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Fair Value Measurement | 3 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2016
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract] |
Fair Value Measurement | Fair Value Measurement Valuation of Financial Assets and Liabilities The FASB has established a valuation hierarchy for disclosure of the inputs used to measure estimated fair value of financial assets and liabilities, such as securities. This hierarchy categorizes the inputs into three broad levels as follows. Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 inputs are quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly through market corroboration, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs based on the Company’s own assumptions used to measure assets and liabilities at fair value. A financial instrument’s classification within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement – consequently, if there are multiple significant valuation inputs that are categorized in different levels of the hierarchy, the instrument’s hierarchy level is the lowest level (with Level 3 being the lowest level) within which any significant input falls. Debt and Equity Securities The Level 1 category includes equity securities that are measured at estimated fair value using quoted active market prices. The Level 2 category includes fixed maturity investments such as corporate bonds, U.S. government and agency bonds and municipal bonds. Estimated fair value is principally based on market values obtained from a third party pricing service. Factors that are used in determining estimated fair market value include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers and reference data. The Company receives one quote per security from a third party pricing service, although as discussed below, the Company does consult other pricing resources when confirming that the prices it obtains reflect the fair values of the instruments in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures. Generally, quotes obtained from the pricing service for instruments classified as Level 2 are not adjusted and are not binding. As of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Company did not adjust any Level 2 fair values. A number of the Company’s investment grade corporate bonds are frequently traded in active markets, and trading prices are consequently available for these securities. However, these securities are classified as Level 2 because the pricing service from which the Company has obtained estimated fair values for these instruments uses valuation models that use observable market inputs in addition to trading prices. Substantially all of the input assumptions used in the service’s model are observable in the marketplace or can be derived or supported by observable market data. The Level 3 category only includes the Company's investments in student loan auction securities ("ARS") because quoted prices are unavailable due to failed auctions. The Company’s ARS portfolio, which was comprised entirely of an investment grade student loan ARS, was sold during the first quarter of 2016. The par value of this security was $1,000,000 as of December 31, 2015, with approximately 97.0% guaranteed by the U.S. Department of Education. Some of the inputs to ARS valuation are unobservable in the market and are significant – therefore, the Company utilized another third party pricing service to assist in the determination of the estimated fair market value of these securities. This service used a proprietary valuation model that considered factors such as the following: the financial standing of the issuer; reported prices and the extent of public trading in similar financial instruments of the issuer or comparable companies; the ability of the issuer to obtain required financing; changes in the economic conditions affecting the issuer; pricing by other dealers in similar securities; time to maturity; and interest rates. The pricing service provided a range of values to the Company for its ARS. The Company recorded the estimated fair value based on the midpoint of the range and believes that this valuation is the most reasonable estimate of fair value. In 2015, the difference in the low and high values of the ranges was approximately one to four percent of the carrying value of the Company’s ARS. The following table presents, by level, the financial assets carried at estimated fair value measured on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015. The table does not include cash on hand and also does not include assets that are measured at historical cost or any basis other than fair value. Level 3 assets are comprised solely of ARS.
As of March 31, 2016 | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Short-term investments | $ | 7,520,069 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,520,069 |
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock | 37,681,569 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 37,681,569 |
Fixed maturities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of U.S. states, territories and political subdivisions* | — |  |  | 88,650,329 |  |  | — |  |  | 88,650,329 |
Corporate debt securities* | — |  |  | 17,733,494 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,733,494 |
Total | $ | 45,201,638 |  |  | $ | 106,383,823 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 151,585,461 |
As of December 31, 2015 | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Short-term investments | $ | 6,865,406 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,865,406 |
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock | 37,513,464 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 37,513,464 |
Fixed maturities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of U.S. states, territories and political subdivisions* | — |  |  | 87,640,140 |  |  | — |  |  | 87,640,140 |
Corporate debt securities* | — |  |  | 17,486,344 |  |  | 939,900 |  |  | 18,426,244 |
Total | $ | 44,378,870 |  |  | $ | 105,126,484 |  |  | $ | 939,900 |  |  | $ | 150,445,254 |
