FALSE 0000055135 2024 FY 0.2—0.2 0.4 0.2 0.5 8.4 8.4 1.00 1.00 100.0 100.0 35.2 35.2 3.6 3.2 1.00 1.00 10.0 10.0 3.3 3.3 15 5 http://fasb.org/us-gaap/2024#SellingGeneralAndAdministrativeExpense http://fasb.org/us-gaap/2024#SellingGeneralAndAdministrativeExpense 10 15 10 15 5 10 23.5 14.2 http://fasb.org/us-gaap/2024#PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet http://fasb.org/us-gaap/2024#PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet P3Y iso4217:USD xbrli:shares iso4217:USD xbrli:shares xbrli:pure kelya:segment kelya:country iso4217:EUR kelya:derivative kelya:period utr:Rate kelya:numberOfSegments 0000055135 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 exch:XNMS us-gaap:CommonClassAMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 exch:XNMS us-gaap:CommonClassBMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 2024-06-30 0000055135 us-gaap:CommonClassAMember 2025-02-02 0000055135 us-gaap:CommonClassBMember 2025-02-02 0000055135 2024-09-30 2024-12-29 0000055135 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 2024-12-29 0000055135 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:CommonClassAMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:CommonClassAMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:CommonClassBMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:CommonClassBMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:CommonStockMember us-gaap:CommonClassAMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:CommonStockMember us-gaap:CommonClassAMember 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:CommonStockMember us-gaap:CommonClassAMember 2022-01-02 0000055135 us-gaap:CommonStockMember us-gaap:CommonClassAMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:CommonStockMember us-gaap:CommonClassAMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:CommonStockMember us-gaap:CommonClassAMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:CommonStockMember us-gaap:CommonClassAMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:CommonStockMember us-gaap:CommonClassBMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:CommonStockMember us-gaap:CommonClassBMember 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:CommonStockMember us-gaap:CommonClassBMember 2022-01-02 0000055135 us-gaap:CommonStockMember us-gaap:CommonClassBMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:CommonStockMember us-gaap:CommonClassBMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:CommonStockMember us-gaap:CommonClassBMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:CommonStockMember us-gaap:CommonClassBMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:TreasuryStockCommonMember kelya:CommonClassATreasuryStockMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:TreasuryStockCommonMember kelya:CommonClassATreasuryStockMember 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:TreasuryStockCommonMember kelya:CommonClassATreasuryStockMember 2022-01-02 0000055135 us-gaap:TreasuryStockCommonMember kelya:CommonClassATreasuryStockMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:TreasuryStockCommonMember kelya:CommonClassATreasuryStockMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:TreasuryStockCommonMember kelya:CommonClassATreasuryStockMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:TreasuryStockCommonMember kelya:CommonClassATreasuryStockMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:TreasuryStockCommonMember kelya:CommonClassBTreasuryStockMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:TreasuryStockCommonMember kelya:CommonClassBTreasuryStockMember 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:TreasuryStockCommonMember kelya:CommonClassBTreasuryStockMember 2022-01-02 0000055135 us-gaap:TreasuryStockCommonMember kelya:CommonClassBTreasuryStockMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:TreasuryStockCommonMember kelya:CommonClassBTreasuryStockMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:TreasuryStockCommonMember kelya:CommonClassBTreasuryStockMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:TreasuryStockCommonMember kelya:CommonClassBTreasuryStockMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember 2022-01-02 0000055135 us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:EarningsInvestedInTheBusinessMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:EarningsInvestedInTheBusinessMember 2023-01-01 0000055135 kelya:EarningsInvestedInTheBusinessMember 2022-01-02 0000055135 kelya:EarningsInvestedInTheBusinessMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:EarningsInvestedInTheBusinessMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:EarningsInvestedInTheBusinessMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 kelya:EarningsInvestedInTheBusinessMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember 2022-01-02 0000055135 us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:CommonStockMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:CommonStockMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:CommonStockMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:TreasuryStockCommonMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:TreasuryStockCommonMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:TreasuryStockCommonMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 2022-01-02 0000055135 kelya:PersolKellyPteLtdMember 2022-01-02 0000055135 us-gaap:LandMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:LandMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:WorkinprocessMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:WorkinprocessMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:BuildingAndBuildingImprovementsMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:BuildingAndBuildingImprovementsMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:ComputerhardwareandsoftwareMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:ComputerhardwareandsoftwareMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 srt:MinimumMember kelya:ComputerhardwareandsoftwareMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 srt:MaximumMember kelya:ComputerhardwareandsoftwareMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:EquipmentFurnitureAndFixturesMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:EquipmentFurnitureAndFixturesMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:LeaseholdImprovementsMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:LeaseholdImprovementsMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:CloudComputingArrangementsMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:CloudComputingArrangementsMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:CloudComputingArrangementsMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 kelya:CloudComputingArrangementsMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:CloudComputingArrangementsMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:CloudComputingArrangementsMember us-gaap:PrepaidExpensesAndOtherCurrentAssetsMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:CloudComputingArrangementsMember us-gaap:PrepaidExpensesAndOtherCurrentAssetsMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:DisposalGroupHeldforsaleNotDiscontinuedOperationsMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:CloudComputingArrangementsMember us-gaap:OtherNoncurrentAssetsMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:CloudComputingArrangementsMember us-gaap:OtherNoncurrentAssetsMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 srt:MinimumMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 srt:MaximumMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:BookOverdraftsMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:BookOverdraftsMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:WorkersCompensationMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:HeadquartersMember us-gaap:LeaseholdImprovementsMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:BranchesMember srt:MaximumMember us-gaap:LeaseholdImprovementsMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:StaffingServicesMember kelya:ProfessionalIndustrialMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:StaffingServicesMember kelya:ProfessionalIndustrialMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:StaffingServicesMember kelya:ProfessionalIndustrialMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:PermanentPlacementMember kelya:ProfessionalIndustrialMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:PermanentPlacementMember kelya:ProfessionalIndustrialMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:PermanentPlacementMember kelya:ProfessionalIndustrialMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:OutcomeBasedServicesMember kelya:ProfessionalIndustrialMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:OutcomeBasedServicesMember kelya:ProfessionalIndustrialMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:OutcomeBasedServicesMember kelya:ProfessionalIndustrialMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:ProfessionalIndustrialMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:ProfessionalIndustrialMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:ProfessionalIndustrialMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:StaffingServicesMember kelya:ScienceEngineeringTechnologyMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:StaffingServicesMember kelya:ScienceEngineeringTechnologyMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:StaffingServicesMember kelya:ScienceEngineeringTechnologyMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:PermanentPlacementMember kelya:ScienceEngineeringTechnologyMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:PermanentPlacementMember kelya:ScienceEngineeringTechnologyMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:PermanentPlacementMember kelya:ScienceEngineeringTechnologyMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:OutcomeBasedServicesMember kelya:ScienceEngineeringTechnologyMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:OutcomeBasedServicesMember kelya:ScienceEngineeringTechnologyMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:OutcomeBasedServicesMember kelya:ScienceEngineeringTechnologyMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:TalentSolutionsMember kelya:ScienceEngineeringTechnologyMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:TalentSolutionsMember kelya:ScienceEngineeringTechnologyMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:TalentSolutionsMember kelya:ScienceEngineeringTechnologyMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:ScienceEngineeringTechnologyMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:ScienceEngineeringTechnologyMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:ScienceEngineeringTechnologyMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:StaffingServicesMember kelya:EducationMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:StaffingServicesMember kelya:EducationMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:StaffingServicesMember kelya:EducationMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:PermanentPlacementMember kelya:EducationMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:PermanentPlacementMember kelya:EducationMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:PermanentPlacementMember kelya:EducationMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:EducationMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:EducationMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:EducationMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:TalentSolutionsMember kelya:OutsourcingConsultingMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:TalentSolutionsMember kelya:OutsourcingConsultingMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:TalentSolutionsMember kelya:OutsourcingConsultingMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:OutsourcingConsultingMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:OutsourcingConsultingMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:OutsourcingConsultingMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:StaffingServicesMember kelya:InternationalMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:StaffingServicesMember kelya:InternationalMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:StaffingServicesMember kelya:InternationalMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:PermanentPlacementMember kelya:InternationalMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:PermanentPlacementMember kelya:InternationalMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:PermanentPlacementMember kelya:InternationalMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:TalentSolutionsMember kelya:InternationalMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:TalentSolutionsMember kelya:InternationalMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:TalentSolutionsMember kelya:InternationalMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:InternationalMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:InternationalMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember kelya:InternationalMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:IntersegmentEliminationMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:IntersegmentEliminationMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:IntersegmentEliminationMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 country:US 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 country:US 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 country:US 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 country:CA 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 country:CA 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 country:CA 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 country:PR 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 country:PR 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 country:PR 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 country:MX 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 country:MX 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 country:MX 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 srt:AmericasMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 srt:AmericasMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 srt:AmericasMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 country:CH 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 country:CH 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 country:CH 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 country:FR 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 country:FR 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 country:FR 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 country:PT 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 country:PT 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 country:PT 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 country:IT 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 