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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
New Accounting Pronouncements and Changes in Accounting Principles [Abstract] |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Nature of Operations: Northrim BanCorp, Inc. (the “Company”), is a publicly traded bank holding company headquartered in Anchorage, Alaska that is primarily engaged in the delivery of business and personal banking services through its wholly-owned banking subsidiary, Northrim Bank ("the Bank"). The Bank also engages in retail mortgage origination services through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Residential Mortgage Holding Company, LLC (“RML”). Additionally, the Bank through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Northrim Funding Services ("NFS"), operates a factoring division in Bellevue, Washington. Related companies include Pacific Wealth Advisors, LLC (“PWA”) and Homestate Mortgage Company, LLC ("Homestate"). The Company has a equity investment in PWA through its wholly owned subsidiary, Northrim Investment Services Company ("NISC"), and the Company has a equity investment in Homestate through RML. The Company also owned a 50.1% ownership interest in Northrim Benefits Group, LLC ("NBG") from 2005 until the Company sold all of its interest in the assets of NBG in August of 2017. Method of Accounting: The Company prepares its consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States and prevailing practices within the banking industry. The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of income, gains, expenses, and losses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates include the allowance for loan losses (“Allowance”), valuation of goodwill and other intangibles, valuation of other real estate owned (“OREO”), valuation of mortgage servicing rights, and fair value disclosures. Consolidation: The Company consolidates affiliates in which we have a controlling interest. The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, the Bank, RML, NBG, and Northrim Investment Services Company (“NISC”). Significant intercompany balances have been eliminated in consolidation. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had one wholly-owned trust ("Trust") that was formed to issue trust preferred securities and related common securities of the Trust. The Company has not consolidated the accounts of the Trust in its consolidated financial statements in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification (“FASB”) ASC 810, Consolidation (“ASC 810”). As a result, the junior subordinated debentures issued by the Company to the Trust are reflected on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as junior subordinated debentures. The Company has determined that PWA and Homestate are not variable interest entities and therefore, the Company does not consolidate the balance sheets and income statements of PWA or Homestate into its financial statements. The Company's investments in PWA and Homestate are accounted for as equity method investments. Results of PWA and Homestate are included in "Other income" in our Consolidated Statements of Income. Investments in associated companies are presented on a one-line basis in the caption “Other assets” in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Operating Segments: Public enterprises are required to report certain information about their operating segments in a complete set of financial statements to shareholders. The basis for determining the Company's operating segments is the manner in which management operates the business. Management has identified two primary business segments; Community Banking and Home Mortgage Lending. Reclassifications: Certain reclassifications have been made to prior year amounts to maintain consistency with the current year with no impact on net income or total shareholders’ equity. Subsequent Events: The Company has evaluated events and transactions subsequent to December 31, 2018 for potential recognition or disclosure. Cash and Cash Equivalents: For purposes of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, amounts due from banks, interest-bearing deposits with other banks, federal funds sold, and securities with original maturities of less than 90 days at acquisition. Marketable Securities: Marketable securities are equity investments excluding those accounted for under the equity method of accounting or those that result in consolidation of the investee. Marketable securities are stated at fair value. Changes in fair value are included in "Gain (loss) on marketable securities" in our Consolidated Statements of Net Income. Investment Securities: Securities available for sale are stated at fair value with unrealized holding gains and losses, net of tax, excluded from earnings and reported as a separate component of other comprehensive income, unless an unrealized loss is deemed other than temporary. Gains and losses on available for sale securities sold are determined on a specific identification basis. Held to maturity securities are stated at cost, adjusted for amortization of premium and accretion of discount on a level-yield basis. The Company has the ability and intent to hold these securities to maturity. The Company amortizes purchase premiums for callable debt securities to the earliest call date. A decline in the market value of any available for sale or held to maturity security below cost that is deemed other than temporary results in a charge to earnings and the establishment of a new cost basis for the security. Unrealized investment securities losses are evaluated at least quarterly on a specific identification basis to determine whether such declines in value should be considered "other than temporary" and therefore be subject to immediate loss recognition in income. Although these evaluations involve significant judgment, an unrealized loss in the fair value of a debt security is generally deemed to be temporary when the fair value of the security is below the carrying value primarily due to changes in interest rates and there has not been significant deterioration in the financial condition of the issuer. The Company does not intend to sell, nor is it more likely than not that it will be required to sell, securities whose market value is less than carrying value. Because it is more likely than not that the Company will hold these investments until a market price recovery or maturity, these investments are not considered other than temporarily impaired. Other factors that may be considered in determining whether a decline in the value is "other than temporary" include the financial condition, capital strength, and near-term prospects of the issuer; actions of commercial banks or other lenders relative to the continued extension of credit facilities to the issuer of the security; recommendations of investment advisors or market