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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2021
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies |
Basis of Presentation | Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”).
Segment Reporting | Segment Reporting The Company continually monitors and reviews its segment reporting structure in accordance with authoritative guidance to determine whether any changes have occurred that would impact its reportable operating segments. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing operating performance. The chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) is our Chief Executive Officer. Up until the fourth quarter of 2020, we managed, reported and evaluated our business in the following two reportable operating segments: Global Logistics Solutions and Global Bioservices. During the fourth quarter of 2020, our CODM changed how he makes operating decisions, assesses the performance of the business and allocates resources in a manner that caused our operating segments to change as a result of the MVE and CRYOPDP acquisitions. In consideration of FASB ASC 280, Segment Reporting, we determined that we are not organized around specific products and services, geographic regions or regulatory environments. Accordingly, beginning with the fourth quarter of 2020, we realigned our reporting structure, resulting in a single reportable segment. The Company has adjusted its financial statements for historical periods to reflect this change in segment reporting and show its financial results without segments for all periods presented.
Principles of Consolidation | Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Cryoport, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Cryoport Systems, LLC, Cryogene, Inc., MVE Biological Solutions, US LLC, and Cryoport Netherlands B.V. and subsidiaries, which includes CRYOPDP (collectively, the “Company”). All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.
Cash and Cash Equivalents | Cash and Cash Equivalents Our cash and cash equivalents represent demand deposits, and money market funds which are readily convertible into cash, have maturities of 90 days or less when purchased and are considered highly liquid and easily tradeable.
Short-Term Investments | Short-Term Investments Our investments in equity securities consist of mutual funds with readily determinable fair values which are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in earnings. Investments in debt securities are classified as available-for-sale and are carried at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, reported as accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and included as a separate component of stockholders’ equity. Gains and losses are recognized when realized. When we have determined that an other than temporary decline in fair value has occurred, the amount related to a credit loss is recognized in earnings. Gains and losses are determined using the specific identification method. Short-term investments are classified as current assets even though maturities may extend beyond one year because they represent investments of cash available for operations.
Use of Estimates | Use of Estimates The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from estimated amounts. The Company’s significant estimates include the allowance for doubtful accounts, fair value of short-term investments, valuations and purchase price allocations related to business combinations, expected future cash flows including growth rates, discount rates, terminal values and other assumptions and estimates used to evaluate the recoverability of long-lived assets, estimated fair values of intangible assets and goodwill, intangible asset useful lives and amortization methods, allowance for inventory obsolescence, equity-based instruments, tax reserves and recoverability of the Company’s net deferred tax assets and related valuation allowance. Although the Company regularly assesses these estimates, actual results could differ materially from these estimates. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Future events, including the extent and the duration of the COVID-19 related economic impacts, and their effects cannot be predicted with certainty, and, accordingly the Company’s accounting estimates require the exercise of judgment.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments | Fair Value of Financial Instruments The Company’s financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses, finance lease liabilities, note payable, and the Company’s convertible senior notes due in 2025 and 2026 (the “Senior Notes”). The carrying value for all such instruments, except finance lease liabilities, note payable and the Senior Notes, approximates fair value at December 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 due to their short-term nature. The carrying value of finance lease liabilities approximates fair value because the interest rate approximates market rates available to us for similar obligations with the same maturities. For additional information related to fair value measurements, including the note payable and the Senior Notes, see Note 10.
Concentrations of Credit Risk | Concentrations of Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments. From time to time, we maintain cash, cash equivalent and short-term investment balances in excess of amounts insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) and the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (“SIPC”). Primarily all of our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments at December 31, 2021 were in excess of amounts insured by the FDIC and SIPC. The Company performs ongoing evaluations of these institutions to limit its concentration risk exposure. We manage such risks in our portfolio by investing in highly liquid, highly rated instruments, and limit investing in long-term maturity instruments. Our investment policy requires that purchased instruments in marketable securities may only be in highly rated instruments, which are primarily U.S. Treasury bills or treasury-backed securities, and also limits our investment in securities of any single issuer.
