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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

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| ☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
​ | ​ | ​

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For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2025

or

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| ☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

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For the transition period from ___ to ___

Commission File Number: 001-36305

SEMLER SCIENTIFIC, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

​

Delaware | 26-1367393
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
​ | ​
51 E Campbell Ave Suite 107-D Campbell, CA | 95008
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)

​

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(877) 774-4211
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

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Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share |  | SMLR |  | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232,405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

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Large accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☒ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☒
|  |  | Emerging growth company | ☐

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

​

As of July 31, 2025, there were 14,804,693 shares of the issuer’s common stock, $0.001 par value per share, outstanding.

​

​

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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|  | Page
Part I. | Financial Information | 1
Item 1. | Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 1
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 22
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 27
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 28
Part II. | Other Information | 28
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 28
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 28
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 57
Item 3. | Defaults upon Senior Securities | 57
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 57
Item 5. | Other Information | 57
Item 6. | Exhibits | 58
Signatures | 59

​

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In this report, unless otherwise stated or as the context otherwise requires, references to “Semler Scientific,” “the Company,” “we,” “us,” “our” and similar references refer to Semler Scientific, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, CardioVanta, Inc., or CardioVanta. The Semler Scientific logo, CardioVanta logo, QuantaFlo and other trademarks or service marks of Semler Scientific, Inc. appearing in this report are the property of Semler Scientific, Inc. This report also contains registered marks, trademarks and trade names of other companies. All other trademarks, registered marks and trade names appearing in this report are the property of their respective holders.

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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This quarterly report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements include those that express plans, anticipation, intent, contingency, goals, targets or future development and/or otherwise are not statements of historical fact. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology, such as “expects,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “estimates,” “plans,” “potential,” “believes,” “seeks,” “may,” “should,” “continue,” “could,” or the negative of such terms or other similar expressions. The forward-looking statements in this report include, but are not limited to, statements regarding:

| ● | implementation of our Bitcoin treasury strategy and its effects on our business;

​

| ● | our seeking to obtain a new U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, 510(k) clearance for expanded use of QuantaFlo and marketing of additional products and services to our customers;

​

| ● | our wholly-owned subsidiary, CardioVanta, and plans for its business and future capitalization;

​

| ● | the effects of the 2024 Medicare Advantage and Part D Final Rate Announcement issued by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, or CMS, on our revenues; and

​

| ● | the agreement in principle on payment of $29.8 million to settle all claims related to the U.S. Department of Justice, or DOJ, investigation (which amount excludes any potential relators’ counsel fees that may also be payable), and risk that DOJ will file a complaint or complaint in intervention in a civil False Claims Act lawsuit seeking damages for tests performed using our device, if we are not able to reach such settlement; and risk of other litigation.

​

Any forward-looking statements are qualified in their entirety by reference to the factors discussed throughout this report. These forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations and projections about future events and they are subject to risks and uncertainties known and unknown that could cause actual results and developments to differ materially from those expressed or implied in such statements throughout this quarterly report on Form 10-Q.

​

You should read this quarterly report on Form 10-Q and the documents that we reference herein and have filed as exhibits completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. You should assume that the information appearing in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q is accurate only as of the date we file this report. Because the risk factors referred to herein could cause actual results or outcomes to differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statements made by us or on our behalf, you should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties, along with others, are described under the heading “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A, as well as under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part I, Item 2. Further, any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made, and we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which the statement is made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. New factors emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict which factors will arise. In addition, we cannot assess the impact of each factor on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. We qualify all of the information presented in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q, and particularly our forward-looking statements, by these cautionary statements.

This quarterly report on Form 10-Q includes statistical and other industry and market data that we obtained from industry publications and research, surveys and studies conducted by third parties. Industry publications and third-party research, surveys and studies generally indicate that their information has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, although they do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of such information. While we believe these industry publications and third-party research, surveys and studies are reliable, we have not independently verified such data.

RISK FACTOR SUMMARY

Our business involves significant risks. Below is a summary of the material risks that our business faces, which makes an investment in our common stock speculative and risky. This summary does not address all these risks. These risks are more fully described below under the heading “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A of this quarterly report on Form 10-Q. Before making investment decisions regarding our common stock, you should carefully consider these risks. The occurrence of any of the events or developments described below could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, prospects and stock price. In such event, the market price of our common stock could decline, and you could lose all or part of your

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investment. In addition, there are also additional risks not described below that are either not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial, and these additional risks could also materially impair our business, operations or market price of our common stock.

| ● | If we do not successfully implement our business strategy, including our Bitcoin treasury strategy, our business and results of operations will be adversely affected.

| ● | Bitcoin and other digital assets are novel assets, and are subject to significant legal, commercial, regulatory and technical uncertainty.

| ● | Our historical financial statements do not reflect the potential variability in earnings that we may experience in the future relating to our Bitcoin holdings.

| ● | The availability of spot Bitcoin exchange traded products, or ETPs, may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

| ● | Our Bitcoin treasury strategy subjects us to enhanced regulatory oversight along with various risks associated with Bitcoin.

| ● | Due to the currently unregulated nature and lack of transparency surrounding the operations of many Bitcoin trading venues, Bitcoin trading venues may experience greater fraud, security failures or regulatory or operational problems than trading venues for more established asset classes, which may result in a loss of confidence in Bitcoin trading venues and adversely affect the value of our Bitcoin.

| ● | The concentration of our Bitcoin holdings enhances the risks inherent in our Bitcoin treasury strategy.

| ● | The emergence or growth of other digital assets, including those with significant private or public sector backing, could have a negative impact on the price of Bitcoin and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

| ● | Our Bitcoin holdings are less liquid than our existing cash and cash equivalents and may not be able to serve as a source of liquidity for us to the same extent as cash and cash equivalents.

| ● | If we or our third-party service providers experience a security breach or cyberattack and unauthorized parties obtain access to our Bitcoin, or if our private keys are lost or destroyed, or other similar circumstances or events occur, we may lose some or all of our Bitcoin and our financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

| ● | We face risks relating to the custody of our Bitcoin, including the loss or destruction of private keys required to access our Bitcoin and cyberattacks or other data loss relating to our Bitcoin.

| ● | Regulatory change reclassifying Bitcoin as a security could lead to our classification as an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, or the 1940 Act, and could adversely affect the market price of Bitcoin and the market price of our common stock.

| ● | We may be subject to regulatory developments related to crypto assets and crypto asset markets, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

| ● | Our Bitcoin treasury strategy exposes us to risk of non-performance by counterparties.

| ● | Our custodially-held Bitcoin may become part of the custodian’s insolvency estate if one or more of our custodians enters bankruptcy, receivership or similar insolvency proceedings.

| ● | A temporary or permanent blockchain “fork” to Bitcoin or other crypto assets could adversely affect our business.

| ● | The due diligence procedures conducted by us and our liquidity provider to mitigate transaction risk may fail to prevent transactions with a sanctioned entity.

| ● | Bitcoin is a highly volatile asset, and fluctuations in the price of Bitcoin are likely to influence our financial results and the market price of our common stock.

| ● | We have issued $100.0 million of senior convertible notes due 2030, which exposes us to risks associated with such indebtedness.

| ● | We market a limited number of FDA-cleared testing products; these products may not achieve broad market acceptance or be commercially successful, and we may not be successful in marketing other FDA-cleared products to our customers.

| ● | We may not be successful in conducting our healthcare business through CardioVanta and it may not be able to raise sufficient capital from outside investors.

| ● | Changes in the regulatory reimbursement landscape, such as the final 2024 rate announcement with payment changes for the Medicare Advantage and Part D prescription drug programs issued by CMS, have impacted the perceived profitability of using our products to aid in the diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease, or PAD. We have ceased marketing of QuantaFlo as an aid in the diagnosis of heart dysfunction and there is no guarantee that we will obtain clearance of a premarket notification, or 510(k), by the FDA for the expanded use.

| ● | If healthcare providers are unable to obtain adequate coverage and reimbursement, it is unlikely that our product will gain widespread acceptance. QuantaFlo is not specifically approved for reimbursement under any third-party payor codes. We are experiencing and expect to continue to experience decreased usage due to the current CMS reimbursement landscape, which is having a negative effect on our revenues.

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| ● | We rely heavily upon the talents of a small number of key personnel, the loss of whom could severely damage our business.

| ● | We do not require our customers to enter into long-term licenses or maintenance contracts for our products or services and may therefore lose customers on short notice; and a significant portion of our revenues and accounts receivables are with a limited number of customers.

| ● | We rely on a small number of independent suppliers and facilities for the manufacturing of QuantaFlo. Any delay or disruption in the supply of the product or facility including as a result of recently announced tariffs may negatively impact our operations.

| ● | We may not be sufficiently insured against product liability risk and may be subject to substantial claims.

| ● | We may implement a product recall or voluntary market withdrawal or stop shipment of our product due to product defects or product enhancements and modifications, which would significantly increase our costs.

| ● | An information security incident, including a cybersecurity breach, could have a negative impact on our business or reputation.

| ● | Our future financial performance will depend in part on the successful improvements and software updates to our vascular testing product on a cost-effective basis, as well as our ability to develop new products and service offerings, and expand the indications for QuantaFlo.

| ● | We operate in an intensely competitive and rapidly changing business environment, and there is a substantial risk our products or service offerings could become obsolete or uncompetitive.

| ● | Our business is subject to many laws and government regulations governing the manufacture and sale of medical devices, including the FDA’s 510(k) clearance process, and laws and regulations governing patient data and information, along with more general tax rules and regulations among others, all of which are subject to change.

| ● | Although part of our business strategy is based on payment provisions enacted under government healthcare reform, we also face significant uncertainty in the industry regarding the implementation, transformation or repeal and replacement of the Health Care Reform Law.

| ● | We are subject to various healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations, and although we have agreement in principle on a settlement with DOJ, there is no guarantee that we will settle, and thus there is still a risk that the DOJ will file a complaint or complaint in intervention in a civil False Claims Act lawsuit seeking damages in excess of the agreed settlement amount for tests performed using our device, which would adversely affect our business. A civil suit by DOJ also exposes us to risk of other litigation.

| ● | Our executive officers, directors and significant stockholders, if they choose to act together, have the ability to significantly influence all matters submitted to stockholders for approval.

| ● | Recent geopolitical events, as well as the recent change in the U.S. administration and related economic policies (including announced tariffs) are creating significant uncertainty and volatility in the stock market, which could impact our business.

| ● | Provisions in our corporate charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of our company, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.

​

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PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

Semler Scientific, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations

Unaudited

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except share and per share data)

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the three months ended June 30, | ​ | For the six months ended June 30, | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | 2025 | ​ | 2024 | ​ | 2025 | ​ | 2024 |
Revenues | ​ | $ | 8,217 | ​ | $ | 14,465 | ​ | $ | 17,052 | ​ | $ | 30,368 | ​
Operating expenses: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cost of revenues | ​ |  | 739 | ​ | ​ | 1,255 | ​ | ​ | 1,677 | ​ | ​ | 2,501 | ​
Engineering and product development | ​ |  | 1,237 | ​ | ​ | 1,440 | ​ | ​ | 2,552 | ​ | ​ | 2,578 | ​
Sales and marketing | ​ |  | 3,154 | ​ | ​ | 3,456 | ​ | ​ | 6,195 | ​ | ​ | 7,131 | ​
General and administrative | ​ |  | 5,140 | ​ | ​ | 2,964 | ​ | ​ | 10,034 | ​ | ​ | 5,832 | ​
Litigation contingency | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 29,750 | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Total operating expenses | ​ |  | 10,270 | ​ | ​ | 9,115 | ​ | ​ | 50,208 | ​ | ​ | 18,042 | ​
(Loss) income from operations | ​ |  | (2,053) | ​ | ​ | 5,350 | ​ | ​ | (33,156) | ​ | ​ | 12,326 | ​
Interest (expense) income, net | ​ |  | (1,145) | ​ | ​ | 714 | ​ | ​ | (1,948) | ​ | ​ | 1,534 | ​
Impairment of investments | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (1,135) | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Change in fair value of notes held for investment | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 128 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 128 | ​
Change in fair value of intangible digital assets | ​ | ​ | 83,761 | ​ | ​ | (5,055) | ​ | ​ | 41,932 | ​ | ​ | (5,055) | ​
Other income (expense), net | ​ |  | 82,616 | ​ | ​ | (4,213) | ​ | ​ | 38,849 | ​ | ​ | (3,393) | ​
Pre-tax income | ​ | ​ | 80,563 | ​ | ​ | 1,137 | ​ | ​ | 5,693 | ​ | ​ | 8,933 | ​
Income tax provision | ​ | ​ | 13,630 | ​ | ​ | 1,126 | ​ | ​ | 3,463 | ​ | ​ | 2,849 | ​
Net income | ​ | $ | 66,933 | ​ | $ | 11 | ​ | $ | 2,230 | ​ | $ | 6,084 | ​
Net income per share, basic | ​ | $ | 5.71 | ​ | $ | 0.00 | ​ | $ | 0.21 | ​ | $ | 0.88 | ​
Weighted average number of shares used in computing basic net income per share | ​ |  | 11,727,660 | ​ | ​ | 6,944,664 | ​ | ​ | 10,661,851 | ​ | ​ | 6,918,709 | ​
Net income per share, diluted | ​ | $ | 5.04 | ​ | $ | 0.00 | ​ | $ | 0.25 | ​ | $ | 0.78 | ​
Weighted average number of shares used in computing diluted net income per share | ​ | ​ | 13,484,746 | ​ | ​ | 7,795,149 | ​ | ​ | 12,260,223 | ​ | ​ | 7,789,101 | ​

​

​

​

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

​

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Semler Scientific, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except share and per share data)

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | June 30, | ​ | December 31, | ​
​ | ​ | 2025 |  | 2024 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | Unaudited | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Assets | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Current Assets: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  | ​
Cash and cash equivalents | ​ | $ | 13,482 | ​ | $ | 8,819 | ​
Restricted cash | ​ | ​ | 134 | ​ | ​ | 133 | ​
Short-term notes receivable | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 6,100 | ​
Short-term deposits | ​ | ​ | 270 | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Trade accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $98 and $199 respectively | ​ | ​ | 2,831 | ​ | ​ | 4,378 | ​
Inventory | ​ | ​ | 558 | ​ | ​ | 358 | ​
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | ​ |  | 4,623 | ​ |  | 2,900 | ​
Total current assets | ​ |  | 21,898 | ​ |  | 22,688 | ​
Assets for lease, net | ​ |  | 1,431 | ​ |  | 1,423 | ​
Property and equipment, net | ​ |  | 368 | ​ |  | 487 | ​
Long-term investments | ​ |  | 512 | ​ |  | 512 | ​
Long-term notes receivable | ​ | ​ | 1,500 | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Intangible digital assets | ​ | ​ | 496,865 | ​ | ​ | 214,633 | ​
Other non-current assets | ​ | ​ | 23 | ​ | ​ | 85 | ​
Total assets | ​ | $ | 522,597 | ​ | $ | 239,828 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Current liabilities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Accounts payable | ​ | $ | 156 | ​ | $ | 140 | ​
Accrued expenses | ​ |  | 6,013 | ​ |  | 5,173 | ​
Accrued contingent liability | ​ | ​ | 29,750 | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Deferred revenue | ​ |  | 638 | ​ |  | 774 | ​
Other short-term liabilities | ​ | ​ | 215 | ​ | ​ | 226 | ​
Total current liabilities | ​ |  | 36,772 | ​ |  | 6,313 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Long-term liabilities: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Deferred tax liability | ​ | ​ | 6,161 | ​ | ​ | 2,765 | ​
Long-term notes payable, net | ​ | ​ | 96,255 | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Total long-term liabilities | ​ |  | 102,416 | ​ |  | 2,765 | ​
Commitments and contingencies (Note 17) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Stockholders’ equity: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 50,000,000 shares authorized; 13,902,827 and 9,770,908 shares issued, and 13,688,405 and 9,556,486 shares outstanding (treasury shares of 214,422 and 214,422), respectively | ​ |  | 14 | ​ |  | 9 | ​
Additional paid-in capital | ​ |  | 280,463 | ​ |  | 130,039 | ​
Retained earnings | ​ |  | 102,932 | ​ |  | 100,702 | ​
Total stockholders’ equity | ​ |  | 383,409 | ​ |  | 230,750 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | ​ | $ | 522,597 | ​ | $ | 239,828 | ​

​

​

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

​

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Semler Scientific, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

Unaudited

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except share and per share data)

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2024
​ | ​ | Common Stock | ​ | Treasury Stock | ​ | Additional | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Total
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Common Stock | ​ | ​ | ​ | Paid-In | ​ | Retained | ​ | Stockholders'
​ |  | Shares Issued |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Capital |  | Earnings |  | Equity
Balance at March 31, 2024 |  | 7,134,193 | ​ | $ | 7 | ​ | (214,422) | ​ | $ | 12,023 | ​ | $ | 65,876 | ​ | $ | 77,906
Employee stock grants | ​ | 6,546 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 150 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 150
Stock option exercises |  | 61,407 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 213 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 213
Stock-based compensation |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 118 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 118
Net income |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 11 | ​ | ​ | 11
Balance at June 30, 2024 |  | 7,202,146 | ​ | $ | 7 | ​ | (214,422) | ​ | $ | 12,504 | ​ | $ | 65,887 | ​ | $ | 78,398

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
​ | ​ | Common Stock | ​ | Treasury Stock | ​ | Additional | ​ | ​ | ​ | Total
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Common Stock | ​ | ​ | ​ | Paid-In | ​ | Retained | ​ | Stockholders'
​ |  | Shares Issued |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Capital |  | Earnings |  | Equity
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  | 7,099,441 | ​ | $ | 7 |  | (214,422) | ​ | $ | 11,985 | ​ | $ | 59,803 | ​ | $ | 71,795
Employee stock grants |  | 6,546 | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | 150 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 150
Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards | ​ | (1,029) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (45) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (45)
Stock option exercises |  | 97,188 | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | 269 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 269
Stock-based compensation |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | 145 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 145
Net income |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 6,084 | ​ |  | 6,084
Balance at June 30, 2024 | ​ | 7,202,146 | ​ | $ | 7 |  | (214,422) | ​ | $ | 12,504 | ​ | $ | 65,887 | ​ | $ | 78,398

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2025
​ | ​ | Common Stock | ​ | Treasury Stock | ​ | Additional | ​ | ​ | ​ | Total
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Common Stock | ​ | ​ | ​ | Paid-In | ​ | Retained | ​ | Stockholders'
​ |  | Shares Issued |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Capital |  | Earnings |  | Equity
Balance at March 31, 2025 |  | 9,810,908 | ​ | $ | 10 | ​ | (214,422) | ​ | $ | 125,674 | ​ | $ | 35,999 | ​ | $ | 161,683
Stock option exercises |  | 75,184 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 558 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 558
Issuance of common stock | ​ | 4,016,735 | ​ | ​ | 4 | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 154,731 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 154,735
Stock issuance expenses | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (2,395) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (2,395)
Stock-based compensation | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,895 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,895
Net income |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 66,933 | ​ | ​ | 66,933
Balance at June 30, 2025 | ​ | 13,902,827 | ​ | $ | 14 | ​ | (214,422) | ​ | $ | 280,463 | ​ | $ | 102,932 | ​ | $ | 383,409

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2025
​ | ​ | Common Stock | ​ | Treasury Stock | ​ | Additional | ​ | ​ | ​ | Total
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Common Stock | ​ | ​ | ​ | Paid-In | ​ | Retained | ​ | Stockholders'
​ |  | Shares Issued |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Capital |  | Earnings |  | Equity
Balance at December 31, 2024 |  | 9,770,908 | ​ | $ | 9 | ​ | (214,422) | ​ | $ | 130,039 | ​ | $ | 100,702 | ​ | $ | 230,750
Stock option exercises | ​ | 75,184 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 558 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 558
Issuance of common stock | ​ | 4,056,735 | ​ | ​ | 5 | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 156,918 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 156,923
Stock issuance expenses | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (2,690) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (2,690)
Capital call premium | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (7,740) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (7,740)
Stock-based compensation |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,378 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,378
Net income |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,230 | ​ | ​ | 2,230
Balance at June 30, 2025 |  | 13,902,827 | ​ | $ | 14 | ​ | (214,422) | ​ | $ | 280,463 | ​ | $ | 102,932 | ​ | $ | 383,409

​

​

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

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​

Semler Scientific, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

Unaudited

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars)

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the six months ended June 30, | ​
​ |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net income | ​ | $ | 2,230 | ​ | $ | 6,084 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Reconciliation of Net Income to Net Cash (Used in) Provided by Operating Activities: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  |  | ​
Depreciation | ​ |  | 229 | ​ | ​ | 346 | ​
Amortization of debt issuance costs | ​ | ​ | 272 | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Deferred tax benefit (expense) | ​ | ​ | 3,396 | ​ | ​ | (163) | ​
Loss on disposal of assets for lease | ​ |  | 160 | ​ | ​ | 319 | ​
Allowance for credit losses | ​ |  | (101) | ​ | ​ | (44) | ​
Change in fair value of notes held for investment | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (128) | ​
Change in fair value of digital assets | ​ | ​ | (41,932) | ​ | ​ | 5,055 | ​
Stock-based compensation | ​ |  | 3,378 | ​ | ​ | 295 | ​
Impairment of investments | ​ | ​ | 1,135 | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Changes in Operating Assets and Liabilities: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Trade accounts receivable | ​ |  | 1,648 | ​ | ​ | (1,292) | ​
Inventory | ​ | ​ | (200) | ​ | ​ | 60 | ​
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | ​ |  | (1,993) | ​ | ​ | (135) | ​
Other non-current assets | ​ | ​ | 62 | ​ | ​ | 43 | ​
Accounts payable | ​ |  | 16 | ​ | ​ | (175) | ​
Accrued expenses | ​ |  | 30,491 | ​ | ​ | 584 | ​
Other current and non-current liabilities | ​ | ​ | (47) | ​ | ​ | (11) | ​
Deferred revenue | ​ | ​ | (136) | ​ | ​ | (280) | ​
Net Cash (Used in) Provided by Operating Activities | ​ |  | (1,392) | ​ | ​ | 10,558 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Additions to property and equipment | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | (48) | ​
Purchase of notes held for investment | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (500) | ​
Purchase of digital assets | ​ | ​ | (240,300) | ​ | ​ | (60,000) | ​
Proceeds from maturities of notes receivable | ​ | ​ | 3,600 | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Purchase of assets for lease | ​ |  | (278) | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities | ​ |  | (236,978) | ​ | ​ | (60,548) | ​
​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​
Taxes paid related to net settlement of equity awards | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (45) | ​
Proceeds from issuance of debt | ​ | ​ | 100,000 | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Debt issuance costs | ​ | ​ | (4,017) | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Capital call premium | ​ | ​ | (7,740) | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Proceeds from issuance of common stock | ​ | ​ | 156,923 | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Stock issuance expenses | ​ | ​ | (2,690) | ​ | ​ | (102) | ​
Proceeds from exercise of stock options | ​ |  | 558 | ​ | ​ | 269 | ​
Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities | ​ |  | 243,034 | ​ | ​ | 122 | ​
NET INCREASE (DECREASE) IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS | ​ |  | 4,664 | ​ | ​ | (49,868) | ​
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH, BEGINNING OF PERIOD | ​ |  | 8,952 | ​ | ​ | 57,332 | ​
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH, END OF PERIOD | ​ | $ | 13,616 | ​ | $ | 7,464 | ​

​

​

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

​

​

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Semler Scientific, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Unaudited

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except share and per share data and Bitcoin)

​

​

1. | Basis of Presentation

Semler Scientific, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Semler” or “the Company”), prepared the unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements included in this report in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for interim financial reporting. Certain information and note disclosures normally included in the consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. As such, the information included in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 filed with the SEC on February 28, 2025 (the “Annual Report”). In the opinion of management, these condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) necessary for a fair statement of the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented. The results of operations for the interim periods shown in this report are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any future period, including the full year.

​

Principles of Consolidation

​

The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Semler Scientific, Inc., and its wholly-owned subsidiary, CardioVanta, Inc. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

​

Intangible digital assets

​

The Company accounts for its digital assets, which are comprised solely of Bitcoin, as indefinite-lived intangible assets in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other. The Company has ownership of and control over its Bitcoin and uses third-party custodial services at multiple locations that are geographically dispersed to store its Bitcoin. The Company’s digital assets are initially recorded at cost and subsequently remeasured to fair value at the end of each reporting period, with changes recognized in other income (expense), net.

​

The Company purchases Bitcoin for long term investment. It intends to hold its digital assets for long term gains and treats them as long-term capital assets for tax purposes. Unrealized gains/losses are treated as capital gains/losses for tax purposes. A valuation allowance is recorded for unrealized capital losses. See Note 11 for additional information regarding the Company’s purchases and sales of digital assets.

​

Earnings per share (“EPS”)

​

Basic EPS attributable to common stockholders

​

The Company computes basic EPS (“Basic EPS”) by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. The Company computes the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the reporting period using the total of common stock outstanding as of the last day of the previous year end reporting period plus the weighted average of any additional shares issued and outstanding less the weighted average of any common shares repurchased during the reporting period.

​

Diluted EPS attributable to common stockholders

​

Diluted EPS (“Diluted EPS”) includes the potential dilution of common equivalent shares outstanding that could occur from stock-based awards and other stock-based commitments using the treasury stock method. The Company computes Diluted EPS by dividing net income (loss) by the sum of the weighted average numbers of common shares and common share equivalents outstanding during the period. The Company computes the weighted average numbers of common shares and common share equivalents outstanding during the period using the sum of (i) the number of shares of common stock used in the Basic EPS calculation as

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Semler Scientific, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Unaudited

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except share and per share data and Bitcoin)

indicated above; and (ii) if dilutive, the incremental weighted average number of shares of common stock that it would issue upon the assumed exercise of outstanding common share equivalents, primarily stock options using the treasury stock method.

