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Investments in Securities and Fair Value | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract] |
Investments In Securities and Fair Value | Investments and Estimated Fair Value Investments in Fixed Maturity Securities The estimated fair value, gross unrealized holding gains, gross unrealized holding losses and amortized cost for fixed maturity securities by major classification are as follows:
As of December 31, 2018 (in thousands) | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale, at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government obligations | $ | 1,023 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 1,016 |
General obligations of U.S. states, territories and political subdivisions | 19,518 |  |  | 229 |  |  | 143 |  |  | 19,604 |
Special revenue issuer obligations of U.S. states, territories and political subdivisions | 56,675 |  |  | 1,237 |  |  | 329 |  |  | 57,583 |
Corporate debt securities | 10,498 |  |  | 303 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 10,754 |
Total | $ | 87,714 |  |  | $ | 1,769 |  |  | $ | 526 |  |  | $ | 88,957 |
As of December 31, 2017 (in thousands) | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale, at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Governmental obligations | $ | 1,043 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 1,042 |
General obligations of U.S. states, territories and political subdivisions | 24,189 |  |  | 505 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 24,644 |
Special revenue issuer obligations of U.S. states, territories and political subdivisions | 62,592 |  |  | 2,218 |  |  | 165 |  |  | 64,645 |
Corporate debt securities | 12,490 |  |  | 527 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 13,010 |
Total | $ | 100,314 |  |  | $ | 3,250 |  |  | $ | 223 |  |  | $ | 103,341 |
The special revenue category for both periods presented includes approximately 60 individual fixed maturity securities with revenue sources from a variety of industry sectors. The scheduled maturity securities of fixed maturity securities at December 31, 2018 were as follows:
| Available-for-Sale
(in thousands) | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value
Due in one year or less | $ | 12,605 |  |  | $ | 12,606 |
Due after one year through five years | 31,988 |  |  | 32,808 |
Due five years through ten years | 42,163 |  |  | 42,310 |
Due after ten years | 958 |  |  | 1,233 |
Total | $ | 87,714 |  |  | $ | 88,957 |
Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities as borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without penalties. The following table presents the gross unrealized losses on fixed maturity securities and the estimated fair value of the related securities, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous loss position at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
| Less than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or Longer |  | Total
As of December 31, 2018 (in thousands) | Estimated Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses
Government obligations | $ | 1,016 |  |  | $ | (7 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,016 |  |  | $ | (7 | )
General obligations of U.S. states, territories and political subdivisions | 4,888 |  |  | (32 | ) |  | 6,469 |  |  | (111 | ) |  | 11,357 |  |  | (143 | )
Special revenue issuer obligations of U.S. states, territories and political subdivisions | 12,326 |  |  | (100 | ) |  | 9,720 |  |  | (229 | ) |  | 22,046 |  |  | (329 | )
Corporate debt securities | 4,490 |  |  | (28 | ) |  | 3,733 |  |  | (19 | ) |  | 8,223 |  |  | (47 | )
Total temporarily impaired securities | $ | 22,720 |  |  | $ | (167 | ) |  | $ | 19,922 |  |  | $ | (359 | ) |  | $ | 42,642 |  |  | $ | (526 | )
| Less than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or Longer |  | Total
As of December 31, 2017 (in thousands) | Estimated Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses
Government obligations | $ | 1,042 |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,042 |  |  | $ | (1 | )
General obligations of U.S. states, territories and political subdivisions | 4,560 |  |  | (27 | ) |  | 3,535 |  |  | (23 | ) |  | 8,095 |  |  | (50 | )
Special revenue issuer obligations of U.S. states, territories and political subdivisions | 13,551 |  |  | (61 | ) |  | 4,023 |  |  | (104 | ) |  | 17,574 |  |  | (165 | )
Corporate debt securities | 3,744 |  |  | (7 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,744 |  |  | (7 | )
Total temporarily impaired securities | $ | 22,897 |  |  | $ | (96 | ) |  | $ | 7,558 |  |  | $ | (127 | ) |  | $ | 30,455 |  |  | $ | (223 | )
The decline in estimated fair value of the fixed maturity securities can be attributed primarily to changes in market interest rates and changes in credit spreads over Treasury securities. Because the Company does not have the intent to sell these securities and will likely not be compelled to sell them before it can recover its cost basis, the Company does not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired. Factors considered in determining whether a loss is temporary include the length of time and extent to which fair value has been below cost, the financial condition and prospects of the issuer (including credit ratings and analyst reports) and macro-economic changes. A total of 51 and 31 securities had unrealized losses at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Reviews of the values of securities are inherently uncertain and the value of the investment may not fully recover, or may decline in future periods resulting in a realized loss. During 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company recorded no other-than-temporary impairment charges related to fixed maturity securities. Other-than-temporary impairment charges are included in the net realized (loss) gain on investments in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Investments in Equity Securities The cost and estimated fair value of equity securities are as follows:
As of December 31, 2018 (in thousands) | Cost |  | Estimated Fair Value
Equity securities, at fair value: |  |  |  |  |
Common stocks | $ | 31,255 |  |  | $ | 48,489 |
Total | $ | 31,255 |  |  | $ | 48,489 |
As of December 31, 2017 (in thousands) | Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
Equity securities, at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stocks | $ | 26,003 |  |  | $ | 21,376 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 47,367 |
Total | $ | 26,003 |  |  | $ | 21,376 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 47,367 |
Effective January 1, 2018, unrealized holding gains and losses are reported in the Consolidated Statements of Income as net unrealized gain or loss on equity securities and other-than-temporary impairments will no longer be considered for equity securities. As such, unrealized holding gains and losses are excluded from the table above as of December 31, 2018. Reference the discussion under Recently Adopted Accounting Standards in Note 1. During 2017 and 2016, the Company recorded other-than-temporary impairment charges in the amount of $26 thousand and $234 thousand related to equity securities, respectively. Interest and Dividends Earnings on investments for the years ended December 31 were as follows:
(in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Fixed maturity securities | $ | 2,809 |  |  | $ | 3,037 |  |  | $ | 3,506 |
Equity securities | 1,308 |  |  | 1,203 |  |  | 1,158 |
Invested cash and other short-term investments | 492 |  |  | 202 |  |  | 20 |
Miscellaneous interest | 10 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |
Investment income | $ | 4,619 |  |  | $ | 4,445 |  |  | $ | 4,684 |
Net Realized (Loss) Gain on Investments Gross realized gains and losses on sales of investments for the years ended December 31 are summarized as follows:
(in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Gross realized gains from securities: |  |  |  |  |
Corporate debt securities | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 119 |
Common stocks and nonredeemable preferred stocks | 1,030 |  |  | 1,487 |  |  | 954 |
Auction rate securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 75 |
Total | 1,030 |  |  | 1,487 |  |  | 1,148 |
Gross realized losses from securities: |  |  |  |  |
General obligations of U.S. states, territories and political subdivisions | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1 | )
Special revenue issuer obligations of U.S. states, territories and political subdivisions | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1 | )
Common stocks | (1,147 | ) |  | (260 | ) |  | (173 | )
Other-than-temporary impairment of securities | — |  |  | (26 | ) |  | (234 | )
Total | (1,147 | ) |  | (286 | ) |  | (409 | )
Net realized (loss) gain | $ | (117 | ) |  | $ | 1,201 |  |  | $ | 739 |
Net realized gain (loss) on other investments: |  |  |  |  |
Impairments on other investments | $ | — |  |  | $ | (182 | ) |  | $ | — |
Gains on other investments | 7 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 29 |
Total | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | (160 | ) |  | $ | 29 |
Net realized (loss) gain on investments | $ | (110 | ) |  | $ | 1,041 |  |  | $ | 768 |
Realized gains and losses are determined on the specific identification method. Variable Interest Entities The Company holds investments in variable interest entities (“VIEs”) that are not consolidated in the Company's financial statements as the Company is not the primary beneficiary. These entities are considered VIEs as the equity investors at risk, including the Company, do not have the power over the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the entities; this power resides with a third-party general partner or managing member that cannot be removed except for cause. The following table sets forth details about the Company's variable interest investments in VIEs, which are structured either as limited partnerships ("LPs") or limited liability companies ("LLCs"), as of December 31, 2018:
Type of Investment (in thousands) |  | Balance Sheet Classification |  | Carrying Value |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Maximum Potential Loss (a)
Tax credit LPs |  | Other investments |  | $ | 629 |  |  | $ | 629 |  |  | $ | 1,325 |
Real estate LLCs or LPs |  | Other investments |  | 5,073 |  |  | 6,093 |  |  | 8,250 |
Small business investment LLCs or LPs |  | Other investments |  | 4,642 |  |  | 4,364 |  |  | 8,910 |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 10,344 |  |  | $ | 11,086 |  |  | $ | 18,485 |
(a) |  | Maximum potential loss is calculated as the total investment in the LLC or LP including any capital commitments that may have not yet been called. The Company is not exposed to any loss beyond the total commitment of its investment.