Customers | Customers The Company grants credit to customers within the U.S. and to international customers and does not require collateral. The Company generally requires advance or credit card payments for initial revenues from new customers. The Company’s ability to collect receivables is affected by economic fluctuations in the geographic areas and industries served by the Company. Reserves for uncollectible amounts are provided based on past experience and a specific analysis of the accounts, which management believes is sufficient. Accounts receivable at December 31, 2021, and 2020 are net of reserves for doubtful accounts of $1.2 million and $1.1 million, respectively. Although the Company expects to collect amounts due, actual collections may differ from the estimated amounts. The Company maintains reserves for bad debt and such losses, in the aggregate, historically have not exceeded its estimates. The Company’s customers are in the biotechnology, pharmaceutical, animal health, human reproductive medicine and other life science industries. Consequently, there is a concentration of accounts receivable within these industries, which is subject to normal credit risk. As of December 31, 2021, there was no single customer that owed us more than 10% of net accounts receivable There was no other single customer that owed us more than 10%of net accounts receivable at December 31, 2020 and 2019. The Company has revenue from foreign customers primarily in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, China and India. During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, the Company had revenues from foreign customers of approximately $102.3 million, $29.1 million and $5.1 million, respectively, which constituted approximately 46.0%, 37.0% and 15.1%, respectively, of total revenues. There were two customers that accounted for 24.1% and 12.8% of revenues during the year ended December 31, 2019. No other single customer generated over 10% of revenues during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019.
Inventories | Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) method. Inventories are reviewed periodically for slow-moving or obsolete status. The Company writes down the carrying value of its inventories to reflect situations in which the cost of inventories is not expected to be recovered. Once established, write-downs of inventories are considered permanent adjustments to the cost basis of the obsolete or excess inventories. Raw materials and finished goods include material costs less reserves for obsolete or excess inventories. The Company evaluates the current level of inventories considering historical trends and other factors, such as selling prices and costs of completion, disposal and transportation, and based on the evaluation, records adjustments to reflect inventories at net realizable value. These adjustments are estimates, which could vary significantly from actual results if future economic conditions, customer demand, competition or other relevant factors differ from expectations. These estimates require us to make assessments about future demand for the Company’s products in order to categorize the status of such inventories items as slow-moving, obsolete or in excess-of-need. These estimates are subject to the ongoing accuracy of the Company’s forecasts of market conditions, industry trends, competition and other factors.
Property and Equipment | Property and Equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. We compute depreciation using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets which is generally three to twelve years for computer hardware and software, seven to ten years for freezers, four to ten years for trucks and autos, three to fifteen years for furniture and equipment and over the shorter of the lease term or useful lives of the assets for leasehold improvements. Buildings are depreciated over a useful life ranging from 20 to 45 years. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. Betterments, renewals and extraordinary repairs that extend the lives of the assets are capitalized; other repairs and maintenance charges are expensed as incurred. The cost and related accumulated depreciation and amortization applicable to assets retired are removed from the accounts, and the gain or loss on disposition is recognized in the consolidated statements of operations.
Leases | Leases The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset during the lease term, and operating lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating leases are included in ROU assets, current operating lease liabilities, and long-term operating lease liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. Finance leases are included in property and equipment, current finance lease liabilities, and long-term finance lease liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. Lease ROU assets and lease liabilities are initially recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date calculated using our incremental borrowing rate applicable to the lease asset, unless the implicit rate is readily determinable. ROU assets also include any lease payments made at or before lease commencement and exclude any lease incentives received. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Leases with a term of 12 months or less are not recognized on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company’s leases do not contain any residual value guarantees. Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company accounts for lease and non-lease components as a single lease component for all its leases.
Business Combinations | Business Combinations Total consideration transferred for acquisitions is allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values at the dates of acquisition. This purchase price allocation process requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions primarily with respect to intangible assets. The fair value of identifiable intangible assets is based on detailed valuations that use information and assumptions determined by management. Any excess of purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired is allocated to goodwill. While the Company uses its best estimates and assumptions to accurately value assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date as well as any contingent consideration, where applicable, the Company’s estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. As a result, during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, the Company records adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding offset to goodwill.