country:IT 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 country:IT 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 country:RU 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 country:RU 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 country:RU 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 kelya:OtherEMEAMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:OtherEMEAMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:OtherEMEAMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:EMEAMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:EMEAMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:EMEAMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 srt:AsiaPacificMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 srt:AsiaPacificMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 srt:AsiaPacificMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 srt:AmericasMember kelya:ScienceEngineeringTechnologyMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 srt:AmericasMember kelya:ScienceEngineeringTechnologyMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 srt:AmericasMember kelya:ScienceEngineeringTechnologyMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 srt:EuropeMember kelya:ScienceEngineeringTechnologyMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 srt:EuropeMember kelya:ScienceEngineeringTechnologyMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 srt:EuropeMember kelya:ScienceEngineeringTechnologyMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 kelya:ScienceEngineeringTechnologyMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:ScienceEngineeringTechnologyMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:ScienceEngineeringTechnologyMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 srt:AmericasMember kelya:OutsourcingConsultingMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 srt:AmericasMember kelya:OutsourcingConsultingMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 srt:AmericasMember kelya:OutsourcingConsultingMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 srt:EuropeMember kelya:OutsourcingConsultingMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 srt:EuropeMember kelya:OutsourcingConsultingMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 srt:EuropeMember kelya:OutsourcingConsultingMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 srt:AsiaPacificMember kelya:OutsourcingConsultingMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 srt:AsiaPacificMember kelya:OutsourcingConsultingMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 srt:AsiaPacificMember kelya:OutsourcingConsultingMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 kelya:OutsourcingConsultingMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:OutsourcingConsultingMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:OutsourcingConsultingMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 srt:EuropeMember kelya:InternationalMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 srt:EuropeMember kelya:InternationalMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 srt:EuropeMember kelya:InternationalMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 kelya:InternationalMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:InternationalMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:InternationalMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 kelya:DeferredFulfillmentCostsMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:DeferredFulfillmentCostsMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:DeferredFulfillmentCostsMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:DeferredFulfillmentCostsMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:DeferredFulfillmentCostsMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:DisposalGroupNotDiscontinuedOperationsMember kelya:EMEAStaffingOperationsMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:ChildrensTherapyCenterCTCMember kelya:KellyServicesUSALLCKSUMember 2024-11-13 0000055135 kelya:ChildrensTherapyCenterCTCMember kelya:KellyServicesUSALLCKSUMember 2024-11-13 2024-11-13 0000055135 kelya:MotionRecruitmentPartnersLLCMRPMember 2024-05-31 0000055135 kelya:MotionRecruitmentPartnersLLCMRPMember 2024-05-31 2024-05-31 0000055135 kelya:MotionRecruitmentPartnersLLCMRPMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:MotionRecruitmentPartnersLLCMRPMember 2024-09-30 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:MotionRecruitmentPartnersLLCMRPMember us-gaap:CustomerRelationshipsMember 2024-05-31 0000055135 kelya:MotionRecruitmentPartnersLLCMRPMember us-gaap:TradeNamesMember 2024-05-31 0000055135 kelya:MotionRecruitmentPartnersLLCMRPMember us-gaap:NoncompeteAgreementsMember 2024-05-31 0000055135 kelya:MotionRecruitmentPartnersLLCMRPMember us-gaap:CustomerRelationshipsMember 2024-05-31 2024-05-31 0000055135 kelya:MotionRecruitmentPartnersLLCMRPMember us-gaap:TradeNamesMember srt:MinimumMember 2024-05-31 2024-05-31 0000055135 kelya:MotionRecruitmentPartnersLLCMRPMember us-gaap:TradeNamesMember srt:MaximumMember 2024-05-31 2024-05-31 0000055135 kelya:MotionRecruitmentPartnersLLCMRPMember us-gaap:NoncompeteAgreementsMember 2024-05-31 2024-05-31 0000055135 kelya:MotionRecruitmentPartnersLLCMRPMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:MotionRecruitmentPartnersLLCMRPMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:PediatricTherapeuticServicesMember 2022-07-03 0000055135 kelya:PediatricTherapeuticServicesMember 2022-04-04 2022-07-03 0000055135 kelya:RocketPowerMember 2022-03-07 0000055135 kelya:RocketPowerMember 2022-03-07 2022-03-07 0000055135 kelya:RocketPowerMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:DisposalGroupNotDiscontinuedOperationsMember kelya:EMEAStaffingOperationsMember 2024-01-02 2024-01-02 0000055135 us-gaap:DisposalGroupNotDiscontinuedOperationsMember kelya:EMEAStaffingOperationsMember 2024-03-31 0000055135 us-gaap:DisposalGroupNotDiscontinuedOperationsMember kelya:EMEAStaffingOperationsMember 2024-06-30 0000055135 us-gaap:DisposalGroupNotDiscontinuedOperationsMember kelya:EMEAStaffingOperationsMember 2024-07-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:DisposalGroupNotDiscontinuedOperationsMember kelya:EMEAStaffingOperationsMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:DisposalGroupNotDiscontinuedOperationsMember kelya:EMEAStaffingOperationsMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:DisposalGroupNotDiscontinuedOperationsMember kelya:EMEAStaffingOperationsMember 2024-01-02 0000055135 us-gaap:DisposalGroupNotDiscontinuedOperationsMember kelya:RussianOperationsMember 2022-07-20 2022-07-20 0000055135 us-gaap:DisposalGroupNotDiscontinuedOperationsMember kelya:RussianOperationsMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 kelya:PersolHoldingsMember kelya:PersolAsiaPacificPte.Member 2022-01-31 0000055135 kelya:PersolHoldingsInvestmentMember us-gaap:CommonClassAMember 2022-02-14 2022-02-14 0000055135 kelya:PersolHoldingsInvestmentMember us-gaap:CommonClassBMember 2022-02-14 2022-02-14 0000055135 kelya:PersolHoldingsInvestmentMember 2022-02-14 2022-02-14 0000055135 2022-02-14 2022-02-14 0000055135 kelya:PersolHoldingsInvestmentMember 2022-02-15 2022-02-15 0000055135 kelya:PersolHoldingsInvestmentMember 2022-01-03 2022-04-03 0000055135 2022-01-03 2022-02-15 0000055135 kelya:KellyServicesJapanIncMember 2022-01-03 2022-04-03 0000055135 kelya:PersolKellyPteLtdMember 2022-02-14 0000055135 kelya:PersolKellyPteLtdMember 2022-03-01 2022-03-01 0000055135 2022-01-03 2022-04-03 0000055135 kelya:PersolKellyPteLtdMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:PersolKellyPteLtdMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:PersolKellyPteLtdMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel1Member us-gaap:FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel2Member us-gaap:FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel3Member us-gaap:FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember us-gaap:InterestRateSwapMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel1Member us-gaap:InterestRateSwapMember us-gaap:FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel2Member us-gaap:InterestRateSwapMember us-gaap:FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel3Member us-gaap:InterestRateSwapMember us-gaap:FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:EMEAMember us-gaap:FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:EMEAMember us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel1Member us-gaap:FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:EMEAMember us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel2Member us-gaap:FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:EMEAMember us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel3Member us-gaap:FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 country:BR us-gaap:FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 country:BR us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel1Member us-gaap:FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 country:BR us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel2Member us-gaap:FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 country:BR us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel3Member us-gaap:FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel1Member us-gaap:FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel2Member us-gaap:FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel3Member us-gaap:FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 country:BR us-gaap:FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 country:BR us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel1Member us-gaap:FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 country:BR us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel2Member us-gaap:FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 country:BR us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel3Member us-gaap:FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember us-gaap:ForeignExchangeForwardMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel1Member us-gaap:ForeignExchangeForwardMember us-gaap:FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel2Member us-gaap:ForeignExchangeForwardMember us-gaap:FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel3Member us-gaap:ForeignExchangeForwardMember us-gaap:FairValueMeasurementsRecurringMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:OtherAssetsMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:OtherAssetsMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:ForeignExchangeForwardMember 2024-02-08 0000055135 us-gaap:ForeignExchangeForwardMember 2024-09-30 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:ForeignExchangeForwardMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:ForeignExchangeForwardMember 2023-11-02 0000055135 us-gaap:ForeignExchangeForwardMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:ForeignExchangeForwardMember 2024-01-05 2024-01-05 0000055135 us-gaap:ForeignExchangeForwardMember 2024-01-01 2024-03-31 0000055135 us-gaap:ForeignExchangeForwardMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:ForeignExchangeForwardMember 2023-11-02 2024-01-05 0000055135 us-gaap:InterestRateSwapMember 2024-07-17 0000055135 us-gaap:InterestRateSwapMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:EMEAMember us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel3Member 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 country:BR us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel3Member us-gaap:AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 country:BR us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel3Member kelya:OtherLongTermLiabilitiesMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel3Member kelya:BrazilOperationsMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 country:BR us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel3Member us-gaap:AccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilitiesMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 country:BR us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel3Member kelya:OtherLongTermLiabilitiesMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 country:BR srt:MaximumMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 country:BR 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 country:BR 2024-09-30 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:MotionRecruitmentPartnersLLCMRPMember us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel3Member 2024-05-31 0000055135 kelya:MotionRecruitmentPartnersLLCMRPMember us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel3Member 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:GreenwoodAsherMember us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel3Member 2023-01-01 0000055135 kelya:GreenwoodAsherMember us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel3Member 2023-01-02 2023-04-02 0000055135 kelya:GreenwoodAsherMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:GreenwoodAsherMember us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel3Member 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:GreenwoodAsherMember us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel3Member 2022-01-03 2022-04-03 0000055135 kelya:GreenwoodAsherMember 2022-01-03 2022-04-03 0000055135 us-gaap:EquitySecuritiesMember 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:EquitySecuritiesMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:EquitySecuritiesMember 2024-09-30 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:PersolKellyPteLtdMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:PersolKellyPteLtdMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:PersolKellyPteLtdMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:A2024ActionsMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:A2024ActionsMember kelya:ProfessionalIndustrialMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:A2024ActionsMember kelya:ScienceEngineeringTechnologyMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:A2024ActionsMember kelya:OutsourcingConsultingMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:CorporateNonSegmentMember kelya:A2024ActionsMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:A2023ActionsMember 2023-01-02 2023-04-02 0000055135 kelya:TransformationActivitiesMember kelya:A2023ActionsMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:A2023ActionsMember 2023-10-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:A2023ActionsMember kelya:ProfessionalIndustrialMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:A2023ActionsMember kelya:ScienceEngineeringTechnologyMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:A2023ActionsMember kelya:EducationMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:A2023ActionsMember kelya:OutsourcingConsultingMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:A2023ActionsMember kelya:InternationalMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:CorporateNonSegmentMember