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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2022

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 001-38990

Advantage Solutions Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware | 83-4629508
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

15310 Barranca Parkway, Suite 100

Irvine, CA 92618

(Address of principal executive offices)

(949) 797-2900

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A common stock, $0.0001 par value per share | ADV | Nasdaq Global Select Market
Warrants exercisable for one share of Class A common stock at an exercise price of $11.50 | ADVWW | Nasdaq Global Select Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. YES ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. YES ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☒ | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive oﬃcers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). YES ☐ NO ☒

As of June 30, 2022, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates, computed by reference to the closing sales price of $3.80 reported on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, was approximately $1,210.2 million.

As of February 28, 2023, there were 322,145,780 shares of the registrant’s common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, issued and outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, are incorporated by reference in Part III of this report to the extent stated.

Advantage Solutions Inc.

| Page
PART I |
Item 1. Business | 2
Item 1A. Risk Factors | 8
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments | 29
Item 2. Properties | 29
Item 3. Legal Proceedings | 29
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures | 30
PART II |
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 30
Item 6. Selected Financial Data | 32
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 32
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 54
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 55
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 106
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures | 106
Item 9B. Other Information | 107
Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections | 107
PART III |
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 107
Item 11. Executive Compensation | 107
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 107
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 107
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 107
PART IV |
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules | 108
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary | 111
Signatures |

Pa rt I

Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Annual Report”) and other documents we file with the SEC contain forward-looking statements that are based on current expectations, estimates, forecasts and projections about us, our future performance, our business, our beliefs and our management’s assumptions. In addition, we, or others on our behalf, may make forward-looking statements in press releases, written statements or our communications and discussions with investors and analysts in the normal course of business through meetings, webcasts, phone calls and conference calls. Such words as “expect,” “anticipate,” “outlook,” “could,” “target,” “project,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “seek,” “estimate,” “should,” “may,” “assume” and “continue” as well as variations of such words and similar expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and they involve certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict. We describe our respective risks, uncertainties and assumptions that could affect the outcome or results of operations in Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors. We have based our forward-looking statements on our management’s beliefs and assumptions based on information available to our management at the time the statements are made. We caution you that actual outcomes and results may differ materially from what is expressed, implied or forecasted by our forward-looking statements. Except as required under the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations of the SEC, we do not have any intention or obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements after the distribution of this report, whether as a result of new information, future events, changes in assumptions or otherwise.

Item 1. Business

Our Company

We are a leading provider of outsourced solutions to consumer goods companies and retailers. We have a strong platform of competitively advantaged sales and marketing services built over multiple decades – essential, business critical services like headquarter sales, retail merchandising, in-store sampling, digital commerce and shopper marketing. For brands and retailers of all sizes, we help get the right products on the shelf (whether physical or digital) and into the hands of consumers (however they shop). We use a scaled platform to innovate as a trusted partner with our clients, solving problems to increase their efficiency and effectiveness.

At the most fundamental level:

•
We sit at the nexus of consumer goods companies and retailers and serve as a trusted partner to both.
•
We help our clients sell more while spending less. We make them more effective and more efficient.
•
We win by providing best-in-class service every day and innovating on a nimble operating platform.
•
We drive productivity to provide fuel for reinvestment and growth.
•
Simply put, we are built to do it better, cheaper and faster.

We offer headquarter sales representation services to consumer goods manufacturers, for whom we prepare and present to retailers a business case to increase distribution of manufacturers’ products and optimize how they are displayed, priced and promoted. We also make in-store merchandising visits for both manufacturer and retailer clients to ensure the products we represent are adequately stocked and properly displayed.

Within our marketing services, our largest service offering is retail experiential, also known as in-store sampling or demonstrations, through which we create and manage highly customized large-scale sampling programs (both in-store and on-line) for leading retailers. We also have a collection of specialized agency businesses, where we provide private label services to retailers and develop granular marketing programs for brands and retailers through our shopper, consumer and digital marketing agencies.

Our expertise and scale have compounded over decades, built on differentiated business systems, talent, relationships, and technology. We listen, learn and invest in capabilities that allow us to meet the evolving needs of brands and retailers – solving existing problems better and new problems quickly, to navigate change in an increasingly omni-channel world. This, in turn, helps us compound our relationships with clients. These relationships are enhanced by a suite of technology offerings which leverage data and analytics solutions to support our associates in creating, executing and measuring insight-based plans to grow our clients’ businesses.

2

Our Solutions

Our services are provided across two segments — sales and marketing.

Sales Segment

Through our sales segment, we provide our clients with a full suite of outsourced solutions to enhance sales in the traditional retail, foodservice and e-commerce channels. Within our sales segment, we typically generate revenues on a commission, fee-for-service or cost-plus basis. Our primary sales services include:

Brand-Centric Services

Our service offerings have been predominately centered around providing solutions to branded consumer goods manufacturers (i.e., non-private label manufacturers). These brand-centric services include:

Headquarter Relationship Management

We act as a representative of our consumer goods manufacturer clients and facilitate relationships with retailers across a range of matters, including business development and sales planning efforts. We prepare customized, data-driven business plans on behalf of our manufacturer clients and present a business case to increase distribution of their products, and optimize the shelf placement, pricing and promotion of their products, to our extensive network of industry contacts spanning retailer buying organizations and senior executive ranks. Our services are enhanced by our in-depth understanding of both the manufacturers’ and retailers’ strategic priorities, which is supported by our close physical proximity to our clients’ offices, as well as our proactive approach in identifying business-building opportunities. Our scale allows us to offer these services on a local, regional or national level, as well as for a client’s designated product, brand or entire portfolio.

Analytics, Insights and Intelligence

To support our sales efforts, we field a team of analytics professionals who provide category and space management services. These professionals analyze consumer purchase and retailer data to identify opportunities to increase the sales of our clients’ products and categories. We perform these analyses using our proprietary business intelligence technology platform, which aggregates data to guide sales strategies to expand product distribution and optimize other factors such as assortment, planograms, pricing and trade promotions. We also use post-promotion analytical tools to evaluate promotion effectiveness and work with clients and retailers to make the adjustments necessary to meet sales and profit objectives at the product and category level. Our teams of category managers are available in every market, including some who sit onsite with retailers and assist in developing analysis to support recommendations. We also conduct advanced analytical services for clients such as retailer point-of-sale and shopper card analytics and primary market and shopper research.

Administration

Our associates utilize innovative technology and know-how to efficiently manage key back-office functions for clients such as receiving and processing purchase orders. Our team also manages trade promotion programs executed between manufacturers and retailers. Through our expanded “Order to Cash” service, we strive to deliver additional savings for clients by managing extra steps in the order process, including revenue reconciliation, cash application and collection management. Finally, we leverage this infrastructure to offer additional services that include call center support and vendor-managed inventory (i.e., building orders to ensure appropriate in-stock levels).

Brand-Centric Merchandising

We deploy teams in retail locations to support manufacturers’ in-store sales strategies. Our associates conduct both cyclical and ad hoc store visits to manage product availability and positioning, implement promotions, install point-of-purchase displays and perform other value-added merchandising services. Tablet technology and proprietary software are used extensively in the workflow. For example, routing software helps guide our associates from location to location in the most efficient and effective way based on factors such as store volume, sales velocity, store location and in-store conditions. In store, our associates use our merchandising application and scanners to efficiently and effectively execute a range of activities such as distribution tasks, validating promotional compliance or answering survey questions.

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Our software leverages daily point-of-sale store data, supply chain data and advanced algorithms to target and correct potential store-level merchandising issues in real time, such as stock keeping units that are void, out of stock or past expiration. We are able to leverage this intelligence to route our retail teams to stores where issues exist, or may soon exist, as well as prioritize our associates’ work to address the highest-value opportunities while conducting a store visit.

Another application provides our associates with professional digital presentation materials enabling them to make quick and impactful recommendations to store managers for assortment changes, promotional events and display programs. We are also able to integrate point-of-sale data into these presentations to help store managers understand the potential store-level sales impact from such recommendations.

We offer our clients a full spectrum of flexible service models for our retail services coverage. In our dedicated coverage model, our associates perform services exclusively for a particular client and have intimate knowledge of its categories and products. Our syndicated coverage model utilizes shared teams in particular channels to perform services for multiple clients while in a store. Finally, we offer hybrid coverage models whereby clients can choose to have dedicated teams covering designated channels or retailers and syndicated coverage for other channels. Our retail services teams focus either on manufacturers or particular retail channels, such as grocery, drug, mass, convenience, club and natural/specialty, which allows them to develop expertise in either manufacturer products or a particular class of trade.

Retailer-Centric Services

Over the past decade we have leveraged our strategic position with retailers to develop solutions that address their needs. Our retailer- centric services include:

Retailer-Centric Merchandising

We serve select retailers as their exclusive provider, and other retailers as an authorized provider, of in-store merchandising or reset services. For some of our retailer clients, we perform other in-store services, such as compliance audits, data collection and in-store product assembly, and certain advisory services, such as analytics and planogram services intended to increase sales and optimize inventory and space management, so that the retailer’s personnel can focus on interacting with and servicing its shoppers.

In-Store Media

We manage a wide variety of media, merchandising and display platforms for retailers, including multi-manufacturer circular programs.

In addition to our brand-centric and retailer-centric sales services, we have a portfolio of other broadly applicable offerings that are designed to grow sales and reduce costs for clients. These services include:

Digital Commerce

We offer technology and e-commerce solutions to both manufacturers and retailers. Our business intelligence solutions drive efficiencies for consumer goods manufacturers in two ways: first, certain of our technology solutions automate critical reporting processes and provide insights that allow manufacturers to make revenue-optimizing decisions (e.g., software applications that synthesize large amounts of commercial data into intuitive reports that allow managers to make more informed decisions with respect to sales and inventory levels); and second, when combined with our merchandising services delivered through our retail services teams, our digital and technology solutions optimize in-store operations and workflows.

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Our e-commerce capabilities cover a comprehensive suite of services, including representation of consumer goods manufacturers to online retailers, trade marketing management, brand reputation management and content creation, management and syndication services. Our e-commerce services include facilitating the purchase of products directly by online retail partners, as well as, in some cases, purchasing and reselling clients’ products directly to the consumer, which affords us comprehensive coverage of manufacturers’ product portfolios. Our trade marketing management services also support effective merchandising of our clients’ products in the online channel through optimizing pricing, promotion and placement of those products. In addition, through our brand reputation management services we help manage brands’ online reputation to increase community engagement and conversations that promote purchasing decisions. Our content services help manufacturers and retailers create and syndicate product content that is designed to educate shoppers and increase online sales. These services include professional content production capabilities for product imaging and specifications and one of the world’s largest retailer content syndication networks. Our network allows us to distribute rich product content to over thousands e-commerce sites. These assets, leveraged from our own production work or retailers’ and manufacturers’ brand development efforts (e.g., consumer-facing websites), help manufacturers and online retailers sell more by providing comprehensive and compelling product information for a more engaging shopper experience.

Marketing Segment

We believe that our marketing segment is differentiated from our competition by our people, retail connectivity, entrepreneurial marketing mindset and scale. We launched our marketing business in 2000 in response to our observation of the challenges that our clients were experiencing by working with traditional marketing agencies that were not effectively connecting brand marketing strategies, sales planning efforts and retailer strategies to offer cohesive brand marketing. Our position as an intermediary in the market gives us deep insight and understanding into manufacturers’ needs from a sales perspective, their marketing and promotion strategies, as well as retailer strategies. We believe this position enables us to create more effective, shopper- focused marketing promotions by connecting client sales and marketing strategies with those of retailers.

We believe that our marketing business is differentiated from traditional marketing agencies in that it is built upon our insights and understanding of manufacturer and retailer strategies, leverages our ability to design and execute coordinated, large-scale marketing platforms in retail and combines capabilities from across the various disciplines in our portfolio to influence consumers at critical points along the purchase journey through execution platforms that reach audiences in-store and out of store to deliver superior client results.

Since founding our marketing business, we have grown to become a national agency collective and are the agency of record for many of the most recognized brands across the retail, packaged goods, technology, apparel, automotive, travel, entertainment, education and healthcare industries. We were ranked by Ad Age as the largest U.S. promotions agency and the largest U.S. experiential and event marketing agency from 2014 to 2022 based on prior year revenues.

Within our marketing segment, we typically generate revenues on a fee-for-service, cost-plus, retainer or commission basis.

Brand-Centric Services

Shopper and Consumer Marketing

For manufacturer clients, we analyze shopper behavior and apply our deep retailer knowledge and expertise to offer planning, execution and measurement of insight-based, retailer-specific promotions that target a retailer’s specific shopper base to drive product sales. We combine an understanding of how a brand’s consumers behave as shoppers in different channels, formats and retailers (mined from data resources) with an understanding of retailer objectives, strategies and preferred programming tactics (informed by our connectivity and resources in the field) to develop programs that successfully promote the sales of clients’ products at retail. Manufacturers also hire us for national consumer promotions, which are designed to stimulate demand for, and awareness of, their products more broadly.

Brand Experiential

We design and execute brand experiences in retail and non-retail settings in order to help brands engage, educate, acquire and retain consumers and impact purchase behavior.

Our brand experiential solutions include large-scale festivals, lifestyle venues, pop-up-shops, mobile tours, as well as assisted sales programs whereby our associates act as extensions of client sales teams, educating consumers as well as store employees.

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Retailer-Centric Services

Retail Experiential

We design and execute one-to-one engagement strategies in order to drive product trial and sales and help retailers differentiate their in-store experience and generate more loyalty from shoppers. This includes in-store sampling and demo programs with fully-scaled operations including staffing, training, field management, assembly, fulfillment, technology and reporting. We deploy teams at certain retailers that develop event concepts in conjunction with marketing, merchandising and store operations and then secure supplier support and funding for the programs. Our other retail experiential solutions include premium advisors who provide assistance in complex categories (such as beauty and adult beverages), virtual advisors who provide assistance via text messaging or web and curated sampling boxes for online grocery pick-up and delivery orders. Retail experiential constitutes the largest service in the marketing segment, representing more than half of our retailer-centric and marketing revenues.

Private Label

We help maximize the market potential of private label portfolios by providing comprehensive private label strategy, development and management services to retailers and private label manufacturers. By leveraging our analytical capabilities and expertise, we develop strategies and provide insights that help retailers establish and grow productive and profitable private label programs across new and existing product categories. This process often begins with a thorough analysis of the marketplace to develop a private label portfolio strategy that aligns with a client’s priorities. We help identify the most compelling product categories to target and specific products to develop. We also provide packaging and design services to bring our clients’ brands to life through strong brand identities. Our retailer clients are supported by analytical teams and associates who execute strategies through assortment planning, product sourcing and marketing and ongoing program management.

In addition to our brand-centric and retailer-centric marketing services, we have a portfolio of other broadly applicable offerings that are designed to engage consumers and enhance marketing efforts for clients. These services include:

Digital Marketing

Using advanced analytics, our digital marketing teams provide a wide range of services to clients, including: interactive design and development across mobile, tablet and desktop platforms; application development; content management solutions; paid media, including search engine marketing, and programmatic and direct media; and social media development and management.

Digital Media and Advertising

We offer targeted media and advertising solutions powered by our proprietary data that deliver to curated, custom audiences from first and third-party data sources. Our cross-screen advertising capabilities enable advertisers to target and engage with custom audience segments across devices via rich media, display, email and value exchange ads.

Government Regulation

In connection with the services we provide, we must comply with various laws and regulations from federal, state, local and foreign regulatory agencies. We believe that we are in material compliance with regulatory requirements applicable to our business. These regulatory requirements include, without limitation:

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federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations involving minimum wage, health care, overtime, sick leave, lunch and rest breaks and other similar wage, benefits and hour requirements and other similar laws;
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Title VII of the Civil Rights Act and the Americans with Disabilities Act and regulations of the U.S. Department of Labor, the Occupational Safety & Health Administration, the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and the equivalent state agencies and other similar laws;
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food safety matters (e.g., federal, state and local certification and training and inspection and enforcement of standards for our associates, facilities, equipment and the products we promote), alcohol beverage marketing regulations, food and permitting matters (e.g., licensing under the Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act and regulations from the U.S. Department of Agriculture), custom and import matters with respect to products imported to and exported across international borders;

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the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the UK Bribery Act and other similar anti-bribery and antikickback laws and regulations that generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business; and
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federal, state and foreign anticorruption, data protection, privacy, consumer protection, content regulation and other laws and regulations, including without limitation, GDPR and the CCPA.

Human Capital Management

Our associates represent the most important assets to our business. As of December 31, 2022, we employed approximately 75,000 associates. Approximately 22,000 of these associates are full-time and approximately 53,000 are part-time. Approximately 57,000 of these associates are in the United States. As of December 31, 2022, none of our associates in the United States were represented by a trade union.

We experience meaningful turnover among our entry level associates each year, and the turnover is most significant among our part-time associates. Our recruiting and retention practices are important to meeting the needs and expectations of our clients and customers.

We experience less turnover among our mid-level and senior associates, and we believe our performance- based culture differentiates us from our competitors and other similar employers. Our culture is built on accountability for results. We set clear objectives with our associates, analyze performance and reward and recognize associates who outperform. This results-driven culture permits us to offer our associates a pathway for professional growth through internal promotions. We strive to encourage our associates to be proactive, creative and entrepreneurial in providing solutions for our clients and customers. We believe our encouragement has contributed to the service innovation that has fueled our growth, and that our commitment to results and continuous improvement has produced long-term relationships with our clients and customers.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, our front-line associates performed incredible work for our clients, customers and communities. The health and welfare of our associates continues to be our primary concern, and we implemented a number of programs to assist our associates. Notwithstanding the dedication of our associates, a number of our services were adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, we also had to implement layoffs, furloughs and pay reductions for associates that were in, or support, these services in 2020.

Intellectual Property

We own or have the rights to use certain trade names and trademarks that are registered with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office or other foreign trademark registration offices or exist under common law in the United States and other jurisdictions. Trade names that are important in identifying and distinguishing our business include, but are not limited to, Advantage Solutions, Advantage Sales, Daymon, SAS, Club Demonstration Services, Advantage Marketing Partners and Waypoint. Our rights to some of these trade names and trademarks may be limited to select markets. We also own domain names, including advantagesolutions.net.

We rely on trade secrets, including unpatented know-how, and proprietary systems and information, to maintain and develop our technology-enabled services. We try to protect trade secrets and know-how by taking reasonable steps to keep them confidential, including entering into nondisclosure and confidentiality agreements with our employees, contractors and associates that contain confidentiality obligations and entering into invention assignment commitments that obligate employees, contractors and associates to assign to us any inventions developed in the course of their work for us.

Available Information

We maintain a link to investor relations information on our website, www.advantagesolutions.ne t, where we make available, free of charge, our Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) filings, including our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. All SEC filings are also available at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. our website and the information contained on or connected to our website are not incorporated by reference herein, and our web address is included as an inactive textual reference only.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

Investing in our securities involves risks. Before you make a decision regarding our securities, in addition to the risks and uncertainties discussed above under “Forward-Looking Statements,” you should carefully consider the specific risks set forth herein. If any of these risks actually occur, it may materially harm our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations. As a result, the market price of our securities could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment. Additionally, the risks and uncertainties described in this Annual Report are not the only risks and uncertainties that we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe to be immaterial may become material and adversely affect our business. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes to the financial statements included herein.

Summary of Principal Risks Associated with Our Business

Set forth below is a summary of some of the principal risks we face:

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market-driven wage changes or changes to labor laws or wage or job classification regulations, including minimum wage;
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our ability to hire, timely train, and retain talented individuals for our workforce, and to maintain our corporate culture as we grow;
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the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the measures taken to mitigate its spread including its adverse effects on our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity;
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developments with respect to retailers that are out of our control;
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our ability to continue to generate significant operating cash flow;
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consolidation within the industry of our clients creating pressure on the nature and pricing of our services;
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consumer goods manufacturers and retailers reviewing and changing their sales, retail, marketing, and technology programs and relationships;
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our reliance on continued access to retailers’ platforms;
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our ability to successfully develop and maintain relevant omni-channel services for our clients in an evolving industry and to otherwise adapt to significant technological change;
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client procurement strategies putting additional operational and financial pressure on our services;
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our ability to identify attractive acquisition targets, acquire them at attractive prices, and successfully integrate the acquired businesses;
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difficulties in integrating acquired businesses;
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our ability to avoid or manage business conflicts among competing brands;
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limitations, restrictions, and business decisions involving our joint ventures and minority investments;
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changes in applicable laws or regulations;
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the possibility that we may be adversely affected by other political, economic, business, and/or competitive factors;
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potential and actual harms to our business arising from the matter related to the 2018 acquisition of Take 5 Media Group (the “Take 5 Matter”);
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failure to meet environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) expectations or standards or achieve our ESG goals could adversely affect our business, results of operations financial condition, or stock price;
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our ability to respond to changes in digital practices and policies;
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exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations and risks related to our international operations;
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our substantial indebtedness and our ability to refinance at favorable rates;
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our ability to maintain proper and effective internal control over financial reporting in the future; and
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the ability to maintain applicable listing standards.

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Risks Related to the Company’s Business and Industry

Market-driven wage increases and changes to wage or job classification regulations, including minimum wages could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Market competition has caused and may continue to cause us to increase the salaries or wages paid to our associates or the benefits packages that they receive. If we experience further market-driven increases in salaries, wage rates or benefits packages or if we fail to increase our offered salaries, wages or benefits packages competitively, the quality of our workforce could decline, causing our standards of client service to suffer. Low unemployment rates or lower levels of labor force participation rates may increase the likelihood or impact of such market pressures. Any of these changes affecting wages or benefits for our associates could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Changes in labor laws related to employee hours, wages, job classification and benefits, including health care benefits, could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. As of December 31, 2022, we employed approximately 75,000 associates, many of whom are paid above, but near, applicable minimum wages, and their wages may be affected by changes in minimum wage laws.

Additionally, many of our salaried associates are paid at rates that could be impacted by changes to minimum pay levels for exempt roles. Certain state or municipal jurisdictions in which we operate have recently increased their minimum wage by a significant amount, and other jurisdictions are considering or plan to implement similar actions, which may increase our labor costs. Any increases at the federal, state or municipal level to the minimum pay rate required to remain exempt from overtime pay may adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

An inability to hire, timely train and retain talented individuals for our workforce could slow our growth and adversely impact our ability to operate our business.

Our ability to meet our workforce needs, while controlling associate-related costs, including salaries, wages and benefits, is subject to numerous external factors, including the availability of talented persons in the workforce in the local markets in which we operate, prevailing unemployment rates and competitive wage rates in such markets. We may find that there is an insufficient number of qualified individuals to fill our associate positions with the qualifications we seek. Competition in these communities for qualified staff could require us to pay higher wages and provide greater benefits, especially if there is significant improvement in regional or national economic conditions. We must also train and, in some circumstances, certify these associates under our policies and practices and any applicable legal requirements. If we are unable to hire, timely train or retain talented individuals we may face higher turnover and increased labor costs, which could compromise the quality of our service, and could adversely affect our business.

The COVID-19 pandemic and the measures taken to mitigate its spread have had, and may continue to have, an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.

The COVID-19 pandemic, including the measures taken to mitigate its spread, have had, and may continue to have, adverse effects on our business and operations. There are many uncertainties regarding the current COVID-19 pandemic, including the scope of potential public health issues, the anticipated duration of the pandemic and the extent of local and worldwide social, political and economic disruption it has caused and may cause in the future. To date, the COVID-19 pandemic and measures taken to mitigate the spread of COVID-19, including restrictions on large gatherings, closures of face-to-face events and indoor dining facilities, “shelter in place” health orders and travel restrictions, have had far-reaching direct and indirect impacts on many aspects of our operations, including temporary termination of certain in-store demonstration services and other services, as well as on consumer behavior and purchasing patterns, in particular with respect to the foodservice industries, and declines in consumer demand for restaurant, school and hotel dining, where we promote our clients’ products. In particular, beginning in March 2020, our marketing segment experienced a significant decline in revenues, primarily due to the temporary suspension or reduction of certain in-store demonstration services and decreased demand in our digital marketing services, both of which we believe were caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the various governmental and private responses to the pandemic. In our sales segment, we experienced significant shifts in consumer spending preferences and habits. We can provide no assurances as to when and to what degree those segments will recover from the effects of the foregoing, or when we will be able to continue to evolve our business in the future as the COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact our clients’ businesses.

We have taken several actions in response to these business disruptions, including reducing certain of our discretionary expenditures, reducing our real estate footprint, through lease terminations and amendments (including abandoning several office leases prior to reaching termination agreements with its landlords), eliminating non-essential travel and terminating, furloughing or instituting pay reductions and deferrals for some of our associates. However, the pandemic has had, and may continue to have, an adverse effect on our results of operations, including our revenues, our financial condition and liquidity.

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We cannot predict the full extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic may affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity, and the degree to which it may impact other risk factors described in this Annual Report. However, these effects may continue, evolve or increase in severity, each of which could further negatively impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity. In addition, we may face similar challenges in any future pandemic or significant public health concern that may arise.

Our business and results of operations are affected by developments with and policies of retailers that are out of our control.

A limited number of national retailers account for a large percentage of sales for our consumer goods manufacturer clients. We expect that a significant portion of these clients’ sales will continue to be made through a relatively small number of retailers and that this percentage may increase if the growth of mass retailers and the trend of retailer consolidation continues. As a result, changes in the strategies of large retailers, including a reduction in the number of brands that these retailers carry or an increase in shelf space that they dedicate to private label products, could materially reduce the value of our services to these clients or these clients’ use of our services and, in turn, our revenues and profitability. Many retailers have critically analyzed the number and variety of brands they sell, and have reduced or discontinued the sale of certain of our clients’ product lines at their stores, and more retailers may continue to do so. If this continues to occur and these clients are unable to improve distribution for their products at other retailers, our business or results of operations could be adversely affected. These trends may be accelerated as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Additionally, many retailers, including several of the largest retailers in North America, which own and operate a significant number of the locations at which we provide our services, have implemented or may implement in the future, policies that designate certain service providers to be the exclusive provider or one of their preferred providers for specified services, including many of the services that we provide to such retailers or our clients.

Some of these designations apply across all of such retailers’ stores, while other designations are limited to specific regions. If we are unable to respond effectively to the expectations and demands of such retailers or if retailers do not designate us as their exclusive provider or one of their preferred providers for any reason, they could reduce or restrict the services that we are permitted to perform for our clients at their facilities or require our clients to purchase services from other designated services providers, which include our competitors, either of which could adversely affect our business or results of operations.

Consolidation in the industries we serve could put pressure on the pricing of our services, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Consolidation in the consumer goods and retail industries we serve could reduce aggregate demand for our services in the future and could adversely affect our business or our results of operations. When companies consolidate, the services they previously purchased separately are often purchased by the combined entity, leading to the termination of relationships with certain service providers or demands for reduced fees and commissions. The combined company may also choose to insource certain functions that were historically outsourced, resulting in the termination of existing relationships with third-party service providers. While we attempt to mitigate the revenue impact of any consolidation by maintaining existing or winning new service arrangements with the combined companies, there can be no assurance as to the degree to which we will be able to do so as consolidation continues in the industries we serve, and our business, financial condition or results of operations may be adversely affected.

Consumer goods manufacturers and retailers may periodically review and change their sales, retail, marketing and technology programs and relationships to our detriment.

The consumer goods manufacturers and retailers to whom we provide our business solutions operate in highly competitive and rapidly changing environments. From time to time these parties may put their sales, retail, marketing and technology programs and relationships up for competitive review, which may increase in frequency as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and its impacts on the consumer goods manufacturers and retailer industries. We have occasionally lost accounts with significant clients as a result of these reviews in the past, and our clients are typically able to reduce or cancel current or future spending on our services on short notice for any reason. We believe that key competitive considerations for retaining existing and winning new accounts include our ability to develop solutions that meet the needs of these manufacturers and retailers in this environment, the quality and effectiveness of our services and our ability to operate efficiently. To the extent that we are not able to develop these solutions, maintain the quality and effectiveness of our services or operate efficiently, we may not be able to retain key clients, and our business, financial condition or results of operations may be adversely affected.

Our largest clients generate a significant portion of our revenues.

Our three largest clients generated approximately 13% of our revenues in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. These clients are generally able to reduce or cancel spending on our services on short notice for any reason. A significant reduction in spending on our services by our largest clients, or the loss of one or more of our largest clients, if not replaced by new clients or an

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increase in business from existing clients, would adversely affect our business and results of operations. In addition, when large retailers suspend or reduce in-store demonstration services, such as in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, our business and results of operations can be adversely affected.

We are reliant on continued access to retailer platforms on commercially reasonable terms for the provision of certain of our e-commerce services in which our clients’ products are resold by us, as the vendor of record, directly to the consumer.

A growing portion of the e-commerce services we provide involve the purchase and resale by us, as the vendor of record, of our clients’ products through retailer platforms. The control that retailers such as Amazon have over the access and fee structures and/or pricing for products on their platforms could impact the volume of purchases of these products made on their platform and our revenues from the provision of such e-commerce services. If such retailers establish terms that restrict the offering of these products on their platform, significantly impact the financial terms on which such products are offered, or do not approve the inclusion of such products on their platform, our business could be negatively impacted. Additionally, we also generally rely on a retailer’s payment processing services for purchases made on its platform by consumers. To the extent such payment processing services are offered to us on less favorable terms, or become unavailable to us for any reason, our costs of revenue with respect to this aspect of our business could increase, and our margins could be materially adversely impacted. We cannot assure you that we will be successful in maintaining access to these retailer platforms on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.

The retail industry is evolving, and if we do not successfully develop and maintain relevant omni-channel services for our clients, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be adversely impacted.

Historically, substantially all of our sales segment revenues were generated by sales and services that ultimately occurred in traditional retail stores. The retail industry is evolving, as demonstrated by the number of retailers that offer both traditional retail stores and e-commerce platforms or exclusively e-commerce platforms. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic has placed pressure on the traditional retail store model, including store closures, changes in consumer spending, and extensive health and safety risks and compliance requirements. Consumers are increasingly using computers, tablets, mobile phones and other devices to comparison shop, determine product availability and complete purchases online, a trend that has accelerated during the COVID-19 pandemic, and which may continue thereafter. If consumers continue to purchase more products online and e-commerce continues to displace brick-and-mortar retail sales, there may be a decrease in the demand for certain of our services. Omni-channel retailing is rapidly evolving and we believe we will need to keep pace with the changing consumer expectations and new developments by our competitors.

While we continue to seek to develop effective omni-channel solutions for our clients that support both their e-commerce and traditional retail needs, there can be no assurances that these efforts will result in revenue gains sufficient to offset potential decreases associated with a decline in traditional retail sales or that we will be able to maintain our position as a leader in our industry. If we are unable to provide, improve or develop innovative digital services and solutions in a timely manner or at all, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be adversely impacted.

We may be unable to adapt to significant technological change, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We operate businesses that require sophisticated data collection, processing and software for analysis and insights. Some of the technologies supporting the industries we serve are changing rapidly, particularly as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. We will be required to continue to adapt to changing technologies, either by developing and marketing new services or by enhancing our existing services, to meet client demand.

Moreover, the introduction of new services embodying new technologies, including automation of certain of our in-store services, and the emergence of new industry standards could render existing services obsolete. Our continued success will depend on our ability to adapt to changing technologies, manage and process increasing amounts of data and information and improve the performance, features and reliability of our existing services in response to changing client and industry demands. We may experience difficulties that could delay or prevent the successful design, development, testing, introduction or marketing of our services. New services or enhancements to existing services may not adequately meet the requirements of current and prospective clients or achieve market acceptance.

Our ability to maintain our competitive position depends on our ability to attract and retain talented executives.

We believe that our continued success depends to a significant extent upon the efforts, abilities and relationships of our senior executives and the strength of our middle management team. Although we have entered into employment agreements with certain of our senior executives, each of them may terminate their employment with us at any time. The replacement of any of our senior executives likely would involve significant time and costs and may significantly delay or prevent the achievement of our business

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objectives and could therefore have an adverse impact on our business. In addition, we do not carry any “key person” insurance policies that could offset potential loss of service under applicable circumstances. Furthermore, if we are unable to attract and retain a talented team of middle management executives, it may be difficult to maintain the expertise and industry relationships that our clients value, and they may terminate or reduce their relationship with us.

Client procurement and fee reduction strategies could put additional operational and financial pressure on our services or negatively impact our relationships, business, financial condition or results of operations.

Many of our clients seek opportunities to reduce their costs through procurement strategies that reduce fees paid to third-party service providers. As a result, certain of our clients have sought, and may continue to seek, more aggressive terms from us, including with respect to pricing and payment terms. Such activities put operational and financial pressure on our business, which could limit the amounts we earn or delay the timing of our cash receipts. Such activities may also cause disputes with our clients or negatively impact our relationships or financial results. Our clients have experienced, and may continue to experience, increases in their expenses associated with materials and logistics, which may cause them to reduce expenses elsewhere. While we attempt to mitigate negative implications to client relationships and the revenue impact of any pricing pressure by aligning our revenues opportunity with satisfactory client outcomes, there can be no assurance as to the degree to which we will be able to do so successfully. Additionally, price concessions can lead to margin compression, which in turn could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

If we fail to offer high-quality customer service, our business and reputation may suffer.

High-quality education, training and customer service are important for successful marketing and sales and for the renewal of existing customers and for the pursuit of new customers. Providing this education, training and service requires that our personnel who manage our online training resource or provide customer service have specific inbound experience domain knowledge and expertise, making it more difficult for us to hire qualified personnel and to scale up our support operations. If we do not help our customers use multiple applications and provide effective ongoing service, our ability to sell additional functionality and services to, or to retain, existing customers may suffer and our reputation with existing or potential customers may be harmed.

We may be adversely affected if clients reduce their outsourcing of sales and marketing functions.

Our business and growth strategies depend in large part on companies continuing to elect to outsource sales and marketing functions. Our clients and potential clients will outsource if they perceive that outsourcing may provide quality services at a lower overall cost and permit them to focus on their core business activities and have done so in the past. We cannot be certain that the industry trend to outsource will continue or not be reversed or that clients that have historically outsourced functions will not decide to perform these functions themselves. Unfavorable developments with respect to outsourcing could adversely affect on our business, financial conditions and results of operations.

If we are unable to identify attractive acquisition targets, acquire them at attractive prices or successfully integrate the acquired businesses, we may be unsuccessful in growing our business.

A significant portion of our growth has been as a result of our acquisition of complementary businesses that grow our service offerings, expand our geographic reach and strengthen valuable relationships with clients. However, there can be no assurance that we will find attractive acquisition targets, that we will acquire them at attractive prices, that we will succeed at effectively managing the integration of acquired businesses into our existing operations or that such acquired businesses or technologies will be well received by our clients, potential clients or our investors. We could also encounter higher-than-expected earn-out payments, unforeseen transaction- and integration-related costs or delays or other circumstances such as disputes with or the loss of key or other personnel from acquired businesses, challenges or delays in integrating systems or technology of acquired businesses, a deterioration in our associate and client relationships, harm to our reputation with clients, interruptions in our business activities or unforeseen or higher-than-expected inherited liabilities. Many of these potential circumstances are outside of our control and any of them could result in increased costs, decreased revenue, decreased synergies or the diversion of management time and attention.

In order for us to continue to grow our business through acquisitions we will need to identify appropriate acquisition opportunities and acquire them at attractive prices. We may choose to pay cash, incur debt or issue equity securities to pay for any such acquisition. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed obligations and could also include covenants or other restrictions that would impede our ability to manage our operations. The sale of equity to finance any such acquisition could result in dilution to our stockholders.

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We may encounter significant difficulties integrating acquired businesses.

The integration of any businesses is a complex, costly and time-consuming process. As a result, we have devoted, and will continue to devote, significant management attention and resources to integrating acquired businesses. The failure to meet the challenges involved in integrating businesses and to realize the anticipated benefits of any acquisition could cause an interruption of, or a loss of momentum in, the activities of our combined business and could adversely affect our results of operations. The difficulties of combining acquired businesses with our own include, among others:

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the diversion of management attention to integration matters;
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difficulties in integrating functional roles, processes and systems, including accounting systems;
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challenges in conforming standards, controls, procedures and accounting and other policies, business cultures and compensation structures between the two companies;
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difficulties in assimilating, attracting and retaining key personnel;
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challenges in keeping existing clients and obtaining new clients;
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difficulties in achieving anticipated cost savings, synergies, business opportunities and growth prospects from an acquisition;
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difficulties in managing the expanded operations of a significantly larger and more complex business;
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contingent liabilities, including contingent tax liabilities or litigation, that may be larger than expected; and
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potential unknown liabilities, adverse consequences or unforeseen increased expenses associated with an acquisition, including possible adverse tax consequences to the combined business pursuant to changes in applicable tax laws or regulations.

Many of these factors are outside of our control, and any one of them could result in increased costs, decreased expected revenues and diversion of management time and energy, all of which could adversely impact our business and results of operations. These difficulties have been enhanced further during the COVID-19 pandemic as a result of our office closures and work-from home policies, which may hinder assimilation of key personnel.

If we are not able to successfully integrate an acquisition, if we incur significantly greater costs to achieve the expected synergies than we anticipate or if activities related to the expected synergies have unintended consequences, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be adversely affected.

Divestitures or other dispositions could negatively impact our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We continually assess the strategic fit of our existing businesses and may divest, spin-off, split-off or otherwise dispose of businesses that are deemed not to fit with our strategic plan or are not achieving the desired return on investment. Such transactions pose risks and challenges that could negatively impact our business and financial statements. For example, when we decide to sell or otherwise dispose of a business or assets, we may be unable to do so on satisfactory terms within our anticipated timeframe or at all, and even after reaching a definitive agreement to sell or dispose a business the sale is typically subject to satisfaction of pre-closing conditions which may not become satisfied. In addition, divestitures or other dispositions could decrease our Adjusted EBITDA or have other adverse financial, tax and accounting impacts and distract management, and disputes can arise with buyers. Such transactions may result in disputes with buyers that could be difficult or costly to resolve. The resolution of any such disputes could adversely affect for our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Divestitures or other dispositions could have significant accounting and tax implications that could negatively impact our business, financial condition or results of operations.

If we approve plans to divest or dispose a business unit, accounting rules require us to reclassify assets associated with such business unit, including the value of contracts, client relationships, goodwill and other intangible assets, as assets held for sale. Assets held for sale are recorded at the lower of their carrying value or fair value, less estimated costs to sell, and any required impairment charge is recorded upon reclassification of the assets to held for sale. Allocating goodwill to assets held for sale requires us to make certain assumptions about a business unit, including the financial performance of such business unit against our company as a whole. There are inherent uncertainties related to these estimates and assumptions. If actual results differ from our estimates or assumptions, including our estimated costs to sell, additional charges may be required in the future. If future charges are significant, this could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. We will assess each divestiture or other disposition from a tax perspective and such assessment will rely on certain facts, assumptions, representations and undertakings regarding the past and future conduct of our

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businesses and other matters. If any of these facts, assumptions, representations or undertakings are incorrect or not satisfied, we could be subject to significant tax liabilities that minimize the benefits of such divestiture or other disposition.

Our corporate culture has contributed to our success and, if we are unable to maintain it as we evolve, our business, operating results and financial condition could be harmed.

We believe our corporate culture has been a significant factor in our success. However, as our company evolves, including through acquisitions and the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, such as working remotely and reductions in workforce, it may be difficult to maintain our culture, which could reduce our ability to innovate and operate effectively. The failure to maintain the key aspects of our culture as our organization evolves could result in decreased employee satisfaction, increased difficulty in attracting top talent, increased turnover and compromised the quality of our client service, all of which are important to our success and to the effective execution of our business strategy. If we are unable to maintain our corporate culture as we evolve and execute our growth strategies, our business, operating results and financial condition could be harmed.

Acquiring new clients and retaining existing clients depends on our ability to avoid or manage business conflicts among competing brands.

Our ability to acquire new clients and to retain existing clients, whether by expansion of our own operations or through an acquired business may in some cases be limited by the other parties’ perceptions of, or policies concerning, perceived competitive conflicts arising from our other relationships. Some of our contracts expressly restrict our ability to represent competitors of the counterparty. These perceived competitive conflicts may also become more challenging to avoid or manage as a result of continued consolidation in the consumer goods and retail industries and our own acquisitions. If we are unable to avoid or manage business conflicts among competing manufacturers and retailers, we may be unable to acquire new clients or be forced to terminate existing client relationships, and in either case, our business and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Limitations, restrictions and business decisions involving our joint ventures and minority investments may adversely affect our growth and results of operations.

We have made substantial investments in joint ventures and minority investments and may use these and other similar methods to expand our service offerings and geographical coverage in the future. These arrangements typically involve other business services companies as partners that may be competitors of ours in certain markets. Joint venture agreements may place limitations or restrictions on our services. For example, as part of our joint venture with, and investments in Smollan, we are restricted under certain circumstances from making direct acquisitions and otherwise expanding our service offerings into markets outside of North America and Europe. The limitations and restrictions tied to our joint venture and minority investments limit our potential business opportunities and reduce the economic opportunity for certain prospective international investments and operations.

Additionally, though we control our joint ventures, we may rely upon our equity partners or local management for operational and compliance matters associated with our joint ventures or minority investments. Moreover, our other equity partners and minority investments may have business interests, strategies or goals that are inconsistent with ours. Business decisions, including actions or omissions, of a joint venture or other equity partner or management for a business unit may adversely affect the value of our investment, result in litigation or regulatory action against us or adversely affect our growth and results of operations.

Our international operations expose us to risks that could impede growth in the future, and our attempts to grow our business internationally may not be successful.

We continue to explore opportunities in major international markets. International operations expose us to various additional risks that could adversely affect our business, including:

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costs of customizing services for clients outside of the United States;
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the burdens of complying with a wide variety of foreign laws;
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potential difficulty in enforcing contracts;
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being subject to U.S. laws and regulations governing international operations, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and sanctions regimes;
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being subject to foreign anti-bribery laws in the jurisdictions in which we operate, such as the UK Bribery Act;
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reduced protection for intellectual property rights;
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increased financial accounting and reporting complexity;

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additional legal compliance requirements, including custom and import requirements with respect to products imported to and exported across international borders;
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exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations;
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exposure to local economic conditions;
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limitations on the repatriation of funds or profits from foreign operations;
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exposure to local political conditions, including adverse tax policies, civil unrest and war;
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the risks of a natural disaster, public health crisis (including the occurrence of a contagious disease or illness, such as the coronavirus), an outbreak of war, the escalation of hostilities and acts of terrorism in the jurisdictions in which we operate; and
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the disparate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, including the measures taken to mitigate its spread, across various jurisdictions.

We have a minority interest in a European company that has majority-ownership interests in local agencies in Russia. During the first quarter of 2022, the war in Ukraine resulted in the imposition of sanctions by the United States, the United Kingdom, and the European Union, that affected, and continues to affect, the cross-border operations of businesses operating in Russia. In addition, Russian regulators have imposed currency restrictions and regulations that created uncertainty regarding our ability to recover our investment in operations in Russia, as well as our ability to exercise control or influence over operations by the local agencies in Russia. As a result, we intend to use our influence to cause the European company to dispose of its ownership interests in the local agencies in Russia, and we may not recover our initial investment in full or at all.

