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Income Taxes
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2024
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
Income tax expense was $1.1 million for the second quarter of 2024 and income tax benefit was $1.9 million for the second quarter of 2023. Income tax expense was $5.1 million for June year-to-date 2024 and income tax benefit was $0.1 million for June year-to-date 2023. The quarterly variance primarily relates to non-deductible transaction costs and a valuation allowance on the tax benefit from the reduction in the EMEA staffing operations sale proceeds in 2024. The year-to-date variance primarily relates to changes in pretax income.

Our tax expense is affected by recurring items, such as the amount of pretax income and its mix by jurisdiction, U.S. work opportunity credits and the change in cash surrender value of tax-exempt investments in life insurance policies. It is also affected by discrete items that may occur in any given period but are not consistent from period to period, such as tax law changes, changes in judgment regarding the realizability of deferred tax assets and the tax effects of stock compensation.
The Company provides valuation allowances against deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. The Company continues to monitor its partial foreign tax credit valuation allowance for potential changes in the near term.