kelya:A2023ActionsMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:A2023ActionsMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:A2022ActionsMember kelya:ProfessionalIndustrialMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 kelya:A2022ActionsMember kelya:EducationMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 kelya:A2022ActionsMember kelya:OutsourcingConsultingMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:CorporateNonSegmentMember kelya:A2022ActionsMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 kelya:A2022ActionsMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 kelya:ScienceEngineeringTechnologyMember 2023-01-01 0000055135 kelya:EducationMember 2023-01-01 0000055135 kelya:EducationMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:ScienceEngineeringTechnologyMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:EducationMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:EducationMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:ScienceEngineeringTechnologyMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:EducationMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:MotionRecruitmentPartnersLLCMRPMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:SoftworldIncMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:SoftworldIncMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:SoftworldIncMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:CustomerRelationshipsMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:CustomerRelationshipsMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:TradeNamesMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:TradeNamesMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:NoncompeteAgreementsMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:NoncompeteAgreementsMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:TrademarksMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:TrademarksMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:SellingGeneralAndAdministrativeExpensesMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:SellingGeneralAndAdministrativeExpensesMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:SellingGeneralAndAdministrativeExpensesMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:TradeNamesMember srt:MinimumMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:TradeNamesMember srt:MaximumMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:CustomerRelationshipsMember srt:MinimumMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:CustomerRelationshipsMember srt:MaximumMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:LongTermHostedSoftwareMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:LongTermHostedSoftwareMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:DisposalGroupHeldforsaleNotDiscontinuedOperationsMember kelya:EMEAStaffingOperationsMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:LongTermHostedSoftwareMember us-gaap:OtherAssetsMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:LongTermHostedSoftwareMember us-gaap:OtherAssetsMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 srt:MinimumMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 srt:MaximumMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 srt:OfficeBuildingMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:TheFacilityMember us-gaap:LineOfCreditMember 2024-05-28 0000055135 kelya:TheFacilityMember us-gaap:LineOfCreditMember 2024-05-28 2024-05-28 0000055135 kelya:TheFacilityMember us-gaap:LineOfCreditMember 2024-05-29 0000055135 kelya:TheFacilityMember us-gaap:LineOfCreditMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:TheFacilityMember us-gaap:LineOfCreditMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:TheFacilityMember us-gaap:LineOfCreditMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:TheFacilityMember us-gaap:LineOfCreditMember kelya:FacilityFeeMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:TheFacilityMember kelya:FacilityFeeMember us-gaap:LineOfCreditMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:SecuritizationFacilityMember 2024-05-28 0000055135 kelya:SecuritizationFacilityMember 2024-05-28 2024-05-28 0000055135 kelya:SecuritizationFacilityMember 2024-05-29 0000055135 kelya:SecuritizationFacilityMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:SecuritizationFacilityMember kelya:StandbyLetterOfCreditRelatedToWorkersCompensationMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:SecuritizationFacilityMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:SecuritizationFacilityMember kelya:FacilityFeeMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:SecuritizationFacilityMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:SecuritizationFacilityMember kelya:StandbyLetterOfCreditRelatedToWorkersCompensationMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:SecuritizationFacilityMember kelya:FacilityFeeMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:SecuritizationFacilityMember kelya:InterestRateSwapContractOneMember 2024-07-17 0000055135 kelya:SecuritizationFacilityMember kelya:InterestRateSwapContractOneMember 2024-07-17 2024-07-17 0000055135 kelya:SecuritizationFacilityMember kelya:InterestRateSwapContractTwoMember 2024-07-17 0000055135 kelya:SecuritizationFacilityMember kelya:InterestRateSwapContractTwoMember 2024-07-17 2024-07-17 0000055135 kelya:SecuritizationFacilityMember us-gaap:InterestRateSwapMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:SecuritizationFacilityMember us-gaap:InterestRateSwapMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:UnsecuredUncommittedShortTermLocalCreditFacilitiesMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:UnsecuredUncommittedShortTermLocalCreditFacilitiesMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:CommonClassAMember srt:MaximumMember 2024-11-26 0000055135 us-gaap:CommonClassAMember 2024-12-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:CommonClassAMember srt:MaximumMember 2022-11-09 0000055135 us-gaap:CommonClassAMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:CommonClassAMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:CommonClassAMember 2023-01-01 0000055135 2022-11-25 2023-08-28 0000055135 us-gaap:AccumulatedTranslationAdjustmentMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:AccumulatedTranslationAdjustmentMember 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:AccumulatedTranslationAdjustmentMember 2022-01-02 0000055135 us-gaap:AccumulatedTranslationAdjustmentMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:AccumulatedTranslationAdjustmentMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:AccumulatedTranslationAdjustmentMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 kelya:LiquidationOfSubsidiaryMember us-gaap:AccumulatedTranslationAdjustmentMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:LiquidationOfSubsidiaryMember us-gaap:AccumulatedTranslationAdjustmentMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:LiquidationOfSubsidiaryMember us-gaap:AccumulatedTranslationAdjustmentMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 kelya:EquityMethodInvestmentMember us-gaap:AccumulatedTranslationAdjustmentMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:EquityMethodInvestmentMember us-gaap:AccumulatedTranslationAdjustmentMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:EquityMethodInvestmentMember us-gaap:AccumulatedTranslationAdjustmentMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:AccumulatedTranslationAdjustmentMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:AccumulatedDefinedBenefitPlansAdjustmentMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:AccumulatedDefinedBenefitPlansAdjustmentMember 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:AccumulatedDefinedBenefitPlansAdjustmentMember 2022-01-02 0000055135 us-gaap:AccumulatedDefinedBenefitPlansAdjustmentMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:AccumulatedDefinedBenefitPlansAdjustmentMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:AccumulatedDefinedBenefitPlansAdjustmentMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:AccumulatedDefinedBenefitPlansAdjustmentMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:PersolKellyPteLtdMember us-gaap:OtherExpenseMember us-gaap:AccumulatedTranslationAdjustmentMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:OtherExpenseMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 kelya:GainLossOnDisposalOfAssetsMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:CommonClassAMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:CommonClassBMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:CommonClassBMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:CommonClassBMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 kelya:StockBasedCompensationCostMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:StockBasedCompensationCostMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:StockBasedCompensationCostMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:RestrictedStockMember srt:MinimumMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:RestrictedStockMember srt:MaximumMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:RestrictedStockMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:RestrictedStockMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:RestrictedStockMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:RestrictedStockMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:RestrictedStockMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:PerformanceSharesMember kelya:MaximumshareseligibletoearnMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:PerformanceSharesMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:PerformanceSharesMember us-gaap:SubsequentEventMember 2025-02-11 2025-02-11 0000055135 us-gaap:PerformanceSharesMember kelya:A2024GrantMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:PerformanceSharesMember kelya:A2023GrantMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:PerformanceSharesMember kelya:A2022GrantMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:PerformanceSharesMember kelya:A2021GrantMember 2021-12-01 2021-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:PerformanceSharesMember kelya:A2020GrantMember 2020-12-01 2020-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:PerformanceSharesMember 2020-12-01 2020-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:PerformanceSharesMember kelya:A2020GrantMember 2021-01-03 0000055135 us-gaap:PerformanceSharesMember kelya:A2020GrantMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:PerformanceSharesMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:PerformanceSharesMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:PerformanceSharesMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:PerformanceSharesMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 2024-06-10 0000055135 2024-04-01 2024-06-30 0000055135 2024-07-01 2024-09-29 0000055135 2022-10-01 2022-10-31 0000055135 2022-10-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 2022-10-31 0000055135 2022-06-01 2022-06-30 0000055135 2022-04-04 2022-07-03 0000055135 2021-04-05 2021-07-04 0000055135 2022-01-01 2022-01-31 0000055135 kelya:KellyServicesJapanIncMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 kelya:BusinessTalentGroupLLCMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:DeferredTaxMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:AssetsHeldForSaleMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:OtherNoncurrentLiabilitiesMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:ExpiringInYears2034To2044Member us-gaap:GeneralBusinessMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:ExpiringInYears2026To2034Member kelya:ForeignTaxCreditCarryforwardMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:ExpiresIn2029Member 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:ExpireBetween2025And2044Member 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:EMEAStaffingOperationsMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:EMEAStaffingOperationsMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:EMEAStaffingOperationsMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:EMEAStaffingOperationsMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:U.S.ForeignTaxCreditsMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:U.S.ForeignTaxCreditsMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:GoodwillMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:AssetsHeldForSaleMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:PersolHoldingsInvestmentMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:GoodwillMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 srt:ProFormaMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:PrepaidExpensesAndOtherCurrentAssetsMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:PrepaidExpensesAndOtherCurrentAssetsMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:CorporateNonSegmentMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:CorporateNonSegmentMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:CorporateNonSegmentMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 kelya:DomesticMember us-gaap:ServiceMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:DomesticMember us-gaap:ServiceMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:DomesticMember us-gaap:ServiceMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:NonUsMember us-gaap:ServiceMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:NonUsMember us-gaap:ServiceMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:NonUsMember us-gaap:ServiceMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:ServiceMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:ServiceMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:ServiceMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01 0000055135 kelya:DomesticMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 kelya:DomesticMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:NonUsMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:NonUsMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 kelya:TerenceE.AdderleyRevocableTrustKMember us-gaap:CommonClassBMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:ValuationAllowanceOfDeferredTaxAssetsMember 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:ValuationAllowanceOfDeferredTaxAssetsMember 2024-01-01 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:ValuationAllowanceOfDeferredTaxAssetsMember 2024-12-29 0000055135 us-gaap:ValuationAllowanceOfDeferredTaxAssetsMember 2023-01-01 0000055135 us-gaap:ValuationAllowanceOfDeferredTaxAssetsMember 2023-01-02 2023-12-31 0000055135 us-gaap:ValuationAllowanceOfDeferredTaxAssetsMember 2022-01-02 0000055135 us-gaap:ValuationAllowanceOfDeferredTaxAssetsMember 2022-01-03 2023-01-01
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES
EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 29, 2024
OR
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES
EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from _________ to __________
Commission file number 0-1088

