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Summary of significant accounting policies (Policies) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Basis of presentation and consolidation | Our financial statements are prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Emergent and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All significant inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Reclassifications of certain prior period amounts have been made to conform to the current period presentation. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company revised the reporting that the chief operating decision maker ("the CODM") reviews in order to assess Company performance. The CODM manages the business with a focus on two reportable segments: (1) Products segment consisting of Government - MCM and Commercial products and (2) Services segment focused on CDMO services.
Use of estimates | The preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect reported amounts and disclosures for asset impairments, revenue recognition, allowances for doubtful accounts, inventory, depreciation and amortization, business combinations, contingent consideration, stock-based compensation, income taxes, and other contingencies. Management continually re-evaluates its estimates, judgments and assumptions. These estimates are sometimes complex, sensitive to changes in assumptions and require fair value determinations using Level 3 fair value measurements. Actual results may differ materially from those estimates.
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash | Cash equivalents are highly liquid investments with a maturity of 90 days or less at the date of purchase and consist of time deposits and investments in money market funds with commercial banks and financial institutions. Also, the Company maintains cash balances with financial institutions in excess of insured limits. Restricted cash includes cash that is not readily available for use in the Company's operating activities. Restricted cash is primarily comprised of cash pledged under letters of credit.
Fair value measurements | Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability, an exit price, in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value include:
Level 1 — | Observable inputs for identical assets or liabilities such as quoted prices in active markets;
Level 2 — | Inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable; and
Level 3 — | Unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, which are therefore developed by the Company using estimates and assumptions that reflect those that a market participant would use.
On a recurring basis, the Company measures and records money market funds (Level 1), interest-rate swap arrangements and time deposits (Level 2) and contingent purchase consideration (Level 3) using fair value measurements in the accompanying financial statements. The carrying amounts of the Company's short-term financial instruments, which include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate their fair values due to their short maturities. The carrying amounts of the Company’s long-term variable interest rate debt arrangements (Level 2) approximate their fair values.
Significant customers and accounting receivable | Billed accounts receivable are stated at invoice amounts and consist of amounts due from the USG, commercial CDMO customers, as well as amounts due under reimbursement contracts with other government entities and non-government organizations. The Company's branded and generic opioid overdose reversal product is sold commercially through physician-directed or standing order prescriptions at retail pharmacies, as well as state health departments, law enforcement agencies, state and local community based organizations, substance abuse centers and federal agencies. If necessary, the Company records a reserve for credit losses to allow for amounts which may be unrecoverable. This provision is based upon an analysis of the Company's prior collection experience, customer creditworthiness and current economic trends. Amounts determined to be uncollectible are charged or written-off against the reserve. Unbilled accounts receivable relates to various service contracts for which work has been performed and the Company has a right to bill but invoicing has not yet occurred. Contract assets include revenues recognized in advance of billings and the Company does not have a right to invoice the customer under the terms of the contract. The Company has receivables from contracts containing lease components. At each reporting period, the Company assesses whether it is probable that the Company will collect all future lease payments. The Company considers payment history and current credit status when assessing collectability. The Company does not adjust our receivables for the effects of a significant financing component at contract inception if we expect to collect the receivables in one year or less from the time of sale.