Additionally, the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union, or “Brexit,” has created economic and political uncertainty, including volatility in global financial markets and the value of foreign currencies. The impact of Brexit may not be fully realized for several years. Additionally, in many countries outside of the United States, there has not been a historical practice of using third parties to provide sales and marketing services. Accordingly, while it is part of our strategy to expand into international markets, it may be difficult for us to grow our international business units on a timely basis, or at all.

We may be subject to unionization, work stoppages, slowdowns or increased labor costs.

Currently, none of our associates in the United States are represented by a union. However, our associates have the right under the National Labor Relations Act to choose union representation. If all or a significant number of our associates become unionized and the terms of any collective bargaining agreement were significantly different from our current compensation arrangements, it could increase our costs and adversely impact our profitability. Moreover, if a significant number of our associates participate in labor unions, it could put us at increased risk of labor strikes and disruption of our operations or adversely affect our growth and results of operations. In December 2019, a union which commonly represents employees in the supermarket industry filed a petition with the National Labor Relations Board to represent approximately 120 of our associates who work in and around Boston. An election was held, and based on certified results of the election we prevailed in this election. Notwithstanding this successful election, we could face future union organization efforts or elections, which could lead to additional costs, distract management or otherwise harm our business.

If goodwill or other intangible assets in connection with our acquisitions become impaired, we could take significant non-cash charges against earnings.

We have made acquisitions to complement and expand the services we offer and intend to continue to do so when attractive acquisition opportunities exist in the market. As a result of prior acquisitions, including the acquisition of our business in 2014 by our current parent entity, Karman Topco L.P. (“Topco”), we have goodwill and intangible assets recorded on our balance sheet of $0.9 billion and $1.9 billion, respectively, as of December 31, 2022, as further described in Note 3, Goodwill and Intangible Assets to our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Under accounting guidelines, we must assess, at least annually, whether the value of goodwill and other intangible assets has been impaired. For example, during the year ended December 31, 2022, and in connection with our annual impairment assessment of goodwill and intangible assets, we recognized non-cash goodwill and non-cash intangible asset impairment charges of $1,367.5 million and $205.0 million, respectively, in our reporting units and indefinite-lived trade names. While there was no single determinative event or factor, the consideration of the weight of evidence of several factors included: (a) sustained decline in our share price; (b) challenges in the labor market and continued inflationary pressures; and (c) an increase to the discount rate as a result of the recent increases in the interest rates which adversely affected the results of the quantitative impairment tests.

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We can make no assurances that we will not record any additional impairment charges in the future. Any future reduction or impairment of the value of goodwill or other intangible assets will similarly result in charges against earnings, which could adversely affect our reported financial results in future periods.

Failures in, or incidents involving, our technology infrastructure could damage our business, reputation and brand and substantially harm our business and results of operations.

Our business is highly dependent on our ability to manage operations and process a large number of transactions on a daily basis. We rely heavily on our operating, payroll, financial, accounting and other data processing systems which require substantial support and maintenance, and may be subject to disabilities, errors, or other harms. If our data and network infrastructure were to fail, or if we were to suffer a data security breach, or an interruption or degradation of services in our data center, third-party cloud, and other infrastructure environments, we could lose important data, which could harm our business and reputation, and cause us to incur significant liabilities. Our facilities, as well as the facilities of third-parties that provide or maintain, or have access to our data or network infrastructure, are vulnerable to damage or interruption from earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, fires, cyber security attacks, terrorist attacks, power losses, telecommunications failures and similar events. In the event that our or any third-party provider’s systems or service abilities are hindered by any of the events discussed above, our ability to operate may be impaired. Our information technology systems, and the information technology systems of our current or future third-party vendors, collaborators, consultants and service providers, could be penetrated by internal or external parties intent on extracting information, corrupting information, stealing intellectual property or trade secrets, or disrupting business processes. A third party’s decision to close facilities or terminate services without adequate notice, or other unanticipated problems, could adversely impact our operations. Any of the aforementioned risks may be augmented if our or any third-party provider’s business continuity and disaster recovery plans prove to be inadequate in preventing the loss of data, service interruptions, disruptions to our operations or damages to important systems or facilities. Our data center, third-party cloud, and managed service provider infrastructure also could be subject to break-ins, cyber-attacks (including through the use of malware, software bugs, computer viruses, ransomware, social engineering, and denial of service), sabotage, intentional acts of vandalism and other misconduct, from a spectrum of actors ranging in sophistication from threats common to most industries to more advanced and persistent, highly organized adversaries. Any security breach or incident, including personal data breaches, that we experience could result in unauthorized access to, or misuse, modification, destruction or unauthorized acquisition of, our internal sensitive corporate data, such as personal data, financial data, trade secrets, intellectual property, or other competitively sensitive or confidential data. Such unauthorized access, misuse, acquisition, or modification of sensitive data may result in data loss, corruption or alteration, interruptions in our operations or damage to our computer hardware or systems or those of our employees or customers. Our systems have been the target of cyber-attacks. Although we have taken and continue to take steps to enhance our cybersecurity posture, we cannot assure that future cyber incidents will not occur or that our systems will not be targeted or breached in the future. Any such breach or unauthorized access could result in a disruption of the Company’s operations, the theft, unauthorized use or publication of the Company’s intellectual property, other proprietary information or the personal information of customers, employees, licensees or suppliers, a reduction of the revenues the Company is able to generate from its operations, damage to the Company’s brand and reputation, a loss of confidence in the security of the Company’s business and products, and significant legal and financial exposure. If any such incident results in litigation, we may be required to make significant expenditures in the course of such litigation and may be required to pay significant amounts in damages. We may not carry sufficient business interruption insurance to compensate us for losses that may occur as a result of any events that cause interruptions in our service. Significant unavailability of our services due to attacks could cause us to incur significant liability, could cause users to cease using our services and materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

We use complex software in our technology infrastructure, which we seek to continually update and improve. Replacing such systems is often time-consuming and expensive and can also be intrusive to daily business operations. Further, we may not always be successful in executing these upgrades and improvements, which may result in a failure of our systems. We may experience periodic system interruptions from time to time. Any slowdown or failure of our underlying technology infrastructure could harm our business and reputation, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations. Our disaster recovery plan or those of our third-party providers may be inadequate, and our business interruption insurance may not be sufficient to compensate us for the losses that could occur.

Failure to comply with federal, state and foreign laws and regulations relating to privacy, data protection and consumer protection, or the expansion of current or the enactment of new laws or regulations relating to privacy, data protection and consumer protection, could adversely affect our business and our financial condition.

A variety of federal, state and foreign laws and regulations govern the collection, use, retention, sharing and security of personal information. The information, security and privacy requirements imposed by such governmental laws and regulations relating to privacy, data protection and consumer protection are increasingly demanding, quickly evolving and may be subject to differing interpretations. These requirements may not be harmonized, may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another or may conflict with other rules or our practices. As a result, our practices may not have complied or may not

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comply in the future with all such laws, regulations, requirements and obligations. Our actual or perceived failure to comply with such laws and regulations could result in fines, investigations, enforcement actions, penalties, sanctions, claims for damages by affected individuals, and damage to our reputation, among other negative consequences, any of which could have a material adverse effect on its financial performance.

We are subject to the California Consumer Protection Act of 2018, which became effective in 2020, as well as its amendment, the California Privacy Rights Act of 2020 (“CPRA,” and together, the “CCPA”), which went into effect on January 1, 2023. The CCPA regulates the collection, use and processing of personal information relating to California residents, and which grants certain privacy rights to California residents, including rights to request access to and to request deletion of personal information relating to such individuals under certain circumstances. Compliance with the new obligations imposed by the CCPA depends in part on how its requirements are interpreted and applied by the California attorney general, courts, and the new California Privacy Protection Agency. Alleged violations of the CCPA may result in substantial civil penalties or statutory damages when applied at scale, up to $2,500 per violation or $7,500 per intentional violation of any CCPA requirement, which may be applied on a per-person or per-record basis. The CCPA also establishes a private right of action if certain personal information of individuals is subject to an unauthorized access and exfiltration, theft, or disclosure as a result of a business’s violation of the duty to implement and maintain reasonable security procedures and practices, which authorizes statutory damages $100 to $750 per person per incident even if there is no actual harm or damage to plaintiffs. This private right of action may increase the likelihood of, and risks associated with, data breach litigation. Further, the CPRA includes additional and strengthened privacy rights for California residents, new requirements regarding sensitive data and data sharing for digital advertising, and tripled damages for violations involving children’s data.

The selling and sharing of personal information by businesses for digital advertising and marketing purposes remains a priority of regulators, including the Federal Trade Commission and California Attorney General. In August 2022, the California Attorney General announced its first enforcement action under the CCPA against a retailer that to pay penalties and comply with injunctive terms, including overhauling its online disclosures and opt-out rights and providing regular reports to the California Attorney General regarding its data sharing practices. On January 27, 2023, the California Attorney General announced another CCPA enforcement sweep targeted at businesses with mobile apps, including popular apps in the retail, travel, and food service industries.

Four other states –Virginia, Colorado, Connecticut, and Utah – have passed their own comprehensive privacy laws to go into effect throughout 2023. Like the CCPA, these laws regulate the collection, use and processing of personal information relating to residents of the respective states, and grants certain privacy rights to those residents. Other states are expected to consider and potentially pass similar privacy laws in 2023.

We are also subject to international privacy laws and regulations, many of which, such as the General Data Privacy Regulation (“GDPR”) and national laws implementing or supplementing the GDPR, such as the United Kingdom Data Protection Law 2018 (which retains key features of GDPR post-Brexit), are significantly more stringent than those currently enforced in the United States. The GDPR requires companies to meet requirements regarding the handling of personal data of individuals located in the European Economic Area (the “EEA”). The GDPR imposes mandatory data breach notification requirements subject to a 72-hour notification deadline. The GDPR also includes significant penalties for noncompliance, which may result in monetary penalties of up to the higher of €20.0 million or 4% of a group’s worldwide turnover for the preceding financial year for the most serious violations. The GDPR and other similar regulations require companies to give specific types of notice and informed consent is required for the placement of a cookie or similar technologies on a user’s device for online tracking for behavioral advertising and other purposes and for direct electronic marketing, and the GDPR also imposes additional conditions in order to satisfy such consent, such as a prohibition on pre-checked tick boxes and bundled consents. Enforcement of the GDPR and related regulations varies by each EU Member State and is ongoing. Further laws and regulations on these topics are forthcoming, including the Regulation on Privacy and Electronic Communications (“ePrivacy Regulation”), Digital Services Act (“DSA”), and Digital Markets Act (“DMA”). The GDPR may increase our responsibility and liability in relation to personal data that we process where that processing is subject to the GDPR. In addition, we may be required to put in place additional mechanisms to ensure compliance with the GDPR, including GDPR requirements as implemented by individual countries. Compliance with the GDPR will be a rigorous and time-intensive process that may increase our cost of doing business or require us to change our business practices.

In addition, under GDPR, transfers of personal data are prohibited to countries outside of the EEA that have not been determined by the European Commission to provide adequate protections for personal data, including the United States. There are mechanisms to permit the transfer of personal data from the EEA to the United States, but there is also uncertainty as to the future of such mechanisms, which have been under consistent scrutiny and challenge. In July 2020, a decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union invalidated the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield Framework, a means that previously permitted transfers of personal data from the EEA to companies in the United States that certified adherence to the Privacy Shield Framework. It is currently unclear what, if any, arrangement may replace the Privacy Shield Framework, though a new EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework is being considered by U.S. and EU authorities as of February 2023. Standard contractual clauses approved by the European Commission to permit transfers from the EU to third countries currently remain as a basis on which to transfer personal data from the EEA to other countries.

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However, the standard contractual clauses are also subject to legal challenge, and in November 2020, the European Commission published a draft of updated standard contractual clauses. In January 2022, for example, Austria’s data protection authority determined that the use of Google Analytics violated the GDPR and the Court of Justice of the European Union’s “Schrems II” decision on international data transfers. We presently rely on standard contractual clauses to transfer personal data from EEA member countries, and we may be impacted by changes in law as a result of future review or invalidation of, or changes to, this mechanism by European courts or regulators. While we will continue to undertake efforts to conform to current regulatory obligations and evolving best practices, we may be unsuccessful in conforming to permitted means of transferring personal data from the European Economic Area. We may also experience hesitancy, reluctance, or refusal by European or multi-national customers to continue to use some of our services due to the potential risk exposure of personal data transfers and the current data protection obligations imposed on them by certain data protection authorities. Such customers may also view any alternative approaches to the transfer of any personal data as being too costly, too burdensome, or otherwise objectionable, and therefore may decide not to do business with us if the transfer of personal data is a necessary requirement.

Although we take reasonable efforts to comply with all applicable laws and regulations and have invested and continue to invest human and technology resources into data privacy compliance efforts, there can be no assurance that we will not be subject to regulatory action, including fines, in the event of an incident or other claim. Data protection laws and requirements may also be enacted, interpreted or applied in a manner that creates inconsistent or contradictory requirements on companies that operate across jurisdictions. We or our third-party service providers could be adversely affected if legislation or regulations are expanded to require changes in our or our third-party service providers’ business practices or if governing jurisdictions interpret or implement their legislation or regulations in ways that negatively affect our or our third-party service providers’ business, results of operations or financial condition. For example, we may find it necessary to establish alternative systems to maintain personal data in the EEA, which may involve substantial expense and may cause us to divert resources from other aspects of our business, all of which may adversely affect our results from operations. Further, any inability to adequately address privacy concerns in connection with our solutions, or comply with applicable privacy or data protection laws, regulations and policies, could result in additional cost and liability to us, and adversely affect our ability to offer our solutions. GDPR, CCPA and other similar laws and regulations, as well as any associated inquiries or investigations or any other government actions, may be costly to comply with, result in negative publicity, increase our operating costs, require significant management time and attention and subject us to remedies that may harm our business, including fines or demands or orders that we modify or cease existing business practices. Our systems may not be able to satisfy these changing requirements and manufacturer, retailer and associate expectations, or may require significant additional investments or time in order to do so.

We expect that new industry standards, laws and regulations will continue to be proposed regarding privacy, data protection and information security in many jurisdictions, including the European e-Privacy Regulation, which is currently in draft form, as well as at the U.S. federal and state levels. In addition, new data processes and datasets associated with emerging technologies are coming under increased regulatory scrutiny, such as biometrics and automated decision-making. We cannot yet determine the impact such future laws, regulations and standards may have on our business. Complying with these evolving obligations is challenging, time consuming and expensive, and federal regulators, state attorneys general and plaintiff’s attorneys have been, and will likely continue to be, active in this space. Expanding definitions and interpretations of what constitutes “personal data” (or the equivalent) within the United States, the EEA and elsewhere may increase our compliance costs and legal liability. For example, various state privacy proposals have included a private right of action for basic privacy violations which, if passed, would dramatically increase both the legal costs of defending frivolous lawsuits and the penalties and costs associated with alleged violations.

Civil litigation, including class actions, remains another source of potential liability under privacy laws. For example, cases filed under Illinois’ Biometric Information Privacy Act (“BIPA”) have resulted in large settlement amounts and damages awards against other companies due to the presence of statutory damages under that law. As another example, website owners and operators saw a wave of putative class actions filed against them in 2022 under the California Invasion of Privacy Act (“CIPA”) and similar federal and state surveillance and wiretapping laws, with claims centering on websites’ deployment of session monitoring, keylogging, chatbots, and other tracking and monitoring technologies. The inconsistency among court rulings regarding these legal claims renders the likelihood and dollar amount of potential liability and/or settlement value difficult to accurately quantify.

A data breach or any failure, or perceived failure, by us to comply with any federal, state or foreign privacy or consumer protection-related laws, regulations or other principles or orders to which we may be subject or other legal obligations relating to privacy or consumer protection could adversely affect our reputation, brand and business, and may result in fines, enforcement actions, sanctions, claims (including claims for damages by affected individuals), investigations, proceedings or actions against us by governmental entities or others, or other penalties or liabilities or require us to change our operations and/or cease using certain data sets, among other negative consequences, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Moreover, the proliferation of supply chain-based cyberattacks and vendor security incidents increases these potential risks and costs even in cases where the attack did not target us, occur on our systems, or result from any action or inaction by us. Depending on the nature of the information compromised, we may also have obligations to notify users, law enforcement, regulators, business partners or payment

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companies about the incident and provide some form of remedy, such as refunds or identity theft monitoring services, for the individuals affected by the incident.

The Take 5 Matter may lead to additional harms, risks and uncertainties for us, including litigation and governmental investigations, a reduction in revenue, a potential deterioration in our relationships or reputation and a loss in investor confidence.

As further described elsewhere in this Annual Report, we acquired the business of Take 5 Media Group in April 2018, and a result of an investigation into that business, we terminated all operations of the Take 5, including the use of its associated trade names and the offering of its services to its clients and offered refunds to clients of collected revenues attributable to the period after our acquisition. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Take 5 Matter” and “Legal Proceedings.”

As a result of these matters, we may be subject to a number of additional harms, risks and uncertainties, including substantial costs for accounting and legal fees in connection with or related to the restatement, potential lawsuits by clients or other interested parties who claim to have been harmed by the misconduct at Take 5, other costs and fees related to the Take 5 Matter (in excess of the amounts already being offered as refunds), potential governmental investigations arising from the Take 5 Matter, a reduction in our current and anticipated revenue and a potential deterioration in our associate and client relationships or our reputation. In addition, if we do not prevail in any litigation or governmental investigation related to these matters, we could be subject to costs related to such litigation or governmental investigation, including equitable relief, civil monetary damages, treble damages, repayment or criminal penalties, which may not be covered by insurance or may materially increase our insurance costs. We have incurred and will continue to incur additional substantial defense and investigation costs regardless of the outcome of any such litigation or governmental investigation. In addition, there can be no assurance to what degree, if any, we will be able to recover any such costs or damages from the former owners of Take 5 or whether such former owners of Take 5 engaged in further unknown improper activities that may subject us to further costs or damages, including potential reputational harm. Likewise, such events have caused and may cause further diversion of our management’s time and attention. Any adverse outcome related to these matters cannot be predicted at this time, and may materially harm our business, reputation, financial condition and/or results of operations, or the trading price of our securities.

Our business is seasonal in nature and quarterly operating results can fluctuate.

Our services are seasonal in nature, with the fourth fiscal quarter typically generating a higher proportion of our revenues than other fiscal quarters. Adverse events, such as deteriorating economic conditions, higher unemployment, higher gas prices, public transportation disruptions, public health crises (including the COVID-19 pandemic) or unanticipated adverse weather, could result in lower-than-planned sales during key revenue-producing seasons. For example, frequent or unusually heavy snowfall, ice storms, rainstorms, windstorms or other extreme weather conditions over a prolonged period could make it difficult for consumers to travel to retail stores or foodservice locations. Such events could lead to lower revenues, negatively impacting our financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is competitive, and increased competition could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

The sales, marketing and merchandising services industry is competitive. We face competition from a few other large, national or super-regional agencies as well as many niche and regional agencies. Remaining competitive in this industry requires that we closely monitor and respond to trends in all industry sectors. We cannot assure you that we will be able to anticipate and respond successfully to such trends in a timely manner. Moreover, some of our competitors may choose to sell services competitive to ours at lower prices by accepting lower margins and profitability or may be able to sell services competitive to ours at lower prices due to proprietary ownership of data or technical superiority, which could negatively impact the rates that we can charge. If we are unable to compete successfully, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and our results of operations. If certain competitors were to combine into integrated sales, marketing and merchandising services companies, additional sales, marketing and merchandising service companies were to enter the market or existing participants in this industry were to become more competitive, including through technological innovation such as social media and crowdsourcing, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our business is subject to risks associated with climate change.

The effects of climate change, and a resulting shift to a lower carbon economy, could present several climate-related risks for our business. Physical risks from climate change could result in both chronic and acute perils including, but not limited to, extreme weather, changes in precipitation and temperature, and rising sea levels, all of which may result in a decrease in demand for our services from or our ability to provide services to our clients, many of whom are in the retail industry, located in the areas affected by these conditions. Should the impact of climate change be severe or occur for lengthy periods of time, climate change could further

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adversely impact business continuity for ourselves and our clients, which, in turn, could similarly adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.

Failure to meet environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) expectations or standards or achieve our ESG goals could adversely affect our business, results of operations financial condition, or stock price.

In recent years, there has been an increased focus from stakeholders, regulators and the public in general on ESG matters, including greenhouse gas emissions and climate-related risks, renewable energy, water stewardship, waste management, diversity, equality and inclusion, responsible sourcing and supply chain, human rights, and social responsibility, including changes in laws and regulations related to compliance and disclosure obligations related thereto. We actively seek to address this focus and comply with the evolving laws and regulations related thereto. However, compliance with such laws and regulations may result in increased operating costs for us. In addition, if we are unable to comply with laws and regulations or implement effective ESG strategies, our reputation among our clients and investors may be damaged and we may incur fines and/or penalties. Moreover, there can be no assurance that any of our ESG strategies will result in improved results.

Damage to our reputation could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our reputation and the quality of our brand are critical to our business and success in existing markets and will be critical to our success as we enter new markets. We believe that we have built our reputation on the high quality of our sales and marketing services, our commitment to our clients and our performance-based culture, and we must protect and grow the value of our brand in order for us to continue to be successful. Any incident that erodes client loyalty to our brand could significantly reduce its value and damage our business. Also, there has been a marked increase in the use of social media platforms and similar devices, including blogs, social media websites, Twitter and other forms of internet-based communications that provide individuals with access to a broad audience of consumers and other interested persons. Many social media platforms immediately publish the content their subscribers and participants post, often without filters or checks on accuracy of the content posted. Information concerning us may be posted on such platforms at any time. Information posted may be adverse to our interests or may be inaccurate, each of which may harm our performance, prospects or business. The harm may be immediate without affording us an opportunity for redress or correction.

We rely on third parties to provide certain data and services in connection with the provision of our services.

We rely on third parties to provide certain data and services for use in connection with the provision of our services. For example, we contract with third parties to obtain the raw data on retail product sales and inventories. These suppliers of data may impose restrictions on our use of such data, fail to adhere to our quality control standards, increase the price they charge us for this data or refuse altogether to license the data to us. If we are unable to use such third-party data and services or if we are unable to contract with third parties, when necessary, our business, financial condition or our results of operations could be adversely affected. In the event that such data and services are unavailable for our use or the cost of acquiring such data and services increases, our business could be adversely affected.

We may be unable to timely and effectively respond to changes in digital practices and policies, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Changes to practices and policies of operating systems, websites and other digital platforms, including, without limitation, Apple’s or Android’s transparency policies, may reduce the quantity and quality of the data and metrics that can be collected or used by us and our clients or reduce the value of our digital services. These limitations may adversely affect both our and our clients’ ability to effectively target and measure the performance of our digital services. In addition, our clients and third party vendors routinely evaluate their digital practices and policies, and if in the future they determine to modify such practices and policies for any reasons, including, without limitation, privacy, targeting, age or content concerns, this could decrease the desire for our digital services as compared to other alternatives. If we are unable to timely or effectively respond to changes in digital practices and policies, or if our clients do not believe that our digital services will generate a competitive return on investment relative to alternatives, then our business, financial condition or results of operations could be adversely affected.

We may not be able to adequately protect our intellectual property, which, in turn, could harm the value of our brands and adversely affect our business.

Our ability to implement our business plan successfully depends in part on our ability to further build brand recognition using our trade names, service marks, trademarks, proprietary products and other intellectual property, including our name and logos. We rely on U.S. and foreign trademark, copyright and trade secret laws, as well as license agreements, nondisclosure agreements and confidentiality and other contractual provisions to protect our intellectual property. Nevertheless, these laws and procedures may not be adequate to prevent unauthorized parties from attempting to copy or otherwise obtain our processes and technology or deter our

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competitors from developing similar business solutions and concepts, and adequate remedies may not be available in the event of an unauthorized use or disclosure of our trade secrets and other intellectual property.

The success of our business depends on our continued ability to use our existing trademarks and service marks to increase brand awareness and further develop our brand in both domestic and international markets. We have registered and applied to register our trade names, service marks and trademarks in the United States and foreign jurisdictions. However, the steps we have taken to protect our intellectual property in the United States and in foreign countries may not be adequate, and third parties may misappropriate, dilute, infringe upon or otherwise harm the value of our intellectual property. If any of our registered or unregistered trademarks, trade names or service marks is challenged, infringed, circumvented or declared generic or determined to be infringing on other marks, it could have an adverse effect on our sales or market position. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property to the same extent as the laws of the United States. Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in certain jurisdictions. This could make it difficult to stop the infringement or misappropriation of our intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions.

We rely upon trade secrets and other confidential and proprietary know‑how to develop and maintain our competitive position. While it is our policy to enter into agreements imposing nondisclosure and confidentiality obligations upon our employees and third parties to protect our intellectual property, these obligations may be breached, may not provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets or proprietary know‑how, or adequate remedies may not be available in the event of an unauthorized access, use or disclosure of our trade secrets and know‑how. Furthermore, despite the existence of such nondisclosure and confidentiality agreements, or other contractual restrictions, we may not be able to prevent the unauthorized disclosure or use of our confidential proprietary information or trade secrets by consultants, vendors and employees. In addition, others could obtain knowledge of our trade secrets through independent development or other legal means.

Any claims or litigation initiated by us to protect our proprietary technology could be time consuming, costly and divert the attention of our technical and management resources. If we choose to go to court to stop a third party from infringing our intellectual property, that third party may ask the court to rule that our intellectual property rights are invalid and/or should not be enforced against that third party. Even if the action that we take to protect our intellectual property rights is successful, any infringement may still have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be subject to claims of infringement of third-party intellectual property rights that are costly to defend, result in the diversion of management’s time and efforts, require the payment of damages, limit our ability to use particular technologies in the future or prevent us from marketing our existing or future products and services.

Third parties may assert that we infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate their intellectual property, including with respect to our digital solutions and other technologies that are important to our business, and may sue us for intellectual property infringement. We may not be aware of whether our products or services do or will infringe existing or future patents or the intellectual property rights of others. In addition, there can be no assurance that one or more of our competitors who have developed competing technologies or our other competitors will not be granted patents for their technology and allege that we have infringed on such patents.

Any claims that our business infringes the intellectual property rights of others, regardless of the merit or resolution of such claims, could incur substantial costs, and the time and attention of our management and other personnel may be diverted in pursuing these proceedings. An adverse determination in any intellectual property claim could require us to pay damages, be subject to an injunction, and/or stop using our technologies, trademarks, copyrighted works and other material found to be in violation of another party’s rights, and could prevent us from licensing our technologies to others unless we enter into royalty or licensing arrangements with the prevailing party or are able to redesign our products and services to avoid infringement. With respect to any third-party intellectual property that we use or wish to use in our business (whether or not asserted against us in litigation), we may not be able to enter into licensing or other arrangements with the owner of such intellectual property at a reasonable cost or on reasonable terms. Any of the foregoing could harm our commercial success.

We are dependent on proprietary technology licensed from others. If we lose our licenses, we may not be able to continue developing our products.

We have obtained licenses that give us rights to third party intellectual property that is necessary or useful to our business. These license agreements may impose various royalty and other obligations on us. One or more of our licensors may allege that we have breached our license agreement with them, and could seek to terminate our license, which could adversely affect our competitive business position and harm our business prospects. In addition, any claims brought against us by our licensors could be costly, time-consuming and divert the attention of our management and key personnel from our business operations.

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Consumer goods manufacturers and retailers, including some of our clients, are subject to extensive governmental regulation and we and they may be subject to enforcement in the event of noncompliance with applicable requirements.

Consumer goods manufacturers and retailers, including some of our clients, are subject to a broad range of federal, state, local and international laws and regulations governing, among other things, the research, development, manufacture, distribution, marketing and post-market reporting of consumer products. These include laws administered by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”), the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, the U.S. Department of Agriculture and other federal, state, local and international regulatory authorities. For example, certain of our clients market and sell products containing cannabidiol (“CBD”). CBD products are subject to a number of federal, state, local and international laws and regulations restricting their use in certain categories of products and in certain jurisdictions. In particular, the FDA has publicly stated it is prohibited to sell into interstate commerce food, beverages or dietary supplements that contain CBD. These laws are broad in scope and subject to evolving interpretations, which could require us to incur costs associated with new or modified compliance requirements or require us or our clients to alter or limit our activities, including marketing and promotion, of such products, or to remove them from the market altogether.

If a regulatory authority determines that we or our current or future clients have not complied with the applicable regulatory requirements, our business may be materially impacted and we or our clients could be subject to enforcement actions or loss of business. We cannot predict the nature of any future laws, regulations, interpretations or applications of the laws, nor can we determine what effect additional laws, regulations or administrative policies and procedures, if and when enacted, promulgated and implemented, could have on our business.

We may be subject to claims for products for which we are the vendor of record or may otherwise be in the chain of title.

For certain of our clients’ products, we become the vendor of record or otherwise may be in the chain of title. For these products, we could be subject to potential claims for misbranded, adulterated, contaminated, damaged or spoiled products, or could be subject to liability in connection with claims related to infringement of intellectual property, product liability, product recalls or other liabilities arising in connection with the sale or marketing of these products. As a result, we could be subject to claims or lawsuits (including potential class action lawsuits), and we could incur liabilities that are not insured or exceed our insurance coverage or for which the manufacturer of the product does not indemnify us. Even if product claims against us are not successful or fully pursued, these claims could be costly and time consuming and may require our management to spend time defending the claims rather than operating our business.

A product that has been actually or allegedly misbranded, adulterated or damaged or is actually or allegedly defective could result in product withdrawals or recalls, destruction of product inventory, negative publicity and substantial costs of compliance or remediation. Any of these events, including a significant product liability judgment against us, could result in monetary damages and/or a loss of demand for our products, both of which could have an adverse effect on our business or results of operations.

We generate revenues and incur expenses throughout the world that are subject to exchange rate fluctuations, and our results of operations may suffer due to currency translations.

Our U.S. operations earn revenues and incur expenses primarily in U.S. dollars, while our international operations earn revenues and incur expenses primarily in Canadian dollars, British pounds or euros. Because of currency exchange rate fluctuations, including possible devaluations, we are subject to currency translation exposure on the results of our operations, in addition to economic exposure. There has been, and may continue to be, volatility in currency exchange rates as a result of the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union, especially between the U.S. dollar and the British pound. These risks could adversely impact our business or results of operations.

Fluctuations in our tax obligations and effective tax rate and realization of our deferred tax assets may result in volatility of our operating results.

We are subject to taxes by the U.S. federal, state, local and foreign tax authorities, and our tax liabilities will be affected by the allocation of expenses to differing jurisdictions. We record tax expense based on our estimates of future payments, which may include reserves for uncertain tax positions in multiple tax jurisdictions, and valuation allowances related to certain net deferred tax assets. At any one time, many tax years may be subject to audit by various taxing jurisdictions. The results of these audits and negotiations with taxing authorities may affect the ultimate settlement of these matters. We expect that throughout the year there could be ongoing variability in our quarterly tax rates as events occur and exposures are evaluated. Our future effective tax rates could be subject to volatility or adversely affected by a number of factors, including:

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changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities;

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•
expected timing and amount of the release of any tax valuation allowance;
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tax effects of equity-based compensation;
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changes in tax laws, regulations or interpretations thereof; or
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future earnings being lower than anticipated in jurisdictions where we have lower statutory tax rates and higher than anticipated earnings in jurisdictions where we have higher statutory tax rates.

In addition, our effective tax rate in a given financial statement period may be materially impacted by a variety of factors including but not limited to changes in the mix and level of earnings, varying tax rates in the different jurisdictions in which we operate, fluctuations in the valuation allowance, deductibility of certain items or changes to existing accounting rules or regulations. Further, tax legislation may be enacted in the future which could negatively impact our current or future tax structure and effective tax rates. We may be subject to audits of our income, sales and other transaction taxes by U.S. federal, state, local and foreign taxing authorities. Outcomes from these audits could have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

We are controlled by Topco, the Advantage Sponsors, and the CP Sponsor, whose economic and other interests in our business may be different from yours.

Our authorized capital stock consists of 3,290,000,000 shares of common stock and 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock. As of February 28, 2023, the equity holders of Topco that participated in the PIPE Investment (as defined below) (collectively, the “Advantage Sponsors”, Topco and Conyers Park II Sponsor LLC, an affiliate of Centerview Capital Management, LLC and Conyers Park’s sponsor prior to the Merger (the “CP Sponsor”) collectively own 254,310,000 shares, or 78.94% (including 64.80% held by Topco), of our outstanding common stock. Subject to applicable law, the Advantage Sponsors, through their direct ownership of our common stock and their ownership of equity interests of Topco, and the CP Sponsor are able to exert significant influence in the election of our directors and control actions to be taken by our stockholders, including amendments to our third amended and restated certificate of incorporation and approval of mergers, sales of substantially all of our assets, and other significant corporate transactions. It is possible that the interests of Topco, the Advantage Sponsors and the CP Sponsor may in some circumstances conflict with our interests and the interests of our other stockholders, including you.

We are a controlled company within the meaning of the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC listing requirements and as a result, may rely on exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements. To the extent we rely on such exemptions, you will not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to such corporate governance requirements.

Because of the voting power over our company held by Topco, the Advantage Sponsors, and the CP Sponsor and the voting arrangement between such parties, we are considered a controlled company for the purposes of the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) listing requirements. As such, we are exempt from the corporate governance requirements that our board of directors, compensation committee, and nominating and corporate governance committee meet the standard of independence established by those corporate governance requirements. The independence standards are intended to ensure that directors who meet the independence standards are free of any conflicting interest that could influence their actions as directors.

We do not currently utilize the exemptions afforded to a controlled company, though we are entitled to do so. To the extent we utilize these exemptions, you will not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq.

The anti-takeover provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws could prevent or delay a change in control of us, even if such change in control would be beneficial to our stockholders.

Provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as well as provisions of Delaware law, could discourage, delay, or prevent a merger, acquisition, or other change in control of us, even if such change in control would be beneficial to our stockholders. These include:

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authorizing the issuance of “blank check” preferred stock that could be issued by our board of directors to increase the number of outstanding shares and thwart a takeover attempt;
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provision for a classified board of directors so that not all members of our board of directors are elected at one time;
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not permitting the use of cumulative voting for the election of directors;
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permitting the removal of directors only for cause;

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•
limiting the ability of stockholders to call special meetings;
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requiring all stockholder actions to be taken at a meeting of our stockholders;
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requiring approval of the holders of at least two-thirds of the shares entitled to vote at an election of directors to adopt, amend, or repeal the proposed bylaws or repeal the provisions of the third amended and restated certificate of incorporation regarding the election and removal of directors; and
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establishing advance notice requirements for nominations for election to the board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon by stockholders at stockholder meetings.

In addition, although we have opted out of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (“DGCL”), our certificate of incorporation contain similar provisions providing that we may not engage in certain “business combinations” with any “interested stockholder” for a three-year period following the time that the stockholder became an interested stockholder, subject to certain exceptions. Generally, a “business combination” includes a merger, asset, or stock sale or other transaction resulting in a financial benefit to the interested stockholder.

Subject to certain exceptions, an “interested stockholder” is a person who, together with that person’s affiliates and associates, owns, or within the previous three years owned, 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock.

Under certain circumstances, this provision will make it more difficult for a person who would be an “interested stockholder” to effect various business combinations with us for a three-year period. These provisions also may have the effect of preventing changes in our board of directors and may make it more difficult to accomplish transactions which stockholders may otherwise deem to be in their best interests.

Moreover, our certificate of incorporation provides that Topco and its affiliates do not constitute “interested stockholders” for purposes of this provision, and thus any business combination transaction between us and Topco and its affiliates would not be subject to the protections otherwise provided by this provision. Topco and its affiliates are not prohibited from selling a controlling interest in us to a third party and may do so without your approval and without providing for a purchase of your shares of common stock, subject to the lock-up restrictions applicable to Topco. Accordingly, your shares of common stock may be worth less than they would be if Topco and its affiliates did not maintain voting control over us.

The provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws requiring exclusive venue in the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware or the federal district courts of the United States of America for certain types of lawsuits may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors and officers.

Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws require, to the fullest extent permitted by law, that (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, or other employees to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL or our certificate of incorporation or bylaws, or (iv) any action asserting a claim against us governed by the internal affairs doctrine will have to be brought only in the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware (or the federal district court for the District of Delaware or other state courts of the State of Delaware if the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware does not have jurisdiction). Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws also require that the federal district courts of the United States of America will be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”); however, there is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce such provision, and investors cannot waive compliance with federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. Although we believe these provisions benefit us by providing increased consistency in the application of applicable law in the types of lawsuits to which they apply, the provisions may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors and officers. These provisions do not apply to any suits brought to enforce any liability or duty created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts of the United States have exclusive jurisdiction.

Because we have no current plans to pay cash dividends on our Class A common stock, you may not receive any return on investment unless you sell your Class A common stock for a price greater than that which you paid for it.

We have no current plans to pay cash dividends on our Class A common stock. The declaration, amount and payment of any future dividends on our Class A common stock will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon our results of operations, financial condition, capital requirements, and other factors that our board of directors deems relevant. The payment of cash dividends is also restricted under the terms of the agreements governing our debt and our ability to pay dividend may also be restricted by the terms of any future credit agreement or any securities we or our subsidiaries may issue.

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An active, liquid trading market for our Class A common stock may not be available.

We cannot predict the extent to which investor interest in our company will lead to availability of a trading market on Nasdaq or otherwise in the future or how active and liquid that market may be for our Class A common stock. If an active and liquid trading market is not available, you may have difficulty selling any of our Class A common stock. Among other things, in the absence of a liquid public trading market:

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you may not be able to liquidate your investment in shares of Class A common stock;
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you may not be able to resell your shares of Class A common stock at or above the price attributed to them when we became a publicly traded company;
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the market price of shares of Class A common stock may experience significant price volatility; and
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there may be less efficiency in carrying out your purchase and sale orders.

The trading price of our Class A common stock may be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance.

The market prices for our Class A common stock are likely to be volatile and may fluctuate significantly in response to a number of factors, most of which we cannot control, including:

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quarterly variations in our operating results compared to market expectations;
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changes in preferences of our clients;
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announcements of new products or services or significant price reductions;
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the size of our public float;
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fluctuations in stock market prices and volumes;
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defaults on our indebtedness;
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changes in senior management or key personnel;
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the granting, vesting, or exercise of employee stock options, restricted stock, or other equity rights;
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the payment of any dividends thereon in shares of our common stock;
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changes in financial estimates or recommendations by securities analysts;
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negative earnings or other announcements by us;
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downgrades in our credit ratings;
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material litigation or governmental investigations;
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issuances of capital stock;
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global economic, legal, and regulatory factors unrelated to our performance, including the COVID-19 pandemic; or
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the realization of any risks described in this Annual Report under “Risk Factors.”

In addition, in the past, stockholders have instituted securities class action litigation against companies following periods of market volatility. If we were involved in securities litigation, we could incur substantial costs and our resources and the attention of management could be diverted from our business.

We cannot provide any guaranty that we will continue to repurchase our common stock pursuant to our stock repurchase program.

In November 2021, our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program, under which we may repurchase up to $100 million of our outstanding Class A common stock (the “2021 Share Repurchase Program”). As of December 31, 2022, the remaining amount available for repurchase pursuant to the 2021 Share Repurchase Program is $87.4 million. However, we are not obligated to make any further purchases under the 2021 Share Repurchase Program and we may suspend or permanently discontinue this program at any time or significantly reduce the amount of repurchases under the program. Any announcement of a suspension, discontinuance or reduction of this program may negatively impact our reputation and investor confidence.

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The valuation of our private placement warrants could increase the volatility in our net (loss) income in our consolidated statements of (loss) earnings.

The change in fair value of our private placement warrants is determined using a Black-Scholes option pricing model. The change in fair value of warrant liability represents the mark-to-market fair value adjustments to the outstanding private placement warrants issued in connection with the initial public offering of Conyers Park. Significant changes in the input assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model including our stock price at the end of the reporting period, the implied volatility or other inputs to the model and the number of private placement warrants outstanding may adversely affect the volatility in our net (loss) income in our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

Risks Related to Indebtedness

We need to continue to generate significant operating cash flow in order to fund acquisitions and to service our debt.

Our business currently generates operating cash flow, which we use to fund acquisitions to grow our business and to service our substantial indebtedness. If, because of loss of revenue, pressure on pricing from customers, increases in our costs (including increases in costs related to servicing our indebtedness or labor costs), general economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory conditions or other factors, including any acceleration of the foregoing as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, many of which are outside of our control our business generates less operating cash flow, we may not have sufficient funds to grow our business or to service our indebtedness.

If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow or are otherwise unable to obtain funds necessary to meet required payments of principal, premium, if any, and interest on our indebtedness, or if we otherwise fail to comply with the various covenants in the agreements governing our indebtedness, we could be in default under the terms of the agreements governing such indebtedness. In the event of such default, the lenders under our credit facilities could elect to terminate their commitments thereunder, cease making further loans and institute foreclosure proceedings against our assets, and we could be forced into bankruptcy or liquidation. If our operating performance declines, we may in the future need to obtain waivers from the required lenders under our credit agreements to avoid being in default. If we or any of our subsidiaries breach the covenants under our credit agreements and seek a waiver, we may not be able to obtain a waiver from the required lenders. If this occurs, we would be in default under our credit agreements, the lenders could exercise their rights as described above, and we could be forced into bankruptcy or liquidation.

Our substantial indebtedness could adversely affect our financial health, restrict our activities, and affect our ability to meet our obligations.

We have a significant amount of indebtedness. As of December 31, 2022, we had total indebtedness of $2.1 billion, excluding debt issuance costs, with an additional $44.5 million of letters of credit outstanding under our revolving credit facility. The agreements governing our indebtedness contain customary covenants that restrict us from taking certain actions, such as incurring additional debt, permitting liens on pledged assets, making investments, paying dividends or making distributions to equity holders, prepaying junior debt, engaging in mergers or restructurings, and selling assets, among other things, which may restrict our ability to successfully execute on our business plan. For a more detailed description of the covenants and material terms of our material indebtedness, please see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources” in this Annual Report.

Despite current indebtedness levels, we and our subsidiaries may still be able to incur additional indebtedness, which could increase the risks associated with our indebtedness.

We and our subsidiaries may be able to incur additional indebtedness in the future because the terms of our indebtedness do not fully prohibit us or our subsidiaries from doing so. Subject to covenant compliance and certain conditions, as of December 31, 2022, the agreements governing our indebtedness would have permitted us to borrow up to an additional $455.5 million under our revolving credit facility. In addition, we and our subsidiaries have, and will have, the ability to incur additional indebtedness as incremental facilities under our credit agreement and we or our subsidiaries may issue additional notes in the future. If additional debt is added to our current debt levels and our subsidiaries’ current debt levels, the related risks that we and they now face could increase.

Failure to maintain our credit ratings could adversely affect our liquidity, capital position, ability to hedge certain financial risks, borrowing costs, and access to capital markets.

Our credit risk is evaluated by the major independent rating agencies, and such agencies have in the past downgraded, and could in the future downgrade, our ratings. Our credit rating may impact the interest rates on any future indebtedness as well as the applicability of certain covenants in the agreements governing our indebtedness. We cannot assure you that we will be able to

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maintain our current credit ratings, and any additional, actual or anticipated changes or downgrades in our credit ratings, including any announcement that our ratings are under further review for a downgrade, may have a negative impact on our liquidity, capital position, ability to hedge certain financial risks, and access to capital markets.