| KELLY SERVICES, INC. |
| (Exact Name of Registrant as specified in its Charter) |

Delaware |  | 38-1510762
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

999 West Big Beaver Road, Troy, Michigan 48084

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

(248) 362-4444

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbols | Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common Stock, $1.00 par value per share | KELYA | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
Class B Common Stock, $1.00 par value per share | KELYB | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☒
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
Emerging growth company | ☐ |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company* (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold, or the average bid and asked price of such common equity, as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $677.0 million.
Registrant had 31,592,205 shares of Class A and 3,295,841 shares of Class B common stock, par value $1.00 per share, outstanding as of February 2, 2025.
Documents Incorporated by Reference
Portions of the proxy statement of the registrant with respect to its 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K to the extent described herein.
2

PART I
Unless the context otherwise requires, throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K the words “Kelly,” “Kelly Services,” “the Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Kelly Services, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.
ITEM 1. BUSINESS.
History and Development of Business
William Russell Kelly pioneered the staffing industry when he founded Kelly® in 1946, and we’ve been reinventing it ever since. Our inception helped usher in and embolden a workforce of women who kept the economy moving forward during World War II, opening doors and creating completely new opportunities. Over the next 78 years, as work evolved, Kelly continued to equip people with the skills to master new technologies as they emerged and the opportunity to put them to work in ways that enriched their lives.
As the world of work has evolved, so have our offerings to reflect the changing needs of employers and talent. In 1996, Kelly established the industry’s first Managed Service Provider ("MSP") program. Three years later, the Company launched specialized offerings in engineering, IT and education. After successfully establishing industry-leading positions in each of these attractive markets, Kelly initiated a strategic plan to drive greater value creation by refocusing its portfolio on specialties. In 2020, Kelly launched a new operating model comprising five specialty business units: Kelly Professional & Industrial ("P&I"); Kelly Science, Engineering & Technology ("SET"); Kelly Education; KellyOCG ("Outsourcing & Consulting" or "OCG"); and Kelly International. This model optimized Kelly’s structure and capabilities based on market opportunity and the unique needs of employers and talent in each specialty to enable organic growth.
To enhance specialization in higher margin, higher growth specialties, Kelly also pursued an aggressive approach to driving inorganic growth in SET, Education, and OCG. By monetizing non-core assets and redeploying available capital, Kelly completed several strategic acquisitions over the years, including Teachers On Call; Global Technology Associates ("GTA"); NextGen; Greenwood/Asher & Associates; Softworld; RocketPower; Pediatric Therapeutic Services ("PTS"); Motion Recruitment Partners ("MRP"); and Children’s Therapy Center ("CTC").
Building on a significant shift in Kelly’s business mix driven by its specialty strategy, the Company took steps to further optimize its operating model and accelerate profitable growth. Beginning in 2023, Kelly implemented a comprehensive business transformation initiative that delivered structural efficiency improvements across the enterprise and significantly improved profitability. In 2024, Kelly completed the sale of its European staffing operations within the Company’s International business unit, further sharpening its focus on specialty outcome-based and staffing services in North America, while maintaining global recruitment process outsourcing ("RPO") and MSP capabilities.
Today, Kelly remains one of the largest providers of temporary and permanent staffing services, outcome-based solutions, RPO, MSP, and payroll process outsourcing ("PPO"). The Company delivers these differentiated offerings through four specialty business units, each a leader in the respective markets on which they are focused: Kelly Education; Kelly Professional & Industrial; Kelly Science, Engineering & Technology; and KellyOCG.
Business Objectives
We strive to empower organizations and talent to access limitless opportunities by enabling employers to recruit and manage skilled workers and help job seekers find great work. As experts in hiring experts, we ensure our customers have the people they need when and where they’re needed most. We’re also using our position in the middle of the talent supply and demand equation to challenge outdated barriers that hold back far too many people from attaining meaningful work, supporting their families and contributing to the economy. Our Equity@Work initiative seeks to remove barriers to employment and create a labor market that is accessible for more people. While universal change takes time, we continue to make progress with additional outreach, new alliances and partnerships, and continued executive commitment.
We believe that delivering on these objectives will result in successful outcomes for customers and talent, and drive profitable growth for Kelly.
3

