Changes in goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, are as follows:


	Sales			Marketing			Total
(in thousands)
Gross carrying amount as of January 1, 2021	$	2,114,378		$	700,961		$	2,815,339
Accumulated impairment charge		(652,000	)		—			(652,000	)
Balance at January 1, 2021		1,462,378			700,961			2,163,339
Acquisitions		32,087			13,315			45,402
Measurement period adjustments		179			(1,043	)		(864	)
Foreign exchange translation effects		(1,873	)		—			(1,873	)
Balance at December 31, 2021		1,492,771			713,233			2,206,004
Acquisitions		5,732			52,855			58,587
Measurement period adjustments		(392	)		—			(392	)
Impairment charge		(1,275,719	)		(91,804	)		(1,367,523	)
Foreign exchange translation effects		(8,727	)		—			(8,727	)
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	213,665		$	674,284		$	887,949

During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized non-cash goodwill impairment charges of $1,275.7 million and $91.8 million related to the Company’s sales and marketing reporting units, respectively, as a result of the Company’s annual evaluation of goodwill impairment test (as further described in Note 1 above). Accumulated impairment losses to goodwill were $2,019.5 million and $652.0 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The following tables set forth information for intangible assets:


		December 31, 2022
(amounts in thousands)	Weighted Average Useful Life	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization		Accumulated Impairment Charges		Net Carrying Value
Finite-lived intangible assets:
Client relationships	14 years	$	2,488,802	$	1,338,381	$	—	$	1,150,421
Trade names	10 years		97,009		47,986		—		49,023
Developed technology	6 years		7,500		4,441		—		3,059
Total finite-lived intangible assets(1)			2,593,311		1,390,808		—		1,202,503
Indefinite-lived intangible assets:
Trade names			1,480,000		—		785,000		695,000
Total other intangible assets		$	4,073,311	$	1,390,808	$	785,000	$	1,897,503


		December 31, 2021
(amounts in thousands)	Weighted Average Useful Life	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization		Accumulated Impairment Charges		Net Carrying Value
Finite-lived intangible assets:
Client relationships	14 years	$	2,480,167	$	1,158,732	$	—	$	1,321,435
Trade names	8 years		138,206		78,355		—		59,851
Developed technology	5 years		13,260		8,206		—		5,054
Covenant not to compete	5 years		6,100		4,926		—		1,174
Total finite-lived intangible assets(1)			2,637,733		1,250,219		—		1,387,514
Indefinite-lived intangible assets:
Trade names			1,480,000		—		580,000		900,000
Total other intangible assets		$	4,117,733	$	1,250,219	$	580,000	$	2,287,514

The Company records all intangible assets at their respective fair values and assesses the estimated useful lives of the assets at the time of acquisition. Client relationships were valued using the multi-period excess earnings method under the income approach. The values of client relationships are generally regarded as the estimated economic benefit derived from the incremental revenues and related cash flow as a direct result of the client relationships in place versus having to replicate them. Further, the Company evaluated the legal, regulatory, contractual, competitive, economic or other factors in determining the useful life. Trade names were valued using the relief-from-royalty method under the income approach. This method relies on the premise that, in lieu of ownership, a company would be willing to pay a royalty to obtain access to the use and benefits of the trade names. The Company has considered its sales and marketing trade names related to the 2014 Topco Acquisition to be indefinite, as there is no foreseeable limit on the period of time over which such trade names are expected to contribute to the cash flows of the reporting entity. Further, the Company evaluated legal, regulatory, contractual, competitive, economic and other factors in determining the useful life.

In connection with the acquisitions during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded intangible assets of $25.6 million and $35.6 million, respectively. Amortization expenses included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were $200.8 million, $198.9 million, and $191.2 million, respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized non-cash intangible asset impairment charges of $146.0 million and $59.0 million related to the Company's indefinite-lived sales and marketing trade names, respectively, in connection with the Company’s annual intangible asset impairment test on October 1, 2022 (as further described in Note 1 above). No impairment related to the Company’s intangible assets was recorded for the years ended December 31, 2021, and 2020.

During fiscal year 2022, the Company concluded the impact of challenges in the labor market and continued inflationary pressures was an indicator that impairment may exist related to its client relationship intangible assets and as a result, the Company performed a recoverability test and determined that there was no impairment. No impairment related to the Company’s client relationship intangible assets was recorded during the years ended December 31, 2021, and 2020.