​

Under the treasury stock method, the assumed proceeds calculation includes the actual proceeds to be received from the employee upon exercise of outstanding equity awards and the average unrecognized compensation cost during the period. The treasury stock method assumes that a company uses the proceeds from the exercise of an equity award to repurchase common stock at the average market price for the reporting period.

​

In periods of net income, shares of the Company’s common stock subject to the potential conversion of the 4.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2030 (the “2030 Senior Notes”) outstanding during the period are also included in its weighted average number of shares outstanding used to calculate Diluted EPS using the if-converted method under GAAP, as share settlement is presumed. When convertible notes are dilutive, interest expense, net of tax, is added back to net income attributable to common stockholders to calculate Diluted EPS. Capped Calls (defined in Note 16) are excluded from the calculation of Diluted EPS, as they would be antidilutive. However, upon conversion of the 2030 Senior Notes, unless the market price of the Company’s common stock exceeds the cap price, an exercise of the Capped Calls would generally offset any dilution from the 2030 Senior Notes from the conversion price up to the cap price. As of June 30, 2025, the market price of a share of the Company’s common stock did not exceed the $107.01 cap price. See Note 16 for further information regarding the 2030 Senior Notes and Capped Calls.

​

In periods of net loss, common share equivalents are excluded from the calculation of Diluted EPS as their inclusion would have an antidilutive effect. Accordingly, for periods in which the Company reports a net loss, Diluted EPS is the same as Basic EPS because dilutive common share equivalents are not assumed to have been issued if their effect is antidilutive.

​

Debt issuance costs

​

The Company defers costs it incurs to issue debt, which are presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the related debt liability, and amortizes these costs using the effective interest rate method to calculate interest expense over the term of the debt.

​

Recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted

In November 2024, the Financial Accounting Standard Board (“FASB”) issued new accounting guidance that clarifies the requirements for determining whether certain settlements of convertible debt instruments should be accounted for as an induced conversion. This guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted for all entities that have adopted the amendments in Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40). The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on its disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures. This standard requires entities to disaggregate operating expenses into specific categories such as employee compensation, depreciation, and intangible asset amortization, by relevant expense caption on the condensed consolidated statement of operations. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, which means that it will be effective for the Company’s annual and interim reporting for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2027. Early adoption is permitted on either a prospective or retrospective basis. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2024-03 on its condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

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Recently adopted accounting pronouncement

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In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023-09”). ASU 2023-09 requires enhanced disclosures surrounding income taxes, particularly related to rate reconciliation

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Semler Scientific, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Unaudited

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except share and per share data and Bitcoin)

and income taxes paid information. In particular, on an annual basis, companies will be required to disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. Companies will also be required to disclose, on an annual basis, the amount of income taxes paid, disaggregated by federal, state, and foreign taxes, and also disaggregated by individual jurisdictions above a quantitative threshold. The standard is effective for the Company for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 on a prospective basis, with retrospective application permitted for all prior periods presented. The Company adopted this standard effective January 1, 2025 on a prospective basis and will include the required disclosures in its

consolidated financial statements for the year ending December 31, 2025.

​

​

2.Variable-Fee Revenue

The Company recognizes variable-fee licenses (i.e., fee per test) and sales of hardware equipment and accessories in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Total fees from variable-fee licenses represented approximately $1,877 and $6,981 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Total fees from variable-fee licenses represented approximately $4,263 and $14,988 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Total sales of hardware equipment and accessories represented approximately $245 and $710 of revenues for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 respectively. Total sales of hardware equipment and accessories represented approximately $477 and $1,527 of revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The remainder of the Company’s revenue is generated from leasing the Company's testing product for a fixed fee, which is not subject to ASC 606. See Note 15 to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for more information. No material revenue was generated by the Company’s subsidiary during the three months and six months ended June 30, 2025.

​

Upon shipment under variable-fee license contracts, assets for lease are sold to the customers, and the asset is recognized as cost of revenue.

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3. Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses

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Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount, net of allowance for credit losses. The allowance for credit losses is based on management’s assessment of the collectability of accounts. The Company regularly reviews the adequacy of this allowance for credit losses by considering historical experience, the age of the accounts receivable balances, the credit quality of the customers, current economic conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions, and other factors that may affect customers’ ability to pay to determine whether a specific reserve is appropriate. Accounts receivable deemed uncollectable are charged against the allowance for credit losses when identified. Accounts receivable, net of $2,831 and $4,378 as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, include $708 and $2,067, respectively, related to revenue recognized under ASC 606.

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As of June 30, 2025, the allowance for credit losses was $98. During the three-month period ended June 30, 2025, the Company established an additional reserve of $35 and recovered $84 from customers. During the six-month period ended June 30, 2025, the Company established an additional reserve of $77 and recovered $178 from customers. The allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 2024, was $199.

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4.Advertising Costs

The Company expenses advertising costs as incurred. Advertising expense incurred during the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were $6 and $44, respectively. Advertising expense incurred during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were $42 and $158, respectively. These costs are included in sales and marketing expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

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5. Inventory

Inventory, which is made up of finished goods, is recorded at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined on the first-in, first-out method. The Company periodically analyzes its inventory levels to identify inventory that has a cost basis in

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Semler Scientific, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Unaudited

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except share and per share data and Bitcoin)

excess of its estimated realizable value and writes down such inventory as appropriate. The inventory balance was $558 and $358 as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

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6. Assets for Lease, Net

The Company provides financing of certain equipment through operating leases (see Note 15 to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements). Assets for lease consist of the following:

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | June 30, | ​ | December 31, | ​
​ | ​ | 2025 |  | 2024 |
Assets for lease | ​ | $ | 1,709 | ​ | $ | 2,522 | ​
Less: accumulated depreciation | ​ |  | (278) | ​ |  | (1,099) | ​
Assets for lease, net | ​ | $ | 1,431 | ​ | $ | 1,423 | ​

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Depreciation expense amounted to $60 and $74 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Depreciation expense amounted to $113 and $151 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Reduction to accumulated depreciation for returned and retired items was $41 and $50 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Reduction to accumulated depreciation for returned and retired items was $134 and $104 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Additionally, during the six-month period ended June 30, 2025, the Company removed leased assets for $827 and depreciation for $800 for assets that are no longer in use, resulting in a net assets write-off of $27, which is included in cost of revenues in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company recognized a loss on disposal of assets for lease in the amount of $52 and $130 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company recognized a total loss on disposal of assets for lease in the amount of $160 and $319 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. These losses primarily result from customer returns and scrap.

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7. Property and Equipment, Net

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Property and equipment, net consists of the following:

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | June 30, | ​ | December 31, | ​
​ | ​ | 2025 |  | 2024 |
Property and equipment, gross | ​ | $ | 1,407 | ​ | $ | 1,467 | ​
Less: accumulated depreciation | ​ |  | (1,039) | ​ |  | (980) | ​
Property and equipment, net | ​ | $ | 368 | ​ | $ | 487 | ​

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Depreciation expense amounted to $56 and $73 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Depreciation expense amounted to $116 and $147 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. During the three months ended June 30, 2025, the Company wrote off leasehold improvements of $60 and depreciation of $57 for a net loss of $3.

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8.Long-Term Investments

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Long term investments consist of the following for the periods presented:

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | June 30, | ​ | December 31, | ​
​ | ​ | 2025 |  | 2024 | ​
Investments in SYNAPS Dx |  | $ | 512 | ​ | $ | 512 | ​
Total long-term investments | ​ | $ | 512 | ​ | $ | 512 | ​

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In September 2020, the Company acquired a promissory note from NeuroDiagnostics Inc., which is doing business as SYNAPS Dx, in the principal amount of $500, $100 of which was retained for expense reimbursement. Subsequently, in December

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Semler Scientific, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Unaudited

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except share and per share data and Bitcoin)

2020, the Company agreed to convert the promissory note, together with all accrued interest thereon, into shares of preferred stock of SYNAPS Dx as repayment in full of the promissory note. The value of the note exchanged for the shares of preferred stock of SYNAPS Dx held by the Company as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was approximately $512.

The investments in SYNAPS Dx were recorded in accordance with ASC 321, Investments – Equity Securities (“ASC 321”), which provides that investments in equity securities in privately-held companies without readily determinable fair values are generally recorded at cost, plus or minus subsequent observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments, less impairments. The Company elected the practical expedient permitted by ASC 321 and recorded the above investments on a cost basis. As a part of the assessment for impairment indicators, the Company considers significant deterioration in the earnings performance and overall business prospects of the investee as well as significant adverse changes in the external environment these investments operate. If qualitative assessment indicates the investments are impaired, the fair value of these equity securities would be estimated, which would involve a significant degree of judgement and subjectivity.

The Company qualitatively assessed the investment for impairment in accordance with ASC 321. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company determined that there was no impairment for the investment in SYNAPS Dx.

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9.Fair Value Measurements

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The following table presents fair value hierarchy of the Company’s financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | Fair Value Hierarchy
​ | Level 1 | ​
As of June 30, 2025 | ​ | ​ | ​
U.S. Government money market fund accounts | $ | 3,714 | ​
(Included in cash and cash equivalents) | ​ | ​ | ​
Bitcoin investments | ​ | 496,865 | ​
(Included in intangible digital assets) | ​ | ​ | ​
Total Assets | $ | 500,579 | ​

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | Level 1 | ​
As of December 31, 2024 | ​ | ​ | ​
U.S. Government money market fund accounts | $ | 3,638 | ​
(Included in cash and cash equivalents) | ​ | ​ | ​
Bitcoin Investments | ​ | 214,633 | ​
(Included in intangible digital assets) | ​ | ​ | ​
Total Assets | $ | 218,271 | ​

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Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or an exit price paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy under FASB ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement, are described as follows:

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Level 1 — Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

Level 2 — Inputs other than quoted prices included in Level I that are observable, unadjusted quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data; and

Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity, which requires the Company to develop its own models.

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Semler Scientific, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Unaudited

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except share and per share data and Bitcoin)

The financial instruments of the Company consist primarily of cash, U.S. government money market fund accounts, trade receivables, trade payables, Bitcoin and debt securities. Because carrying values of cash, trade receivables, and payables are equal to or approximate their fair value, the Company excluded them from the leveling requirements. U.S. government money market fund accounts are classified as Level 1 due to their short-term nature, their market interest rates and also based on the fact that they are publicly traded. Bitcoin purchased for investment, which are included in intangible digital assets are classified as Level 1 as the unadjusted quoted prices in active markets are used for the fair valuation.

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The Company valued a note receivable of $1,500 from the borrower at its face value because there were no significant changes to the financial condition of the borrower between the date the note was issued and the reporting date. See Note 10 for further details.

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10.Notes Receivable

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Notes receivable consists of the following for the periods presented:

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | June 30, | ​ | ​ | December 31, | ​
​ | ​ | 2025 | ​ | ​ | 2024 | ​
Senior secured promissory notes | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 1,000 | ​
Secured convertible promissory notes | ​ | ​ | 1,500 | ​ | ​ | 5,100 | ​
Total notes receivable | ​ | $ | 1,500 | ​ | $ | 6,100 | ​

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In December 2022, the Company entered into a senior convertible promissory note (also referred as debt security) arrangement with Monarch Medical Technologies, LLC (“Monarch”) providing Monarch with up to $5,000 in available funding, of which $5,000, in principal was drawn. The Monarch debt security accrued interest at 10% per annum, payable monthly, and the principal balance was originally due December 6, 2024, with such due date extended to January 17, 2025. On January 15, 2025, Monarch repaid $3,500, along with the transaction fees and accrued interest. At the same time, the Company entered into an Amended and Restated Secured Convertible Promissory Note (“New Note”) and related subordination agreement for the outstanding principal balance of $1,500. The New Note carries an interest rate of 15% payable monthly. Unless earlier repaid or converted, the New Note will mature and the outstanding principal amount, together with accrued and unpaid interest thereon and transaction expenses, will be due and payable on the first to occur of (i) the occurrence of an Event of Default (as defined in the New Note), (ii) a Change of Control (as defined in the New Note) unless converted as set forth in the New Note or (iii) February 15, 2028.

The Company recognized interest income of $57 and $104 on the Monarch debt securities for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, which is included in interest (expense) income, net in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations. The Company recognized interest income of $133 and $258 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, which is included in interest (expense) income, net in the Unaudited Condensed Statement of Operations.

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In June 2022, the Company loaned Mellitus Health, Inc. (“Mellitus”) an aggregate of $1,000 through the purchase of two senior secured promissory notes that bear interest at a rate of 5% per annum, which mature on the third anniversary of issuance unless accelerated due to an event of default as provided in the notes. Repayment of the Mellitus notes is secured by a first priority interest in all of Mellitus’ assets. As of June 30, 2025, the Company recorded an impairment charge on the entire note principal balance of $1,000 and accrued interest of $135 as the Company believed it was unlikely to be recovered.

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11.Intangible Digital Assets

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On May 28, 2024, the Company adopted Bitcoin as its primary treasury reserve asset. Under this new treasury strategy, the Company purchases and holds Bitcoin for long term investment purposes. The Company accounts for its Bitcoin as an indefinite-lived intangible asset in accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other and has ownership of and control over its Bitcoin, which are included in intangible digital assets in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of June 30, 2025, there were no contractual restrictions on the Company’s sale of its Bitcoin.

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Semler Scientific, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Unaudited

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except share and per share data and Bitcoin)

Bitcoin investment

The Company’s Bitcoin purchased for investment purpose are initially recorded at cost, inclusive of transaction costs and fees. Subsequently, the Company remeasures its Bitcoin investment at fair value at the end of each reporting period with changes recognized in net income through other (expense) income, net on the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. As of June 30, 2025, the Company held approximately 4,636 Bitcoins with a cost basis of $430,000 and a fair value of $496,865.

Reconciliation of fair value

The following table represents a reconciliation of the fair values of the Company’s intangible digital assets held:

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the | ​ | For the
​ | Three Months Ended | ​ | Six Months Ended
​ | ​ | June 30, | ​ | June 30,
​ | 2025 | ​ | 2025
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Intangible digital assets held: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Beginning balance at fair value | $ | 263,504 | ​ | $ | 214,633
Additions | ​ | 149,600 | ​ | ​ | 240,300
Unrealized gain, net | ​ | 83,761 | ​ | ​ | 41,932
Ending Balance at fair value as of June 30, 2025 | $ | 496,865 | ​ | $ | 496,865

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12. Other Non-Current Assets

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Other non-current assets consist of right-of-use (“ROU”) assets of $22 and long-term deposits of $1 as of June 30, 2025. As of December 31, 2024, ROU assets were $65, and long-term deposit balances were $20.

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13.Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses consist of the following:

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | June 30, | ​ | December 31, | ​
​ | ​ | 2025 |  | 2024 |
Compensation | ​ | $ | 2,746 | ​ | $ | 3,743 | ​
Accrued Taxes | ​ | ​ | 748 | ​ | ​ | 909 | ​
Accrued Interest on Convertible Note | ​ | ​ | 1,793 | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Miscellaneous Accruals | ​ |  | 726 | ​ |  | 521 | ​
Total Accrued Expenses | ​ | $ | 6,013 | ​ | $ | 5,173 | ​

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14.Concentration of Credit Risk

Credit risk is the risk of loss from amounts owed by the financial counterparties. Credit risk can occur at multiple levels as a result of broad economic conditions, challenges within specific sectors of the economy, or from issues affecting individual companies. Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to credit risk consist of cash, Bitcoin and accounts receivable.

The Company maintains cash with major financial institutions. The Company’s cash consists of bank deposits held with banks that, at times, exceed federally insured limits. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company held deposits of $9,902 and $5,314, respectively. These deposits are largely uninsured. The Company also invested in U.S. government money market funds in the amount of $3,714 and $3,638 as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The Company held 4,636 and 877

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Semler Scientific, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Unaudited

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except share and per share data and Bitcoin)

Bitcoins, valued at $496,865 and $54,945 as of June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024, respectively. As of June 30, 2025, two providers accounted for 71.8% and 28.2% of the Company’s total Bitcoin holdings. As of June 30, 2024, two providers accounted for 94.4% and 5.6% of the Company’s total Bitcoin holdings. The Company’s Bitcoin is held offline in cold storage with third-party providers. The Company limits its credit risk by dealing with counterparties that are considered to be of high credit quality and by performing periodic evaluations of the relative credit standing of these financial institutions.

Management periodically monitors the creditworthiness of its customers and believes that it has adequately provided for exposure to potential credit losses. For the three months ended June 30, 2025, two customers (including affiliates) accounted for 44.9% and 31.0% of the Company’s revenues, respectively. For the three months ended June 30, 2024, three customers (including affiliates) accounted for 43.6%, 26.6% and 10.8% of the Company’s revenues, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2025, two customers (including affiliates) accounted for 43.3% and 31.5% of the Company’s revenues, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2024, three customers (including affiliates) accounted for 44.3%, 25.6% and 10.6% of the Company’s revenues, respectively. As of June 30, 2025, two customers accounted for 45.7% and 28.1% of the Company’s accounts receivable, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, three customers accounted for 33.9%, 28.7%, and 14.0% of the Company’s accounts receivable, respectively.

As of June 30, 2025, two vendors accounted for 33.7%, and 14.5% of the Company’s accounts payable, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, three vendors accounted for 29.4%, 16.7% and 15.6% of the Company’s accounts payable, respectively.

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15.Leases

Lessee arrangements

On July 31, 2020, the Company entered into a 61-month lease agreement for office space to use, as necessary, for office administration, lab space and assembly and storage purposes, located in Santa Clara, California. The Company took possession of the leased office space in September 2020, and the lease is effective through September 30, 2025. On March 19, 2025, the Company entered into a 12-month lease agreement for a new office space located at 51 E Campbell Avenue, Suite 107-D, Campbell, California.

As of June 30, 2025, the remaining lease term for the Santa Clara office space is three months with no options to renew. The Company recognized facilities lease expenses of $22 and $22 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company recognized facilities lease expenses of $44 and $44 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The following table summarizes the future minimum rental payments required under operating leases that had initial or remaining non-cancelable lease terms greater than one year as of June 30, 2025:

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Total
2025 Remaining period | ​ | $ | 24
Total undiscounted future minimum lease payments | ​ |  | 24
Less: present value discount | ​ |  | —
Total lease liabilities | ​ |  | 24
Lease expense in excess cash payment | ​ |  | (2)
Total ROU asset | ​ | $ | 22

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As of June 30, 2025, the Company’s ROU asset was $22, which was recorded on the Company’s Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as other noncurrent assets, and the Company’s current lease liability was $24, which was recorded on the Company’s Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as other short-term liabilities. The Company used a discount rate of 2.5% for calculating ROU and lease liability.

Lessor arrangements

The Company enters into contracts with customers for its QuantaFlo product. The Company has determined that these contracts meet the definition of a lease under Topic 842. The lease portfolio primarily consists of operating leases that are short-term

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Semler Scientific, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Unaudited

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except share and per share data and Bitcoin)

in nature (monthly, quarterly or one year, all of which have renewal options). During the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company recognized approximately $6,095 and $6,774, respectively, in lease revenues related to these arrangements, which is included in revenues on the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. During the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company recognized approximately $12,312 and $13,853, respectively, in lease revenues related to these arrangements, which is included in revenues on the Unaudited Condensed Statements of Operations. The Company made an accounting policy election to apply the practical expedient to not separate lease and eligible non-lease components. The lease component is the predominant component and consists of fees charged for use of the equipment over the period of the arrangement. The nature of the eligible non-lease component is primarily software support. The assets associated with these leasing arrangements are included in assets for lease, net on the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (See Note 6 for additional information).

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16.Long-Term Debt

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4.25% senior convertible notes due 2030

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On January 28, 2025, the Company entered into a purchase agreement for the sale of $100,000 aggregate principal amount of 2030 Senior Notes in a private offering to qualified institutional buyers. The terms of the 2030 Senior Notes are governed by an Indenture, dated January 28, 2025 (the “2030 Indenture”), between the Company and the trustee.

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The 2030 Senior Notes are general senior, unsecured obligations of the Company and will mature on August 1, 2030, unless earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased. The 2030 Senior Notes bear interest at a rate of 4.25% per year, payable semiannually in arrears on February 1 and August 1 of each year, beginning on August 1, 2025. The 2030 Senior Notes are convertible at the option of the holders at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding May 1, 2030, only under the following circumstances: (1) during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on March 31, 2025 (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price for the 2030 Senior Notes on each applicable trading day; (2) during the five business day period after any 10 consecutive trading day period, or the measurement period, in which the trading price (as defined in the 2030 Indenture) per $1,000 principal amount of the 2030 Senior Notes for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock and the conversion rate for the 2030 Senior Notes on each such trading day; (3) if the Company calls such 2030 Senior Notes for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the scheduled trading day immediately preceding the redemption date; or (4) upon the occurrence of specified corporate events as set forth in the 2030 Indenture. On or after May 1, 2030 until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date, holders of the 2030 Senior Notes may convert all or any portion of their 2030 Senior Notes at any time, regardless of the foregoing circumstances. Upon conversion, the Company may satisfy its conversion obligation by paying and/or delivering, as the case may be, cash, shares of its common stock or a combination of cash and shares of its common stock, at the Company’s election, in the manner and subject to the terms and conditions provided in the 2030 Indenture.

The conversion rate for the 2030 Senior Notes will initially be 13.0826 shares of the Company’s common stock per $1,000 principal amount of 2030 Senior Notes, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $76.44 per share of common stock. The initial conversion price of the 2030 Senior Notes represents a premium of approximately 25.0% over the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market on January 23, 2025. The conversion rate for the 2030 Senior Notes is subject to adjustment under certain circumstances in accordance with the terms of the 2030 Indenture. In addition, following certain corporate events that occur prior to the maturity date of the 2030 Senior Notes or if the Company delivers a notice of redemption in respect of the 2030 Senior Notes, it will, in certain circumstances, increase the conversion rate of the 2030 Senior Notes for a holder who elects to convert its 2030 Senior Notes in connection with such a corporate event or convert its 2030 Senior Notes called (or deemed called) for redemption during the related redemption period (as defined in the 2030 Indenture), as the case may be. Initially, a maximum of 1,635,320 shares of the Company’s common stock may be issued upon conversion of the 2030 Senior Notes, based on the initial maximum conversion rate of 16.3532 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of 2030 Senior Notes.

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Semler Scientific, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Unaudited

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except share and per share data and Bitcoin)

The Company may not redeem the 2030 Senior Notes prior to August 4, 2028. The Company may redeem for cash all or any portion of the 2030 Senior Notes (subject to the partial redemption limitation described in the 2030 Indenture), at its option, on or after August 4, 2028 and prior to the 21st scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date, if the last reported sale price of its common stock has been at least 130% of the conversion price for the 2030 Senior Notes then in effect for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during any 30 consecutive trading day period (including the last trading day of such period) ending on, and including, the trading day immediately preceding the date on which the Company provides notice of redemption at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2030 Senior Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date. No sinking fund is provided for the 2030 Senior Notes.

If the Company undergoes a fundamental change (as defined in the 2030 Indenture), then, subject to certain conditions and except as set forth in the 2030 Indenture, holders may require, subject to certain exceptions, the Company to repurchase for cash all or any portion of their 2030 Senior Notes at a fundamental change repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2030 Senior Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date.

​

The 2030 Indenture includes customary covenants and sets forth certain events of default after which the 2030 Senior Notes may be declared immediately due and payable and sets forth certain types of bankruptcy or insolvency events of default involving the Company after which the 2030 Senior Notes become automatically due and payable. The following events are considered “events of default” under the 2030 Indenture:

| ● | default in any payment of interest on any 2030 Senior Note when due and payable and the default continues for a period of 30 days;

| ● | default in the payment of principal of any 2030 Senior Note when due and payable at its stated maturity, upon optional redemption, upon any required repurchase, upon declaration of acceleration or otherwise;

| ● | failure by the Company to comply with its obligation to convert the 2030 Senior Notes in accordance with the 2030 Indenture upon exercise of a holder’s conversion right, and such failure continues for three business days;

| ● | failure by the Company to give (i) a fundamental change notice or notice of a make-whole fundamental change, in either case when due and such failure continues for five business days, or (ii) notice of a specified corporate transaction when due and such failure continues for one business day;

| ● | failure by the Company to comply with its obligations in respect of any consolidation, merger or sale of assets;

| ● | failure by the Company to comply with any of its other agreements in the 2030 Senior Notes or the 2030 Indenture for 60 days after written notice of such failure from the trustee or the holders of at least 25% in principal amount of the 2030 Senior Notes then outstanding;

| ● | default by the Company or any of its significant subsidiaries (as defined in the 2030 Indenture) with respect to any mortgage, agreement or other instrument under which there may be outstanding, or by which there may be secured or evidenced, any indebtedness for money borrowed with a principal amount in excess of $15.0 million (or its foreign currency equivalent), in the aggregate of the Company and/or any such significant subsidiary, whether such indebtedness now exists or shall hereafter be created, (i) resulting in such indebtedness becoming or being declared due and payable prior to its stated maturity date or (ii) constituting a failure to pay the principal of any such indebtedness when due and payable (after the expiration of all applicable grace periods) at its stated maturity, upon required repurchase, upon declaration of acceleration or otherwise, and in the cases of clauses (i) and (ii), such acceleration shall not have been rescinded or annulled or such failure to pay or default shall not have been cured or waived, or such indebtedness is not paid or discharged, as the case may be, within 30 days after written notice to the Company by the trustee or to the Company and the trustee by holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the 2030 Senior Notes then outstanding in accordance with the 2030 Indenture; and

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Semler Scientific, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Unaudited

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except share and per share data and Bitcoin)

| ● | certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization of the Company or any of its significant subsidiaries.