Goodwill | Goodwill The Company evaluates goodwill on an annual basis in the fourth quarter or more frequently if management believes indicators of impairment exist. Such indicators could include, but are not limited to: (1) a significant adverse change in legal factors or in business climate, (2) unanticipated competition, or (3) an adverse action or assessment by a regulator. The Company compares the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount and then recognizes an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value up to the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. The Company assessed triggering events indicating potential goodwill impairment, including the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, and after assessment, concluded that there was no impairment during the year ended December 31, 2021.
Intangible Assets | Intangible Assets Intangible assets are comprised of patents, trademarks, software development costs and the intangible assets acquired in the Company’s recent acquisitions which include a non-compete agreement, technology, customer relationships, trade name/trademark, agent network, order backlog, developed technology and land use rights. These intangible assets are amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives (see Note 8). The Company uses the following valuation methodologies to value the significant intangible assets acquired: income approach for customer relationships, replacement cost for agent network and software, and relief from royalty for trade name/trademarks and developed technology . The Company capitalizes costs of obtaining patents and trademarks, which are amortized, using the straight-line method over their estimated useful life of five years once the patent or trademark has been issued. The Company evaluates the recoverability of identifiable intangible assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that an intangible asset's carrying amount may not be recoverable. Such circumstances could include, but are not limited to: (1) a significant decrease in the market value of an asset, (2) a significant adverse change in the extent or manner in which an asset is used, or (3) an accumulation of costs significantly in excess of the amount originally expected for the acquisition of an asset. The Company measures the carrying amount of the asset against the estimated undiscounted future cash flows associated with it. Should the sum of the expected future net cash flows be less than the carrying value of the asset being evaluated, an impairment loss would be recognized. The impairment loss would be calculated as the amount by which the carrying value of the asset exceeds its fair value. The estimate of fair value is based on various valuation techniques, including the discounted value of estimated future cash flows. The evaluation of asset impairment requires the Company to make assumptions about future cash flows over the life of the asset being evaluated. These assumptions require significant judgment and actual results may differ from assumed and estimated amounts. There was no impairment of intangible assets during year ended December 31, 2021.
Other Long-lived Assets | Other Long-lived Assets If indicators of impairment exist, we assess the recoverability of the affected long-lived assets by determining whether the carrying value of such assets can be recovered through undiscounted future operating cash flows. If impairment is indicated, we measure the amount of such impairment by comparing the fair value to the carrying value. We believe the future cash flows to be received from the long-lived assets will exceed the assets’ carrying value, and accordingly, we have not recognized any impairment losses through December 31, 2021.
Deferred Financing Costs | Deferred Financing Costs Deferred financing costs represent costs incurred in connection with the issuance of debt instruments and equity financings. Deferred financing costs related to the issuance of debt are amortized over the term of the financing instrument using the effective interest method and are presented in the consolidated balance sheets as an offset against the related debt. Offering costs from equity financings are netted against the gross proceeds received from the equity financings.