Description of Business Segments and Services
Kelly is a global specialty talent solutions company operating in four specialized business units, which are also our reportable segments. This structure enables us to serve the specialized needs of both talent and customers while building deep industry expertise and connections.
•Professional & Industrial – delivers temporary staffing, outcome-based and permanent placement services. P&I is focused on industrial, contact center, and office and clerical specialties in North America. Its offerings include our KellyConnect and Skilled Professional Solutions offerings.
•Science, Engineering & Technology – provides highly specialized skills to a variety of industries through temporary staffing, outcome-based, and permanent placement services. SET is focused on science and clinical research, engineering, technology, and telecommunications specialties predominantly in North America. It includes the MRP, Softworld, NextGen, and GTA brands, as well as our statementworX offering.
•Education – delivers high quality education and therapy services talent through temporary staffing, permanent placement and executive search services to Pre-K-12 school districts and education organizations across the U.S. It includes the CTC, PTS, Greenwood/Asher, and Teachers On Call brands.
•Outsourcing & Consulting Group – provides global talent supply chain and workforce solutions, including MSP, RPO, and PPO solutions to customers on a global basis. It includes our RocketPower brand as well as our proprietary technology platform, Kelly Helix.
Financial information regarding our reportable segments is included in the Segment Disclosures footnote in the notes to our consolidated financial statements presented in Part II, Item 8 of this report.
Business Operations
Geographic Breadth of Services
Headquartered in the United States, Kelly provides workforce solutions to a diverse group of local, regional and global clients in the Americas, Europe and the Asia-Pacific region across a variety of industries.
In 2024, together with our supplier partners, we placed more than 400,000 workers with a variety of customers around the globe.
Service Marks
We own numerous service marks registered with the United States Patent and Trademark Office, the European Union Intellectual Property Office and numerous individual country trademark offices.
Seasonality and Economic Cycles
Our operating results have historically been affected by the cyclical response to both economic downturns and upswings. Customers use our services to supplement their existing workforce and generally hire permanent employees when long-term demand is expected to increase. In addition, we generate a portion of our revenue through permanent placement fees, which typically have a higher gross margin than our staffing services. Consequently, we may see improved demand for our services and generate larger increases in our revenue and gross profit from services when the economy grows. During periods of increasing demand, we are generally able to improve our profitability and generate operating leverage. Conversely, our revenue from services and gross profit may see larger decreases when economic activity declines and customer demand for our services decreases. When demand decreases, our operating profit is typically impacted unfavorably as we experience a deleveraging of our selling and administrative expense base, which may not decline at the same pace as revenue. Our business also experiences seasonal fluctuations each year, particularly in our Education operating segment. Revenue in Education is generally lowest in the third quarter, in line with schools’ summer break.
Working Capital
Our working capital requirements are primarily generated from our staffing businesses resulting from employee payroll which is generally paid weekly or monthly and customer accounts receivable which is generally outstanding for longer periods. When
4

we operate as a managed service provider, our payment terms to suppliers are generally in line with payment terms from customers, which does not result in a significant use of working capital. Based on the nature of our business, accounts receivable is our most significant asset with days sales outstanding ("DSO") of 59 days as of December 29, 2024. Since receipts from customers lag payroll payments to temporary employees, working capital requirements increase and operating cash flows may decrease substantially in periods of growth. Conversely, when economic activity slows, working capital requirements may substantially decrease and operating cash flows increase. Such increases dissipate over time if the economic downturn continues for an extended period.
Customers
Kelly’s client portfolio spans employers of all sizes and sectors, including local and mid-sized businesses, to Fortune 500 enterprises, government agencies, and education institutions. In 2024, an estimated 58% of total company revenue was attributed to our largest 100 customers and 29% was attributed to our largest 10 customers. Our largest single customer accounted for approximately six percent of total revenue in 2024. In 2023, an estimated 55% of total company revenue was attributed to our largest 100 customers and 27% was attributed to our largest 10 customers. Our largest single customer accounted for approximately six percent of total revenue in 2023.
Government Contracts
Although we conduct business under various federal, state and local government contracts, no one contract represents more than three percent of total company revenue in 2024.
Competition
The worldwide workforce solutions industry is competitive and highly fragmented. In the United States, we compete with other firms that operate nationally and offer a breadth of service similar to ours, and with thousands of smaller regional or specialized companies that compete to varying degrees. Outside the United States, we face similar competition. In 2024, our largest competitors were Randstad, Adecco Group, ManpowerGroup Inc. and Allegis Group.
Key factors that influence our success are quality of service, price and breadth of service.
Quality of service is highly dependent on the availability of qualified talent, and our ability to promptly and effectively recruit, screen, retain and manage a pool of employees who match the skills required by our customers. We must balance competitive pricing pressures, which may intensify during an economic downturn, with the need to attract and retain a qualified workforce. Price competition is greater in certain markets in which we serve clients and talent, including education, office clerical and light industrial.
Companies may seek a single supplier to manage all of their demand for contingent talent. To provide the breadth of service required, clients may need us to manage staffing suppliers and independent workers on their behalf. Kelly seeks to address this requirement for our clients, enabling us to deliver talent wherever and whenever they need it around the world.
Corporate Sustainability
Kelly is committed to the highest standards of corporate citizenship. Given the worldwide reach of our workers, clients, suppliers and partners, we recognize the global impact of our business practices and the importance of public accountability. We continue to advocate on behalf of the global workforce, improve our workplaces, contribute to the communities we serve and ensure our actions are socially, ethically and environmentally responsible. More information about our corporate sustainability initiatives is available in our C orporate Sustainability and ESG Report - Growing with Purpose report on www.kellyservices.com
Regulation
Our services are subject to a variety of complex federal and state laws and regulations in the countries where we operate. We continuously monitor legislation and regulatory changes for their potential effect on our business. We invest in technology and process improvements to implement required changes while minimizing the impact on our operating efficiency and effectiveness. Regulatory cost increases are passed through to our clients to the fullest extent possible. As a service business, we are not materially impacted by federal, state or local laws that regulate the discharge of materials into the environment.
5