Neither the 2030 Senior Notes, nor any shares of the Company’s common stock issuable upon conversion of the 2030 Senior Notes, have been registered under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) or any state securities laws, and unless so registered, may not be offered or sold in the United States or to, or for the account or benefit of, U.S. persons, absent registration or an applicable exemption from, or in a transaction not subject to, the registration requirements of the Securities Act and other applicable securities laws.

The Company accounts for the 2030 Senior Notes as a liability measured at its amortized cost, and no other features of the 2030 Senior Notes are bifurcated and recognized as a derivative. The proceeds from the issuance of the 2030 Senior Notes were approximately $95,984, net of debt issuance costs of $4,016 comprised primarily of commissions paid to the banks, professional and legal expenses relating to the issuance of the debt. The Company used a portion of the proceeds from the 2030 Senior Notes to enter into Capped Calls, as discussed below. The Company intends to use the remainder of the proceeds from this offering for the purchase of Bitcoin and general corporate purposes. The debt issuance costs are being amortized over the term of the 2030 Senior Notes, using the effective interest rate method, and recorded to interest expense on the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations. During the three-month period ended June 30, 2025, the effective interest rate on the 2030 Senior Notes, including debt issuance costs, was approximately 5.09%, and $1,220 was recorded as interest expense on the Company’s Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations for the three-month period ended June 30, 2025. During the six-month period ended June 30, 2025, the effective interest rate on the 2030 Senior Notes, including debt issuance costs, was approximately 5.09%, and $2,065 was recorded as interest expense on the Company’s Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations for the six-month period ended June 30, 2025. As of June 30, 2025, the Company accrued an interest of $1,793, which was included in accrued expenses in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. As of June 30, 2025, the carrying value of the 2030 Senior Notes, net of amortization of debt issuance costs was $96,255. Unamortized debt issuance costs as of June 30, 2025 were $3,745.

​

Capped Call Transactions

​

In connection with the issuance of the 2030 Senior Notes, the Company entered into privately negotiated capped call transactions (the “Capped Calls”) with certain of the initial purchasers of the 2030 Senior Notes and/or their respective affiliates and/or other financial institutions (the “Option Counterparties”) at a cost of approximately $7,740. The Capped Calls are separate transactions entered into by the Company with each of the Option Counterparties, and are not part of the terms of the 2030 Senior Notes and therefore will not affect any noteholder’s rights under the 2030 Senior Notes. Noteholders will not have any rights with respect to the Capped Calls.

​

The Capped Calls cover, subject to anti-dilution adjustments, substantially similar to those applicable to the conversion rate of the 2030 Senior Notes, the number of shares of common stock initially underlying the 2030 Senior Notes, or up to approximately 1,308,258 shares of the Company’s common stock. The Capped Calls are expected generally to reduce potential dilution to the Company’s common stock upon any conversion of 2030 Senior Notes and/or offset any potential cash payments the Company is required to make in excess of the principal amount of such converted 2030 Senior Notes, as the case may be, with such reduction and/or offset subject to a cap. The strike price of the Capped Calls is $76.44, while the cap price of the Capped Calls is initially $107.01 per share, which represents a premium of 75% over the closing price of the Company’s common stock of $61.15 per share on January 23, 2025 and is subject to certain customary adjustments under the terms of the Capped Calls.

​

The Capped Calls are considered indexed to the Company’s common stock and are considered equity classified under GAAP, and were recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in-capital within stockholders’ equity on the Company’s Unaudited Condensed Balance Sheet when the Capped Calls were purchased in January 2025. The Capped Calls are not accounted for as derivatives and their fair value is not remeasured each reporting period.

​

15

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Semler Scientific, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Unaudited

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except share and per share data and Bitcoin)

17.Commitments and Contingencies

Indemnification obligations

The Company enters into agreements with customers, partners, lenders, consultants, lessors, contractors, sales representatives and parties to certain transactions in the ordinary course of the Company’s business. These agreements may require the Company to indemnify the other party against third party claims alleging that its product infringes a patent or copyright. Certain of these agreements require the Company to indemnify the other party against losses arising from: a breach of representations or covenants, claims relating to property damage, personal injury or acts or omissions of the Company, its employees, agents or representatives. The Company has also agreed to indemnify the directors and certain officers and employees in accordance with the by-laws of the Company. These indemnification provisions will vary based upon the nature and terms of the agreements. In many cases, these indemnification provisions do not contain limits on the Company’s liability, and the occurrence of contingent events that will trigger payment under these indemnities is difficult to predict. As a result, the Company cannot estimate its potential liability under these indemnities. The Company believes that the likelihood of conditions arising that would trigger these indemnities is remote and, historically, the Company has not made any significant payment under such indemnification provisions. Accordingly, the Company has not recorded any liabilities relating to these agreements. In certain cases, the Company has recourse against third parties with respect to the aforesaid indemnities, and the Company believes it maintains adequate levels of insurance coverage to protect the Company with respect to potential claims arising from such agreements.

​

401(K) plan

​

Effective January 1, 2022, the Company started to match 50% of employee’s 401(k) deferral up to a maximum of 6% of the employee’s eligible earnings. For the three-month periods ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company matched $70 and $71, respectively. For the six-month periods ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company matched $167 and $135, respectively.

​

Litigation

From time to time in the normal course of business, the Company is subject to various legal matters, such as threatened or pending claims or litigation. Although the results of claims and litigation cannot be predicted with certainty, the Company does not believe it is a party to any claim or litigation the outcome of which, if determined adversely to it, would individually or in the aggregate be reasonably expected to have a material adverse effect on its results of operations or financial condition.

As previously reported, in Item 3 of the Annual Report, the Company began initial settlement discussions with the U.S. Department of Justice (“DOJ”) pertaining to a civil investigative demand (“CID”), but ceased initial discussions on that date. The Company subsequently resumed settlement discussions with DOJ and has reached agreement in principle on payment of $29,750 to settle all claims (which amount excludes any potential relators’ counsel fees that may also be payable). Under ASC 450, the Company booked a litigation contingency liability of $29,750 as of June 30, 2025 in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations. As of December 31, 2024, the contingent liability amount was not determinable, so the Company did not record the liability as of that date. There is no guarantee that the Company will be able to reach final agreement with DOJ or the Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”), which may require the Company to make further undertakings in connection with the proposed settlement. If the Company and DOJ are not able to conclude a final settlement reasonably acceptable to all parties, including reaching any necessary agreements with HHS, there is still a risk that DOJ will file a complaint or complaint in intervention in a Civil False Claims Act lawsuit seeking damages in excess of such agreed settlement amount, which potential loss cannot be reasonably estimated. Should the parties not be able to reach settlement and DOJ file a complaint, the Company intends to vigorously defend itself in any such action.

​

Coinbase Master Loan Agreement

On April 15, 2025, the Company entered into a Master Loan Agreement with Coinbase Credit Inc. as lender, and Coinbase Inc., (collectively, “Coinbase”). Under the master loan agreement, the Company may borrow, from time to time, cash or digital assets, which loans, if any, are intended to be collateralized with a first priority security interest in the Bitcoin that the Company posts as

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Semler Scientific, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Unaudited

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except share and per share data and Bitcoin)

collateral. Loans under the master loan agreement will be subject to certain minimum margin requirements based on the loan amount relative to the market value of the Bitcoin collateral posted. The specific terms of any loan (including loan amount, rate, fees, collateral, margin requirements and maturity) will be set forth from time to time in a separate confirmation under the master loan agreement. Should the value of the Bitcoin collateralizing the loan fall below the minimum margin requirements in the confirmation, the Company could be required to transfer additional Bitcoin, or other eligible collateral, to Coinbase to reduce or repay the loan amount. The Company will pay a monthly loan fee to Coinbase based on the outstanding loan amount and determined in accordance with the terms of the confirmation. As of June 30, 2025, the Company has not yet borrowed from this loan.

​

18.Stockholders’ Equity

The Company has 50,000,000 authorized shares of capital stock, all of which are designated as common stock with par value of $0.001 per share. Each holder of shares of common stock is entitled to one vote for each share held.

At-the-market offering

On August 24, 2024, the Company’s registration statement on Form S-3 became effective, which allowed it to offer and sell securities from time to time in one or more offerings, up to an aggregate value of $150.0 million, including under its June 2024 Controlled Equity OfferingSM Sales Agreement with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co., pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell from time to time its common stock in an at-the-market (“ATM”) offering. Pursuant to this June 2024 agreement, the Company agreed to pay the sales agent commissions for their services in acting as agent with respect to the sale of shares through the ATM offering program. The sales commission and expenses related to the ATM equity offering program are considered direct and incremental costs and are charged against additional paid-in capital on the condensed consolidated balance sheet in the period in which the corresponding shares are issued and sold.

As of June 30, 2025, the Company had issued and sold a total of 2,438,274 shares of its common stock for aggregate gross proceeds, net of sales commissions, of approximately $126,017 under the June 2024 sales agreement.

On April 15, 2025, the Company entered into a Controlled Equity Offeringsm Sales Agreement with Barclays Capital Inc., Cantor Fitzgerald & Co., Canaccord Genuity LLC, Needham & Company, LLC, Craig-Hallum Capital Group LLC and Lake Street Capital Markets, LLC., pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell from time to time up to $500,000 of its common stock in an ATM offering. Pursuant to this April 2025 agreement, the Company agreed to pay the sales agents commissions for their services in acting as agent with respect to the sale of shares through the ATM offering program. The sales commission and expenses related to the ATM equity offering program are considered direct and incremental costs and are charged against additional paid-in capital on the condensed consolidated balance sheet in the period in which the corresponding shares are issued and sold.

On April 22, 2025, the Company’s registration statement on Form S-3 for the sale of up to $500,000 in securities under this new sales agreement became effective and as of June 30, 2025, the Company had issued and sold a total of 3,816,449 shares of its common stock for aggregate gross proceeds, net of sales commissions, of approximately $146,483 under the $500.0 million ATM.

19.Stock Incentive Plan

The Company’s stock-based compensation program is designed to attract and retain certain key employees while also aligning employees’ interests with the interests of its stockholders. Stock options have been granted to employees under the stockholder-approved 2014 Stock Incentive Plan (“2014 Plan”) and the stockholder approved 2024 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the “2024 Plan”). In connection with expiration of the 2014 Plan in July 2024, the available share reserve (including any awards outstanding under the 2014 Plan that lapsed prior to stockholder approval of the new 2024 Plan) was transferred to the 2024 Plan upon stockholder approval thereof. The 2024 Plan provides that the aggregate number of shares of common stock that initially may be issued pursuant to awards granted under the 2024 Plan may not exceed 1,916,011 shares (the “Share Reserve”), along with any awards that transferred over from the 2014 Plan. In addition, the Share Reserve automatically increases on January 1st of each year, for a period of not more than 10 years, beginning on January 1st of the year following the year in which the 2024 Plan became effective and ending on (and including) January 1, 2034, in an amount equal to 4% of the total number of shares of common stock outstanding on

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Semler Scientific, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Unaudited

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except share and per share data and Bitcoin)

December 31st of the preceding calendar year. The Company’s board of directors may act prior to January 1st of a given year to provide that there will be no January 1st increase in the Share Reserve for such year or that the increase in the Share Reserve for such year will be a lesser number of shares of common stock than would otherwise occur. The available Share Reserve was 1,858,702 shares as of June 30, 2025.

Stock Options

Aggregate intrinsic value represents the difference between the closing market value as of June 30, 2025 of the underlying common stock and the exercise price of outstanding, in-the-money options. A summary of the Company’s stock option activity and related information for the six months ended June 30, 2025 is as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Options Outstanding
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Weighted | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Average | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Number of | ​ | Weighted | ​ | Remaining | ​ | Aggregate
​ | ​ | Stock Options | ​ | Average | ​ | Contractual | ​ | Intrinsic Value
​ |  | Outstanding |  | Exercise Price |  | Term (In Years) |  | (In Thousands)
Balance, December 31, 2024 |  | 691,450 | ​ | $ | 8.86 |  | 3.21 | ​ | $ | 31,209
Options granted | ​ | 687,595 | ​ | $ | 51.00 | ​ | 6.89 | ​ | ​ | —
Options forfeited/cancelled | ​ | (993) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Options exercised |  | (75,184) | ​ | $ | 7.43 | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Balance, June 30, 2025 |  | 1,302,868 | ​ | $ | 31.16 | ​ | 5.00 | ​ | $ | 18,950
Exercisable as of June 30, 2025 |  | 560,854 | ​ | $ | 11.02 | ​ | 2.28 | ​ | $ | 16,551

​

As of June 30, 2025, the fair value of unvested stock options was approximately $20,259. This unrecognized stock-based compensation expense is expected to be recorded over a weighted average period of 3.1 years.

During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company granted 687,595 stock options to the employees and non-executive members of the board of directors with an exercise price ranging from $31.79-$58.94 and grant date weighted average fair value ranging from $13.55-$38.85. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company granted 173,700 stock options to the employees and non-executive members of the board of directors with an exercise price ranging from $22.92 to $23.32 and grant date weighted average fair value ranging from $10.35 to $14.97.

The following table summarizes the inputs used in applying the Black-Scholes options pricing model to determine the fair value of the options,

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
| ​ | June 30, | ​ | June 30, | ​
​ |  | 2025 |  | 2024 | ​
Expected term (in years) | ​ | 1-6 | ​ | 2-7 | ​
Risk-free interest rate | ​ | 3.9%-4.5% | ​ | 4.5%-4.9% | ​
Expected volatility | ​ | 69.3%-100.4% | ​ | 62.3%-77.2% | ​
Expected dividend rate | ​ | 0 | ​ | 0 | ​
Fair value of options granted | ​ | $13.6-$38.8 | ​ | $10.35-$14.97 | ​

​

Employee options generally have vesting terms of 1/4 th of options being vested one year after the grant date and 1/48 th for each month thereafter contingent upon the participant’s continued service beginning on the initial vesting date and ending when the vested ratio equals 1/1. Non-executive members of board of directors have vesting terms of 1/12 th and 1/24 th of options being vested per month over a period of one and two years.

​

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Table of Contents

Semler Scientific, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Unaudited

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except share and per share data and Bitcoin)

The following table represents the stock-based compensation for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three months ended June 30, | ​ | Six months ended June 30 | ​
​ |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 | ​
Cost of Revenues | ​ | $ | 75 | ​ | $ | 10 | ​ | $ | 138 | ​ | $ | 14 | ​
Engineering and Product Development | ​ | ​ | 91 | ​ | ​ | 9 | ​ | ​ | 160 | ​ | ​ | 13 | ​
Sales and Marketing | ​ |  | 413 | ​ | ​ | 30 | ​ | ​ | 747 | ​ | ​ | 34 | ​
General and Administrative | ​ |  | 1,316 | ​ | ​ | 219 | ​ | ​ | 2,333 | ​ | ​ | 234 | ​
Total | ​ | $ | 1,895 | ​ | $ | 268 | ​ | $ | 3,378 | ​ | $ | 295 | ​

​

​

20.Income Taxes

​

The Company’s income tax expense for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 was $13,630 and $1,126, respectively. The Company’s income tax expense for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 was $3,463 and $2,849, respectively. The income tax expense reflects the Company’s estimate of the effective tax rates expected to be applicable for the full year, adjusted for any discrete events that are recorded in the period in which they occurred. The estimates are re-evaluated each quarter based on the estimated tax for the full year.

For uncertain tax positions that meet a “more likely than not” threshold, the Company recognizes the benefit of uncertain tax positions in the condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company’s practice is to recognize interest and penalties, if any, related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense in the condensed consolidated statement of operations.

​

The effective tax rate for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 was 16.92% and 60.82%, compared to 99.03% and 31.89% in the same period of the prior year, respectively. Th e decrease in the effective tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2025, is primarily due to the reversal of the valuation allowance because the net unrealized capital loss from digital assets as of March 31, 2025 became a net unrealized capital gain as of June 30, 2025, and higher tax benefits associated with employee stock-based compensation. The increase in the effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2025, is primarily due to the estimated penalties from the potential DOJ settlement that are not deductable for tax purposes.

​

The effective tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2025 differed from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to state income taxes (net of federal benefit), tax benefits associated with employee share-based compensation plans and federal research and development (“R&D”) credit benefit and reversal of a valuation allowance associated with the Company’s digital assets investments.

As of June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, the Company had $465 and $487, respectively, of unrecognized tax benefits, excluding interest and penalties. The Company’s practice is to recognize interest and penalty expenses related to uncertain tax positions, which was $190 and $155 as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

​

On August 16, 2022, the Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors for America Act of 2022 (“CHIPS and Science Act”), and Inflation Reduction Act (“IRA”) were signed into law in the United States. Among other things, the CHIPS and Science Act provides incentives and tax credits for the global chip manufacturers who choose to set-up or expand existing operations in the United States. The IRA imposes a 15% corporate alternative minimum tax for tax years beginning after December 31, 2022, levies a 1% excise tax on net stock repurchases after December 31, 2022, and provides tax incentives to promote clean energy. The IRA is primarily applicable to large corporations with an annual revenue of $1 billion or over. Implementation of this act had no impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements as of June 30, 2025.

​

On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”) was signed into law. This legislation includes changes to U.S. federal tax law, which may be subject to further clarification and the issuance of interpretive guidance. The Company is assessing the legislation and its effect on the condensed consolidated financial statements, which are expected to be reflected in the three-month period ended September 30, 2025.

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Semler Scientific, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Unaudited

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except share and per share data and Bitcoin)

​

​

​

21.Net Income Per Share, Basic and Diluted

Basic EPS represents net income attributable to common stockholders divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the measurement period. Diluted EPS represents net income attributable to common stockholders divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the measurement period while also giving effect to all potentially dilutive common shares that were outstanding during the period using the treasury stock method and if converted method for the 2030 Senior Notes.

Basic and Diluted EPS are calculated as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three months ended June 30, | ​ | ​ | Six months ended June 30,
​ | ​ | 2025 | ​ | ​ | 2024 | ​ | ​ | 2025 | ​ | ​ | 2024
Numerator: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net income - Basic | $ | 66,933 | ​ | $ | 11 | ​ | $ | 2,230 | ​ | $ | 6,084
Effect of dilutive shares on net income: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Interest expense on 2030 Senior Notes, net of tax | ​ | 1,014 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 809 | ​ | ​ | —
Net income - Diluted | $ | 67,947 | ​ | $ | 11 | ​ | $ | 3,039 | ​ | S | 6,084
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Denominator: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Weighted average common stock-Basic | ​ | 11,727,660 | ​ | ​ | 6,944,664 | ​ | ​ | 10,661,851 | ​ | ​ | 6,918,709
Effect of dilutive shares on weighted average common stock outstanding: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Stock options | ​ | 448,828 | ​ | ​ | 850,485 | ​ | ​ | 486,352 | ​ | ​ | 870,392
2030 Senior Notes | ​ | 1,308,258 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,112,020 | ​ | ​ | —
Total weighted average shares of common stock-Diluted | ​ | 13,484,746 | ​ | ​ | 7,795,149 | ​ | ​ | 12,260,223 | ​ | ​ | 7,789,101
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Earnings per share: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Basic earnings per share | $ | 5.71 | ​ | $ | 0 | ​ | $ | 0.21 | ​ | $ | 0.88
Diluted earnings per share | $ | 5.04 | ​ | $ | 0 | ​ | $ | 0.25 | ​ | $ | 0.78

​

​

22.Segment Information

​

ASU No. 2023-07 Topic 280, “Segment Reporting” establishes standards for reporting information about operating segments on a basis consistent with the Company’s internal organization structure as well as information about services categories, business segments and major customers in financial statement. The Company manages its business in one reportable operating segment, which is primarily engaged in the manufacturing, marketing, and sales of its patented and FDA cleared product, QuantaFlo. In accordance with Topic 280, the Chief Executive Officer and President has been identified as the Company’s chief operating decision maker (“the CODM”), who reviews operating results to make decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance for the entire Company. The CODM uses segment operating profit to allocate resources including employees, property and investments. The CODM also uses month-over-month expense variance analysis for cost control and for making decisions about allocating capital and personnel to the segment.

​

20

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Semler Scientific, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Unaudited

(In thousands of U.S. Dollars, except share and per share data and Bitcoin)

The following table breaks out the operations of the Company’s single reportable segment information.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three months ended June 30, | ​ | Six months ended June 30 | ​
​ |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 | ​
Revenue | ​ | $ | 8,217 | ​ | $ | 14,465 | ​ | $ | 17,052 | ​ | $ | 30,368 | ​
Less: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cost of revenue | ​ | ​ | 668 | ​ | ​ | 1,139 | ​ | ​ | 1,545 | ​ | ​ | 2,267 | ​
Research and development (1) | ​ | ​ | 1,230 | ​ | ​ | 1,417 | ​ | ​ | 2,536 | ​ | ​ | 2,530 | ​
Sales | ​ | ​ | 964 | ​ | ​ | 1,528 | ​ | ​ | 1,891 | ​ | ​ | 3,021 | ​
Sales operations | ​ | ​ | 741 | ​ | ​ | 778 | ​ | ​ | 1,526 | ​ | ​ | 1,563 | ​
General and administration | ​ | ​ | 5,121 | ​ | ​ | 2,926 | ​ | ​ | 9,995 | ​ | ​ | 5,773 | ​
Litigation contingency | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 29,750 | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Depreciation and amortization | ​ | ​ | 109 | ​ | ​ | 170 | ​ | ​ | 211 | ​ | ​ | 346 | ​
Other segment expenses (2) | ​ | ​ | 1,437 | ​ | ​ | 1,157 | ​ | ​ | 2,754 | ​ | ​ | 2,542 | ​
Segment operating (loss) profit | ​ | $ | (2,053) | ​ | $ | 5,350 | ​ | $ | (33,156) | ​ | $ | 12,326 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Interest income (expense), net | ​ | ​ | 76 | ​ | ​ | 712 | ​ | ​ | (21) | ​ | ​ | 1,531 | ​
Interest on 2030 Senior Notes | ​ | ​ | (1,220) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | (2,065) | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Impairment of investments | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (1,000) | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Change in fair value of notes | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 128 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 128 | ​
Change in fair value of digital assets | ​ | ​ | 83,761 | ​ | ​ | (5,055) | ​ | ​ | 41,932 | ​ | ​ | (5,055) | ​
Other corporate (expense) income (3) | ​ | ​ | (1) | ​ | ​ | 2 | ​ | ​ | 3 | ​ | ​ | 3 | ​
Income before taxes | ​ | ​ | 80,563 | ​ | ​ | 1,137 | ​ | ​ | 5,693 | ​ | ​ | 8,933 | ​
Income tax expense | ​ | ​ | 13,630 | ​ | ​ | 1,126 | ​ | ​ | 3,463 | ​ | ​ | 2,849 | ​
Net income | ​ | $ | 66,933 | ​ | $ | 11 | ​ | $ | 2,230 | ​ | $ | 6,084 | ​

​

| 1. | Research and development expenses include clinical affairs and HITRUST.

| 2. | Other segment expenses include marketing, customer education and business development.

| 3. | Other corporate (expense) income represents unallocated (expense) income.

​

23. | Subsequent Events

​

At-the-Market Common Stock Offering Program

From July 1, 2025 through July 31, 2025, the Company issued and sold 1,116,288 shares of its common stock for aggregate proceeds, net of sales commissions of approximately $47,806 and bought 385 Bitcoins at a cost of $45,836.

​

​

21

​

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis should be read together with our condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements and the related notes appearing elsewhere in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q, and with the “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A herein, and with our audited financial statements and notes for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 and the information under the heading “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 in our annual report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 28, 2025, or the Annual Report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements reflecting our current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” for a discussion of the uncertainties, risks and assumptions associated with these statements. Actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those discussed in our forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A herein.

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Overview

We are a company that has adopted Bitcoin as its primary treasury reserve asset and are one of the leading corporate holders of Bitcoin. In May 2024, we became the second publicly traded company in the United States to adopt a Bitcoin treasury strategy. We intend to strategically acquire additional Bitcoin by using proceeds from equity and debt financings, as well as cash generated from our operations.

In addition, through our healthcare business, we are a pioneer in developing and marketing technology products and services to assist our customers in evaluating and treating chronic diseases. Our flagship product, QuantaFlo, which is patented and cleared by the FDA, is a rapid point-of-care test that measures arterial blood flow in the extremities. The QuantaFlo test aids in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, such as PAD.

We are currently seeking a new 510(k) clearance from the FDA for the expanded use, which is intended to enable expanded labeling as an aid in the diagnosis of other cardiovascular diseases, such as heart failure. We formed a wholly-owned subsidiary, CardioVanta, which will comprise our future healthcare business activities focused on early detection of heart failure and cardiac arrythmia monitoring. CardioVanta will be structured as a high-margin, software-as-a-service, or SAAS, business model and will seek capital from outside investors to validate its long-term value and fund its relatively modest initial capital needs. With CardioVanta, we intend to continue to develop additional complementary, proprietary products and services in-house and seek out other arrangements for products and services that we license, which we believe will bring value to our customers and our company. CardioVanta will focus on cardiac technology and care systems, while we will continue marketing our QuantoFlo device and software for early detection of PAD. We believe our current products and services, and any future products or services that we may offer, position us to provide valuable information to our base, which in turn permits them to better guide patient care. The combination of expanded labeling of QuantaFlo and marketing additional complementary products and services to our existing customer base, we believe may return the healthcare business to profitability and cash generation in the future. Our healthcare business is our predominant operational focus, providing cash flows and enabling us to pursue our Bitcoin treasury strategy.

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In the three months ended June 30, 2025, we had total revenues of $8.2 million and net income of $66.9 million, compared to total revenues of $14.5 million and net income of $11 thousand in the same period in 2024. In the six months ended June 30, 2025, we had total revenues of $17.1 million and net income of $2.2 million, compared to total revenues of $30.4 million and net income of $6.1 million in the same period in 2024.