Concentration Risk | Customers The Company has long-term contracts with the USG that expire at various times from 2023 through 2036. The Company has derived a significant portion of its revenue from sales of our Government - MCM products under contracts with the USG. The Company's current USG contracts do not necessarily increase the likelihood that it will secure future comparable contracts with the USG. The Company expects that a significant portion of the business will continue to be under government contracts that present a number of risks that are not typically present in the commercial contracting process. USG contracts for ACAM2000 and Anthrax Vaccines and other medical countermeasures products are subject to unilateral termination or modification by the government. The Company may fail to achieve significant sales of its medical countermeasures products, including ACAM2000 and Anthrax Vaccines to customers in addition to the USG, which would harm their growth opportunities. The Company's other product sales, largely Nasal Naloxone Products, are largely sold commercially through physician-directed or standing order prescriptions at retail pharmacies, as well as to state health departments, local law enforcement agencies, community-based organizations, substance abuse centers and other federal agencies. In 2022, we filed our supplemental New Drug Application for NARCAN® (naloxone HCI) Nasal Spray, as an over-the-counter emergency treatment which if approved would further broaden our customer base. Our CDMO customers are generally third-party pharmaceutical companies. Refer to Footnote 11, "Revenue recognition" for more information regarding significant customers. Although the Company seeks to expand its customer base and to renew its agreements with its customers prior to expiration of a contract, a delay in securing a renewal or a failure to secure a renewal or securing a renewal on less favorable terms may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. The Company’s accounts receivable do not represent a significant concentration of credit risk. The USG accounted for approximately 43%, 50% and 64% of total revenues for 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The Company’s accounts receivable as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, consist primarily of amounts due from the USG or other large multi-national highly reputable customers for product sales, CDMO services or from government agencies under government grants. Management does not deem credit risk to be significant. Financial Institutions Cash and cash equivalents are maintained with several financial institutions. The Company has deposits held with banks that exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. Generally, these deposits may be redeemed upon demand and are maintained with financial institutions of reputable credit and, therefore, bear minimal credit risk. Lender Counterparties There is lender counterparty risk associated with the Company's revolving credit facility and derivatives instruments. There is risk that the Company’s revolving credit facility investors and derivative counterparties will not be available to fund as obligated. If funding under the revolving credit facility is unavailable, the Company may have to acquire a replacement credit facility from different counterparties at a higher cost or may be unable to find a suitable replacement. The Company seeks to manage risks from its revolving credit facility and derivative instruments by contracting with experienced large financial institutions and monitoring the credit quality of its lenders. As of December 31, 2022, the Company does not anticipate nonperformance by any of its counterparties.
Inventories | Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value with cost being determined using a standard cost method, which approximates average cost. Average cost consists primarily of material, labor and manufacturing overhead expenses (including fixed production-overhead costs) and includes the services and products of third-party suppliers. The Company analyzes its inventory levels quarterly and writes down, in the applicable period, inventory that has become obsolete, inventory that has a cost basis in excess of its expected net realizable value and inventory in excess of expected customer demand. The Company also writes off, in the applicable period, the costs related to short-dated, contaminated or expired inventory. Costs of purchased inventories are recorded using weighted-average costing. The Company determines normal capacity for each production facility and allocates fixed production-overhead costs on that basis. The Company records inventory acquired in business combinations utilizing the comparative sales method, which estimates the expected sales price reduced for all costs expected to be incurred to complete/dispose of the inventory with a profit on those costs.
Property, plant and equipment | Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairments. subject to reviews for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. The cost of normal, recurring or periodic repairs and maintenance activities related to property, plant and equipment are expensed as incurred. The cost for planned major maintenance activities, including the related acquisition or construction of assets, is capitalized if the repair will result in future economic benefits. Interest costs incurred during the construction of major capital projects are capitalized until the underlying asset is ready for its intended use, at which point the interest costs are amortized as depreciation expense over the life of the underlying asset. The Company capitalizes internal-use software when both (a) the software is internally developed, acquired, or modified solely to meet the entity’s internal needs and (b) during the software’s development or modification, no substantive plan either exists or is being developed to market the software externally. Capitalization of qualifying internal-use software costs begins when the preliminary project stage is completed, management with the relevant authority, implicitly or explicitly, authorizes and commits to the funding of the software project, and it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will be used to perform the function intended. The Company generally depreciates or amortizes the cost of its property, plant and equipment using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, which are summarized as follows:
Land | Not depreciated
Buildings | 31-39 years
Building improvements | 10-39 years
Furniture and equipment | 3-15 years
Software | 3-7 years
Leasehold improvements | Lesser of the asset life or lease term
Upon retirement or sale, the cost of assets disposed of and the related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is credited or charged to operations. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. The Company determines the fair value of the property, plant and equipment acquired in a business combination utilizing either the cost approach or the sales comparison approach. The cost approach is determined by establishing replacement cost of the asset and then subtracting any value that has been lost due to economic obsolescence, functional obsolescence, or physical deterioration. The sales comparison approach determines an asset is equal to the market price of an asset of comparable features such as design, location, size, construction, materials, use, capacity, specification, operational characteristics and other features or descriptions.