analysts; and ratings by recognized rating agencies. Federal Home Loan Bank Stock: The Company’s investment in Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines (“FHLB”) stock is carried at par value because the shares can only be redeemed with the FHLB at par. The Company is required to maintain a minimum level of investment in FHLB stock based on the Company’s total Bank assets and outstanding advances. FHLB stock is carried at cost and is subject to recoverability testing at least annually. Loans held for sale: The Company designates loans held for sale as either carried at fair value or the lower of cost or fair value at origination. Loans held for sale include residential mortgage loans that have been originated for sale in the secondary market. Related gains or losses on the sale of these loans are recognized in mortgage banking income. Loans: Loans are carried at their principal amount outstanding, net of charge-offs, unamortized fees, and direct loan origination costs. Loan balances are charged-off to the Allowance when management believes that collection of principal is unlikely. Interest income on loans is accrued and recognized on the principal amount outstanding except for loans in a nonaccrual status. All classes of loans are placed on nonaccrual when management believes doubt exists as to the collectability of the interest or principal. Cash payments received on nonaccrual loans are directly applied to the principal balance. Generally, a loan may be returned to accrual status when the delinquent principal and interest is brought current in accordance with the terms of the loan agreement and certain ongoing performance criteria have been met. Loans are reported as past due when installment payments, interest payments, or maturity payments are past due based on contractual terms. The Company considers a loan to be impaired when it is probable that it will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Once a loan is determined to be impaired, the impairment is measured based on the present value of the expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, unless the loan is collateral dependent, in which case the impairment is measured by using the fair value of the loan’s collateral. Nonperforming loans greater than $50,000 are individually evaluated for impairment based upon the borrower’s overall financial condition, resources, and payment record, and the prospects for support from any financially responsible guarantors. The Company uses either in-house evaluations or external appraisals to estimate the fair value of collateral-dependent impaired loans as of each reporting date. The Company’s determination of which method to use is based upon several factors. The Company takes into account compliance with legal and regulatory guidelines, the amount of the loan, the estimated value of the collateral, the location and type of collateral to be valued, and how critical the timing of completion of the analysis is to the assessment of value. Those factors are balanced with the level of internal expertise, internal experience, and market information available, versus external expertise available such as qualified appraisers, brokers, auctioneers, and equipment specialists. The Company uses external appraisals to estimate fair value for projects that are not fully constructed as of the date of valuation. These projects are generally valued as if complete, with an appropriate allowance for cost of completion, including contingencies developed from external sources such as vendors, engineers, and contractors. The Company classifies fair value measurements using observable inputs, such as external appraisals, as level 2 valuations in the fair value hierarchy, and fair value measurements with unobservable inputs, such as in-house evaluations, as level 3 valuations in the fair value hierarchy. When the fair value measurement of the impaired loan is less than the recorded amount of the loan, an impairment is recognized by recording a charge-off to the Allowance or by designating a specific reserve in accordance with GAAP. The Company’s policy is to record cash payments received on impaired loans that are not also nonaccrual loans in the same manner that cash payments are applied to performing loans. A loan is classified as a troubled debt restructuring ("TDR") when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulties that lead to a restructuring of the loan, and the Company grants concessions to the borrower in the restructuring that it would not otherwise consider. These concessions may include interest rate reductions, principal forgiveness, extension of maturity date and other actions intended to minimize potential losses. Generally, a nonaccrual loan that is restructured remains on nonaccrual status for a period of at least six months to demonstrate that the borrower can meet the restructured terms. If the borrower's performance under the new terms is not reasonably assured, the loan remains classified as a nonaccrual loan. Interest on TDRs will be accrued at the restructured rates when it is anticipated that no loss of original principal will occur, and the interest can be collected, which is generally after a period of six months. Loan origination fees received in excess of direct origination costs are deferred and accreted to interest income using a method approximating the level-yield method over the life of the loan. Acquired Loans: Loans are recorded at their fair value at the acquisition date. Credit discounts are included in the determination of fair value; therefore, an allowance for loan losses is not recorded at the acquisition date. Purchased loans are evaluated upon acquisition and classified as either purchased credit impaired or purchased non-credit-impaired. Purchased credit impaired loans reflect credit deterioration since origination such that it is probable at acquisition that the Company will be unable to collect all contractually required payments. Purchased credit impaired loans were individually evaluated for credit impairment at acquisition using expected future cash flows or the estimated value of underlying collateral. A purchased credit impaired loan will be removed from impaired loans only if the loan is sold, foreclosed, or assets are received in full satisfaction of the loan, and it will be removed from impaired loans at its carrying value. If an individual loan is removed, the difference between its relative carrying amount and its cash, fair value of the collateral, or other assets received will be recognized in other income immediately as a gain and would not affect the effective yield used to recognize the accretable yield on purchased credit impaired loans. The excess of the undiscounted contractual balances due over the cash flows expected to be collected is considered to be the nonaccretable difference. The nonaccretable difference represents our estimate of the credit