Our variable rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk, which could cause our debt service obligations to increase significantly.

Borrowings under our credit facilities are at variable rates of interest and expose us to interest rate risk. If interest rates were to increase, our debt service obligations on the variable rate indebtedness would increase even though the amount borrowed remained the same, and our net income and cash flows, including cash available for servicing our indebtedness, will correspondingly decrease. On a pro forma basis, assuming no other prepayments of the credit facility and that our revolving credit facility is fully drawn (and to the extent that SOFR or LIBOR, respectively, is in excess of the 0.00% and 0.75% floors applicable to our revolving credit facility and our term loan credit facility, respectively), each one-eighth percentage point change in interest rates would result in an approximately $1.4 million change in annual interest expense on the indebtedness under our credit facilities. In the future, we may enter into interest rate swaps that involve the exchange of floating- for fixed-rate interest payments in order to reduce interest rate volatility or risk. However, we may not maintain interest rate swaps with respect to any of our variable rate indebtedness, and any swaps we enter into may not fully or effectively mitigate our interest rate risk.

We are subject to risks related to recent proposals for reform regarding LIBOR.

Certain of our financial arrangements, including the Senior Secured Credit Facilities were made at variable rates that use the London Interbank Offered Rate, or LIBOR (or metrics derived from or related to LIBOR), as a benchmark for establishing the interest rate. LIBOR is the subject of recent proposals for reform. On July 27, 2017, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority announced that it intends to stop persuading or compelling banks to submit LIBOR rates after 2021. However, in November 2020, the Intercontinental Exchange Benchmark Administration, the administrator of LIBOR, announced that it intends to extend the cessation date for most LIBOR tenors to June 30, 2023. In the United States, efforts to identify a set of alternative U.S. dollar reference interest rates include proposals by the Alternative Reference Rates Committee (the “ARRC”) of the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. On July 29, 2021, the ARRC formally recommended the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) as its preferred alternative to LIBOR in derivatives and other financial contracts. On December 2, 2022, in connection with our entry into the Second Amendment to ABL Revolving Credit Agreement with Karman Intermediate Corp. and certain of Advantage Sales & Marketing Inc.’s subsidiaries, we amended our ABL Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of October 28, 2020, to, among other things, replace the interest rate metric therein with a metric based on SOFR. Furthermore, our First Lien Credit Agreement, dated as of October 28, 2020, was amended on October 28, 2021 to provide for an update to automatically replace LIBOR with SOFR on June 30, 2023. However, there continues to be uncertainty regarding the nature of potential changes to and future utilization of specific LIBOR tenors, the development and acceptance of alternative reference rates, and other reforms. These consequences cannot be entirely predicted and could have an adverse impact on the market value for or value of SOFR- or LIBOR-linked securities, loans and other financial obligations or extensions of credit held by or due to us. Changes in market interest rates may influence our financing costs, returns on financial investments and the valuation of derivative contracts and could reduce our earnings and cash flows.

General Risk Factors

Our business and financial results may be affected by various litigation and regulatory proceedings.

We are subject to litigation and regulatory proceedings in the normal course of business and could become subject to additional claims in the future. These proceedings have included, and in the future may include, matters involving personnel and employment issues, workers’ compensation, personal and property injury, disputes relating to acquisitions (including contingent consideration), governmental investigations and other proceedings. Some historical and current legal proceedings and future legal proceedings may purport to be brought as class actions or representative basis on behalf of similarly situated parties including with respect to employment-related matters. We cannot be certain of the ultimate outcomes of any such claims, and resolution of these types of matters against us may result in significant fines, judgments or settlements, which, if uninsured, or if the fines, judgments and settlements exceed insured levels, could adversely affect our business or financial results. See “Legal Proceedings.”

We are subject to many federal, state, local and international laws with which compliance is both costly and complex.

Our business is subject to various, and sometimes complex, laws and regulations, including those that have been or may be implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. In order to conduct our operations in compliance with these laws and regulations, we must obtain and maintain numerous permits, approvals and certificates from various federal, state, local and international governmental authorities. We may incur substantial costs in order to maintain compliance with these existing laws and regulations. In addition, our costs of compliance may increase if existing laws and regulations are revised or reinterpreted or if new

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laws and regulations become applicable to our operations. These costs could have an adverse impact on our business or results of operations. Moreover, our failure to comply with these laws and regulations, as interpreted and enforced, could lead to fines, penalties or management distraction or otherwise harm our business.

Our insurance may not provide adequate levels of coverage against claims.

We believe that we maintain insurance customary for businesses of our size and type. However, there are types of losses we may incur that cannot be insured against or that we believe are not economically reasonable to insure. Further, insurance may not continue to be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all, and, if available, coverage may not be adequate. If we are unable to obtain insurance at an acceptable cost or on acceptable terms, we could be exposed to significant losses.

We have incurred and will continue to incur increased costs as a public company.

As a public company, we have incurred and will continue to incur significant legal, accounting, insurance, and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company, including costs associated with public company reporting requirements. We also have incurred and will incur costs associated with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and related rules implemented by the SEC. The expenses incurred by public companies for reporting and corporate governance purposes generally have been increasing. We expect these rules and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some activities more time-consuming and costly, although we are currently unable to estimate these costs with any degree of certainty. In estimating these costs, we took into account expenses related to insurance, legal, accounting, and compliance activities, as well as other expenses not currently incurred. These laws and regulations could also make it more difficult or costly for us to obtain certain types of insurance, including director and officer liability insurance, and we may be forced to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. These laws and regulations could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors, on our board committees, or as our executive officers. Furthermore, if we are unable to satisfy our obligations as a public company, we could be subject to delisting of our Class A common stock, fines, sanctions, and other regulatory action and potentially civil litigation.

If securities analysts do not publish research or reports about our business or if they publish negative evaluations of our common stock, the price of our Class A common stock could decline.

The trading market for our Class A common stock will rely in part on the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about us or our business. If few analysts commence coverage of us, the trading price of our stock could be negatively affected. Even with analyst coverage, if one or more of the analysts covering our business downgrade their evaluations of our stock, the price of our Class A common stock could decline. If one or more of these analysts cease to cover our common stock, we could lose visibility in the market for our Class A common stock, which in turn could cause our Class A common stock price to decline.

Substantial future sales of our Class A common stock, or the perception in the public markets that these sales may occur, may depress our stock price.

Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the price of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional shares. Certain shares of our common stock are freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act, except for any shares of our common stock that may be held or acquired by our directors, executive officers, and other affiliates, as that term is defined in the Securities Act, which are to be restricted securities under the Securities Act. Restricted securities may not be sold in the public market unless the sale is registered under the Securities Act or an exemption from registration is available. Topco, the Advantage Sponsors, the CP Sponsor and members of our management have rights, subject to certain conditions, to require us to file registration statements covering Topco’s shares of our common stock or to include shares in registration statements that we may file for ourselves or other stockholders. In each of November 2019 and March 2021, we filed a registration statement on Form S-1 under which certain of our shareholders may sell, from time to time, 50,000,000 shares and 255,465,000 shares of our Class A common stock, respectively, that, if sold, will be freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act. In the event a large number of shares of Class A common stock are sold in the public market, such sales could reduce the market price of our Class A common stock.

We may also issue shares of our common stock or securities convertible into our common stock from time to time in connection with financings, acquisitions, investments, or otherwise. Any such issuance could result in ownership dilution to you as a stockholder and cause the trading price of our common stock to decline.

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Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

None

Item 2. Properties

Our corporate headquarters are located in Irvine, California, where we rent approximately 22,000 square feet pursuant to a lease agreement that is scheduled to expire in May 2026.

As of December 31, 2022, we operated more than 100 offices, including in the United States and internationally.

We lease all of our properties, except for a property in Connecticut that we own. Leases on these offices expire at various dates from 2023 to 2036, excluding any options for renewal. We typically seek office space in proximity to retailers’ headquarters or buying offices, to aid our associates in acting as sales representatives for our manufacturer clients.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

We are involved in various legal matters that arise in the ordinary course of our business. Some of these legal matters purport or may be determined to be class and/or representative actions, or seek substantial damages or penalties. Some of these legal matters relate to disputes regarding acquisitions. In connection with certain of the below matters and other legal matters, we have accrued amounts that we believe are appropriate. There can be no assurance, however, that the above matters and other legal matters will not result in us having to make payments in excess of such accruals or that the above matters or other legal matters will not materially or adversely affect our business, financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

Commercial Matters

We have been involved in various litigation matters and arbitrations with respect to commercial matters arising with clients, vendors and third-party sellers of businesses. We have retained outside counsel to represent us in these matters and we are vigorously defending our interests.

Employment-Related Matters

We have also been involved in various litigation, including purported class or representative actions with respect to matters arising under the U.S. Fair Labor Standards Act, California Labor Code and Private Attorneys General Act (“PAGA”). Many involve allegations for allegedly failing to pay wages and/or overtime, failing to provide meal and rest breaks and failing to pay reporting time pay, waiting time penalties and other penalties.

A former employee filed a complaint in California Superior Court, Santa Clara County in July 2017, which seeks civil damages and penalties on behalf of the plaintiff and similarly situated persons for various alleged wage and hour violations under the Labor Code, including failure to pay wages and/or overtime, failure to provide meal and rest breaks, failure to pay reporting time pay, waiting time penalties and penalties pursuant to PAGA. We filed a motion for summary judgment. The court granted our motion for summary judgment in March 2020. The plaintiff filed an appeal of the court’s ruling, and in December 2022, the Court of Appeals reversed the court’s grant of summary judgment and directed the matter back to the superior court for further proceedings. We have retained outside counsel to represent us and intend to vigorously defend our interests in this matter.

Proceedings Relating to Take 5

The following proceedings relate to the Take 5 Matter, which is discussed in greater detail in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Take 5 Matter” and “Risk Factors — Risks Related to the Company’s Business and Industry” in this Annual Report.

USAO and FBI Voluntary Disclosure and Investigation Related to Take 5

In connection with the Take 5 Matter, we voluntarily disclosed to the United States Attorney’s Office and the Federal Bureau of Investigation certain misconduct occurring at Take 5. We intend to cooperate in this and any other governmental investigation that may arise in connection with the Take 5 Matter. At this time, we cannot predict the ultimate outcome of any investigation related to the Take 5 Matter and are unable to estimate the potential impact such an investigation may have on us.

Arbitration Proceedings Related to Take 5

In August 2019, as a result of the Take 5 Matter, we provided a written indemnification claim notice to the sellers of Take 5, or the Take 5 Sellers, seeking monetary damages (including interest, fees and costs) based on allegations of breach of the asset purchase agreement, or Take 5 APA, as well as fraud. In September 2019, the Take 5 Sellers initiated arbitration proceedings in the state of Delaware against us, alleging breach of the Take 5 APA as a result of our decision to terminate the operations of the Take 5 business

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and seeking monetary damages equal to all unpaid earn-out payments under the Take 5 APA (plus interest fees and costs). In 2020, the Take 5 Sellers amended their statement of claim to allege defamation, relating to statements we made to customers in connection with terminating the operations of the Take 5 business, and seeking monetary damages for the alleged injury to their reputation. We have filed our response to the Take 5 Sellers’ claims and asserted indemnification, fraud and other claims against the Take 5 Sellers as counterclaims and cross-claims in the arbitration proceedings. In October 2022, the arbitrator made a final award in our favor. We are actively pursuing the collection of this award in state court in Florida. The Take 5 Sellers have attempted to have the award vacated in the district court in Washington, D.C., and in the state court in Florida. We have asked the Washington, D.C. court to dismiss the petition or, in the alternative, abstain until the Florida case is resolved. We are currently unable to estimate if or when we will be able to collect any amounts associated with this arbitration.

Other Legal Matters Related to Take 5

The Take 5 Matter may result in additional litigation against us, including lawsuits from clients, or governmental investigations, which may expose us to potential liability in excess of the amounts being offered by us as refunds to Take 5 clients. We are currently unable to determine the amount of any potential liability, costs or expenses (above the amounts already being offered as refunds) that may result from any lawsuits or investigations associated with the Take 5 Matter or determine whether any such issues will have any future material adverse effect on our financial position, liquidity or results of operations. Although we have insurance covering certain liabilities, we cannot assure that the insurance will be sufficient to cover any potential liability or expenses associated with the Take 5 Matter.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Part II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Market Information

Our Class A common stock and Warrants are currently listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbols “ADV” and “ADVWW,” respectively. Prior to the consummation of the Transactions (as herein defined), our Class A common stock and our Warrants were listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbols “CPAA” and “CPAAW,” respectively. As of December 31, 2022, there were 28 holders of record of our Class A common stock and 2 holders of record of our Warrants.

Dividend Policy

We have not paid any cash dividends on our Class A common stock to date. We may retain future earnings, if any, for future operations, expansion and debt repayment and have no current plans to pay cash dividends for the foreseeable future. Any decision to declare and pay dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of the Board and will depend on, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors that the Board may deem relevant. In addition, our ability to pay dividends may be limited by covenants of any existing and future outstanding indebtedness we or our

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subsidiaries incur. We do not anticipate declaring any cash dividends to holders of the Class A common stock in the foreseeable future.

Stock Price Performance

The graph above compares the cumulative total stockholder return on our Class A common stock with the cumulative total return on the Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”) 500 Stock Index and the S&P Consumer Staples Select Sector Index. The graph assumes an initial investment of $100 in our Class A common stock at the market close on July 18, 2019, which was our initial trading day. Data for the S&P 500 Stock Index and S&P Consumer Staples Select Sector Index assume reinvestment of dividends. Total return equals stock price appreciation plus reinvestment of dividends. Note that past stock price performance is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.

Purchases of equity securities by the issuer and affiliated purchasers

On November 9, 2021, we announced that our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program (the “2021 Share Repurchase Program”) pursuant to which we may repurchase up to $100 million of our Class A common stock.

The 2021 Share Repurchase Program does not have an expiration date, but provides for suspension or discontinuation at any time. The 2021 Share Repurchase Program permits the repurchase of our Class A common stock on the open market and by other means from time to time. The timing and amount of any share repurchase is subject to prevailing market conditions, relevant securities laws and other considerations, and we are under no obligation to repurchase any specific number of shares. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we did not utilize the 2021 Share Repurchase Program. There remains $87.4 million of share repurchase availability under the 2021 Share Repurchase Program as of December 31, 2022.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Equity Securities

None.

Item 6. Selected Financial Data.

Not applicable.

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included in Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This section of this Form 10-K generally discusses 2022 and 2021 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2022 and 2021. Discussions of 2020 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2021 and 2020 are not included in this Form 10-K, and can be found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of our Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 filed with the SEC on March 1, 2022.

Executive Overview

We are a leading business solutions provider to consumer goods manufacturers and retailers. We have a strong platform of competitively advantaged sales and marketing services built over multiple decades – essential, business critical services like headquarter sales, retail merchandising, in-store sampling, digital commerce and shopper marketing. For brands and retailers of all sizes, we help get the right products on the shelf (whether physical or digital) and into the hands of consumers (however they shop). We use a scaled platform to innovate as a trusted partner with our clients, solving problems to increase their efficiency and effectiveness across a broad range of channels.

We have two reportable segments: sales and marketing.

Through our sales segment, which generated approximately 61.9% of our total revenues in the year ended December 31, 2022, we offer headquarter sales representation services to consumer goods manufacturers, for whom we prepare and present to retailers a business case to increase distribution of manufacturers’ products and optimize how they are displayed, priced and promoted. We also make in-store merchandising visits for both manufacturer and retailer clients to ensure the products we represent are adequately stocked and properly displayed.

Through our marketing segment, which generated approximately 38.1% of our total revenues in the year ended December 31, 2022, we help brands and retailers reach consumers through two main categories within the marketing segment. The first and largest category is our retail experiential business, also known as in-store sampling or demonstrations, where we manage highly customized large-scale sampling programs (both in-store and online) for leading retailers. The second category is our collection of specialized agency services, in which we provide private label services to retailers and develop granular marketing programs for brands and retailers through our shopper, consumer and digital marketing agencies.

Items Affecting Comparability of Financial Results

Impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived assets

Our 2022 results of operations reflect goodwill impairment losses of $1,367.5 million and indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment losses of $205.0 million. See “—Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” and Note 3, Goodwill and Intangible Assets, in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, for additional information on these impairment losses.

Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Beginning in March 2020 and continuing through the first quarter of 2021, our services experienced the effects from reductions in client spending due to the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. While mixed by services and geography, the spending reductions impacted all of our services and markets. Globally, the most impacted services were our experiential services, which began to improve in April 2021, and experienced continued revenue recovery in 2022.

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Summary

Our financial performance for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 includes:

•
Revenues increased by $447.4 million, or 12.4%, to $4,049.7 million;
•
Operating loss increased by $1,669.5 million to $1,439.4 million;
•
Net loss increased by $1,434.8 million to $1,377.3 million;
•
Adjusted Net Income decreased by $17.2 million, or 7.7%, to $206.6 million; and
•
Adjusted EBITDA decreased by $85.2 million, or 16.3%, to $436.0 million.

We completed four business acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2022. The aggregate purchase price for these acquisitions was $75.5 million, of which $74.2 million were paid in cash, $0.5 million in contingent consideration, and $0.8 million in holdbacks.

Factors Affecting Our Business and Financial Reporting

There are a number of factors, in addition to the impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and inflationary pressures, that affect the performance of our business and the comparability of our results from period to period including:

•
Organic Growth. Part of our strategy is to generate organic growth by expanding our existing client relationships, continuing to win new clients, pursuing channel expansion and new industry opportunities, enhancing our digital technology solutions, developing our international platform, delivering operational efficiencies and expanding into logical adjacencies. We believe that by pursuing these organic growth opportunities we will be able to continue to enhance our value proposition to our clients and thereby grow our business.
•
Acquisitions. We have grown our business in part by acquiring quality businesses, both domestic and international. Excluding the 2017 acquisition of Daymon Worldwide Inc., we have completed 73 acquisitions from January 2014 to February 28, 2023, ranging in purchase prices from approximately $0.3 million to $98.5 million. Many of our acquisition agreements include contingent consideration arrangements, which are described below. We have completed acquisitions at what we believe are attractive purchase prices and have regularly structured our agreements to result in the generation of long-lived tax assets, which have in turn reduced our effective purchase prices when incorporating the value of those tax assets. We continue to look for strategic and tuck-in acquisitions that can be completed at attractive purchase prices.
•
Contingent Consideration. Many of our acquisition agreements include contingent consideration arrangements, which are generally based on the achievement of financial performance thresholds by the operations attributable to the acquired businesses. The contingent consideration arrangements are based upon our valuations of the acquired businesses and are intended to share the investment risk with the sellers of such businesses if projected financial results are not achieved. The fair values of these contingent consideration arrangements are included as part of the purchase price of the acquired companies on their respective acquisition dates. For each transaction, we estimate the fair value of contingent consideration payments as part of the initial purchase price. We review and assess the estimated fair value of contingent consideration on a quarterly basis, and the updated fair value could differ materially from our initial estimates. Adjustments to the estimated fair value related to changes in all other unobservable inputs are reported in “Selling, general and administrative expenses” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income.
•
Depreciation and Amortization. As a result of the acquisition of our business by Topco on July 25, 2014 (the “2014 Topco Acquisition”), we acquired significant intangible assets, the value of which is amortized, on a straight-line basis, over 15 years from the date of the 2014 Topco Acquisition, unless determined to be indefinite-lived. The amortization of such intangible assets recorded in our consolidated financial statements has a significant impact on our operating (loss) income and net loss. Our historical acquisitions have increased, and future acquisitions likely will increase, our intangible assets. We do not believe the amortization expense associated with the intangible assets created from our purchase accounting adjustments reflect a material economic cost to our business. Unlike depreciation expense which has an economic cost reflected by the fact that we must re-invest in property and equipment to maintain the asset base delivering our results of operations, we do not have any capital re-investment requirements associated with the acquired intangible assets, such as client relationships and trade names, that comprise the majority of the finite-lived intangible assets that create our amortization expense. We recognized $1,275.7 million and $91.8 million impairment charges in the sales and marketing reporting units, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2022. We recognized non-cash intangible asset impairment charges of $146.0 million and $59.0 million related to our indefinite-lived sales and

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marketing trade names, respectively, during the year ended December 31, 2022. The impairment charge has been reflected in “Impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived assets” in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income.
•
Foreign Exchange Fluctuations. Our financial results are affected by fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and other currencies, primarily the Canadian dollars, British pounds and euros, due to our operations in such foreign jurisdictions. See also “ —Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure of Market Risk—Foreign Currency Risk.”
•
Seasonality. Our quarterly results are seasonal in nature, with the fourth fiscal quarter typically generating a higher proportion of our revenues than other fiscal quarters, as a result of higher consumer spending. We generally record slightly lower revenues in the first fiscal quarter of each year, as our clients begin to roll out new programs for the year, and consumer spending generally is less in the first fiscal quarter than other quarters. Timing of our clients’ marketing expenses, associated with marketing campaigns and new product launches, can also result in fluctuations from one quarter to another.

How We Assess the Performance of Our Business

Revenues

Revenues related to our sales segment are primarily comprised of commissions, fee-for-service and cost- plus fees for providing retail services, category and space management, headquarter relationship management, technology solutions and administrative services. A small portion of our arrangements include performance incentive provisions, which allow us to earn additional revenues on our performance relative to specified quantitative or qualitative goals. We recognize the incentive portion of revenues under these arrangements when the related services are transferred to the customer.

Marketing segment revenues are primarily recognized in the form of a fee-for-service (including retainer fees, fees charged to clients based on hours incurred, project-based fees or fees for executing in-person consumer engagements or experiences, which engagements or experiences we refer to as events), commissions or on a cost- plus basis, in each case, related to services including experiential marketing, shopper and consumer marketing services, private label development or our digital, social and media services.

We analyze our financial performance, in part, by measuring revenue growth in two ways—revenue growth attributable to organic activities and revenue growth attributable to acquisitions, which we refer to as organic revenues and acquired revenues, respectively.

We define organic revenues as any revenues that are not acquired revenues. Our organic revenues exclude the impacts of acquisitions and divestitures, when applicable, which improves comparability of our results from period to period.

In general, when we acquire a business, the acquisition includes a contingent consideration arrangement (e.g., an earn-out provision) and, accordingly, we separately track the financial performance of the acquired business. In such cases, we consider revenues generated by such a business during the 12 months following its acquisition to be acquired revenues. For example, if we completed an acquisition on July 1, 2021 for a business that included a contingent consideration arrangement, we would consider revenues from the acquired business from July 1, 2021 to June 30, 2022 to be acquired revenues. We generally consider growth attributable to the financial performance of an acquired business after the 12-month anniversary of the date of acquisition to be organic.

In limited cases when the acquisition of an acquired business does not include a contingent consideration arrangement, or we otherwise do not separately track the financial performance of the acquired business due to operational integration, we consider the revenues that the business generated in the 12 months prior to its acquisition to be our acquired revenues for the 12 months following its acquisition, and any differences in revenues actually generated during the 12 months after its acquisition to be organic. For example, if we completed an acquisition on July 1, 2021 for a business that did not include a contingent consideration arrangement, we would consider the amount of revenues from the acquired business from July 1, 2020 to June 30, 2021 to be acquired revenues during the period from July 1, 2021 to June 30, 2022, with any differences from that amount actually generated during the latter period to be organic revenues.

All revenues generated by our acquired businesses are considered to be organic revenues after the 12-month anniversary of the date of acquisition.

When we divest a business, we consider the revenues that the divested business generated in the 12 months prior to its divestiture to be subtracted from acquired revenues for the 12 months following its divestiture. For example, if we completed a

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divestiture on July 1, 2021 for a business, we would consider the amount of revenues from the divested business from July 1, 2020 to June 30, 2021 to be subtracted from acquired revenues during the period from July 1, 2021 to June 30, 2022.

We measure organic revenue growth and acquired revenue growth by comparing the organic revenues or acquired revenues, respectively, period over period, net of any divestitures.

Cost of Revenues

Our cost of revenues consists of both fixed and variable expenses primarily attributable to the hiring, training, compensation and benefits provided to both full-time and part-time associates, as well as other project- related expenses. A number of costs associated with our associates are subject to external factors, including inflation, increases in market specific wages and minimum wage rates at federal, state and municipal levels and minimum pay levels for exempt roles. Additionally, when we enter into certain new client relationships, we may experience an initial increase in expenses associated with hiring, training and other items needed to launch the new relationship.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries, payroll taxes and benefits for corporate personnel. Other overhead costs include information technology, professional services fees, including accounting and legal services, and other general corporate expenses. We also incur expenses operating as a public company, including expenses necessary to comply with the rules and regulations applicable to companies listed on a national securities exchange and related to compliance and reporting obligations pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC, as well as higher expenses for general and director and officer insurance, investor relations, and professional services. Additionally, included in selling, general and administrative expenses are costs associated with the changes in fair value of the contingent consideration of acquisitions and other acquisition-related costs. Acquisition-related costs are comprised of fees related to change of equity ownership, transaction costs, professional fees, due diligence and integration activities.

Impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived assets

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired in an acquisition. We test for impairment of goodwill at the reporting unit level. We generally combine components that have similar economic characteristics, nature of services, types of client, distribution methods and regulatory environment. We have two reporting units, sales and marketing, which are also our operating segments. We test our goodwill for impairment at the beginning of the fourth quarter of a given fiscal year, and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of a reporting unit may exceed its fair value.

Other Expenses

Change in Fair Value of Warrant Liability

Change in fair value of warrant liability represents a non-cash (income) expense resulting from a fair value adjustment to warrant liability with respect to the private placement warrants. Based on the availability of sufficient observable information, we determine the fair value of the liability classified private placement warrants by approximating the value with the price of the public warrants at the respective period end, which is inherently less subjective and judgmental given it is based on observable inputs. Previously, the fair value of the warrant liability was based on the input assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model, including our stock price at the end of the reporting period, the implied volatility or other inputs to the model and the number of private placement warrants outstanding, which may vary from period to period. We believe these amounts are not correlated to future business operations.

Interest Expense

Interest expense relates primarily to borrowings under our material debt agreements as described below. See “ —Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

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Depreciation and Amortization

Amortization Expense

As a result of the 2014 Topco Acquisition, we acquired significant intangible assets, the value of which is amortized, on a straight-line basis, over 15 years from the date of the 2014 Topco Acquisition, unless determined to be indefinite-lived. Included in our depreciation and amortization expense is amortization of acquired intangible assets. We have ascribed value to identifiable intangible assets other than goodwill in our purchase price allocations for companies we have acquired. These assets include, but are not limited to, client relationships and trade names. To the extent we ascribe value to identifiable intangible assets that have finite lives, we amortize those values over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Such amortization expense, although non-cash in the period expensed, directly impacts our results of operations. It is difficult to predict with any precision the amount of expense we may record relating to future acquired intangible assets.

Depreciation Expense

Depreciation expense relates to the property and equipment that we own, which represented less than 1% of our total assets at December 31, 2022.

Income Taxes

Income tax (benefit) expense and our effective tax rates can be affected by many factors, including state apportionment factors, our acquisition strategy, tax incentives and credits available to us, changes in judgment regarding our ability to realize our deferred tax assets, changes in our worldwide mix of pre-tax losses or earnings, changes in existing tax laws and our assessment of uncertain tax positions.

Cash Flows

We have positive cash flow characteristics, as described below, due to the limited required capital investment in the fixed assets and working capital needs to operate our business in the normal course. See “ —Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

Our principal sources of liquidity are cash flows from operations, borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility (as defined below), and other debt. Our principal uses of cash are operating expenses, working capital requirements, acquisitions and repayment of debt.

Adjusted Net Income

Adjusted Net Income is a non-GAAP financial measure. Adjusted Net Income means net loss before (i) impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived assets, (ii) amortization of intangible assets, (iii) equity-based compensation of Karman Topco L.P., (iv) changes in fair value of warrant liability, (v) fair value adjustments of contingent consideration related to acquisitions, (vi) acquisition-related expenses, (vii) costs associated with COVID-19, net of benefits received, (viii) net income attributable to noncontrolling interest, (ix) restructuring expenses, (x) litigation expenses, (xi) Recovery from Take 5, (xii) deferred financing fees, (xiii) costs associated with the Take 5 Matter, (xiv) other adjustments that management believes are helpful in evaluating our operating performance, and (xv) related tax adjustments.

We present Adjusted Net Income because we use it as a supplemental measure to evaluate the performance of our business in a way that also considers our ability to generate profit without the impact of items that we do not believe are indicative of our operating performance or are unusual or infrequent in nature and aid in the comparability of our performance from period to period. Adjusted Net Income should not be considered as an alternative for net loss, our most directly comparable measure presented on a GAAP basis.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA by Segment

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA by segment are supplemental non-GAAP financial measures of our operating performance. Adjusted EBITDA means net (loss) income before (i) interest expense, net, (ii) (benefit from) provision for income taxes, (iii) depreciation, (iv) impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived assets, (v) amortization of intangible assets, (vi) equity-based compensation of Karman Topco L.P., (vii) changes in fair value of warrant liability, (viii) stock-based compensation expense (ix) fair value adjustments of contingent consideration related to acquisitions, (x) acquisition-related expenses, (xi) costs associated with COVID-19, net of benefits received, (xii) EBITDA for economic interests in investments, (xiii) restructuring expenses, (xiv) litigation expenses, (xv) Recovery from Take 5, (xvi) costs associated with the Take 5 Matter and (xvii) other adjustments that management believes are helpful in evaluating our operating performance.

36

We present Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA by segment because they are key operating measures used by us to assess our financial performance. These measures adjust for items that we believe do not reflect the ongoing operating performance of our business, such as certain non-cash items, unusual or infrequent items or items that change from period to period without any material relevance to our operating performance. We evaluate these measures in conjunction with our results according to GAAP because we believe they provide a more complete understanding of factors and trends affecting our business than GAAP measures alone. Furthermore, the agreements governing our indebtedness contain covenants and other tests based on measures substantially similar to Adjusted EBITDA. Neither Adjusted EBITDA nor Adjusted EBITDA by segment should be considered as an alternative for net loss, for our most directly comparable measure presented on a GAAP basis.

For a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net (loss) income and Adjusted EBITDA by segment to operating (loss) income, see “ —Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”

Take 5 Matter

On April 1, 2018, we acquired certain assets and assumed certain liabilities of Take 5 Media Group. In June 2019, as a result of a review of internal allegations related to inconsistency of data provided by Take 5 to its clients, we commenced an investigation into Take 5’s operations. In July 2019, as a result of our investigation, we terminated all operations of Take 5, including the use of its associated trade names and the offering of its services to its clients and offered refunds to Take 5 clients of collected revenues attributable to Take 5 since our acquisition of Take 5. In May 2020, we received $7.7 million from our representation and warranty insurance policy related to the acquisition of Take 5 for claims related to the Take 5 Matter, the maximum aggregate recovery under the policy.

For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we incurred $2.5 million, $4.9 million, and $3.6 million, respectively, of costs associated with the investigation and remediation activities in connection with the Take 5 Matter, primarily professional fees and other related costs. These costs were recorded in “Selling, general, and administrative expenses” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income for such years.

Restructuring Charges

Restructuring charges include severance plans designed to integrate and reduce costs intended to further improve efficiencies in operational activities and align cost structures consistent with revenue levels associated with business changes. We recorded severance expenses of $3.2 million, $1.0 million, and $4.6 million included in “Selling, general, and administrative expenses” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.

Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(amounts in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Revenues |  | $ | 4,049,742 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 3,602,298 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %
Cost of revenues |  |  | 3,493,183 |  |  |  | 86.3 | % |  |  | 2,964,123 |  |  |  | 82.3 | %
Selling, general, and administrative expenses |  |  | 190,367 |  |  |  | 4.7 | % |  |  | 168,086 |  |  |  | 4.7 | %
Impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived assets |  |  | 1,572,523 |  |  |  | 38.8 | % |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.0 | %
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 233,075 |  |  |  | 5.8 | % |  |  | 240,041 |  |  |  | 6.7 | %
Total expenses |  |  | 5,489,148 |  |  |  | 135.5 | % |  |  | 3,372,250 |  |  |  | 93.6 | %
Operating (loss) income |  |  | (1,439,406 | ) |  |  | (35.5 | )% |  |  | 230,048 |  |  |  | 6.4 | %
Other (income) expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value of warrant liability |  |  | (21,236 | ) |  |  | (0.5 | )% |  |  | 955 |  |  |  | 0.0 | %
Interest expense, net |  |  | 104,459 |  |  |  | 2.6 | % |  |  | 137,927 |  |  |  | 3.8 | %
Total other expenses |  |  | 83,223 |  |  |  | 2.1 | % |  |  | 138,882 |  |  |  | 3.9 | %
(Loss) income before income taxes |  |  | (1,522,629 | ) |  |  | (37.6 | )% |  |  | 91,166 |  |  |  | 2.5 | %
(Benefit from) provision for income taxes |  |  | (145,337 | ) |  |  | (3.6 | )% |  |  | 33,617 |  |  |  | 0.9 | %
Net (loss) income |  | $ | (1,377,292 | ) |  |  | (34.0 | )% |  | $ | 57,549 |  |  |  | 1.6 | %
Other Financial Data |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted Net Income(1) |  | $ | 206,599 |  |  |  | 5.1 | % |  | $ | 223,793 |  |  |  | 6.2 | %
Adjusted EBITDA(1) |  | $ | 435,995 |  |  |  | 10.8 | % |  | $ | 521,178 |  |  |  | 14.5 | %

(1)
Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted EBITDA are financial measures that are not calculated in accordance with GAAP. For a discussion of our presentation of Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted EBITDA and reconciliations of net loss to Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted EBITDA, see “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”

37

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

Revenues

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |  | Change |
(amounts in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | $ |  |  | % |
Sales |  | $ | 2,507,017 |  |  | $ | 2,323,884 |  |  | $ | 183,133 |  |  |  | 7.9 | %
Marketing |  |  | 1,542,725 |  |  |  | 1,278,414 |  |  |  | 264,311 |  |  |  | 20.7 | %
Total revenues |  | $ | 4,049,742 |  |  | $ | 3,602,298 |  |  | $ | 447,444 |  |  |  | 12.4 | %

Total revenues increased by $447.4 million, or 12.4%, during the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021.

The sales segment revenues increased $183.1 million, of which $118.4 million were revenues from acquired businesses during the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. Excluding revenues from acquired businesses and unfavorable foreign exchange rates of $50.2 million, the segment experienced an increase of $114.9 million in organic revenues primarily due to growth in our retail merchandising services and our European joint venture which experienced continued recoveries from a temporary reduction in services as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, partially offset by a decrease in our third party reselling services and to a lesser extent foodservice.

The marketing segment revenues increased $264.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, which includes revenues of $33.3 million from acquired businesses. Excluding revenues from acquired businesses and unfavorable foreign exchange rates of $19.3 million, the segment experienced an increase of $250.8 million in organic revenues. The increase in revenues was primarily due to an increase in our in-store product demonstration and sampling services which continue to recover from the temporary suspensions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, partially offset by a decrease in certain of our client media spend.

Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2022 was 86.3%, as compared to 82.3% for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase as a percentage of revenues was largely attributable to the change in the revenue mix of our services as a result of recoveries from the COVID-19 pandemic and acquired businesses and inflationary cost pressures in recruiting, wage, and employee benefit expenses.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were 4.7%, which is consistent year over year.

Impairment of Goodwill and Indefinite-lived Assets

We recognized a $1,367.5 million non-cash goodwill impairment charge and a $205.0 million non-cash intangible asset impairment charge during the year ended December 31, 2022. The impairment charges were due to the confluence of sustained decline in our share price, challenges in the labor market and continued inflationary pressures, and an increase to the discount rate as a result of the recent increases in interest rates in the macroeconomic environment.

Depreciation and Amortization Expense

Depreciation and amortization expense was $233.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to $240.0 million, which was primarily due to a decrease in software amortization expenses.

38

Operating (Loss) Income

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |  | Change |
(amounts in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | $ |  |  | % |
Sales |  | $ | (1,323,192 | ) |  | $ | 182,529 |  |  | $ | (1,505,721 | ) |  |  | (824.9 | %)
Marketing |  |  | (116,214 | ) |  |  | 47,519 |  |  |  | (163,733 | ) |  |  | (344.6 | %)
Total operating (loss) income |  | $ | (1,439,406 | ) |  | $ | 230,048 |  |  | $ | (1,669,454 | ) |  |  | (725.7 | %)

The decrease in operating income was primarily attributable to the non-cash goodwill and non-cash intangible asset impairment charges and the increase in cost of revenues, partially offset by the growth in revenues, as described above.

Change in Fair Value of Warrant Liability

Change in fair value of warrant liability represents $21.2 million of non-cash gain resulting from a fair value adjustment to warrant liability for the private placement warrants for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Interest Expense, Net

Interest expense, net decreased $33.5 million, or 24.3%, to $104.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $137.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease in interest expense, net was primarily due to the increase in fair value changes in derivatives instruments, partially offset by the increased interest rates.

(Benefit from) Provision for Income Taxes

Benefit from income taxes was $145.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to a provision for income taxes of $33.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The fluctuation was primarily attributable to the pre-tax loss versus pre-tax income for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. In addition, the variance is explained by the non-cash goodwill impairment charge in the current year and the remeasurement of deferred tax liabilities in US state jurisdictions due to income tax rate and apportionment changes for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Net (Loss) Income

Net loss was $1,377.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to net income of $57.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in net loss was driven by the increase in operating loss primarily due to the non-cash goodwill and non-cash intangible asset impairment charges and the increase in cost of revenues, partially offset by the growth in revenues, the decrease in interest expense, as well as the decrease in the fair value adjustment to the warrant liability as described above.

Adjusted Net Income

The decrease in Adjusted Net Income for the year ended December 31, 2022 was attributable to the decrease in Adjusted EBITDA as described below, partially offset by the decrease in interest expense. For a reconciliation of Adjusted Net Income to Net loss, see “ —Non-GAAP Financial Measures”.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA by Segment

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |  | Change |
(amounts in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | $ |  |  | % |
Sales |  | $ | 294,234 |  |  | $ | 363,211 |  |  | $ | (68,977 | ) |  |  | (19.0 | )%
Marketing |  |  | 141,761 |  |  |  | 157,967 |  |  |  | (16,206 | ) |  |  | (10.3 | )%
Total Adjusted EBITDA |  | $ | 435,995 |  |  | $ | 521,178 |  |  | $ | (85,183 | ) |  |  | (16.3 | )%

39

Adjusted EBITDA decreased $85.2 million, or 16.3% to $436.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $521.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.

In the sales segment, the decrease in Adjusted EBITDA during the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to a shift in revenue mix, inflationary pressures in recruiting, wage, and employee benefit expenses.

In the marketing segment, the decrease in Adjusted EBITDA during the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to the increase in cost of revenues as described above, partially offset by the growth in revenues.

For a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income (loss), see “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Adjusted Net Income is a non-GAAP financial measure. Adjusted Net Income means net (loss) income before (i) amortization of intangible assets, (ii) impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived assets (iii) equity-based compensation of Karman Topco L.P., (iv) changes in fair value of warrant liability, (v) fair value adjustments of contingent consideration related to acquisitions, (vi) acquisition-related expenses, (vii) costs associated with COVID-19, net of benefits received, (viii) net income attributable to noncontrolling interest, (ix) restructuring expenses, (x) litigation expenses, (xi) Recovery from Take 5, (xii) deferred financing fees, (xiii) costs associated with the Take 5 Matter, (xiv) other adjustments that management believes are helpful in evaluating our operating performance, and (xv) related tax adjustments.

We present Adjusted Net Income because we use it as a supplemental measure to evaluate the performance of our business in a way that also considers our ability to generate profit without the impact of items that we do not believe are indicative of our operating performance or are unusual or infrequent in nature and aid in the comparability of our performance from period to period. Adjusted Net Income should not be considered as an alternative for our net (loss) income, our most directly comparable measure presented on a GAAP basis.

A reconciliation of Adjusted Net Income to Net (loss) income is provided in the following table:

|  |  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income |  |  | $ | (1,377,292 | ) |  | $ | 57,549 |  |  | $ | (175,070 | )
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  |  |  | 3,210 |  |  |  | 3,055 |  |  |  | 736 |
Add: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived assets |  |  |  | 1,572,523 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Equity-based compensation of Karman Topco L.P.(a) |  |  |  | (6,934 | ) |  |  | (10,313 | ) |  |  | 98,119 |
Change in fair value of warrant liability |  |  |  | (21,236 | ) |  |  | 955 |  |  |  | 13,363 |
Fair value adjustments related to contingent consideration related to acquisitions(c) |  |  |  | 4,774 |  |  |  | 4,562 |  |  |  | 13,367 |
Acquisition-related expenses(d) |  |  |  | 23,902 |  |  |  | 20,173 |  |  |  | 50,823 |
Restructuring expenses(e) |  |  |  | 6,094 |  |  |  | 12,502 |  |  |  | 39,770 |
Litigation expenses(f) |  |  |  | 5,357 |  |  |  | (910 | ) |  |  | 1,980 |
Amortization of intangible assets(g) |  |  |  | 200,836 |  |  |  | 198,946 |  |  |  | 193,543 |
Costs associated with COVID-19, net of benefits received(h) |  |  |  | 7,208 |  |  |  | (991 | ) |  |  | (11,954 | )
Deferred financing fees(i) |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,895 |  |  |  | 41,428 |
Recovery from Take 5 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (7,700 | )
Costs associated with the Take 5 Matter(j) |  |  |  | 2,465 |  |  |  | 4,901 |  |  |  | 3,628 |
Tax adjustments related to non-GAAP adjustments(k) |  |  |  | (207,888 | ) |  |  | (64,421 | ) |  |  | (77,592 | )
Adjusted Net Income |  |  | $ | 206,599 |  |  | $ | 223,793 |  |  | $ | 182,969 |

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA by segment are supplemental non-GAAP financial measures of our operating performance. Adjusted EBITDA means net (loss) income before (i) interest expense, net, (ii) (benefit from) provision for income taxes, (iii) depreciation, (iv) amortization of intangible assets, (v) impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived assets (vi) equity-based compensation of Karman Topco L.P., (vii) changes in fair value of warrant liability, (viii) stock based compensation expense (ix) fair value adjustments of contingent consideration related to acquisitions, (x) acquisition-related expenses, (xi) costs associated with COVID-19, net of benefits received, (xii) EBITDA for economic interests in investments, (xiii) restructuring expenses, (xiv) litigation expenses, (xv) Recovery from Take 5, (xvi) costs associated with the Take 5 Matter and (xvii) other adjustments that management believes are helpful in evaluating our operating performance.

40

We present Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA by segment because they are key operating measures used by us to assess our financial performance. These measures adjust for items that we believe do not reflect the ongoing operating performance of our business, such as certain non-cash items, unusual or infrequent items or items that change from period to period without any material relevance to our operating performance. We evaluate these measures in conjunction with our results according to GAAP because we believe they provide a more complete understanding of factors and trends affecting our business than GAAP measures alone. Furthermore, the agreements governing our indebtedness contain covenants and other tests based on measures substantially similar to Adjusted EBITDA. Neither Adjusted EBITDA nor Adjusted EBITDA by segment should be considered as an alternative for our net (loss) income, our most directly comparable measure presented on a GAAP basis.

A reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to Net (loss) income is provided in the following table:

Consolidated |  |  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income |  |  | $ | (1,377,292 | ) |  | $ | 57,549 |  |  | $ | (175,070 | )
Add: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense, net |  |  |  | 104,459 |  |  |  | 137,927 |  |  |  | 234,044 |
(Benefit from) provision for income taxes |  |  |  | (145,337 | ) |  |  | 33,617 |  |  |  | (5,331 | )
Depreciation and amortization |  |  |  | 233,075 |  |  |  | 240,041 |  |  |  | 238,598 |
Impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived assets |  |  |  | 1,572,523 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Equity-based compensation of Karman Topco L.P.(a) |  |  |  | (6,934 | ) |  |  | (10,313 | ) |  |  | 98,119 |
Change in fair value of warrant liability |  |  |  | (21,236 | ) |  |  | 955 |  |  |  | 13,363 |
Stock-based compensation expense(b) |  |  |  | 39,825 |  |  |  | 34,602 |  |  |  | — |
Fair value adjustments related to contingent consideration related to acquisitions(c) |  |  |  | 4,774 |  |  |  | 4,562 |  |  |  | 13,367 |
Acquisition-related expenses(d) |  |  |  | 23,902 |  |  |  | 20,173 |  |  |  | 50,823 |
EBITDA for economic interests in investments(l) |  |  |  | (12,888 | ) |  |  | (13,437 | ) |  |  | (6,462 | )
Restructuring expenses(e) |  |  |  | 6,094 |  |  |  | 12,502 |  |  |  | 39,770 |
Litigation expenses(f) |  |  |  | 5,357 |  |  |  | (910 | ) |  |  | 1,980 |
Costs associated with COVID-19, net of benefits received(h) |  |  |  | 7,208 |  |  |  | (991 | ) |  |  | (11,954 | )
Recovery from Take 5 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (7,700 | )
Costs associated with the Take 5 Matter(j) |  |  |  | 2,465 |  |  |  | 4,901 |  |  |  | 3,628 |
Adjusted EBITDA |  |  | $ | 435,995 |  |  | $ | 521,178 |  |  | $ | 487,175 |

Financial information by segment, including a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA by segment to operating (loss) income, the closest GAAP financial measure, is provided in the following table:

Sales Segment |  |  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating (loss) income |  |  | $ | (1,323,192 | ) |  | $ | 182,529 |  |  | $ | 63,305 |
Add: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  |  | 161,385 |  |  |  | 170,076 |  |  |  | 171,569 |
Impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived assets |  |  |  | 1,421,719 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Equity-based compensation of Karman Topco L.P.(a) |  |  |  | (3,721 | ) |  |  | (6,490 | ) |  |  | 71,124 |
Stock-based compensation expense(b) |  |  |  | 24,025 |  |  |  | 18,357 |  |  |  | — |
Fair value adjustments related to contingent consideration related to acquisitions(c) |  |  |  | 550 |  |  |  | (6,553 | ) |  |  | 8,371 |
Acquisition-related expenses(d) |  |  |  | 14,542 |  |  |  | 13,945 |  |  |  | 36,722 |
EBITDA for economic interests in investments(l) |  |  |  | (13,369 | ) |  |  | (14,058 | ) |  |  | (7,565 | )
Restructuring expenses(e) |  |  |  | 4,826 |  |  |  | 4,478 |  |  |  | 20,295 |
Litigation expenses(f) |  |  |  | 6,057 |  |  |  | (584 | ) |  |  | 1,658 |
Costs associated with COVID-19, net of benefits received(h) |  |  |  | 1,412 |  |  |  | 1,511 |  |  |  | (5,462 | )
Sales Segment Adjusted EBITDA |  |  | $ | 294,234 |  |  | $ | 363,211 |  |  | $ | 360,017 |

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Marketing Segment |  |  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating (loss) income |  |  | $ | (116,214 | ) |  | $ | 47,519 |  |  | $ | 3,701 |
Add: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  |  | 71,690 |  |  |  | 69,965 |  |  |  | 67,029 |
Impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived assets |  |  |  | 150,804 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Equity-based compensation of Karman Topco L.P.(a) |  |  |  | (3,213 | ) |  |  | (3,823 | ) |  |  | 26,995 |
Stock-based compensation expense(b) |  |  |  | 15,800 |  |  |  | 16,245 |  |  |  | — |
Fair value adjustments related to contingent consideration related to acquisitions(c) |  |  |  | 4,224 |  |  |  | 11,115 |  |  |  | 4,996 |
Acquisition-related expenses(d) |  |  |  | 9,360 |  |  |  | 6,228 |  |  |  | 14,101 |
EBITDA for economic interests in investments(l) |  |  |  | 481 |  |  |  | 621 |  |  |  | 1,103 |
Restructuring expenses(e) |  |  |  | 1,268 |  |  |  | 8,024 |  |  |  | 19,475 |
Litigation expenses(f) |  |  |  | (700 | ) |  |  | (326 | ) |  |  | 322 |
Costs associated with COVID-19, net of benefits received(h) |  |  |  | 5,796 |  |  |  | (2,502 | ) |  |  | (6,492 | )
Recovery from Take 5 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (7,700 | )
Costs associated with the Take 5 Matter(j) |  |  |  | 2,465 |  |  |  | 4,901 |  |  |  | 3,628 |
Marketing Segment Adjusted EBITDA |  |  | $ | 141,761 |  |  | $ | 157,967 |  |  | $ | 127,158 |

(a)
Represents the management fees and reimbursements for expenses paid to certain of the Advantage Sponsors or certain of the management companies associated with it or its advisors pursuant to a management services agreement. Also represents expenses related to (i) equity-based compensation expense associated with grants of Common Series D Units of Topco made to one of the Advantage Sponsors, (ii) equity-based compensation expense associated with the Common Series C Units of Topco as a result of the Transactions, (iii) compensation amounts associated with the Company’s Management Incentive Plan originally scheduled for potential payment March 2022 that were accelerated and terminated as part of the Transactions, and (iv) compensation amounts associated with the anniversary payments to Tanya Domier. Certain of Ms. Domier’s anniversary payments were accelerated as part of the Transactions.
(b)
Represents non-cash compensation expense related to PSUs, RSUs, and stock options under the 2020 Plan and the Advantage Solutions 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan.
(c)
Represents adjustments to the estimated fair value of our contingent consideration liabilities related to our acquisitions, for the applicable periods. See Note 6—Other Liabilities to our audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022.
(d)
Represents fees and costs associated with activities related to our acquisitions and restructuring activities related to our equity ownership, including transaction bonuses paid in connection with the Transactions, professional fees, due diligence and integration activities.
(e)
Represents fees and costs associated with various internal reorganization activities among our consolidated entities.
(f)
Represents legal settlements, reserves, and expenses that are unusual or infrequent costs associated with our operating activities.
(g)
Represents the amortization of intangible assets recorded in connection with the 2014 Topco Acquisition and our other acquisitions.
(h)
Represents (i) costs related to implementation of strategies for workplace safety in response to COVID-19, including employee-relief fund, additional sick pay for front-line associates, medical benefit payments for furloughed associates, and personal protective equipment; and (ii) benefits received from government grants for COVID-19 relief.
(i)
Represents fees associated with the issuance of the indebtedness associated with our material debt agreements and the amendment of our term loan credit facility. For additional information, refer to Note 7—Debt of our audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022.
(j)
Represents costs associated with investigation and remediation activities related to the Take 5 Matter, primarily, professional fees and other related costs, respectively for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.
(k)
Represents the tax provision or benefit associated with the adjustments above, taking into account the Company’s applicable tax rates, after excluding adjustments related to items that do not have a related tax impact.
(l)
Represents additions to reflect our proportional share of Adjusted EBITDA related to our equity method investments and reductions to remove the Adjusted EBITDA related to the minority ownership percentage of the entities that we fully consolidate in our financial statements.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our principal sources of liquidity were cash flows from operations, borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility, and other debt. Our principal uses of cash are operating expenses, working capital requirements, acquisitions, interest on debt and repayment of debt.

Share Repurchase Program

On November 9, 2021, we announced that our board of directors authorized a new share repurchase program (the “2021 Share Repurchase Program”) pursuant to which we may repurchase up to $100 million of our Class A common stock.

The 2021 Share Repurchase Program does not have an expiration date, but provides for suspension or discontinuation at any time. The 2021 Share Repurchase Program permits the repurchase of our Class A common stock on the open market and in other means from time to time. The timing and amount of any share repurchase is subject to prevailing market conditions, relevant securities laws and other considerations, and we are under no obligation to repurchase any specific number of shares.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we did not utilize the 2021 Share Repurchase Program. There remains $87.4 million of share repurchase availability under the 2021 Share Repurchase Program as of December 31, 2022.

We anticipate that our cash from operations, together with our current borrowing capacity, will be sufficient to fund the 2021 Share Repurchase Program to the extent implemented by management and pay principal and interest as it comes due under our Senior Secured Credit Facilities.

Cash Flows

A summary of cash provided by or used in our operating, investing and financing activities are shown in the following table:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | $ | 121,258 |  |  | $ | 125,991 |  |  | $ | 345,730 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (113,540 | ) |  |  | (75,843 | ) |  |  | (99,003 | )
Net cash used in financing activities |  |  | (41,644 | ) |  |  | (86,300 | ) |  |  | (230,152 | )
Net effect of foreign currency fluctuations on cash |  |  | (8,179 | ) |  |  | (3,177 | ) |  |  | 4,366 |
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | $ | (42,105 | ) |  | $ | (39,329 | ) |  | $ | 20,941 |

Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2022, consisted of net loss of $1,377.3 million adjusted for certain non-cash items, including depreciation and amortization of $233.1 million, impairment of goodwill of $1,367.5 million, impairment of indefinite-lived intangible assets of $205.0 million, and effects of changes in working capital. Net cash provided by operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2021, consisted of net income of $54.6 million adjusted for certain non-cash items, including depreciation and amortization of $240.0 million and effects of changes in working capital. The decrease in cash provided by operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2021 relative to the same period in 2020 was primarily due to the increased need for working capital due to growth in revenues which continue to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic, combined with the payment during the year ended December 31, 2022 of a portion of our deferred Social Security taxes from the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act in 2020.

Net Cash Used in Investing Activities

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, our net cash used in investing activities primarily consisted of acquisitions. Additionally, we invest cash for the purchase of property and equipment to support our increased employee headcount and overall growth in our business. We expect that we will make additional capital expenditures and investments in the future to support the future growth of our business.

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Net Cash Used in Financing Activities

We primarily finance our growth through cash flows from operations, however, we also incur long-term debt or borrow under lines of credit when necessary to execute acquisitions. Cash flows from financing activities consisted of borrowings related to these lines of credit and subsequent payments of principal and financing fees. Additionally, many of our acquisition agreements include contingent consideration arrangements, which are generally based on the achievement of future financial performance by the operations attributable to the acquired companies. The portion of the cash payment up to the acquisition date fair value of the contingent consideration liability are classified as financing outflows, and amounts paid in excess of the acquisition date fair value of that liability are classified as operating outflows.

Cash flows used in financing activities during the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 were primarily related to payments of contingent consideration and holdback payments of $34.2 million, repayment of principal on our Term Loan Facility of $13.4 million, partially offset by $3.3 million related to our Employee Stock Purchase Plan and $5.2 million of contribution from noncontrolling interest.

Cash flows related to financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2021, were primarily related to borrowings of $61.6 million and repayment of $111.7 million on our revolving credit facility and $13.8 million related to payments of contingent consideration and holdback payments. During the fourth quarter of 2021, we executed open market purchases of $12.6 million of our Class A common stock under the 2021 Share Repurchase Program. Additionally, in December 2021, we had $3.0 million of COVID-19 relief fund borrowing for one of our majority owned subsidiaries operating in Japan. The loan bears an interest rate of 0.35% per annum with a maturity date in December 2036.

Business Combination with Conyers Park

On October 28, 2020, Conyers Park II Acquisition Corp. (“Conyers Park”), a Delaware corporation, consummated a merger with ASI Intermediate Corp. (“ASI”), formerly known as Advantage Solutions Inc., with ASI surviving the merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of Conyers Park (the “Merger” and, together with the other transactions contemplated by the merger agreement, the “Transactions”). On October 28, 2020, and in connection with the closing of the Transactions, Conyers Park changed its name to Advantage Solutions Inc.

Description of Credit Facilities

Senior Secured Credit Facilities

In connection with the consummation of the Transaction, Advantage Sales & Marketing Inc., an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (the “Borrower”) entered into the Senior Secured Credit Facilities consisting of (i) the Revolving Credit Facility, which is a senior secured asset-based revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of up to $400.0 million, subject to borrowing base capacity and (ii) the Term Loan Facility, which is a secured first lien term loan credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of $1.325 billion.

Revolving Credit Facility

Our Revolving Credit Facility provides for revolving loans and letters of credit in an aggregate amount of up to $500.0 million, subject to borrowing base capacity. Letters of credit are limited to the lesser of (a) $150.0 million and (b) the aggregate unused amount of commitments under our Revolving Credit Facility then in effect. Loans under the Revolving Credit Facility may be denominated in either U.S. dollars or Canadian dollars. Bank of America, N.A. (“Bank of America”), will act as administrative agent and ABL Collateral Agent. The Revolving Credit Facility matures five years after the date we enter into the Revolving Credit Facility. We may use borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility to fund working capital and for other general corporate purposes, including permitted acquisitions and other investments.

Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility are limited by borrowing base calculations based on the sum of specified percentages of eligible accounts receivable plus specified percentages of qualified cash, minus the amount of any applicable reserves. Borrowings will bear interest at a floating rate, which can be either an adjusted Eurodollar rate plus an applicable margin or, at the Borrower’s option, a base rate plus an applicable margin. The applicable margins for the Revolving Credit Facility are 2.00%, 2.25% or 2.50%, with respect to Eurodollar rate borrowings and 1.00%, 1.25% or 1.50%, with respect to base rate borrowings, in each case depending on average excess availability under the Revolving Credit Facility. The Borrower’s ability to draw under the Revolving Credit Facility or issue letters of credit thereunder will be conditioned upon, among other things, the Borrower’s delivery of prior written notice of a borrowing or issuance, as applicable, the Borrower’s ability to reaffirm the representations and warranties

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contained in the credit agreement governing the Revolving Credit Facility and the absence of any default or event of default thereunder.

The Borrower’s obligations under the Revolving Credit Facility are guaranteed by Karman Intermediate Corp. (“Holdings”) and all of the Borrower’s direct and indirect wholly owned material U.S. subsidiaries (subject to certain permitted exceptions) and Canadian subsidiaries (subject to certain permitted exceptions, including exceptions based on immateriality thresholders of aggregate assets and revenues of Canadian subsidiaries) (the “Guarantors”). The Revolving Credit Facility is secured by a lien on substantially all of Holdings’, the Borrower’s and the Guarantors’ assets (subject to certain permitted exceptions). The Borrower’s Revolving Credit Facility has a first-priority lien on the current asset collateral and a second-priority lien on security interests in the fixed asset collateral (second in priority to the liens securing the Notes and the Term Loan Facility discussed below), in each case, subject to other permitted liens. The Revolving Credit Facility has the following fees: (i) an unused line fee of 0.375% or 0.250% per annum of the unused portion of the Revolving Credit Facility, depending on average excess availability under the Revolving Credit Facility; (ii) a letter of credit participation fee on the aggregate stated amount of each letter of credit equal to the applicable margin for adjusted Eurodollar rate loans, as applicable; and (iii) certain other customary fees and expenses of the lenders and agents thereunder.

The Revolving Credit Facility contains customary covenants, including, but not limited to, restrictions on the Borrower’s ability and that of our subsidiaries to merge and consolidate with other companies, incur indebtedness, grant liens or security interests on assets, make acquisitions, loans, advances or investments, pay dividends, sell or otherwise transfer assets, optionally prepay or modify terms of any junior indebtedness, enter into transactions with affiliates or change our line of business. The Revolving Credit Facility will require the maintenance of a fixed charge coverage ratio (as set forth in the credit agreement governing the Revolving Credit Facility) of 1.00 to 1.00 at the end of each fiscal quarter when excess availability is less than the greater of $25 million and 10% of the lesser of the borrowing base and maximum borrowing capacity. Such fixed charge coverage ratio will be tested at the end of each quarter until such time as excess availability exceeds the level set forth above.

The Revolving Credit Facility provides that, upon the occurrence of certain events of default, the Borrower’s obligations thereunder may be accelerated and the lending commitments terminated. Such events of default include payment defaults to the lenders thereunder, material inaccuracies of representations and warranties, covenant defaults, cross-defaults to other material indebtedness, voluntary and involuntary bankruptcy, insolvency, corporate arrangement, winding-up, liquidation or similar proceedings, material money judgments, material pension-plan events, certain change of control events and other customary events of default.

On October 28, 2021, the Borrower and Holdings entered into the First Amendment to ABL Revolving Credit Agreement (the “First Amendment”), which amended the ABL Revolving Credit Agreement, dated October 28, 2020, by and among the Borrower, Holdings, the lenders from time to time party thereto and Bank of America, as administrative agent (the “Prior Revolving Credit Facility”). The ABL Amendment was entered into by the Borrower to amend certain terms and provisions, including (i) reducing the interest rate floor for Eurocurrency rate loans from 0.50% to 0.00% and base rate loans from 1.50% to 1.00%, and (ii) updating the provisions by which U.S. Dollar LIBOR will eventually be replaced with SOFR or another interest rate benchmark to reflect the most recent standards and practices used in the industry.

On December 2, 2022, Borrower, Holdings and certain of the Borrower’s subsidiaries, entered into the Second Amendment to ABL Revolving Credit Agreement (the “Second Amendment”), which amends the Revolving Credit Agreement, by and among the Borrower, Holdings, the lenders from time to time party thereto and Bank of America, as administrative agent, and the other parties thereto. The Second Amendment was entered into by the Borrower to amend certain terms and provisions of the Second Agreement, including, among other things: (i) increasing the aggregate amount of maximum revolving commitments available from $400 million to $500 million; (ii) replacing the Eurocurrency Rate interest rate metric with a metric based on Term SOFR (as defined in the Second Amendment), whereby applicable borrowings in United States dollars will bear interest at a floating rate based on Term SOFR plus an applicable margin; (iii) reducing each applicable interest rate pricing tier based on the Average Historical Excess Availability (as defined therein) with respect to Term SOFR borrowings, Alternative Currency borrowings, base rate borrowings and Canadian Prime Rate borrowings, in each case for each pricing tier by 0.25% per annum; and (iv) extending the scheduled maturity date of the borrowings to December 2, 2027.

Term Loan Facility

The Term Loan Facility consists of a term loan credit facility denominated in U.S. dollars in an aggregate principal amount of $1.299 billion. Borrowings under the Term Loan Facility amortize in equal quarterly installments in an amount equal to 1.00% per annum of the principal amount. Borrowings will bear interest at a floating rate, which can be either an adjusted Eurodollar rate plus an applicable margin or, at the Borrower’s option, a base rate plus an applicable margin. The applicable margins for the Term Loan Facility are 5.25% with respect to Eurodollar rate borrowings and 4.25% with respect to base rate borrowings.

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The Borrower may voluntarily prepay loans or reduce commitments under the Term Loan Facility, in whole or in part, subject to minimum amounts, with prior notice but without premium or penalty (other than a 1.00% premium on any prepayment in connection with a repricing transaction prior to the date that is twelve months after the date we entered into the Term Loan Facility on October 28, 2020).

The Borrower will be required to prepay the Term Loan Facility with 100% of the net cash proceeds of certain asset sales (such percentage subject to reduction based on the achievement of specific first lien net leverage ratios) and subject to certain reinvestment rights, 100% of the net cash proceeds of certain debt issuances and 50% of excess cash flow (such percentage subject to reduction based on the achievement of specific first lien net leverage ratios).

The Borrower’s obligations under the Term Loan Facility are guaranteed by Holdings and the Guarantors. Our Term Loan Facility is secured by a lien on substantially all of Holdings’, the Borrower’s and the Guarantors’ assets (subject to certain permitted exceptions). The Term Loan Facility has a first- priority lien on the fixed asset collateral (equal in priority with the liens securing the Notes) and a second-priority lien on security interests in the current asset collateral (second in priority to the liens securing the Revolving Credit Facility), in each case, subject to other permitted liens.

The Term Loan Facility contains certain customary negative covenants, including, but not limited to, restrictions on the Borrower’s ability and that of our restricted subsidiaries to merge and consolidate with other companies, incur indebtedness, grant liens or security interests on assets, pay dividends or make other restricted payments, sell or otherwise transfer assets or enter into transactions with affiliates.

The Term Loan Facility provides that, upon the occurrence of certain events of default, the Borrower’s obligations thereunder may be accelerated. Such events of default will include payment defaults to the lenders thereunder, material inaccuracies of representations and warranties, covenant defaults, cross-defaults to other material indebtedness, voluntary and involuntary bankruptcy, insolvency, corporate arrangement, winding-up, liquidation or similar proceedings, material money judgments, change of control and other customary events of default.

On October 28, 2021 (the “First Lien Amendment Effective Date”), the Borrower, Holdings, and certain of the Borrower’s subsidiaries, entered into Amendment No. 1 to the First Lien Credit Agreement (the “First Lien Amendment”), which amended the First Lien Credit Agreement, dated October 28, 2020, by and among the Borrower, Holdings, Bank of America, as administrative agent and collateral agent, each lender party from time to time thereto, and the other parties thereto. The First Lien Amendment was entered into by the Borrower to reduce the applicable interest rate on the term loan to 5.25% per annum, resulting in estimated interest savings of approximately $9.9 million or $7.3 million, net of tax, per annum. Additional terms and provisions amended include (i) resetting the period for six months following the First Lien Amendment Effective Date in which a 1.00% prepayment premium shall apply to any prepayment of the term loan in connection with certain repricing events, and (ii) updating the provisions by which U.S. Dollar LIBOR will eventually be replaced with SOFR or another interest rate benchmark to reflect the most recent standards and practices used in the industry and by Bank of America.

Senior Secured Notes

In connection with the Transactions, Advantage Solutions FinCo LLC (“Finco”) issued $775.0 million aggregate principal amount of 6.50% Senior Secured Notes due 2028 (the “Notes”). Substantially concurrently with the Transactions, Finco merged with and into Advantage Sales & Marketing Inc. (the “Issuer”), with the Issuer continuing as the surviving entity and assuming the obligations of Finco. The Notes were sold to BofA Securities, Inc., Deutsche Bank Securities Inc., Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC and Apollo Global Securities, LLC. The Notes were resold to certain non-U.S. persons pursuant to Regulation S under the Securities Act , and to persons reasonably believed to be qualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act at a purchase price equal to 100% of their principal amount. The terms of the Notes are governed by an Indenture, dated as of October 28, 2020 (the “Indenture”), among Finco, the Issuer, the guarantors named therein (the “Notes Guarantors”) and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee and collateral agent.

Interest and maturity

Interest on the Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on May 15 and November 15 at a rate of 6.50% per annum, commencing on May 15, 2021. The Notes will mature on November 15, 2028.

Guarantees

The Notes are guaranteed by Holdings and each of the Issuer’s direct and indirect wholly owned material U.S. subsidiaries (subject to certain permitted exceptions) and Canadian subsidiaries (subject to certain permitted exceptions, including exceptions

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based on immateriality thresholders of aggregate assets and revenues of Canadian subsidiaries) that is a borrower or guarantor under the Term Loan Facility.

Security and ranking

The Notes and the related guarantees are the general, senior secured obligations of the Issuer and the Notes Guarantors, are secured on a first-priority pari passu basis by security interests on the fixed asset collateral (equal in priority with liens securing the Term Loan Facility), and are secured on a second-priority basis by security interests on the current asset collateral (second in priority to the liens securing the Revolving Credit Facility and equal in priority with liens securing the Term Loan Facility), in each case, subject to certain limitations and exceptions and permitted liens.

The Notes and related guarantees rank (i) equally in right of payment with all of the Issuer’s and the Guarantors’ senior indebtedness, without giving effect to collateral arrangements (including the Senior Secured Credit Facilities) and effectively equal to all of the Issuer’s and the Guarantors’ senior indebtedness secured on the same priority basis as the Notes, including the Term Loan Facility, (ii) effectively subordinated to any of the Issuer’s and the Guarantors’ indebtedness that is secured by assets that do not constitute collateral for the Notes to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness and to indebtedness that is secured by a senior-priority lien, including the Revolving Credit Facility to the extent of the value of the current asset collateral and (iii) structurally subordinated to the liabilities of the Issuer’s non-Guarantor subsidiaries.

Optional redemption for the Notes

The Notes are redeemable on or after November 15, 2023 at the applicable redemption prices specified in the Indenture plus accrued and unpaid interest. The Notes may also be redeemed at any time prior to November 15, 2023 at a redemption price equal to 100% of the aggregate principal amount of such Notes to be redeemed plus a “make-whole” premium, plus accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, the Issuer may redeem up to 40% of the original aggregate principal amount of Notes before November 15, 2023 with the net cash proceeds of certain equity offerings at a redemption price equal to 106.5% of the aggregate principal amount of such Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest. Furthermore, prior to November 15, 2023 the Issuer may redeem during each calendar year up to 10% of the original aggregate principal amount of the Notes at a redemption price equal to 103% of the aggregate principal amount of such Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest. If the Issuer or its restricted subsidiaries sell certain of their respective assets or experience specific kinds of changes of control, subject to certain exceptions, the Issuer must offer to purchase the Notes at par. In connection with any offer to purchase all Notes, if holders of no less than 90% of the aggregate principal amount of Notes validly tender their Notes, the Issuer is entitled to redeem any remaining Notes at the price offered to each holder.

Restrictive covenants

The Notes are subject to covenants that, among other things limit the Issuer’s ability and its restricted subsidiaries’ ability to: incur additional indebtedness or guarantee indebtedness; pay dividends or make other distributions in respect of, or repurchase or redeem, the Issuer’s or a parent entity’s capital stock; prepay, redeem or repurchase certain indebtedness; issue certain preferred stock or similar equity securities; make loans and investments; sell or otherwise dispose of assets; incur liens; enter into transactions with affiliates; enter into agreements restricting the Issuer’s subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends; and consolidate, merge or sell all or substantially all of the Issuer’s assets. Most of these covenants will be suspended on the Notes when they have investment grade ratings from both Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. and S&P Global Ratings and so long as no default or event of default under the Indenture has occurred and is continuing.

Events of default

The following constitute events of default under the Notes, among others: default in the payment of interest; default in the payment of principal; failure to comply with covenants; failure to pay other indebtedness after final maturity or acceleration of other indebtedness exceeding a specified amount; certain events of bankruptcy; failure to pay a judgment for payment of money exceeding a specified aggregate amount; voidance of subsidiary guarantees; failure of any material provision of any security document or intercreditor agreement to be in full force and effect; and lack of perfection of liens on a material portion of the collateral, in each case subject to applicable grace periods.

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Future Cash Requirements

The following summarizes future cash requirements as of December 31, 2022:

| Total |  |  | Current |  |  | Long-Term |
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease liabilities(1) | $ | 77,955 |  |  | $ | 21,584 |  |  | $ | 56,371 |
Client deposits(2) |  | 16,521 |  |  |  | 16,521 |  |  |  | — |
Total debt excluding deferred issuance costs(3) |  | 2,079,187 |  |  |  | 13,991 |  |  |  | 2,065,196 |
Other long-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingent consideration(4) |  | 20,334 |  |  |  | 1,674 |  |  |  | 18,660 |
Unpaid claims(5) |  | 67,151 |  |  |  | 34,774 |  |  |  | 32,377 |
Holdbacks(6) |  | 2,247 |  |  |  | 2,247 |  |  |  | — |
Total contractual obligations | $ | 2,263,395 |  |  | $ | 90,791 |  |  | $ | 2,172,604 |

(1)
Refer to Note 8 — Leases of our audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 for additional information regarding the maturity of operating lease liabilities.
(2)
Represents payments collected from our clients, primarily, associated with market development funds that arise out of our business.
(3)
We have an aggregate principal amount of $1.299 billion borrowing on the Term Loan Facility, which bears the applicable interest rate of 5.25% per annum, and $775.0 million in Senior Secured Notes, which is subject to a fixed interest rate of 6.5%. Refer to Note 7 — Debt of our audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 for additional information regarding the maturities of debt principal. Total debt excluding deferred issuance costs does not include the obligation of future interest payments.
(4)
Refer to Note 6 — Other Liabilities of our audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 for additional information regarding the contingent consideration liabilities.
(5)
Represents $57.2 million of an estimated liability under our workers’ compensation programs for claims incurred but unpaid and $10.0 million of employee insurance reserves as of December 31, 2022.
(6)
Represents $2.2 million of holdback amounts which are used to withhold a portion of the initial purchase price payment until certain post-closing conditions are satisfied and are typically settled within 24 months of the acquisition.

Cash and Cash Equivalents Held Outside the United States

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, $81.8 million and $86.2 million, respectively, of our cash and cash equivalents were held by foreign subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, $28.1 million and $40.0 million, respectively, of our cash and cash equivalents were held by foreign branches.

We assessed our determination as to our indefinite reinvestment intent for certain of our foreign subsidiaries and recorded a deferred tax liability of approximately $2.8 million of withholding tax as of December 31, 2022 for unremitted earnings in Canada with respect to which we do not have an indefinite reinvestment assertion. We will continue to evaluate our cash needs, however we currently do not intend, nor do we foresee a need, to repatriate funds from the foreign subsidiaries except for Canada. We have continued to assert indefinite reinvestment on all other earnings as it is necessary for continuing operations and to grow the business. If at a point in the future our assertion changes, we will evaluate tax-efficient means to repatriate the income. In addition, we expect existing domestic cash and cash flows from operations to continue to be sufficient to fund our domestic operating activities and cash commitments for investing and financing activities, such as debt repayment and capital expenditures, for at least the next 12 months and thereafter for the foreseeable future. If we should require more capital in the United States than is generated by our domestic operations, for example, to fund significant discretionary activities such as business acquisitions or to settle debt, we could elect to repatriate future earnings from foreign jurisdictions. These alternatives could result in higher income tax expense or increased interest expense. We consider the majority of the undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries, as of December 31, 2022, to be indefinitely reinvested and, accordingly, no provision has been made for taxes in excess of the $2.8 million noted above.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any off-balance sheet financing arrangements or liabilities, guarantee contracts, retained or contingent interests in transferred assets or any obligation arising out of a material variable interest in an unconsolidated entity. We do not have any majority-owned subsidiaries that are not included in our consolidated financial statements. Additionally, we do not have an interest in, or relationships with, any special-purpose entities.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions about future events that affect amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and related notes, as well as the related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements. We evaluate our accounting policies, estimates and judgments on an on-going basis. We base our estimates and judgments on historical experience and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions.

We evaluated the development and selection of our critical accounting policies and estimates and believe that the following involve a higher degree of judgment or complexity and are most significant to reporting our results of operations and financial position, and are therefore discussed as critical. The following critical accounting policies reflect the significant estimates and judgments used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. With respect to critical accounting policies, even a relatively minor variance between actual and expected experience can potentially have a materially favorable or unfavorable impact on subsequent results of operations. More information on all of our significant accounting policies can be found in the footnotes to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenues when control of promised goods or services are transferred to the client in an amount that reflects the consideration that we expect to be entitled to in exchange for such goods or services. Substantially all of our contracts with clients involve the transfer of a service to the client, which represents the performance obligation that is satisfied over time because the client simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits of the services provided. In most cases, the contracts include a performance obligation that is comprised of a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and that have the same pattern of transfer (i.e., distinct days of service). We allocate variable consideration to each period of service to which it relates.

Revenues related to the sales segment are primarily recognized in the form of commissions, fee-for-service or on a cost-plus basis for providing headquarter relationship management, analytics, insights and intelligence services, administrative services, retail services, retailer client relationships and in-store media programs and digital technology solutions (which include our business intelligence solutions, e-commerce services and content services).

Marketing segment revenues are primarily recognized in the form of a fee-for-service (including retainer fees, fees charged to clients based on hours incurred, project-based fees or fees for executing in-person consumer engagements or experiences, which engagements or experiences we refer to as events), commissions or on a cost- plus basis for providing experiential marketing, shopper and consumer marketing services, private label development and our digital, social and media services.

Our revenue recognition policies generally result in recognition of revenues at the time services are performed. Our accounting policy for revenue recognition has an impact on our reported results and relies on certain estimates that require judgments on the part of management. We record an allowance as a reduction to revenue for differences between estimated revenues and the amounts ultimately invoiced to our clients based on our historical experience and current trends. Cash collected in advance of services being performed is recorded as deferred revenues.

We have contracts that include variable consideration whereby the ultimate consideration is contingent on future events such as the client’s sales to retailers, hours worked, event count, costs incurred and performance incentive bonuses. Commission revenues are generally earned upon performance of headquarter relationship management, analytics, insights and intelligence, e-commerce, administration and retail services arrangements. As part of these arrangements, we provide a variety of services to consumer goods manufacturers in order to improve the manufacturer’s sales to retailers. This includes primarily outsourced sales, business development, category and space management, relationship management and in-store sales strategy services. In exchange for these services, we earn an agreed upon percentage of our client’s sales to retailers, which is agreed upon on a manufacturer-by-manufacturer basis. We may be entitled to additional fees upon meeting specific performance goals or thresholds, which we refer to as bonus revenue. The variability of the consideration for the services transferred during a reporting period is typically resolved by the end of the reporting period. However, for certain client contracts, we estimate the variable consideration for the services that have been transferred to the client during the reporting period. We typically estimate the variable consideration based on the expected value method. Estimates are based on historical experience and current facts known during the reporting period. We recognize revenue related to variable consideration if it is probable that a significant reversal of revenue recognized will not occur. When such probable threshold is not satisfied, we will constrain some or all of the variable consideration, and such constrained amount will not be recognized as revenue until the probable threshold is met or the uncertainty is resolved and the final amount is known. We record an adjustment to revenue for differences between estimated revenues and the amounts ultimately invoiced to the client. Adjustments to revenue during the current period related to services transferred during prior periods were not material for the year ended December 31, 2022.

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We have contracts that include fixed consideration such as a fee per project or a fixed monthly fee. For contracts with a fee per project, revenue is recognized over time using an input method such as hours worked that reasonably depicts our performance in transferring control of the services to the client. We determined that the input method represents a reasonable method to measure the satisfaction of the performance obligation to the client. For contracts with a fixed monthly fee, revenue is recognized using a time-based measure resulting in a straight-line revenue recognition. A time-based measure was determined to represent a reasonable method to measure the satisfaction of the performance obligation to the client because we have a stand ready obligation to make itself available to provide services upon the client’s request or the client receives the benefit from our services evenly over the contract period.

We evaluate each client contract individually in accordance with the applicable accounting guidance to determine whether we act as a principal (whereby we would present revenue on a gross basis) or as an agent (whereby we would present revenue on a net basis). While we primarily act as a principal in our arrangements and report revenues on a gross basis, given the varying terms of our client contracts, we will occasionally act as an agent and in such instances present revenues on a net basis. For example, for certain advertising arrangements, our clients purchase media content in advance, and we do not take on any risk of recovering the cost to acquire the media. As a result, we determined we act as the agent in these arrangements and record revenues and their related costs on a net basis as its agency services are performed. However, in cases where media is not purchased in advance by our clients, we record such revenues and the related costs on a gross basis, as we bear the risk of recovering the costs to acquire the media and are responsible for fulfillment of the services.

We record revenues from sales of services and the related direct costs in accordance with the accounting guidance on reporting revenue gross as a principal versus net as an agent. In situations where we act as a principal in the transaction, we report gross revenues and cost of revenues. When we act as an agent, we report the revenues and their related costs on a net basis. Cost of revenues does not include depreciation charges for fixed assets.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired in an acquisition. We test for impairment of goodwill at the reporting unit level. We generally combine components that have similar economic characteristics, nature of services, types of client, distribution methods and regulatory environment. We have two reporting units, sales and marketing, which are also our operating segments.

We test our goodwill for impairment at the beginning of the fourth quarter of a given fiscal year, and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of a reporting unit may exceed its fair value. We have the option to perform a qualitative assessment of whether it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying value before performing a quantitative impairment test. To the extent that the qualitative approach indicates that it is more likely than not that the carrying amount is less than its fair value, we apply a quantitative approach. When it is determined that a quantitative impairment test should be performed, if the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, goodwill is impaired and the excess of the reporting unit’s carrying value over the fair value is recognized as an impairment loss; however, the loss recognized would not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.

Our annual goodwill impairment assessment for the year ended December 31, 2022 was performed effective as of October 1, 2022. We utilize a combination of income and market approaches to estimate the fair value of our reporting units. The income approach utilizes estimates of discounted cash flows of the reporting units, which requires assumptions for, the reporting units’ revenue growth rates, earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”) margins, terminal growth rates, discount rates, and incremental net working capital, all of which require significant management judgment.

The market approach applies market multiples derived from the historical earnings data of selected guideline publicly-traded companies to our reporting units’ businesses to yield a second assumed value of each reporting unit, which requires significant management judgment. The guideline companies are first screened by industry group and then further narrowed based on the reporting units’ business descriptions, markets served, competitors, EBITDA margins and revenue size. Market multiples are then selected from within the range of these guideline companies’ multiples based on the subject reporting unit. We compare a weighted average of the output from the income and market approaches to the carrying value of each reporting unit. We also compare the aggregate estimated fair value of our reporting units to the estimated value of our total market capitalization. The assumptions in the income and market approach are based on significant inputs not observable in the market and thus represent Level 3 measurements within the fair value hierarchy (described in “Fair Value Measurements in Note 1, Organization and Significant Accounting Policies,”). We based our fair value estimates on assumptions we believe to be reasonable but which are unpredictable and inherently uncertain. A change in these underlying assumptions would cause a change in the results of the tests and, as such, could cause fair value to be less than the carrying amounts and result in an impairment of goodwill in the future. Additionally, if actual results are not consistent with the estimates and

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assumptions or if there are significant changes to our planned strategy, it may cause fair value to be less than the carrying amounts and result in an impairment of goodwill in the future.

Based on the results of our quantitative impairment test in the fourth quarter of 2022, our sales and marketing reporting units were written down to their respective fair values, resulting in zero excess fair value over their carrying values. We recognized $1,275.7 million and $91.8 million impairment charges in the sales and marketing reporting units, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2022, which has been reflected in “Impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived assets” in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income. While there was no single determinative event or factor, the consideration of the weight of evidence of several factors that culminated during the fourth quarter of 2022 led us to conclude that it was more likely than not that the fair value of the sales and marketing reporting units were below their carrying values. These factors included: (a) sustained decline in our share price; (b) challenges in the labor market and continued inflationary pressures; and (c) an increase to the discount rate as a result of the recent increases in the interest rates which adversely affected the results of quantitative impairment test.

The uncertainty and volatility in the economic environment which we operate could have an impact on our future growth and could result in future impairment charges. There is no assurance that actual future earnings, cash flows or other assumptions for the reporting units will not significantly decline from these projections.

The following table illustrates the amount of goodwill allocated to each reporting unit as well as the deficit, if any, created between the fair value and the carrying value of each reporting unit that would occur given hypothetical reductions in their respective fair values under step one at October 1, 2022 (after current year impairment charges).

Reporting Unit |  | Goodwill |  |  | 1% |  |  | 2% |  |  | 3% |
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales |  | $ | 213,665 |  |  | $ | (19,931 | ) |  | $ | (39,862 | ) |  | $ | (59,794 | )
Marketing |  |  | 674,284 |  |  |  | (12,857 | ) |  |  | (25,713 | ) |  |  | (38,570 | )
|  | $ | 887,949 |  |  | $ | (32,788 | ) |  | $ | (65,576 | ) |  | $ | (98,363 | )

The following table represents a sensitivity analysis on the loss on impairment of goodwill (under the income approach without consideration to the market approach) for the sales and marketing reporting units depicting the percent increase in the $1,275.7 million charge related to sales and $91.8 million charge related to marketing recorded had the fair value been estimated with a 0.5% increase in the discount rate used, a 1.0% decrease in the long-term growth rate and a 1.0% increase in the net working capital assumptions used at October 1, 2022.

|  | % Increase in Impairment Charge |
Assumption Change |  | Sales Reporting Unit |  |  | Marketing Reporting Unit |
0.5% increase in discount rate |  |  | 5.7 | % |  |  | 66.4 | %
1.0% decrease in long-term growth rate |  |  | 6.6 | % |  |  | 81.1 | %
1.0% increase in incremental net working capital |  |  | 2.1 | % |  |  | 23.8 | %

In connection with our annual quantitative impairment test effective as of October 1, 2021 and 2020, we concluded that our goodwill was not impaired for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. The fair value of the sales reporting unit exceeded its carrying value by 23.8% for the year ended December 31, 2021, and exceeded its carrying value by 8.3% for the year ended December 31, 2020. The fair value of the marketing reporting unit exceeded its carrying value by 41.6% for the year ended December 31, 2021, and exceeded its carrying value by 37.3% for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Indefinite-Lived Assets

Our indefinite-lived intangible assets are comprised of our sales and marketing trade names. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized but tested annually, at the beginning of the fourth quarter, for impairment or more often if events occur or circumstances change that would create a triggering event. We have the option to perform a qualitative assessment of whether it is more likely than not that the indefinite-lived intangible asset’s fair value is less than its carrying value before performing a quantitative impairment test. We test our indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment using a relief from royalty method by comparing the estimated fair values of the indefinite-lived intangible assets with the carrying values. The estimates used in the determination of fair value are subjective in nature and involve the use of significant assumptions. These estimates and assumptions include revenue growth rates, terminal growth rates, discount rates and royalty rates. which requires significant management judgment. The assumptions are

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based on significant inputs not observable in the market and thus represent Level 3 measurements within the fair value hierarchy. We base our fair value estimates on assumptions we believe to be reasonable, but which are unpredictable and inherently uncertain. Actual future results may differ from the estimates.

The annual indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment assessment was performed effective as of October 1, 2022. Based on this assessment, we concluded the carrying value of the indefinite-lived trade names in the sales and marketing reporting units exceeded their estimated fair values. As a result, we recognized non-cash intangible asset impairment charges of $146.0 million and $59.0 million related to our indefinite-lived sales and marketing trade names, respectively, during the year ended December 31, 2022, which has been reflected in “Impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived assets” in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income. While there was no single determinative event or factor, the factors that led to the impairment were the same circumstances outlined in the goodwill impairment discussion above.