Income taxes | Income taxes includes federal, state, local and foreign taxes. Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for future tax consequences attributable to differences between financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis and net operating loss and research and development ("R&D") tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Valuation allowances are recorded as appropriate to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount considered likely to be realized. Deferred income tax effects of transactions reported in different periods for financial reporting and income tax return purposes are recognized under the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. This method gives consideration to the future tax consequences of the deferred income tax items and immediately recognizes changes in income tax laws in the year of enactment. The Company's ability to realize deferred tax assets depends upon future taxable income as well as the limitations discussed below. For financial reporting purposes, a deferred tax asset must be reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized prior to expiration. The Company considers future taxable income and ongoing tax planning strategies in assessing the need for valuation allowances. In general, if the Company determines that it is more likely than not to realize more than the recorded amounts of net deferred tax assets in the future, the Company will reverse all or a portion of the valuation allowance established against its deferred tax assets, resulting in a decrease to income taxes in the period in which the determination is made. Likewise, if the Company determines that it is not more likely than not to realize all or part of the net deferred tax asset in the future, the Company will establish a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets, with an offsetting increase to income taxes, in the period in which the determination is made. Under sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code, if an ownership change occurs with respect to a "loss corporation", as defined therein, there are annual limitations on the amount of net operating losses and deductions that are available. The Company has recognized the portion of net operating losses and R&D tax credits acquired that will not be limited and are more likely than not to be realized. Because tax laws are complex and subject to different interpretations, significant judgment is required. As a result, the Company makes certain estimates and assumptions, in (1) calculating the Company's income tax expense, deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities, (2) determining any valuation allowance recorded against deferred tax assets and (3) evaluating the amount of unrecognized tax benefits, as well as the interest and penalties related to such uncertain tax positions. The Company's estimates and assumptions may differ from tax benefits ultimately realized. The Company uses the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to reverse. Valuation allowances are recorded as appropriate to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount considered likely to be realized.
Asset impairment analysis | Goodwill and Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets Goodwill represents the difference between the purchase price and the fair value of the identifiable tangible and intangible net assets when accounted for using the purchase method of accounting. Goodwill is not amortized but is reviewed for impairment. Goodwill is allocated to the Company's reporting units, which are components of our business for which discrete cash flow information is available one level below its operating segment. The Company evaluates goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment annually as of October 1 and at interim if an event or other circumstance indicates that we may not recover the carrying value of the asset. If the Company believes that as a result of its qualitative assessment it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit or other indefinite-lived intangible asset is greater than its carrying amount, the quantitative impairment test is not required. If however it is determined that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit or other indefinite-lived intangible asset is greater than its carrying amount, a quantitative test is required. The quantitative goodwill impairment test is performed using a one-step process. The process is to compare the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. If the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill of the reporting unit is not impaired. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, goodwill of the reporting unit is impaired and an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess up to the total amount of goodwill included in the reporting unit. When the Company has material indefinite lived intangible assets associated with in-process research and development ("IPR&D") a qualitative assessment is performed. If the qualitative assessment indicates that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of the indefinite lived intangible asset exceeds its carrying amount, the Company compares the estimated fair value of the intangible with its carrying value. If the carrying value of the intangible asset exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. Determining fair value requires the exercise of judgment about appropriate discount rates, perpetual growth rates and the amount and timing of expected future cash flows (see Note 5, "Intangible assets and goodwill). Long-lived Assets Long-lived assets such as intangible assets and property, plant and equipment are not required to be tested for impairment annually. Instead, they are tested for impairment whenever circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable, such as when the disposal of such assets is likely or there is an adverse change in the market involving the business employing the related assets. If an impairment analysis is required, the impairment test employed is based on whether the Company’s intent is to hold the asset for continued use or to hold the asset for sale. If the intent is to hold the asset for continued use, the impairment test first requires a comparison of undiscounted future cash flows to the carrying value of the asset. If the carrying value of the asset exceeds the undiscounted cash flows, the asset would not be deemed to be recoverable. Impairment would then be measured as the excess of the asset’s carrying value over its fair value. Fair value is typically determined by discounting the future cash flows associated with that asset. If the intent is to hold the asset for sale and certain other criteria are met, the impairment test involves comparing the asset’s carrying value to its fair value less costs to sell. To the extent the carrying value is greater than the asset’s fair value less costs to sell, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to the difference. Significant judgments used for long-lived asset impairment assessments include identifying the appropriate asset groupings and primary assets within those groupings, determining whether events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable, determining the future cash flows for the assets involved and assumptions applied in determining fair value, which include, reasonable discount rates, growth rates, market risk premiums and other assumptions about the economic environment.