Bitcoin Treasury Strategy

WE ARE NOT REGISTERED AS AN INVESTMENT COMPANY UNDER THE INVESTMENT COMPANY ACT OF 1940 AND STOCKHOLDERS DO NOT HAVE THE PROTECTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH OWNERSHIP OF SHARES IN A REGISTERED INVESTMENT COMPANY NOR THE PROTECTIONS AFFORDED BY THE COMMODITIES EXCHANGE ACT.

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Our Bitcoin Treasury Strategy

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As of June 30, 2025, we held an aggregate of 4,636 Bitcoins, which we acquired for an aggregate purchase price of $430.0 million and an average purchase price of $92,753 per Bitcoin. From July 1, 2025 through July 31, 2025, we purchased 385 additional Bitcoins for an aggregate purchase price of $45.8 million and an average purchase price of $119,090. As of July 31, 2025, we held an aggregate of 5,021 Bitcoins, which we acquired for an aggregate purchase price of $475.8 million at an average purchase price of $94,772 per Bitcoin. All purchase amounts include fees and expenses.

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Recent Developments

ATM Offerings

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On April 15, 2025, we entered into a new Controlled Equity OfferingSM Sales Agreement with Barclays Capital Inc., Cantor Fitzgerald & Co., Canaccord Genuity LLC, Needham & Company, LLC, Craig-Hallum Capital Group LLC and Lake Street Capital Markets LLC, pursuant to which we may offer and sell from time to time up to $500.0 million of our common stock in an at-the-market, or ATM, offering. This new sales agreement replaced our June 2024 Controlled Equity OfferingSM Sales Agreement with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. In the second quarter ended June 30, 2025, we issued and sold an aggregate 4,016,735 shares of our common stock for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $154.7 million under these ATM sales agreements. From July 1, 2025 through July 31, 2025, we issued and sold 1,116,288 shares of our common stock for aggregate proceeds, net of sales commissions of approximately $47.8 million under the 2025 sales agreement.

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Results of Operations

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Three Months Ended June 30, 2025 Compared to Three Months ended June 30, 2024

Revenues

We had revenues of $8.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025, a decrease of $6.3 million, or 43%, compared to $14.5 million in the same period in 2024. The primary reason for the decrease in revenues was decreased testing volume at some of our customers, which we believe is a result of the 2024 CMS rate announcement.

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Operating expenses

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We had total operating expenses of $10.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025, an increase of $1.2 million, or 13%, compared to $9.1 million in the same period in the prior year. As a percentage of revenues, operating expenses increased to 125% in the second quarter of 2025 as compared to 63% in the prior year period. The changes in the various components of our operating expenses are described below.

Cost of revenues

We had cost of revenues of $0.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025, a decrease of $0.6 million, or 41%, compared to $1.3 million for the same period in 2024. The decrease was primarily due to lower payroll costs and depreciation expenses. As a percentage of revenues, cost of revenues was flat at 9% in the second quarter of 2025 compared to the prior year period.

Engineering and product development expense

We had engineering and product development expense of $1.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025, a decrease of $0.2 million, or 14%, compared to $1.4 million for the same period in 2024. The decrease was primarily due to lower clinical studies and project consulting costs, partially offset by higher payroll expenses. As a percentage of revenues, engineering and product development expense increased to 15% in the second quarter of 2025, compared to 10% in the prior year period.

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Sales and marketing expense

We had sales and marketing expense of $3.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025, a decrease of $0.3 million, or 9%, compared to $3.5 million in the same period of the prior year. The decrease was primarily due to lower base payroll, partially offset by higher stock-based compensation expense. As a percentage of revenues, sales and marketing expense increased to 38% in the second quarter of 2025, compared to 24% in the prior year period.

General and administrative expense

We had general and administrative expense of $5.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025, an increase of $2.2 million, or 73%, compared to $2.9 million in the same period of the prior year. The increase was primarily due to higher stock-based compensation expense, and higher audit and legal fees. As a percentage of revenues, general and administrative expense was 63% in the second quarter of 2025, compared to 20% in the prior year period.

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Other income (expense), net

We had total other income, net, of $82.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025, an increase of $86.8 million, compared to other expense, net, of $4.2 million in the same period of the prior year. The increase was primarily driven by the increase in the fair value of our Bitcoin holdings of $83.8 million, compared to a decrease in the fair value in same period of the prior year.

Income tax provision

We had income tax expense of $13.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025, an increase of $12.5 million, compared to income tax expense of $1.1 million for the same period of the prior year. The effective tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2025 was 17% compared to 99% in the prior year period. The decrease in the effective tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2025, was primarily due to the reversal of the valuation allowance because the net unrealized capital loss from digital assets as of March 31, 2025 became a net unrealized capital gain as of June 30, 2025, and higher tax benefits associated with employee stock-based compensation.

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Net Income

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For the foregoing reasons, we had a net income of $66.9 million, or $5.71 per basic share and $5.04 per diluted share, for the three months ended June 30, 2025, an increase of $66.9 million, compared to a net income of $11 thousand, or $0.00 per basic and diluted share, for the same period in the prior year.

Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 Compared to Six Months ended June 30, 2024

Revenues

We had revenues of $17.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025, a decrease of $13.3 million or 44% compared to $30.4 million in the same period in 2024. The primary reason for the decrease in revenues was decreased testing volume at some of our customers and cancellations, which we believe is a result of the 2024 CMS rate announcement.

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Operating expenses

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We had total operating expenses of $50.2 million, which includes a $29.8 million contingent liability related to the potential DOJ settlement for the six months ended June 30, 2025, an increase of $32.2 million, or 178%, compared to $18.0 million in the same period in the prior year. As a percentage of revenues, operating expenses increased to 294% in the first six months of 2025 as compared to 59% in the prior year period. The changes in the various components of our operating expenses are described below.

Cost of revenues

We had cost of revenues of $1.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025, a decrease of $0.8 million, or 33% compared to $2.5 million for the same period in 2024. The decrease was primarily due to lower depreciation and payroll costs. As a percentage of revenues, cost of revenues was 10% in the first six months of 2025, compared to 8% in the prior year period.

Engineering and product development expense

We had engineering and product development expense of $2.6 million for each of the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. As a percentage of revenues, engineering and product development expense increased to 15% in the first six months of 2025, compared to 9% in the prior year period.

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Sales and marketing expense

We had sales and marketing expense of $6.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025, a decrease of $0.9 million, or 13%, compared to $7.1 million in the same period of the prior year. The decrease was primarily due to lower payroll, consulting, trade show and dues and subscriptions expenses due to lower sales activities in the first six months as a result of the CMS rate announcement. As a percentage of revenues, sales and marketing expense increased to 36% in the first six months of 2025, compared to 24% in the prior year period.

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General and administrative expense

We had general and administrative expense of $10.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025, an increase of $4.2 million, or 72%, compared to $5.8 million in the same period of the prior year. The increase was primarily due to higher stock-based compensation expense and legal fees. As a percentage of revenues, general and administrative expense was 59% in the first six months of 2025, compared to 19% in the prior year period.

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Litigation Contingency

We had a litigation continency of $29.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025, which relates to the proposed DOJ settlement. See Part II, Item 1 “Legal Proceedings.”

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Other income (expense), net

We had other income, net, of $38.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 an increase of $42.3 million, compared to other expense, net, of $3.4 million in the same period of the prior year. The increase was primarily driven by the increase in the fair value of our Bitcoin holdings of $47.0 million.

Income tax provision

We had income tax expense of $3.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025, an increase of $0.6 million or 22%, compared to income tax expense of $2.8 million for the same period of the prior year. The effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2025 was 61% compared to 32% in the same period of the prior year. The increase in the effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2025 was primarily due to net unrealized capital gains incurred from the change in fair value of our Bitcoin holdings, and higher tax benefits associated with employee stock-based compensation.

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Net Income

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For the foregoing reasons, we had net income of $2.2 million, or $0.21 per basic share and $0.25 per diluted share, for the six months ended June 30, 2025, a decrease of $3.9 million, compared to net income of $6.1 million, or $0.88 per basic share and $0.78 per diluted share for the same period in the prior year.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

We had cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $13.6 million at June 30, 2025 compared to $9.0 million at December 31, 2024, and total current liabilities of $36.8 million (including a contingent liability of $29.8 million related to our potential settlement with DOJ) at June 30, 2025 compared to $6.3 million at December 31, 2024. As of June 30, 2025, we held 4,636 Bitcoins with an aggregate fair value of $496.9 million. Our Bitcoin is held offline in cold storage with third-party providers. Digital assets like Bitcoin depend on private keys to retrieve and transfer funds. A Bitcoin is considered an indefinite-lived intangible asset, and our Bitcoin investment is remeasured at fair value at each reporting date with changes recognized in net income through other income (expense), net in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. We recognized an increase in fair value of our digital assets of $41.9 million for the six-month period ended June 30, 2025. As of June 30, 2025, we had negative working capital of approximately $14.9 million, which is primarily due to the one-time contingent liability related to our potential settlement with DOJ. In January 2025, we issued $100.0 million of senior convertible notes. We also entered into a new $500.0 million ATM offering program in April 2025. We believe that our current sources of funds will provide us with adequate liquidity during the 12-month period following June 30, 2025, as well as in the long-term.

Our cash is held in a variety of non-interest bearing bank accounts. At June 30, 2025, we held approximately $3.7 million in a U.S. government money market fund account and the remaining cash of $9.9 million was held in non-interest bearing bank accounts. Our investment guidelines allow for holdings in Bitcoin, U.S. government and agency securities, corporate securities, taxable municipal bonds, commercial paper, money market accounts and treasury bills. In addition, we have, and may in the future, choose to invest some of our cash resources in other entities that may have complementary technologies or product offerings.

Operating activities

We used $1.4 million of net cash in operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to generating $10.6 million of net cash from operating activities for the same period of the prior year. Non-cash adjustments to reconcile net income

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to net cash used in operating activities reduced net cash by $33.5 million and were primarily due to an unrealized gain in fair value of Bitcoin of $41.9 million, partially offset by deferred tax benefit of $3.4 million, stock-based compensation of $3.4 million, impairment of investments of $1.1 million, and depreciation of $0.2 million. Changes in operating assets and liabilities provided net cash of $29.8 million, primarily due to an increase of accrued liabilities of $30.5 million, and a decrease of trade receivables of $1.6 million, partially offset by an increase of prepaid expenses and other current assets of $2.0 million, increase in inventory of $0.2 million and decrease in deferred revenue and other current and non-current liabilities of $0.1 million.

We generated $10.6 million of net cash from operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2024. Non-cash adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities provided net cash of $5.7 million and were primarily due to loss in fair value of Bitcoin of $5.1 million, loss on disposal of assets for lease of $0.3 million and depreciation of $0.3 million, stock based compensation of $0.3 million, partially offset by deferred tax expense of $0.2 million, and gain in fair value of notes held for investments of $0.1 million. Changes in operating assets and liabilities used $1.2 million of net cash. These changes in operating assets and liabilities included an increase in trade receivables of $1.3 million, a decrease in deferred revenue of $0.3 million, an increase in prepaid expenses and other assets of $0.2 million, and a decrease in trade payables of $0.2 million, partially offset by an increase in accrued expenses of $0.6 million.

Investing activities

We used $237.0 million of net cash in investing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2025, primarily due to $240.3 million of Bitcoin purchases and purchase of assets for lease of $0.3 million, partially offset by proceeds from maturity of short-term investments of $3.6 million.

We used $60.5 million of net cash from investing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2024, primarily to purchase $60.0 million of Bitcoin, and purchase of a promissory note held for investments in the principal amount of $0.5 million.

Financing activities

We generated $243.0 million of net cash from financing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2025, primarily from $96.0 million of proceeds net of issuance costs from the issuance of $100.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.25% convertible senior notes due 2030, $156.9 million of proceeds from the issuance of common stock under our ATM offering programs and $0.5 million from exercises of stock options, partially offset by payment of a $7.7 million capped call premium and $2.7 million of stock issuance expenses.

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We generated $0.1 million in net cash from financing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2024, which reflects proceeds from exercise of stock options of $0.3 million, partially offset by the payment of stock issuance expenses of $0.1 million and payment of taxes withheld for stock grants of $0.1 million.

Description of Indebtedness

Offering of 4.25% Convertible Senior Notes

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In January 2025, we issued $100.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.25% convertible senior notes due 2030, or the notes, in a private offering, or the offering to persons reasonably believed to be qualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act, which included $15.0 million pursuant to the exercise in full of the initial purchasers option. The offering size was increased from the previously announced offering size of $75.0 million aggregate principal amount of notes.

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The notes are senior unsecured obligations and accrue interest payable semiannually in arrears on February 1 and August 1 of each year, beginning on August 1, 2025, at a rate of 4.25% per year. The notes will mature on August 1, 2030, unless earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased. The initial conversion rate of the notes is 13.0826 shares of our common stock per $1,000 principal amount of such notes (equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $76.44 per share). The initial conversion price of the notes represents a premium of approximately 25% over the last reported sale price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market on January 23, 2025. Upon conversion, we will pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of our common stock or a combination of cash and shares of its common stock, at our election.

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We received approximately $88.3 million of net proceeds after deducting the initial purchasers’ discount and other offering expenses payable by us. We used approximately $4.0 million for issuance expenses and approximately $7.7 million of the net

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proceeds to pay the cost of the capped call transactions that we entered into as described below and the remainder of the net proceeds for general corporate purposes, including the acquisition of Bitcoin.

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In connection with the pricing of the notes, we entered into privately negotiated capped call transactions, or the capped call transactions with certain financial institutions, or the option counterparties. The capped call transactions cover, subject to customary adjustments, the number of shares of our common stock that will initially underlie the notes. The capped call transactions are expected to offset the potential dilution to our common stock as a result of any conversion of notes, with such reduction subject to a cap. The cap price of the capped call transactions relating to the notes will initially be approximately $107.01, which represents a premium of approximately 75% over the last reported sale price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market on January 23, 2025, and is subject to certain adjustments under the terms of the capped call transactions. As the initial purchasers exercised their option to purchase additional notes, we entered into additional capped call transactions with the option counterparties on January 24, 2025.

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In connection with establishing their initial hedges of the capped call transactions, we expect the option counterparties and/or their respective affiliates may enter into various derivative transactions with respect to our common stock and/or purchase our common stock in secondary market transactions concurrently with or shortly after the pricing of the notes, including with certain investors in the notes. This activity could increase (or reduce the size of any decrease in) the market price of our common stock or the notes at that time. In addition, we expect that the option counterparties and/or their respective affiliates may modify or unwind their hedge positions by entering into or unwinding various derivative transactions and/or purchasing or selling our common stock or our other securities in secondary market transactions following the pricing of the notes and prior to the maturity of the notes (and are likely to do so on each exercise date of the capped call transactions, which are scheduled to occur during the observation period relating to any conversion of the notes on or after May 1, 2030 that is not in connection with a redemption, or following our election to terminate any portion of the capped call transactions in connection with any repurchase, redemption, exchange or early conversion of the notes). This activity could also cause or avoid an increase or a decrease in the market price of our common stock or the notes, which could affect a noteholder’s ability to convert its notes and, to the extent the activity occurs during any observation period related to a conversion of notes, it could affect the amount and value of the consideration that a noteholder will receive upon conversion of its notes.

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Neither the notes, nor any shares of our common stock issuable upon conversion of the notes, have been registered under the Securities Act or any state securities laws, and unless so registered, may not be offered or sold in the United States or to, or for the account or benefit of, U.S. persons, absent registration or an applicable exemption from, or in a transaction not subject to, the registration requirements of the Securities Act and other applicable securities laws. See also Note 16 to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q.

Coinbase Master Loan Agreement

On April 15, 2025, we entered into a master loan agreement or the Master Loan Agreement, with Coinbase Credit Inc., as lender, and Coinbase Inc., or, collectively, Coinbase. Under the Master Loan Agreement, we may borrow, from time to time, cash or digital assets, which loans, if any, are intended to be collateralized with a first priority security interest in the Bitcoin that we post as collateral. Loans under the Master Loan Agreement will be subject to certain minimum margin requirements based on the loan amount relative to the market value of the Bitcoin collateral posted. The specific terms of any loan (including loan amount, rate, fees, collateral, margin requirements and maturity) will be set forth from time to time in a separate confirmation under the Master Loan Agreement. Should the value of the Bitcoin collateralizing the loan fall below the minimum margin requirements in the confirmation, we could be required to transfer additional Bitcoin, or other eligible collateral, to Coinbase to reduce or repay the loan amount. We will pay a monthly loan fee to Coinbase based on the outstanding loan amount and determined in accordance with the terms of the confirmation. As of the date of this quarterly report on Form 10-Q, we have not borrowed any amounts under this loan facility. See also and Note 17 to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements appearing elsewhere in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates described in the Annual Report.

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Bitcoin Market Price Risk.

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Our Bitcoin investment is measured using observed prices from active exchanges and adjustments are recorded in net income through “other income (expense), net” on our condensed consolidated statements of operations. The Bitcoin market price may fluctuate significantly and a decline in the market price of Bitcoin could result in a material adverse effect on our financial results in future periods. See Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” for information regarding the risks related to our Bitcoin holdings. As of June 30, 2025, the fair value of our Bitcoin investment included in other non-current assets was $496.9 million, and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 we recognized a $83.8 million and $41.9 million increase, respectively, in fair value from the remeasurement of our Bitcoin investment.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure material information required to be disclosed in our reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required financial disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, we recognized that a control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within a company have been detected. Management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

Under the supervision of and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of June 30, 2025. Based upon that evaluation, our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting during our second quarter ended June 30, 2025.

PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

As previously reported, in Part I, Item 3 of the Annual Report, on February 11, 2025, we began initial settlement discussions with DOJ pertaining to a CID, but ceased initial discussions on that date. We subsequently resumed settlement discussions with DOJ and reached agreement in principle on payment of $29.8 million to settle all claims (which amount excludes any potential relators’ counsel fees that may also be payable). There is no guarantee that we will be able to reach a final agreement with DOJ or the Department of Health and Human Services or HHS, which may require us to make further undertakings in connection with the proposed settlement. If we and DOJ are not able to conclude a final settlement reasonably acceptable to all parties, including reaching any necessary agreements with HHS, there is still a risk that DOJ will file a complaint or complaint in intervention in a civil False Claims Act lawsuit seeking damages in excess of such agreed settlement amount, which potential loss cannot be reasonably estimated. Should the parties not be able to reach settlement and DOJ file a complaint, we intend to vigorously defend ourselves in any such action.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

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Any investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. Investors should carefully consider the risks described below and all of the information contained in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q before deciding whether to purchase our securities. Our business, financial condition or results of operations and trading price or value of our securities could be materially adversely affected by these risks if any of them actually occur. This quarterly report on Form 10-Q also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including the risks we face as described below and elsewhere in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q and in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Risks Related to Our Bitcoin Treasury Strategy and Holdings

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WE ARE NOT REGISTERED AS AN INVESTMENT COMPANY UNDER THE INVESTMENT COMPANY ACT OF 1940 AND STOCKHOLDERS DO NOT HAVE THE PROTECTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH OWNERSHIP OF SHARES IN A REGISTERED INVESTMENT COMPANY NOR THE PROTECTIONS AFFORDED BY THE COMMODITIES EXCHANGE ACT.

Our Bitcoin treasury strategy exposes us to various risks associated with Bitcoin.

Bitcoin is a highly volatile asset. Bitcoin is a highly volatile asset that has traded below $50,000 per Bitcoin and above $123,000 per Bitcoin on the Coinbase exchange in the 12 months preceding the date of this quarterly report on Form 10-Q. The trading price of Bitcoin significantly decreased during prior periods, and such declines may occur again in the future. Notwithstanding this volatility, we have not historically hedged our Bitcoin holdings and have not adopted a hedging strategy with respect to Bitcoin. However, we may from time to time engage in hedging strategies as part of our treasury management operations if deemed appropriate and may, in the future, adopt a hedging strategy with respect to Bitcoin.

Bitcoin does not pay interest or dividends. Bitcoin does not pay interest or other returns and we can only generate cash from our Bitcoin holdings if we sell our Bitcoin or implement strategies to create income streams or otherwise generate cash by using our Bitcoin holdings. Even if we pursue any such strategies, we may be unable to create income streams or otherwise generate cash from our Bitcoin holdings, and any such strategies may subject us to additional risks.

Our Bitcoin holdings may significantly impact our financial results and the market price of our common stock. Our Bitcoin holdings may significantly affect our financial results and if we continue to increase our overall holdings of Bitcoin in the future as we execute on our treasury strategy and stated goal of reaching 10,000 Bitcoins by the end of 2025, 42,000 Bitcoins by the end of 2026 and 105,000 by the end of 2027, our Bitcoin holdings will have an even greater impact on our financial results and the market price of our common stock. In the first quarter of 2025, a decrease in the price of Bitcoin resulted in a $41.8 million decrease in the fair value of our Bitcoin holdings, whereas in the second quarter of 2025, an increase in the price of Bitcoin resulted in an $83.8 million increase in the fair value of our Bitcoin holdings. We recognize these changes in fair value in other income (expense), net in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. See “—Our historical financial statements do not reflect the potential variability in earnings that we may experience in the future relating to our Bitcoin holdings” below.

Our Bitcoin treasury strategy has not been tested over an extended period of time or under different market conditions. We only adopted our Bitcoin treasury strategy in May 2024 and will need to continually examine the risks and rewards of this strategy. This Bitcoin treasury strategy has not been tested over an extended period of time or under different market conditions. For example, although we believe Bitcoin, due to its limited supply, has the potential to serve as a hedge against inflation in the long term, the short-term price of Bitcoin declined in recent periods during which the inflation rate increased. Some investors and other market participants may disagree with our Bitcoin treasury strategy or actions we undertake to implement it. If Bitcoin prices were to decrease or our Bitcoin treasury strategy otherwise proves unsuccessful, our financial condition, results of operations, and the market price of our common stock could be materially adversely affected.

We are subject to counterparty risks, including in particular risks relating to our custodians. Although we have implemented various measures that are designed to mitigate our counterparty risks, including by storing substantially all of the Bitcoin we own in custody accounts at U.S.-based, institutional-grade custodians and negotiating contractual arrangements intended to establish that our property interest in custodially-held Bitcoin is not subject to claims of our custodians’ creditors, applicable insolvency law is not fully developed with respect to the holding of digital assets in custodial accounts. If our custodially-held Bitcoin were nevertheless considered to be the property of our custodians’ estates in the event that any such custodians were to enter bankruptcy, receivership or similar insolvency proceedings, we could be treated as a general unsecured creditor of such custodians, inhibiting our ability to exercise ownership rights with respect to such Bitcoin and this may ultimately result in the loss of the value related to some or all of such Bitcoin. Even if we are able to prevent our Bitcoin from being considered the property of a custodian’s bankruptcy estate as part of an insolvency proceeding, it is possible that we would still be delayed or may otherwise experience difficulty in accessing our Bitcoin held by the affected custodian during the pendency of the insolvency proceedings. Any such outcome could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and the market price of our common stock.

The broader digital assets industry is subject to counterparty risks, which could adversely impact the adoption rate, price, and use of Bitcoin. A series of recent high-profile bankruptcies, closures, liquidations, regulatory enforcement actions and other events relating to companies operating in the digital asset industry, including the filings for bankruptcy protection by Three Arrows Capital, Celsius Network, Voyager Digital, FTX Trading and Genesis Global Capital, the closure or liquidation of certain financial institutions that provided lending and other services to the digital assets industry, including Signature Bank and Silvergate Bank, SEC enforcement actions against Coinbase, Inc. and Binance Holdings Ltd., the placement of Prime Trust, LLC into receivership following a cease-and-desist order issued by Nevada’s Department of Business and Industry, and the filing and subsequent settlement of a civil

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fraud lawsuit by the New York Attorney General against Genesis Global Capital, its parent company Digital Currency Group, Inc., and former partner Gemini Trust Company, have highlighted the counterparty risks applicable to owning and transacting in digital assets. Although these bankruptcies, closures, liquidations and other events have not resulted in any loss or misappropriation of our Bitcoin, nor have such events adversely impacted our access to our Bitcoin, they have, in the short-term, likely negatively impacted the adoption rate and use of Bitcoin. Additional bankruptcies, closures, liquidations, regulatory enforcement actions or other events involving participants in the digital assets industry in the future may further negatively impact the adoption rate, price, and use of Bitcoin, limit the availability to us of financing collateralized by Bitcoin, or create or expose additional counterparty risks.

Changes in our ownership of Bitcoin could have accounting, regulatory and other impacts. While we currently own or will own Bitcoin directly, we may investigate other potential approaches to owning Bitcoin, including indirect ownership (for example, through ownership interests in a fund that owns Bitcoin). If we were to own all or a portion of our Bitcoin in a different manner, the accounting treatment for our Bitcoin, our ability to use our Bitcoin as collateral for additional borrowings, and the regulatory requirements to which we are subject, may correspondingly change. For example, the volatile nature of Bitcoin may force us to liquidate our holdings to use it as collateral, which could be negatively effected by any disruptions in the crypto market, and if liquidated, the value of the collateral would not reflect potential gains in market value of Bitcoin, all of which could negatively affect our business and implementation of our Bitcoin strategy.