The following table represents a sensitivity analysis on the indefinite-lived trade name intangible assets depicting the percent increase in the $146.0 million charge related to the indefinite-lived trade names and $59.0 million charge related to the indefinite-lived trade names recorded had the fair value been estimated with a 0.5% increase in the discount rate used and a 0.5% decrease in the royalty rate used at October 1, 2022.

|  | % Increase in Impairment Charge |
Assumption Change |  | Sales Tradename |  |  | Marketing Tradename |
0.5% increase in discount rate |  |  | 12.0 | % |  |  | 22.4 | %
0.5% decrease in royalty rate |  |  | 43.6 | % |  |  | 62.1 | %

In connection with our annual quantitative impairment test effective as of October 1, 2021, and 2020, we concluded that our indefinite-lived intangible assets were not impaired for the years ended December 31, 2021, and 2020. The fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible assets related to sales trade names exceeded its carrying value by 65.0% for the year ended December 31, 2021 and exceeded its carrying value by 13.3% for the year ended December 31, 2020. The fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible assets related to marketing trade names exceeded its carrying value by 33.3% for the year ended December 31, 2021 and exceeded its carrying value by 8.4% for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Stock-Based Compensation

Performance restricted stock units (“PSUs”) are subject to the achievement of certain performance conditions based on the Company’s revenues and Adjusted EBITDA targets in the respective measurement period and the recipient’s continued service to the Company. The PSUs are scheduled to vest over a three-year period from the date of grant and may vest from 0% to 150% of the number of shares. The number of PSUs earned is adjusted to be proportional to the partial performance between the Threshold Goals, Target Goals and Maximum Goals. The fair value of PSU grants was equal to the closing price of our stock on the date of the applicable grant. Restricted stock units (“RSUs”) are subject to the recipient’s continued service to the Company. The RSUs are generally scheduled to vest over three years and are subject to the provisions of the RSU agreement under the Advantage Solutions. Inc. 2020 Incentive Award Plan (the “Plan”).

Topco, the parent company of the Company, has a long-term equity incentive plan that allows for the grant of time- and performance-based profit interests, or Common Series C Units, in Topco to certain of its and its subsidiaries’ directors and employees in exchange for services provided to us. Since we receive the benefit associated with such services the related expense is recorded within our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income. These profit interests are subject to certain vesting requirements including time and performance requirements based on specified annual targets substantially similar to Adjusted EBITDA thresholds. These awards are subject to forfeiture unless the following performance conditions are met: (i) 75% of the awards will vest when certain of the Advantage Sponsors as of the date of the 2014 Topco Acquisition, or the Common Series A Limited Partners of Topco, realize a pre-tax internal rate of return of 8% compounded annually and (ii) the remaining 25% of the awards vest when the Common Series A Limited Partners of Topco realize a pre-tax internal rate of return of 20% compounded annually. On March 15, 2018, Topco modified the vesting requirements. In accordance with the performance conditions, generally 75% of the awards will vest over a four-year term, subject to the employee’s continued employment. The remaining 25% of the equity awards vest when the Advantage Sponsors as of the date of the 2014 Topco Acquisition realize a pre-tax internal rate of return of 20% compounded annually. Once the equity awards vest, forfeiture may still occur as a result of termination of employment of the equity award holders or if an exit event occurs which is not a vesting exit event. Notwithstanding prior vesting, certain awards are subject to a requirement that the Advantage Sponsors receive a specific return on their equity investment, prior to the awards participating in any distribution whether in cash, property or securities of Topco. Certain awards vest over the remaining initial four-year terms, subject to

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the employee’s continued employment. The limited partnership agreement also authorizes Topco to issue up to 35,000 Common Series C-2 Units to members of our management, which Common Series C-2 Units are subject to substantially similar vesting and forfeiture provisions as the Common Series C Units, including forfeiture upon certain terminations of employment of the applicable holders or a non-qualifying exit event.

Equity-based compensation of Karman Topco L.P.

The Company recognized a non-cash compensation gain of $2.9 million related to forfeitures and non-cash compensation expenses of $4.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As a result of the Transactions, the Company recognized non-cash compensation expenses of $62.7 million in connection with the Common Series C Units and $13.3 million in connection with the Common Series C-2 Units for the year ended December 31, 2020. No expense was recorded for the remaining 25% of the equity awards in the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 since the vesting exit event was deemed not probable of occurring.

Topco is a private company with no active market for its equity securities. In determining the fair value of Topco’s equity, we utilize three widely recognized valuation models:

•
Discounted Cash Flow Analysis (Income Model)—The discounted cash flow analysis is dependent on a number of significant management assumptions regarding the expected future financial results of us and Topco as well as upon estimates of an appropriate cost of capital;
•
Guideline Public Companies (Market Model)—Multiples of historical and projected EBITDA from guideline public companies are applied to estimate the fair value for the equity of Topco; and
•
Mergers and Acquisition (Market Model)—Multiples of historical enterprise value divided by last twelve months revenues, and enterprise value divided by last twelve months EBITDA for mergers and acquisitions of comparable companies.

After considering the results of each of these valuation models, we then use the Backsolve Option Pricing Method, or OPM, to determine the fair value of the profit interest awards and resulting equity-based compensation expense.

Assumptions used in the OPM include the expected life, volatility, risk-free rate and dividend yield. We utilize the observable data for a group of peer companies that grant options with substantially similar terms to assist in developing our volatility assumption. The risk-free rate is based on U.S. Treasury yields in effect at the time of grant over the expected term. We assume a dividend yield of 0% as we have not historically paid distributions.

The assumptions used in estimating the fair value of equity-based payment awards represent management’s best estimates, but these estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management judgment. As a result, if factors change and we use different assumptions, equity-based compensation expense could be different in the future.

As a result of the publicly traded price of our common stock, certain key valuation inputs to the option pricing method will be based on publicly available information. These key valuation inputs include the fair value of our common stock, and once there is a sufficient trading history, the volatility would be derived from the historical trading activity of our common stock.

Refer to Note 11—Stock Based Compensation and Other Benefit Plans to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for details regarding Topco’s and our equity-based compensation plans.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Refer to Note 1, Organization and Significant Accounting Policies – Recent Accounting Pronouncements, to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Foreign Currency Risk

Our exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations is primarily the result of foreign subsidiaries and foreign branches primarily domiciled in Europe and Canada. We use financial derivative instruments to hedge foreign currency exchange rate risks associated with our Canadian subsidiary.

The assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiaries and foreign branches, whose functional currencies are primarily the Canadian dollar, British pound and euro, are translated into U.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. Income and expense items are translated at the average exchange rates prevailing during the period. The cumulative translation effects for subsidiaries using a functional currency other than the U.S. dollar are included in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income as a separate component of stockholders’ equity. We estimate that had the exchange rate in each country unfavorably changed by ten percent relative to the U.S. dollar, our consolidated loss before income taxes would have increased by approximately $4.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Interest Rate Risk

Interest rate exposure relates primarily to the effect of interest rate changes on borrowings outstanding under the Term Loan Facility, Revolving Credit Facility and Notes.

We manage our interest rate risk through the use of derivative financial instruments. Specifically, we have entered into interest rate cap agreements to manage our exposure to potential interest rate increases that may result from fluctuations in LIBOR. We do not designate these derivatives as hedges for accounting purposes, and as a result, all changes in the fair value of derivatives, used to hedge interest rates, are recorded in “Interest expense, net” in our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

As of December 31, 2022, we had interest rate cap contracts on $650.0 million of notional value of principal from various financial institutions, with a maturity dates of December 16, 2024 to manage our exposure to interest rate movements on variable rate credit facilities when one-months LIBOR on term loans exceeds cap of 0.75%. The aggregate fair value of our interest rate caps represented an outstanding net asset of $47.5 million as of December 31, 2022.

Holding other variables constant, a change of one-eighth percentage point in the weighted average interest rate above the floor of 0.75% on the Term Loan Facility and 0.00% on Revolving Credit Facility would have resulted in an increase of $1.4 million in interest expense, net of gains from interest rate caps, for the year ended December 31, 2022.

In the future, in order to manage our interest rate risk, we may refinance our existing debt, enter into additional interest rate cap agreements or modify our existing interest rate cap agreement. However, we do not intend or expect to enter into derivative or interest rate cap transactions for speculative purposes.

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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

| Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 238) | 56
Consolidated Balance Sheets | 59
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income | 60
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity | 61
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 62
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 63
Schedule I—Condensed Registrant Only Financial Information of Advantage Solutions Inc. as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 | 104

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Advantage Solutions Inc.

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Advantage Solutions Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income, of stockholders’ equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, including the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the accompanying index (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.

Basis for Opinions

The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

As described in Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting, management has excluded two acquisitions completed in 2022 from its assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 because they were acquired by the Company in purchase business combinations during 2022. We have also excluded the two acquisitions completed in 2022 from our audit of internal control over financial reporting. The acquired entities are wholly-owned subsidiaries whose total assets and total revenues excluded from management’s assessment and our audit of internal control over financial reporting collectively represent 1% and 1%,respectively, of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the

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company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Annual Goodwill Impairment Assessment – sales and marketing reporting units

As described in Notes 1 and 3 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s consolidated goodwill balance was $887.9 million as of December 31, 2022. Management tests the Company’s goodwill for impairment at the beginning of the fourth quarter of a given fiscal year and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of a reporting unit may exceed its fair value. When it is determined that a quantitative impairment test should be performed, if the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, goodwill is impaired and the excess of the reporting unit’s carrying value over the fair value is recognized as an impairment loss. Based on the results of the Company's quantitative impairment test in the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company’s sales and marketing reporting units were written down to their respective fair values, resulting in zero excess fair value over their carrying values. The Company recognized $1,275.7 million and $91.8 million impairment charges in the sales and marketing reporting units, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2022. Management utilizes a combination of income and market approaches to estimate the fair value of the Company’s reporting units. The income approach utilizes estimates of discounted cash flows of the reporting units, which requires assumptions for the reporting units’ revenue growth rates, EBITDA margins, terminal growth rates, discount rates, and incremental net working capital all of which require significant management judgment. The market approach applies market multiples derived from the historical earnings data of selected guideline publicly-traded companies to the Company’s reporting units’ businesses, which requires significant management judgment.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the annual goodwill impairment assessment of the sales and marketing reporting units is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management when developing the fair value estimates of the sales and marketing reporting units; (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management’s significant assumptions related to revenue growth rates, EBITDA margins, terminal growth rates, discount rates, incremental net working capital, and market multiples; and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s annual goodwill impairment assessment, including controls over the valuation of the sales and marketing reporting units. These procedures also included, among others (i) testing management’s process for developing the fair value estimates of the sales and marketing reporting units; (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of the income and market valuation approaches, including utilizing a combination of the approaches to estimate the fair value of the sales and marketing reporting units; (iii) testing the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data used in the income and market valuation approaches; and (iv) evaluating the reasonableness of the significant assumptions used by management related to revenue growth rates, EBITDA margins, terminal growth rates, discount rates, incremental net working capital, and market multiples. Evaluating management’s significant assumptions related to revenue growth rates, EBITDA margins, and incremental net working capital involved evaluating whether the assumptions used by management were reasonable considering (i) the current and past performance of the sales and marketing reporting units; (ii) the consistency with external market and industry data; and (iii) whether these assumptions were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating (i) the appropriateness of the income and market valuation approaches, including utilizing a combination of the approaches to estimate the fair value of the sales and marketing reporting units and (ii) the reasonableness of the significant assumptions related to terminal growth rates, discount rates, and market multiples.

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Annual Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets Impairment Assessment – sales and marketing trade names

As described in Notes 1 and 3 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s indefinite-lived intangible assets balance was $695.0 million as of December 31, 2022. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized but tested annually, at the beginning of the fourth quarter, for impairment or more often if evidence exists that triggering events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of these assets may not be recoverable. Management performed the annual indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment assessment as of October 1, 2022. Based on this assessment, management concluded the carrying value of the indefinite-lived trade names in the sales and marketing reporting units exceeded their estimated fair values. As a result, the Company recognized non-cash intangible asset impairment charges of $146.0 million and $59.0 million related to the Company's indefinite-lived sales and marketing trade names, respectively, during the year ended December 31, 2022. Management tests the Company’s indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment using a relief from royalty method by comparing the estimated fair values of the indefinite-lived intangible assets with the carrying values. The estimates used in the determination of fair value are subjective in nature and involve the use of significant assumptions. These estimates and assumptions include revenue growth rates, terminal growth rates, discount rates, and royalty rates, all of which require significant management judgment.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the annual indefinite-lived intangible assets impairment assessment of the sales and marketing trade names is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management when developing the fair value estimates of the sales and marketing trade names; (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management’s significant assumptions related to revenue growth rates, discount rates, and royalty rates; and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s annual indefinite-lived intangible assets impairment assessment, including controls over the valuation of the sales and marketing trade names. These procedures also included, among others (i) testing management’s process for developing the fair value estimates of the sales and marketing trade names; (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of the relief from royalty method; (iii) testing the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data used in the relief from royalty method; and (iv) evaluating the reasonableness of the significant assumptions used by management related to revenue growth rates, discount rates, and royalty rates. Evaluating management’s significant assumption related to revenue growth rates involved evaluating whether the assumption used by management was reasonable considering (i) the current and past performance of the sales and marketing brands; (ii) the consistency with external market and industry data; and (iii) whether this assumption was consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating (i) the appropriateness of the relief from royalty method and (ii) the reasonableness of the significant assumptions related to discount rates and royalty rates.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Irvine, California

March 1, 2023

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2003.

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ADVANTAGE SOLUTIONS INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

|  | December 31, |
(in thousands, except share data) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 120,715 |  |  | $ | 164,622 |
Restricted cash |  |  | 17,817 |  |  |  | 16,015 |
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for expected credit losses of $22,752 and $13,648, respectively |  |  | 869,000 |  |  |  | 797,677 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | 149,476 |  |  |  | 126,000 |
Total current assets |  |  | 1,157,008 |  |  |  | 1,104,314 |
Property and equipment, net |  |  | 70,898 |  |  |  | 63,696 |
Goodwill |  |  | 887,949 |  |  |  | 2,206,004 |
Other intangible assets, net |  |  | 1,897,503 |  |  |  | 2,287,514 |
Investments in unconsolidated affiliates |  |  | 129,491 |  |  |  | 125,158 |
Other assets |  |  | 119,522 |  |  |  | 67,582 |
Total assets |  | $ | 4,262,371 |  |  | $ | 5,854,268 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Current portion of long-term debt |  | $ | 13,991 |  |  | $ | 14,397 |
Accounts payable |  |  | 261,464 |  |  |  | 277,366 |
Accrued compensation and benefits |  |  | 154,744 |  |  |  | 139,157 |
Other accrued expenses |  |  | 133,173 |  |  |  | 164,133 |
Deferred revenues |  |  | 37,329 |  |  |  | 50,467 |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 600,701 |  |  |  | 645,520 |
Long-term debt, net of current portion |  |  | 2,022,819 |  |  |  | 2,028,882 |
Deferred income tax liabilities |  |  | 297,874 |  |  |  | 483,165 |
Warrant liability |  |  | 953 |  |  |  | 22,189 |
Other long-term liabilities |  |  | 110,554 |  |  |  | 92,218 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 3,032,901 |  |  |  | 3,271,974 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 18) |  |  |  |  |  |
Redeemable noncontrolling interest |  |  | 3,746 |  |  |  | 1,893 |
Equity attributable to stockholders of Advantage Solutions Inc. |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, no par value, 10,000,000 shares authorized; none issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.0001 par value, 3,290,000,000 shares authorized; 319,690,300 and 316,963,552 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively |  |  | 32 |  |  |  | 32 |
Additional paid in capital |  |  | 3,408,836 |  |  |  | 3,373,278 |
Accumulated deficit |  |  | (2,247,109 | ) |  |  | (866,607 | )
Loans to Karman Topco L.P. |  |  | (6,363 | ) |  |  | (6,340 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | (18,849 | ) |  |  | (4,479 | )
Treasury stock, at cost; 1,610,014 shares as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 |  |  | (12,567 | ) |  |  | (12,567 | )
Total equity attributable to stockholders of Advantage Solutions Inc. |  |  | 1,123,980 |  |  |  | 2,483,317 |
Nonredeemable noncontrolling interest |  |  | 101,744 |  |  |  | 97,084 |
Total stockholders’ equity |  |  | 1,225,724 |  |  |  | 2,580,401 |
Total liabilities, redeemable noncontrolling interest, and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 4,262,371 |  |  | $ | 5,854,268 |

See Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

59

ADVANTAGE SOLUTIONS INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME

|  |  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands, except share and per share data) |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Revenues |  |  | $ | 4,049,742 |  |  | $ | 3,602,298 |  |  | $ | 3,155,671 |
Cost of revenues (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below) |  |  |  | 3,493,183 |  |  |  | 2,964,123 |  |  |  | 2,551,485 |
Selling, general, and administrative expenses |  |  |  | 190,367 |  |  |  | 168,086 |  |  |  | 306,282 |
Impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived assets |  |  |  | 1,572,523 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Recovery from Take 5 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (7,700 | )
Depreciation and amortization |  |  |  | 233,075 |  |  |  | 240,041 |  |  |  | 238,598 |
Total operating expenses |  |  |  | 5,489,148 |  |  |  | 3,372,250 |  |  |  | 3,088,665 |
Operating (loss) income |  |  |  | (1,439,406 | ) |  |  | 230,048 |  |  |  | 67,006 |
Other (income) expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value of warrant liability |  |  |  | (21,236 | ) |  |  | 955 |  |  |  | 13,363 |
Interest expense, net |  |  |  | 104,459 |  |  |  | 137,927 |  |  |  | 234,044 |
Total other expenses |  |  |  | 83,223 |  |  |  | 138,882 |  |  |  | 247,407 |
(Loss) income before income taxes |  |  |  | (1,522,629 | ) |  |  | 91,166 |  |  |  | (180,401 | )
(Benefit from) provision for income taxes |  |  |  | (145,337 | ) |  |  | 33,617 |  |  |  | (5,331 | )
Net (loss) income |  |  |  | (1,377,292 | ) |  |  | 57,549 |  |  |  | (175,070 | )
Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interest |  |  |  | 3,210 |  |  |  | 3,055 |  |  |  | 736 |
Net (loss) income attributable to stockholders of Advantage Solutions Inc. |  |  |  | (1,380,502 | ) |  |  | 54,494 |  |  |  | (175,806 | )
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  |  |  | (14,370 | ) |  |  | (5,153 | ) |  |  | 8,827 |
Total comprehensive (loss) income attributable to stockholders of Advantage Solutions Inc. |  |  | $ | (1,394,872 | ) |  | $ | 49,341 |  |  | $ | (166,979 | )
Net (loss) income per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  | $ | (4.33 | ) |  | $ | 0.17 |  |  | $ | (0.79 | )
Diluted |  |  | $ | (4.33 | ) |  | $ | 0.17 |  |  | $ | (0.79 | )
Weighted-average number of common shares: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  |  | 318,682,548 |  |  |  | 318,198,860 |  |  |  | 223,227,833 |
Diluted |  |  |  | 318,682,548 |  |  |  | 321,004,756 |  |  |  | 223,227,833 |

See Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

60

ADVANTAGE SOLUTIONS INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  | Advantage |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Common Stock |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  | Additional |  |  |  |  |  | Loans |  |  | Other |  |  | Solutions Inc. |  |  | Nonredeemable |  |  | Total |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Paid-in |  |  | Accumulated |  |  | to |  |  | Comprehensive |  |  | Stockholders' |  |  | Noncontrolling |  |  | Stockholders' |
| Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Capital |  |  | Deficit |  |  | Topco |  |  | Income (Loss) |  |  | Equity |  |  | Interests |  |  | Equity |
(in thousands, except share data) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at January 1, 2020 |  | 203,750,000 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,337,471 |  |  | $ | (745,295 | ) |  | $ | (6,244 | ) |  | $ | (8,153 | ) |  | $ | 1,577,799 |  |  | $ | 92,007 |  |  | $ | 1,669,806 |
Comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Net (loss) income |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (175,806 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (175,806 | ) |  |  | 736 |  |  |  | (175,070 | )
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,827 |  |  |  | 8,827 |  |  |  | 4,211 |  |  |  | 13,038 |
Total comprehensive (loss) income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (166,979 | ) |  |  | 4,947 |  |  |  | (162,032 | )
Recapitalization transaction, net of fees and deferred taxes |  | 109,675,182 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 921,302 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 921,313 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 921,313 |
Issuance of performance shares |  | 5,000,000 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Interest on loans to Karman Topco L.P. |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (72 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (72 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (72 | )
Equity-based compensation of Karman Topco L.P. |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 89,774 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 89,774 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 89,774 |
Balance at December 31, 2020 |  | 318,425,182 |  |  |  | 32 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,348,546 |  |  |  | (921,101 | ) |  |  | (6,316 | ) |  |  | 674 |  |  |  | 2,421,835 |  |  |  | 96,954 |  |  |  | 2,518,789 |
Comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 54,494 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 54,494 |  |  |  | 2,964 |  |  |  | 57,458 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (5,153 | ) |  |  | (5,153 | ) |  |  | (3,069 | ) |  |  | (8,222 | )
Total comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 49,341 |  |  |  | (105 | ) |  |  | 49,236 |
Interest on loans to Karman Topco L.P. |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (24 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (24 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (24 | )
Redemption of noncontrolling interest |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (444 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (444 | ) |  |  | 235 |  |  |  | (209 | )
Equity-based compensation of Karman Topco L.P. |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (15,030 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (15,030 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (15,030 | )
Vesting of stock-based compensation awards |  | 24,784 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Purchase of treasury stock |  | (1,610,014 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,610,014 |  |  |  | (12,567 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (12,567 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (12,567 | )
Shares issued upon vesting of restricted stock units |  | 41,424 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Shares issued under 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan |  | 77,172 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 736 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 736 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 736 |
Shares issued upon exercise of warrants |  | 5,004 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 58 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 58 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 58 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 39,412 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 39,412 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 39,412 |
Balance at December 31, 2021 |  | 316,963,552 |  |  |  | 32 |  |  |  | 1,610,014 |  |  |  | (12,567 | ) |  |  | 3,373,278 |  |  |  | (866,607 | ) |  |  | (6,340 | ) |  |  | (4,479 | ) |  |  | 2,483,317 |  |  |  | 97,084 |  |  |  | 2,580,401 |
Comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,380,502 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,380,502 | ) |  |  | 2,995 |  |  |  | (1,377,507 | )
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (14,370 | ) |  |  | (14,370 | ) |  |  | (4,526 | ) |  |  | (18,896 | )
Total comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,394,872 | ) |  |  | (1,531 | ) |  |  | (1,396,403 | )
Interest on loans to Karman Topco L.P. |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (23 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (23 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (23 | )
Increase in noncontrolling interest |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,191 |  |  |  | 6,191 |
Equity-based compensation of Karman Topco L.P. |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (6,934 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (6,934 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (6,934 | )
Shares issued under 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan |  | 713,213 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,320 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,320 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,320 |
Shares issued under 2020 Incentive Award Plan |  | 2,013,535 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 39,172 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 39,172 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 39,172 |
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | 319,690,300 |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  |  | 1,610,014 |  |  | $ | (12,567 | ) |  | $ | 3,408,836 |  |  | $ | (2,247,109 | ) |  | $ | (6,363 | ) |  | $ | (18,849 | ) |  | $ | 1,123,980 |  |  | $ | 101,744 |  |  | $ | 1,225,724 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

61

ADVANTAGE SOLUTIONS INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

|  |  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands) |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income |  |  | $ | (1,377,292 | ) |  | $ | 57,549 |  |  | $ | (175,070 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash provided by operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noncash interest (income) expense, net |  |  |  | (43,785 | ) |  |  | (8,315 | ) |  |  | 755 |
Amortization of deferred financing fees |  |  |  | 8,860 |  |  |  | 9,250 |  |  |  | 14,795 |
Impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived assets |  |  |  | 1,572,523 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Extinguishment costs related to repayment and repricing of long-term debt |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,569 |  |  |  | 11,275 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  |  | 233,075 |  |  |  | 240,041 |  |  |  | 238,598 |
Change in fair value of warrant liability |  |  |  | (21,236 | ) |  |  | 955 |  |  |  | 13,363 |
Fair value adjustments related to contingent consideration |  |  |  | 4,774 |  |  |  | 5,763 |  |  |  | 16,091 |
Deferred income taxes |  |  |  | (190,754 | ) |  |  | (10,012 | ) |  |  | (14,357 | )
Equity-based compensation of Karman Topco L.P. |  |  |  | (6,934 | ) |  |  | (15,030 | ) |  |  | 89,774 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  | 39,825 |  |  |  | 39,412 |  |  |  | — |
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates |  |  |  | (10,609 | ) |  |  | (10,298 | ) |  |  | (5,138 | )
Distribution received from unconsolidated affiliates |  |  |  | 1,826 |  |  |  | 1,465 |  |  |  | 968 |
Loss on disposal of property and equipment |  |  |  | 644 |  |  |  | 7,162 |  |  |  | 21,091 |
Loss on divestiture |  |  |  | 2,863 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effects from purchases of businesses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable, net |  |  |  | (75,688 | ) |  |  | (215,501 | ) |  |  | 116,105 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets |  |  |  | (22,738 | ) |  |  | (14,000 | ) |  |  | 24,687 |
Accounts payable |  |  |  | (17,635 | ) |  |  | 46,000 |  |  |  | 10,880 |
Accrued compensation and benefits |  |  |  | 16,678 |  |  |  | (2,363 | ) |  |  | 4,514 |
Deferred revenues |  |  |  | (11,551 | ) |  |  | (2,694 | ) |  |  | 4,535 |
Other accrued expenses and other liabilities |  |  |  | 18,412 |  |  |  | (4,962 | ) |  |  | (27,136 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  |  | 121,258 |  |  |  | 125,991 |  |  |  | 345,730 |
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchase of businesses, net of cash acquired |  |  |  | (74,206 | ) |  |  | (42,668 | ) |  |  | (68,057 | )
Purchase of investment in unconsolidated affiliates |  |  |  | (775 | ) |  |  | (2,000 | ) |  |  | — |
Purchase of property and equipment |  |  |  | (40,455 | ) |  |  | (31,175 | ) |  |  | (30,946 | )
Proceeds from divestiture |  |  |  | 1,896 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  |  | (113,540 | ) |  |  | (75,843 | ) |  |  | (99,003 | )
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Borrowings under lines of credit |  |  |  | 326,090 |  |  |  | 61,629 |  |  |  | 213,927 |
Payments on lines of credit |  |  |  | (326,968 | ) |  |  | (111,736 | ) |  |  | (164,828 | )
Proceeds from accounts receivable securitization facility |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 120,000 |
Payment under accounts receivable securitization facility |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (120,000 | )
Proceeds from government loans for COVID-19 relief |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,975 |  |  |  | 4,822 |
Proceeds from new borrowings under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities and Notes |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,100,000 |
Principal payments on long-term debt |  |  |  | (13,394 | ) |  |  | (13,309 | ) |  |  | (3,229,848 | )
Proceeds from issuance of common stock |  |  |  | 3,320 |  |  |  | 794 |  |  |  | — |
Proceeds from recapitalization, net of fees |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 925,216 |
Contingent consideration payments |  |  |  | (23,164 | ) |  |  | (9,814 | ) |  |  | (18,314 | )
Holdback payments |  |  |  | (11,057 | ) |  |  | (3,989 | ) |  |  | (2,736 | )
Purchase of treasury stock |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (12,567 | ) |  |  | — |
Financing fees paid |  |  |  | (1,464 | ) |  |  | (74 | ) |  |  | (58,391 | )
Contribution from noncontrolling interest |  |  |  | 5,217 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Redemption of noncontrolling interest |  |  |  | (224 | ) |  |  | (209 | ) |  |  | — |
Net cash used in financing activities |  |  |  | (41,644 | ) |  |  | (86,300 | ) |  |  | (230,152 | )
Net effect of foreign currency changes on cash |  |  |  | (8,179 | ) |  |  | (3,177 | ) |  |  | 4,366 |
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  |  | (42,105 | ) |  |  | (39,329 | ) |  |  | 20,941 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period |  |  |  | 180,637 |  |  |  | 219,966 |  |  |  | 199,025 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period |  |  | $ | 138,532 |  |  | $ | 180,637 |  |  | $ | 219,966 |
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash payments for interest |  |  | $ | 126,560 |  |  | $ | 137,467 |  |  | $ | 151,030 |
Cash received from interest rate derivatives |  |  | $ | 6,527 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Cash payments for income taxes, net |  |  | $ | 45,729 |  |  | $ | 40,189 |  |  | $ | 18,263 |
Purchase of property and equipment recorded in accounts payable and accrued expenses |  |  | $ | 842 |  |  | $ | 759 |  |  | $ | 508 |
Deferred taxes related to transaction costs in connection with recapitalization |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,968 |
Fair value of liability for private placement warrants acquired at Closing |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,871 |
Note payable related to settlement of contingent consideration |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,048 |

See Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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ADVANTAGE SOLUTIONS INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. Organization and Significant Accounting Policies

On July 25, 2014, Advantage Solutions Inc. (“ASI Intermediate”) acquired Advantage Sales & Marketing Inc. (the “2014 Topco Acquisition”). As a result of the 2014 Topco Acquisition, Advantage Sales & Marketing Inc. became a wholly owned indirect subsidiary of ASI Intermediate, of which Karman Topco L.P. (“Topco”) is the parent.

The units of Topco are held by equity funds affiliated with or advised by CVC Capital Partners, Leonard Green & Partners, Juggernaut Capital Partners, Centerview Capital, L.P., Bain Capital and Yonghui Investment Limited, as well as by current and former members of the Company’s management.

On September 7, 2020, ASI Intermediate entered into an agreement and plan of merger (as amended, modified, supplemented or waived, the “Merger Agreement”), with Conyers Park II Acquisition Corp., a Delaware corporation, now known as Advantage Solutions Inc. (“Conyers Park”), CP II Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and wholly owned subsidiary of Conyers Park (“Merger Sub”), and Topco. Conyers Park neither engaged in any operations nor generated any revenue. Based on Conyers Park’s business activities, it was a “shell company” as defined under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)

On October 28, 2020, Conyers Park consummated the merger pursuant to the Merger Agreement, by and among Merger Sub, ASI Intermediate (“Legacy Advantage”), and Topco. Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, Merger Sub was merged with and into Legacy Advantage with Legacy Advantage being the surviving company in the merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of Conyers Park (the “Merger” and, together with the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, the “Transactions”). On October 28, 2020, and in connection with the closing of the Transactions (the “Closing”), Conyers Park changed its name to Advantage Solutions Inc. (the “Company” or “Advantage”) and Legacy Advantage changed its name to ASI Intermediate Corp.

As of the Closing, Topco received 203,750,000 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Common Stock”). Additionally, 5,000,000 shares of Class A common stock (“Performance Shares”) were issued to Topco at Closing, which were subject to vesting upon satisfaction of a market performance condition for any period of 20 trading days out of 30 consecutive trading days during the five-year period after the Closing, and Topco was not able to vote or sell such shares until vesting. Such Performance Shares vested on January 15, 2021 when the market performance condition was satisfied.

In connection with the entry into the Merger Agreement, Conyers Park also entered into subscription agreements with certain investors (the “PIPE Investors”), pursuant to which, among other things, Conyers Park agreed to issue and sell in a private placement shares of Conyers Park Class A common stock for a purchase price of $10.00 per share. The PIPE Investors, other than the equity holders of Topco that participated in the PIPE Investment (the “Advantage Sponsors”) and their affiliates, agreed to purchase an aggregate of 51,130,000 shares of Conyers Park Class A common stock. Certain of the Advantage Sponsors or their affiliates agreed to purchase an aggregate of 34,410,000 shares of Conyers Park Class A common stock, and, at their sole discretion. The shares of Conyers Park Class A common stock purchased by the PIPE Investors in the private placement are referred to as the “PIPE Shares” and the aggregate purchase price paid for the PIPE Shares is referred to as the “PIPE Investment.” At the Closing, the PIPE Investment was consummated, and 85,540,000 shares of Class A common stock were issued for aggregate gross proceeds of $855.4 million.

Further, as part of the Closing, Conyers Park’s public shareholders redeemed 32,114,818 shares of Class A common stock at a redemption price of $10.06 per share, resulting in a $323.1 million payment from Conyers Park’s trust account proceeds and 12,885,182 shares of Class A common stock of Conyers Park existing public stockholders remain outstanding. Additionally, 11,250,000 shares of Conyers Park Class B common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, held by CP Sponsor and its directors, automatically converted into shares of the Company’s Park Class A common stock. As of the Closing, the PIPE Investors, Conyers Park existing public stockholders, and CP Sponsor collectively held 109,675,182 shares of Class A common stock.

The Merger was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). Under this method of accounting, Conyers Park is treated as the “acquired” company for financial reporting purposes. This determination was primarily based on the current stockholder of Legacy Advantage, Topco, having a relative majority of the voting power of the combined entity, the operations of Legacy Advantage prior to the Merger comprising the only ongoing operations of the combined entity, and senior management of Legacy Advantage comprising the senior management of the combined entity. Accordingly, for accounting purposes, the financial statements of the combined entity represent a continuation of the financial statements of Legacy Advantage with the acquisition being treated as the equivalent of Legacy Advantage issuing stock for the net assets of Conyers Park, accompanied by a recapitalization. The net assets of Conyers Park are stated at historical cost, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded. The shares and net (loss) income per share available to holders of the Legacy Advantage’s common stock, prior to the Merger, have been retroactively restated as shares reflecting the exchange ratio established in the Merger Agreement.

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In connection with the Merger, ASI Intermediate received $93.9 million from Conyers Park’s trust account balance after the payments of $323.1 million redemptions by Conyers Park public stockholders and of $37.3 million transaction expenses incurred by Conyers Park, net of deferred taxes of $3.9 million. ASI Intermediate incurred direct and incremental costs of approximately $24.0 million related to the equity issuance, consisting primarily of investment banking, legal, accounting and other professional fees, which were recorded to additional paid-in capital as a reduction of proceeds. In addition, the Company incurred $39.8 million in transaction bonuses and $76.0 million in non-cash share-based compensation expense due to the accelerated vesting of Topco’s legacy share-based compensation plan. The transaction bonuses and share-based compensation are included in “Selling, general and administrative expenses” on the Company's Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income for the year ended December 31, 2020. The Company also classified the 7,333,333 private placement warrants originally issued by Conyers Park to Conyers Park II Sponsor LLC in a private placement in connection with its initial public offering and assumed by the Company as a warrant liability with an initial fair value of the private placement warrants of $7.9 million with a decrease to additional paid-in capital in connection with the consummation of the Transactions on October 28, 2020.

The Company is headquartered in Irvine, California and is a business solutions provider to consumer goods manufacturers and retailers.

The Company’s common stock and public warrants (as further described in Note 12, Equity) are listed on the Nasdaq Global Select market under the symbol “ADV” and warrants to purchase the common stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share are listed on the Nasdaq Global Select market under the symbol “ADVWW”.

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its controlled subsidiaries and have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The financial information set forth herein reflects: (a) the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 and (b) the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. The consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 reflect Topco’s basis in the assets and liabilities of the Company, as a result of the 2014 Topco Acquisition. The Company’s share in the earnings or losses for its investments in affiliates is reflected in “Investments in unconsolidated affiliates” and “Cost of revenues” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income, respectively. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation.

Certain prior period balances have been reclassified to conform to the current Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. These reclassifications had no impact on previously reported Consolidated Balance Sheets, Consolidated Statements of Operations Comprehensive (Loss) Income, and Consolidated Statements of Stockholder’s Equity.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the balance sheet date and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from such estimates. The most significant estimates include revenues, workers’ compensation and employee medical claim reserves, fair value of contingent consideration, leases, income taxes, equity-based compensation, derivative instruments and fair value considerations in applying purchase accounting and assessing goodwill and other asset impairments.

Foreign Currency

The Company’s reporting currency is U.S. dollars as that is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Company operates. The Company translates the assets and liabilities of its non-U.S. dollar functional currency subsidiaries into U.S. dollars using exchange rates in effect at the end of each period. Revenues and expenses for these subsidiaries are translated using rates that approximate those in effect during the period. Gains and losses from these translations are included in “Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income” in the Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity. Transactions in foreign currencies other than the entities’ functional currency are converted using the rate of exchange at the date of transaction. The gains or losses arising from the revaluation of foreign currency transactions to functional currency are included in “Selling, general, and administrative expenses” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income. Unrealized foreign currency exchange gains and losses on certain intercompany transactions that are of a long-term investment nature (i.e., settlement is not planned or anticipated in the foreseeable future) are also recorded in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income in stockholders’ equity. The Company reports gains and losses from foreign exchange rate changes related to intercompany receivables and payables that are of a long-term investment nature, in “Other comprehensive (loss) income” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss)

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Income. These items represented a net gain of $7.3 million, a gain of $1.0 million, and a loss of $2.1 million during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and highly liquid investments having an original maturity of three months or less. The Company’s investments consist primarily of U.S. Treasury securities. The Company’s investments are carried at cost, which approximates fair value. The Company has restricted cash related to funds received from clients that will be disbursed at the direction of those clients. Corresponding liabilities have been recorded in “Other accrued expenses” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the Company’s consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows:

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 120,715 |  |  | $ | 164,622 |  |  | $ | 204,301 |
Restricted cash |  |  | 17,817 |  |  |  | 16,015 |  |  |  | 15,665 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | $ | 138,532 |  |  | $ | 180,637 |  |  | $ | 219,966 |

Accounts Receivable and Expected Credit Losses

Accounts receivable consist of amounts due from clients for services provided in normal business activities and are recorded at invoiced amounts. The Company measures expected credit losses against certain billed receivables based upon the latest information regarding whether invoices are ultimately collectible. Assessing the collectability of client receivables requires management judgment. The Company determines its expected credit losses by specifically analyzing individual accounts receivable, historical bad debts, client creditworthiness, current economic conditions, and accounts receivable aging trends. Valuation reserves are periodically re-evaluated and adjusted as more information about the ultimate collectability of accounts receivable becomes available. Upon determination that a receivable is uncollectible, the receivable balance and any associated reserve is written off.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist principally of accounts receivable and cash balances at various financial institutions. The Company maintains cash balances in accounts at various financial institutions. At times such cash balances may exceed federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts.

Derivatives

The Company uses derivative financial instruments to hedge interest rate and foreign exchange risk. Derivative instruments, used to hedge interest rates, consist of interest rate swaps and interest rate caps. Interest rate swap contracts involve the exchange of floating rate interest payment obligations for fixed interest rate payments without the exchange of the underlying principal amounts. Interest rate cap contracts limit the floating interest rate exposure to the indicative rate in the agreement. Derivatives are initially recognized at fair value on the date a contract is entered into and are subsequently re-measured at fair value. The fair values of derivatives are measured using observable market prices or, where market prices are not available, by using discounted expected future cash flows at prevailing interest and exchange rates. The Company does not designate these derivatives as hedges for accounting purposes, and as a result, all changes in the fair value of derivatives used to hedge interest rates and foreign exchange risk are recorded in “Interest expense” and in “Selling, general, and administrative expenses” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income, respectively. These arrangements contain an element of risk in that the counterparties may be unable to meet the terms of such arrangements. In the event the counterparties are unable to fulfill their related obligations, the Company could potentially incur significant additional costs by replacing the positions at then current market rates. The Company manages its risk of exposure by limiting counterparties to those banks and institutions deemed appropriate by management.

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Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost, and the balances are presented net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation expense is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. The following table provides the range of estimated useful lives used for each asset type:

Leasehold improvements | 3—10 years
Furniture and fixtures | 3—7 years
Computer hardware and other equipment | 3—5 years
Software | 3—5 years

The Company capitalizes certain direct costs associated with the development and purchase of internal-use software within property and equipment. Capitalized costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the software, generally not exceeding five years.

Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of their respective lease terms or their respective estimated useful lives. The cost and accumulated depreciation of assets sold or otherwise disposed of are removed from the Consolidated Balance Sheets and the resulting gain or loss is reflected in the “Cost of revenues” and “Selling, general, administrative expenses” within the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income, depending on the nature of the assets. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred, whereas expenditures for improvements and replacements are capitalized.

Equity Method Investments

Investments in companies in which the Company exercises significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the investee and are not required to be consolidated are accounted for using the equity method. The Company’s proportionate share of the net income or loss of equity method investments is included in the results of operations and any dividends received reduce the carrying value of the investment. The excess of the cost of the Company’s investment over its proportionate share of the fair value of the net assets of the investee at the acquisition date is recognized as goodwill and included in the carrying amount of the investment. Goodwill in the equity method investments is not amortized. Gains and losses from changes in the Company’s ownership interests are recorded in results of operations until control is achieved. In instances in which a change in the Company’s ownership interest results in obtaining control, the existing carrying value of the investment is remeasured to the acquisition date fair value and any gain or loss is recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

Distributions received from unconsolidated entities that represent returns on the investor’s investment are reported as cash flows from operating activities in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Cash distributions from unconsolidated entities that represent returns of the Company’s investment are reported as cash flows from investing activities.

Business Combinations

The Company accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method. Under this method, the purchase price of an acquisition is allocated to the underlying assets acquired and liabilities assumed based upon their estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. To the extent the purchase price exceeds the fair value of the net identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, such excess is allocated to goodwill. Factors giving rise to goodwill generally include assembled workforce, geographic presence, expertise, and synergies that are anticipated as a result of the business combination, including enhanced product and service offerings. The Company determines the estimated fair values after review and consideration of relevant information, including discounted cash flows, quoted market prices and estimates made by management. The Company adjusts the preliminary purchase price allocation, as necessary, during the measurement period of up to one year after the acquisition closing date as the Company obtains more information as to facts and circumstances existing at the acquisition date impacting asset valuations and liabilities assumed. Goodwill acquired in business combinations is assigned to the reporting unit expected to benefit from the combination as of the acquisition date. Acquisition-related costs are recognized separately from the acquisition and are expensed as incurred.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired in an acquisition. The Company tests for impairment of goodwill at the reporting unit level. The Company generally combines components that have similar economic characteristics, nature of services, types of client, distribution methods and

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regulatory environment. The Company has two reporting units, sales and marketing, which are also the Company’s operating segments.

The Company tests its goodwill for impairment at the beginning of the fourth quarter of a given fiscal year and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of a reporting unit may exceed its fair value. The Company has the option to perform a qualitative assessment of whether it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying value before performing a quantitative impairment test. To the extent that the qualitative approach indicates that it is more likely than not that the carrying amount is less than its fair value, the Company applies a quantitative approach. When it is determined that a quantitative impairment test should be performed, if the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, goodwill is impaired and the excess of the reporting unit’s carrying value over the fair value is recognized as an impairment loss; however, the loss recognized would not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.

The Company’s annual goodwill impairment assessment for the year ended December 31, 2022 was performed as of October 1, 2022. The Company utilizes a combination of income and market approaches to estimate the fair value of its reporting units. The income approach utilizes estimates of discounted cash flows of the reporting units, which requires assumptions for the reporting units’ revenue growth rates, EBITDA margins, terminal growth rates, discount rates, and incremental net working capital, all of which require significant management judgment. The market approach applies market multiples derived from the historical earnings data of selected guideline publicly-traded companies to the Company’s reporting units’ businesses, which requires significant management judgment. The guideline companies are first screened by industry group and then further narrowed based on the reporting units’ business descriptions, markets served, competitors, EBITDA margins, and revenue size. Market multiples are then selected from within the range of these guideline companies’ multiples based on the subject reporting unit. The Company compares a weighted average of the output from the income and market approaches to the carrying value of each reporting unit. The Company also compares the aggregate estimated fair value of its reporting units to the estimated fair value of its total market capitalization. The assumptions in the income and market approach are based on significant inputs not observable in the market and thus represent Level 3 measurements within the fair value hierarchy (described in “Fair Value Measurements,” below). The Company based its fair value estimates on assumptions it believes to be reasonable but which are unpredictable and inherently uncertain. A change in these underlying assumptions would cause a change in the results of the tests and, as such, could cause fair value to be less than the carrying amounts and result in an impairment of goodwill in the future. Additionally, if actual results are not consistent with the estimates and assumptions or if there are significant changes to the Company’s planned strategy, it may cause fair value to be less than the carrying amounts and result in an impairment of goodwill in the future.