Contingent consideration | In connection with the Company's acquisitions accounted for as business combinations, the Company records contingent consideration associated with sales-based royalties, sales-based milestones and development and regulatory milestones at fair value. The fair value model used to calculate these obligations is based on the income approach (a discounted cash flow model) that has been risk adjusted based on the probability of achievement of net sales and achievement of the milestones. The inputs the Company uses for determining the fair value of the contingent consideration associated with sales-based royalties, sales-based milestones and development and regulatory milestones are Level 3 fair value measurements. The Company re-evaluates the fair value on a quarterly basis. Changes in the fair value can result from adjustments to the discount rates and updates in the assumed timing of or achievement of net sales and/or the achievement of development and regulatory milestones. Any future increase or decrease in the fair value of the contingent consideration associated with sales-based royalties and sales-based milestones along with development and regulatory milestones are based on an assessment of the likelihood that the underlying net sales or milestones will be achieved. The associated payments which will become due and payable for sales-based royalties and milestones result in a charge to cost of product sales in the period in which the increase is determined. Similarly, any future decrease in the fair value of contingent consideration associated with sales-based royalties and sales-based milestones will result in a reduction in cost of product sales. The changes in fair value for potential future sales-based royalties associated with product candidates in development will result in a charge to cost of product sales in the period in which the increase is determined. The Company's acquisitions accounted for as asset acquisitions may also include contingent consideration payments to be made for sales-based royalties, sales-based milestones and development and regulatory milestones. The Company assesses whether such contingent consideration meets the definition of a derivative. Contingent consideration payments in an asset acquisition not required to be accounted for as derivatives are recognized when the contingency is resolved, and the consideration is paid or becomes payable. Contingent consideration payments required to be accounted for as derivatives are recorded at fair value on the date of the acquisition and are subsequently remeasured to fair value at each reporting date.
Leases | The Company has operating leases for corporate offices, R&D facilities and manufacturing facilities. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases with future minimum lease payments in excess of 12 months and total lease payments greater than $0.4 million are included in right-of-use (ROU) assets and liabilities. The Company has elected to record expense on a cash basis for leases with minimum lease payments of 12 months or less and/or total lease payments less $0.4 million. ROU assets represent the Company's right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company's obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of the Company's leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses an incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The Company uses an implicit rate when readily determinable. At the beginning of a lease, the operating lease ROU asset also includes any concentrated lease payments expected to be paid and excludes lease incentives. The Company's lease ROU asset may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise those options. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are accounted for separately.