Income Taxes | Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes under the provision of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 740, “Income Taxes”, or ASC 740. As of December 31, 2021,2020 and 2019, there were no unrecognized tax benefits included in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets that would, if recognized, impact the effective tax rate. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is provided for deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that the Company will not realize the deferred tax assets through future operations. Based on the weight of available evidence, the Company’s management has determined that it is not more likely than not that the U.S. based net deferred tax assets will be realized. Therefore, the Company has recorded a full valuation allowance against its U.S. based net deferred tax assets. With respect to foreign based deferred tax assets, the Company's management has reviewed these deferred tax assets on a jurisdictional basis. Based on the weight of each jurisdiction's available evidence, the Company's management has made separate determinations for each foreign jurisdiction regarding whether it is more likely than not that a net deferred tax asset within a particular jurisdiction will be realized. The Company has recorded full valuation allowances in jurisdictions where deferred tax assets are not deemed more likely than not to be realized. The Company has recorded a net deferred tax liability in juristictions where taxable termporary differences associated with indefinite-lived intangible assets do not support the realization of deferred tax assets with finite carryforward periods. In addition, the Company has recorded a net deferred tax liability in juristictions where taxable temporary differences exceed deductible temporary differences. The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. The Company has recorded immaterial accruals for interest and/or penalties on its consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2021, and 2020, and has recorded immaterial amounts of interest and/or penalties in the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. The Company is subject to taxation in the U.S., in various U.S. state jurisdictions and in various foreign countries. As of December 31, 2021, the Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal examinations for years before 2018 or for California franchise and income tax examinations for years before 2017. However, to the extent allowed by law, the taxing authorities may have the right to examine net operating losses carried forward into a tax year and make adjustments up to the amount of the net operating losses utilized. The Company is not currently under examination in either the U.S. federal or any U.S. state jurisdictions. Our foreign subsidiaries are generally subject to examination for three years following the year in which the tax obligation originated. The years subject to audit may be extended if the entity substantially understates corporate income tax. The Company's subsidiary in India is currently under examination by the Indian tax authorities for the 2012-2013, 2013-2014 and 2015-2016 tax periods. Other than India, the Company does not have any foreign subsidiaries currently under audit by their local taxing authorities. On March 27, 2020, the United States enacted the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (CARES Act). The CARES Act is an emergency economic stimulus package that includes spending and tax breaks to strengthen the United States economy and fund a nationwide effort to curtail the effect of COVID-19. The CARES Act provides sweeping tax changes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Some of the more significant provisions include the removal of certain limitations on utilization of net operating losses, increasing the loss carryback period for certain losses to five years, and increasing the ability to deduct interest expense, as well as amending certain provisions of the previously enacted Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. As of December 31, 2021, the Company has not recorded any income tax provision/(benefit) resulting from the CARES Act mainly due the Company’s history of net operating losses generated and the maintenance of a full valuation allowance against its net deferred tax assets. On June 29, 2020, the State of California passed Assembly Bill 85 which suspends the California net operating loss deduction for the 2020-2022 tax years and the R&D credit usage for the same period (for credit usages in excess of $5 million). These suspensions were considered in the preparation of the December 31, 2021 and 2020 financial statements. On December 27, 2020, the United States enacted the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021 (“CAA”). The CAA includes provisions extending certain CARES Act provisions and adds coronavirus relief, tax and health extenders. The Company has evaluated the impact of the CAA and considered any potential impact on our financial statements in 2021 and beyond. On March 11, 2021, the United States enacted the American Rescue Plan (“ARP”). The ARP includes provisions extending certain CARES Act provisions, repeals a worldwide interest allocation election, modifies the $1 million executive compensation limitation for years after 2026 and extends the employee retention credit. The Company has evaluated the impact of the ARP and its impact on our financial statements in 2021 and beyond.