Valuation of Financial Assets The FASB has established a valuation hierarchy for disclosure of the inputs used to measure estimated fair value of financial assets and liabilities, such as securities. This hierarchy categorizes the inputs into three broad levels as follows. Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 inputs are quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly through market corroboration, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs based on the Company’s own assumptions used to measure assets and liabilities at fair value. A financial instrument’s classification within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement – consequently, if there are multiple significant valuation inputs that are categorized in different levels of the hierarchy, the instrument’s hierarchy level is the lowest level (with Level 3 being the lowest level) within which any significant input falls. The Level 1 category includes equity securities that are measured at estimated fair value using quoted active market prices. The Level 2 category includes fixed maturity securities such as corporate debt securities, U.S. government obligations, and obligations of U.S. states, territories, and political subdivisions. Estimated fair value is principally based on market values obtained from a third-party pricing service. Factors that are used in determining estimated fair market value include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers and reference data. The Company receives one quote per security from a third-party pricing service, although as discussed below, the Company does consult other pricing resources when confirming that the prices it obtains reflect the fair values of the instruments in accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures. Generally, quotes obtained from the pricing service for instruments classified as Level 2 are not adjusted and are not binding. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company did not adjust any Level 2 fair values. A number of the Company’s investment grade corporate debt securities are frequently traded in active markets, and trading prices are consequently available for these securities. However, these securities are classified as Level 2 because the pricing service from which the Company has obtained estimated fair values for these instruments uses valuation models that use observable market inputs in addition to trading prices. Substantially all of the input assumptions used in the service’s model are observable in the marketplace or can be derived or supported by observable market data. In the measurement of the estimated fair value of certain financial instruments, other valuation techniques were utilized if quoted market prices were not available. These derived fair value estimates are significantly affected by the assumptions used. Additionally, ASC 820 excludes from its scope certain financial instruments, including those related to insurance contracts, pension and other postretirement benefits, and equity method investments. In estimating the fair value of the financial instruments presented, the Company used the following methods and assumptions: Cash and cash equivalents The carrying amount for cash and cash equivalents is a reasonable estimate of fair value due to the short-term maturity of these investments. Measurement alternative equity investments The measurement alternative method requires investments without readily determinable fair values to be recorded at cost, less impairments plus or minus any changes resulting from observable price changes. The Company monitors any events or changes in circumstances that may have had a significant adverse effect on the fair value of these investments and makes any necessary adjustments. Accrued interest and dividends The carrying amount for accrued dividends and interest is a reasonable estimate of fair value due to the short-term maturity of these assets. The following table presents, by level, fixed maturity securities carried at estimated fair value measured as of December 31, 2018 and 2017:
As of December 31, 2018 (in thousands) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Fixed maturity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of U.S. states, territories and political subdivisions* | $ | — |  |  | $ | 78,203 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 78,203 |
Corporate debt securities* | — |  |  | 10,754 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,754 |
Total | $ | — |  |  | $ | 88,957 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 88,957 |
As of December 31, 2017 (in thousands) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Fixed maturity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of U.S. states, territories and political subdivisions* | $ | — |  |  | $ | 90,331 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 90,331 |
Corporate debt securities* | — |  |  | 13,010 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,010 |
Total | $ | — |  |  | $ | 103,341 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 103,341 |
*Denotes fair market value obtained from pricing services. The estimated fair values of equity investments and other financial instruments as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are presented in the following table:
As of December 31, 2018 (in thousands) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash | $ | 18,694 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18,694 |
Accrued interest and dividends | 946 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 946 |
Equity securities, at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stocks | 48,489 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 48,489 |
Short-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial paper and money market funds | 32,787 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 32,787 |
Other investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity investments in unconsolidated affiliates, equity method | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,847 |  |  | 5,847 |
Equity investments in unconsolidated affiliates, measurement alternative | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,589 |  |  | 6,589 |
Total | $ | 100,916 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12,436 |  |  | $ | 113,352 |
As of December 31, 2017 (in thousands) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash | $ | 20,214 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 20,214 |
Accrued interest and dividends | 1,100 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,100 |
Equity securities, at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stocks | 47,367 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 47,367 |
Short-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial paper, money market funds, and certificates of deposit | 23,780 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23,780 |
Other investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity investments in unconsolidated affiliates, equity method | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,593 |  |  | 6,593 |
Equity investments in unconsolidated affiliates, measurement alternative | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,439 |  |  | 5,439 |
Total | $ | 92,461 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12,032 |  |  | $ | 104,493 |
The Company did not hold any Level 3 category debt or marketable equity investment securities as of December 31, 2018 or 2017. There were no transfers into or out of Levels 1, 2 or 3 during the periods presented. To help ensure that estimated fair value determinations are consistent with ASC 820, prices from our pricing services go through multiple review processes to ensure appropriate pricing. Pricing procedures and inputs used to price each security include, but are not limited to, the following: unadjusted quoted market prices for identical securities such as stock market closing prices; non-binding quoted prices for identical securities in markets that are not active; interest rates; yield curves observable at commonly quoted intervals; volatility; prepayment speeds; loss severity; credit risks; and default rates. The Company reviews the procedures and inputs used by its pricing services, and verifies a sample of the services’ quotes by comparing them to values obtained from other pricing resources. In the event the Company disagrees with a price provided by its pricing services, the respective service reevaluates the price to corroborate the market information and then reviews inputs to the evaluation in light of potentially new market data. The Company believes that these processes and inputs result in appropriate classifications and estimated fair values consistent with ASC 820. Certain equity investments under the measurement alternative are measured at estimated fair value on a non-recurring basis and are reviewed for impairment quarterly. If any such investment is determined to be other-than-temporarily impaired, an impairment charge is recorded against such investment and reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Income. There were no impairments of such investments made during the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2018 or 2017. The following table presents a rollforward of equity investments under the measurement alternative as of December 31, 2018 and 2017:
(in thousands) | Balance, January 1, 2018 |  | Amounts Impaired |  | Observable Changes |  | Purchases and Additional Commitments Paid |  | Sales, Returns of Capital and Other Reductions |  | Balance, December 31, 2018
Other investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity investments in unconsolidated affiliates, measurement alternative | $ | 5,439 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,486 |  |  | $ | (336 | ) |  | $ | 6,589 |
Total | $ | 5,439 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,486 |  |  | $ | (336 | ) |  | $ | 6,589 |
(in thousands) | Balance, January 1, 2017 |  | Amounts Impaired |  | Observable Changes |  | Purchases and Additional Commitments Paid |  | Sales, Returns of Capital and Other Reductions |  | Balance, December 31, 2017
Other investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity investments in unconsolidated affiliates, measurement alternative | $ | 4,744 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,082 |  |  | $ | (387 | ) |  | $ | 5,439 |
Total | $ | 4,744 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,082 |  |  | $ | (387 | ) |  | $ | 5,439 |

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