Changes in the accounting treatment of our Bitcoin holdings could have significant accounting impacts, including increasing the volatility of our results. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-08, which we early adopted as of January 1, 2024, and which requires us to measure in-scope crypto assets (including our Bitcoin holdings) at fair value in our balance sheet, and to recognize gains and losses from changes in the fair value of our Bitcoin in net income (loss) each reporting period. We also treat our Bitcoin as long-term capital assets for tax purposes, so we record a valuation allowance for unrealized capital losses, which we reverse if it changes to an unrealized gain, which effects our effective tax rate in a given period. For example, in the first quarter of 2025, we recognized a $41.8 million decrease in the fair value of our Bitcoin holdings (and recorded a valuation for tax purposes), whereas in the second quarter of 2025, we recognized a $83.8 million increase (and reversed the valuation allowance for tax purposes). ASU 2023-08 also requires us to provide certain interim and annual disclosures with respect to our Bitcoin holdings. Due in particular to the volatility in the price of Bitcoin, we expect the adoption of ASU 2023-08 to continue to have a material impact on our financial results, increase the volatility of our financial results, affect the carrying value of our Bitcoin on our balance sheet, and potentially have adverse tax consequences, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our financial results and the market price of our common stock.

The broader digital assets industry, including the technology associated with digital assets, the rate of adoption and development of, and use cases for, digital assets, market perception of digital assets, the current administration’s plans for digital assets, and the legal, regulatory, and accounting treatment of digital assets are constantly developing and changing, and there may be additional risks in the future that are not possible to predict.

Bitcoin is a highly volatile asset, and fluctuations in the price of Bitcoin are likely to influence our financial results and the market price of our common stock.

Bitcoin is a highly volatile asset, and fluctuations in the price of Bitcoin are likely to influence our financial results and the market price of our common stock. Our financial results and the market price of our common stock would be adversely affected, and our business and financial condition would be negatively impacted, if the price of Bitcoin decreased substantially (as it has in the past, such as during 2022), including as a result of:

| ● | decreased user and investor confidence in Bitcoin, including due to the various factors described herein;

| ● | investment and trading activities such as (i) trading activities of highly active retail and institutional users, speculators, other Bitcoin treasury companies, miners and investors, or of the U.S. or state governments, (ii) actual or expected significant dispositions of Bitcoin by large holders, and (iii) actual or perceived manipulation of the spot or derivative markets for Bitcoin or spot Bitcoin ETPs;

| ● | negative publicity, media or social media coverage, or sentiment due to events in or relating to, or perception of, Bitcoin or the broader digital assets industry, for example, (i) public perception that Bitcoin can be used as a vehicle to circumvent sanctions, including sanctions imposed on Russia or certain regions related to the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine, or to fund criminal or terrorist activities, such as the purported use of digital assets by Hamas to fund its terrorist attack against Israel in October 2023; (ii) expected or pending civil, criminal, regulatory enforcement or other high profile actions against major participants in the Bitcoin ecosystem, including the SEC’s subsequently dismissed enforcement actions against Coinbase, Inc. and Binance Holdings Ltd.; (iii) additional filings for bankruptcy protection or bankruptcy proceedings

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|  | of major digital asset industry participants, such as the bankruptcy proceeding of FTX Trading and its affiliates; (iv) the actual or perceived environmental impact of Bitcoin and related activities, including environmental concerns raised by private individuals, governmental and non-governmental organizations, and other actors related to the energy resources consumed in the Bitcoin mining process; and (v) activities relating to other cryptocurrencies, including “meme coins”;

| ● | changes in consumer preferences and the perceived value or prospects of Bitcoin;

| ● | the recent increase in the number of other companies pursuing a Bitcoin treasury strategy, the abandonment of the strategy by such other companies, the failure by such other companies to satisfy their debt or other financial obligations, market concerns as to the viability or creditworthiness of such other companies, the loss or disposition of substantial Bitcoin by such other companies, regulatory or legal judgments or actions against such other companies due to their adoption of a Bitcoin treasury strategy, or any other similar actions or negative outcomes impacting such other companies, whether due to any of the various risk factors described herein or for any other reason;

| ● | competition from other digital assets that exhibit better speed, security, scalability, or energy efficiency, that feature other more favored characteristics, that are backed or held in large amounts by governments, including the U.S. government, or reserves of fiat currencies, or that represent ownership or security interests in physical assets;

| ● | a decrease in the price of other digital assets, including stablecoins, or the crash or unavailability of stablecoins that are used as a medium of exchange for Bitcoin purchase and sale transactions, such as the crash of the stablecoin Terra USD in 2022, to the extent the decrease in the price of such other digital assets or the unavailability of such stablecoins may cause a decrease in the price of Bitcoin or adversely affect investor confidence in digital assets generally;

| ● | the identification of Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonymous person or persons who developed Bitcoin, or the transfer of substantial amounts of Bitcoin from bitcoin wallets attributed to Mr. Nakamoto or other “whales” that hold significant amounts of Bitcoin;

| ● | developments relating to the Bitcoin protocol, including (i) changes to the Bitcoin protocol that impact its security, speed, scalability, usability, or value, such as changes to the cryptographic security protocol underpinning the Bitcoin blockchain, changes to the maximum number of Bitcoin outstanding, changes to the mutability of transactions, changes relating to the size of blockchain blocks, and changes to the amount of data that may be embedded into the Bitcoin blockchain, and similar changes, (ii) failures to make upgrades to the Bitcoin protocol to adapt to security, technological, legal or other challenges, and (iii) changes to the Bitcoin protocol that introduce software bugs, security risks or other elements that adversely affect Bitcoin;

| ● | disruptions, failures, unavailability, or interruptions in service of trading venues for Bitcoin, such as, for example, the announcement by the digital asset exchange FTX Trading that it would freeze withdrawals and transfers from its accounts and subsequent filing for bankruptcy protection and the SEC enforcement action brought against Binance Holdings Ltd., which initially sought to freeze all of its assets during the pendency of the enforcement action (which has since been dismissed);

| ● | the filing for bankruptcy protection by, liquidation of, or market concerns about the financial viability of digital asset custodians, trading venues, lending platforms, investment funds, or other digital asset industry participants, such as the filing for bankruptcy protection by digital asset trading venues FTX Trading and BlockFi and digital asset lending platforms Celsius Network and Voyager Digital Holdings in 2022, the ordered liquidation of the digital asset investment fund Three Arrows Capital in 2022, the announced liquidation of Silvergate Bank in 2023, the government-mandated closure and sale of Signature Bank in 2023, the placement of Prime Trust, LLC into receivership following a cease-and-desist order issued by the Nevada Department of Business and Industry in 2023, and the exit of Binance Holdings Ltd. from the U.S. market as part of its settlement with the DOJ and other federal regulatory agencies;

| ● | regulatory, legislative, enforcement and judicial actions that adversely affect the price, ownership, transferability, trading volumes, legality or public perception of Bitcoin, or that adversely affect the operations of or otherwise prevent digital asset custodians, trading venues, lending platforms or other digital assets industry participants from operating in a manner that allows them to continue to deliver services to the digital assets industry;

| ● | further reductions in mining rewards of Bitcoin, including block reward halving events, which are programmed events that occur after a specific period of time that reduce the block reward earned by “miners” who validate Bitcoin transactions, or

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|  | increases in the costs associated with Bitcoin mining, including increases in electricity costs and hardware and software used in mining, that may cause a decline in support for the Bitcoin network;

| ● | transaction congestion and fees associated with processing transactions on the Bitcoin network;

| ● | macroeconomic changes, such as changes in the level of interest rates and inflation, fiscal and monetary policies of governments, trade restrictions, and fiat currency devaluations;

| ● | developments in mathematics or technology, including in digital computing, algebraic geometry and quantum computing, that could result in the cryptography used by the Bitcoin blockchain becoming insecure or ineffective; and

| ● | changes in national and international economic and political conditions, including, without limitation, the adverse impact attributable to the economic and political instability caused by the current conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the economic sanctions adopted in response to the conflict, and the potential broadening of the Israel-Hamas conflict to other countries in the Middle East, as well as expectations regarding changes to the regulatory environment, including for the U.S. digital asset industry.

Bitcoin and other digital assets are novel assets, and are subject to significant legal, commercial, regulatory and technical uncertainty.

Bitcoin and other digital assets are relatively novel and are subject to significant uncertainty, which could adversely impact their price. The application of state and federal securities laws and other laws and regulations to digital assets is unclear in certain respects, and it is possible that regulators in the United States or foreign countries may interpret or apply existing laws and regulations in a manner that adversely affects the price of Bitcoin.

The U.S. federal government, states, regulatory agencies, and foreign countries may also enact new laws and regulations, or pursue regulatory, legislative, enforcement or judicial actions, that could materially impact the price of Bitcoin or the ability of individuals or institutions such as us to own or transfer Bitcoin. For example, the U.S. executive branch and SEC, among others in the United States and abroad, have been active in recent years, and laws including the European Union’s Markets in Crypto Assets Regulation and the U.K.’s Financial Services and Markets Act 2023 became law. However, the recent change in U.S. administration has resulted in a broader shift overall towards Bitcoin and other digital assets and the SEC has dismissed enforcement actions against Coinbase and Binance, and in June 2025, the U.S. Senate passed the “GENIUS Act” to create a federal framework for “payment stablecoins” among other measures.. It is not possible to predict whether, or when, any of these developments will lead to increased or decreased regulations, or whether, or when, any other state or foreign legislative bodies will take actions or change positions with respect to digital assets. It is also not possible to predict the nature of any such additional authorities, how additional legislation or regulatory oversight might impact the ability of digital asset markets to function or the willingness of financial and other institutions to continue to provide services to the digital assets industry, nor how any new regulations or changes to existing regulations might impact the value of digital assets generally and Bitcoin specifically. The consequences of increased or different regulation of digital assets and digital asset activities could adversely affect the market price of Bitcoin and in turn adversely affect the market price of our common stock. Furthermore, other companies have begun to adopt strategies similar to ours with respect to Bitcoin and other digital assets, and this could result in new laws or regulations, or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations, impacting our Bitcoin treasury strategy, particularly if the adoption of digital asset strategies by other companies continues or accelerates.

Moreover, the risks of engaging in a Bitcoin treasury strategy are relatively novel and have created, and could continue to create, complications due to the lack of experience that third parties have with companies engaging in such a strategy, such as increased costs of director and officer liability insurance or the potential inability to obtain such coverage on acceptable terms in the future.

The growth of the digital assets industry in general, and the use and acceptance of Bitcoin in particular, may also impact the price of Bitcoin and is subject to a high degree of uncertainty. The pace of worldwide growth in the adoption and use of Bitcoin may depend, for instance, on public familiarity with digital assets, ease of buying, accessing or gaining exposure to Bitcoin, institutional demand for Bitcoin as an investment asset, the participation of traditional financial institutions in the digital assets industry, consumer demand for Bitcoin as a means of payment, and the availability and popularity of alternatives to Bitcoin. Even if growth in Bitcoin adoption occurs in the near or medium-term, there is no assurance that Bitcoin usage will continue to grow over the long-term.

Because Bitcoin has no physical existence beyond the record of transactions on the Bitcoin blockchain, a variety of technical factors related to the Bitcoin blockchain could also impact the price of Bitcoin. For example, malicious attacks by miners, inadequate mining fees to incentivize validating of Bitcoin transactions, hard “forks” of the Bitcoin blockchain into multiple blockchains, and

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advances in digital computing, algebraic geometry, and quantum computing could undercut the integrity of the Bitcoin blockchain and negatively affect the price of Bitcoin. The liquidity of Bitcoin may also be reduced and damage to the public perception of Bitcoin may occur, if financial institutions were to deny or limit banking services to businesses that hold Bitcoin, provide Bitcoin-related services or accept Bitcoin as payment, which could also decrease the price of Bitcoin. Similarly, the open-source nature of the Bitcoin blockchain means the contributors and developers of the Bitcoin blockchain are generally not directly compensated for their contributions in maintaining and developing the blockchain, and any failure to properly monitor and upgrade the Bitcoin blockchain could adversely affect the Bitcoin blockchain and negatively affect the price of Bitcoin.

Actions by U.S. banking regulators have reduced the ability of Bitcoin-related services providers to gain access to banking services and liquidity of Bitcoin may also be impacted to the extent that changes in applicable laws and regulatory requirements negatively impact the ability of exchanges and trading venues to provide services for Bitcoin and other digital assets.

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In addition, while the current U.S. administration has expressed support regarding the development and use of digital assets as the industry has anticipated, the specific regulatory frameworks are still to be developed. Expectations around U.S. digital asset policy, including potential sentiments that the U.S. government is not moving quickly enough or not meeting policy expectations, may adversely affect the price of Bitcoin.

Our historical financial statements prior to adoption of our Bitcoin treasury strategy do not reflect the potential variability in earnings that we have experienced and may experience in the future relating to our Bitcoin holdings.

We adopted our Bitcoin treasury strategy in May 2024. Accordingly, our historical financial statements prior thereto do not reflect the potential variability in earnings that we have experienced and may experience in the future from holding or selling significant amounts of Bitcoin.

The price of Bitcoin has historically been subject to dramatic price fluctuations and is highly volatile. We determine the fair value of our Bitcoin based on quoted (unadjusted) prices on the Coinbase exchange, and following our early adoption of ASU 2023-08 we measure our Bitcoin holdings at fair value in our balance sheet recognize gains and losses from changes in the fair value of our Bitcoin in net income each reporting period, which has created and may continue create significant volatility in our reported earnings and decrease the carrying value of our digital assets, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on the market price of our common stock. Conversely, any sale of Bitcoin at prices above our carrying value for such assets creates a gain for financial reporting purposes even if we would otherwise incur an economic or tax loss with respect to such transaction, which also may result in significant volatility in our reported earnings.

Due in particular to the volatility in the price of Bitcoin, our adoption of ASU 2023-08 has increased the volatility of our financial results and it could significantly affect the carrying value of our Bitcoin on our balance sheet. In the first quarter of 2025, a decrease in the price of Bitcoin resulted in a $41.8 million decrease in the fair value of our Bitcoin holdings, whereas in the second quarter of 2025, an increase in the price of Bitcoin resulted in an $83.8 million increase in the fair value of our Bitcoin holdings. As of June 30, 2025, we held 4,636 Bitcoins, which we acquired for $430.0 million, inclusive of fees and expenses, with an aggregate value of $496.9 million due to increase in their fair value of $66.9 million, and $13.6 million in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, compared to 2,298 Bitcoins with an aggregate fair value of $214.6 million and having $9.0 million in cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments as of December 31, 2024.

Because we intend to purchase additional Bitcoin in future periods and increase our overall holdings of Bitcoin, we expect that the proportion of our total assets represented by our Bitcoin holdings will increase in the future. As a result, volatility in our earnings since adoption of our Bitcoin treasury strategy and ASU 2023-08 may be significantly more than what we experienced in prior periods.

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The availability of spot Bitcoin ETPs may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

Although Bitcoin and other digital assets have experienced a surge of investor attention since Bitcoin was invented in 2008, until recently investors in the United States had limited means to gain direct exposure to Bitcoin through traditional investment channels, and instead generally were only able to hold Bitcoin through “hosted” wallets provided by digital asset service providers or through “unhosted” wallets that expose the investor to risks associated with loss or hacking of their private keys. Given the relative novelty of digital assets, general lack of familiarity with the processes needed to hold Bitcoin directly, as well as the potential reluctance of financial planners and advisers to recommend direct Bitcoin holdings to their retail customers because of the manner in which such holdings are custodied, some investors have sought exposure to Bitcoin through investment vehicles that hold Bitcoin and issue shares representing fractional undivided interests in their underlying Bitcoin holdings. These vehicles, which were previously offered only to “accredited investors” on a private placement basis, have in the past traded at substantial premiums to net asset value, or NAV, possibly due to the relative scarcity of traditional investment vehicles providing investment exposure to Bitcoin.

On January 10, 2024, the SEC approved the listing and trading of spot Bitcoin ETPs, the shares of which can be sold in public offerings and are traded on U.S. national securities exchanges. The approved ETPs commenced trading directly to the public on January 11, 2024, with a trading volume of approximately $4.6 billion on the first trading day. To the extent investors view our common stock as providing exposure to Bitcoin, it is possible that the value of our common stock may also have included a premium over the value of our Bitcoin due to the prior scarcity of traditional investment vehicles providing investment exposure to Bitcoin, and that the value declined due to investors now having a greater range of options to gain exposure to Bitcoin and investors choosing to gain such exposure through ETPs rather than our common stock.

Although we are an operating company providing technology solutions to improve the clinical effectiveness and efficiency of healthcare providers, and we believe we offer a different value proposition than a passive Bitcoin investment vehicle such as a spot Bitcoin ETP, investors may nevertheless view our common stock as an alternative to an investment in an ETP, and choose to purchase shares of a spot Bitcoin ETP instead of our common stock. They may do so for a variety of reasons, including if they believe that ETPs offer a “pure play” exposure to Bitcoin that is generally not subject to federal income tax at the entity level as we are, or the other risk factors applicable to an operating business, such as ours. Additionally, unlike spot Bitcoin ETPs, we (i) do not seek for our shares of common stock to track the value of the underlying Bitcoin we hold before payment of expenses and liabilities, (ii) do not benefit from various exemptions and relief under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, including Regulation M, and other securities laws, which enable spot Bitcoin ETPs to continuously align the value of their shares to the price of the underlying Bitcoin they hold through share creation and redemption, (iii) are a Delaware corporation rather than a statutory trust, and do not operate pursuant to a trust agreement that would require us to pursue one or more stated investment objectives, and (iv) are not required to provide daily transparency as to our Bitcoin holdings or our daily NAV. Furthermore, recommendations by broker-dealers to buy, hold, or sell complex products and non-traditional ETPs, or an investment strategy involving such products, may be subject to additional or heightened scrutiny that would not be applicable to broker-dealers making recommendations with respect to our common stock. Based on how we are viewed in the market relative to ETPs, and other vehicles that offer economic exposure to Bitcoin, such as Bitcoin futures ETFs and leveraged Bitcoin futures ETFs, any premium or discount in our common stock relative to the value of our Bitcoin holdings may increase or decrease in different market conditions.

As a result of the foregoing factors, availability of spot Bitcoin ETPs on U.S. national securities exchanges could have a material adverse effect on the market price of our common stock.

Our Bitcoin treasury strategy subjects us to enhanced regulatory oversight.

As noted elsewhere in these Risk Factors, several spot Bitcoin ETPs have received approval from the SEC to list their shares on a U.S. national securities exchange with continuous share creation and redemption at NAV. Even though we are not, and do not function in the manner of, a spot Bitcoin ETP, it is possible that we nevertheless could face regulatory scrutiny from the SEC or other federal or state agencies due to our Bitcoin holdings.

In addition, there has been increasing focus on the extent to which digital assets can be used to launder the proceeds of illegal activities, fund criminal or terrorist activities, or circumvent sanctions regimes, including those sanctions imposed in response to the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine. While we have implemented and maintain policies and procedures reasonably designed to promote compliance with applicable anti-money laundering and sanctions laws and regulations and take care to only acquire our Bitcoin through entities subject to anti-money laundering regulation and related compliance rules in the United States, if we are found to have purchased any of our Bitcoin from bad actors that have used Bitcoin to launder money or persons subject to sanctions, we may be subject to regulatory proceedings and any further transactions or dealings in Bitcoin by us may be restricted or prohibited.

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We may consider issuing debt or other financial instruments that may be collateralized by our Bitcoin holdings. We may also consider pursuing strategies to create income streams or otherwise generate funds using our Bitcoin holdings. These types of Bitcoin-related transactions are the subject of enhanced regulatory oversight. These and any other Bitcoin-related transactions we may enter into, beyond simply acquiring and holding Bitcoin, may subject us to additional regulatory compliance requirements and scrutiny, including under federal and state money services regulations, money transmitter licensing requirements and various commodity and securities laws and regulations.

Additional laws, guidance and policies may be issued by domestic and foreign regulators following the filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection by FTX Trading, one of the world’s largest cryptocurrency exchanges, in November 2022. U.S. and foreign regulators have also increased enforcement activity thereafter, and regulatory requirements continue to evolve in response to FTX Trading’s collapse as well as changes in government policies regarding cryptocurrencies. Changes in the regulatory environment, including changing interpretations and the implementation of new or varying regulatory requirements by the government or any new legislation affecting Bitcoin, as well as enforcement actions involving or impacting our trading venues, counterparties and custodians, may impose significant costs or significantly limit our ability to hold and transact in Bitcoin.

In addition, private actors that are wary of Bitcoin or the regulatory concerns associated with Bitcoin may in the future take further actions that may have an adverse effect on our business or the market price of our common stock.

Due to the currently unregulated nature and lack of transparency surrounding the operations of many Bitcoin trading venues, Bitcoin trading venues may experience greater fraud, security failures or regulatory or operational problems than trading venues for more established asset classes, which may result in a loss of confidence in Bitcoin trading venues and adversely affect the value of our Bitcoin.

Bitcoin trading venues are relatively new (compared to stock exchanges) and, in many cases, currently unregulated. Even if regulated, such venues may not be complying with such regulations. Furthermore, there are many Bitcoin trading venues that do not provide the public with significant information regarding their ownership structure, management teams, corporate practices and regulatory compliance. As a result, the marketplace may lose confidence in Bitcoin trading venues, including prominent exchanges that handle a significant volume of Bitcoin trading and/or are subject to regulatory oversight, in the event one or more Bitcoin trading venues cease or pause for a prolonged period the trading of Bitcoin or other digital assets, or experience fraud, significant volumes of withdrawal, security failures or operational problems.

In 2019 there were reports claiming that 80-95% of Bitcoin trading volume on trading venues was false or non-economic in nature, with specific focus on currently unregulated exchanges located outside of the United States. The SEC also alleged as part of its June 2023, complaint that Binance Holdings Ltd. committed strategic and targeted “wash trading” through its affiliates to artificially inflate the volume of certain digital assets traded on its exchange. Such reports and allegations may indicate that the Bitcoin market is significantly smaller than expected and that the United States makes up a significantly larger percentage of the Bitcoin market than is commonly understood. Any actual or perceived false trading in the Bitcoin market, and any other fraudulent or manipulative acts and practices, could adversely affect the value of our Bitcoin. Negative perception, a lack of stability in the broader Bitcoin markets and the closure, temporary shutdown or operational disruption of Bitcoin trading venues, lending institutions, institutional investors, institutional miners, custodians, or other major participants in the Bitcoin ecosystem, due to fraud, business failure, cybersecurity events, government-mandated regulation, bankruptcy, or for any other reason, may result in a decline in confidence in Bitcoin and the broader Bitcoin ecosystem and greater volatility in the price of Bitcoin. For example, in 2022, each of Celsius Network, Voyager Digital, Three Arrows Capital, FTX Trading, and BlockFi filed for bankruptcy, following which the market prices of Bitcoin and other digital assets significantly declined. In addition, in June 2023, the SEC announced enforcement actions against Coinbase, Inc., and Binance Holdings Ltd., two providers of large trading venues for digital assets, which similarly was followed by a decrease in the market price of Bitcoin and other digital assets. These were followed in November 2023, by an SEC enforcement action against Kraken, another large trading venue for digital assets. Although these SEC enforcement actions were eventually dismissed, additional enforcement actions could be pursued in the future as regulatory priorities evolve. As the price of our common stock is affected by the value of our Bitcoin holdings, the failure of a major participant in the Bitcoin ecosystem could have a material adverse effect on the market price of our common stock.

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The concentration of our Bitcoin holdings enhances the risks inherent in our Bitcoin treasury strategy.

As of June 30, 2025, we held an aggregate 4,636 Bitcoins, which we acquired for $430.0 million, inclusive of fees and expenses, and we intend to purchase additional Bitcoin and increase our overall holdings of Bitcoin in the future. The concentration of our Bitcoin holdings limits the risk mitigation that we could take advantage of by purchasing a more diversified portfolio of treasury assets, and the absence of diversification enhances the risks inherent in our Bitcoin acquisition strategy. Any future significant

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declines in the price of Bitcoin would have a more pronounced impact on our financial condition than if we used our cash to purchase a more diverse portfolio of assets.

The emergence or growth of other digital assets, including those with significant private or public sector backing, could have a negative impact on the price of Bitcoin and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

As a result of our Bitcoin treasury strategy, the majority of our cash is now concentrated in our Bitcoin holdings. Accordingly, the emergence or growth of digital assets other than Bitcoin may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition. While Bitcoin is the largest digital asset by market capitalization as of the date of this quarterly report on Form 10-Q, there are numerous alternative digital assets and many entities, including the U.S. government, consortiums and financial institutions, are researching and investing resources into private or permissioned blockchain platforms or digital assets that do not use proof-of-work mining like the Bitcoin network. For example, in late 2022, the Ethereum network transitioned to a “proof-of-stake” mechanism for validating transactions that requires significantly less computing power than proof-of-work mining. The Ethereum network has completed another major update since then and may undertake additional updates in the future. If the mechanisms for validating transactions in Ethereum and other alternative digital assets are perceived as superior to proof-of-work mining, those digital assets could gain market share relative to Bitcoin.

Other alternative digital assets that compete with Bitcoin in certain ways include “stablecoins,” which are designed to maintain a constant price related to or based on some other asset or traditional currency because of, for instance, their issuers’ promise to hold high-quality liquid assets (such as U.S. dollar deposits and short-term U.S. treasury securities) equal to the total value of stablecoins in circulation. In June 2025, the U.S. Senate passed the “GENIUS Act”, which would establish a federal framework for “payment stablecoins,” treating them as payment systems, not securities, and mandating fiat-backed reserves, monthly disclosures, anti-money laundering safeguards, and similar measures. Stablecoins have grown rapidly as an alternative to Bitcoin and other digital assets as a medium of exchange and store of value, particularly on digital asset trading platforms, and their use as an alternative to Bitcoin could expand further if the GENIUS Act is signed into law. As of the date of this quarterly report on Form 10-Q, two of the seven largest digital assets by market capitalization are U.S. dollar-backed stablecoins.

Additionally, central banks in some countries have started to introduce digital forms of legal tender. For example, China’s central bank digital currency or CBDC project was made available to consumers in January 2022, and governments including the European Union and Israel have been discussing the potential creation of new CBDCs. Whether or not they incorporate blockchain or similar technology, CBDCs, as legal tender in the issuing jurisdiction, could also compete with, or replace, Bitcoin and other digital assets as a medium of exchange or store of value. As a result, the emergence or growth of these or other digital assets could cause the market price of Bitcoin to decrease, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, and operating results.