Revenue Recognition | Revenue Recognition Revenues are recognized when control is transferred to customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods and services. Revenue recognition is evaluated through the following five steps: (i) identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer; (ii) identification of the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determination of the transaction price; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognition of revenue when or as a performance obligation is satisfied. Performance Obligations At contract inception, an assessment of the goods and services promised in the contracts with customers is performed and a performance obligation is identified for each distinct promise to transfer to the customer a good or service (or bundle of goods or services). To identify the performance obligations, the Company considers all of the goods or services promised in the contract regardless of whether they are explicitly stated or are implied by customary business practices. Revenue is recognized when our performance obligation has been met. The Company considers control to have transferred upon delivery because the Company has a present right to payment at that time, the Company has transferred use of the asset, and the customer is able to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the asset. For arrangements under which the Company provides biological specimen storage services and logistics support and management to the customer, the Company satisfies its performance obligations as those services are performed whereby the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits of such services under the agreement. Revenue generated from short-term logistics and engineering consulting services provided to customers is recognized when the Company satisfies the contractually defined performance obligations. When a contract includes multiple performance obligations, the contract price is allocated among the performance obligations based upon the stand-alone selling prices. Approved contract modifications are accounted for as either a separate contract or as part of the existing contract depending on the nature of the modification. Our performance obligations on our orders and under the terms of agreements with customers are generally satisfied within one year from a given reporting date and, therefore, we omit disclosure of the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations on open orders. Shipping and handling activities related to contracts with customers are accounted for as costs to fulfill our promise to transfer the associated products pursuant to the accounting policy election allowed under Topic 606 and are not considered a separate performance obligation to our customers. Accordingly, the Company records amounts billed for shipping and handling as a component of revenue. Shipping and handling fees and costs are included in cost of revenues in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Revenues are recognized net of any taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental agencies. Significant Payment Terms Pursuant to the Company’s contracts with its customers, amounts billed for services or products delivered by the Company are generally due and payable in full within 15 to 60 days from the date of the invoice (except for any amounts disputed by the customer in good faith). Accordingly, the Company determined that its contracts with customers do not include extended payment terms or a significant financing component. Variable Consideration When a contract includes variable consideration, the Company evaluates the estimate of the variable consideration to determine whether the estimate needs to be constrained. Variable consideration is estimated at the most likely amount that is expected to be earned. Estimated amounts are included in the transaction price to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. Estimates of variable consideration and determination of whether to include estimated amounts in the transaction price are based largely on an assessment of the anticipated performance and all information (historical, current and forecasted) that is reasonably available. Variable consideration estimates are updated at each reporting date. Revenues are recorded net of variable consideration, such as discounts and allowances. Warranties The Company provides product warranties with varying terms and durations for some of its products. The Company estimates product warranty costs and accrues for these costs as products are sold with a charge to cost of sales. Factors considered in estimating warranty costs include historical and projected warranty claims, historical and projected cost-per-claim, and knowledge of specific product issues that are outside of typical experience. Warranty accruals are evaluated and adjusted as necessary based on actual claims experience and changes in future claim and cost estimates. Product warranty accrued liabilities totaled $0.5 million and $0.2 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and are included in accounts payable and other accrued expenses. Warranty expense was not material for the years ended December 31, 2021,2020 and 2019. Incremental Direct Costs Incremental direct costs of obtaining a contract (sales commissions) are expensed when incurred when the amortization period of the asset that would have been recognized is one year or less; otherwise, incremental contract costs are recognized as an asset and amortized over time as promised goods and services are transferred to a customer. Incremental direct costs were not material for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019. Contract Assets Typically, we invoice the customer and recognize revenue once we have satisfied our performance obligation. Accordingly, our contract assets comprise accounts receivable, which are recognized when payment is unconditional and only the passage of time is required before payment is due. Generally, we do not have material amounts of other contract assets since revenue is recognized as control of goods is transferred or as services are performed. Contract Liabilities (Deferred Revenue) Contract liabilities are recorded when cash