Revenue recognition | The Company recognizes revenue when the Company's customers obtain control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services by analyzing the following five steps: (1) identify the contract with a customer(s); (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. Multiple performance obligations At contract inception, the Company assesses the products or services promised in a contract and identifies a performance obligation for each promise to transfer to the customer a product or service that is distinct, including evaluating whether the contract includes a customer option for additional goods or services which could represent a material right. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct product or service to a customer and is the unit of account under ASC 606. Contracts sometimes include more than one product, a lease, or options for customers to purchase additional products or services in the future for free or at a discount, which gives rise to separate performance obligations. For contracts with multiple performance obligations, the Company allocates the contract price to each performance obligation on a relative standalone selling price basis using the Company’s best estimate of the standalone selling price of each distinct product or service in the contract. The primary method used to estimate standalone selling price is the price observed in standalone sales to customers, however when prices in standalone sales are not available the Company may use third-party pricing for similar products or services or estimate the standalone selling price. Allocation of the transaction price is determined at the contracts’ inception. Transaction price and variable consideration Once the performance obligations in the contract have been identified, the Company estimates the transaction price of the contract. The estimate includes amounts that are fixed as well as those that can vary based on expected outcomes of the activities or contractual terms. The Company's variable consideration includes net profit received from sales of the Company's generic Nasal naloxone product, certain products sold on a net basis, cost-plus-fee contract terms and consideration transferred under its development contracts as consideration received can vary based on developmental progression of the product candidate. When a contract's transaction price includes variable consideration, the Company evaluates the variable consideration to determine whether the estimate needs to be constrained; therefore, the Company includes the variable consideration in the transaction price only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. Variable consideration estimates are updated at each reporting date. There were no significant constraints or material changes to the Company's variable consideration estimates as of or during the year ended December 31, 2022. Product sales For our product sales, we recognize revenue at a point in time when the Company’s performance obligations have been satisfied and control of the products transfer to the customer. To indicate the transfer of control the Company will have a present right to payment, legal title must have passed to the customer, and the customer must have the significant risks and rewards of ownership. This point in time depends on several factors, including delivery, transfer of legal title, transition of risk and rewards of the product to the customer and the Company's right to payment. The Company's contracts for the sale of the Company's Government - MCM products include certain acceptance criteria before title passes to the customer. The primary customer for the Company's Government - MCM products and the primary source of funding for the development of its MCM product candidate portfolio is the USG. The USG contracts for the sale of the Company's Government - MCM products are normally multi-year contracts with annual options. For the Company’s commercial products, upon transfer of control of the goods the Company reflects estimates of the consideration that the Company expects. Prior to recognizing revenue, the Company makes estimates of the transaction price, including variable consideration that is subject to a constraint. Estimates of variable consideration include allowances for returns, specialty distributor fees, wholesaler fees, prompt payment discounts, government rebates, chargebacks and rebates under managed care plans. Revenue is recognized to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with such variable consideration is subsequently resolved. Provisions for variable consideration revenues from sales of products are recorded at the net sales price. Calculating certain of these provisions involves estimates and judgments and the Company determines their expected value based on sales or invoice data, contractual terms, historical utilization rates, new information regarding changes in these programs’ regulations and guidelines that would impact the amount of the actual rebates, the Company's expectations regarding future utilization rates for these programs and channel inventory data. These provisions reflect the Company's best estimate of the amount of consideration to which the Company is entitled based on the terms of the contract. The Company reassesses the Company's provisions for variable consideration at each reporting date. CDMO services The Company performs CDMO services for third parties. Under these contracts, activities can include drug substance and drug product manufacturing services for injectable and other sterile products, and development services such as pharmaceutical product process development, process design, technology transfer, manufacturing validations, laboratory analytical development support, aseptic filling, lyophilization, final packaging, stability studies, and suite-reservations. These contracts vary in duration, activities, and number of performance