losses expected to occur and was considered in determining the fair value of the purchased credit impaired loans as of the acquisition date. Subsequent to the acquisition date, any increases in expected cash flows over those expected at purchase date in excess of fair value are adjusted through an increase to the accretable yield on a prospective basis. The purchased credit impaired loans are and will continue to be subject to the Company’s internal and external credit review and monitoring. If credit deterioration is experienced subsequent to the initial acquisition fair value amount, such deterioration will be measured, and a charge-off will be recorded. For purchased non-credit-impaired loans, the difference between the fair value and unpaid principal balance of the loan at the acquisition date is amortized or accreted to interest income over the estimated life of the loans. For the purpose of estimating the Allowance, the Company has evaluated the credit quality of purchased non-credit-impaired loans separately from loans that were originated by the Company and has applied different qualitative factors to these loans. Purchased non-credit-impaired loans that have been identified as impaired subsequent to the merger are included in the Company's normal process for reporting impaired loans and calculation of a specific valuation allowance. Allowance for Loan Losses: The Allowance for Loan Losses is management’s best estimate of probable losses inherent in its loan portfolio. Accordingly, the methodology is based on historical loss experience by loan segment and class with adjustments for current events and conditions. The Company’s process for determining the appropriate level of the Allowance for probable loan losses is designed to account for credit deterioration as it occurs. The provision for loan losses reflects loan quality trends, including levels of and trends related to past due and nonaccrual loans, net charge-offs or recoveries, and other factors. The Company has identified the following segments: commercial, real estate construction one-to-four family, real estate construction other, real estate term owner occupied, real estate term non-owner occupied, real estate term other, consumer loans secured by 1 st deeds of trust, and other consumer loans. Then the Company further disaggregates each segment into the following classes, which are also known as asset quality ratings: pass (grades 1-6), special mention (grade 7), substandard (grade 8), doubtful (grade 9), and loss (grade 10). The level of the Allowance reflects management’s continuing evaluation of industry concentrations, specific credit risks, loan loss experience, current loan portfolio quality, present economic, political and regulatory conditions and unidentified losses inherent in the current loan portfolio. Portions of the allowance may be allocated for specific credits; however, the entire allowance is available for any credit that, in management’s judgment, should be charged off. While management utilizes its best judgment and information available, the ultimate adequacy of the Allowance is dependent upon a variety of factors beyond the Company’s control including, among other things, the performance of the Company’s loan portfolio, the economy, changes in interest rates, and the view of the regulatory authorities toward loan classification. The Company’s Allowance consists of three elements: (1) specific valuation allowances based on probable losses on specific loans, (2) general valuation allowances based on historical loan loss experience for similar loans with similar characteristics and trends, adjusted as necessary to reflect the impact of current conditions, and (3) unallocated general valuation allowances based on general economic conditions and other qualitative risk factors both internal and external to the Company. The specific valuation allowance is an allocated allowance for impaired loans. This analysis is based upon a specific analysis for each impaired loan that is collateral dependent, including appraisals and in-house evaluations on loans secured by real property, management’s assessment of the current market, recent payment history, and an evaluation of other sources of repayment. The Company obtains appraisals on real and personal property that secure its loans during the loan origination process in accordance with regulatory guidance and its loan policy. The Company then estimates a general allocated allowance for all other loans that were not impaired as of the balance sheet date using a formula-based approach that includes average historical loss factors that are adjusted for quantitative and qualitative factors. Qualitative factors are based on management’s assessment of current trends that may cause losses inherent in the current loan portfolio to differ significantly from historical losses. The Company uses a formula-based approach that includes average historical loss factors that are adjusted for qualitative factors to establish this portion of the Allowance. After the portfolio has been disaggregated into segments and classes, the Company calculates a general reserve for each segment and class based on the average five year loss history for each segment and class. This general reserve is then adjusted for qualitative factors, by segment and class. Qualitative factors are based on management’s assessment of current trends that may cause losses inherent in the current loan portfolio to differ significantly from historical losses. Some factors that management considers in determining the qualitative adjustment to the general reserve include our concentration of large borrowers; national and local economic trends; general business conditions; economic, political, and industry specific factors that affect resource development in Alaska; underwriting policies and standards; trends in local real estate markets; effects of various political activities; peer group data; and internal factors such as underwriting policies and expertise of the Company’s employees. The unallocated general valuation portion of the Allowance is based on several factors, including the level of the Allowance as compared to total loans and nonperforming loans in light of current economic conditions. This portion of the Allowance is deemed “unallocated” because it is not allocated to any segment or class of the loan portfolio. This portion of the Allowance provides for coverage of credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio but not captured in the credit loss factors that are utilized in the risk rating-based component or in the specific impairment component of the Allowance and acknowledges the inherent imprecision of all loss prediction models. This portion of the Allowance is based upon management’s evaluation of various factors that are not directly measured in the determination of the allocated portions of the Allowance. Such factors include