payments are received in advance of the Company’s performance. Deferred revenue was $0.5 million and $0.4 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020,respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2021,2020 and 2019, the Company recognized revenues of $0.3 million, $0.4 million and $0.1 million from the related contract liabilities outstanding as the services were performed. Nature of Goods and Services The Company provides Cryoport Express® Shippers to its customers and charges a fee in exchange for the use of the Cryoport Express® Shipper under long-term master service agreements with customers. The Company’s arrangements convey to the customers the right to use the Cryoport Express® Shippers over a period of time. The Company retains title to the Cryoport Express® Shippers and provides its customers the use of the Cryoport Express® Shipper for a specified shipping cycle. At the culmination of the customer’s shipping cycle, the Cryoport Express® Shipper is returned to the Company. The Company recognizes revenue for the use of the Cryoport Express® Shippers at the time of the delivery of the Cryoport Express® Shipper to the end user of the enclosed materials, and at the time that collectability is probable. The Company also provides vacuum insulated aluminum dewars and cryogenic freezers systems to its customers. Revenue is recognized when the Company satisfies performance obligations by transferring the equipment to a customer, and at the time that collectability is probable. The Company also provides global temperature-controlled logistics services, support and management. Revenue is recognized for these services as services are rendered and at the time that collectability is probable. The Company also provides comprehensive and integrated temperature-controlled biostorage solutions to customers in the life sciences industry and charges a fee under long-term master service agreements with customers. These services include (1) biological specimen cryopreservation storage and maintenance, (2) archiving, monitoring, tracking, receipt and delivery of samples, (3) transport of frozen biological specimens to and from customer locations, and (4) management of incoming and outgoing biological specimens. The Company recognizes revenue for its biostorage solutions as services are rendered over time and at the time that collectability is probable. The Company also provides short-term logistics and engineering consulting services to some customers, with fees tied to the completion of contractually defined services. We recognize revenue from these services over time as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefit of these services as they are performed. A significant portion of our revenues are covered under long-term agreements. We have determined that individual Statements of Work or Scope of Work (“SOW”), whose terms and conditions taken with a Master Services Agreement (“MSA”), create the Topic 606 contracts which are generally short-term in nature (e.g., 15-day shipping cycle) for the Cryoport Express® solutions and up to 12 months for biostorage solutions. Our agreements (including SOWs) generally do not have multiple performance obligations and, therefore, do not require an allocation of a single price amongst multiple goods or services. Prices under these agreements are generally fixed. Revenue Disaggregation The Company views its operations, makes decisions regarding how to allocate resources and manages its business as one reportable segment and one reporting unit. As a result, the financial information disclosed herein represents all of the material financial information related to the Company. When disaggregating revenue, the Company considered all of the economic factors that may affect its revenues. We consider sales disaggregated by end-market to depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenues and cash flows are impacted by changes in economic factors. The following table disaggregates our revenues by major markets for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands): ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Biopharma/Pharma | ​ | $ | 180,203 | ​ | $ | 66,394 | ​ | $ | 30,032
Animal Health | ​ |  | 33,353 | ​ |  | 7,846 | ​ |  | 996
Reproductive Medicine | ​ | ​ | 9,052 | ​ | ​ | 4,456 | ​ | ​ | 2,914
Total Revenues | ​ | $ | 222,608 | ​ | $ | 78,696 | ​ | $ | 33,942
​ Given that the Company’s revenues are generated in different geographic regions, factors such as regulatory and geopolitical factors within those regions could impact the nature, timing and uncertainty of the Company’s revenues and cash flows. Our geographical revenues, by origin, for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019,were as follows (in thousands): ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Americas | ​ | $ | 120,270 | ​ | $ | 49,555 | ​ | $ | 28,801
Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA) | ​ |  | 59,334 | ​ |  | 20,316 | ​ |  | 4,523
Asia Pacific (APAC) | ​ |  | 43,004 | ​ |  | 8,825 | ​ |  | 618
Total revenues | ​ | $ | 222,608 | ​ | $ | 78,696 | ​ | $ | 33,942
Cost of Services Revenues | Cost of Service Revenues Our cost of service revenues is primarily comprised of freight charges, payroll and associated expenses related to our global logistics and supply chain centers, depreciation expenses of our Cryoport Express® Shippers and supplies and consumables used for our solutions.
Cost of Product Revenues | Cost of Product Revenues Our cost of product revenues is primarily comprised of materials, direct and indirect labor, inbound freight charges, purchasing and receiving, inspection, and distribution and warehousing of inventory. In addition, shop supplies, facility maintenance costs and depreciation expense for assets used in the manufacturing process are included in cost of product revenues.
Engineering and Development Expenses | Engineering and Development Expenses Expenditures relating to engineering and development are expensed in the period incurred to engineering and development expense in the consolidated statements of operations.
Acquisition Costs | Acquisition Costs Acquisition costs consist of legal, accounting, third-party valuations, and other due diligence costs related to our acquisitions.