Based on the results of the Company’s quantitative impairment test in the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company’s sales and marketing reporting units were written down to their respective fair values, resulting in zero excess fair value over their carrying values. The Company recognized $1,275.7 million and $91.8 million impairment charges in the sales and marketing reporting units, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2022, which has been reflected in “Impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived assets” in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income. While there was no single determinative event or factor, the consideration of the weight of evidence of several factors that culminated during the fourth quarter of 2022 led the Company to conclude that it was more likely than not that the fair value of the sales and marketing reporting units were below their carrying values. These factors included: (a) sustained decline in the Company’s share price; (b) challenges in the labor market and continued inflationary pressures; and (c) an increase to the discount rate as a result of the recent increases in interest rates which adversely affected the results of the quantitative impairment tests.

The uncertainty and volatility in the economic environment in which the Company operates could have an impact on the Company's future growth and could result in future impairment charges. There is no assurance that actual future earnings, cash flows or other assumptions for the reporting units will not significantly decline from these projections.

In connection with the Company's annual quantitative impairment test effective as of October 1, 2021 and 2020, the Company concluded that the goodwill was not impaired for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. The fair value of the sales reporting unit exceeded its carrying value by 23.8% for the year ended December 31, 2021 and exceeded its carrying value by 8.3% for the year ended December 31, 2020. The fair value of the marketing reporting unit exceeded its carrying value by 41.6% for the year ended December 31, 2021 and exceeded its carrying value by 37.3% for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Indefinite Lived Intangible Assets

The Company’s indefinite-lived intangible assets are its sales and marketing trade names. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized but tested annually, at the beginning of the fourth quarter, for impairment or more often if evidence exists that triggering events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of these assets may not be recoverable. The Company has the option to perform a qualitative assessment of whether it is more likely than not that the indefinite-lived intangible asset’s fair value is less than its carrying value before performing a quantitative impairment test. The Company tests its indefinite-lived intangible

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assets for impairment using a relief from royalty method by comparing the estimated fair values of the indefinite-lived intangible assets with the carrying values. The estimates used in the determination of fair value are subjective in nature and involve the use of significant assumptions. These estimates and assumptions include revenue growth rates, terminal growth rates, discount rates and royalty rates, all of which require significant management judgment. The assumptions are based on significant inputs not observable in the market and thus represent Level 3 measurements within the fair value hierarchy. The Company based its fair value estimates on assumptions it believes to be reasonable, but which are unpredictable and inherently uncertain. Actual future results may differ from the estimates.

The annual indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment assessment was performed effective as of October 1, 2022. Based on this assessment, the Company concluded the carrying value of the indefinite-lived trade names in the sales and marketing reporting units exceeded their estimated fair values. As a result, the Company recognized non-cash intangible asset impairment charges of $146.0 million and $59.0 million related to the Company’s indefinite-lived sales and marketing trade names, respectively, during the year ended December 31, 2022, which has been reflected in “Impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived assets” in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income. While there was no single determinative event or factor, the factors that led to the impairment were the same circumstances outlined in the goodwill impairment discussion above.

In connection with the Company's annual quantitative impairment test effective as of October 1, 2021, and 2020, the Company concluded that the indefinite-lived intangible assets were not impaired for the years ended December 31, 2021, and 2020. The fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible assets related to sales trade names exceeded its carrying value by 65.0% for the year ended December 31, 2021 and exceeded its carrying value by 13.3% for the year ended December 31, 2020. The fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible assets related to marketing trade names exceeded its carrying value by 33.3% for the year ended December 31, 2021, and exceeded its carrying value by 8.4% for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets to be held and used, including finite-lived intangible assets, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be fully recoverable. These events or changes in circumstances may include a significant deterioration of operating results, changes in business plans, or changes in anticipated future cash flows. If an impairment indicator is present, the Company evaluates recoverability by a comparison of the carrying amount of the assets to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the assets. If the assets are impaired, the impairment recognized is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the assets. Fair value is generally determined by estimates of discounted cash flows. The discount rate used in any estimate of discounted cash flows would be the rate required for a similar investment of like risk.

During fiscal year 2022, the Company concluded the impact of challenges in the labor market and continued inflationary pressures were indicators that impairment may exist related to its client relationship intangible assets. As a result, the Company performed a recoverability test and determined that there was no impairment. No impairment related to the Company’s client relationship intangible assets was recorded during the years ended December 31, 2021, and 2020. No impairment related to the Company’s other long-lived assets were recorded during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.

Contingent Consideration

Certain of the Company’s acquisition and sale agreements include contingent consideration arrangements, which are generally based on the achievement of future financial performance. If it is determined the contingent consideration arrangements are not compensatory, the fair values of these contingent consideration arrangements are included as part of the purchase price of the acquisitions or divestitures on their respective transaction dates. For each transaction, the Company estimates the fair value of contingent consideration payments as part of the initial purchase price and records the estimated fair value of contingent consideration related to proceeds from divestitures as an asset in “Other Assets” or related to purchases of businesses as a liability in “Other accrued expenses” or “Other long-term liabilities” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The Company reviews and assesses the estimated fair value of contingent consideration on a quarterly basis, and the updated fair value could differ materially from these initial estimates. Adjustments to the estimated fair value related to changes in all other unobservable inputs are reported in “Selling, general, and administrative expenses” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

The portion of the cash settlement up to the acquisition date fair value of the contingent consideration is classified as “Contingent consideration payments” in cash flows from financing activities, and amounts paid in excess of the acquisition date fair value are classified as “Other accrued expenses and other liabilities” in cash flows from operating activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

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Leases

The Company has obligations under various real estate leases, equipment leases, and software license agreements. The Company assesses whether these arrangements are or contain leases at lease inception. Classification of the leases between financing and operating leases is determined by assessing whether the lease transfers ownership of the asset to the Company, the lease grants an option for the Company to purchase the underlying asset, the lease term is for the majority of the remaining asset’s economic life, or if the minimum lease payments equal or substantially exceed all of the leased asset’s fair market value. As of December 31, 2022, the Company's finance leases were not material. See Note 8, Leases, for further information regarding the Company’s operating leases.

Self-Insurance Liability

The Company maintains a high deductible program for workers’ compensation claims. Losses and liabilities relating to workers’ compensation claims and employee medical claims are fully insured beyond the Company’s deductible limits. The Company’s estimated liabilities are not discounted and are based on information provided by third party administrators, combined with management’s judgment regarding a number of assumptions and factors, including the frequency and severity of claims, claims development history, case jurisdiction, applicable legislation and claims settlement practices.

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue when control of promised goods or services are transferred to the client in an amount that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for such goods or services. Substantially all of the Company’s contracts with clients involve the transfer of a service to the client, which represents a performance obligation that is satisfied over time because the client simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits of the services provided. In most cases, the contracts consist of a performance obligation that is comprised of a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and that have the same pattern of transfer (i.e., distinct days of service). For these contracts, the Company allocates the ratable portion of the consideration based on the services provided in each period of service to such period.

Revenues related to the sales segment are primarily recognized in the form of commissions, fee-for-service, or on a cost-plus basis for providing headquarter relationship management, analytics, insights and intelligence services, administrative services, retail services, retailer client relationships and in-store media programs, and digital technology solutions (which include business intelligence solutions, e-commerce services, and content services).

Marketing segment revenues are primarily recognized in the form of fee-for-service (including retainer fees, fees charged to clients based on hours incurred, project-based fees, or fees for executing in-person consumer engagements or experiences, which engagements or experiences the Company refers to as “events”), commissions, or on a cost-plus basis for providing experiential marketing, shopper and consumer marketing services, private label development and digital, social, and media services.

The Company disaggregates revenues from contracts with clients by reportable segment. Revenues within each segment are further disaggregated between brand-centric services and retail-centric services. Brand-centric services are centered on providing solutions to support manufacturers’ sales and marketing strategies. Retail-centric services are centered on providing solutions to retailers. Disaggregated revenues were as follows:

| Year Ended December 31, |
| 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales brand-centric services | $ | 1,364,673 |  |  | $ | 1,292,639 |  |  | $ | 1,204,240 |
Sales retail-centric services |  | 1,142,344 |  |  |  | 1,031,245 |  |  |  | 856,353 |
Total sales revenues |  | 2,507,017 |  |  |  | 2,323,884 |  |  |  | 2,060,593 |
Marketing brand-centric services |  | 559,218 |  |  |  | 554,447 |  |  |  | 429,200 |
Marketing retail-centric services |  | 983,507 |  |  |  | 723,967 |  |  |  | 665,878 |
Total marketing revenues |  | 1,542,725 |  |  |  | 1,278,414 |  |  |  | 1,095,078 |
Total revenues | $ | 4,049,742 |  |  | $ | 3,602,298 |  |  | $ | 3,155,671 |

The Company is party to certain client contracts that include variable consideration, whereby the ultimate consideration is contingent on future events such as the client’s sales to retailers, hours worked, event count, costs incurred, and performance incentive bonuses. For commission based service contracts, the consideration received from the client is variable because the Company earns an agreed upon percentage of the client’s sales to retailers, which is agreed upon on a manufacturer-by-manufacturer basis. Revenues are recognized for the commission earned during the applicable reporting period. The Company generally earns commission revenues from headquarter relationship management, analytics, insights and intelligence, e-commerce, administration, private label

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development and retail services arrangements. As part of these arrangements, the Company provides a variety of services to consumer goods manufacturers in order to improve the manufacturer’s sales at retailers. This includes primarily outsourced sales, business development, category and space management, relationship management, and sales strategy services. In exchange for these services, the Company earns an agreed upon percentage of its client’s sales to retailers, which is agreed upon on a manufacturer-by-manufacturer basis.

For service contracts whereby the client is charged a fee per hour incurred or fee per event completed, revenues are recognized over time as actual hours are incurred or as events are completed, respectively. For service contracts with a cost-plus arrangement, revenues are recognized on a gross basis over time for a given period based on the actual costs incurred plus a fixed mark-up fee that is negotiated on a client-by-client basis.

For certain contracts with clients, the Company is entitled to additional fees upon meeting specific performance goals or thresholds, which are referred to as bonus revenues. Bonus revenues are estimated and are recognized as revenues as the related services are performed for the client.

The variability of the consideration for the services transferred during a reporting period is typically resolved by the end of the reporting period. However, for certain client contracts, the Company is required to estimate the variable consideration for the services that have been transferred to the client during the reporting period. The Company typically estimates the variable consideration based on the expected value method. Estimates are based on historical experience and current facts known during the reporting period. The Company only recognizes revenues related to variable consideration if it is probable that a significant reversal of revenues recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. When such probable threshold is not satisfied, the Company will constrain some or all of the variable consideration and the constrained variable consideration will not be recognized as revenues. The Company records an adjustment to revenue for differences between estimated revenues and the amounts ultimately invoiced to the client. Adjustments to revenue during the current period related to services transferred during prior periods were not material during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.

The Company has contracts that include fixed consideration such as a fee per project or a fixed monthly fee. For contracts with a fee per project, revenues are recognized over time using an input method such as hours worked that reasonably depicts the Company’s performance in transferring control of the services to the client. The Company determined that the input method represents a reasonable method to measure the satisfaction of the performance obligation to the client. For contracts with a fixed monthly fee, revenues are recognized using a time-based measure resulting in a straight-line revenue recognition. A time-based measure was determined to represent a reasonable method to measure the satisfaction of the performance obligation to the client because the Company has a stand ready obligation to make itself available to provide services upon the client’s request or the client receives the benefit from the Company’s services evenly over the contract period.

The Company evaluates each client contract individually in accordance with the applicable accounting guidance to determine whether the Company acts as a principal (whereby the Company would present revenues on a gross basis), or as an agent (whereby the Company would present revenues on a net basis). While the Company primarily acts as a principal in its arrangements and reports revenues on a gross basis, the Company will occasionally act as an agent and accordingly presents revenues on a net basis. For example, for certain advertising arrangements, the Company’s clients purchase media content in advance, and the Company does not take on any risk of recovering its cost to acquire the media content. As a result, the Company determined it acts as the agent in these arrangements and records revenues and their related costs on a net basis. However, in cases where media content is not purchased in advance by its clients, the Company records such revenues and its related costs on a gross basis, as it bears the risk of recovering the costs to acquire the revenues related to such media content and it is responsible for fulfillment of the services thereunder.

Substantially all of the Company’s contracts with its clients either have a contract term that is less than one year with options for renewal and/or can be canceled by either party upon 30 to 120 days’ notice. For the purpose of disclosing the transaction price allocated to remaining unsatisfied performance obligations or partially satisfied performance obligations, the Company elected policies to: (1) exclude contracts with a contract term of one year or less and (2) exclude contracts with variable consideration that is allocated entirely to a wholly unsatisfied performance obligation or to a wholly unsatisfied promise to transfer a distinct service that forms part of a single performance obligation when that performance obligation qualifies as a series of remaining performance obligations. After applying these policy elections, the Company determined that it does not have a significant amount of fixed considerations allocated to remaining performance obligations for contracts with a contract term that exceeds one year.

When the Company satisfies its performance obligation and recognizes revenues accordingly, the Company has a present and unconditional right to payment and records the receivable from clients in “Accounts receivable” in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Company’s general payment terms are short-term in duration and the Company does not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component.

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Contract liabilities represent deferred revenues which are cash payments that are received in advance of the Company’s satisfaction of the applicable obligation(s) and are included in “Deferred revenues” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Deferred revenues are recognized as revenues when the related services are performed for the client. Revenues recognized during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, included $34.3 million, $37.2 million, and $33.2 million of deferred revenues from the respective prior years.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method, under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities, and for operating losses and tax credit carry- forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the currently enacted tax rates that apply to taxable income in effect for the years in which those tax assets are expected to be realized or settled. The income tax provision (benefit) is computed on the pre-tax income (loss) of the entities located within each taxing jurisdiction based on current tax law. A valuation allowance for deferred tax assets is recorded to the extent that the ultimate realization of the deferred tax assets is not considered more likely than not. The Company believes its deferred tax assets are more likely than not to be realized based on historical and projected future results, or a valuation allowance is established.

Realization of the Company’s deferred tax assets is principally dependent upon its achievement of future taxable income, the estimation of which requires significant management judgment. These judgments regarding future profitability may change due to many factors, including future market conditions and the Company’s ability to successfully execute its business plans. These changes, if any, may require adjustments to deferred tax asset balances and deferred income tax expense.

Uncertain Tax Positions

The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions when it is more likely than not that the tax position will not be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. As of December 31, 2022, and 2021, the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits were $0.6 million and $0.6 million, respectively. The Company has not recorded any material uncertain tax positions for the year ended December 31, 2022. All the unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2022 would be included in the effective tax rate if recognized in future periods.

The Company is unaware of any positions for which it is reasonably possible that the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits will significantly increase within the next twelve months. The Company files tax returns in the United States, various states and foreign jurisdictions. With few exceptions, as of December 31, 2022, the Company is no longer subject to federal, state, or non-U.S. income tax examinations by tax authorities for years prior to 2018. The Company does not have any material ongoing income tax audits as of December 31, 2022.

The Company has elected to classify interest and penalties as components of tax expense. These amounts were immaterial for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.

Equity-based Compensation

The Company measures the cost of non-employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the measurement date fair value consistent with the vesting of the awards and measuring the fair value of these units at the end of each measurement period. The cost is recognized over the requisite service period. The Company’s equity-based compensation is based on grant date fair value determined utilizing Backsolve Option Pricing Method (“OPM”) for the Topco Common Series C Units and a combination of the OPM and Monte Carlo valuation model for the Topco Common Series C-2 Units.

Warrant Liability

The Company accounts for warrants as either equity-classified or liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of the warrant’s specific terms and applicable authoritative guidance in the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity and ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging. The assessment considers whether the warrants are freestanding financial instruments pursuant to ASC 480, meet the definition of a liability pursuant to ASC 480, and whether the warrants meet all of the requirements for equity classification under ASC 815, including whether the warrants are indexed to the Company’s Common Stock and whether the warrant holders could potentially require “net cash settlement” in a circumstance outside of the Company’s control, among other conditions for equity classification. This assessment, which requires the use of professional judgment, is conducted at the time of warrant issuance and on the date of issuance and remeasured to fair value at each balance sheet date thereafter.

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For issued or modified warrants that meet all of the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded as a component of additional paid-in capital at the time of issuance. For issued or modified warrants that do not meet all the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded as liabilities at their initial fair value on the date of issuance and remeasured to fair value at each balance sheet date thereafter. Changes in the estimated fair value of the warrants are recognized in “Changes in fair value of warrant liability” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

Based on the availability of sufficient observable information, the Company determines the fair value of the liability classified private placement warrants by approximating the value with the price of the public warrants at the respective period end, which is inherently less subjective and judgmental given it is based on observable inputs.

Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income

The Company’s comprehensive (loss) income includes net income (loss) as well as foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax. Unrealized foreign currency exchange gains and losses on certain intercompany transactions that are of a long-term investment nature (i.e., settlement is not planned or anticipated in the foreseeable future) are also recorded in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income in stockholders’ equity.

Fair Value Measurements

The Company defines fair value as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities, which are required to be recorded at fair value, the Company considers the principal or most advantageous market in which the Company would transact and the market-based risk measurements or assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, such as risks inherent in valuation techniques, transfer restrictions and credit risk. Fair value is estimated by applying the following hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value into three levels and bases the categorization within the hierarchy upon the lowest level of input that is available and significant to the fair value measurement:

| Level 1 | — | Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
| Level 2 | — | Observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.
| Level 3 | — | Inputs that are generally unobservable and typically reflect management’s estimate of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

The valuation techniques used to measure the fair value of all other financial instruments, all of which have counterparties with high credit ratings, were valued based on quoted market prices or model driven valuations using significant inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data.

Variable Interest Entities and Investments

In accordance with the guidance for the consolidation of a variable interest entity (“VIE”), the Company analyzes its variable interests, including loans, leases, guarantees, and equity investments, to determine if the entity in which it has a variable interest is a VIE. The Company’s analysis includes both quantitative and qualitative considerations. The Company bases its quantitative analysis on the forecasted cash flows of the entity, and its qualitative analysis on its review of the design of the entity, its organizational structure including decision-making ability and financial agreements. The Company also uses its quantitative and qualitative analyses to determine if it is the primary beneficiary of the VIE, and if such determination is made, it includes the accounts of the VIE in its consolidated financial statements.

Impact of the War in Ukraine

The Company has a minority interest in a European company that has majority-ownership interests in local agencies in Russia. During the first quarter of 2022, the war in Ukraine resulted in the imposition of sanctions by the United States, the United Kingdom, and the European Union, that affected, and continues to affect, the cross-border operations of businesses operating in Russia. In addition, Russian regulators have imposed currency restrictions and regulations that created uncertainty regarding the Company's ability to recover its investment in operations in Russia, as well as the Company's ability to exercise control or influence over operations by the local agencies in Russia. As a result, the Company intends to use its influence to cause the European company to

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dispose of its ownership interests in the local agencies in Russia. Accordingly, the Company recorded pretax charges of $2.8 million in the first quarter of 2022, primarily consisting of its proportionate share of the net investment in its Russian interest in “Selling, general, and administrative expenses” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recent Accounting Standards Adopted by the Company

On October 1, 2022, the Company early adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 606): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers, which requires that an entity recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with Topic 606 as if it had originated the contracts. Generally, this should result in an acquirer recognizing and measuring the acquired contract assets and contract liabilities consistent with how they were recognized and measured in the acquiree’s financial statements, if the acquiree prepared financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The guidance will be applied prospectively to business combinations occurring on or after the effective date of the amendment and did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

On April 1, 2022, the Company adopted ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. This guidance provides optional expedients and exceptions for U.S. GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) or another reference rate if certain criteria are met. The amendments in this update are effective for reporting periods that include or are subsequent to March 12, 2020 and must be applied prospectively to contract modifications and hedging relationships through December 31, 2022. The Company adopted the standard prospectively and determined that the adoption of this accounting guidance did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

On January 1, 2022, the Company adopted ASU No. 2020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity (“ASU 2020-06”), which simplifies accounting for convertible instruments by removing major separation models required under current U.S. GAAP, simplifies the contract settlement assessment for equity classification, requires the use of the if-converted method for all convertible instruments in the diluted earnings per share calculation and expands disclosure requirements. The adoption of this accounting standard, under the full retrospective method, did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements and use of the if-converted method did not have an impact on the Company's overall earnings per share calculation.

On January 1, 2022, the Company adopted ASU 2021-04, Earnings Per Share (Topic 260), Debt—Modifications and Extinguishments (Subtopic 470-50), Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718), and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Issuer’s Accounting for Certain Modifications or Exchanges of Freestanding Equity-Classified Written Call Options (a consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force). The guidance clarifies certain aspects of the current guidance to promote consistency among reporting of an issuer’s accounting for modifications or exchanges of freestanding equity-classified written call options (for example, warrants) that remain equity-classified after modification or exchange. The guidance is applied prospectively to all modifications or exchanges that occur on or after the date of adoption and the adoption of this accounting standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

On January 1, 2022, the Company adopted ASU 2021-10, Government Assistance (Topic 832): Disclosures by Business Entities about Government Assistance. This update requires annual disclosures about transactions with a government that are accounted for by applying a grant or contribution accounting model by analogy. The guidance is applied prospectively to all transactions within the scope of the amendments that are reflected in financial statements at the date of initial application and new transactions that are entered into after the date of initial application. The adoption of this accounting standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

All other new accounting pronouncements issued, but not yet effective or adopted have been deemed to be not relevant to the Company and, accordingly, are not expected to have a material impact once adopted.

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2. Acquisitions

2022 Acquisitions

The Company acquired four businesses during the year ended December 31, 2022. The acquisitions were accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting. As such, the purchase consideration for each acquired business was allocated to the acquired tangible and intangible assets and liabilities assumed based upon their respective fair values. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the business combinations were recorded on the Company’s financial statements as of the acquisition date based upon the estimated fair value at such date. The excess of the purchase consideration over the estimated fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired was recorded as goodwill. The allocation of the excess purchase price was based upon preliminary estimates and assumptions and is subject to post-close adjustments to working capital. Accordingly, the measurement period for such purchase price allocations will end when the information, or the facts and circumstances, becomes available, but will not exceed twelve months. The results of operations of each acquired business has been included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income since its respective date of acquisition.

The aggregate purchase price for the acquisitions referenced above was $75.5 million, which includes $74.2 million paid in cash, $0.5 million recorded as contingent consideration liabilities, and $0.8 million recorded as holdback amounts. Contingent consideration payments are determined based on future financial performance and payment obligations (as defined in the applicable purchase agreement) and are recorded at fair value. The maximum potential payment outcome related to the acquisitions is $1.6 million. Holdback amounts are used to withhold a portion of the initial purchase price payment until certain post-closing conditions are satisfied and are typically settled within 24 months of the acquisition. The goodwill related to the acquisitions represented the value paid for the assembled workforce, geographic presence, and expertise. Of the resulting goodwill relating to these acquisitions, $1.0 million is deductible for tax purposes.

The fair values of the identifiable assets and liabilities of the acquisitions less post-close adjustments related to working capital completed during the year ended December 31, 2022, as of the applicable acquisition dates, are as follows:

(in thousands) |  |  |
Consideration: |  |  |
Cash |  | $ | 74,206 |
Holdback |  |  | 810 |
Fair value of contingent consideration |  |  | 510 |
Total consideration |  | $ | 75,526 |
Recognized amounts of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed: |  |  |
Assets |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  | $ | 6,817 |
Other assets |  |  | 3,446 |
Identifiable intangible assets |  |  | 25,546 |
Total assets |  |  | 35,809 |
Liabilities |  |  |
Accounts payable |  |  | 7,363 |
Deferred tax liabilities and other |  |  | 8,546 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 15,909 |
Redeemable noncontrolling interest |  |  | 1,987 |
Noncontrolling interest |  |  | 974 |
Total identifiable net assets |  |  | 16,939 |
Goodwill arising from acquisitions |  | $ | 58,587 |

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The identifiable intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. The fair value and estimated useful lives of the intangible assets acquired are as follows:

(in thousands) |  | Amount |  |  | Weighted Average Useful Life
Client relationships |  | $ | 24,413 |  |  | 6 years
Trade names |  |  | 1,133 |  |  | 5 years
Total identifiable intangible assets |  | $ | 25,546 |  |  |

The operating results of the businesses acquired during the year ended December 31, 2022 contributed total revenues of $35.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. The Company has determined that the presentation of net income from the date of acquisition is impracticable due to the integration of the operations upon acquisition.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company incurred $0.8 million in transaction costs related to the acquisitions described above. These costs have been included in “Selling, general, and administrative expenses” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

2021 Acquisitions

The Company acquired six businesses during the year ended December 31, 2021. The acquisitions were accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting. As such, the purchase consideration for each acquired business was allocated to the acquired tangible and intangible assets and liabilities assumed based upon their respective fair values. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the business combination were recorded on the Company’s financial statements as of the acquisition date based upon the estimated fair value at such date. The excess of the purchase consideration over the estimated fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired was recorded as goodwill. The allocation of the excess purchase price was based upon preliminary estimates and assumptions. The results of operations of each acquired business has been included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income since its respective date of acquisition.

The aggregate purchase price for the acquisitions referenced above was $76.0 million, which includes $42.7 million paid in cash, $19.8 million recorded as contingent consideration liabilities, and $13.5 million recorded as holdback amounts. Contingent consideration payments are determined based on future financial performance and payment obligations (as defined in the applicable purchase agreement) and are recorded at fair value. The maximum potential payment outcome related to the acquisitions is $71.4 million. Holdback amounts are used to withhold a portion of the initial purchase price payment until certain post-closing conditions are satisfied and are typically settled within 24 months of the acquisition. The goodwill related to the acquisitions represented the value paid for the assembled workforce, geographic presence, and expertise. Of the resulting goodwill relating to these acquisitions, $14.3 million is deductible for tax purposes.

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The fair values of the identifiable assets and liabilities of the acquisitions completed during the year ended December 31, 2021, at the respective acquisition dates, are as follows:

(in thousands) |  |  |
Consideration |  |  |
Cash |  | $ | 42,668 |
Holdbacks |  |  | 13,464 |
Fair value of contingent consideration |  |  | 19,832 |
Total consideration |  | $ | 75,964 |
Recognized amounts of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed: |  |  |
Assets |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  | $ | 12,677 |
Other assets |  |  | 4,315 |
Property and equipment |  |  | 998 |
Identifiable intangible assets |  |  | 35,571 |
Total assets |  |  | 53,561 |
Liabilities |  |  |
Total liabilities |  |  | 21,206 |
Redeemable noncontrolling interest |  |  | 1,793 |
Total identifiable net assets |  |  | 30,562 |
Goodwill arising from acquisitions |  | $ | 45,402 |

The identifiable intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. The fair value and estimated useful lives of the intangible assets acquired are as follows:

(in thousands) |  | Amount |  |  | Weighted Average Useful Life
Client relationships |  | $ | 27,387 |  |  | 7 years
Trade names |  |  | 5,084 |  |  | 5 years
Developed technology |  |  | 3,100 |  |  | 7 years
Total identifiable intangible assets |  | $ | 35,571 |  |  |

The operating results of the businesses acquired during the year ended December 31, 2021 contributed total revenues of $75.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2021. The Company has determined that the presentation of net income from the date of acquisition is impracticable due to the integration of the operations upon acquisition.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company incurred $1.6 million, in transaction costs related to the acquisitions described above. These costs have been included in “Selling, general, and administrative expenses” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

2020 Acquisitions

The Company acquired five businesses during the year ended December 31, 2020, of which three were sales agencies and two marketing agencies in the United States. The acquisitions were accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting. As such, the purchase consideration for each acquired business was allocated to the acquired tangible and intangible assets and liabilities assumed based upon their respective fair values. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the business combination were recorded on the Company’s financial statements as of the acquisition date based upon the estimated fair value at such date. The excess of the purchase consideration over the estimated fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired was recorded as goodwill. The allocation of the excess purchase price was based upon estimates and assumptions. The results of operations of the business acquired by the Company have been included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income since the date of acquisition.

The aggregate purchase price for the acquisitions referenced above was $88.1 million, which includes $68.0 million paid in cash, $14.8 million recorded as contingent consideration liabilities, and $5.3 million recorded as holdback amounts. Contingent consideration payments are determined based on future financial performance and payment obligations (as defined in the applicable purchase agreement) and recorded at fair value. The maximum potential payment outcome related to the acquisitions is $53.0 million. Holdback amounts are used to withhold a portion of the initial purchase price payment until certain post-closing conditions are

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satisfied and are typically settled within 24 months of the acquisition. The goodwill related to the acquisitions represented the value paid for the assembled workforce, geographic presence, and expertise. Of the resulting goodwill relating to these acquisitions, $26.7 million is deductible for tax purposes.

The fair values of the identifiable assets and liabilities of the acquisitions completed during the year ended December 31, 2020, at the respective acquisition dates, are as follows:

(in thousands) |  |  |
Consideration |  |  |
Cash |  | $ | 68,057 |
Holdbacks |  |  | 5,260 |
Fair value of contingent consideration |  |  | 14,766 |
Total consideration |  | $ | 88,083 |
Recognized amounts of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed: |  |  |
Assets |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  | $ | 3,542 |
Other assets |  |  | 2,936 |
Property and equipment |  |  | 321 |
Identifiable intangible assets |  |  | 42,460 |
Total assets |  |  | 49,259 |
Liabilities |  |  |
Total liabilities |  |  | 4,569 |
Total identifiable net assets |  |  | 44,690 |
Goodwill arising from acquisitions |  | $ | 43,393 |

The identifiable intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. The fair value and estimated useful lives of the intangible assets acquired are as follows:

(in thousands) |  | Amount |  |  | Weighted Average Useful Life
Client relationships |  | $ | 42,460 |  |  | 6 years

The operating results of the businesses acquired during the year ended December 31, 2020 contributed total revenues of $64.3 million in the year ended December 31, 2020. The Company has determined that the presentation of net income or loss from the date of acquisition is impracticable due to the integration of the operations upon acquisition.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company incurred $0.2 million in transaction costs related to the acquisitions described above. These costs have been included in “Selling, general, and administrative expenses” in the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

Supplemental Pro Forma Information (unaudited)

Supplemental information on an unaudited pro forma basis, presented as if the acquisitions executed during the period from January 1, 2020 to March 1, 2023 had been consummated as of the beginning of the comparative prior period, is as follows:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues |  | $ | 4,065,242 |  |  | $ | 3,767,716 |  | $ | 3,339,221 |
Net (loss) income |  | $ | (1,377,436 | ) |  | $ | 59,983 |  | $ | (168,954 | )

The unaudited pro forma supplemental information is based on estimates and assumptions which the Company believes are reasonable and reflects the pro forma impact of additional amortization related to the fair value of acquired intangible assets, the pro forma impact of transaction costs which consisted of legal, advisory and due diligence fees and expenses, and the pro forma tax effect of the pro forma adjustments for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020. This supplemental pro forma information has been prepared for comparative purposes and does not purport to be indicative of what would have occurred had the acquisitions been consummated during the periods for which pro forma information is presented.

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3. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Changes in goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, are as follows:

|  | Sales |  |  | Marketing |  |  | Total |
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross carrying amount as of January 1, 2021 |  | $ | 2,114,378 |  |  | $ | 700,961 |  |  | $ | 2,815,339 |
Accumulated impairment charge |  |  | (652,000 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (652,000 | )
Balance at January 1, 2021 |  |  | 1,462,378 |  |  |  | 700,961 |  |  |  | 2,163,339 |
Acquisitions |  |  | 32,087 |  |  |  | 13,315 |  |  |  | 45,402 |
Measurement period adjustments |  |  | 179 |  |  |  | (1,043 | ) |  |  | (864 | )
Foreign exchange translation effects |  |  | (1,873 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,873 | )
Balance at December 31, 2021 |  |  | 1,492,771 |  |  |  | 713,233 |  |  |  | 2,206,004 |
Acquisitions |  |  | 5,732 |  |  |  | 52,855 |  |  |  | 58,587 |
Measurement period adjustments |  |  | (392 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (392 | )
Impairment charge |  |  | (1,275,719 | ) |  |  | (91,804 | ) |  |  | (1,367,523 | )
Foreign exchange translation effects |  |  | (8,727 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (8,727 | )
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 213,665 |  |  | $ | 674,284 |  |  | $ | 887,949 |

During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized non-cash goodwill impairment charges of $1,275.7 million and $91.8 million related to the Company’s sales and marketing reporting units, respectively, as a result of the Company’s annual evaluation of goodwill impairment test (as further described in Note 1 above). Accumulated impairment losses to goodwill were $2,019.5 million and $652.0 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The following tables set forth information for intangible assets:

|  |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
(amounts in thousands) |  | Weighted Average Useful Life |  | Gross Carrying Value |  |  | Accumulated Amortization |  |  | Accumulated Impairment Charges |  |  | Net Carrying Value |
Finite-lived intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Client relationships |  | 14 years |  | $ | 2,488,802 |  |  | $ | 1,338,381 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,150,421 |
Trade names |  | 10 years |  |  | 97,009 |  |  |  | 47,986 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 49,023 |
Developed technology |  | 6 years |  |  | 7,500 |  |  |  | 4,441 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,059 |
Total finite-lived intangible assets(1) |  |  | 2,593,311 |  |  |  | 1,390,808 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,202,503 |
Indefinite-lived intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade names |  |  |  |  | 1,480,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 785,000 |  |  |  | 695,000 |
Total other intangible assets |  |  |  | $ | 4,073,311 |  |  | $ | 1,390,808 |  |  | $ | 785,000 |  |  | $ | 1,897,503 |

|  |  |  | December 31, 2021 |
(amounts in thousands) |  | Weighted Average Useful Life |  | Gross Carrying Value |  |  | Accumulated Amortization |  |  | Accumulated Impairment Charges |  |  | Net Carrying Value |
Finite-lived intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Client relationships |  | 14 years |  | $ | 2,480,167 |  |  | $ | 1,158,732 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,321,435 |
Trade names |  | 8 years |  |  | 138,206 |  |  |  | 78,355 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 59,851 |
Developed technology |  | 5 years |  |  | 13,260 |  |  |  | 8,206 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,054 |
Covenant not to compete |  | 5 years |  |  | 6,100 |  |  |  | 4,926 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,174 |
Total finite-lived intangible assets(1) |  |  | 2,637,733 |  |  |  | 1,250,219 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,387,514 |
Indefinite-lived intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade names |  |  |  |  | 1,480,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 580,000 |  |  |  | 900,000 |
Total other intangible assets |  | $ | 4,117,733 |  |  | $ | 1,250,219 |  |  | $ | 580,000 |  |  | $ | 2,287,514 |

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(1) Intangible assets, along with the related accumulated amortization, are removed from the table above at the end of the fiscal year they become fully amortized.

As of December 31, 2022, estimated future amortization expenses of the Company’s existing intangible assets are as follows:

(in thousands) |  |  |
2023 |  | $ | 197,995 |
2024 |  |  | 196,626 |
2025 |  |  | 190,571 |
2026 |  |  | 186,582 |
2027 |  |  | 182,030 |
Thereafter |  |  | 248,699 |
Total amortization expense |  | $ | 1,202,503 |

The Company records all intangible assets at their respective fair values and assesses the estimated useful lives of the assets at the time of acquisition. Client relationships were valued using the multi-period excess earnings method under the income approach. The values of client relationships are generally regarded as the estimated economic benefit derived from the incremental revenues and related cash flow as a direct result of the client relationships in place versus having to replicate them. Further, the Company evaluated the legal, regulatory, contractual, competitive, economic or other factors in determining the useful life. Trade names were valued using the relief-from-royalty method under the income approach. This method relies on the premise that, in lieu of ownership, a company would be willing to pay a royalty to obtain access to the use and benefits of the trade names. The Company has considered its sales and marketing trade names related to the 2014 Topco Acquisition to be indefinite, as there is no foreseeable limit on the period of time over which such trade names are expected to contribute to the cash flows of the reporting entity. Further, the Company evaluated legal, regulatory, contractual, competitive, economic and other factors in determining the useful life.

In connection with the acquisitions during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded intangible assets of $25.6 million and $35.6 million, respectively. Amortization expenses included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were $200.8 million, $198.9 million, and $191.2 million, respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized non-cash intangible asset impairment charges of $146.0 million and $59.0 million related to the Company's indefinite-lived sales and marketing trade names, respectively, in connection with the Company’s annual intangible asset impairment test on October 1, 2022 (as further described in Note 1 above). No impairment related to the Company’s intangible assets was recorded for the years ended December 31, 2021, and 2020.

During fiscal year 2022, the Company concluded the impact of challenges in the labor market and continued inflationary pressures was an indicator that impairment may exist related to its client relationship intangible assets and as a result, the Company performed a recoverability test and determined that there was no impairment. No impairment related to the Company’s client relationship intangible assets was recorded during the years ended December 31, 2021, and 2020.

4. Prepaid Expenses and Other Assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consist of the following:

|  | December 31, |  |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |
Inventory and supplies |  | $ | 78,273 |  |  | $ | 70,704 |  |
Prepaid expenses |  |  | 46,547 |  |  |  | 41,165 |  |
Prepaid income taxes |  |  | 7,385 |  |  |  | 4,968 |  |
Other receivables |  |  | 6,604 |  |  |  | 5,747 |  |
Assets held for sale |  |  | 4,959 |  |  |  | — |  |
Other current assets |  |  | 5,708 |  |  |  | 3,416 |  |
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | $ | 149,476 |  |  | $ | 126,000 |  |

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Other assets consist of the following:

|  | December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | $ | 61,744 |  |  | $ | 47,478 |
Interest rate caps |  |  | 47,493 |  |  |  | 10,164 |
Deposits |  |  | 4,596 |  |  |  | 4,858 |
Workers' compensation receivable |  |  | 3,525 |  |  |  | 4,008 |
Other long-term assets |  |  | 2,164 |  |  |  | 1,065 |
Total other assets |  | $ | 119,522 |  |  | $ | 67,582 |

Inventory is stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Costs are determined on the first-in, first-out basis. The Company records write-downs of inventories which are obsolete or in excess of anticipated demand or net realizable value based on a consideration of marketability, historical sales and demand forecasts which consider the assumptions about future demand and market conditions.

5. Property and Equipment

Property and equipment consist of the following:

|  | December 31 |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Software |  | $ | 129,329 |  |  | $ | 115,093 |
Computer hardware |  |  | 55,736 |  |  |  | 58,762 |
Leasehold improvements |  |  | 20,860 |  |  |  | 17,286 |
Furniture, fixtures, and other |  |  | 10,473 |  |  |  | 10,092 |
Total property and equipment |  |  | 216,398 |  |  |  | 201,233 |
Less: accumulated depreciation |  |  | (145,500 | ) |  |  | (137,537 | )
Total property and equipment, net |  | $ | 70,898 |  |  | $ | 63,696 |

Depreciation expense was $32.2 million, $41.1 million, and $45.1 million related to property and equipment for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.

The Company commenced a plan to strategically exit certain offices during the year ended December 31, 2020. In enacting the plan, the Company recognized $21.1 million of loss primarily related to disposal of property and equipment from abandoning several office leases for the year ended December 31, 2020.

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6. Other Liabilities

Other accrued expenses consist of the following:

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate caps and accrued interest payable |  | $ | 33,168 |  |  | $ | 19,922 |
Operating lease liability |  |  | 21,584 |  |  |  | 20,415 |
Client deposits |  |  | 16,521 |  |  |  | 13,623 |
General liability insurance reserve |  |  | 12,937 |  |  |  | 7,131 |
Rebates due to retailers |  |  | 12,693 |  |  |  | 17,396 |
Employee medical self-insurance reserves |  |  | 10,007 |  |  |  | 8,161 |
Client refunds related to the Take 5 Matter |  |  | 9,416 |  |  |  | 9,424 |
Taxes |  |  | 7,286 |  |  |  | 5,357 |
Holdbacks |  |  | 2,247 |  |  |  | 15,564 |
Contingent consideration |  |  | 1,674 |  |  |  | 41,522 |
Other accrued expenses |  |  | 5,640 |  |  |  | 5,618 |
Total other accrued expenses |  | $ | 133,173 |  |  | $ | 164,133 |

Other long-term liabilities consist of the following:

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease liability |  | $ | 56,371 |  |  | $ | 40,444 |
Workers' compensation |  |  | 32,377 |  |  |  | 31,401 |
Contingent consideration |  |  | 18,660 |  |  |  | 16,844 |
Other long-term liabilities |  |  | 3,146 |  |  |  | 3,529 |
Total other long-term liabilities |  | $ | 110,554 |  |  | $ | 92,218 |

Under the workers’ compensation programs, the estimated liability for claims incurred but unpaid at December 31, 2022 and 2021 were $57.2 million and $57.7 million, respectively. These amounts include reported claims as well as claims incurred but not reported. As of December 31, 2022, $24.8 million and $32.4 million of this liability was included in the “Accrued compensation and benefits” and “Other long-term liabilities” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, $26.3 million and $31.4 million of this liability was included in the “Accrued compensation and benefits” and “Other long-term liabilities” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, respectively. In connection with its deductible limits, the Company has standby letters-of-credit as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 in the amount of $44.5 million and $54.8 million, respectively, and $16.0 million and $10.0 million surety bond as of such years supporting the estimated unpaid claim liabilities.

The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) (as further described in Note 16, Income Taxes) provides for deferred payment of the employer portion of social security taxes between March 27, 2020 and December 31, 2020, with 50% of the deferred amount due December 31, 2021 and the remaining 50% due December 31, 2022. The Company began deferring payment of the employer share of the security taxes in April 2020. The Company repaid $23.8 million and $24.0 million during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Contingent Consideration Liabilities

Each reporting period, the Company measures the fair value of its contingent liabilities by evaluating the significant unobservable inputs and probability weightings using Monte Carlo simulations. Any resulting decreases or increases in the fair value result in a corresponding gain or loss reported in “Selling, general, and administrative expenses” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income. The Company has reassessed the fair value of contingent consideration based on the achievement of performance targets as defined in the respective purchase agreements and it resulted in a fair value adjustment of a $4.8 million loss that was included in “Selling, general, and administrative expenses” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income. As of December 31, 2022, the maximum potential payment outcomes were $112.2 million.

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The following table summarizes the changes in the carrying value of the contingent consideration liabilities:

|  | December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Beginning of the period |  | $ | 58,366 |  |  | $ | 45,901 |
Fair value of acquisitions |  |  | 510 |  |  |  | 19,832 |
Changes in fair value |  |  | 4,774 |  |  |  | 5,763 |
Payments |  |  | (42,711 | ) |  |  | (11,949 | )
Measurement period adjustments |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,181 | )
Foreign exchange translation effects |  |  | (605 | ) |  |  | — |
End of the period |  | $ | 20,334 |  |  | $ | 58,366 |

7. Debt

|  | December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Term Loan Facility |  | $ | 1,298,500 |  |  | $ | 1,311,750 |
Notes |  |  | 775,000 |  |  |  | 775,000 |
Government loans for COVID-19 relief |  |  | 4,480 |  |  |  | 5,212 |
Other |  |  | 1,207 |  |  |  | 1,113 |
Total long-term debt |  |  | 2,079,187 |  |  |  | 2,093,075 |
Less: current portion |  |  | 13,991 |  |  |  | 14,397 |
Less: debt issuance costs |  |  | 42,377 |  |  |  | 49,796 |
Long-term debt, net of current portion |  | $ | 2,022,819 |  |  | $ | 2,028,882 |

Senior Secured Credit Facilities

In connection with the consummation of the Transactions, Advantage Sales & Marketing Inc., an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (the “Borrower”), entered into (i) a senior secured asset-based revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of up to $400.0 million, subject to borrowing base capacity (as amended and/or restated from time to time, the “Revolving Credit Facility”) and (ii) a secured first lien term loan credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of $1.325 billion (as amended and/or/restated from time to time, the “Term Loan Facility” and together with the Revolving Credit Facility, the “Senior Secured Credit Facilities”).