uncertainties in identifying triggering events that directly correlate to subsequent loss rates, uncertainties in economic conditions, risk factors that have not yet manifested themselves in loss allocation factors, and historical loss experience data that may not precisely correspond to the current portfolio. In addition, the unallocated reserve may fluctuate based upon the direction of various risk indicators. Examples of such factors include the risk as to current and prospective economic conditions, the level and trend of charge offs or recoveries, and the risk of heightened imprecision or inconsistency of appraisals used in estimating real estate values. Although this allocation process may not accurately predict credit losses by loan type or in aggregate, the total allowance for credit losses is available to absorb losses that may arise from any loan type or category. Based on our methodology and its components, management believes the resulting Allowance is adequate and appropriate for the risk identified in the Company's loan portfolio. While management believes that it uses the best information available to determine the Allowance, unforeseen market conditions and other events could result in adjustment to the Allowance, and net income could be significantly affected if circumstances differed substantially from the assumptions used in making the final determination. Our banking regulators, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the Company's Allowance. Our regulators may require the Company to recognize additions to the Allowance based on their judgments related to information available to them at the time of their examinations. Reserve for Unfunded Loan Commitments and Letters of Credit: The Company maintains a separate reserve for losses related to unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit. The determination of the adequacy of the reserve is based on periodic evaluations of the unfunded credit facilities including assessment of historical losses and current economic conditions. The allowance for unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit is included in other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, with changes to the balance charged against other operating expense. Purchased Receivables: The Bank, through NFS, purchases accounts receivable from its customers. The purchased receivables are carried at their principal amount outstanding, net of a reserve for anticipated losses that have not yet been identified. Fees charged to the customer are earned while the balances of the purchases are outstanding, which is typically less than one year. The Company maintains a separate reserve for losses related to purchased receivable assets. The determination of the adequacy of the reserve is based on periodic evaluations of purchased receivable assets including an assessment of historical losses and current economic conditions. The reserve for purchased receivable assets is included in the balance of these accounts on a net basis on the consolidated balance sheets, with changes to the balance charged against other operating expense. Other Real Estate Owned: Other real estate owned represents properties acquired through foreclosure or its equivalent. Prior to foreclosure, the carrying value is adjusted to the fair value, less cost to sell, of the real estate to be acquired by an adjustment to the Allowance. Management’s evaluation of fair value is based on appraisals or discounted cash flows of anticipated sales. After foreclosure, any subsequent reduction in the carrying value is charged against earnings. Operating expenses associated with other real estate owned are charged to earnings in the period they are incurred. Premises and Equipment: Premises and equipment, including leasehold improvements, are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization expense for financial reporting purposes is computed using the straight-line method based upon the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful lives of the assets that vary according to the asset type and include; furniture and equipment ranging between 3 and 7 years, leasehold improvements ranging between 2 and 15 years, and buildings at 39 years. Maintenance and repairs are charged to current operations, while renewals and betterments are capitalized. Long-lived assets such as premises and equipment are reviewed for impairment at least annually or whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the remaining useful life may warrant revision, or that the carrying amount of the long-lived asset may not be fully recoverable. If impairment is determined to exist, any related impairment loss is calculated based on fair value. Impairment losses on assets to be disposed of, if any, are based on the estimated proceeds to be received, less costs of disposal. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets: Intangible assets are comprised of goodwill and other intangibles acquired in business combinations. Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized. Intangible assets with definite useful lives are amortized to their estimated residual values over their respective useful lives, and are also reviewed for impairment. Amortization of intangible assets is included in other operating expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The Company performs a goodwill impairment analysis at the segment level on an annual basis. Additionally, the Company performs a goodwill impairment evaluation on an interim basis when events or circumstances indicate impairment potentially exists. Low Income Housing Tax Credit Partnerships: The Company earns a return on its investments in these partnerships in the form of tax credits and deductions that flow through to it as a limited partner. The Company amortizes these investments in tax expense over the period during which tax credits are used. Servicing Rights: Mortgage and commercial servicing rights associated with loans originated and sold, where servicing is retained, are measured at fair value and changes in fair value are reported through earnings. Changes in the fair value of servicing rights occur primarily due to the collection/realization of expected cash flows, as well as changes in valuation inputs and assumptions. Under the fair value method, servicing rights are carried on the balance sheet at fair value and the changes in fair value are reported in earnings in other operating income in the period in which the change occurs. Fair value measurements are determined using a discounted cash flow model. In order to determine the fair value of servicing rights, the present value of net expected future cash flows is estimated. Assumptions used include market discount rates, anticipated prepayment speeds, escrow calculations, delinquency rates, and ancillary fee income net of servicing costs. For mortgage servicing rights ("MSRs"), the model