Our Bitcoin holdings are less liquid than our existing cash and cash equivalents and may not be able to serve as a source of liquidity for us to the same extent as cash and cash equivalents.

Historically, the Bitcoin markets have been characterized by significant volatility in price, limited liquidity and trading volumes compared to sovereign currencies markets, relative anonymity, a developing regulatory landscape, potential susceptibility to market abuse and manipulation, compliance and internal control failures at exchanges, and various other risks inherent in its entirely electronic, virtual form and decentralized network. During times of market instability, we may not be able to sell our Bitcoin at favorable prices or at all. For example, a number of Bitcoin trading venues temporarily halted deposits and withdrawals in 2022. As a result, our Bitcoin holdings may not be able to serve as a source of liquidity for us to the same extent as cash and cash equivalents. Further, the Bitcoin that we hold with our custodians and transact with our trade execution partners does not enjoy the same protections as are available to cash or securities deposited with or transacted by institutions subject to regulation by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or FDIC, or the Securities Investor Protection Corporation. Additionally, we may be unable to enter into term loans or other capital raising transactions collateralized by our unencumbered Bitcoin or otherwise generate funds using our Bitcoin holdings, including in particular during times of market instability or when the price of Bitcoin has declined significantly. If we are unable to sell our Bitcoin, enter into additional capital raising transactions using Bitcoin as collateral, or otherwise generate funds using our Bitcoin holdings, or if we are forced to sell our Bitcoin at a significant loss, in order to meet our working capital requirements, our business and financial condition could be negatively impacted.

If we or our third-party service providers experience a security breach or cyberattack and unauthorized parties obtain access to our Bitcoin, or if our private keys are lost or destroyed, or other similar circumstances or events occur, we may lose some or all of our Bitcoin and our financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Substantially all of the Bitcoin we own is held in custody accounts at U.S.-based institutional-grade digital asset custodians. Security breaches and cyberattacks are of particular concern with respect to our Bitcoin. Bitcoin and other blockchain-based

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cryptocurrencies and the entities that provide services to participants in the Bitcoin ecosystem have been, and may in the future be, subject to security breaches, cyberattacks, or other malicious activities. For example, in October 2021 it was reported that hackers exploited a flaw in the account recovery process and stole from the accounts of at least 6,000 customers of the Coinbase exchange, although the flaw was subsequently fixed and Coinbase reimbursed affected customers. Similarly, in November 2022, hackers exploited weaknesses in the security architecture of the FTX Trading digital asset exchange and reportedly stole over $400 million in digital assets from customers. In 2025, Coinbase reported that criminals bribed certain of its non-U.S. employees to steal customer data to use in social engineering attacks. A successful security breach or cyberattack could result in:

| ● | a partial or total loss of our Bitcoin in a manner that may not be covered by insurance or the liability provisions of the custody agreements with the custodians who hold our Bitcoin;

| ● | harm to our reputation and brand;

| ● | improper disclosure of data and violations of applicable data privacy and other laws; or

| ● | significant regulatory scrutiny, investigations, fines, penalties, and other legal, regulatory, contractual and financial exposure.

Further, any actual or perceived data security breach or cybersecurity attack directed at other companies with digital assets or companies that operate digital asset networks, regardless of whether we are directly impacted, could lead to a general loss of confidence in the broader Bitcoin blockchain ecosystem or in the use of the Bitcoin network to conduct financial transactions, which could negatively impact us.

Attacks upon systems across a variety of industries, including industries related to Bitcoin, are increasing in frequency, persistence, and sophistication, and, in many cases, are being conducted by sophisticated, well-funded and organized groups and individuals, including state actors. The techniques used to obtain unauthorized, improper or illegal access to systems and information (including personal data and digital assets), disable or degrade services, or sabotage systems are constantly evolving, may be difficult to detect quickly, and often are not recognized or detected until after they have been launched against a target. These attacks may occur on our systems or those of our third-party service providers or partners. We may experience breaches of our security measures due to human error, malfeasance, insider threats, system errors or vulnerabilities or other irregularities. In particular, we expect that unauthorized parties will attempt to gain access to our systems and facilities, as well as those of our partners and third-party service providers, through various means, such as hacking, social engineering, phishing and fraud. Threats can come from a variety of sources, including criminal hackers, hacktivists, state-sponsored intrusions, industrial espionage, and insiders. In addition, certain types of attacks could harm us even if our systems are left undisturbed. For example, certain threats are designed to remain dormant or undetectable, sometimes for extended periods of time, or until launched against a target and we may not be able to implement adequate preventative measures. Further, there has been an increase in such activities due to the increase in work-from-home arrangements. The risk of cyberattacks could also be increased by cyberwarfare in connection with the ongoing Russia-Ukraine and Israel-Hamas conflicts, or other future conflicts, including potential proliferation of malware into systems unrelated to such conflicts. Any future breach of our operations or those of others in the Bitcoin industry, including third-party services on which we rely, could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We face risks relating to the custody of our Bitcoin, including the loss or destruction of private keys required to access our Bitcoin and cyberattacks or other data loss relating to our Bitcoin.

We hold our Bitcoin with regulated custodians that have duties to safeguard our private keys. Our custodial services contracts do not restrict our ability to reallocate our Bitcoin among our custodians, and our Bitcoin holdings may be concentrated with a single custodian from time to time. In light of the significant amount of Bitcoin we hold, we continually seek to engage additional custodians to achieve a greater degree of diversification in the custody of our Bitcoin as the extent of potential risk of loss is dependent, in part, on the degree of diversification. If there is a decrease in the availability of digital asset custodians that we believe can safely custody our Bitcoin, for example, due to regulatory developments or enforcement actions that cause custodians to discontinue or limit their services in the United States, we may need to enter into agreements that are less favorable than our current agreements or take other measures to custody our Bitcoin, and our ability to seek a greater degree of diversification in the use of custodial services would be materially adversely affected. In addition, holding our Bitcoin with regulated custodians could affect the availability of receiving digital assets that may result from “forks” of the Bitcoin blockchain if our custodians are unable to support or otherwise provide us with such digital assets, thereby reducing the amount of digital assets we may hold as a result. While our custodians carry insurance policies to cover losses for commercial crimes, cyber and cold storage, the policy limits vary per provider and would be shared among all of their customers, and subject to various limitations and exclusions (such as if a loss arises due to our failure to protect our login credentials and devices). The insurance that covers losses of our Bitcoin holdings may cover only a small fraction of the value of the entirety of our Bitcoin holdings, and there can be no guarantee that such insurance will be maintained as part of the custodial services we have or that such coverage will cover losses with respect to our Bitcoin. Moreover, our use of custodians exposes us to the risk that the Bitcoin our custodians hold on our behalf could be subject to insolvency proceedings and we could be treated as a general

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unsecured creditor of the custodian, inhibiting our ability to exercise ownership rights with respect to such Bitcoin. Any loss associated with such insolvency proceedings is unlikely to be covered by any insurance coverage we maintain related to our Bitcoin.

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Bitcoin is controllable only by the possessor of both the unique public key and private key(s) relating to the local or online digital wallet in which the Bitcoin is held. While the Bitcoin blockchain ledger requires a public key relating to a digital wallet to be published when used in a transaction, private keys must be safeguarded and kept private in order to prevent a third party from accessing the Bitcoin held in such wallet. To the extent the private key(s) for a digital wallet are lost, destroyed, or otherwise compromised and no backup of the private key(s) is accessible, neither we nor our custodians will be able to access the Bitcoin held in the related digital wallet. Furthermore, we cannot provide assurance that our digital wallets, nor the digital wallets of our custodians held on our behalf, will not be compromised as a result of a cyberattack. The Bitcoin and blockchain ledger, as well as other digital assets and blockchain technologies, have been, and may in the future be, subject to security breaches, cyberattacks, or other malicious activities.

Regulatory change reclassifying Bitcoin as a security could lead to our classification as an “investment company” under the 1940 Act and could adversely affect the market price of Bitcoin and the market price of our common stock.

Under Sections 3(a)(1)(A) and (C) of the 1940 Act, a company generally will be deemed to be an “investment company” for purposes of the 1940 Act if (1) it is, or holds itself out as being, engaged primarily, or proposes to engage primarily, in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities or (2) it engages, or proposes to engage, in the business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities and it owns or proposes to acquire investment securities having a value exceeding 40% of the value of its total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on a consolidated basis. We do not believe that we are an “investment company,” as such term is defined in the 1940 Act, and are not registered as an “investment company” under the 1940 Act as of the date of this quarterly report on Form 10-Q.

While senior SEC officials have stated their view that Bitcoin is not a “security” for purposes of the federal securities laws, a contrary determination by the SEC could lead to our classification as an “investment company” under the 1940 Act, if the portion of our assets consists of investments in Bitcoin exceeds 40% safe harbor limits prescribed in the 1940 Act, which would subject us to significant additional regulatory controls that could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations and may also require us to change the manner in which we conduct our business.

We monitor our assets and income for compliance under the 1940 Act and seek to conduct our business activities in a manner such that we do not fall within its definitions of “investment company” or that we qualify under one of the exemptions or exclusions provided by the 1940 Act and corresponding SEC regulations. If Bitcoin is determined to constitute a security for purposes of the federal securities laws, we would take steps to reduce the percentage of Bitcoin that constitute investment assets under the 1940 Act. These steps may include, among others, selling Bitcoin that we might otherwise hold for the long term and deploying our cash in non-investment assets, and we may be forced to sell our Bitcoin at unattractive prices. We may also seek to acquire additional non-investment assets to maintain compliance with the 1940 Act, and we may need to incur debt, issue additional equity or enter into other financing arrangements that are not otherwise attractive to our business. Any of these actions could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Moreover, we can make no assurance that we would successfully be able to take the necessary steps to avoid being deemed to be an investment company in accordance with the safe harbor. If we were unsuccessful, and if Bitcoin is determined to constitute a security for purposes of the federal securities laws, then we would have to register as an investment company, and the additional regulatory restrictions imposed by 1940 Act could adversely affect the market price of Bitcoin and in turn adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

We may be subject to regulatory developments related to crypto assets and crypto asset markets, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

As Bitcoin and other digital assets are relatively novel and the application of state and federal securities laws and other laws and regulations to digital assets is unclear in certain respects, it is possible that regulators in the United States or foreign countries may interpret or apply existing laws and regulations in a manner that adversely affects the price of Bitcoin. The U.S. federal government, states, regulatory agencies, and foreign countries may also enact new laws and regulations, or pursue regulatory, legislative, enforcement or judicial actions, that could materially impact the price of Bitcoin or the ability of individuals or institutions such as us to own or transfer Bitcoin. See “—Bitcoin and other digital assets are novel assets, and are subject to significant legal, commercial, regulatory and technical uncertainty” elsewhere in these Risk Factors.

If Bitcoin is determined to constitute a security for purposes of the federal securities laws, the additional regulatory restrictions imposed by such a determination could adversely affect the market price of Bitcoin and in turn adversely affect the market price of our common stock. See “—Regulatory change reclassifying Bitcoin as a security could lead to our classification as an

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“investment company” under the 1940 Act, and could adversely affect the market price of Bitcoin and the market price of our common stock” elsewhere in these Risk Factors. Moreover, the risks of us engaging in a Bitcoin treasury strategy have created, and could continue to create, complications due to the lack of experience that third parties have with companies engaging in such a strategy, such as increased costs of director and officer liability insurance or the potential inability to obtain such coverage on acceptable terms in the future.

Our Bitcoin treasury strategy exposes us to risk of non-performance by counterparties.

Our Bitcoin treasury strategy exposes us to the risk of non-performance by counterparties, whether contractual or otherwise. Risk of non-performance includes inability or refusal of a counterparty to perform because of a deterioration in the counterparty’s financial condition and liquidity or for any other reason. For example, our execution partners, custodians, or other counterparties might fail to perform in accordance with the terms of our agreements with them, which could result in a loss of Bitcoin, a loss of the opportunity to generate funds, or other losses.

Our primary counterparty risk with respect to our Bitcoin is custodian performance obligations under the various custody arrangements we have entered into. A series of recent high-profile bankruptcies, closures, liquidations, regulatory enforcement actions and other events relating to companies operating in the digital asset industry, the closure or liquidation of certain financial institutions that provided lending and other services to the digital assets industry, SEC enforcement actions against other providers, or placement into receivership or civil fraud lawsuit against digital asset industry participants have highlighted the perceived and actual counterparty risk applicable to digital asset ownership and trading. Although these bankruptcies, closures and liquidations have not adversely impacted our Bitcoin (which was only recently acquired), legal precedent created in these bankruptcy and other proceedings may increase the risk of future rulings adverse to our interests in the event one or more of our custodians becomes a debtor in a bankruptcy case or is the subject of other liquidation, insolvency or similar proceedings.

While our custodians are subject to regulatory regimes intended to protect customers in the event of a custodial bankruptcy, receivership or similar insolvency proceeding, no assurance can be provided that our custodially-held Bitcoin will not become part of the custodian’s insolvency estate if one or more of our custodians enters bankruptcy, receivership or similar insolvency proceedings. Additionally, if we pursue any strategies to create income streams or otherwise generate funds using our Bitcoin holdings, we would become subject to additional counterparty risks. Although no such strategies are contemplated at this time, we will need to carefully evaluate market conditions, including price volatility as well as service provider terms and market reputations and performance, among others, prior to implementing any such strategy, all of which could effect our ability to successfully implement and execute on any such future strategy. These risks, along with any significant non-performance by counterparties, including in particular the custodians with which we custody substantially all of our Bitcoin, could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, and operating results.

Our custodially-held Bitcoin may become part of the custodian’s insolvency estate if one or more of our custodians enters bankruptcy, receivership or similar insolvency proceedings.

If our custodially-held Bitcoin are considered to be the property of our custodians’ estates in the event that any such custodians were to enter bankruptcy, receivership or similar insolvency proceedings, we could be treated as a general unsecured creditor of such custodians, inhibiting our ability to exercise ownership rights with respect to such Bitcoin and this may ultimately result in the loss of the value related to some or all of such Bitcoin. A series of recent high-profile bankruptcies, closures, liquidations, regulatory enforcement actions and other events relating to companies operating in the digital asset industry, including the filings for bankruptcy protection by Three Arrows Capital, Celsius Network, Voyager Digital, FTX Trading and Genesis Global Capital, the closure or liquidation of certain financial institutions that provided lending and other services to the digital assets industry, including Signature Bank and Silvergate Bank, SEC enforcement actions against Coinbase, Inc. and Binance Holdings Ltd. (each ultimately dismissed), the placement of Prime Trust, LLC into receivership following a cease-and-desist order issued by Nevada’s Department of Business and Industry, and the filing and subsequent settlement of a civil fraud lawsuit by the New York Attorney General against Genesis Global Capital, its parent company Digital Currency Group, Inc., and former partner Gemini Trust Company, have highlighted the counterparty risks applicable to owning and transacting in digital assets. Although these bankruptcies, closures, liquidations and other events have not resulted in any loss or misappropriation of our Bitcoin, nor have such events adversely impacted our access to our Bitcoin, they have, in the short-term, likely negatively impacted the adoption rate and use of Bitcoin. Additional bankruptcies, closures, liquidations, regulatory enforcement actions or other events involving participants in the digital assets industry in the future may further negatively impact the adoption rate, price, and use of Bitcoin, limit the availability to us of financing collateralized by Bitcoin, or create or expose additional counterparty risks. Any loss associated with such insolvency proceedings is unlikely to be covered by any insurance coverage we maintain related to our Bitcoin. Even if we are able to prevent our Bitcoin from being considered the property of a custodian’s bankruptcy estate as part of an insolvency proceeding, it is possible that we would still be delayed or may otherwise experience difficulty in accessing our Bitcoin held by the affected custodian during the

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pendency of the insolvency proceedings. Any such outcome could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and the market price of our common stock.

A temporary or permanent blockchain “fork” to Bitcoin or other crypto assets could adversely affect our business.

Blockchain protocols, including Bitcoin, are open source. Any user can download the software, modify it, and then propose that Bitcoin or other blockchain protocols users and miners adopt the modification. When a modification is introduced and a substantial majority of users and miners consent to the modification, the change is implemented and the Bitcoin or other blockchain protocol networks, as applicable, remain uninterrupted. However, if less than a substantial majority of users and miners consent to the proposed modification, and the modification is not compatible with the software prior to its modification, the consequence would be what is known as a “fork”, i.e., “split” of the impacted blockchain protocol network and respective blockchain, with one prong running the pre-modified software and the other running the modified software. The effect of such a fork would be the existence of two parallel versions of the Bitcoin or other blockchain protocol network, as applicable, running simultaneously, but with each split network’s crypto asset lacking interchangeability. A “hard fork” – where there is disagreement among the users about the rules of the network – can have a significant negative impact on value of the crypto asset.

The Bitcoin has been subject to “forks” that resulted in the creation of new networks, including Bitcoin cash ABC, Bitcoin cash SV, Bitcoin diamond, Bitcoin gold and others. Some of these forks have caused fragmentation among platforms as to the correct naming convention for forked crypto assets. Due to the lack of a central registry or rulemaking body, no single entity has the ability to dictate the nomenclature of forked crypto assets, causing disagreements and a lack of uniformity among platforms on the nomenclature of forked crypto assets, and which results in further confusion to customers as to the nature of assets they hold on platforms, and which can negatively impact the value of the crypto assets. In addition, several of these forks were contentious and as a result, participants in certain communities may harbor ill will towards other communities. As a result, certain community members may take actions that adversely impact the use, adoption, and price of Bitcoin, or any of their forked alternatives.

Furthermore, hard forks can lead to new security concerns. For instance, when the Ethereum and Ethereum Classic networks split in July 2016, replay attacks, in which transactions from one network were rebroadcast on the other network to achieve “double-spending,” plagued platforms that traded Ethereum through at least October 2016, resulting in significant losses to some crypto asset platforms. Similar replay attacks occurred in connection with the Bitcoin cash and Bitcoin cash SV network split in November 2018. Another possible result of a hard fork is an inherent decrease in the level of security due to the splitting of some mining power across networks, making it easier for a malicious actor to exceed 50% of the mining power of that network, thereby making crypto assets that rely on proof-of-work more susceptible to attack, as has occurred with Ethereum Classic.

We intend to recognize forked and airdropped assets consistent with our custodians. We may not immediately or ever have the ability to withdraw a forked or airdropped Bitcoin by virtue of Bitcoin that we hold with our custodians. Future forks may occur at any time. A fork can lead to a disruption of networks and our information technology systems, cybersecurity attacks, replay attacks, or security weaknesses, any of which can further lead to temporary or even permanent loss of our and our assets.

The due diligence procedures conducted by us and our liquidity provider to mitigate transaction risk may fail to prevent transactions with a sanctioned entity.

We execute trades through our U.S.-based liquidity providers, and rely on these third parties to implement controls and procedures to mitigate the risk of transacting with sanctioned entities. While we expect our third party service providers to conduct their business in compliance with applicable laws and regulations and in accordance with our contractual arrangements, there is no guarantee that they will do so. Accordingly, we are exposed to risk that our due diligence procedures may fail. If we are found to have transacted in Bitcoin with bad actors that have used Bitcoin to launder money or with persons subject to sanctions, we may be subject to regulatory proceedings and any further transactions or dealings in Bitcoin by us may be restricted or prohibited.

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Risks Related to Our Healthcare Business

If we do not successfully implement our healthcare solutions strategy, our business and results of operations will be adversely affected.

In late March 2023, CMS issued a final 2024 rate announcement with payment changes for the Medicare Advantage and Part D prescription drug programs and under which CMS is phasing in a new Medicare Advantage risk adjustment model (2024 model) from the previous model (2020 model) over a three-year period. The 2024 model does not include risk adjusted payments for PAD without complications, which payments many of our customers previously relied upon for their Medicare Advantage patients under the previous 2020 model. In calendar year 2025, only 33% of the 2020 model is available. Such changes in the regulatory landscape

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for hierarchical condition category, or HCC, codes has impacted the perceived profitability of using QuantaFlo to aid diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. We are experiencing and expect to continue to experience decreased usage due to the current CMS reimbursement landscape, which is having a negative effect on our revenues.

Although we believe that various demographics and industry-specific trends, including the aging of the general population, growth of capitated payment programs, numbers of undiagnosed patients with cardiac and vascular or other diseases and the importance of codifying vascular disease and potentially other diseases should drive growth in our healthcare business. However, even with these demographics and trends, if CMS reimbursement landscape remains unfavorable, growth will be limited. If our customers do not receive increased capitated payments for providing care to patients for PAD, it will continue to have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Actual demand for our products and service offerings could differ materially from projected demand if our assumptions regarding these factors prove to be incorrect or do not materialize, or if alternatives to our products or other risk assessment service providers gain widespread acceptance.

To implement our business strategy, we need to (among other things) find new applications for and improve our products and service offerings and educate healthcare providers and plans about the clinical and cost benefits of our products even without CMS reimbursement, or distribute additional products and services that are reimbursable in the current CMS landscape. We may not be successful in these endeavours. We have ceased marketing of QuantaFlo as an aid in the diagnosis of heart dysfunction and there is no guarantee that we will obtain a new FDA 510(k) clearance for the expanded use. Although we have the right from time to time to distribute other third-party products, and recently began distributing FDA-cleared products and services licensed in from a third party, there is no guarantee that we will be successful. For example, although we had a distribution agreement for Insulin Insights from Mellitus, we were not able to generate significant revenue from the arrangement and, in December 2023, we wrote off the entire $2.5 million balance of a prepayment we had made for Insulin Insights software licenses and took a $0.6 million impairment charge on our investment in Mellitus. Additionally, in March 2025, we wrote off of the remaining $1.1 million balance (including $0.1 million of accrued interest) of our investment in Mellitus. We may also need to develop or acquire rights to other products and services that would be of interest to our customers given the patient populations they serve. We recently formed a new wholly-owned subsidiary, CardioVanta, which will comprise our future healthcare business activities focused on early detection of heart failure and cardiac arrythmia monitoring. In addition, we are seeking to increase our sales and, in order to do so, might need to continue to expand our direct and distributor sales forces in existing and new territories, or different markets, which could subject us to additional or different regulatory requirements with which we may not be able to comply. Even if we successfully implement our business strategy, our operating results may not improve or may decline. We may decide to alter or discontinue aspects of our business strategy and may adopt different strategies due to business or competitive factors not currently foreseen, such as new medical technologies that would make our products obsolete or changes in the regulatory landscape that may undermine the economic rationale for QuantaFlo or difficulties in obtaining a new 510(k) clearance, which could cause us to cease efforts to expand the indications for QuantaFlo. Our attempts to alter aspects of our business strategy, such as our prior entry into an exclusive marketing and distribution agreement and our investments in private companies, may not yield positive effects on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Any delay or failure to implement our business strategy may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We currently market a limited number of FDA-cleared testing products and related services, and may not achieve broad market acceptance or be commercially successful. We may also fail to develop or license in complementary products or distribution agreements for complementary products and our efforts to grow and expand our health care business may not be successful.

We currently actively market a limited number of FDA-cleared testing products and related services, including our proprietary QuantaFlo, and other third-party products and services for which we have a distribution agreement. These and any other products and services we may offer in the future may not gain broad market acceptance unless we continue to educate physicians and plans of their benefits. Moreover, even if insurance plans, home health care providers and physicians understand the benefits of cardiovascular and other risk assessment testing, they still may elect not to use our products for a variety of reasons, such as familiarity with other devices and approaches, or the impact of CMS regulatory revisions. The current CMS regulatory landscape has negatively impacted the perceived profitability of using QuantaFlo to aid in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases and use of our product is declining. Aside from the regulatory reimbursement landscape, we may not be successful in gaining market acceptance of a technique measuring comparative blood flows using our proprietary algorithm to indicate flow obstruction as opposed to existing techniques that measure comparative blood pressures using well-accepted criteria to indicate flow obstruction, or imaging techniques that visualize anatomy of the arteries. Providers may also object to renting an examining tool with ongoing monthly payments rather than making a one-time capital purchase or be reluctant to pay monthly fees for tools in the examining room when they have many such tools, such as thermometer and stethoscope that only required one-time minimal purchases. Providers may also not synch their devices as required per their service contracts in the fee-per-test (variable license fees) model, and thus we may not capture all revenue to which we are entitled. If QuantaFlo or other products we offer are not viewed as an attractive alternative to other products, procedures and techniques, we will not achieve significant market penetration or be able to generate significant revenues. To the

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extent that any products we offer are not commercially successful or are withdrawn from the market for any reason, our revenues will be adversely impacted, and our business, operating results and financial condition will be harmed.

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We may also not be able to identify other products or services to grow our healthcare business. Although we had an exclusive marketing and distribution agreement for another product (Insulin Insights), we did not generate meaningful distribution revenues and we wrote off our prepaid licenses and a portion of our investment in December 2023. We have a minority investment in one company but we do not distribute their products. See Note 8 to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q for additional information relating to these minority investments. There is a risk that we may never receive repayment of our loans, nor receive any benefit from our equity investment, nor that we will generate meaningful revenues from our existing distribution arrangements. Accordingly, we expect that revenues from QuantaFlo will account for the vast majority of our revenues for the foreseeable future.

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Physicians and other customers may not widely adopt our products unless they determine, based on experience, long-term clinical data and published peer reviewed journal articles, that the use of our products provides a safe and effective alternative to other existing ankle-Brachial index, or ABI, devices.

We believe that physicians and other customers will not widely adopt our vascular testing product or our other products in development or products we distribute unless they determine, based on experience, long-term clinical data and published peer reviewed journal articles, that the use of such product provides a safe and effective alternative to other existing ABI devices.

