized under the Sanofi Agreement was $126.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015.
Ipsen Pharma SAS. In October 2014, Lexicon entered into a License and Collaboration Agreement, which was subsequently amended in March 2015 (collectively, the “Ipsen Agreement”), with Ipsen Pharma SAS (“Ipsen”) for the development and commercialization of Lexicon’s drug candidate telotristat etiprate (LX1032) outside of the United States and Japan (the “Licensed Territory”).
Under the Ipsen Agreement, Lexicon granted Ipsen an exclusive, royalty-bearing right and license under its patent rights and know-how to commercialize telotristat etiprate in the Licensed Territory. Ipsen is responsible for using diligent efforts to commercialize telotristat etiprate in the Licensed Territory pursuant to a mutually approved commercialization plan. Subject to certain exceptions, Lexicon will be responsible for conducting clinical trials required to obtain regulatory approval for telotristat etiprate for carcinoid syndrome in the European Union, including those contemplated by a mutually approved initial development plan, and will have the first right to conduct most other clinical trials of telotristat etiprate. Lexicon is responsible for the costs of all clinical trials contemplated by the initial development plan. The costs of additional clinical trials will be allocated between the parties based on the nature of such clinical trials. Under the Ipsen Agreement, Ipsen has paid Lexicon an aggregate of $24.5 million through December 31, 2015. In addition, Lexicon is eligible to receive from Ipsen (a)
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up to an aggregate of approximately $34 million upon the achievement of specified regulatory and commercial launch milestones and (b) up to an aggregate of €72 million upon the achievement of specified sales milestones. Due to the uncertainty surrounding the achievement of the future regulatory and sales milestones, these payments will not be recognized as revenue unless and until they are earned as the Company is not able to reasonably predict if and when the milestones will be achieved. Lexicon is also entitled to tiered, escalating royalties ranging from low twenties to mid-thirties percentages of net sales of telotristat etiprate in the Licensed Territory, subject to a credit for amounts previously paid to Lexicon by Ipsen for the manufacture and supply of such units of telotristat etiprate. Lexicon’s receipt of these payments under the Ipsen Agreement triggers its obligation to make certain contingent payments to Holdings (see Note 11, Arrangements with Symphony Icon, Inc.). Lexicon and Ipsen will enter into a commercial supply agreement pursuant to which Lexicon will supply Ipsen’s commercial requirements of telotristat etiprate, and Ipsen will pay an agreed upon transfer price for such commercial supply.
The Company considered the following deliverables with respect to the revenue recognition of the $24.5 million upfront payment:
•The exclusive license granted to Ipsen to develop and commercialize telotristat etiprate in the Licensed
Territory;
•The development services Lexicon is performing for telotristat etiprate;
•The obligation to participate in committees which govern the development of telotristat
etiprate until commercialization; and
•The obligation to supply commercial supply of telotristat etiprate, under a commercial supply agreement.
The Company determined that the license had stand-alone value because it is an exclusive license that gives Ipsen the right to develop and commercialize telotristat etiprate or to sublicense its rights. In addition, telotristat etiprate is currently in development and it is possible that Ipsen or another third party could conduct clinical trials without assistance from Lexicon. As a result, the Company considers the license and the development services under the Agreement to be separate units of accounting. The Company recognized the portion of the consideration allocated to the license immediately because Lexicon delivered the license and earned the revenue at the inception of the arrangement. The Company is recognizing as revenue the amount allocated to the development services and the obligation to participate in committees over the period of time Lexicon performs services, currently expected to be through mid-2017.
Due to the inherent uncertainty in obtaining regulatory approval, the applicability of the commercial supply agreement is outside the control of Lexicon and Ipsen. Accordingly, the Company has determined the commercial supply agreement is a contingent deliverable at the onset of the Agreement. As a result, the Company has determined the commercial supply agreement does not meet the definition of a deliverable that needs to be accounted for at the inception of the arrangement. The Company has also determined that there is no significant and incremental discount related to the commercial supply agreement that should be accounted for at the inception of the arrangement.
The Company determined that the initial allocable arrangement consideration was the $24.5 million upfront payments because they were the only payments that were fixed and determinable at the inception of the arrangement. There was considerable uncertainty at the date of the agreement as to whether Lexicon would earn milestone payments, royalty payments or payments for finished drug product. As such, the Company did not include those payments in the allocable consideration. The Company allocated the allocable consideration based on the relative best estimate of selling price of each unit of accounting. The Company estimated the selling price of the license deliverable by applying a probability-based income approach utilizing an appropriate discount rate. The significant inputs the Company used to determine the projected income of the license included: estimated future product sales, estimated cost of goods sold, estimated operating expenses, income taxes, and an appropriate discount rate. The Company estimated the selling price of the development services by using internal estimates of the cost to hire third parties to perform the services over the expected period to perform the development. The Company estimated the selling price of the obligation to participate in committees by using internal estimates of the number of internal hours and salary and benefits costs to perform these services.
As a result of the allocation, the Company recognized $21.2 million of the $24.5 million upfront payment for the license in 2014, and an additional $1.4 million in 2015 upon entering into the amendment. The Company is recognizing the $1.7 million allocated to the development services deliverable over the estimated period of performance as development occurs, and is recognizing the $0.1 million allocated to the committee participation deliverable ratably over the estimated period of performance. Revenue recognized under the Agreement was $2.3 million and $21.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
Texas Institute for Genomic Medicine. In July 2005, Lexicon received a $35.0 million award from the Texas Enterprise Fund for the creation of a knockout mouse embryonic stem cell library containing 350,000 cell lines for the Texas
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Institute for Genomic Medicine (“TIGM”) using Lexicon’s proprietary gene trapping technology, which Lexicon completed in 2007. Lexicon also equipped TIGM with the bioinformatics software required for the management and analysis of data relating to the library. The Texas Enterprise Fund also awarded $15.0 million to the Texas A&M University System for the creation of facilities and infrastructure to house the library.
Under the terms of the award, Lexicon is responsible for the creation of a specified number of jobs beginning in 2012, reaching an aggregate of 1,616 new jobs in Texas by December 31, 2016. Lexicon will obtain credits based on funding received by TIGM and certain related parties from sources other than the State of Texas that it may offset against its potential liability for any job creation shortfalls. Lexicon will also obtain credits against future jobs commitment liabilities for any surplus jobs it creates. Subject to these credits, if Lexicon fails to create the specified number of jobs, the state may require Lexicon to repay $2,415 for each job Lexicon falls short beginning in 2013. Lexicon’s maximum aggregate exposure for such payments, if Lexicon fails to create any new jobs, is approximately $14.2 million, including $6.4 million through 2016, without giving effect to any credits to which Lexicon may be entitled. Lexicon has recorded this obligation as deferred revenue and accounts payable in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The Texas A&M University System, together with TIGM, has independent job creation obligations and is obligated for an additional period to maintain an aggregate of 5,000 jobs, inclusive of those Lexicon creates.
17. Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)
The table below sets forth certain unaudited statements of comprehensive loss data, and net loss per common share data, for each quarter of 2015 and 2014:
(in thousands, except per share data)