assumptions are also compared to publicly filed information from several large MSR holders, as available. Other Assets: Other assets include purchased software and prepaid expenses. Purchased software is carried at amortized cost and is amortized using the straight-line method over its estimated useful life or the term of the agreement. Also included in other assets is the net deferred tax asset, bank owned life insurance, accrued interest receivable, taxes receivable, rate lock derivatives, and the Company’s equity method investments. The Company performs an impairment analysis on it's equity method investments when events or circumstances indicate impairment potentially exists. Derivatives: The Company records all derivatives on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value. The accounting for change in the fair value of derivatives depends on the intended use of the derivative, whether the Company has elected to designate the derivative in a hedging relationship and apply hedge accounting, and whether the hedging relationship has satisfied the criteria necessary to apply hedge accounting. Interest rate swaps that are designated as a cash flow hedge and satisfy the hedge accounting requirements involve the receipt of variable amounts from a counter-party in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount. For derivatives which are designed as cash flow hedges and satisfy hedge accounting requirements, the effective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). The fair value of the Company's derivatives is determined using discounted cash flow analysis using observable market based inputs. The Company considers all free-standing derivatives not designated in a hedging relationship as economic hedges and recognizes these derivatives as either assets or liabilities in the balance sheet. These assets and liabilities are measured at fair value, and changes in fair value are recorded in earnings. By using derivatives, the Company is exposed to counterparty credit risk, which is the risk that counterparties to the derivative contracts do not perform as expected. If a counterparty fails to perform, our counterparty credit risk is equal to the amount reported as a derivative asset on our balance sheet, net of cash collateral received. We minimize counterparty credit risk through credit approvals, limits, monitoring procedures, and obtaining collateral, where appropriate. For derivative instruments executed with the same counterparty under a master netting arrangement, we do not offset fair value amounts of interest rate swaps in liability positions with the ones in asset positions. For further detail, see Note 19. Transfers or sales of financial assets: For transfers of entire financial assets or a participating interest in an entire financial asset recorded as sales, we recognize and initially measure at fair value all assets obtained and liabilities incurred. We record a gain or loss in other operating income for the difference between the carrying amount and the fair value of the assets sold. Fair values are based on quoted market prices, quoted market prices for similar assets, or if market prices are not available, then the fair value is estimated using discounted cash flow analysis with assumptions for credit losses, prepayments and discount rates that are corroborated by and verified against market observable data, where possible. Advertising: Advertising, promotion, and marketing costs are expensed as incurred. The Company reported total expenses in these areas of $2.3 million, $2.6 million, and $2.4 million for each of the periods ending December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. Stock Incentive Plans: The Company accounts for its stock incentive plans using a fair-value-based method of accounting for stock-based employee compensation plans. The Company has elected the modified prospective method for recognition of compensation cost associated with stock-based employee compensation awards. The Company amortizes stock-based compensation expense over the vesting period of each award. Income Taxes: The Company uses the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under the asset and liability method, deferred income taxes are recognized for the future consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Our policy is to recognize interest and penalties on unrecognized tax benefits in “Provision for income taxes” in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Earnings Per Share: Earnings per share is calculated using the weighted average number of shares and dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding during the period. Stock options and restricted stock units, as described in Note 21, are considered to be common stock equivalents. Potentially dilutive shares are excluded from the computation of earnings per share if their effect is anti-dilutive. There were no anti-dilutive shares outstanding related to options to acquire common stock in 2017 or 2016. Anti-dilutive shares outstanding related to options to acquire common stock for the year ended December 31, 2018 totaled 44,721. Information used to calculate earnings per share was as follows:
(In Thousands) | 2018 | 2017 | 2016
Net income attributable to Northrim BanCorp, Inc. |  | $20,004 |  |  | $13,151 |  |  | $14,411 |
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding | 6,878 |  | 6,890 |  | 6,884 |
Dilutive effect of potential common shares from awards granted under equity incentive program | 104 |  | 88 |  | 91 |
Total | 6,982 |  | 6,978 |  | 6,975 |
Earnings per common share |  |  |
Basic |  | $2.91 |  |  | $1.91 |  |  | $2.09 |
Diluted |  | $2.86 |  |  | $1.88 |  |  | $2.06 |
Comprehensive Income: Comprehensive income consists of net income, net unrealized gains (losses) on securities available for sale after the tax effect, and net unrealized gains (losses) on derivative and hedging activities. Concentrations: Substantially all of the Company’s business is derived from the Anchorage, Matanuska-Susitna Valley, Fairbanks, Kenai Peninsula, and Southeast areas of Alaska. As such, the Company’s growth and operations depend upon the economic conditions of Alaska and these specific markets. These areas rely primarily upon the natural resources industries, particularly oil production, as well as tourism, government and U.S. military spending for their economic success. A significant majority of the unrestricted revenues of the Alaska state government are currently funded through various taxes and royalties on the oil industry. The Company’s business is and will remain sensitive to economic factors that relate to these industries and local and regional business conditions. As a result, local or regional economic downturns, or downturns that disproportionately affect one or more of the key industries in regions served by the Company, may have a more pronounced effect upon its business than they might on an institution that is less geographically concentrated. The extent of the future impact of these events on economic and business conditions cannot be predicted; however, prolonged or acute fluctuations could have a material and adverse impact upon the Company’s results of operation and financial condition. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had $451.8 million and $424.8 million, respectively, in commercial and construction loans in Alaska. Additionally, the Company continues to have a concentration in large borrowing relationships. At December 31, 2018, 40% of the Company’s loan portfolio is attributable to 27 large borrowing relationships. The Company has additional unfunded commitments to these borrowers of $97.7 million at December 31, 2018. Fair Value Measurements: Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for an asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. GAAP established a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the use of inputs used in valuation methodologies. In accordance with GAAP, the Company groups its assets and liabilities measured at fair value into the following three levels: :
• | Level 1: Valuation is based upon quoted prices for identical instruments traded in active markets. A quoted market price in an active market provides the most reliable evidence of fair value and is used to measure fair value whenever available. A contractually binding sales price also provides reliable evidence of fair value.
• | Level 2: Valuation is based upon quoted market prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market.
• | Level 3: Valuation is generated from model-based techniques that use significant assumptions not observable in the market, or inputs that require significant management judgment or estimation, some of which may be internally developed.
Error Corrections: Acquisition of RML In 2016, the Company identified and has corrected an error regarding the accounting for payments to be made by the Company to the four former equity owners of RML that were negotiated as part of the Company’s acquisition of 76.5% of the equity interest in RML on December 1, 2014. Three of the four former equity owners of RML had continuing employment contracts with the Company as of December 1, 2014, and under the terms of the acquisition agreement, the payments are terminated for future periods if any two of these three continuing employees terminate employment before November 30, 2019. The fair value of the estimated payments was recorded as acquisition consideration on December 1, 2014, and accrued as a contingent liability. The Company has determined that these payments are more appropriately accounted for as compensation expense in the period they are incurred. Changes in the value of the contingent liability that was initially recorded when the Company acquired RML have previously been reflected on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income in the “Change in fair value, RML earn-out liability” line item in prior periods. As of September 30, 2016, this line item has been renamed to “Compensation expense - RML acquisition payments”, and the payments to the sellers of RML are expensed and recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Income in that same line item. Management evaluated the materiality of the error from qualitative and quantitative perspectives and concluded that the error was immaterial to the prior period financial statements taken as a whole. Consequently, the financial statements for the period ended December 31, 2016, include the cumulative impact of the correction of the error, and prior period financial statements have not been restated. The error correction reduced the total purchase price of RML from $29.5 million to $22.2 million and reduced the amount of goodwill recorded in the RML acquisition from $14.8 million to $7.5 million. The error correction eliminated the contingent liability originally recorded as part of the purchase consideration and resulted in the accrual of compensation expense, which is included in "Other liabilities" on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The error correction increased Compensation expense - RML acquisition payments by $2.3 million and reduced net income by $1.4 million and covered the period from December 1, 2014, through June 30, 2016. Additionally, the change in the prospective accounting treatment of these payments also increased Compensation expense - RML acquisition payments by $765,000 and reduced net income for the third and fourth quarters of 2016 by $438,000 for a total decrease in net income of $1.8 million in 2016. The change did not affect the total cash flows from operating, investing, or financing activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. Accrued compensation expense related to these payments was $0 as of December 31, 2018 and represents compensation accrued for the period from December 1, 2018 through December 31, 2018. Recognition of commercial servicing rights In 2018, the Company recorded for the first time in other operating income the fair value of its commercial loan servicing portfolio of $1.0 million. This revenue is included in the "Commercial servicing revenue" line item in the Company's Consolidated Statement of Income. In previous years, the Company accounted for revenue from commercial servicing activities on a cash basis. Management evaluated the materiality of this error from qualitative and quantitative perspectives and concluded that the error was immaterial to the prior period financial statements taken as a whole. Consequently, the financial statements for the period ended December 31, 2018, include the cumulative impact of the correction of the error, and prior period financial statements have not been restated. The error correction increased total assets and net income by $737,000 after the impact of accounting for a provision for income taxes and covered the period from March 31, 2001 to December 31, 2018. The change did not affect cash flows from operating, investing, or financing activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. Occupancy expense In 2018, the Company performed a review of it's premises and equipment assets as part of it's tax planning process related to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 that was enacted in December of 2017. During this review, the Company identified that $2.6 million of land was misclassified as buildings in 2008. This misclassification resulted in the recognition of $670,000 in depreciation expense between September 30, 2008 and June 30, 2018. Management evaluated the materiality of this error from qualitative and quantitative perspectives and concluded that the error was immaterial to the prior period financial statements taken as a whole. Consequently, the financial statements for the period ended December 31, 2018, include the cumulative