Human Capital
We are a talent solutions company and our employees are critical to our success. We must attract and retain experienced internal employees, as well as talent we put to work for our customers. As part of these efforts, we strive to offer competitive total rewards programs, promote employee development, support a workforce that represents the demographics of communities we serve, and allow employees to give back to their communities and make a social impact.
We are committed to the health, safety and wellness of our employees and talent. The success of our business is fundamentally connected to the well-being of our people. Accordingly, we seek to implement policies and practices that align with applicable laws and regulations and are in the best interest of our employees, talent and the communities in which we operate.
Kelly’s purpose is to connect people to work in ways that enrich their lives, while creating opportunities for all people to realize their full potential. We are dedicated to removing barriers to employment, ensuring that anyone who is qualified has access to meaningful employment. Kelly creates pathways allowing talent to thrive. We help our clients find the people they need to succeed, while championing fair and all-encompassing hiring practices. Our commitment is reflected in initiatives like Equity@Work, designed to remove obstacles, open doors, and expand opportunities for all talent. Kelly’s impact doesn’t stop there. We are devoted to growing and developing a varied ecosystem of supplier partners, empowering them to make a difference in the industry and the marketplace. We support the success of our clients and contribute to a more vibrant ecosystem by nurturing relationships. Through our efforts, Kelly aims to shape a future where work is accessible to everyone, organizations drive innovation with a holistic talent mindset, and our collective progress is fueled by perspectives of people from all backgrounds.
Internal Employees
As of December 29, 2024, we employed approximately 4,200 staff members in the United States and an additional 1,370 in our international locations. Kelly retention rates for high performing and high potential employees align with our comparable benchmark.
Compensation and Benefits. Kelly is committed to providing competitive, fair and fiscally responsible total rewards programs to our employees.  Our compensation programs are designed to attract, retain and reward talented individuals with the skills necessary to achieve our strategic goals and create long-term value for our shareholders. We provide employees with competitive compensation opportunities, with strong pay-for-performance linkages that include a mix of base salary, short-term incentives and, in the case of our more senior employees, long-term equity awards. Our programs provide fair and competitive opportunities that align employee and stockholder interests. In addition to cash and equity compensation, we offer employees competitive benefits such as life and health (medical, dental and vision) insurance, paid time off, wellness benefits and defined contribution retirement plans. We review our compensation and benefits programs annually and respond to changes in market practice. For example, recent enhancements to our U.S. benefits program include the addition of a virtual physical therapy program to our medical plans and automatic contribution-escalation in one of our 401(k) Plans. In addition, pay and benefits programs for our international employees align with competitive local practices.
Culture. Since 1947, our founder fought to increase women's access to work, and we’ve continued to be an outspoken advocate for the value temporary and independent workers bring to the workplace. We are committed to promoting exceptional talent from all walks of life.  We believe that our talent pool creates a workplace that is conducive to producing more creative solutions, results in better, more innovative products and services, and presents Kelly as a workplace leader, aiding our ability to attract and retain high-performing talent. We focus on fostering a culture of belonging, where everyone feels welcomed and respected and can thrive as we work together. Kelly promotes employee development and internal career mobility to enable our team to achieve their full potential and to ensure we have the evolving workforce capabilities that the future demands.
Community Involvement. Sustainability is at the core of our relationships with our global workforce, suppliers, customers, and other stakeholders. Our programs and initiatives are dedicated to enhancing the well-being of our employees, their families and the communities they call home. By focusing on social investment and nurturing shared values, we support sustainable development for the future rather than providing isolated aid. Utilizing a technology platform to capture corporate volunteering, we empower our employees with volunteering and giving initiatives while increasing collaboration on social impact opportunities. This allows our employees to actively participate in causes they are passionate about and align with our sustainability strategy. Through our Equity@Work efforts, we are demonstrating our commitment to ensuring access to meaningful work and growth by creating alliances with like-minded companies, policy groups, and institutions. These partnerships aim to positively impact how companies hire, advance and help more people thrive.
6

For more information about our corporate strategy of connecting people to meaningful work while contributing to a better society, please see our Corporate Sustainability and ESG Report - Growing with Purpose, which is available at www.kellyservices.com.
Talent
In addition to our internal employees, Kelly recruits talent on behalf of our customers globally.  In 2024, we placed more than 400,000 individuals in positions with our customers.  When Kelly remains the employer of record for our employees working at our customer locations, we retain responsibility for all assignments (including ensuring appropriate health and safety protocols in conjunction with our customers), wages, benefits, workers’ compensation insurance, and the employer's share of applicable payroll taxes as well as the administration of the employees' share of these taxes.  We also offer our Kelly talent access to competitive health and benefit programs while they are working with us.
Foreign Operations
For information regarding sales, earnings from operations and long-lived assets by domestic and foreign operations, please refer to the information presented in the Segment Disclosures footnote in the notes to our consolidated financial statements, presented in Part II, Item 8 of this report.
Access to Company Information
We electronically file our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). The SEC maintains an Internet website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically.
We make available, free of charge, through our website, and by responding to requests addressed to our investor relations office, our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports. These reports are available as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. Our website address is: www.kellyservices.com. The information contained on our website, or on other websites linked to our website, is not part of this report.
7

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.
Risks Related to Macroeconomic Conditions
Our business is significantly affected by fluctuations in general economic conditions.
Historically, the general level of economic activity and employment in the United States and the other countries in which we operate has significantly affected the demand for staffing services. In periods of economic growth, employers often add temporary employees before hiring full-time employees. However, when economic activity declines, many employers reduce their use of temporary employees before laying off full-time employees. Customer responses to real or perceived economic conditions, including perceptions related to market conditions, labor supply and inflation, could negatively impact customer behavior. Historically, significant changes in economic activity have disproportionately impacted staffing industry volumes. We may not fully benefit from times of increased economic activity should we experience shortages in the supply of workers. We may also experience more competitive pricing pressure and slower customer payments during periods of economic decline. A substantial portion of our revenues and earnings are generated by our business operations in the United States. Any significant economic downturn in the United States or certain other countries in which we operate could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our stock price may be subject to significant volatility and could suffer a decline in value.
The market price of our common stock may be subject to significant volatility. We believe that many factors, including several which are beyond our control, have a significant effect on the market price of our common stock. These include:
•actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly operating results;
•announcements of new services by us or our competitors;
•announcements relating to strategic relationships, acquisitions or divestitures;
•changes in financial estimates by securities analysts;
•changes in general economic conditions;
•actual or anticipated changes in laws and government regulations;
•commencement of, or involvement in, litigation;
•any major change in our board or management;
•changes in industry trends or conditions; and
•sales of significant amounts of our common stock or other securities in the market.
In addition, the stock market in general, and the Nasdaq Global Market in particular, often experiences significant price and volume fluctuations that frequently are unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of listed companies. These broad market and industry factors may seriously harm the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance. A securities class action suit against us arising out of stock volatility or other investor claims, could result in substantial costs, potential liabilities and the diversion of our management’s attention and resources. Further, our operating results may be below the expectations of securities analysts or investors. In such event, the price of our common stock may decline.
Risks Related to our Industry Segment
We operate in a highly competitive industry with low barriers to entry and may be unable to compete successfully against existing or new competitors.
The worldwide staffing services market is highly competitive with limited barriers to entry. We compete in global, national, regional and local markets with full-service and specialized temporary staffing and consulting companies. Some competitors are considerably larger than we are and have more substantial marketing and financial resources. Additionally, the emergence of online staffing platforms, talent sourcing models, or other forms of disintermediation may pose a competitive threat to our services that operate under a more traditional staffing business model. Price competition in the staffing industry is intense, particularly for the provision of office clerical, light industrial and education personnel. We expect that the level of competition will remain high, which could limit our ability to maintain or increase our market share or profitability.
The number of customers distributing their staffing service purchases among a broader group of competitors continues to increase which, in some cases, may make it more difficult for us to obtain new customers, or to retain or maintain our current share of business, with existing customers. We also face the risk that our current or prospective customers may decide to
8