Revolving Credit Facility

The Revolving Credit Facility provides for revolving loans and letters of credit in an aggregate amount of up to $500.0 million, subject to borrowing base capacity. Letters of credit are limited to the lesser of (a) $150.0 million and (b) the aggregate unused amount of commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility then in effect. Loans under the Revolving Credit Facility may be denominated in either U.S. dollars or Canadian dollars. Bank of America, N.A. (“Bank of America”), will act as administrative agent and ABL Collateral Agent. The Revolving Credit Facility matures five years after the date the Company enters into the Company's Revolving Credit Facility. The Borrower may use borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility to fund working capital and for other general corporate purposes, including permitted acquisitions and other investments.

Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility are limited by borrowing base calculations based on the sum of specified percentages of eligible accounts receivable plus specified percentages of qualified cash, minus the amount of any applicable reserves. Borrowings will bear interest at a floating rate, which can be either an adjusted Eurodollar rate plus an applicable margin or, at the Borrower’s option, a base rate plus an applicable margin. The applicable margins for the Revolving Credit Facility are 2.00%, 2.25% or 2.50%, with respect to Eurodollar rate borrowings and 1.00%, 1.25% or 1.50%, with respect to base rate borrowings, in each case depending on average excess availability under the Revolving Credit Facility. The Borrower’s ability to draw under the Revolving Credit Facility or issue letters of credit thereunder will be conditioned upon, among other things, the Borrower’s delivery of prior written notice of a borrowing or issuance, as applicable, the Borrower’s ability to reaffirm the representations and warranties contained in the credit agreement governing the Revolving Credit Facility and the absence of any default or event of default thereunder.

The Borrower’s obligations under the Revolving Credit Facility are guaranteed by Karman Intermediate Corp. (“Holdings”) and all of the Borrower’s direct and indirect wholly owned material U.S. subsidiaries (subject to certain permitted exceptions) and

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Canadian subsidiaries (subject to certain permitted exceptions, including exceptions based on immateriality thresholders of aggregate assets and revenues of Canadian subsidiaries) (the “Guarantors”). The Revolving Credit Facility is secured by a lien on substantially all of Holdings’, the Borrower’s and the Guarantors’ assets (subject to certain permitted exceptions). The Revolving Credit Facility has a first-priority lien on the current asset collateral and a second-priority lien on security interests in the fixed asset collateral (second in priority to the liens securing the Notes and the Term Loan Facility discussed below), in each case, subject to other permitted liens.

The Revolving Credit Facility has the following fees: (i) an unused line fee of 0.375% or 0.250% per annum of the unused portion of the Revolving Credit Facility, depending on average excess availability under the Revolving Credit Facility; (ii) a letter of credit participation fee on the aggregate stated amount of each letter of credit equal to the applicable margin for adjusted Eurodollar rate loans, as applicable; and (iii) certain other customary fees and expenses of the lenders and agents thereunder.

The Revolving Credit Facility contains customary covenants, including, but not limited to, restrictions on the Borrower’s ability and that of its subsidiaries to merge and consolidate with other companies, incur indebtedness, grant liens or security interests on assets, make acquisitions, loans, advances or investments, pay dividends, sell or otherwise transfer assets, optionally prepay or modify terms of any junior indebtedness, enter into transactions with affiliates or change its line of business. The Revolving Credit Facility will require the maintenance of a fixed charge coverage ratio (as set forth in the credit agreement governing the Revolving Credit Facility) of 1.00 to 1.00 at the end of each fiscal quarter when excess availability is less than the greater of $25.0 million and 10% of the lesser of the borrowing base and maximum borrowing capacity. Such fixed charge coverage ratio will be tested at the end of each quarter until such time as excess availability exceeds the level set forth above.

The Revolving Credit Facility provides that, upon the occurrence of certain events of default, the Borrower’s obligations thereunder may be accelerated and the lending commitments terminated. Such events of default include payment defaults to the lenders thereunder, material inaccuracies of representations and warranties, covenant defaults, cross-defaults to other material indebtedness, voluntary and involuntary bankruptcy, insolvency, corporate arrangement, winding-up, liquidation or similar proceedings, material money judgments, material pension-plan events, certain change of control events and other customary events of default.

On October 28, 2021, the Borrower and Holdings also entered into the First Amendment to ABL Revolving Credit Agreement (the “ABL Amendment”), which amended the ABL Revolving Credit Agreement, dated October 28, 2020, by and among the Borrower, Holdings, the lenders from time to time party thereto and Bank of America, as administrative agent. The ABL Amendment was entered into by the Borrower to amend certain terms and provisions, including (i) reducing the interest rate floor for Eurocurrency rate loans from 0.50% to 0.00% and base rate loans from 1.50% to 1.00%, and (ii) updating the provisions by which U.S. Dollar LIBOR will eventually be replaced with SOFR or another interest rate benchmark to reflect the most recent standards and practices used in the industry. The ABL amendment was deemed to be a modification of the revolving credit facility for accounting purposes.

On December 2, 2022, the Borrower, Holdings and certain of the Borrower’s subsidiaries, entered into the Second Amendment to ABL Revolving Credit Agreement (the “Second Amendment”), which amends the ABL Revolving Credit Agreement, by and among the Borrower, Holdings, the lenders from time to time party thereto and Bank of America, as administrative agent, and the other parties thereto. The Second Amendment was entered into by the Borrower to amend certain terms and provisions of the Revolving Credit Facility, including, among other things: (i) increasing the aggregate amount of maximum revolving commitments available from $400 million to $500 million; (ii) replacing the Eurocurrency Rate interest rate metric with a metric based on Term SOFR (as defined in the Second Amendment), whereby applicable borrowings in United States dollars will bear interest at a floating rate based on Term SOFR plus an applicable margin; (iii) reducing each applicable interest rate pricing tier based on the Average Historical Excess Availability (as defined therein) with respect to Term SOFR borrowings, Alternative Currency borrowings, base rate borrowings and Canadian Prime Rate borrowings, in each case for each pricing tier by 0.25% per annum; and (iv) extending the scheduled maturity date of the borrowings to December 2, 2027.

Term Loan Facility

The Term Loan Facility consists of a term loan credit facility denominated in U.S. dollars in an aggregate principal amount of $1.299 billion. Borrowings under the Term Loan Facility amortize in equal quarterly installments in an amount equal to 1.00% per annum of the principal amount. Borrowings will bear interest at a floating rate, which can be either an adjusted Eurodollar rate plus an applicable margin or, at the Borrower’s option, a base rate plus an applicable margin. The applicable margins for the Term Loan Facility are 5.25% with respect to Eurodollar rate borrowings and 4.25% with respect to base rate borrowings.

The Borrower may voluntarily prepay loans or reduce commitments under the Term Loan Facility, in whole or in part, subject to minimum amounts, with prior notice but without premium or penalty (other than a 1.00% premium on any prepayment in connection

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with a repricing transaction prior to the date that is twelve months after the date the Company entered into the Term Loan Facility on October 28, 2020).

The Borrower will be required to prepay the Term Loan Facility with 100% of the net cash proceeds of certain asset sales (such percentage subject to reduction based on the achievement of specific first lien net leverage ratios) and subject to certain reinvestment rights, 100% of the net cash proceeds of certain debt issuances and 50% of excess cash flow (such percentage subject to reduction based on the achievement of specific first lien net leverage ratios). The Borrower was not required to make any excess cash flow payment for the year ended December 31, 2020, and the Borrower did not make any other mandatory or voluntary prepayments of the Term Loan Facility for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

The Borrower’s obligations under the Term Loan Facility are guaranteed by Holdings and the Guarantors. The Term Loan Facility is secured by a lien on substantially all of Holdings’, the Borrower’s and the Guarantors’ assets (subject to certain permitted exceptions). The Term Loan Facility has a first- priority lien on the fixed asset collateral (equal in priority with the liens securing the Notes) and a second-priority lien on the current asset collateral (second in priority to the liens securing the Revolving Credit Facility), in each case, subject to other permitted liens.

The Term Loan Facility contains certain customary negative covenants, including, but not limited to, restrictions on the Borrower’s ability and that of its restricted subsidiaries to merge and consolidate with other companies, incur indebtedness, grant liens or security interests on assets, pay dividends or make other restricted payments, sell or otherwise transfer assets or enter into transactions with affiliates.

The Term Loan Facility provides that, upon the occurrence of certain events of default, the Company’s obligations thereunder may be accelerated. Such events of default will include payment defaults to the lenders thereunder, material inaccuracies of representations and warranties, covenant defaults, cross-defaults to other material indebtedness, voluntary and involuntary bankruptcy, insolvency, corporate arrangement, winding-up, liquidation or similar proceedings, material money judgments, change of control and other customary events of default.

On October 28, 2021 (the “First Lien Amendment Effective Date”), the Borrower, together Holdings and certain of the Borrower’s subsidiaries, entered into Amendment No. 1 to the First Lien Credit Agreement (the “First Lien Amendment”), which amended the Term Loan Facility, dated October 28, 2020, by and among the Borrower, Holdings, Bank of America, as administrative agent and collateral agent, each lender party from time to time thereto, and the other parties thereto. The First Lien Amendment was entered into by the Borrower to reduce the applicable interest rate on the term loan to 5.25% per annum. Additional terms and provisions amended include (i) resetting the period for six months following the First Lien Amendment Effective Date in which a 1.00% prepayment premium shall apply to any prepayment of the term loan in connection with certain repricing events, and (ii) updating the provisions by which U.S. Dollar LIBOR will eventually be replaced with SOFR or another interest rate benchmark to reflect the most recent standards and practices used in the industry. Th e First Lien Amendment was deemed to be a modification of the term loan facility for accounting purposes. In connection with the First Lien Amendment, the Company incurred $2.3 million of third-party fees and expenses and recognized $1.5 million of non-cash expense on the extinguishment of debt from write off of unamortized debt issuance costs which were recorded in "Interest expense, net” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income during the year ended December 31, 2021.

Senior Secured Notes

In connection with the Transactions, Advantage Solutions FinCo LLC (“Finco”) issued $775.0 million aggregate principal amount of 6.50% Senior Secured Notes due 2028 (the “Notes”). Substantially concurrently with the Merger, Finco merged with and into Advantage Sales & Marketing Inc. (the “Issuer”), with the Issuer continuing as the surviving entity and assuming the obligations of Finco. The Notes were sold to BofA Securities, Inc., Deutsche Bank Securities Inc., Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC and Apollo Global Securities, LLC. The Notes were resold to certain non-U.S. persons pursuant to Regulation S under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and to persons reasonably believed to be qualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act at a purchase price equal to 100% of their principal amount. The terms of the Notes are governed by an Indenture, dated as of October 28, 2020 (the “Indenture”), among Finco, the Issuer, the guarantors named therein (the “Notes Guarantors”) and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee and collateral agent.

Interest and maturity

Interest on the Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on May 15 and November 15 at a rate of 6.50% per annum, commencing on May 15, 2021. The Notes will mature on November 15, 2028.

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Guarantees

The Notes are guaranteed by Holdings and each of the Issuer’s direct and indirect wholly owned material U.S. subsidiaries (subject to certain permitted exceptions) and Canadian subsidiaries (subject to certain permitted exceptions, including exceptions based on immateriality thresholders of aggregate assets and revenues of Canadian subsidiaries) that is a borrower or guarantor under the Term Loan Facility.

Security and ranking

The Notes and the related guarantees are the general, senior secured obligations of the Issuer and the Notes Guarantors, are secured on a first-priority pari passu basis by security interests on the fixed asset collateral (equal in priority with liens securing the Term Loan Facility), and are secured on a second-priority basis by security interests on the current asset collateral (second in priority to the liens securing the Revolving Credit Facility and equal in priority with liens securing the Term Loan Facility), in each case, subject to certain limitations and exceptions and permitted liens.

The Notes and related guarantees rank (i) equally in right of payment with all of the Issuer’s and the Guarantors’ senior indebtedness, without giving effect to collateral arrangements (including the Senior Secured Credit Facilities) and effectively equal to all of the Issuer’s and the Guarantors’ senior indebtedness secured on the same priority basis as the Notes, including the Term Loan Facility, (ii) effectively subordinated to any of the Issuer’s and the Guarantors’ indebtedness that is secured by assets that do not constitute collateral for the Notes to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness and to indebtedness that is secured by a senior-priority lien, including the Revolving Credit Facility to the extent of the value of the current asset collateral and (iii) structurally subordinated to the liabilities of the Issuer’s non-Guarantor subsidiaries.

Optional redemption for the Notes

The Notes are redeemable on or after November 15, 2023 at the applicable redemption prices specified in the Indenture plus accrued and unpaid interest. The Notes may also be redeemed at any time prior to November 15, 2023 at a redemption price equal to 100% of the aggregate principal amount of such Notes to be redeemed plus a “make-whole” premium, plus accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, the Issuer may redeem up to 40% of the original aggregate principal amount of Notes before November 15, 2023 with the net cash proceeds of certain equity offerings at a redemption price equal to 106.5% of the aggregate principal amount of such Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest. Furthermore, prior to November 15, 2023, the Issuer may redeem during each calendar year up to 10% of the original aggregate principal amount of the Notes at a redemption price equal to 103% of the aggregate principal amount of such Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest. If the Issuer or its restricted subsidiaries sell certain of their respective assets or experience specific kinds of changes of control, subject to certain exceptions, the Issuer must offer to purchase the Notes at par. In connection with any offer to purchase all Notes, if holders of no less than 90% of the aggregate principal amount of Notes validly tender their Notes, the Issuer is entitled to redeem any remaining Notes at the price offered to each holder.

Restrictive covenants

The Notes are subject to covenants that, among other things limit the Issuer’s ability and its restricted subsidiaries’ ability to: incur additional indebtedness or guarantee indebtedness; pay dividends or make other distributions in respect of, or repurchase or redeem, the Issuer’s or a parent entity’s capital stock; prepay, redeem or repurchase certain indebtedness; issue certain preferred stock or similar equity securities; make loans and investments; sell or otherwise dispose of assets; incur liens; enter into transactions with affiliates; enter into agreements restricting the Issuer’s subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends; and consolidate, merge or sell all or substantially all of the Issuer’s assets. Most of these covenants will be suspended on the Notes when they have investment grade ratings from both Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. and S&P Global Ratings and so long as no default or event of default under the Indenture has occurred and is continuing.

Events of default

The following constitute events of default under the Notes, among others: default in the payment of interest; default in the payment of principal; failure to comply with covenants; failure to pay other indebtedness after final maturity or acceleration of other indebtedness exceeding a specified amount; certain events of bankruptcy; failure to pay a judgment for payment of money exceeding a specified aggregate amount; voidance of subsidiary guarantees; failure of any material provision of any security document or intercreditor agreement to be in full force and effect; and lack of perfection of liens on a material portion of the collateral, in each case subject to applicable grace periods.

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Government Loans for COVID-19 Relief

On May 25, 2020, a majority owned subsidiary of the Company operating in Japan entered into two loan agreements with a bank lender pursuant to a local government loan program. Subsequently, one of the loans was refinanced on October 26, 2020. No loss on extinguishment of debt was recognized. The loans, which includes the loan that was refinanced on October 26, 2020, bear interest rates of 1.82% and 1.83% per annum with maturity dates of May 27, 2029 and October 27, 2029, respectively, and the amounts under the loans will be repayable to the lender in monthly installments.

On December 28, 2021, the same subsidiary entered into a loan agreement from the bank lender pursuant to a local government loan program. The purpose of the loan is to use the borrowed funds for working capital and to fund the anticipated recovery of business operations from the COVID-19 pandemic. The loan bears interest rate of 0.35% per annum until December 24, 2024, at which time the loan will bear an interest rate of 1.25% until the maturity date of December 31, 2036.

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had aggregate principal amounts of $4.5 million and $5.2 million borrowings outstanding, respectively, associated with government loan programs for relief associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.

Debt Maturities

Future minimum principal payments on long-term debt are as follows:

(in thousands) |  |  |
2023 |  | $ | 14,242 |
2024 |  |  | 13,827 |
2025 |  |  | 13,995 |
2026 |  |  | 13,801 |
2027 |  |  | 13,791 |
Thereafter |  |  | 2,009,531 |
Total future minimum principal payments |  | $ | 2,079,187 |

8. Leases

The Company leases facilities, and equipment under noncancelable leases that have been classified as operating leases for financial reporting purposes. These leases often include one or more options to renew and the lease term includes the renewal terms when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise the option. In general, for the Company’s material leases, the renewal options are not included in the calculation of its right-of-use assets and lease liabilities, as the Company does not believe that it is reasonably certain that these renewal options will be exercised. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any material residual guarantees or material restrictive covenants.

All operating lease expenses are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term as a component of “Selling, general, and administrative expenses” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income. Payments under the Company’s lease arrangements are primarily fixed. However, certain lease agreements contain variable costs, which are expensed as incurred and not included in the calculation of the Company’s right-of-use assets and related liabilities for those leases. These costs typically include real estate taxes, common area maintenance and utilities for which the Company is obligated to pay under the terms of those leases.

During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, the Company expensed approximately $30.7 million, $28.7 million, and $44.2 million, respectively, of total operating lease costs, which includes $4.4 million, $4.6 million, and $6.6 million, of variable lease costs, respectively.

Beginning in mid-March of 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company established a global work from home policy. A significant portion of the Company’s office-based workforce temporarily transitioned to working from home and the Company commenced a plan to strategically exit certain offices during the year ended December 31, 2020. Based on a number of factors, the Company concluded that this strategic initiative did not result in a triggering event that would indicate that the Company’s related asset groups may not be recoverable as of December 31, 2020. In enacting the plan, the Company abandoned several office leases prior to reaching termination agreements with its landlords, and as a result, adjusted the useful life of these asset to reflect the remaining expected use. The reduction to the right-of use assets and liabilities related to these leases resulted in an additional lease gain of $0.3 million, $1.9 million, and $0.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Additionally, the Company paid $1.3 million, $6.8 million and $18.0 million in termination fees for the years ended December 31,

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2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, which were recorded in “Selling, general and administrative expenses” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

Based on the present value of the lease payments for the remaining lease term of the Company’s existing leases, the Company’s right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for operating leases as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

|  |  |  | December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | Classification |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | Other assets |  | $ | 61,072 |  |  | $ | 47,487 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current operating lease liabilities |  | Other accrued expenses |  |  | 21,584 |  |  |  | 20,415 |
Noncurrent operating lease liabilities |  | Other long-term liabilities |  |  | 56,371 |  |  |  | 40,444 |
Total lease liabilities |  |  |  | $ | 77,955 |  |  | $ | 60,859 |

Because the rate implicit in each lease is not readily determinable, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate to determine the present value of the lease payments. In determining its incremental borrowing rate, the Company reviewed the terms of its leases, its credit facilities, and other factors.

Information related to the Company’s right-of-use assets and related lease liabilities were as follows:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Cash paid for operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 23,298 |  |  | $ | 25,022 |  |  |  | 42,670 |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease obligations |  |  | 31,007 |  |  |  | 19,869 |  |  |  | 7,496 |
Weighted-average remaining lease term |  |  | 4.2 |  |  |  | 4.1 |  |  |  | 4.7 |
Weighted-average discount rate |  |  | 8.6 | % |  |  | 7.7 | % |  |  | 9.8 | %

Maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2022 were as follows:

(in thousands) |  |  |
2023 |  | $ | 27,003 |
2024 |  |  | 22,623 |
2025 |  |  | 17,042 |
2026 |  |  | 12,651 |
2027 |  |  | 7,182 |
Thereafter |  |  | 7,592 |
Total lease payments |  | $ | 94,093 |
Less imputed interest |  |  | (16,138 | )
Present value of lease liabilities |  | $ | 77,955 |

9. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company measures fair value based on the prices that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value measurements are based on a three-tier hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value.

As of December 31, 2022, and 2021, the Company’s interest rate derivatives and forward contracts are Level 2 assets and liabilities with the related fair values based on third-party pricing service models. These models use discounted cash flows that utilize market-based forward swap curves commensurate with the terms of the underlying instruments.

As of December 31, 2022, and 2021, the contingent consideration liabilities are Level 3 assets and liabilities with the related fair values based on the significant unobservable inputs and probability weightings in using the income approach.

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The following table sets forth the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis at fair value, categorized by input level within the fair value hierarchy. The carrying amounts of “Cash and cash equivalents”, “Accounts receivable”, and “Accounts payable” approximate fair value due to the short-term maturities of these financial instruments in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

|  | December 31, 2022 |
(in thousands) |  | Fair Value |  |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |
Assets measured at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial instruments |  | $ | 47,493 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 47,493 |  |  | $ | — |
Total assets measured at fair value |  | $ | 47,493 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 47,493 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities measured at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Warrant liability |  | $ | 953 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 953 |  |  | $ | — |
Contingent consideration liabilities |  |  | 20,334 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 20,334 |
Total liabilities measured at fair value |  | $ | 21,287 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 953 |  |  | $ | 20,334 |

|  | December 31, 2021 |
(in thousands) |  | Fair Value |  |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |
Assets measured at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial instruments |  | $ | 10,164 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,164 |  |  | $ | — |
Total assets measured at fair value |  | $ | 10,164 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,164 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities measured at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial instruments |  | $ | 385 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 385 |  |  | $ | — |
Warrant liability |  |  | 22,189 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 22,189 |
Contingent consideration liabilities |  |  | 58,366 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 58,366 |
Total liabilities measured at fair value |  | $ | 80,940 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 385 |  |  | $ | 80,555 |

Interest Rate Cap Agreements

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had interest rate cap contracts with an aggregate notional value of principals of $650.0 million and $2.2 billion, respectively, from various financial institutions to manage the Company’s exposure to interest rate movements on variable rate credit facilities. As of December 31, 2022, the aggregate fair value of the Company’s outstanding interest rate caps represented an outstanding net asset of $47.5 million. As of December 31, 2021, the aggregate fair value of the Company’s outstanding interest rate caps represented an outstanding net asset of $10.2 million and an outstanding net liability of $0.4 million.

As of December 31, 2022, $47.5 million of the Company’s fair value of outstanding interest rate caps were included in “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, with changes in fair value recognized as a component of “Interest expense, net” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income. As of December 31, 2021, $10.2 million and $0.4 million of the Company’s fair value of outstanding interest rate caps were included in “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” and “Other accrued expenses” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, respectively, with changes in fair value recognized as a component of “Interest expense, net” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, the Company recognized interest income of $43.8 million, interest income of $8.3 million and interest expense of $0.4 million, respectively, related to changes in the fair value of its derivative instruments, respectively.

Warrant Liability

The estimated fair value of the liability is recorded using significant unobservable measures and other fair value inputs and is therefore classified as a Level 2 financial instrument. The warrant liability is stated at fair value at each reporting period with the change in fair value recorded on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income until the warrants are exercised, expire or other facts and circumstances lead the warrant liability to be reclassified as an equity instrument.

On October 28, 2020, the Company recorded the initial warrant liability of the private placement warrants of $7.9 million. Subsequently, the warrant liability was remeasured to fair value resulting in a gain of $21.2 million and a loss of $1.0 million reflected in “Change in fair value of warrant liability” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income during the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, and 2021, 7,333,333 private placement warrants remained outstanding at fair value of $1.0 million and $22.2 million, respectively.

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The Company previously valued its private placement warrants using a Black-Scholes Model. The private placement warrants were classified as Level 3 at the initial measurement date due to the use of unobservable inputs. Beginning in the first quarter of 2022, they are classified as Level 2 based on the availability of sufficient observable information using the price of the public warrants as an indirectly observable quoted price in active markets to measure the fair value of the private placement warrants, which is inherently less subjective and judgmental given it is based on observable inputs. Transfers to/from Levels 1, 2 and 3 are recognized at the end of the reporting period in which a change in valuation technique or methodology occurs.

Long-term Debt

The following table sets forth the carrying values and fair values of the Company’s financial liabilities measured on a non-recurring basis, categorized by input level within the fair value hierarchy:

(in thousands) |  | Carrying Value |  |  | Fair Value (Level 2) |
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |
Term Loan Facility |  | $ | 1,298,500 |  |  | $ | 1,372,125 |
Notes |  |  | 775,000 |  |  |  | 736,517 |
Government loans for COVID-19 relief |  |  | 4,480 |  |  |  | 4,723 |
Other |  |  | 1,207 |  |  |  | 1,207 |
Total long-term debt |  | $ | 2,079,187 |  |  | $ | 2,114,572 |

(in thousands) |  | Carrying Value |  |  | Fair Value (Level 2) |
Balance at December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |
Term Loan Facility |  | $ | 1,311,750 |  |  | $ | 1,406,552 |
Notes |  |  | 775,000 |  |  |  | 894,611 |
Government loans for COVID-19 relief |  |  | 5,212 |  |  |  | 5,615 |
Other |  |  | 1,113 |  |  |  | 1,113 |
Total long-term debt |  | $ | 2,093,075 |  |  | $ | 2,307,891 |

The fair value of debt reported in the table above is based on adjusted price quotations on the debt instruments in an active market. The Company believes that the carrying value of its other borrowings, including amounts outstanding, if any, for the Revolving Credit Facility, approximate fair market value based on maturities for debt of similar terms.

10. Investments

Investments in Unconsolidated Affiliates

The Company’s significant equity investments primarily consist of Global Smollan Holdings (25% ownership), Smollan Holding Proprietary Limited (25% ownership), Partnership SPV 1 Limited (12.5% ownership), and Ceuta Holding Limited (8.8% ownership). Income from the Company’s equity method investments, included in “Cost of revenues” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income, was $10.6 million, $10.3 million, and $5.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. The Company’s proportionate share in their net assets at December 31, 2022, and 2021 were $123.2 million and $118.0 million, respectively. The Company’s equity method investments are not material to the Company’s results of operations or financial position; therefore, no summarized financial information for the Company’s unconsolidated subsidiaries has been presented.

The Company holds 9.9% of the outstanding common shares of a subsidiary of a Japanese supermarket chain (“ATV”). The Company has no substantial influence over ATV. The Company elected the measurement alternative to value this equity investment without a readily determinable fair value. The Company will continue to apply the alternative measurement guidance until this investment does not qualify to be so measured. The carrying value of the investment was $6.3 million and $7.1 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

11. Stock-Based Compensation and Other Benefit Plans

The Company has issued nonqualified stock options, RSUs (as defined below), and PSUs (as defined below) under the Advantage Solutions Inc. 2020 Incentive Award Plan (the “Plan”). The Company’s RSUs and PSUs, as described below, are expensed and reported as non-vested shares. The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $36.9 million and $39.4 million

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for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The related deferred tax benefit for stock-based compensation recognized was $7.9 million and $6.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Performance Restricted Stock Units

Performance restricted stock units (“PSUs”) are subject to the achievement of certain performance conditions based on the Company’s revenues (“PSU Revenues”) and Adjusted EBITDA (“PSU EBITDA”) targets in the respective measurement period and the recipient’s continued service to the Company. The PSUs are scheduled to vest over a three-year period from the date of grant and may vest from 0% to 150% of the number of shares set forth in the table below. The number of PSUs earned shall be adjusted to be proportional to the partial performance between the Threshold Goals, Target Goals and Maximum Goals. Details for each aforementioned defined term for each grant have been provided in the table below.

During the first quarter of 2022, the Compensation Committee determined that the achievement of the performance objective applicable to the PSU EBITDA 2021 objective was 64.6% of target and the achievement of the performance objective applicable to the PSU Revenues 2021 objective was 126.2% of target. In the first quarter of 2022, the Compensation Committee determined that the PSU Revenues and PSU EBITDA metrics will be measured separately when determining whether above-target performance has been maintained for future year performance. Such determination is applicable to the PSUs grants made in 2021 and in 2022. As a result, the 26.2% above-target performance on PSU Revenues for 2021 must be maintained in 2022 and 2023 in order for the corresponding above-target PSUs to vest in January 2024. Assuming there is no decline in performance with respect to PSU Revenues in 2022 and 2023, an amount equal to approximately 9.2% of the target number of PSUs granted in January 2021 will vest in full in January 2024 as a result of the above-target PSU Revenues performance for fiscal 2021. The performance period for those awards ended on December 31, 2021 but remain subject to service-based vesting conditions.

Under the provision of ASC 718 Compensation—Stock Compensation, the Company determined that 2021 PSUs granted were modified as of March 11, 2022 related to 205,834 above-target PSU Revenues metrics. The stock-based compensation expense for such modification was accounted for as a cancellation of the original award and the issuance of a new award using the fair value of the award on the date of modification.

The fair value of PSU grants was equal to the closing price of the Company's stock on the date of the applicable grant. The maximum potential expense if the Maximum Goals were met for these awards has been provided in the table below.

Recognition of expense associated with performance-based stock is not permitted until achievement of the performance targets are probable of occurring.

(in thousands, except share and per share data) Performance Period |  | Number of Shares Threshold |  |  | Number of Shares Target |  |  | Number of Shares Maximum |  |  | Weighted Average Fair Value per Share |  |  | Maximum Remaining Unrecognized Compensation Expense |  |  | Weighted-average remaining requisite service periods |
January 1, 2022—December 31, 2022 |  |  | 2,534,250 |  |  |  | 5,068,499 |  |  |  | 7,584,760 |  |  | $ | 5.47 |  |  | $ | 78,316 |  |  |  | 1.4 years |
January 1, 2021—December 31, 2021 |  |  | 1,108,390 |  |  |  | 1,108,390 |  |  |  | 1,304,565 |  |  | $ | 13.19 |  |  | $ | 3,234 |  |  |  | 1.0 years |

The following table summarizes the PSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2022:

|  | Performance Share Units |  |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Outstanding at January 1, 2022 |  |  | 2,609,079 |  |  | $ | 13.07 |
Granted |  |  | 5,727,905 |  |  | $ | 5.46 |
Distributed |  |  | (665,306 | ) |  | $ | 13.06 |
Forfeited |  |  | (921,042 | ) |  | $ | 7.35 |
PSU performance adjustment |  |  | (377,572 | ) |  | $ | 11.19 |
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 |  |  | 6,373,064 |  |  | $ | 7.05 |

Restricted Stock Units

Restricted stock units (“RSUs”) are subject to the recipient’s continued service to the Company. The RSUs are generally scheduled to vest over three years and are subject to the provisions of the agreement under the Plan.

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During the year ended December 31, 2022, the following activities involving RSUs occurred under the Plan:

|  | Number of RSUs |  |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Outstanding at January 1, 2022 |  |  | 3,660,553 |  |  | $ | 10.64 |
Granted |  |  | 8,497,756 |  |  | $ | 4.84 |
Distributed |  |  | (1,356,365 | ) |  | $ | 10.56 |
Forfeited |  |  | (1,225,184 | ) |  | $ | 7.46 |
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 |  |  | 9,576,760 |  |  | $ | 5.91 |

As of December 31, 2022, the total remaining unrecognized compensation cost related to RSUs amounted to $26.1 million, which will be amortized over the weighted-average remaining requisite service periods of 2.1 years.

Common Series C Units and C-2 Units

The Limited Partnership Agreement allows profits interests in Topco to be granted to directors, officers, employees, and consultants of Topco and its subsidiaries. The performance-based profits interests (“Common Series C Units”) are subject to certain vesting requirements, as described below.

Common Series C Units were granted at no cost to employees of the Company. As the result of an amendment and restatement of the Limited Partnership Agreement, on March 15, 2018, 75% of all Common Series C Units awards are subject to vesting over four fiscal years from their respective issuance date. The remaining 25% of the units were forfeited. To the extent the Common Series C Units vest, such units may still be forfeited as a result of termination of the employment of the applicable holders or upon a non-qualifying exit event. Certain awards vest over the remaining initial four-year term, subject to the employee’s continued employment. In addition, Topco issued certain Common Series C Units in connection with the 2017 acquisition of Daymon Worldwide Inc. (“Daymon”) to certain Daymon employees, certain of which were deemed to vested upon issuance, and certain of which vested in four annual installments, subject to such employee’s continued employment with the Company. The Limited Partnership Agreement also authorizes Topco to issue 35,000 Common Series C-2 Units to employees of the Company, which are deemed to be vested upon issuance and subject to substantially similar forfeiture provisions as the Common Series C Units, including forfeiture upon certain terminations of employment with the Company of the applicable holders or a non-qualifying exit event.

A valuation, including an option pricing method allocation and Monte Carlo simulation, was used to estimate the fair value of Common Series C Units and Common Series C-2 Units. The expected price volatility is based on the average of the historical volatility of comparable public companies. The risk-free rate is based on U.S. Treasury yields in effect at the time of grant over the expected term. The Company did not use a dividend yield as it has not historically paid distributions.

The following weighted average assumptions were used in determining the fair value of Common Series C Unit grants made during the year ended December 31, 2020:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |
|  | 2020 |  |
Grant date fair value |  | $ | 201.25 |  |
Dividend yield |  |  | 0.0 | % |
Expected volatility |  |  | 75.3 | % |
Risk-free interest rate |  |  | 0.2 | % |
Lack of marketability discount |  |  | 30.5 | % |
Expected term |  |  | 1.0 years |  |

The following weighted average assumptions were used in determining the fair value of Common Series C-2 Unit grants made during the year ended December 31, 2020:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |
|  | 2020 |  |
Grant date fair value |  | $ | 223.00 |  |
Dividend yield |  |  | 0.0 | % |
Yield test probability |  |  | 23.3 | % |
Cost of equity capital |  |  | 11.8 | % |
Expected term |  |  | 1.0 years |  |

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Topco has the option to repurchase Common Series C Units for cash.

The following table summarizes the activity in the Common Series C Units:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |
|  | 2022 |  |
Beginning of the period |  |  | 166,790 |  |
Forfeitures |  |  | (33,900 | ) |
End of the period |  |  | 132,890 |  |

The following table summarizes the activity in the Common Series C-2 Units:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |
|  | 2022 |  |
Beginning of the period |  |  | 29,875 |  |
Forfeitures |  |  | (4,780 | ) |
End of the period |  |  | 25,095 |  |

The Company classified the Merger as a vesting exit event for accounting purposes associated with the Common Series C and C-2 Units. As a result, the Company recognized non-cash compensation expenses of $62.7 million in connection with the Common Series C Units and $13.3 million in connection with the Common Series C-2 Units for the year ended December 31, 2020. As the vesting exit event was at Topco, there was no impact to the Company’s outstanding shares of Common Stock.

Common Series D Units

In 2014, Topco issued 30,000 time-vesting profits interests (“Common Series D Units”) to entities affiliated with one equity sponsor of Topco. Time-vesting profits interests vest on a monthly basis that began on October 1, 2014 and ended on September 1, 2019. The compensation expense associated with the issuance of such awards for non-employees is recorded by the Company as the Company receives the benefit of the services being provided by the non-employees.

The Company measures the fair value of the Common Series D Units quarterly throughout the five-year vesting period and recognizes this cost ratably over the vesting period. There were no grants during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020. The OPM was used to estimate the Common Series D Units fair value of $300 as of the grant date. The expected share price volatility is based on the average of the historical volatility of comparable public companies. The risk-free rate is based on U.S. Treasury yields in effect at the time of grant over the expected term. The Company did not use a dividend yield as it has not historically paid distributions. The fair value of these units at the end of each measurement period were $5, $143, and $644 per unit as of December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020. Since the Common Series D Units that were issued under the Limited Partnership Agreement were for interests in Topco, which is outside of the consolidated group, the value of the profits interests were marked to market at each of the Company’s reporting periods.

The following assumptions were used in determining the fair value of Common Series D Units:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |
|  | 2022 |  |
Grant date fair value |  | $ | 300.00 |  |
Dividend yield |  |  | 0.0 | % |
Expected volatility |  |  | 53.0 | % |
Risk-free interest rate |  |  | 4.3 | % |
Lack of marketability discount |  |  | 32.0 | % |
Expected term |  |  | 1.9 years |  |

On December 31, 2022, there were 30,000 Common Series D Units outstanding. During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, the Company recorded equity-based compensation expense of $4.1 million, $15.0 million, and $13.8 million, respectively, included in “Selling, general, and administrative expenses” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

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Stock Options

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the following activities involving stock options occurred under the Plan:

|  | Stock Options |  |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |
Outstanding at January 1, 2022 |  |  | 261,324 |  |  | $ | 9.20 |
Granted |  |  | 2,115,664 |  |  | $ | 3.92 |
Forfeited |  |  | (261,324 | ) |  | $ | 9.20 |
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 |  |  | 2,115,664 |  |  | $ | 3.92 |

Stock-based compensation costs related to stock options granted to employees are measured at the date of grant based on the estimated fair value of the award, net of estimated forfeitures. The Company estimates the grant date fair value, and the resulting stock-based compensation expense, using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company recognizes compensation costs for awards with service vesting conditions on an accelerated method under the graded vesting method over the requisite service period of the award, which is generally the vesting term of three years.

The Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires the use of highly subjective assumptions which determine the fair value of stock-based awards. The assumptions used in the Company's option-pricing model represent management’s best estimates. These estimates are complex, involve a number of variables, uncertainties and assumptions and the application of management’s judgment, so that they are inherently subjective. If factors change and different assumptions are used, the Company's stock-based compensation expense could be materially different in the future. These assumptions are estimated as follows:

| • |  | Fair Value of Common Stock. Represents the publicly quoted price as the fair value of ADV common stock.

| • |  | Risk-Free Interest Rate. The Company based the risk-free interest rate used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model on the implied yield available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with an equivalent remaining term of the options for each option group.

| • |  | Expected Term. The expected term represents the period that the stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding. Because of the limitations on the sale or transfer or the Company's common stock as a previously privately held company, the Company does not believe its historical exercise pattern for similar awards is indicative of the pattern the Company will experience as a publicly traded company. Management has consequently used the Staff Accounting Bulletin, or SAB 110, Simplified Method to calculate the expected term, which is the average of the contractual term and vesting period. The Company plans to continue to use the SAB 110 Simplified Method until the Company has sufficient trading history as a publicly traded company.

| • |  | Volatility. Management determined the price volatility factor based on the historical volatilities of a relevant peer group as the Company did not have a sufficient trading history of common stock. Industry peers consist of several public companies that provide similar services with comparable characteristics including enterprise value, risk profiles and position within the industry. The Company intends to continue to consistently apply this process using the same or similar public companies until a sufficient amount of historical information regarding the volatility of the Company's own common stock share price becomes available, or unless circumstances change such that the identified companies are no longer similar, in which case, more suitable companies whose share prices are publicly available would be utilized in the calculation.

| • |  | Dividend Yield. The expected dividend assumption is based on expectations about the Company's anticipated dividend policy. The Company currently does not expect to issue any dividends.

In addition to assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, the Company must also estimate a forfeiture rate to calculate the stock-based compensation for the Company's awards. The Company will continue to use judgment in evaluating the assumptions related to the Company's stock-based compensation on a prospective basis. As the Company continue to accumulate additional data, the Company may have refinements to the Company's estimates, which could materially impact the Company's future stock-based compensation expense.

The fair value of the employee stock options was estimated using the following assumptions for the periods presented:

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Share Price |  | $ | 3.92 |  |  | $ | 9.20 |
Dividend yield |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 0.0 | %
Expected volatility |  |  | 34.4 | % |  |  | 28.7 | %
Risk-free interest rate |  |  | 2.9 | % |  |  | 1.1 | %
Expected term |  |  | 6.5 years |  |  |  | 6.5 years |

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As of December 31, 2022, the Company had approximately $2.2 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to stock options, net of related forfeiture estimates, which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.7 years. The intrinsic value of all outstanding options as of December 31, 2022 was zero based on the market price of the Company's common stock of $2.08 per share.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In October 2020, the board of directors adopted, and the stockholders subsequently approved, the 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as amended (the “ESPP”). The Board has delegated concurrent authority to administer the ESPP to the Compensation Committee under the terms of the Compensation Committee’s charter.

Employees, may have to satisfy one or more of the following service requirements before participating in the ESPP, as determined by the administrator: (a) customary employment with the Company for more than 20 hours per week and more than five months per calendar year, or (b) continuous employment with the Company for a minimum period of time, not to exceed two years, prior to the first date of an offering. An employee may not be granted rights to purchase stock under the ESPP if such employee (x) immediately after the grant would own stock possessing five percent or more of the total combined voting power or value of the common stock, or (y) would purchase in excess of $25,000 of fair market value of such stock in an offering period. Additionally, “highly compensated employees” may not be granted rights to purchase stock under the ESPP. This includes individuals with compensation above a specified level, who is an officer and/or is subject to the disclosure requirements of Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act.

The administrator may approve offerings with a duration of not more than 27 months, and may specify one or more shorter purchase periods within each offering (“Offering Period”). Each offering will have one or more purchase dates on which shares of the common stock will be purchased for the employees who are participating in the offering. The administrator, in its discretion, will determine the terms of offerings under the ESPP.

The ESPP permits participants to purchase shares of the common stock through payroll deductions with up to 15% of their earnings. The purchase price of the shares will not be less than 85% of the lower of the fair market value of the common stock on the first day of an offering or on the date of purchase. Payroll deductions shall be equal to at least one percent (1%) of the participant’s compensation as of each payday of the Offering Period following the Enrollment Date, but not more than the lesser of fifteen percent (15%) of the participant’s compensation as of each payday of the Offering Period following the Enrollment Date or $25,000 per offering period.

A participant may not transfer purchase rights under the ESPP other than by will, the laws of descent and distribution or as otherwise provided under the ESPP.

In the event of a specified corporate transaction, such as a merger or change in control, a successor corporation may assume, continue or substitute each outstanding purchase right. If the successor corporation does not assume, continue or substitute for the outstanding purchase rights, the offering in progress will be shortened and a new exercise date will be set. The participants’ purchase rights will be exercised on the new exercise date and such purchase rights will terminate immediately thereafter.

The ESPP will remain in effect until terminated by the administrator in accordance with the terms of the ESPP. The board of directors has the authority to amend, suspend or terminate the ESPP, at any time and for any reason.

Employee Benefit Plans

The Company sponsors 401(k) plans for certain employees who meet specified age and length of service requirements. The 401(k) plans include a deferral feature under which employees may elect to defer a portion of their salary, subject to Internal Revenue Service limitations. The Company provides a matching contribution based on a percentage of participating employees’ salaries and contributions made. Total contributions to the plan for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 were $13.3 million, $12.5 million, and $10.8 million, respectively.

12. Equity

Class A Common Stock—The Company is authorized to issue 3,290,000,000 shares of Class A common stock with a par value of $0.0001 per share. Holders of the Company’s Class A common stock are entitled to one vote for each share on each matter on which they are entitled to vote. At December 31, 2022, there were 319,690,300 shares of Class A common stock legally issued and outstanding. At December 31, 2021, there were 316,963,552 shares of Class A common stock legally issued and outstanding, including 5,000,000 Performance Shares issued to Topco at the Closing, which were subject to vesting upon satisfaction of a market performance condition after the Closing. Such performance shares vested on January 15, 2021 when the market performance condition was satisfied.