impact of the correction of the error, and prior period financial statements have not been restated. The error correction increased total assets and net income by $480,000 after the impact of accounting for a provision for income taxes and covered the period from September 30, 2008 to December 31, 2018. The change did not affect cash flows from operating, investing, or financing activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Accounting pronouncements implemented in 2018 In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASU 2014-09”). The core principle of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. In general, this new guidance requires companies to use more judgment and make more estimates than under current guidance, including identifying performance obligations in the contract, estimating the amount of variable consideration to include in the transaction price and allocating the transaction price to each separate performance obligation. ASU 2014-09 is effective for the Company’s financial statements for annual and interim periods beginning on or after December 15, 2017; early adoption is permitted for annual reporting periods. For financial reporting purposes, the standard allows for either full retrospective adoption, meaning the standard is applied to all of the periods presented, or modified retrospective adoption, meaning the standard is applied only to the most current period presented in the financial statements with the cumulative effect of initially applying the standard recognized at the date of initial application. The Company has reviewed all revenue sources to determine the sources that are in scope for this guidance. As a bank, key revenue sources, including interest income and mortgage banking income have been identified as out of scope of this new guidance. The Company's overall assessment of material in-scope revenue sources include service charges on deposits and credit card payment processing fees. The Company adopted the guidance on January 1, 2018, utilizing the modified retrospective approach, which did not have a material impact on how the Company recognizes revenue or on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures. See Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for disclosures related to revenue generated from contracts with customers. In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (“ASU 2016-01”). The new guidance is intended to improve the recognition and measurement of financial instruments. ASU 2016-01 requires that equity investments (except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting or those that result in consolidation of the investee) to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income. In addition, the amendment requires public business entities to use the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes and requires separate presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form of financial asset (i.e., securities or loans and receivables) on the balance sheet or the accompanying notes to the financial statements. This ASU also eliminates the requirement for public business entities to disclose the method(s) and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value that is required to be disclosed for financial instruments measured at amortized cost on the balance sheet. The amendment also requires a reporting organization to present separately in other comprehensive income the portion of the total change in the fair value of a liability resulting from a change in the instrument specific credit risk (also referred to as "own credit") when the organization has elected to measure the liability at fair value in accordance with the fair value option for financial instruments. The Company adopted the guidance on January 1, 2018 and reclassified $191,000 in unrealized gains on its investments in preferred stock from other accumulated comprehensive income to retained earnings. The Company also used an exit price notion to measure the fair value of financial instruments for it's disclosures as of December 31, 2018. Adoption of the guidance does not have a material or significant impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements. As of January 1, 2018, unrealized gains and losses on marketable equity securities are included in other operating income in the Consolidated Statement of Income. In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (“ASU 2016-15”). ASU 2016-15 provides guidance on eight specific cash flow issues: debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs; settlement of zero-coupon debt instruments or other debt instruments with coupon interest rates that are insignificant in relation to the effective interest rate of the borrowing; contingent consideration payments made after a business combination; proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims; proceeds from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance policies, including bank-owned life insurance policies; distributions received from equity method investees; beneficial interests in securitization transactions; and separately identifiable cash flows and application of the predominance principle. The Company adopted the guidance on January 1, 2018 and made an accounting policy election to classify distributions from equity method investees using the cumulative earnings approach. Accordingly, these distributions are recorded as cash inflows in the operating activity section of the Statement of Cash Flows. Adoption of the guidance does not have a material or significant impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements. In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09, Compensation-Stock Compensation (“ASU 2017-09”). ASU 2017-09 provides guidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award require an entity to apply modification accounting in Topic 718. The Company adopted the guidance on January 1, 2018, and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations. In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-08, Receivables-Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (“ASU 2017-08”). ASU 2017-08 amends the amortization period for certain purchased callable debt securities held at a premium by shortening the amortization period for the premium to the earliest call date. Under the current guidance, entities generally amortize the premium as an adjustment of yield over the contractual life of the instrument. ASU 2017-08 is effective for the Company’s financial statements for annual and interim periods beginning on or after December 15, 2018, and should be applied on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment directly to retained earnings. The Company early adopted this standard in the first quarter of 2018, which resulted in a $62,000 decrease in beginning retained earnings through a cumulative-effect