Stock-Based Compensation | Stock-Based Compensation Under our stockholder approved stock-based compensation plan, we have granted incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options and restricted stock units that vest over four years. Incentive and non-qualified stock options expire from seven to ten years from date of grant. The Company accounts for stock-based payments in accordance with stock-based payment accounting guidance which requires all stock-based payments to be recognized based upon their fair values. The fair value of stock options is estimated at the grant date using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model (“Black-Scholes”) and the portion that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as compensation cost over the requisite service period. The determination of fair value using Black-Scholes is affected by the Company’s stock price as well as assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables, including expected stock price volatility, risk-free interest rate, expected dividends and expected term. The Company accounts for forfeitures of unvested awards as they occur. The grant date fair value per share for restricted stock units is based upon the closing market price of our common stock on the award grant date. The Company’s stock-based compensation plans are discussed further in Note 16.
Equity Instruments Issued to Non-Employees for Acquiring Goods or Services | Equity Instruments Issued to Non-Employees for Acquiring Goods or Services Issuances of the Company’s common stock for acquiring goods or services are measured at the estimated fair value of the consideration received or the estimated fair value of the equity instruments issued, whichever is more reliably measurable. The measurement date for the estimated fair value of the equity instruments issued to consultants or vendors is determined at the earlier of (i) the date at which a commitment for performance to earn the equity instruments is reached (a “performance commitment” which would include a penalty considered to be of a magnitude that is a sufficiently large disincentive for nonperformance) or (ii) the date at which performance is complete. When it is appropriate for the Company to recognize the cost of a transaction during financial reporting periods prior to the measurement date, for purposes of recognition of costs during those periods, the equity instrument is measured at the then-current estimated fair values.
Basic and Diluted Net Loss Per Share | Basic and Diluted Net Loss Per Share We calculate basic and diluted net loss per share using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the periods presented. In periods of a net loss position, basic and diluted weighted average common shares are the same. For the diluted earnings per share calculation, we adjust the weighted average number of common shares outstanding to include dilutive stock options, warrants, unvested restricted stock units and shares associated with the conversion of the Convertible Senior Notes and convertible preferred stock outstanding during the periods. We use the if-converted method for calculating any potential dilutive effect of the Convertible Senior Notes and convertible preferred stock on diluted net loss per share. ​ The following shows the amounts used in computing net loss per share (in thousands except per share data): ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Years Ended December 31,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Net loss | ​ | $ | (275,528) | ​ | $ | (32,693) | ​ | $ | (18,332)
Deemed dividend on Series C convertible preferred stock | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (39,492) | ​ | ​ | —
Paid-in-kind dividend on Series C convertible preferred stock | ​ |  | (8,196) | ​ |  | (2,844) | ​ |  | —
Net loss attributable to common shareholders | ​ | $ | (283,724) | ​ | $ | (75,029) | ​ | $ | (18,332)
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic and diluted | ​ | ​ | 45,927,591 | ​ | ​ | 38,582,432 | ​ | ​ | 33,394,285
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders – basic and diluted | ​ | $ | (6.18) | ​ | $ | (1.94) | ​ | $ | (0.55)
​ The following table sets forth the number of shares excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share, as their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Years Ended December 31,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Stock options | ​ | 5,449,952 |  | 5,920,886 |  | 3,636,806
Restricted stock units | ​ | 373,849 | ​ | — | ​ | —
Warrants | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | 753,211
Series C convertible preferred stock | ​ | 5,443,505 | ​ | 6,474,135 | ​ | —
Convertible Senior Notes | ​ | 4,022,734 |  | 4,810,002 |  | —
​ | ​ | 15,290,040 |  | 17,205,023 |  | 4,390,017
​
Foreign Currency Transactions | Foreign Currency Transactions Management has determined that the functional currency of its subsidiaries is the local currency. The Company translates the assets and liabilities of its foreign subsidiaries into U.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect at the end of the reporting period. Income and expenses are translated at an average exchange rate for the period and the resulting translation gain (loss) adjustments are accumulated as a separate component of stockholders’ equity. The translation gain (loss) adjustment totaled ($2.6) million, $5.2 million and $0 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Foreign currency gains and losses from transactions denominated in other than respective local currencies are included in earnings.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements | Off Balance Sheet Arrangements We do not currently have any off balance sheet arrangements.