obligations. Performance obligations identified under these arrangements may include drug substance and/or drug product manufacturing, technology transfer activities, and suite-reservations. Drug substance, drug product manufacturing, development services and technology transfer performance obligations are recognized as revenue over-time because the Company’s performance does not create an asset with an alternative use and the Company has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed as work is performed. In drug product arrangements, the customer typically owns and supplies the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), that is used in the manufacturing process; in drug substance arrangements, the customer provides certain seed material that is used in the manufacturing process. The transaction price generally contains both a fixed and variable component. The fixed component is stated in the agreement as a fixed price per unit with no contractual provision for a refund or price concession and the variable component generally results from pass-through costs that are billed at cost-plus over the life of the contract. The Company uses an input method to measure progress toward the satisfaction of the related performance obligations based on costs incurred as a percentage of total costs to complete which the Company believes best depicts the transfer of control of goods or services promised to its customers. Suite reservations are classified as leases when the customer directs the use of the identified suite and obtains substantially all the economic benefits from the manufacturing capacity. If a customer reserves more than one suite, the allocation of contract value is based on relative selling price which varies due to size, location, capacity, production capability for drug product or drug substance, and the time of planned use. The associated revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the period of performance. For arrangements that contain both lease and non-lease components, consideration in the contract is allocated on a relative standalone selling price basis. The Company’s CDMO customer contracts generally include provisions entitling the Company to a termination penalty when the contract is terminated prior to the contract’s nominal end date. The termination penalties in the customer contracts vary but are generally considered substantive for accounting purposes and create enforceable rights and obligations throughout the stated duration of the contract. The Company accounts for a contract cancellation as a contract modification. The determination of the contract termination penalty is based on the terms stated in the related customer agreement. As of the modification date, the Company updates its estimate of the transaction price, subject to constraints, and recognizes the amount over the remaining performance period or measure of progress under the arrangement. For contracts that contain lease components, the Company assesses the collectability of the lease payments. If the collectability of the lease payments is probable, the Company recognizes lease income over the term of the lease on a straight-line basis. If collectability is not deemed probable at any time during the term of the lease, the Company’s lease income is limited to the lesser of (i) the lease payments that have been collected from the lessee, or the straight-line recognition of the contract value. If the collectability assessment changes to probable after the Company has determined collectability is not deemed probable, any difference between the lease income that would have been recognized if collectability had always been assessed as probable and the lease income recognized to date is recognized as a current-period adjustment to lease income. Changes to the collectability of operating leases are recorded as adjustments to lease income in the consolidated statements of operations in the period that they occur. Contracts and grants The Company generates contract and grant revenue primarily from cost-plus-fee contracts associated with development of certain product candidates. Revenues from reimbursable contracts are recognized as costs are incurred, generally based on allowable costs incurred during the period, plus any recognizable earned fee. The Company uses this input method to measure progress as the customer has access to the development research under these projects and benefits incrementally as R&D activities occur. When applicable, the Company considers fixed fees under cost-plus-fee contracts to be earned in proportion to the allowable costs incurred in performance of the contract, the cost-to-cost measure of progress. The Company analyzes costs for contracts and reimbursable grants to ensure reporting of revenues gross versus net is appropriate. The USG contracts for the development of the Company's MCM product candidates are normally multi-year contracts.
Research and development | The Company expenses R&D costs as incurred. The Company's R&D expenses consist primarily of: ▪personnel-related expenses; ▪fees to professional service providers for, among other things, analytical testing, independent monitoring or other administration of the Company's clinical trials and obtaining and evaluating data from the Company's clinical trials and non-clinical studies; ▪costs of CDMO services for clinical trial material; and ▪costs of materials intended for use and used in clinical trials and R&D.
Comprehensive Income (loss) | Comprehensive income (loss) is comprised of net income (loss) and other changes in equity that are excluded from net income (loss). The Company includes translation gains and losses incurred when converting its subsidiaries' financial statements from their functional currency to the U.S. dollar in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) as well as gains and losses on its pension benefit obligation and derivative instruments.