provide similar services internally. As a result, there can be no assurance that we will not encounter increased competition in the future.
Technological advances, including advances in artificial intelligence, may significantly disrupt the labor market and weaken demand for human capital.
Our success is directly dependent on our customers’ demand for talent. As technology continues to evolve, an increasing number of tasks currently performed by people may be replaced by automation, robotics, machine learning, artificial intelligence, and other technology advances outside of our control. These changes could result in a decreased demand for human labor. This trend poses a risk to the staffing industry, particularly in lower-skill job categories and to creative, administrative, customer support, and clerical roles vulnerable to advances in artificial intelligence. If we are unsuccessful in responding to this potential shift in customer demand due to advancing technology, it could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
Competition rules arising from government legislation, litigation or regulatory activity may limit how we structure and market our services.
As a leading staffing and recruiting company, we are closely scrutinized by government agencies under U.S. and foreign competition laws. An increasing number of governments are enforcing competition laws and regulations, leading to increased scrutiny. Some jurisdictions also allow competitors or consumers to assert claims of anti-competitive conduct.
The European Commission and its various competition authorities have targeted industry trade associations in which we participate, which could result in the assessment of fines against our business. Although we have safeguards in place to comply with competition laws, there can be no guarantee that such safeguards will be successful. Any government regulatory actions may result in fines and penalties or hamper our ability to provide cost-effective benefits to consumers and businesses, reducing the attractiveness of our services and the revenues that come from them. New competition law actions could be initiated. The outcome of such actions, or steps taken to avoid them, could adversely affect us in a variety of ways, including:
•We may have to choose between withdrawing certain services from certain geographies to avoid fines or designing and developing alternative versions of those services to comply with government rulings, which may entail a delay in a service delivery.
•Adverse rulings may act as precedent in other competition law proceedings.
Our business is subject to extensive government regulation, which may restrict the types of services we are permitted to offer or result in additional tax or licensing requirements, or other costs that reduce our revenues and earnings.
The temporary employment industry is heavily regulated in many of the countries in which we operate. Changes in laws or government regulations may result in prohibition or restriction of certain types of services we can offer, increased delivery and operating complexity costs, or the imposition of new or additional pay, benefit, licensing or tax requirements that could reduce our revenues and earnings. In particular, we are subject to state unemployment taxes in the U.S., which typically increase during periods of increased levels of unemployment. Increased government regulation of the workplace, such as enhanced wage or labor protections, laws or regulations restricting the use of artificial intelligence in the employment lifecycle, or expansion of employee privacy rights, could adversely impact our business. Changes in the immigration policy in the United States could adversely impact our ability to recruit or retain non-citizen workers, including individuals employed by us on work visas, primarily H-1B, or eligible to work under temporary protected status, deferred enforcement decisions, or similar work authorizations. We also receive benefits, such as the work opportunity income tax credit in the U.S., that regularly expire and may not be reinstated. There can be no assurance that we will be able to increase the fees charged to our customers in a timely manner and in a sufficient amount to fully cover increased costs as a result of any changes in laws or government regulations. Any future changes in laws or government regulations, or interpretations or enforcement thereof, including additional laws and regulations enacted at a state or local level may make it more difficult or expensive for us to provide services and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, as state and local jurisdictions expand their regulation of the workplace, we may be unable to adequately monitor or timely respond to changes in state and local regulations, which could result in significant fines and penalties, criminal sanctions against us, our officers or our employees, prohibitions on the conduct of our business, damage to our reputation, and other adverse consequences.
9

Unexpected changes in claim trends on our workers’ compensation, unemployment, disability and medical benefit plans may negatively impact our financial condition.
We self-insure, or otherwise bear financial responsibility for, a significant portion of expected losses under our workers’ compensation program, disability and medical benefits claims. Unexpected changes in claim trends, including the severity and frequency of claims, actuarial estimates and medical cost inflation, could result in costs that are significantly different than initially reported. If future claims-related liabilities increase due to unforeseen circumstances, or if we must make unfavorable adjustments to accruals for prior accident years, our costs could increase significantly. In addition, unemployment insurance costs are dependent on benefit claims experience from employees which may vary from current levels and result in increased costs. There can be no assurance that we will be able to increase the fees charged to our customers in a timely manner and in a sufficient amount to cover increased costs as a result of any changes in claims-related liabilities.
We may have additional tax liabilities that exceed our estimates.
We are subject to multiple federal, state, local, and foreign taxes in the jurisdictions in which we operate. Our tax expense could be materially impacted by changes in tax laws in these jurisdictions, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities or changes in the mix of income by country. The overall size of our workforce and visibility of our industry may make it more likely we become a target of government investigations, and we are regularly subject to audit by tax authorities. Although we believe our tax estimates are reasonable, the final determination of audits and any related litigation could be materially different from our historical tax provisions and accruals. The results of an audit or litigation could materially harm our business.
Risks Related to Strategy and Execution
Our future performance depends on the Company’s effective execution of our business strategy.
The performance of the Company’s business is dependent on our ability to effectively execute our growth strategy. Our strategy includes targeted investments in select specialty areas, focusing on growth platforms and implementation of a cost-effective operating model to bridge our strategy to execution. If we are unsuccessful in executing our strategy, we may not achieve either our stated goal of revenue growth or the intended productivity improvements, which could negatively impact profitability. Even if effectively executed, our strategy may be insufficient considering changes in market conditions, technology, changes in customer buying behavior, competitive pressures or other external factors.
If we fail to successfully improve or develop new service offerings, we may be unable to retain and acquire customers, resulting in a decline in revenues.
The Company’s successful execution of our growth strategy requires that we match evolving customer expectations with evolving service offerings. The development of new or improved service offerings requires accurate anticipation of customer needs and emerging technology and workforce trends. We must make long-term investments in our information technology infrastructure and commit resources to development efforts without certainty that these investments will result in service offerings that achieve customer acceptance and generate the revenues required to provide desired returns. If we fail to accurately anticipate and meet our customers’ needs through the development of new or improved service offerings or do not successfully deliver these service offerings, our competitive position could weaken, causing a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
A loss of major customers or a change in such customers’ buying behavior or economic strength could have a material adverse effect on our business.
We serve many large corporate customers through high volume service agreements. While we intend to maintain or increase our revenues and earnings from our major corporate customers, we are exposed to risks arising from the possible loss of major customer accounts. A change in labor strategy or labor disruptions, including work stoppages or the deterioration of the financial condition or business prospects of these customers could reduce their need for our services and result in a significant decrease in the revenues and earnings we derive from these customers. Such change could occur due to economic, social, climate, or political factors outside of our customers' control. Inability to meet customer demands in response to these factors could result in the decline in use of our service or outright loss of customers. Our customers are also exposed to third-party risk through their use of vendors and suppliers which, in the event of a third-party incident at a customer, could result in a deterioration in their financial condition. Continuing merger and acquisition activity involving our large corporate customers could put existing business at risk or impose additional pricing pressures. Since receipts from customers generally lag payroll to temporary employees, the bankruptcy of a major customer could have a material adverse impact on our ability to meet our
10

working capital requirements. The expansion of payment terms may extend our working capital requirements and reduce available capital for investment. Additionally, most of our customer contracts can be terminated by the customer on short notice without penalty. This creates uncertainty with respect to the revenues and earnings we may recognize with respect to our customer contracts.
Our business with large customer accounts reflects a market-driven shift in buying behaviors in which reliance on a small number of staffing partners has shifted to reliance upon a network of talent providers. The movement from single-sourced to competitively sourced staffing contracts may also substantially reduce our future revenues from such customers. While Kelly has sought to address this trend, including providing supplier and vendor management services as a customer’s MSP within our OCG segment, we may not be selected or retained as the MSP by our large customers, or if we are the MSP, we may not be one of the underlying staffing providers. This may result in a material decrease in the revenue we derive from providing staffing services to such customers. In addition, revenues may be materially impacted if we decide to exit customers due to pricing pressure or other business factors.
Our business with the federal government and government contractors presents additional risk considerations. We must comply with laws and regulations relating to the formation, administration and performance of federal government contracts. Failure to meet these obligations could result in civil penalties, fines, suspension of payments, reputational damage, disqualification from doing business with government agencies and other sanctions or adverse consequences. Government procurement practices may change in ways that impose additional costs or risks upon us or pose a competitive disadvantage. Our employees may be unable to obtain or retain the security clearances necessary to conduct business under certain contracts, or we could lose, or be unable to secure or retain, a necessary facility clearance. In the event of a security incident by us or our personnel, we may not be able to conduct future business for certain federal government clients. In addition, government agencies may temporarily or permanently lose funding for awarded contracts, reduce spending, or deprioritize future spending on contracts on which we participate, or there could be delays in the start-up of projects already awarded and funded.
We are at risk of damage to our brands, which are important to our success.
Our success depends, in part, on the value associated with our brands. Because we assign employees to work under the direction and supervision of our customer at work locations not under Kelly’s control, we are at risk of our employees engaging in unauthorized conduct that could harm our reputation. Our Education segment is particularly susceptible to this exposure. Our brand reputation could also be damaged by the actions of unrelated third parties with diverse or unclear motives. Political activists, social media posts, or traditional news media could reference the Kelly brand as part of a broader communication unrelated to our business, which could result in backlash against our business practices. In addition, undesirable actions by our competitors could adversely impact the reputation of the staffing industry as a whole, negatively impacting our brand. As we increasingly use artificial intelligence in our services, incidents of bias, hallucination, or error by artificial intelligence we use, or ethical objections to our use of artificial intelligence, could negatively impact our brand. Any incident, act or omission that damages Kelly’s reputation could cause the loss of current and future customers, additional regulatory scrutiny and liability to third parties, which could negatively impact profitability.
As we increasingly offer services outside the realm of traditional staffing, including outcome-based services, business process outsourcing, vendor and supplier management, and services intended to connect independent talent to independent work, we are exposed to additional risks which could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Our business strategy focuses on driving profitable growth in key specialty areas, including through business process outsourcing arrangements, where we provide operational management of our customers’ non-core functions or departments. We also plan to expand the outcome-based services we provide, which increases our risk associated with product delivery. This could expose us to certain risks unique to that business, including civil liability, product liability, or product recalls. As the nature of work changes, we deliver services that connect independent talent to independent work with our customers which could expose the Company to risks of misclassifying workers, which could result in regulatory audits and penalties. Although we have internal vetting processes intended to control such risks, there is no assurance that these processes will be effective or that we will be able to identify these potential risks in a timely manner. Our specialties also include professional services where errors or omissions by employees or independent contractors can result in substantial injury or damages. We attempt to mitigate and transfer such risks through contractual arrangements with our customers and suppliers; however, these services may give rise to liability claims and litigation. While we maintain insurance in types and amounts we believe are appropriate for the contemplated risks, there is no assurance that such insurance coverage will remain available on reasonable terms or be sufficient in amount or scope.
11