We cannot provide any assurance that the data collected from our past, current and any future clinical trials will be sufficient to demonstrate that our products are an attractive alternative to other ABI devices or procedures. If we fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy that is at least comparable to other ABI devices that are available on the market, our ability to successfully market our products will be significantly limited. Even if the data collected from clinical studies or clinical experience indicate positive results, each physician’s actual experience with our products will vary. We also believe that published peer-reviewed journal articles and recommendations and support by influential physicians regarding our vascular testing product and our other products in development will be important for market acceptance and adoption, and we cannot assure you that we will receive these recommendations and support, or that supportive articles will be published. Accordingly, there is a risk that our products may not be adopted by many physicians, which would negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Moreover, for any complementary products for which we have (or acquire) exclusive distribution rights, we may not be able to convince potential customers of their benefits, and these rights and potential future rights may not generate any meaningful revenues for our company.

If healthcare providers are unable to obtain adequate coverage and reimbursement either for procedures performed using our product or patient care incorporating the use of our product, our product might have difficulty gaining widespread acceptance.

Maintaining and growing revenues from our products and service offerings depends on the availability of coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors, including government programs such as Medicare and Medicaid, private insurance plans and managed care programs. Healthcare providers that use medical devices such as QuantaFlo to test their patients generally rely on third-party payors to pay for all or part of the costs and fees associated with the procedures performed with these devices, or to compensate them for their patient care services. The existence of coverage and adequate reimbursement for the procedures or patient care performed with QuantaFlo by third-party payors is central to the acceptance of QuantaFlo and any future products. During the past several years, third-party payors have undertaken cost-containment initiatives including different payment methods, monitoring healthcare expenditures, and anti-fraud initiatives. We may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability if third-party payors deny coverage or reduce their current levels of payment, or if our costs of production increase faster than increases in reimbursement levels. Further, many private payors use coverage decisions and payment amounts determined by CMS, which administers the Medicare program, as guidelines in setting their coverage and reimbursement policies. Those private payors that do not follow the Medicare guidelines may adopt different coverage and reimbursement policies for procedures or patient care performed with our vascular testing product. Future action by CMS or other government agencies may diminish payments to physicians, outpatient centers and/or hospitals or may undermine the economic rationale for using QuantaFlo if there is no increased capitated payment for the vascular diseases it helps diagnose. For example, the final 2024 CMS rate announcement for Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D did not include risk-adjusted payments for PAD without complications, which is leading to decreased usage of our product and negatively affecting our revenues. For some governmental programs, such as Medicaid, coverage and reimbursement differ from state to state, and some state Medicaid programs may not pay an adequate amount for the procedures or patient care performed with QuantaFlo if any payment is made at all. As the portion of the U.S. population over the age of 65 and eligible for Medicare continues to grow, we may be more vulnerable to coverage and reimbursement limitations imposed by CMS. Furthermore, the healthcare industry in the United States has experienced a trend toward cost containment as government and private insurers seek to control healthcare costs by

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imposing lower payment rates and negotiating reduced contract rates with service providers. Therefore, we cannot be certain that the procedures or patient care performed with our product will be reimbursed at a cost-effective level.

QuantaFlo is not specifically approved for reimbursement under any third-party payor codes; if third-party payors refuse to reimburse our customers for their use of our product, it could have a material adverse effect on our business.

QuantaFlo is licensed by healthcare providers. They may bill various third-party payors, including governmental healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, private insurance plans and managed care programs for procedures in which our testing product is used. Reimbursement is a significant factor considered by healthcare providers in determining whether to license medical devices or systems such as QuantaFlo. We cannot control whether or not providers who use QuantaFlo will seek reimbursement. Therefore, our ability to successfully commercialize our vascular testing product could depend on the coverage and adequacy of reimbursement from these third-party payors.

Currently, our QuantaFlo device is not specifically approved for any particular reimbursement code. Although some of our customers report being covered and reimbursed by third-party payors for procedures, we have not offered any reimbursement guidance, therefore there is a risk that third-party payors may disagree with the reimbursement under a particular code. In addition, some of our potential customers might have deferred renting our product given the uncertainty regarding reimbursement. We do not track denial of requests for reimbursement made by the users of our product. It is our belief that such denials have occurred and might occur in the future with more or less frequency. Even if our product and procedures are often currently covered and reimbursed by third-party payors and Medicare, problems for customers to receive reimbursement or adverse changes in payors’ coverage and reimbursement policies that affect our product could harm our ability to market our vascular testing product. Obtaining approval for a particular reimbursement code is time consuming and can be costly. Accordingly, at this time, and given the way we intend our QuantaFlo to be used, we do not intend to pursue formal approval for QuantaFlo for any particular code.

Moreover, we are unable to predict what changes will be made to the reimbursement methodologies used by third-party payors. We cannot be certain that under current and future payment systems, in which healthcare providers may be reimbursed a set amount based on the type of procedure performed, such as those utilized by Medicare and in many privately managed care systems, the cost of our product will be justified and incorporated into the overall cost of the procedure.

We rely heavily upon the talents of a small number of key personnel, the loss of whom could severely damage our business.

Our performance depends to a large extent on a small number of key scientific, technical, managerial and marketing personnel. We do not maintain key man insurance for any of our personnel. The loss of the services of any of these key personnel could still severely damage our business prospects, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We rely on a small number of employees in our direct sales force and face challenges and risk in managing and maintaining our distribution network and the parties who make up that netw ork.

We face significant challenges and risks in managing our distribution network and retaining the parties who make up that network. We had 44 sales and marketing employees as of June 30, 2025. If any of our sales or marketing force were to resign, our sales could be adversely affected. We may need to seek out alternatives, such as increasing our direct sales and marketing force or contracting with an independent distributor. There is no guarantee that we would be successful in our efforts to find an independent distributor, or that we would be able to negotiate contract terms favorable to us. Failure to hire or retain qualified direct sales and marketing personnel or independent distributors would prevent us from expanding our business and generating revenues, which would have a material adverse effect on our ability to achieve or maintain profitability.

To adequately commercialize our products and any new products we add, we may need to increase our sales and marketing network and expand our offerings, which will require us to hire, train, retain and supervise employees and other independent contractors.

We are currently exploring other sales models to generate revenues from our products in addition to the leasing model, such as our fee per test model. We also formed CardioVanta, which will comprise our future healthcare business activities focused on early detection of heart failure and cardiac arrythmia monitoring. We have and also may in the future acquire rights to other complementary products. As we increase our marketing efforts to pursue these new strategies and expand our efforts to target insurance plans that serve Medicare Advantage members, we may need to increase our sales and marketing network. Our future success will depend largely on our ability to expand our product and service offerings, and continue to hire, train, retain and motivate skilled direct sales representatives, or independent distributors with significant technical knowledge about our product and complementary products and services we offer, in addition to coordinating networks of contract medical assistants and other personnel to staff health and wellness

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fairs and physicians’ offices in fee-for-service models. New hires and independent distributors require training, supervision and take time to achieve full productivity. If we fail to train and supervise new hires adequately, or if we experience high turnover in our sales force or trained professionals in the future, we cannot be certain that we will maintain or increase our sales. If we are unable to expand our sales and marketing capabilities, we may not be able to effectively commercialize QuantaFlo or our other products and service offerings, which would adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We do not require our customers to enter into long-term licenses or maintenance contracts for our products or services and may therefore lose customers on short notice.

Our business is primarily based on a leasing model rather than an outright sale of our products although we also generate variable fee revenues, which are based on usage (fee-per-test). Our pricing is based on data collected on use rates and third-party payment rates to physicians and facilities for the use of our product. We require no down payment, long-term commitment or maintenance contract or fees from our customers and may replace damaged products free of charge in the service model. If we lose current customers on short notice, we may not be able to find new customers to replace them with in a timely manner and that could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, our business model of replacing damaged products free of charge may prove to be costly and affect the profitability of our service model. In our fee-per-test model, we rely on our customers to comply with the terms of service that require them to synchronize devices on a regular and routine basis such that we are able to invoice them for the tests done using our device. There is a risk that customers use our device without synching as agreed, which could lead to inadequate billing and failing to capture revenue based on actual usage. Although we have procedures in place to limit usage of our device if it has not synchronized for a period of time, there is no guarantee that our customers will act in compliance with their terms of service and we may not appropriately capture all per-test fees to which we are entitled.

We are exposed to risk as a significant portion of our revenues and accounts receivables are with a limited number of customers.

A limited number of customers account for a significant portion of our revenues and accounts receivable. For the three-month period ended June 30, 2025, two customers (including their affiliates) accounted for 44.9% and 31.0% of our revenues, respectively. For the six-month period ended June 30, 2025, two customers (including their affiliates) accounted for 43.3% and 31.5% of our revenues, respectively. As of June 30, 2025, two customers accounted for 45.7% and 28.1% of our accounts receivable. If our largest customers were to cease using or stop payment for our vascular testing devices or leverage their market share to negotiate reduced pricing terms, it would have a material adverse effect on our revenues and/or our accounts receivable. Our efforts to diversify and potentially expand our product offering are preliminary in nature. This concentration of revenues and accounts receivable among a limited number of customers represents a significant risk.

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We rely on a small number of independent suppliers and facilities for the manufacturing of QuantaFlo. Any delay or disruption in the supply of the product or facility, including as a result of recently announced tariffs, may negatively impact our operations.

We manufacture QuantaFlo through a small number of independent contractors based in the United States. We also have a distribution agreement for a third-party complementary product that they are contractually obligated to supply to us. The loss or disruption of our relationships with outside vendors and suppliers, including failure to adhere to contractual terms, could subject us to substantial delays in the delivery to customers. Our current contractor manufacturers source some supplies from China and should these outside vendors encounter issues due to supply chain disruptions as a result of the evolving tariff proposals of the current U.S. administration, or a global health emergency such as COVID-19 pandemic or otherwise, we believe alternative suppliers should be available. However, significant delays in the delivery of our product or inventory to us could result in possible cancellation of orders and the loss of customers. Although we expect our vendors and suppliers to comply with our contract terms, we do not have control over such parties. Our inability to provide a product that meets delivery schedules could have a material adverse effect on our reputation in the industry, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

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Further, QuantaFlo is manufactured in the United States in a limited number of facilities. If an event occurred that resulted in material damage to these manufacturing facilities or our manufacturing contractors lacked sufficient labor to fully operate their facilities, we may be unable to transfer the manufacture of QuantaFlo to another facility or location in a cost-effective or timely manner, if at all. This potential inability to transfer production could occur for a number of reasons, including but not limited to a lack of necessary relevant manufacturing capability at another facility, or the regulatory requirements of the FDA or other governmental regulatory bodies. Even if there are many qualified contract manufacturers available around the country and our product is relatively easy to manufacture, such an event could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

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Our healthcare business will need to generate significant revenues to regain profitability.

We will need to generate significant sales to regain profitability in our healthcare business and we might not be able to do so. Even if we do generate significant sales, we might not be able to return to profitability on a quarterly or annual basis in this segment in the future. If our sales continue to decline or grow more slowly than we anticipate or if our operating expenses exceed our expectations, our financial performance from our operating healthcare business will likely continue to be adversely affected.

Our future financial performance will depend in part on the successful improvements and software updates to QuantaFlo on a cost-effective basis.

Our future financial performance will depend in part on our ability to anticipate, identify and respond to changing user preferences and needs and the technologies relating to the care and treatment of vascular problems. We can provide no assurances that QuantaFlo will achieve significant commercial success and that it will gain meaningful market share even if the regulatory reimbursement landscape improves. We may not correctly anticipate or identify trends in user preferences or needs or may identify them later than competitors do. In addition, difficulties in manufacturing or in obtaining regulatory approvals may delay or prohibit improvements to QuantaFlo, such as our 510(k) extension for heart dysfunction, or any other products in development. Further, we may not be able to develop improvements and software updates to QuantaFlo at a cost that allows us to meet our goals for profitability. Service costs relating to our product may be greater than anticipated, rentals may be returned prior to the end of the license term, and we may be required to devote significant resources to address any quality issues associated with QuantaFlo.

Failure to successfully introduce, improve or update our products on a cost-effective basis, or delays in customer decisions related to the evaluation of our products could cause us to lose market acceptance and could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

One of our business strategies is developing or distributing additional products and service offerings that allow healthcare providers to deliver cost-effective wellness programs and receive increased compensation for their services. The development or distribution of new products and service offerings involves time and expense and we may never realize the benefits of this investment.

As part of our business strategy, we intend to develop or distribute additional products and service offerings through CardioVanta that allow healthcare providers to deliver cost-effective wellness programs. Such new product and service offering may require substantial investments and we may commit significant resources and time before knowing whether our efforts will translate into profits for our company. We may continue to choose to invest some of our cash resources in other entities that may have complementary technologies or product offerings and may not realize the benefit of such investments. For example, in December 2023, we wrote off the $2.5 million prepayment for Insulin Insights software licenses as we were not able to generate meaningful revenues, and also took a $0.6 million impairment charge on our investment in Mellitus. In addition, in March 2025, we wrote off the entire remaining balance our $1.1 million (includes accrued interest of $0.1 million) investment in Mellitus. It is possible that our development or distribution efforts will not be successful and that we will not be able to develop new products or service offerings, either alone or in partnership with others, or if developed that we will obtain the necessary regulatory approvals for commercialization. Even if we receive necessary regulatory approvals, there is no guarantee that such approved products or any new service offerings or any third-party products that we distribute will achieve market acceptance and we may never realize the benefits of any investment in this strategy.

We have used our cash resources to invest in other companies, and there is no guarantee that we will be repaid on maturity nor realize any other expected benefits from such investments, which could harm our business.

From time to time, we have invested, and may in the future invest, in other companies with potentially complementary products or technologies. For example, in September and October 2020, we made investments in Mellitus and SYNAPS Dx, two private companies working in other product areas, Insulin Insights and Discern, and in December 2022, we extended a loan to Monarch, maker of the software product EndoTool and such loan as amended in December 2024 and January 2025. There can be no assurance that the businesses we invest in will become profitable or remain so or that we will realize any financial benefit from our investments, including whether or not we will distribute Discern and EndoTool or that we will be repaid upon maturity of our loans. Notably, in the year ended December 31, 2023, we wrote-off our $2.5 million prepayment for Insulin Insights software licenses as we were not able to generate meaningful revenues, and also took a $0.6 million impairment charge on our investment in Mellitus. In March 2025, we wrote off the entire remaining balance of our $1.1 million receivable (including accrued interest of $0.1 million) from Mellitus. Additionally, investments in privately held companies are inherently risky, in some instances because the markets for the technologies or products these companies have under development may never materialize or achieve expectations. If these companies do not succeed, we may be forced to record additional impairment charges and could lose some or all of our investment in these companies. Further, we may need to divest our investments or increase our investment to become a controlling interest sooner than we

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may like in order to comply with regulations regarding the amount of our assets represented by minority investments. These regulatory requirements may not always coincide with our business objectives and could adversely affect our investments and strategy.

Risks Related to Our Legal and Regulatory Environment

Our business is subject to many laws and government regulations governing the manufacture and sale of medical devices, including the FDA’s 510(k) clearance process, and laws and regulations governing patient data and information, among others.

Our vascular testing product and any future medical devices that we may develop or services that we may offer are subject to extensive regulation in the United States by the federal government, including by the FDA. For example, our operations are subject to regulations governing packaging and labeling requirements, adverse event reporting, quality system and manufacturing requirements, clinical testing and recalls. For a discussion of the relevant regulatory regime, see “Business—Government Regulation” in Item 1 of the Annual Report. We cannot assure that any new medical devices or new uses or modifications for QuantaFlo that we develop, including our planned 510(k) for the use of QuantaFlo to enable expanded labeling as an aid in the diagnosis of other cardiovascular diseases in addition to PAD, will be cleared or approved in a timely or cost-effective manner, if cleared or approved at all. Even if such clearances or approvals are received, they may not be for all indications. Because medical devices may only be marketed for cleared or approved indications, this could significantly limit the market for that product and may adversely affect our results of operations.

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Furthermore, although QuantaFlo has received FDA clearance, we must make our own determination regarding whether a modification to the device requires a new clearance. For example, we are seeking a new 510(k) clearance from the FDA for the expanded use of QuantaFlo intended to enable expanded labeling as an aid in the diagnosis of other cardiovascular diseases in addition to PAD. We cannot guarantee that the FDA will agree with our decisions not to seek clearances for particular device modifications or that we will be successful in obtaining 510(k) clearances for modifications. Any such additional clearance processes with the FDA could delay our ability to market a modified product and may adversely affect our results of operations. We also may need to undertake a recall of any modified product that has been distributed.

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The FDA may change its policies, adopt additional regulations, or revise existing regulations, in particular relating to the 510(k) clearance process.

The FDA may change its policies, adopt additional regulations, or revise existing regulations, each of which could prevent or delay premarket approval or 510(k) clearance of a device, or could impact our ability to market our currently cleared device. For example, in February 2024, the FDA published a final rule to amend its quality system regulation requirements to align more closely with the international consensus standards for medical devices by converging with quality management system, requirements used by other regulatory authorities from other countries. Specifically, the final rule does so primarily by incorporating by reference the 2016 edition of the International Organization of Standardization, or ISO, ISO 13485 standard. The amended regulation is referred to as the Quality Management System Regulation, and is effective February 2026. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing authorization that we may have obtained, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, results of operations, financial condition and our ability to achieve or sustain profitability. Further, future reforms could require us to file new 510(k)s and could increase the total number of 510(k)s to be filed. We cannot predict what effect these reforms will have on our ability to obtain 510(k) clearances in a timely manner. We also cannot predict the nature of other regulatory reforms and their resulting effects on our business.

Our business is subject to unannounced inspections by the FDA to determine our compliance with FDA requirements.

FDA inspections can result in inspectional observations on FDA’s Form-483, warning letters, untitled letters or other forms of more significant enforcement action. More specifically, if the FDA concludes that we are not in compliance with applicable laws or regulations, or that our vascular testing product or any future medical device we develop is ineffective or poses an unreasonable health risk, the FDA could:

| ● | require us to notify health professionals and others that our devices present unreasonable risk of substantial harm to public health;

| ● | order us to recall, repair, replace or refund the cost of any medical device that we manufactured or distributed;

| ● | detain, seize or ban adulterated or misbranded medical devices;

| ● | refuse to provide us with documents necessary to export our product;

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| ● | refuse requests for 510(k) clearance or premarket approval of new products or new intended uses;

| ● | withdraw the premarket approvals we may receive or reclassify our device;

| ● | impose operating restrictions, including requiring a partial or total shutdown of production;

| ● | enjoin or restrain conduct resulting in violations of applicable law pertaining to medical devices; and/or

| ● | assess criminal or civil penalties against our officers, employees or us.

Following correspondence from the FDA questioning our reliance on letters-to-file for the expansion into heart dysfunction, we are now seeking a new 510(k) clearance from the FDA for the expanded use of QuantaFlo to enable expanded labeling. If the FDA concludes that we failed to comply with any regulatory requirement during an inspection or otherwise, it could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. We could incur substantial expense and harm to our reputation, and our ability to introduce new or enhanced products in a timely manner could be adversely affected.

We may rely on third parties to support certain aspects of our clinical trials and regulatory processes. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines, we may not be able to obtain regulatory clearance or approval or commercialize our products, and our business could be substantially harmed.

We may retain the services of knowledgeable external service providers, including consultants and clinical research organizations, to develop and supervise our clinical trials and regulatory processes. These third-party contract research organizations and consultants may carry out portions of our clinical and preclinical research studies and regulatory filing assistance and as a result, if retained, we will have less control over the conduct of the clinical trials, the timing and completion of the trials, the required reporting of adverse events, and the management of data developed through the trials than would be the case if we were relying entirely on our own staff. Outside parties may have staffing difficulties, may undergo changes in priorities or may become financially distressed, adversely affecting their willingness or ability to conduct our trials. Failure by these third parties to comply with regulatory requirements or to meet timing expectations may require us to repeat clinical trials or preclinical studies, which would delay the regulatory clearance or approval process, or require substantial unexpected expenditures.

If we are found to have improperly promoted our products for off-label uses, we may become subject to significant fines and other liability.

The FDA and other regulatory agencies strictly regulate the promotional claims that may be made about medical devices. For example, devices cleared under section 510(k) cannot be marketed for any intended use that is outside of the FDA’s substantial equivalence determination for such devices. Physicians nevertheless may use our products on their patients in a manner that is inconsistent with the intended use cleared by the FDA. If we are found to have promoted such “off-label” uses, we may become subject to significant government fines and other related liability. The federal government has levied large civil and criminal fines against companies for alleged improper promotion and has enjoined several companies from engaging in off-label promotion. The FDA has also requested that companies enter into consent decrees or permanent injunctions under which specified promotional conduct is changed or curtailed.

Although part of our business strategy is based on payment provisions enacted under government healthcare reform, we also face significant uncertainty in the industry regarding the implementation, transformation or repeal and replacement of the Health Care Reform Law.

Political, economic and regulatory influences are subjecting the healthcare industry to fundamental changes. For example, the Health Care Reform Law brought a new way of doing business for providers and health insurance plans, shifting the focus from fee for service programs to capitated programs that pay a monthly fee per patient. The Health Care Reform law also provided for higher risk factor adjustment payments for sicker patients who have conditions that are codified, as well as economic benefits for achieving certain quality of care measurements. For a discussion of healthcare reform activity, see “Business—Government Regulation—Healthcare Reform” in Item 1 of the Annual Report.

We believe that the Health Care Reform Law measures are mainly positive for our business given the ability of QuantaFlo to measure blood flow in an in-office setting, which can assist doctors and other providers to suspect PAD and other vascular diseases. However, we cannot predict what changes will now be made, and if these features will be repealed. If the CMS reimbursement landscape changes, but the Health Care Reform Law is changed or repealed altogether without a comparable replacement, such that

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there are no incentives for identifying sicker patients, it would negatively affect our business prospects and strategy, and could materially adversely affect our healthcare business, financial condition and results of operations.

Further, the Health Care Reform Law encourages hospitals and physicians to work collaboratively through shared savings programs, such as accountable care organizations, as well as other bundled payment initiatives, which may ultimately result in the reduction of medical device acquisitions and the consolidation of medical device suppliers used by hospitals and health systems. Changes to or repeal of the Health Care Reform Law could adversely affect our financial results and business.

We are subject to various healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations, and at risk that DOJ will file a complaint or complaint in intervention in a civil False Claims Act lawsuit seeking damages for tests performed using our device, which would adversely affect our business. A civil suit by DOJ also exposes us to risk of other litigation.

We are subject to various healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations, as described “Business—Government Regulation—Healthcare Fraud and Abuse” in Item 1 of the Annual Report. We may be subject to liability under such laws and may also be subject to liability for any future conduct that is deemed by the government or the courts to violate these laws, including significant administrative, criminal and civil penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, imprisonment, exclusion from participation as a supplier of product to beneficiaries covered by Medicare or Medicaid, additional reporting obligations and oversight if subject to a corporate integrity agreement or other agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, and curtailment or restructuring of operations.

Additionally, the government has continued to pursue an increasing number of enforcement actions. This increased enforcement environment may increase scrutiny of us, directly or indirectly, and could increase the likelihood of an enforcement action targeting us, either due to our actions, those of any distributor (including our former distributor), or our customers or those of our distributors. These customers include parties that bill Federal healthcare programs for use of our product or for caring for patients with conditions diagnosed with the aid of our product, all of whom may be subject to government scrutiny. For example, DOJ has been investigating improper reimbursement of claims for testing using our QuantaFlo device. See the information under the heading “Legal Proceedings” in Part II, Item 1 of this quarterly report on Form 10-Q. Although we have reached agreement in principle on payment of $29.8 million to settle all claims (which amount excludes any potential relators’ counsel fees that may also be payable), there is no guarantee that we will be able to reach final agreement with DOJ or the Department of Health and Human Services, or HHS, which may require us to make further undertakings in connection with the proposed settlement. If we and DOJ are not able to conclude a final settlement reasonably acceptable to all parties, including reaching any necessary agreements with HHS, there is a risk that the DOJ will file a complaint or complaint in intervention in a civil False Claims Act lawsuit seeking damages in excess of such agreed settlement amount for tests performed using our device, which would adversely affect our business. The federal False Claims Act provides for treble damages and per-claim penalties. A civil suit by DOJ also exposes us to risk of other litigation. Finally, to the extent that any of the agreements are breached or terminated, our business may experience a decrease in revenues. In addition, to the extent that our customers, many of whom are providers, may be affected by this increased enforcement environment, our business could correspondingly be affected. It is possible that a review of our business practices or those of our customers by courts or government authorities could result in a determination with an adverse effect on our business. We cannot predict the effect of possible future enforcement actions on our business.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

Our success largely depends on our ability to obtain and protect the proprietary information on which we base our product.

Our success depends in large part upon our ability to establish and maintain the proprietary nature of our technology through the patent process, as well as our ability to license from others’ patents and patent applications necessary to develop our product. If our patent or any future patents are successfully challenged, invalidated or circumvented, or our right or ability to manufacture our product was to be limited, our ability to continue to manufacture and market our product could be adversely affected. In addition to patents, we rely on trade secrets and proprietary know-how, which we seek to protect, in part, through confidentiality and proprietary information agreements. The other parties to these agreements may breach these provisions, and we may not have adequate remedies for any breach. Additionally, our trade secrets could otherwise become known to or be independently developed by competitors.