adjustment. In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASU 2017-12”). ASU 2017-12 improves the financial reporting of hedging relationships to better portray the economic results of an entity’s risk management activities in its financial statements. In addition to that main objective, the amendments in this ASU make certain targeted improvements to simplify the application of the hedge accounting guidance in current GAAP based on the feedback received from preparers, auditors, users, and other stakeholders. ASU 2017-12 is effective for the Company’s financial statements for annual and interim periods beginning on or after December 15, 2018, and all transition requirements and elections must be applied to hedging relationships existing (that is, hedging relationships in which the hedging instrument has not expired, been sold, terminated, or exercised or the entity has not removed the designation of the hedging relationship) on the date of adoption. The Company early-adopted this standard in the first quarter of 2018, and it did not have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (“ASU 2017-04”). ASU 2017-04 simplifies how an entity is required to test goodwill for impairment by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. ASU 2017-04 is effective for the Company’s financial statements for annual and interim periods beginning on or after December 15, 2019, and must be applied on a prospective basis. The Company early adopted this standard in the fourth quarter of 2018, and it did not have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations. Accounting pronouncements to be implemented in future periods In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (“ASU 2016-13”). ASU 2016-13 is intended to improve financial reporting by requiring timelier recording of credit losses on loans and other financial instruments held by financial institutions and other organizations. The standard requires the measurement of all expected credit losses for certain financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Financial institutions and other organizations will now use forward-looking information to better inform their credit loss estimates, but will continue to use judgment to determine which loss estimation method is appropriate for their circumstances. ASU 2016-13 requires enhanced disclosures to help investors and other financial statement users better understand significant estimates and judgments used in estimating credit losses, as well as the credit quality and underwriting standards of an organization's portfolio. These disclosures include qualitative and quantitative requirements that provide additional information about the amounts recorded in the financial statements. In addition, the ASU amends the accounting for credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities and purchased financial assets with credit deterioration. The ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early application will be permitted for specified periods. The Company has formed a cross-functional team to begin implementation efforts of this new guidance. The team is evaluating the data elements and modeling options that are expected to be critical to the new process. Additionally, the Company has engaged external consulting services related to this effort. An estimate of the impact of this standard on the Company's consolidated financial position and results of operations has not yet been determined, however, the impact is expected to be significant and the impact on the Company's process for calculating the Allowance is also expected to be significant. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02”). ASU 2016-02 requires lessees, among other things, to recognize lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet for those leases classified as operating leases under previous authoritative guidance. This update also introduces new disclosure requirements for leasing arrangements. ASU 2016-02 is effective for the Company’s financial statements for annual and interim periods beginning on or after December 15, 2018, and must be applied prospectively. All entities are required to use a modified retrospective approach for leases that exist or are entered into after the beginning of the earliest comparative period in the financial statements. As the Company expects to elect the transition option provided in ASU No. 2018-11 (see below), the modified retrospective approach will be applied on January 1, 2019 (as opposed to January 1, 2017). The Company also expects to elect certain relief options offered in ASU 2016-02 including the package of practical expedients, the option not to separate lease and non-lease components and instead to account for them as a single lease component, and the option not to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities that arise from short-term leases (i.e., leases with terms of twelve months or less). The Company will likely not elect the hindsight practical expedient, which allows entities to use hindsight when determining lease term and impairment of right-of-use assets. The Company has several lease agreements, such as branch locations, which are currently considered operating leases, and therefore, not recognized on the Company’s consolidated statements of condition. When the Company adopts these amendments on January 1, 2019, the Company expects to recognize a right-of-use asset and related lease liability on the Company’s statement of financial condition of $15.9 and $15.9, respectively. The Company has finalized its review of the amendments and has updated its accounting policies and procedures. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-11, Leases - Targeted Improvements ("ASU 2018-11") to provide entities with relief from the costs of implementing certain aspects of the new leasing standard, ASU 2016-02. Specifically, under the amendments in ASU 2018-11: (1) entities may elect not to recast the comparative periods presented when transitioning to the new leasing standard, and (2) lessors may elect not to separate lease and non-lease components when certain conditions are met. The amendments have the same effective date as ASU 2016-02 (January 1, 2019 for the Company). The Company expects to elect both transition options. ASU 2018-11 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820) (“ASU 2018-13”). ASU 2018-13 modifies the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements in Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement, based on the concepts in the Concepts Statement, including the consideration of costs and benefits. ASU 2018-13 is effective for the Company’s financial statements for annual and interim periods beginning on or after December 15, 2019. The Company does not believe that the adoption of this standard will have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.

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