Reclassifications | Reclassification Prior year amounts in sales and marketing expense have been reclassified to selling, general and administrative expense to conform to the current period presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on the previously reported net loss.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements | Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, “Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity”. Under ASU 2020-06, the embedded conversion features are no longer separated from the host contract for convertible instruments with conversion features that are not required to be accounted for as derivatives under Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, or that do not result in substantial premiums accounted for as paid-in capital. Consequently, a convertible debt instrument will be accounted for as a single liability measured at its amortized cost, as long as no other features require bifurcation and recognition as derivatives. Similarly, equity-classified convertible preferred stock instruments will be accounted for as single units of account in equity unless the conversion feature needs to be bifurcated under Topic 815. The new guidance also made amendments to the earnings per share guidance in Topic 260, Earnings Per Share, for convertible instruments, the most significant impact of which is requiring the use of the if-converted method for diluted earnings per share calculation. Further, ASU 2020-06 made revisions to Topic 815-40, which provides guidance on how an entity must determine whether a contract qualifies for a scope exception from derivative accounting. ASU 2020-06 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, with early adoption permitted. Adoption of the standard requires using either a modified retrospective or a full retrospective approach. Effective January 1, 2021, we early adopted ASU 2020-06 using the modified retrospective approach. Adoption of the new standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements or disclosures. In January 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-01, “Investments—Equity Securities (Topic 321), Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323), and Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Clarifying the Interactions between Topic 321, Topic 323, and Topic 815.” The new guidance clarifies the interaction of accounting for the transition into and out of the equity method and the accounting for measuring certain purchased options and forward contracts to acquire investments. ASU 2020-01 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods within those fiscal years. We adopted this guidance on January 1, 2021. The adoption of this guidance did not have an impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements or disclosures. Accounting Guidance Issued but Not Adopted at December 31, 2021 In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers.” ASU 2021-08 requires contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination to be recognized and measured in accordance with Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, on the acquisition date as if the acquirer had entered into the original contract at the same date and on the same terms as the acquiree. ASU 2021-08 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years for public business entities. We are currently evaluating the impact of this standard on our consolidated financial statements. ​ In July 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-05, “Leases (Topic 842): Lessors—Certain Leases with Variable Lease Payments.” Under this ASU, lessors should classify and account for a lease with variable lease payments that do not depend on a reference index or a rate as an operating lease if both of the following criteria are met: (1) the lease would have been classified as a sales-type lease or a direct financing lease in accordance with the classification criteria in Topic 842 and (2) the lessor would have otherwise recognized a day-one loss. ASU 2021-05 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021 and interim periods within those fiscal years for all public business entities. We are currently evaluating the impact of this standard on our consolidated financial statements. ​ In May 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-04, “Earnings Per Share (Topic 260), Debt — Modifications and Extinguishments (Subtopic 470-50), Compensation — Stock Compensation (Topic 718), and Derivatives and Hedging — Contracts in Entity's Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Issuer's Accounting for Certain Modifications or Exchanges of Freestanding Equity-Classified Written Call Options (a consensus of the Emerging Issues Task Force).” ASU 2021-04 requires issuers to account for modifications or exchanges of freestanding equity-classified written call options that remain equity classified after the modification or exchange based on the economic substance of the modification or exchange. Under the guidance, an issuer determines the accounting for the modification or exchange based on whether the transaction was done to issue equity, to issue or modify debt, or for other reasons. ASU 2021-04 is applied prospectively and is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, and interim periods within those fiscal years. We are currently evaluating the impact of this standard on our consolidated financial statements. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, "Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments." This ASU replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology in current U.S. GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information for credit loss estimates on certain types of financial instruments, including trade receivables. In addition, new disclosures are required. The ASU, as subsequently amended, is effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022 as the Company was a smaller reporting company as of November 15, 2019, the determination date. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting this guidance.

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