Translation and Remeasurement of Foreign Currencies | For our non-U.S. subsidiaries that transact in a functional currency other than the U.S. dollar, assets and liabilities are translated at current rates of exchange at the balance sheet date. Income and expense items are translated at the average foreign currency exchange rates for the period. Adjustments resulting from the translation of the financial statements of our foreign operations into U.S. dollars are excluded from the determination of net income (loss) and are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), a separate component of equity. For subsidiaries where the functional currency of the assets and liabilities differ from the local currency, non-monetary assets and liabilities are remeasured at the rate of exchange in effect on the date assets were acquired while monetary assets and liabilities are remeasured at current rates of exchange as of the balance sheet date. Income and expense items are remeasured at the average foreign currency rates for the period. Remeasurement adjustments of these subsidiaries are included in other income (expense), net in our consolidated statements of operations.
Net Income (loss) per common share | Basic net income (loss) per common share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net income (loss) per common share is computed using the treasury method by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, adjusted for the potential dilutive effect of other securities if such securities were converted or exercised and are not anti-dilutive.
Treasury Stock | When stock is acquired for purposes other than formal or constructive retirement, the purchase price of the acquired stock is recorded in a separate treasury stock account, which is separately reported as a reduction of equity. When stock is retired or purchased for formal or constructive retirement, the purchase price is initially recorded as a reduction to the par value of the shares repurchased, with any excess purchase price over par value recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital related to the series of shares repurchased and any remainder excess purchase price recorded as a reduction to retained earnings. If the purchase price exceeds the amounts allocated to par value and additional paid-in capital related to the series of shares repurchased and retained earnings, the remainder is allocated to additional paid-in capital related to other series of shares. To determine the cost of treasury stock that is either sold or reissued, the Company uses the last in, first out method. If the proceeds from the re-issuance of treasury stock are greater than the cost, the excess is recorded as additional paid-in capital. If the proceeds from re-issuance of treasury stock are less than the cost, the excess cost first reduces any additional paid-in capital arising from previous treasury stock transactions for that class of stock, and any additional excess is recorded as a reduction of retained earnings.
Accounting for stock-based compensation | The Company has one stock-based employee compensation plan, the Fourth Amended and Restated Emergent BioSolutions Inc. 2006 Stock Incentive Plan (the "Emergent Plan") under which the Company may grant various types of equity awards including stock options, restricted stock units and performance stock units. For all of our share-based awards, the Company recognizes forfeitures and compensation costs when they occur. The terms and conditions of equity awards (such as price, vesting schedule, term and number of shares) under the Emergent Plan is determined by the compensation committee of the Company's board of directors, which administers the Emergent Plan. Each equity award granted under the Emergent Plan vests as specified in the relevant agreement with the award recipient and no option can be exercised after seven years from the date of grant. The Company records the estimated fair value of awards in expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period. Where awards are made with non-substantive vesting periods (for instance, where a portion of the award vests upon retirement eligibility), the Company estimates and recognizes expense based on the period from the grant date to the date the employee becomes retirement eligible. The Company determines the fair value of restricted stock units using the closing market price of the Company's common stock on the day prior to the date of grant. The Company's performance stock units settle in the Company's stock. The fair value is determined on the date of the grant using the number of shares expected to be earned and the ending market value of the stock on the day prior to the grant date. The number of shares expected to vest is adjusted each reporting period by assessing the probability that the performance criteria will be met and the associated targeted payout level that is forecasted will be achieved. The Company utilizes the Black-Scholes valuation model for estimating the fair value of all stock options granted. Set forth below is a discussion of the Company's methodology for developing each of the assumptions used: ▪Expected dividend yield — the Company does not pay regular dividends on its common stock and does not anticipate paying any dividends in the foreseeable future. ▪Expected volatility — a measure of the amount by which a financial variable, such as share price, has fluctuated (historical volatility) or is expected to fluctuate (implied volatility) during a period. The Company analyzed its own historical volatility to estimate expected volatility over the same period as the expected average life of the options. ▪Risk-free interest rate — the range of U.S. Treasury rates with a term that most closely resembles the expected life of the option as of the date on which the option is granted. ▪Expected average life of options — the period of time that options granted are expected to remain outstanding, based primarily on the Company's expectation of option exercise behavior subsequent to vesting of options.