*Denotes fair market value obtained from pricing services. There were no transfers into or out of Levels 1, 2 or 3 during the period. To help ensure that fair value determinations are consistent with ASC 820, prices from our pricing services go through multiple review processes to ensure appropriate pricing. Pricing procedures and inputs used to price each security include, but are not limited to, the following: unadjusted quoted market prices for identical securities such as stock market closing prices; non-binding quoted prices for identical securities in markets that are not active; interest rates; yield curves observable at commonly quoted intervals; volatility; prepayment speeds; loss severity; credit risks and default rates. The Company reviews the procedures and inputs used by its pricing services, and verifies a sample of the services’ quotes by comparing them to values obtained from other pricing resources. In the event the Company disagrees with a price provided by its pricing services, the respective service reevaluates the price to corroborate the market information and then reviews inputs to the evaluation in light of potentially new market data. The Company believes that these processes and inputs result in appropriate classifications and fair values consistent with ASC 820. Other Financial Instruments The Company uses various financial instruments in the normal course of its business. In the measurement of the estimated fair value of certain financial instruments, other valuation techniques were utilized if quoted market prices were not available. These derived fair value estimates are significantly affected by the assumptions used. Additionally, ASC 820 excludes from its scope certain financial instruments, including those related to insurance contracts, pension and other postretirement benefits, and equity method investments. In estimating the fair value of the financial instruments presented, the Company used the following methods and assumptions: Cash and cash equivalents The carrying amount for cash and cash equivalents is a reasonable estimate of fair value due to the short-term maturity of these investments. Cost-basis investments The estimated fair value of cost-basis investments is calculated from the book value of the underlying entities, which is not materially different from the fair value of the underlying entity. These items are included in other investments in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Accrued dividends and interest The carrying amount for accrued dividends and interest is a reasonable estimate of fair value due to the short-term maturity of these assets. The carrying amounts and estimated fair values of these financial instruments (please note investments carried at estimated fair value are disclosed in a previous table) as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 are presented in the following table:
As of March 31, 2016 | Carrying Value |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash | $ | 21,873,731 |  |  | $ | 21,873,731 |  |  | $ | 21,873,731 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Cost-basis investments | 3,727,074 |  |  | 4,135,512 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,135,512 |
Accrued dividends and interest | 1,320,942 |  |  | 1,320,942 |  |  | 1,320,942 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 26,921,747 |  |  | $ | 27,330,185 |  |  | $ | 23,194,673 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,135,512 |
As of December 31, 2015 | Carrying Value |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash | $ | 21,790,068 |  |  | $ | 21,790,068 |  |  | $ | 21,790,068 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Cost-basis investments | 3,588,314 |  |  | 3,684,020 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,684,020 |
Accrued dividends and interest | 1,004,126 |  |  | 1,004,126 |  |  | 1,004,126 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 26,382,508 |  |  | $ | 26,478,214 |  |  | $ | 22,794,194 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,684,020 |
The following table presents a reconciliation of the Company’s assets measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3), which are all ARS securities, for the period ended March 31, 2016 and the year ended December 31, 2015:
Changes in fair value during the period ended: | 2016 |  | 2015
Beginning balance at January 1 | $ | 939,900 |  |  | $ | 939,100 |
Redemptions and sales | (1,000,000 | ) |  | — |
Realized gain – included in net realized gain on investments | 74,996 |  |  | — |
Unrealized (loss) gain – included in other comprehensive income | (14,896 | ) |  | 800 |
Ending balance, net | $ | — |  |  | $ | 939,900 |
Certain cost-basis investments are measured at estimated fair value on a non-recurring basis, such as investments that are determined to be other-than-temporarily impaired during the period and recorded at estimated fair value in the Consolidated Financial Statements as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015. The following table summarizes the corresponding estimated fair value hierarchy of such investments at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 and the related impairments recognized:
As of March 31, 2016 | Valuation Method |  | Impaired |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total at Estimated Fair Value |  | Impairment Losses
Cost-basis investments | Fair Value |  | No |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Total cost-basis investments |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
As of December 31, 2015 | Valuation Method |  | Impaired |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total at Estimated Fair Value |  | Impairment Losses
Cost-basis investments | Fair Value |  | Yes |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 163,350 |  |  | $ | 163,350 |  |  | $ | (233,069 | )
Total cost-basis investments |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 163,350 |  |  | $ | 163,350 |  |  | $ | (233,069 | )

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- Definition The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=36462937&loc=d3e19207-110258 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 825 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 30 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6957238&loc=d3e14172-108612 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 825 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 28 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6957238&loc=d3e14064-108612 Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 825 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 21 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=49121117&loc=d3e13537-108611 Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 825 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 16 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=49121117&loc=d3e13504-108611 Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 825 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 10 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=49121117&loc=d3e13433-108611 + Details
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