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Preferred stock—The Company is authorized to issue 10,000,000 preferred stock with no par value of $0.0001 per share. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, there is no preferred stock issued or outstanding.

Common stock held in treasury, at cost— On November 9, 2021, the Company announced that the board of directors authorized a new share repurchase program (the “2021 Share Repurchase Program”) pursuant to which the Company may repurchase up to $100 million of the Company’s Class A common stock.

The 2021 Share Repurchase Program does not have an expiration date, but provides for suspension or discontinuation at any time. The 2021 Share Repurchase Program permits the repurchase of the Company’s Class A common stock on the open market and in other means from time to time. The timing and amount of any share repurchase is subject to prevailing market conditions, relevant securities laws and other considerations, and the Company is under no obligation to repurchase any specific number of shares.

During the fourth quarter of 2021, the Company executed open market purchases of $12.6 million of the Company’s Class A common stock under the 2021 Share Repurchase Program. As a result of repurchases during the year ended December 31, 2021, there remains $87.4 million of share repurchase availability under the 2021 Share Repurchase Program as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Warrants—As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, 11,244,988 public warrants were outstanding. Each whole warrant entitles the holder to purchase one whole share of the Company’s Class A common stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share, subject to adjustment. Warrants may only be exercised for a whole number of shares of Class A common stock. No fractional warrants will be issued upon separation of the units and only whole warrants will trade. The warrants became exercisable 30 days after the completion of the Merger. The warrants will expire five years after the completion of the Merger, at 5:00 p.m., New York City time, or earlier upon redemption or liquidation.

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, 7,333,333 private placement warrants were outstanding. The private placement warrants are identical to the public warrants, except that the private placement warrants and the Class A common stock issuable upon exercise of the private placement warrants were not transferable, assignable or salable until 30 days after the completion of the Merger, subject to certain limited exceptions. Additionally, the private placement warrants will be non-redeemable so long as they are held by the initial purchasers or such purchasers’ permitted transferees. If the private placement warrants are held by someone other than the initial stockholders or their permitted transferees, the private placement warrants will be redeemable by the Company and exercisable by such holders on the same basis as the public warrants.

The Company may call the warrants for redemption:

For cash:

•
in whole and not in part;
•
at a price of $0.01 per warrant;
•
upon a minimum of 30 days’ prior written notice of redemption; and
•
if, and only if, the last reported closing price of the common stock equals or exceeds $18.00 per share (as adjusted for share splits, share dividends, reorganizations, reclassifications, recapitalizations and the like) for any 20 trading days within a 30-trading day period ending on the third trading day prior to the date on which the Company sends the notice of redemption to the warrant holders.

For cash or Class A common stock:

•
in whole and not in part;
•
at a price of $0.10 per warrant, provided that the warrant holders will be able to exercise their warrants prior to redemption and receive that number of shares of Class A common stock to be determined by reference to a table included in the warrant agreement, based on the redemption date and the fair market value of the Class A common stock;
•
upon a minimum of 30 days’ prior written notice of redemption;
•
if, and only if, the last reported closing price of the common stock equals or exceeds $10.00 per share (as adjusted for share splits, share dividends, reorganizations, reclassifications, recapitalizations and the like) on the trading day prior to the date on which the Company sends notice of redemption to the warrant holders; and
•
if, and only if, an effective registration statement covering the shares of Class A common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants and a current prospectus relating thereto is available throughout the 30 day period after which written notice of redemption is given, or the Company has elected to require the exercise of the warrants on a “cashless” basis.

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If the Company calls the warrants for redemption, management will have the option to require all holders that wish to exercise the warrants to do so on a “cashless basis,” as described in the warrant agreement.

The exercise price and number of Class A common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants may be adjusted in certain circumstances including in the event of a share dividend. Additionally, in the event of a recapitalization, reorganization, merger or consolidation, the kind and amount of shares of stock or other securities or property (including cash) issuable upon exercise of the warrants may be adjusted. However, the warrants will not be adjusted for issuance of Class A common stock at a price below its exercise price. Additionally, in no event will the Company be required to net cash settle the warrants shares.

13. Earnings Per Share

The Company calculates earnings per share using a dual presentation of basic and diluted earnings per share. Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding without the consideration for potential dilutive shares of common stock. Diluted earnings per share represents basic earnings per share adjusted to include the potentially dilutive effect of outstanding performance stock units, restricted stock units, public and private placement warrants, the employee stock purchase plan and stock options.

Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing the net income by the weighted-average number of common share equivalents outstanding for the period determined using the treasury stock method and if-converted method, as applicable. During periods of net loss, diluted loss per share is equal to basic loss per share because the antidilutive effect of potential common shares is disregarded. As a result of the Transactions, the Company has retrospectively adjusted the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding prior to October 28, 2020 by multiplying them by the exchange ratio used to determine the number of common shares into which they converted.

The following is a reconciliation of basic and diluted net (loss) income per common share:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |
(in thousands, except share and earnings per share data) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |
Basic earnings per share computation: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income attributable to stockholders of Advantage Solutions Inc. |  | $ | (1,380,502 | ) |  | $ | 54,494 |  |  | $ | (175,806 | ) |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares - basic |  |  | 318,682,548 |  |  |  | 318,198,860 |  |  |  | 223,227,833 |  |
Basic (loss) earnings per common share |  | $ | (4.33 | ) |  | $ | 0.17 |  |  | $ | (0.79 | ) |
Diluted earnings per share computation: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) income attributable to stockholders of Advantage Solutions Inc. |  | $ | (1,380,502 | ) |  | $ | 54,494 |  |  | $ | (175,806 | ) |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  | 318,682,548 |  |  |  | 318,198,860 |  |  |  | 223,227,833 |  |
Performance Stock Units |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,998,848 |  |  |  | — |  |
Restricted Stock Units |  |  | — |  |  |  | 559,649 |  |  |  | — |  |
Warrants |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,468 |  |  |  | — |  |
Employee stock purchase plan and stock options |  |  | — |  |  |  | 242,931 |  |  |  | — |  |
Weighted average common shares - diluted |  |  | 318,682,548 |  |  |  | 321,004,756 |  |  |  | 223,227,833 |  |
Diluted (loss) earnings per common share |  | $ | (4.33 | ) |  | $ | 0.17 |  |  | $ | (0.79 | ) |

During periods of net loss, diluted loss per share is equal to basic loss per share because the antidilutive effect of potential common shares is disregarded.

As part of the Transactions, 5,000,000 Performance Shares were issued to Topco at Closing, which were subject to vesting upon satisfaction of a market performance condition for any period of 20 trading days out of 30 consecutive trading days during the five-year period after the Closing, and Topco was not able to vote or sell such shares until vesting. These Performance Shares were considered contingently issuable shares and remained unvested as of December 31, 2020. Therefore, these Performance Shares are excluded from shares outstanding for basic and diluted earnings per share until the contingency is resolved. The 5,000,000

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Performance Shares vested on January 15, 2021, when the closing price for the Class A common stock exceeded $12.00 per share for 20 trading days out of 30 consecutive trading days.

The Company had 11,244,988 of public warrants and 7,333,333 of private placement warrants held by the CP Sponsor (as defined below), to purchase Class A common stock at $11.50 per share at the Closing, which remain outstanding at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

See Note 12 — Equity for additional information regarding the terms of public and private placement warrants.

14. Related Party Transactions

Conyers Park and the Transactions

In May 2019, Conyers Park II Sponsor LLC, an affiliate of Centerview Capital Management, LLC and Conyers Park’s sponsor prior to the Merger (“CP Sponsor”) purchased 11,500,000 of Conyers Park’s Class B ordinary shares for an aggregate purchase price of $25,000 in cash, or approximately $0.002 per share. In June 2019, CP Sponsor transferred 25,000 shares to each of four individuals, including a current member of the board of directors of the Company. At the time of the Closing, the 11,250,000 shares of Conyers Park Class B common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, then held by CP Sponsor and its directors automatically converted into shares of the Company's Class A common stock. CP Sponsor also purchased 7,333,333 private placement warrants for a purchase price of $1.50 per whole warrant, or $11,000,000 in the aggregate, in private placement transactions that occurred simultaneously with the closing of the Conyers Park’s initial public offering and related over-allotment option. As a result of the Closing, each private placement warrant entitles CP Sponsor to purchase one share of the Company's Class A common stock at $11.50 per share.

Concurrent with the execution of the Merger Agreement, Conyers Park entered into the subscription agreements with certain investors (collectively, the “Subscription Agreements”), pursuant to which, among other things, Conyers Park agreed to issue and sell in a private placement shares of Conyers Park Class A common stock for a purchase price of $10.00 per share. Certain of the Advantage Sponsors or their affiliates agreed to purchase an aggregate of 34,410,000 shares of Conyers Park Class A common stock. Conyers Park also entered into a stockholders agreement (the “Stockholders Agreement”) with CP Sponsor, Topco, and certain of the Advantage Sponsors and their affiliates (collectively, the “Stockholder Parties”). The Stockholders Agreement provides, among other things, that the Stockholder Parties agree to cast their votes such that the Company’s board of directors is constituted as set forth in the Stockholders Agreement and the Merger Agreement and will have certain rights to designate directors to the Company’s board of directors, in each case, on the terms and subject to the conditions therein. Additionally, Conyers Park entered into a Registration Rights Agreement with CP Sponsor, Topco, the Advantage Sponsors and their affiliates and the other parties thereto, pursuant to which the Company has agreed to register for resale certain shares of Class A common stock and other equity securities that are held by the parties thereto from time to time.

Investment in Unconsolidated Affiliates

During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, the Company recognized revenues of $14.3 million, $18.1 million, and $19.6 million, respectively, from the parent company of an investment in unconsolidated affiliates. Accounts receivable from this client were $1.7 million and $2.4 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Long-term Debt

Certain funds managed by CVC Credit Partners, which is part of the same network of companies providing investment management advisory services operating under the CVC brand as CVC Capital Partners, act as lenders under the Company’s Term Loan Facility. The funds managed by CVC Credit Partners held zero and $6.2 million of the aggregate principal outstanding under the Term Loan Facility as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Loans to Karman Topco L.P.

Advantage Sales & Marketing Inc., an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into loan agreements with Topco, pursuant to which Topco has borrowed various amounts totaling $6.0 million from Advantage Sales & Marketing Inc. to facilitate the payment to certain former associates for their equity interests in Topco. On September 1, 2020, Advantage Sales & Marketing Inc. entered into a new loan agreement with Topco consolidating all outstanding amounts under the prior agreements. Pursuant to the new loan agreement Topco borrowed $6.0 million at an interest rate of 0.39% per annum. This loan matures on December 31, 2023 and is pre-payable at any time without penalty.

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15. Income Taxes

The (benefit from) provision for income taxes is as follows:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current tax expense (benefit) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | $ | 23,351 |  |  | $ | 22,085 |  |  | $ | (9,106 | )
State |  |  | 8,148 |  |  |  | 7,667 |  |  |  | 4,710 |
Foreign |  |  | 13,918 |  |  |  | 13,877 |  |  |  | 13,422 |
Total current tax expense |  |  | 45,417 |  |  |  | 43,629 |  |  |  | 9,026 |
Deferred tax (benefit) expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  |  | (129,055 | ) |  |  | (16,007 | ) |  |  | (6,501 | )
State |  |  | (59,512 | ) |  |  | 5,827 |  |  |  | 868 |
Foreign |  |  | (2,187 | ) |  |  | 168 |  |  |  | (8,724 | )
Total deferred tax benefit |  |  | (190,754 | ) |  |  | (10,012 | ) |  |  | (14,357 | )
Total (benefit from) provision for income taxes |  | $ | (145,337 | ) |  | $ | 33,617 |  |  | $ | (5,331 | )

A reconciliation of the Company's effective income tax rate as compared to the federal statutory income tax rate is as follows:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Statutory U.S. rate |  |  | 21.0 | % |  |  | 21.0 | % |  |  | 21.0 | %
State tax, net of federal tax benefit |  |  | 2.7 | % |  |  | 11.7 | % |  |  | (2.4 | )%
Foreign tax, net of federal tax benefit |  |  | (0.2 | )% |  |  | 5.3 | % |  |  | 1.1 | %
Goodwill impairment |  |  | (14.0 | )% |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Disallowed executive compensation |  |  | (0.1 | )% |  |  | 2.3 | % |  |  | (3.2 | )%
Equity-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2.4 | )% |  |  | (10.4 | )%
Meals and entertainment |  |  | (0.1 | )% |  |  | 1.6 | % |  |  | (0.7 | )%
Contingent consideration fair value adjustment |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1.8 | )% |  |  | (1.3 | )%
Fair value of warrant liability |  |  | 0.3 | % |  |  | 0.2 | % |  |  | (1.6 | )%
Work opportunity tax credit |  |  | 0.2 | % |  |  | (2.5 | )% |  |  | 0.4 | %
Other |  |  | (0.2 | )% |  |  | 1.5 | % |  |  | 0.1 | %
Effective tax rate |  |  | 9.6 | % |  |  | 36.9 | % |  |  | 3.0 | %

The geographic components of income (loss) before income taxes are as follows:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. sources |  | $ | (1,544,387 | ) |  | $ | 65,202 |  |  | $ | (203,526 | )
Non-U.S. sources |  |  | 21,758 |  |  |  | 25,964 |  |  |  | 23,125 |
(Loss) income before income taxes |  | $ | (1,522,629 | ) |  | $ | 91,166 |  |  | $ | (180,401 | )

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Net deferred tax liabilities consist of the following:

|  | December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Deferred tax assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrued liabilities |  | $ | 68,016 |  |  | $ | 78,711 |
Interest expense |  |  | 53,320 |  |  |  | 37,335 |
Right-of-use liabilities |  |  | 14,356 |  |  |  | 9,790 |
Net operating losses |  |  | 7,904 |  |  |  | 10,193 |
Transaction expenses |  |  | 7,649 |  |  |  | 8,192 |
Contingent liabilities |  |  | 3,903 |  |  |  | 7,768 |
Insurance reserves |  |  | 2,522 |  |  |  | 2,138 |
Acquired intangible assets, including goodwill |  |  | 1,487 |  |  |  | 1,182 |
Social security tax deferral |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,382 |
Other |  |  | 8,293 |  |  |  | 4,534 |
Total deferred tax assets |  |  | 167,450 |  |  |  | 166,225 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquired intangible assets, including goodwill |  |  | 413,728 |  |  |  | 608,316 |
Interest rate caps |  |  | 12,079 |  |  |  | 2,419 |
Right-of-use assets |  |  | 10,044 |  |  |  | 6,218 |
Debt issuance costs |  |  | 7,532 |  |  |  | 9,629 |
Restructuring expenses |  |  | 3,427 |  |  |  | 4,788 |
Depreciation |  |  | 2,397 |  |  |  | 2,968 |
Other |  |  | 8,545 |  |  |  | 7,397 |
Total deferred tax liabilities |  |  | 457,752 |  |  |  | 641,735 |
Less: deferred income tax asset valuation allowances |  |  | (5,360 | ) |  |  | (6,853 | )
Net deferred tax liabilities |  | $ | 295,662 |  |  | $ | 482,363 |
|  | December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Reported as: |  |  |  |  |  |
Noncurrent deferred tax asset |  | $ | 2,211 |  |  | $ | 802 |
Noncurrent deferred tax liabilities |  |  | 297,873 |  |  |  | 483,165 |
Net deferred tax liabilities |  | $ | 295,662 |  |  | $ | 482,363 |

The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) that was signed into law on March 27, 2020 allows employers to defer payment of a portion of payroll taxes otherwise due on wages paid between the enactment date and December 31, 2020 and remit the deferred payroll taxes in equal amounts on December 31, 2022 and 2021. Under this provision of the CARES Act, the Company has recorded the tax impact of $6.4 million as a deferred tax asset as of December 31, 2021 and no remaining balance as of December 31, 2022.

On August 16, 2022, the U.S. government enacted the Inflation Reduction Act (“IRA”), which, among other things, imposes a new corporate alternative minimum tax and an excise tax on stock buybacks. The Company did no t have any stock buybacks during the year ended December 31, 2022.

The Company held cash and cash equivalents in foreign subsidiaries of $81.8 million and $86.2 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the undistributed earnings of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries are $196.4 million and $164.1 million, respectively.

The Company has not recorded a deferred tax liability related to undistributed earnings of its foreign subsidiaries as of December 31, 2022, except for a $2.8 million of deferred tax liability recorded as of December 31, 2022 for unremitted earnings in Canada with respect to which the Company no longer has an indefinite reinvestment assertion. Taxes have not been provided on the remaining $125.1 million of undistributed foreign earnings. The incremental tax liability associated with these earnings is expected to be immaterial.

The Company evaluates its deferred tax assets, including a determination of whether a valuation allowance is necessary, based upon its ability to utilize the assets using a more likely than not analysis. Deferred tax assets are only recorded to the extent that they are realizable based upon past and future income. As a result of the evaluation, the Company established a valuation allowance of $5.4

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million, $6.9 million and $6.7 million on its foreign affiliates’ deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company had $4.9 million of United States Federal Net Operating Losses (“NOL”), $22.6 million state NOLs, and $19.6 million foreign NOLs. The change of ownership provisions of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 may limit utilization of a portion of The Company’s domestic NOLs to future periods. The United States Federal NOLs expire in 2037, $16.0 million of the state NOLs expire between 2023 and 2041 and the remaining $6.6 million of the state NOLs carry forward indefinitely. Foreign NOLs of $7.7 million expire between 2024 and 2032 and the remaining $11.9 million of the foreign NOLs carry forward indefinitely.

16. Segments and Geographic Information

The Company’s operations are organized into two reportable segments: sales and marketing. The operating segments reported below are the segments of the Company for which separate financial information is available and for which segment results are evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker (the chief executive officer) in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. Through the Company’s sales segment, the Company serves as a strategic intermediary between consumer goods manufacturers and retailer partners and performs critical merchandizing services on behalf of both consumer goods manufacturers and retail partners. Through the Company’s marketing segment, the Company develops and executes marketing programs for manufacturers and retailers. These reportable segments are organized by the types of services provided, similar economic characteristics, and how the Company manages its business. The assets and liabilities of the Company are managed centrally and are reported internally in the same manner as the consolidated financial statements; therefore, no additional information is produced or included herein. The Company and its chief operating decision maker evaluate performance based on revenues and operating (loss) income.

(in thousands) |  | Sales |  |  | Marketing |  |  | Total |
Year Ended December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues |  | $ | 2,507,017 |  |  | $ | 1,542,725 |  |  | $ | 4,049,742 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | $ | 161,385 |  |  | $ | 71,690 |  |  | $ | 233,075 |
Operating loss |  | $ | (1,323,192 | ) |  | $ | (116,214 | ) |  | $ | (1,439,406 | )
Year Ended December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues |  | $ | 2,323,884 |  |  | $ | 1,278,414 |  |  | $ | 3,602,298 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | $ | 170,076 |  |  | $ | 69,965 |  |  | $ | 240,041 |
Operating income |  | $ | 182,529 |  |  | $ | 47,519 |  |  | $ | 230,048 |
Year Ended December 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues |  | $ | 2,060,593 |  |  | $ | 1,095,078 |  |  | $ | 3,155,671 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | $ | 171,569 |  |  | $ | 67,029 |  |  | $ | 238,598 |
Operating income |  | $ | 63,305 |  |  | $ | 3,701 |  |  | $ | 67,006 |

Revenues and long-lived assets by services provided in geographic region are as follows:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
North America |  | $ | 3,562,168 |  |  | $ | 3,153,768 |  |  | $ | 2,792,238 |
International |  |  | 487,574 |  |  |  | 448,530 |  |  |  | 363,433 |
Total revenues |  | $ | 4,049,742 |  |  | $ | 3,602,298 |  |  | $ | 3,155,671 |

|  | December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Long-Lived Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
North America |  | $ | 60,071 |  |  | $ | 53,284 |
International |  |  | 10,827 |  |  |  | 10,412 |
Total long-lived assets |  | $ | 70,898 |  |  | $ | 63,696 |

North American revenues were primarily services provided in the U.S. representing revenues of $3.6 billion, $3.0 billion, and $2.7 billion during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. The classification “International” primarily includes the Company’s operation in the U.K., Germany, the Netherlands and Japan.

100

17. Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests

The Company is party to a put and call option agreement with respect to the common securities that represent the remaining noncontrolling interest from a majority-owned subsidiary, which was established through a majority-owned international joint venture during the year ended December 31, 2021. The put and call option agreement representing 20% of the total outstanding noncontrolling equity interest of that subsidiary may be exercised at the discretion of the noncontrolling interest holder by providing written notice to the Company beginning in 2026 and expiring in 2028. The redemption value of the put and call option agreement is based on a multiple of the majority-owned subsidiary’s earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization subject to certain adjustments. The noncontrolling interest is subject to a put option that is outside of the Company’s control and is presented as redeemable non-controlling interest in the temporary equity section of the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company recorded its redeemable noncontrolling interest at fair value on the date of the related business combination transaction and recognizes changes in the redemption value at the end of each reporting period. The carrying value of the redeemable noncontrolling interest was $3.7 million as of December 31, 2022.

Changes in redeemable noncontrolling interest for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, are as follows:

(in thousands) |  |  |
Balance at January 1, 2021 |  | $ | — |
Fair value at acquisition |  |  | 1,804 |
Net income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests |  |  | 91 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  | (2 | )
Balance at December 31, 2021 |  |  | 1,893 |
Fair value at acquisition |  |  | 1,987 |
Net income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests |  |  | 215 |
Dividend distribution |  |  | (223 | )
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  | (126 | )
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 3,746 |

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company acquired one sales business which included a put option exercisable by the 20% shareholder that allows such shareholder to sell its 20% noncontrolling interest to the Company for a multiple of the acquired subsidiary’s adjusted earnings. As the put option is outside of the Company’s control, the estimated value of the 20% noncontrolling interest is presented as a redeemable noncontrolling interest outside of permanent equity on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The fair value of the redeemable noncontrolling interest and put option at the acquisition date was valued based on a mix of the income approach for determining the value of the redeemable noncontrolling interest and market approach for determining the most advantageous redemption point for the put option using a Monte Carlo simulation method. The fair value assigned to this interest is estimated using Level 3 inputs based on unobservable inputs.

18. Commitments and Contingencies

Litigation

The Company is involved in various legal matters that arise in the ordinary course of its business. Some of these legal matters purport or may be determined to be class and/or representative actions, or seek substantial damages, or penalties. The Company has accrued amounts in connection with certain legal matters, including with respect to certain of the matters described below. There can be no assurance, however, that these accruals will be sufficient to cover such matters or other legal matters or that such matters or other legal matters will not materially or adversely affect the Company’s financial position, liquidity, or results of operations.

Employment Matters

The Company has also been involved in various litigation, including purported class or representative actions with respect to matters arising under the California Labor Code and Private Attorneys General Act. The Company has retained outside counsel to represent it in these matters and is vigorously defending its interests.

Commercial Matters

The Company has also been involved in various litigation matters and arbitrations with respect to commercial matters arising with clients, vendors and third-party sellers of businesses. The Company has retained outside counsel to represent it in these matters and is vigorously defending its interests.

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Legal Matters Related to Take 5

USAO and FBI Voluntary Disclosure and Investigation Related to Take 5

The Company voluntarily disclosed to the United States Attorney’s Office and the Federal Bureau of Investigation certain misconduct occurring at Take 5, a line of business that the Company closed in July 2019. The Company intends to cooperate in this and any other governmental investigations that may arise in connection with the Take 5 Matter. At this time, the Company cannot predict the ultimate outcome of any investigation related to the Take 5 Matter and is unable to estimate the potential impact such an investigation may have on the Company.

Arbitration Proceedings Related to Take 5

In August 2019, as a result of the Take 5 Matter, the Company provided a written indemnification claim notice to the sellers of Take 5 (the “Take 5 Sellers”) seeking monetary damages (including interest, fees and costs) based on allegations of breach of the asset purchase agreement (the “Take 5 APA”), as well as fraud. In September 2019, the Take 5 Sellers initiated arbitration proceedings against the Company, alleging breach of the Take 5 APA as a result of the Company’s decision to terminate the operations of the Take 5 business, and seeking monetary damages equal to all unpaid earn-out payments under the Take 5 APA (plus interest, fees and costs). In 2020, the Take 5 sellers amended their statement of claim to allege defamation, relating to statements the Company made to customers in connection with terminating the operations of the Take 5 business, and seeking monetary damages for the alleged injury to their reputation. The Company filed its response to the Take 5 Sellers’ claims, and asserted indemnification, fraud and other claims against the Take 5 Sellers as counterclaims and cross-claims in the arbitration proceedings. In October 2022, the arbitrator made a final award in favor of the Company. The Company is actively pursuing the collection of this award in state court in Florida. The Take 5 Sellers have attempted to have the award vacated in the district court in Washington, D.C., and in the state court in Florida. The Company has asked the Washington, D.C. court to dismiss the petition or, in the alternative, abstain until the Florida case is resolved. The Company is currently unable to estimate if or when it will be able to collect any amounts associated with this arbitration.

Other Legal Matters Related to Take 5

The Take 5 Matter may result in additional litigation against the Company, including lawsuits from clients, or governmental investigations, which may expose the Company to potential liability in excess of the amounts being offered by the Company as refunds to Take 5 clients. The Company is currently unable to determine the amount of any potential liability, costs or expenses (above the amounts already being offered as refunds) that may result from any lawsuits or investigations associated with the Take 5 Matter or determine whether any such issues will have any future material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, liquidity, or results of operations. Although the Company has insurance covering certain liabilities, the Company cannot assure that the insurance will be sufficient to cover any potential liability or expenses associated with the Take 5 Matter.

In May 2020, the Company received $7.7 million from its representation warranty and indemnity policy related to the Take 5 acquisition for claims related to the Take 5 Matter, the maximum aggregate recovery under the policy.

Surety Bonds

In the ordinary course of business, the Company is required to provide financial commitments in the form of surety bonds to third parties as a guarantee of its performance on and its compliance with certain obligations. If the Company were to fail to perform or comply with these obligations, any draws upon surety bonds issued on its behalf would then trigger the Company’s payment obligation to the surety bond issuer. The Company has outstanding surety bonds issued for its benefit of $16.0 million and $10.0 million as of December 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

19. Subsequent Events

In January 2023, Jill Griffin resigned as the Company's Chief Executive Officer and entered into a Separation Agreement and General Release (the “Separation Agreement”), pursuant to which Ms. Griffin’s employment terminated effective as of January 16, 2023. Pursuant to the Separation Agreement, Ms. Griffin is eligible to receive severance benefits including, without limitation, continued payment of base salary for 24 months following the date of termination.

In February 2023, David Peacock was appointed the Company’s Chief Executive Officer. The Company and Mr. Peacock entered into an employment agreement that provides for Mr. Peacock to receive a cash signing bonus of $1.3 million, a $3.0 million share award grant, 8,000,000 options for shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock (at various exercise prices), and annual grants consistent with the Company’s historical equity vesting in annual installments over three years of (i) $1.5 million in the form of RSUs, and (ii) $1.5 million in the form of PSUs subject to additional vesting requirements upon the attainment of performance goals established by the Compensation Committee of the Board.

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SCHEDULE I

ADVANTAGE SOLUTIONS INC.

CONDENSED REGISTRANT ONLY FINANCIAL INFORMATION

CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS

|  | December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment in subsidiaries |  | $ | 1,124,933 |  |  | $ | 2,505,506 |
Total assets |  | $ | 1,124,933 |  |  | $ | 2,505,506 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |
Warrant liability |  | $ | 953 |  |  | $ | 22,189 |
Total liability |  |  | 953 |  |  |  | 22,189 |
Equity attributable to stockholders of Advantage Solutions Inc. |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock $0.0001 par value, 3,290,000,000 shares authorized; 319,690,300 and 316,963,552 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively |  |  | 32 |  |  |  | 32 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 3,408,836 |  |  |  | 3,373,278 |
Accumulated deficit |  |  | (2,247,109 | ) |  |  | (866,607 | )
Loans to Karman Topco L.P. |  |  | (6,363 | ) |  |  | (6,340 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | (18,849 | ) |  |  | (4,479 | )
Common stock in treasury, at cost; 1,610,014 shares as of December 31, 2022 |  |  | (12,567 | ) |  |  | (12,567 | )
Total equity attributable to stockholders of Advantage Solutions Inc. |  |  | 1,123,980 |  |  |  | 2,483,317 |
Equity attributable to noncontrolling interest |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total stockholders’ equity |  |  | 1,123,980 |  |  |  | 2,483,317 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 1,124,933 |  |  | $ | 2,505,506 |

See Notes to Condensed Registrant Only Financial Statements

103

SCHEDULE I

ADVANTAGE SOLUTIONS INC.

CON DENSED REGISTRANT ONLY FINANCIAL INFORMATION

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Revenues |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Cost of revenues |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived assets |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Selling, general, and administrative expenses |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Recovery from Take 5 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total expenses |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Operating income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Other (income) expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value of warrant liability |  |  | (21,236 | ) |  |  | 955 |  |  |  | 13,363 |
Interest expense, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total other (income) expenses |  |  | (21,236 | ) |  |  | 955 |  |  |  | 13,363 |
Income (loss) before income taxes and equity in net income of subsidiaries |  |  | 21,236 |  |  |  | (955 | ) |  |  | (13,363 | )
Provision for income taxes |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Net income (loss) before equity in net income of subsidiaries |  |  | 21,236 |  |  |  | (955 | ) |  |  | (13,363 | )
Equity in net (loss) income of subsidiaries |  |  | (1,401,738 | ) |  |  | 55,449 |  |  |  | (162,443 | )
Net (loss) income attributable to subsidiaries |  |  | (1,380,502 | ) |  |  | 54,494 |  |  |  | (175,806 | )
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax equity in comprehensive (loss) income of subsidiaries |  |  | (14,370 | ) |  |  | (5,152 | ) |  |  | 8,827 |
Total comprehensive (loss) income |  | $ | (1,394,872 | ) |  | $ | 49,342 |  |  | $ | (166,979 | )

See Notes to Condensed Registrant Only Financial Statements

104

ADVANTAGE SOLUTIONS INC.

CONDENSED REGISTRANT ONLY FINANCIAL INFORMATION

NOTES TO THE CONDENSED REGISTRANT ONLY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. Basis of Presentation

In the registrant company only financial statements, Advantage Solutions Inc.’s (the “Registrant”) investment in subsidiaries is stated at cost plus equity in undistributed earnings of the subsidiaries during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. The accompanying condensed registrant company financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Rule 12-04, Schedule 1 of Regulation S-X. A condensed statement of cash flows was not presented because Registrant’s operating activities have no cash impact and there were no investing or financing cash flow activities during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020. This information should be read in conjunction with the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.

2. Debt Restrictions

Pursuant to the terms of the Senior Secured Credit Facilities and the Notes discussed in Note 7, Debt, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, the Registrant’s subsidiaries have restrictions on their ability to pay dividends or make intercompany loans and advances to the Registrant. Since the restricted net assets of the Registrant’s subsidiaries exceed 25% of the consolidated net assets of the Registrant and its subsidiaries, the accompanying condensed registrant company financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Rule 12-04, Schedule 1 of Regulation S-X.

Advantage Sales & Marketing Inc., an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (the “Borrower”) has obligations under the Term Loan Facility that are guaranteed by Karman Intermediate Corp. (“Holdings”) and all of the Borrower’s direct and indirect wholly owned material U.S. subsidiaries (subject to certain permitted exceptions) and Canadian subsidiaries (subject to certain permitted exceptions, including exceptions based on immateriality thresholders of aggregate assets and revenues of Canadian subsidiaries) (the “Guarantors”). The Term Loan Facility is secured by a lien on substantially all of Holdings’, the Borrower’s and the Guarantors’ assets (subject to certain permitted exceptions). The Term Loan Facility has a first- priority lien on the fixed asset collateral (equal in priority with the liens securing the Notes) and a second-priority lien on the current asset collateral (second in priority to the liens securing the Revolving Credit Facility), in each case, subject to other permitted liens.

The Borrower will be required to prepay the Term Loan Facility with 100% of the net cash proceeds of certain asset sales (such percentage subject to reduction based on the achievement of specific first lien net leverage ratios) and subject to certain reinvestment rights, 100% of the net cash proceeds of certain debt issuances and 50% of excess cash flow (such percentage subject to reduction based on the achievement of specific first lien net leverage ratios).

The Term Loan Facility contains certain customary negative covenants, including, but not limited to, restrictions on the ability of Holdings and that of its restricted subsidiaries to merge and consolidate with other companies, incur indebtedness, grant liens or security interests on assets, pay dividends or make other restricted payments, sell or otherwise transfer assets or enter into transactions with affiliates.

The Term Loan Facility provides that, upon the occurrence of certain events of default, the Company’s obligations thereunder may be accelerated. Such events of default will include payment defaults to the lenders thereunder, material inaccuracies of representations and warranties, covenant defaults, cross-defaults to other material indebtedness, voluntary and involuntary bankruptcy, insolvency, corporate arrangement, winding-up, liquidation or similar proceedings, material money judgments, change of control and other customary events of default.

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Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

None

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Limitations on Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act), management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We have established disclosure controls and procedures to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in Commission’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Based on the evaluation as of December 31, 2022, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) are effective at the reasonable assurance level.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements prepared for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

In accordance with interpretive guidance issued by SEC staff, management has excluded from its assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 two acquisitions that were acquired through purchase business combinations during 2022. The acquired entities are wholly-owned subsidiaries whose total assets and total revenues excluded from our assessment of internal control over financial reporting collectively represent less than 1% of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2022.

The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report, which is included herein.

106

Item 9B. Other Information.

None.

Item 9.C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

None.

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

The information required by this items is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement relating to our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

The Company has adopted a code of business conduct and ethics applicable to our principal executive, financial and accounting officers and all persons performing similar functions. A copy of that code is available on our principal corporate website at www.advantagesolutions.net.

Item 11. Executive Compensation.

The information required by this items is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement relating to our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

The information required by this items is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement relating to our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

The information required by this items is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement relating to our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The information required by this items is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement relating to our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

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PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.

(a)(1) Financial Statements.

See Index to Financial Statements in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

(a)(2) Financial Statement Schedule.

Schedule I— Condensed Registrant Only Financial Information. See Index to Financial Statements in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

All other financial statement schedules have been omitted as the information is not required under the related instructions or is not applicable or because the information required is already included in the financial statements or the notes to those financial statements.

(a)(3) Exhibits.

Exhibit No. |  |  | Incorporated by Reference
| Description | Form | File No. | Exhibit | Filing Date
2.1 | Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of September 7, 2020, by and among Conyers Park II Acquisition Corp., CP II Merger Sub, Inc., Advantage Solutions Inc., and Karman Topco L.P. | 8-K | 001-38990 | 2.1 | September 8, 2020
3.1 | Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Advantage Solutions Inc. | 8-K | 001-38990 | 3.1 | May 28, 2021
3.2 | Third Amended and Restated Bylaws of Advantage Solutions Inc. | 8-K | 001-38990 | 3.1 | April 13, 2021
4.1 | Specimen Common Stock Certificate | 8-K | 001-38990 | 4.1 | November 3, 2020
4.2 | Warrant Agreement, dated July 22, 2019, between Conyers Park II Acquisition Corp. and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company | 8-K | 001-38990 | 4.1 | July 22, 2019
4.3 | Specimen Warrant Certificate (included in Exhibit 4.2) | 8-K | 001-38990 | 4.1 | July 22, 2019
4.4 | Indenture, dated as of October 28, 2020, among Advantage Solutions FinCo LLC, Advantage Sales & Marketing Inc., the guarantors party thereto and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee and collateral agent | 8-K | 001-38990 | 4.4 | November 3, 2020
4.5 | Form of 6.50% Senior Secured Notes due 2028 (included in Exhibit 4.4) | 8-K | 001-38990 | 4.4 | November 3, 2020
10.1 | Amended and Restated Stockholders Agreement, dated as of October 27, 2020, by and among Conyers Park II Acquisition Corp., Karman Topco L.P., CVC ASM Holdco, L.P., the entities identified on the signature pages thereto under the heading “LGP Stockholders”, BC Eagle Holdings, L.P., and Conyers Park II Sponsor LLC | 8-K | 001-38990 | 10.2 | November 3, 2020

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10.2 | Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of September 7, 2020 by and between Karman Topco L.P., Karman II Coinvest LP, Green Equity Investors VI, L.P., Green Equity Investors Side VI, L.P., LGP Associates VI-A LLC, LGP Associates VI-B LLC, CVC ASM Holdco, LP, JCP ASM Holdco, L.P., Karman Coinvest L.P., Centerview Capital, L.P., Centerview Employees, L.P., BC Eagle Holdings, L.P. and Yonghui Investment Limited, Conyers Park II Sponsor LLC and the other holders of Common Series B Units, Vested Common Series C Units and Vested Common Series C-2 Units of Holdings listed on the schedule thereto as Contributing Investors. | 8-K | 001-38990 | 10.3 | November 3, 2020
10.3 | Form of Investor Subscription Agreement | 8-K | 001-38990 | 10.4 | September 8, 2020
10.4 | Form of Sponsor Subscription Agreement | 8-K | 001-38990 | 10.5 | September 8, 2020
10.5# | Advantage Solutions Inc. 2020 Incentive Plan | 8-K | 001-38990 | 10.6# | November 3, 2020
10.5(a)# | Form of Stock Option Award Grant Notice and Agreement under the Advantage Solutions Inc. 2020 Incentive Plan | 10-K | 001-38990 | 10.6(a)# | March 16, 2021
10.5(b)# | Form of Restricted Stock Award Grant Notice and Agreement under the Advantage Solutions Inc. 2020 Incentive Plan | 10-K | 001-38990 | 10.6(b)# | March 16, 2021
10.5(c)# | Form of Performance Restricted Stock Unit Grant Notice and Agreement under the Advantage Solutions Inc. 2020 Incentive Award Plan | 10-K | 001-38990 | 10.6(c)# | March 16, 2021
10.5(d)# | Advantage Solutions Inc. Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy | 8-K | 001-38990 | 99.3 | January 6, 2021
10.5(e)# | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (Non-Employee Directors) under the Advantage Solutions Inc. 2020 Incentive Award Plan | 8-K | 001-38990 | 99.4 | January 6, 2021
10.6# | Advantage Solutions Inc. 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan | 8-K | 001-38990 | 10.7# | November 3, 2020
10.7# | Amended and Restated Employment Agreement dated as of March 1, 2022, by and between Advantage Solutions Inc. and Tanya Domier | 8-K | 001-38990 | 10.2# | March 1, 2022
10.8# | Third Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated September 30, 2022, by and between Brian Stevens and Advantage Sales & Marketing LLC | 8-K | 001-38990 | 10.1# | October 4, 2022
10.9# | Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated March 1, 2022, by and between Advantage Solutions Inc. and Jill Griffin | 8-K | 001-38990 | 10.1# | March 1, 2022
10.10# | Separation Agreement and General Release executed January 16, 2023, by and between Advantage Solutions Inc. and Jill Griffin | 8-K | 001-38990 | 10.1# | January 18, 2023
10.11# | Employment Agreement dated January 16, 2023, by and between Advantage Solutions Inc. and David Peacock | 8-K | 001-38990 | 10.2# | January 18, 2023
10.12# | Form of Indemnification Agreement | 8-K | 001-38990 | 10.11# | November 3, 2020

109

10.13 | Eighth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership for Karman Topco L.P., dated as of September 7, 2020 | 8-K | 001-38990 | 10.14 | November 3, 2020
10.14 | ABL Revolving Credit Agreement, dated October 28, 2020, by and among Advantage Sales & Marketing Inc., as Borrower, Karman Intermediate Corp., Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent, and the lender parties thereto. | 8-K | 001-38990 | 10.15 | November 3, 2020
10.15 | First Lien Credit Agreement, dated October 28, 2020, by and among Advantage Sales & Marketing Inc., as Borrower, Karman Intermediate Corp., Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent, and the lender parties thereto. | 8-K | 001-38990 | 10.16 | November 3, 2020
10.16 | Amendment No. 1 to First Lien Credit Agreement, dated as of October 28, 2021, by and among the Borrower, Holdings, the other guarantors parties thereto, each lender party thereto, and Bank of America, as administrative agent. | 8-K | 001-38990 | 10.1 | October 29, 2021
10.17 | First Amendment to ABL Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of October 28, 2021, by and among the Borrower, Holdings, the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, as administrative agent. | 8-K | 001-38990 | 10.2 | October 29, 2021
10.18 | Second Amendment to ABL Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of December 2, 2022, by and among the Borrower, Holdings, the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, as administrative agent. | 8-K | 001-38990 | 10.1 | December 6, 2022
10.19* | First Amendment to Eighth Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of Karman Topco L.P. |  |  |  |
14.1* | Code of Ethics |  |  |  |
21.1* | List of Subsidiaries |  |  |  |
23.1* | Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP |  |  |  |
31.1* | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Chief Executive Officer |  |  |  |
31.2* | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Chief Financial Officer |  |  |  |
32.1** | Section 1350 Certification of Chief Executive Officer |  |  |  |
32.2** | Section 1350 Certification of Chief Financial Officer |  |  |  |
101.INS | Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document |  |  |  |
101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |  |  |  |
101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |

110

101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |  |  |  |
101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |  |  |  |
101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |
104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) |  |  |  |

* Filed herewith.

** The certifications attached as Exhibit 32.1 and Exhibit 32.2 that accompany this Annual Report on Form 10-K are not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Registrant under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.

# Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.

None.

***

111

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

ADVANTAGE SOLUTIONS INC.
By: | /s/ David Peacock
| David Peacock
| Chief Executive Officer and Director
Date: | March 1, 2023

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

SIGNATURE | TITLE | DATE
/s/ David Peacock David Peacock | Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) and Director | March 1, 2023
/s/ Brian Stevens Brian Stevens | Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) and Chief Operating Officer | March 1, 2023
/s/ Dean Kaye Dean Kaye | Chief Financial Officer – North America (Principal Accounting Officer) | March 1, 2023
/s/ Chris Baldwin | Director | March 1, 2023
Chris Baldwin |  |
/s/ Cameron Breitner | Director | March 1, 2023
Cameron Breitner |  |
/s/ Tanya Domier | Executive Chair and Director | March 1, 2023
Tanya Domier |  |
/s/ Virginie Costa | Director | March 1, 2023
Virginie Costa |  |
/s/ Timothy J. Flynn | Director | March 1, 2023
Timothy J. Flynn |  |
/s/ Tiffany Han | Director | March 1, 2023
Tiffany Han |  |
/s/ James M. Kilts | Director | March 1, 2023
James M. Kilts |  |
/s/ Robin Manherz | Director | March 1, 2023
Robin Manherz |  |
/s/ Adam Nebesar | Director | March 1, 2023
Adam Nebesar |  |

SIGNATURE | TITLE | DATE
/s/ Deborah Poole | Director | March 1, 2023
Deborah Poole |  |
/s/ Brian K. Ratzan | Director | March 1, 2023
Brian K. Ratzan |  |
/s/ Jonathan D. Sokoloff | Director | March 1, 2023
Jonathan D. Sokoloff |  |
/s/ David J. West | Director | March 1, 2023
David J. West |  |