Pension plans | The Company maintains defined benefit plans for employees in certain countries outside the U.S., including retirement benefit plans required by applicable local law. The plans are valued by independent actuaries using the projected unit credit method. The liabilities correspond to the projected benefit obligations of which the discounted net present value is calculated based on years of employment, expected salary increase, and pension adjustments. The Company reviews its actuarial assumptions on an annual basis and makes modifications to the assumptions based on current rates and trends. Actuarial gains and losses are deferred in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax and are amortized over the remaining service attribution periods of the employees under the corridor method. Differences between the expected long-term return on plan assets and the actual annual return are amortized to net periodic benefit cost over the estimated remaining life as a component of selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.
Derivative Instruments and hedging activities | The Company is exposed to certain risks arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. The Company principally manages its exposures to a wide variety of business and operational risks through management of its core business activities. The Company manages economic risks, including interest rate, liquidity, and credit risk primarily by managing the amount, sources, and duration of its assets and liabilities and the use of derivative financial instruments. Specifically, the Company has entered into interest rate swaps to manage exposures that arise from the Company's payments of variable interest rate debt under its senior secured credit agreements. The Company's interest rate swaps qualify for hedge accounting as cash flow hedges. All derivatives are recorded on the balance sheet at fair value. Hedge accounting provides for the matching of the timing of gain or loss recognition on these interest rate swaps with the recognition of the changes in interest expense on the Company's variable rate debt. For derivatives designated as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk, the gain or loss on the derivative is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and subsequently reclassified into interest expense in the same period during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Amounts reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) related to derivatives will be reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on the Company’s variable-rate debt. The cash flows from the designated interest rate swaps are classified as a component of operating cash flows, similar to interest expense. The valuation of the interest rate swaps is determined using widely accepted valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each interest rate swap. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the interest rate swaps, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves and implied volatilities. The fair values of interest rate swaps are determined using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash payments (or receipts) and the discounted expected variable cash receipts (or payments). The variable cash payments (or receipts) are based on an expectation of future interest rates (forward curves) derived from observable market interest rate curves. To comply with the provisions of ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement, the Company incorporates credit valuation adjustments in the fair value measurements to appropriately reflect both its own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty’s nonperformance risk. These credit valuation adjustments were concluded to not be significant inputs for the fair value calculations for the periods presented. In adjusting the fair value of the Company's derivative contracts for the effect of nonperformance risk, it has considered the impact of netting and any applicable credit enhancements, such as the posting of collateral, thresholds, mutual puts and guarantees. The valuation of interest rate swaps fall into Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. See Note 7, "Derivative instruments" for further details on the interest rate swaps. The valuation of the interest rate swaps is determined using widely accepted valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each interest rate swap. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the interest rate swaps, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves and implied volatilities. The fair values of interest rate swaps are determined using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash payments (or receipts) and the discounted expected variable cash receipts (or payments). The variable cash payments (or receipts) are based on an expectation of future interest rates (forward curves) derived from observable market interest rate curves. We incorporate credit valuation adjustments in the fair value measurements to appropriately reflect both our own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty’s nonperformance risk. These credit valuation adjustments were not significant inputs for the fair value calculations for the periods presented. In adjusting the fair value of our derivative contracts for the effect of nonperformance risk, we have considered the impact of netting and any applicable credit enhancements, such as the posting of collateral, thresholds, mutual puts and guarantees. The valuation of interest rate swaps fall into Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.
New Accounting Standards | Recently Adopted Accounting Standards Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2020-04 (ASU 2020-04), Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued ASU 2020-04, which was further amended in January 2021. ASU 2020-04 provides relief for impacted areas as it relates to impending reference rate reform. It contains optional expedients and exceptions to debt arrangements, contracts, hedging relationships, and other areas or transactions that are impacted by reference rate reform. This guidance is effective upon issuance for all entities and elections of certain optional expedients are required to apply the provisions of the guidance. The Company adopted ASU 2020-04 during the year ended December 31, 2022 with no material impact to our consolidated financial statements.

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