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Revenue | 12 Months Ended
--- | ---
Dec. 31, 2023
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract] |
Revenue | Revenue Revenue Disaggregated by Service Type Kelly has five operating segments: Professional & Industrial (“P&I”), Science, Engineering & Technology (“SET”), Education, Outsourcing & Consulting Group ("Outsourcing & Consulting," "OCG") and International. Other than OCG, each segment delivers talent through staffing services, permanent placement or outcome-based services. Our OCG segment delivers talent solutions including managed service provider ("MSP"), payroll process outsourcing ("PPO"), recruitment process outsourcing ("RPO"), and talent advisory services. International also delivers RPO talent solutions within its local markets. The following table presents our segment revenues disaggregated by service type (in millions of dollars):
|  | December Year to Date |  |  |  |
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  |  |
Professional & Industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Staffing services |  | $ | 1,029.0 |  |  | $ | 1,228.2 |  |  | $ | 1,402.4 |  |  |  |  |
Permanent placement |  | 12.9 |  |  | 28.9 |  |  | 24.7 |  |  |  |  |
Outcome-based services |  | 441.2 |  |  | 409.1 |  |  | 410.3 |  |  |  |  |
Total Professional & Industrial |  | 1,483.1 |  |  | 1,666.2 |  |  | 1,837.4 |  |  |  |  |
Science, Engineering & Technology |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Staffing services |  | 792.7 |  |  | 869.0 |  |  | 813.2 |  |  |  |  |
Permanent placement |  | 17.8 |  |  | 29.7 |  |  | 24.4 |  |  |  |  |
Outcome-based services |  | 380.3 |  |  | 366.7 |  |  | 319.2 |  |  |  |  |
Total Science, Engineering & Technology |  | 1,190.8 |  |  | 1,265.4 |  |  | 1,156.8 |  |  |  |  |
Education |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Staffing services |  | 834.9 |  |  | 627.8 |  |  | 411.5 |  |  |  |  |
Permanent placement |  | 7.0 |  |  | 8.4 |  |  | 5.0 |  |  |  |  |
Total Education |  | 841.9 |  |  | 636.2 |  |  | 416.5 |  |  |  |  |
Outsourcing & Consulting |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Talent solutions |  | 454.7 |  |  | 468.0 |  |  | 432.1 |  |  |  |  |
Total Outsourcing & Consulting |  | 454.7 |  |  | 468.0 |  |  | 432.1 |  |  |  |  |
International |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Staffing services |  | 860.2 |  |  | 892.3 |  |  | 1,032.9 |  |  |  |  |
Permanent placement |  | 21.8 |  |  | 22.6 |  |  | 21.3 |  |  |  |  |
Talent solutions |  | 2.8 |  |  | 17.3 |  |  | 13.6 |  |  |  |  |
Total International |  | 884.8 |  |  | 932.2 |  |  | 1,067.8 |  |  |  |  |
Total Intersegment |  | (19.6) |  |  | (2.6) |  |  | (0.9) |  |  |  |  |
Total Revenue from Services |  | $ | 4,835.7 |  |  | $ | 4,965.4 |  |  | $ | 4,909.7 |  |  |  |  |
Revenue Disaggregated by Geography Our operations are subject to different economic and regulatory environments depending on geographic location. Our P&I and Education segments operate in the Americas region, our SET segment operates in the Americas and Europe regions, and OCG operates in the Americas, Europe and Asia-Pacific regions. The International segment includes Europe and Mexico operations, which are included in the Americas region. Our Russian operations were sold in the third quarter of 2022 (see Acquisitions and Dispositions footnote). The below table presents our revenues disaggregated by geography (in millions of dollars):
|  | December Year to Date
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Americas |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  | $ | 3,555.8 |  |  | $ | 3,671.5 |  |  | $ | 3,513.4 |
Canada |  | 189.8 |  |  | 168.2 |  |  | 155.0 |
Puerto Rico |  | 107.0 |  |  | 112.4 |  |  | 102.1 |
Mexico |  | 75.7 |  |  | 46.5 |  |  | 92.7 |
Total Americas Region |  | 3,928.3 |  |  | 3,998.6 |  |  | 3,863.2 |
Europe |  |  |  |  |  |
Switzerland |  | 224.2 |  |  | 222.8 |  |  | 222.2 |
France |  | 194.4 |  |  | 199.4 |  |  | 223.1 |
Portugal |  | 189.4 |  |  | 169.5 |  |  | 158.2 |
Italy |  | 63.9 |  |  | 69.3 |  |  | 74.2 |
Russia |  | — |  |  | 63.4 |  |  | 132.2 |
Other |  | 191.8 |  |  | 200.3 |  |  | 197.1 |
Total Europe Region |  | 863.7 |  |  | 924.7 |  |  | 1,007.0 |
Total Asia-Pacific Region |  | 43.7 |  |  | 42.1 |  |  | 39.5 |
Total Kelly Services, Inc. |  | $ | 4,835.7 |  |  | $ | 4,965.4 |  |  | $ | 4,909.7 |
The below table presents our SET, OCG and International segment revenues disaggregated by geographic region (in millions of dollars):
|  | December Year to Date
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Science, Engineering & Technology |  |  |  |  |  |
Americas |  | $ | 1,175.2 |  |  | $ | 1,250.3 |  |  | $ | 1,149.3 |
Europe |  | 15.6 |  |  | 15.1 |  |  | 7.5 |
Total Science, Engineering & Technology |  | $ | 1,190.8 |  |  | $ | 1,265.4 |  |  | $ | 1,156.8 |
Outsourcing & Consulting |  |  |  |  |  |
Americas |  | $ | 375.0 |  |  | $ | 403.3 |  |  | $ | 369.4 |
Europe |  | 36.0 |  |  | 22.6 |  |  | 23.2 |
Asia-Pacific |  | 43.7 |  |  | 42.1 |  |  | 39.5 |
Total Outsourcing & Consulting |  | $ | 454.7 |  |  | $ | 468.0 |  |  | $ | 432.1 |
International |  |  |  |  |  |
Americas |  | $ | 72.7 |  |  | $ | 45.2 |  |  | $ | 91.5 |
Europe |  | 812.1 |  |  | 887.0 |  |  | 976.3 |
Total International |  | $ | 884.8 |  |  | $ | 932.2 |  |  | $ | 1,067.8 |
Deferred Costs Deferred fulfillment costs, which are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets in the consolidated balance sheet, were $3.4 million as of year-end 2023 and $2.7 million as of 2022. Amortization expense for the deferred costs was $7.7 million for 2023, $10.1 million for 2022 and $20.5 million for 2021. As of year-end 2023, there was no impairment loss in relation to the costs capitalized.

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