| Quarter Ended
| March 31 |  | June 30 |  | September 30 |  | December 31
|  |  | (Unaudited) |  |
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | 1,792 |  |  | $ | 376 |  |  | $ | 566 |  |  | $ | 127,280 |
Income (loss) from operations | $ | (26,527 | ) |  | $ | (26,688 | ) |  | $ | (33,677 | ) |  | $ | 88,360 |
Consolidated net income (loss) | $ | (28,076 | ) |  | $ | (26,074 | ) |  | $ | (35,282 | ) |  | $ | 86,750 |
Consolidated net income (loss) per common share, basic | $ | (0.27 | ) |  | $ | (0.27 | ) |  | $ | (0.34 | ) |  | $ | 0.84 |
Consolidated net income (loss) per common share, diluted | (0.27 | ) |  | (0.27 | ) |  | (0.34 | ) |  | 0.76 |
Shares used in computing consolidated net income (loss) per common share, basic | 103,516 |  |  | 103,608 |  |  | 103,616 |  |  | 103,623 |
Shares used in computing consolidated net income (loss) per common share, diluted | 103,516 |  |  | 103,608 |  |  | 103,616 |  |  | 115,764 |
2014 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues | $ | 277 |  |  | $ | 676 |  |  | $ | 419 |  |  | $ | 21,482 |
Loss from operations | $ | (30,472 | ) |  | $ | (26,111 | ) |  | $ | (40,336 | ) |  | $ | (3,447 | )
Consolidated net loss | $ | (30,835 | ) |  | $ | (26,028 | ) |  | $ | (40,498 | ) |  | $ | (2,933 | )
Consolidated net loss per common share, basic and diluted | $ | (0.42 | ) |  | $ | (0.35 | ) |  | $ | (0.55 | ) |  | $ | (0.03 | )
Shares used in computing consolidated net loss per common share, basic and diluted | 73,422 |  |  | 73,518 |  |  | 73,542 |  |  | 84,813 |

For all periods presented other than the quarter ended December 31, 2015, the weighted average number of shares outstanding are the same for both basic and diluted consolidated net loss per common share. For these periods, shares associated with convertible debt, stock options and restricted stock units are not included in the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding because they are antidilutive. A reconciliation of the numerator and denominator of basic and diluted earnings per share for the quarter ended December 31, 2015 is presented below (in thousands, expect per share amounts):
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Consolidated net income, basic | $ | 86,750 |
Interest on convertible debt | 1,277 |
Consolidated net income, diluted | $ | 88,027 |
Shares used in computing consolidated net income per common share, basic | 103,623 |
Share-based compensation awards | 1,776 |
Convertible debt | 10,365 |
Shares used in computing consolidated net income per common share, diluted | 115,764 |
Consolidated net income per common share, basic | $ | 0.84 |
Consolidated net income per common share, diluted | $ | 0.76 |

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