As of June 30, 2025, we have been issued, or have rights to, one U.S. patent (which expires on December 11, 2027). The patent we hold may be successfully challenged, invalidated or circumvented, or we may otherwise be unable to rely on this patent. These risks are also present for the process we use for manufacturing our product. In addition, our competitors, many of whom have substantial resources and have made substantial investments in competing technologies, may apply for and obtain patents that prevent, limit or interfere with our ability to make, use and sell our product, either in the United States or in international markets. The medical device industry has been characterized by extensive litigation regarding patents and other intellectual property rights. We may institute, become party to, or be threatened with, future adversarial proceedings or litigation regarding intellectual property rights with

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respect to our product and technology, including interference or derivation proceedings before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO. Third parties may assert infringement claims against us based on existing patents or patents that may be granted in the future. If we are found to infringe a third party’s intellectual property rights, we could be required to obtain a license from such third party to continue developing and marketing our product and technology. However, we may not be able to obtain any required license on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Even if we were able to obtain a license, it could be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors access to the same technologies licensed to us. We could be forced, including by court order, to cease commercializing the infringing technology or product. In addition, we could be found liable for monetary damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees if we are found to have willfully infringed a patent. A finding of infringement could prevent us from commercializing our product or force us to cease some of our business operations, which could materially harm our business. Claims that we have misappropriated the confidential information or trade secrets of third parties could have a similar negative impact on our business. The defense and prosecution of intellectual property suits, USPTO proceedings and related legal and administrative proceedings are both costly and time consuming. Any litigation or interference proceedings involving us may require us to incur substantial legal and other fees and expenses and may require some of our employees to devote all or a substantial portion of their time to the proceedings.

We may need to license intellectual property from third parties, and such licenses may not be available or may not be available on commercially reasonable terms.

A third party may hold intellectual property, including patent rights that are important or necessary to the development of our vascular testing product or any future products. It may be necessary for us to use the patented or proprietary technology of a third party to commercialize our own technology or products, in which case we would be required to obtain a license from such third party. A license to such intellectual property may not be available or may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

We may be subject to claims by third parties asserting that our employees or we have misappropriated their intellectual property, or claiming ownership of what we regard as our own intellectual property.

Although we try to ensure that we and our employees and independent contractors do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or that these employees or independent contractors have used or disclosed intellectual property in violation of the rights of others. These claims may cover a range of matters, such as challenges to our trademarks, as well as claims that our employees or independent contractors are using trade secrets or other proprietary information of any such employee’s former employer or independent contractors. Although we do not expect the resolution of the proceeding to have a material adverse effect on our business or financial condition, litigation to defend ourselves against claims can be both costly and time consuming, and divert management’s attention away from growing our business.

In addition, while it is our policy to require our employees and independent contractors who may be involved in the development of intellectual property to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who in fact develops intellectual property that we regard as our own. Our and their assignment agreements may not be self-executing or may be breached, and we may be forced to bring claims against third parties, or defend claims they may bring against us, to determine the ownership of what we regard as our intellectual property.

If we fail in prosecuting or defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if we are successful in prosecuting or defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed.

In addition to seeking patents for some of our technology and product, we also rely on trade secrets, including unpatented know-how, technology and other proprietary information, to maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect these trade secrets, in part, by entering into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to them, such as our employees, corporate collaborators, outside scientific collaborators, contract manufacturers, consultants, advisors and other third parties. We also generally enter into confidentiality and invention or patent assignment agreements with our employees and consultants. Despite these efforts, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. Enforcing a claim that a party infringed a patent or illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts inside and outside the United States are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. If any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent them, or those to whom they communicate it, from using that technology or information to compete with us. If any of our trade secrets were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor, our competitive position would be harmed.

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Risks Related to Our Indebtedness

Our indebtedness and liabilities could limit the cash flow available for our operations, expose us to risks that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and impair our ability to satisfy our obligations under our debt instruments when they come due.

In January 2025, we issued $100.0 million aggregate principal amount of senior convertible notes. In April 2025, we entered into the Master Loan Agreement, under which we may, from time to time, borrow cash or digital assets which are intended to be collateralized with a first priority security interest in the Bitcoin that we post as collateral. We may also incur additional indebtedness to meet future financing needs. Our indebtedness could have significant negative consequences for our security holders and our business, results of operations and financial condition by, among other things:

| ● | increasing our vulnerability to adverse economic and industry conditions;

| ● | limiting our ability to obtain additional financing on acceptable terms or at all;

| ● | requiring the dedication of a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to service our indebtedness, which will reduce the amount of cash available for other purposes;

| ● | limiting our flexibility to plan for, or react to, changes in our business;

| ● | diluting the interests of our existing stockholders as a result of issuing shares of our common stock upon conversion of the notes; and

| ● | placing us at a possible competitive disadvantage with competitors that are less leveraged than us or have better access to capital.

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Our business may not generate sufficient funds, and we may otherwise be unable to maintain sufficient cash reserves to pay amounts due under our indebtedness and our cash needs may increase in the future.

We may not have the ability to raise the funds necessary to settle conversions of the notes in cash or to repurchase the notes upon a fundamental change, and our future debt may contain limitations on our ability to pay cash upon conversion or repurchase of the notes.

Holders of our convertible senior notes will have the right, subject to certain conditions and exceptions, to require us to repurchase all or any portion of their notes upon the occurrence of a fundamental change at a fundamental change repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date. In addition, upon conversion of the notes, unless we elect to deliver solely shares of our common stock to settle such conversion (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional share), we will be required to make cash payments in respect of the notes being converted. However, we may not have enough available cash or be able to obtain financing at the time we are required to make repurchases of notes surrendered therefor or pay cash with respect to notes being converted. In addition, our ability to repurchase the notes or to pay cash upon conversions of the notes may be limited by law, by regulatory authority or by agreements governing our future indebtedness. Our failure to repurchase notes at a time when the repurchase is required by the indenture or to pay any cash payable on future conversions of the notes as required by the indenture would constitute a default under the indenture. A default under the indenture governing the notes or the fundamental change itself could also lead to a default under agreements governing our future indebtedness. If the repayment of the related indebtedness were to be accelerated after any applicable notice or grace periods, we may not have sufficient funds to repay the indebtedness and repurchase the notes or make cash payments upon conversions thereof.

Certain provisions in the indenture governing the notes may delay or prevent an otherwise beneficial takeover attempt of us.

Certain provisions in the indenture governing the notes may make it more difficult or expensive for a third party to acquire us. For example, the indenture governing the notes requires us, subject to certain conditions and exceptions, to repurchase the notes for cash upon the occurrence of a fundamental change and, in certain circumstances, to increase the conversion rate for a holder that converts its notes in connection with a make-whole fundamental change. A takeover of us may trigger the requirement that we repurchase the notes and/or increase the conversion rate, which could make it more costly for a potential acquirer to engage in such takeover. Such additional costs may have the effect of delaying or preventing a takeover of us that would otherwise be beneficial to investors.

The conditional conversion feature of the notes, if triggered, may adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.

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In the event the conditional conversion feature of the notes is triggered, holders of notes will be entitled to convert their notes at any time during specified periods at their option. If one or more holders elect to convert their notes, unless we elect to satisfy our conversion obligation by delivering solely shares of our common stock (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional share), we would be required to settle a portion or all of our conversion obligation through the payment of cash, which could adversely affect our liquidity. In addition, even if holders do not elect to convert their notes, we could be required under applicable accounting rules to reclassify all or a portion of the outstanding principal of the notes as a current rather than long-term liability, which would result in a material reduction of our net working capital.

Conversion of the notes may dilute the ownership interest of our stockholders or may otherwise depress the price of our common stock.

The conversion of some or all of the notes may dilute the ownership interests of our stockholders. Upon conversion of the notes, we have the option to pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of our common stock, or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock. If we elect to settle our conversion obligation in shares of our common stock or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock, any sales in the public market of our common stock issuable upon such conversion could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common stock. In addition, the existence of the notes may encourage short selling by market participants because the conversion of the notes could be used to satisfy short positions, or anticipated conversion of the notes into shares of our common stock could depress the price of our common stock.

The capped call transactions may affect the value of the notes and our common stock.

In connection with the pricing of the notes, we entered into privately negotiated capped call transactions with certain financial institutions (the “option counterparties”). The capped call transactions cover, subject to customary adjustments, the number of shares of our common stock that initially underlie the notes. The capped call transactions are expected to offset the potential dilution as a result of any conversion of notes. We expect that the option counterparties and/or their respective affiliates may modify or unwind their hedge positions by entering into or unwinding various derivative transactions and/or purchasing or selling our common stock or other securities of ours in secondary market transactions from time to time prior to the maturity of the notes (and are likely to do so on each exercise date of the capped call transactions, which are scheduled to occur during the observation period relating to any conversion of the notes on or after May 1, 2030 that is not in connection with a redemption, or following our election to terminate any portion of the capped call transactions in connection with any repurchase, redemption, exchange or early conversion of the notes). This activity could cause or avoid an increase or a decrease in the market price of our common stock or the notes.

We are subject to counterparty risk with respect to the capped call transactions.

The option counterparties are financial institutions, and we are subject to the risk that one or more of the option counterparties may default or otherwise fail to perform, or may exercise certain rights to terminate, their obligations under the capped call transactions. Our exposure to the credit risk of the option counterparties is not secured by any collateral.

Past global economic conditions have resulted in the actual or perceived failure or financial difficulties of many financial institutions. If an option counterparty becomes subject to insolvency proceedings, we will become an unsecured creditor in those proceedings with a claim equal to our exposure at the time under such transaction. Our exposure will depend on many factors but, generally, an increase in our exposure will be correlated to an increase in the market price and in the volatility of our common stock. In addition, upon a default by an option counterparty, we may suffer adverse tax consequences and more dilution than we currently anticipate with respect to our common stock. We can provide no assurances as to the financial stability or viability of the option counterparties.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

Our executive officers, directors and significant stockholders, if they choose to act together, have the ability to substantially influence the outcome of all matters submitted to stockholders for approval.

Our executive officers, directors and significant stockholders beneficially own in the aggregate shares representing approximately 23.8% of our common stock as of June 30, 2025. If these stockholders choose to act together, they are able to substantially influence the outcome of all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, as well as our management and affairs. For example, these persons, if they choose to act together, can impact the election of directors and approval of any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. This concentration of ownership control may:

| ● | delay, defer or prevent a change in control;

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| ● | entrench our management and the board of directors; or

| ● | impede a merger, consolidation, takeover or other business combination involving us that other stockholders may desire.

Provisions in our corporate charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of our company, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.

Provisions in our corporate charter and our bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent a merger, acquisition or other change in control of our company that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which you might otherwise receive a premium for your shares. These provisions could also limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock, thereby depressing the market price of our common stock. In addition, because our board of directors is responsible for appointing the members of our management team, these provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors. Among other things, these provisions:

| ● | allow the authorized number of our directors to be changed only by resolution of our board of directors;

| ● | allow for a classified board of directors;

| ● | establish advance notice requirements for stockholders’ proposal that can be acted on at stockholder meeting and nominations to our board of directors; and

| ● | limit who may call stockholder meetings.

Moreover, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prohibits a person who owns in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock from merging or combining with us for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person acquired in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock, unless the merger or combination is approved in a prescribed manner.

Our amended and restated bylaws designate exclusive forums for the adjudication of certain disputes, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to bring claims in a judicial forum it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.

Our amended and restated bylaws provide that a state or federal court located within the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for:

| ● | any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf;

| ● | any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer or other employee or stockholder of our company to us or our stockholders;

| ● | any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, our charter or our bylaws, as to which the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware confers jurisdiction on the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware; and

| ● | any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine.

Our amended and restated bylaws further provide that a federal district court of the United States is the sole and exclusive forum for any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended or the Securities Act. These provisions further provide that any person or entity that acquires any interest in shares of our capital stock will be deemed to have notice of and consented to these provisions.

These provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers, and other employees. If a court were to find any of these provisions to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other jurisdictions, which could seriously harm our business.

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The price of our common stock has been and may continue to be volatile and fluctuate substantially, which could result in substantial losses for purchasers of our common stock.

Our stock price has been and is likely to continue to be volatile. The stock market in general and the market for smaller medical device companies in particular have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. With the adoption of our Bitcoin treasury strategy, we expect to see additional volatility. As a result of this volatility, you may not be able to sell your common stock. The market price for our common stock may be influenced by many factors, including:

| ● | our Bitcoin treasury strategy, including changes thereto;

| ● | additional capital raising transactions;

| ● | regulatory, commercial and technical developments related to Bitcoin or the Bitcoin blockchain

| ● | the success of competitive products, services or technologies;

| ● | regulatory or legal developments in the United States and other countries;

| ● | developments or disputes concerning patent applications, issued patents or other proprietary rights;

| ● | the recruitment or departure of key personnel;

| ● | actual or anticipated changes in estimates as to financial results, development timelines or recommendations by securities analysts;

| ● | variations in our financial results or those of companies that are perceived to be similar to us;

| ● | changes in the structure of healthcare payment systems;

| ● | market conditions in the medical device sector;

| ● | general economic, industry and market conditions; and

| ● | the other factors described in this “Risk Factors” section, including our potential settlement with DOJ and related risk that DOJ will file a complaint against our company if we do not reach final settlement.

In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been brought against that company. Due to the potential volatility of our stock price, including related to proposed settlement with DOJ and related risks associated therewith, we may be the target of securities litigation in the future. Securities litigation could result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention and resources from our business.

Because we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, will be your sole source of gain.

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our capital stock. We anticipate that we will retain our earnings, if any, for future growth and therefore do not anticipate paying cash dividends in the future. As a result, only appreciation of the price of our common stock will provide a return to stockholders.

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General Risk Factors

Because we operate in an industry with significant product liability risk, and we may not be sufficiently insured against this risk, we may be subject to substantial claims against our product or services that we may provide.

The development, manufacture and sale, lease or use of products or provision of services in a medical setting entails significant risks of product liability or other negligence or malpractice claims. Although we maintain insurance to cover us in the event of liability claims, and as of the date of this quarterly report on Form 10-Q, no such claims have been asserted or threatened against us, our insurance may not be sufficient to cover all possible future liabilities regarding our product, or from performing tests with our product or other non-proprietary products. Accordingly, we may not be adequately protected from any liabilities, including any adverse judgments or settlements, we might incur in connection with the development, clinical testing, manufacture and sale, lease or use of our products or the provision of services. A successful product liability or negligence or medical malpractice claim or series of claims brought against us that result in an adverse judgment against or settlement by us in excess of any insurance coverage could seriously harm our financial condition or reputation. Moreover, even if no judgments, fines, damages or liabilities are imposed on us, our reputation could suffer, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, product liability and other malpractice insurance is expensive and may not always be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all.

We may implement a product recall or voluntary market withdrawal or stop shipment of our product due to product defects or product enhancements and modifications, which would significantly increase our costs.

The manufacturing and marketing of QuantaFlo and any future products that we may develop involves an inherent risk that our products may prove to be defective. In that event, we may voluntarily implement a recall or market withdrawal or stop shipment or may be required to do so by a regulatory authority. A recall of QuantaFlo or one of our future products, or a similar product manufactured by another manufacturer, could impair sales of the products we market as a result of confusion concerning the scope of the recall or as a result of the damage to our reputation for quality and safety. Further any product recall, voluntary market withdrawal or shipment stoppage of our product could significantly increase our costs and have a material adverse effect on our business.

If we fail to properly manage our operations, our business could suffer.

Our operations have placed, and will continue to place, a significant strain on our management and on our operational and financial resources and systems. Failure to manage our operations effectively could cause us to over-invest or under-invest and result in losses or weaknesses. Additionally, our anticipated operations will increase the demands placed on our suppliers, resulting in an increased need for us to carefully monitor for quality assurance. Any failure by us to manage our operations effectively could have an adverse effect on our ability to achieve our development and commercialization goals.

An information security incident, including a cybersecurity breach, could have a negative impact on our business or reputation.

To meet business objectives, we rely on both internal information technology systems and networks, and those of third parties and their vendors, to process and store sensitive data, including confidential research and patient data that may be subject to legal protection. The extensive information security and cybersecurity threats, which affect companies globally, pose a risk to the security and availability of these information technology systems and networks, and the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our sensitive data. We continually assess these threats and make investments to increase internal protection, detection, and response capabilities, as well as ensure our third-party providers have required capabilities and controls, to address this risk. To date, we have not experienced any material impact to our business or operations resulting from information or cybersecurity attacks; however, because of the frequently changing attack techniques, along with the increased volume and sophistication of the attacks, there is the potential for us to be adversely impacted. This impact could result in reputational, competitive, operational or other business harm as well as financial costs and regulatory action.

Adverse developments affecting the financial services industry, such as actual events or concerns involving liquidity, defaults, or non-performance by financial institutions or transactional counterparties, could adversely affect our current and projected business operations and our financial condition and results of operations.

Actual events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions, transactional counterparties or other companies in the financial services industry or the financial services industry generally, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar risks, have in the past and may in the future lead to market-wide liquidity problems. For example, on March 10, 2023, Silicon Valley Bank, or SVB, was closed by the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation, which appointed the FDIC, as receiver. Similarly, on March 12, 2023, Signature Bank and Silvergate Capital Corp. were each swept into receivership. Although we took steps to diversify our banking relationships

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and are not a borrower or party to any such instruments with SVB, Signature or any other financial institution currently in receivership, if any of our lenders or counterparties to any financial instruments (such as letters of credit) were to be placed into receivership, we may be unable to access such funds. In addition, if any of our customers, suppliers or other parties with whom we conduct business are unable to access funds pursuant to such instruments or lending arrangements with such a financial institution, such parties’ ability to pay their obligations to us or to enter into new commercial arrangements requiring additional payments to us could be adversely affected.

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Although the U.S. Department of Treasury, FDIC and Federal Reserve Board have announced a program to provide up to $25 billion of loans to financial institutions secured by certain of such government securities held by financial institutions to mitigate the risk of potential losses on the sale of government securities with interest rates below current market interest rates, widespread demands for customer withdrawals or other liquidity needs of financial institutions for immediately liquidity may exceed the capacity of such program. Additionally, there is no guarantee that the U.S. Department of Treasury, FDIC and Federal Reserve Board will provide access to uninsured funds in the future in the event of the closure of other banks or financial institutions, or that they would do so in a timely fashion.

Although we assess our banking and customer relationships as we believe necessary or appropriate, our access to funding sources and other credit arrangements in amounts adequate to finance or capitalize our current and projected future business operations could be significantly impaired by factors that affect our company, the financial institutions with which we have credit agreements or arrangements directly, or the financial services industry or economy in general.

Fluctuations in insurance cost and availability could adversely affect our profitability or our risk management profile.

We hold a number of insurance policies, including product liability insurance, directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, and workers’ compensation insurance. If the costs of maintaining adequate insurance coverage increase significantly in the future, our operating results could be materially adversely affected. Likewise, if any of our current insurance coverage should become unavailable to us or become economically impractical, we would be required to operate our business without indemnity from commercial insurance providers. If we operate our business without insurance, we could be responsible for paying claims or judgments against us that would have otherwise been covered by insurance, which could adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition.

Disruptions at the FDA, the SEC and other government agencies caused by the change in presidential administration, funding shortages or potential funding shortages could hinder their ability to hire and retain key leadership and other personnel, prevent new products and services from being developed or commercialized in a timely manner, or otherwise prevent those agencies from performing normal business functions, which could negatively impact our business and our timelines.

The ability of the FDA to review and clear or approve new products can be affected by a variety of factors, including government budget and funding levels, ability to hire and retain key personnel and accept the payment of user fees, shifting policy priorities as a result of changes in the Presidential administration and political appointees tasked to oversee the agency, and statutory, regulatory, and policy changes. Average review times at the agency have fluctuated in recent years as a result. In addition, government funding of the SEC, and other government agencies on which our operations may rely is subject to the impacts of political events, which are inherently fluid and unpredictable. Currently, federal agencies in the United States are operating under a continuing resolution that is set to expire on September 30, 2025.

Disruptions at the FDA and other agencies may slow the time necessary for review and approval (including our expanded indication for QuantaFlo), which could adversely affect our business. For example, over the last several years, the U.S. government has shut down several times and certain regulatory agencies, such as the FDA and the SEC, have had to furlough critical FDA, SEC and other government employees and stop critical activities. If a prolonged government shutdown occurs, it could significantly impact the ability of the FDA and the SEC to timely review and process our submissions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and our timelines.

We operate in an intensely competitive and rapidly changing business environment, and there is a substantial risk our products or service offerings could become obsolete or uncompetitive.

The market for medical systems, equipment and other devices and services is highly competitive. We compete with many medical service companies in the United States and internationally in connection with our vascular testing product and products under development. We face competition from numerous companies in the diagnostic area, as well as competition from academic institutions, government agencies and research institutions. Most of our current and potential competitors have, and will continue to have, substantially greater financial, technological, research and development, regulatory and clinical, manufacturing, marketing and sales, distribution and personnel resources than we do. There can be no assurance that we will have sufficient resources to successfully

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commercialize QuantaFlo or any other future products, if and when they are approved for sale or license, or service offerings that we may develop. Our future success will depend largely upon our ability to anticipate and keep pace with developments and advances. Current or future competitors could develop alternative technologies or products or service offerings that are more effective, easier to use or more economical than what we or any potential licensee develop. If our technologies or products or service offerings become obsolete or uncompetitive, our related revenues would decrease. This would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Changes in, or interpretations of, tax rules and regulations may adversely affect our effective tax rates.

We are subject to income and other taxes in the United States. Significant judgment is required in evaluating our provision for income taxes or in claiming tax credits or taking other tax positions. During the ordinary course of business, there are many transactions for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain or if we were to be audited, the Internal Revenue Service, or state tax authorities may not agree with our tax positions. For example, we are subject to various state sales and use tax audits and received an audit adjustment report in April 2025 relating to an ongoing audit, which we paid as of June 30, 2025 in the amount of $0.4 million, inclusive of interest and penalties. Further state sales and use tax audits could result in other potential liabilities. In addition, there could be changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities or changes in the relevant tax, accounting, and other laws, regulations, principles and interpretations. Although we believe our tax estimates and practices are reasonable, the final determination of tax audits and any related litigation could be materially different from our historical income tax provisions and accruals. The results of an audit or litigation, or the effects of a change in tax policy in the United States or a particular state, could have a material effect on our operating results in the period or periods for which that determination is made. In addition, new income, sales, use or other tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances could be enacted at any time, which could affect the tax treatment of our earnings. Any new taxes could adversely affect our business operations, and our business and financial performance. Further, existing tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances could be interpreted, changed, modified or applied adversely to us.

We are currently a “smaller reporting company,” and the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to such companies may make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are a “smaller reporting company,” as defined in the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, and will remain a smaller reporting company for so long as either our annual revenues are less than $100.0 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and our voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates is less than $700.0 million measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter, or our voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates is less than $250.0 million measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter. For so long as we remain a smaller reporting company, we are permitted and intend to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not smaller reporting companies. These exemptions include:

| ● | being permitted to provide only two years of audited financial statements, in addition to any required unaudited interim financial statements, with correspondingly reduced “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” disclosure; and

| ● | reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation.

We have taken advantage of reduced reporting burdens in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q. We cannot predict whether investors will find our common stock less attractive if we rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.

We have incurred and will continue to incur increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management has been and will continue to be required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives and corporate governance practices.

As a public company, we have incurred and will continue to incur increased costs, and our management has been and will continue to be required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives and corporate governance practices. Moreover, after we are no longer a smaller reporting company, we will incur additional significant legal, accounting and other expenses to address compliance and corporate governance. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and other applicable securities rules and regulations impose various requirements on public companies, including establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and corporate governance practices. Our management and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, the currently applicable rules and regulations have already increased our legal and financial compliance costs and made some activities more time-consuming and costly. We will need to continue to dedicate internal resources, potentially engage outside consultants and continue

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steps to improve control processes as appropriate, validate through testing that controls are functioning as documented and implement a continuous reporting and improvement process for internal control over financial reporting.

You may experience future dilution as a result of future equity offerings.

In order to raise additional capital or pursue strategic acquisition opportunities, we may in the future offer additional shares of our common stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock. For example, we entered into “at-the-market” offering programs in June 2024 and April 2025 and issued convertible notes in January 2025. We cannot assure you that we will be able to sell shares or other securities with conversion prices in any other offering at a price per share that is equal to or greater than the price per share paid by investors in such an offering, and investors purchasing shares or other securities in the future could have rights superior to existing stockholders.

The price per share at which we sell or issue additional shares of our common stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock in future transactions may be higher or lower than the price at which you purchased your shares.

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Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

(a) Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

None.

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(b) Use of Proceeds

Not Applicable.

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(c) Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

None

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Item 3. Defaults upon Senior Securities.

None.

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Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

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Item 5. Other Information.

N o n e.

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Item 6. Exhibits.

Ex. No. |  | Exhibit Name
3.1 | ​ | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of our Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 2, 2015).
3.2 | ​ | Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of our Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 23, 2023).
3.3 | ​ | Fifth Amended and Restated Bylaws (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of our Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 23, 2025).
10.1 | ​ | Controlled Equity Offering℠ Sales Agreement, dated as of April 15, 2025, by and among Barclays Capital Inc., Cantor Fitzgerald & Co., Canaccord Genuity LLC, Needham & Company, LLC, Craig-Hallum Capital Group LLC and Lake Street Capital Markets, LLC. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.2 to our registration statement on Form S-3 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 15, 2025 (SEC File No. 333-286559).
31.1 |  | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of Principal Executive Officer
31.2 |  | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of Principal Financial Officer
32.1* |  | Section 1350 Certification
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase
104 | ​ | The cover page from Semler Scientific's quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended June 30, 2025 is formatted in Inline XBRL and it is contained in Exhibit 101

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* These certifications are furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and are deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, nor shall they be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference in such filing.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

August 4, 2025 | SEMLER SCIENTIFIC, INC.
| By: | /s/ Douglas Murphy-Chutorian
|  | Douglas Murphy-Chutorian
|  | Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)
| By: | /s/ Renae Cormier
|  | Renae Cormier
|  | Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

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