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Income Taxes
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 29, 2024
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
14. Income Taxes
Income tax benefit was $2.6 million for the third quarter of 2024 and income tax benefit was $4.9 million for the third quarter of 2023. Income tax expense was $2.5 million for September year-to-date 2024 and income tax benefit was $5.0 million for September year-to-date 2023. The quarterly and year-to-date changes are primarily driven by the release of Germany’s valuation allowance in the third quarter of 2023.

Our tax expense is affected by recurring items, such as the amount of pretax income and its mix by jurisdiction, U.S. work opportunity credits and the change in cash surrender value of tax-exempt investments in life insurance policies. It is also affected by discrete items that may occur in any given period but are not consistent from period to period, such as tax law changes, changes in judgment regarding the realizability of deferred tax assets and the tax effects of stock compensation.

The Company provides valuation allowances against deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. The Company continues to monitor its partial foreign tax credit valuation allowance for potential changes in the near term.