We are increasingly dependent on third parties for the execution of critical functions and could be liable for their inability to perform or adhere to global compliance standards.
We rely on third parties to support critical functions within our operations, including portions of our technology infrastructure, vendor management, customer relationship management, applicant tracking systems and in-country staffing services. If we are unable to contract with third parties having the specialized skills needed to support our growth strategies or integrate their products and services with our business, or if they fail to meet our performance requirements, the results of operations could be adversely impacted. We also rely on supplier partnerships to deliver certain services to customers. If our suppliers fail to meet our standards and expectations, or are unfavorably regarded by our customers, our ability to discontinue the relationship may be limited, which could result in reputational damage, customer loss, and adversely affect our results of operations. The failure or inability to adequately perform on the part of one or more of these critical vendors, suppliers, or partners could cause significant disruptions and increased costs. Moreover, these third parties are often subject to international laws and regulations regarding their conduct, including compliance with anti-bribery, anti-corruption, human trafficking, forced or child labor, trade sanctions, sustainability, and other compliance obligations ("Global Compliance Obligations"). While we maintain processes to monitor these third-parties for compliance to these standards, failure of these third-parties to adhere to Global Compliance Obligations could result in significant fines and penalties, criminal sanctions against us, our officers or our employees, prohibitions on the conduct of our business, and damage to our reputation.
Our information technology strategy may not yield its intended results.
Our information technology strategy focuses on improvements to our technology stack across the company, including synergies in our applicant onboarding and tracking systems, order management system, and improvements to financial processes. We do not currently use a single enterprise resource planning ("ERP") system, which limits our ability to react to evolving technology and customer expectations and increases the amount of investment and effort necessary to provide global service integration to our customers. Although we carefully plan for intelligent integration of our acquisitions with our legacy businesses, there is no assurance that we will adequately resolve the issues presented by lack of a single ERP, or that we will successfully integrate technology across the Company. Although the technology strategy is intended to increase productivity and operating efficiencies, these initiatives may not yield their intended results. Any delays in completing, or an inability to successfully complete, these technology initiatives, or an inability to achieve the anticipated efficiencies, could adversely affect our operations, liquidity and financial condition. Some of the initiatives are dependent on the products and services of third-party vendors. If our vendors are unable to provide these services, or fail to meet our standards and expectations, we could experience business interruptions or data loss which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Past and future acquisitions may not be successful.
As a part of our growth strategy, we continue to monitor the market for acquisition targets to bolster our inorganic growth aspirations. Acquisitions involve a number of risks, including the diversion of management’s attention from its existing operations, the failure to retain key personnel or customers of an acquired business, the failure to realize anticipated benefits such as cost savings and revenue enhancements, potential substantial transaction costs associated with acquisitions, the assumption of unknown liabilities of the acquired business and the inability to successfully integrate the business into our operations. There can be no assurance that any past or future acquired businesses will generate anticipated revenues or earnings.
Further, acquisitions result in goodwill and intangible assets which have the risk of impairment if the future operating results and cash flows of such acquisitions are lower than our initial estimates. In the event of an impairment determination, we may be required to record a significant non-cash charge to earnings that could adversely affect our results of operations.
Risks Related to Operating a Global Enterprise
We conduct a portion of our operations outside of the United States and we are subject to risks relating to our international business activities, including fluctuations in currency exchange rates and numerous legal and regulatory requirements.
We conduct our business in major markets throughout the world. Our operations outside the United States are subject to risks inherent in international business activities, including:
•fluctuations in currency exchange rates;
•restrictions or limitations on the transfer of funds;
12

•government intrusions including asset seizures, expropriations or de facto control;
•varying economic and geopolitical conditions;
•differences in cultures and business practices;
•differences in employment and tax laws and regulations;
•differences in accounting and reporting requirements;
•differences in labor and market conditions;
•compliance with trade sanctions;
•changing and, in some cases, complex or ambiguous laws and regulations; and
•litigation, investigations and claims.
Our operations outside the United States are reported in the applicable local currencies and then translated into U.S. dollars at the applicable currency exchange rates for inclusion in our consolidated financial statements. Exchange rates for currencies of these countries may fluctuate in relation to the U.S. dollar and these fluctuations may have an adverse or favorable effect on our operating results when translating foreign currencies into U.S. dollars.
Our international operations subject us to potential liability under anti-bribery, anti-corruption, anti-trafficking, supply chain, trade protection, and other laws and regulations.
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws and regulations ("Anti-Corruption Laws") prohibit corrupt payments by our employees, vendors, or agents. Other international laws and compacts hold companies liable for human rights violations that occur within their supply chain, and impose obligations on companies to prohibit human trafficking, forced labor, and child labor ("Human Rights and Supply Chain Laws"). While we devote substantial resources to our global compliance programs and have implemented policies, training, and internal controls designed to reduce the risk of corrupt payments and ensure compliance with human rights standards, our employees, directors, officers, vendors, or agents may violate our policies. Our failure to comply with Anti-Corruption Laws or Human Rights and Supply Chain Laws could result in significant fines and penalties, criminal sanctions against us, our directors, officers, employees, agents, or our vendors, prohibitions on the conduct of our business, and damage to our reputation. Operations outside the United States may be affected by changes in trade protection laws, policies and measures, and other regulatory requirements affecting trade and investment. As a result, we may be subject to legal liability and reputational damage.
Events such as natural disasters, severe weather, terrorist attacks, war, pandemics, and other catastrophic events could decrease demand for our services in impacted areas.
Because we conduct our business in major markets throughout the world, we face risks in those environments that are beyond our control. Natural disasters, severe weather, climate change, disease, pandemics, war, terrorist acts, or other similar unforeseen events could materially adversely affect our operations or financial condition. Even where the event does not directly impact our operations, its impact on regional business could adversely impact our business through decreased customer demand or inability to perform services due to the event. Historically, large-scale events have resulted in a temporary economic downturn in areas impacted by such catastrophic events. Even where we are able to provide services in relief and support operations, there is no assurance that we will be able to offset the adverse impacts of the catastrophic event.
We are subject to substantial pressure to meet external stakeholder’s sustainability and ESG requirements.
Influential investors, regulators, and advocacy groups have increasingly focused on evaluating environmental, social, and governance ("ESG") commitments of companies in which they invest. While we have made public sustainability commitments, our customers often require us to comply with their ESG requirements as part of their own practices. These enhanced expectations from our customers around ESG practices can increase operating costs and require incremental resources to satisfy. Our inability to meet customer ESG or sustainability requirements could also result in the possible loss of major customer accounts. Although we maintain a sustainability program that we believe currently matches or exceeds our customer demands, there can be no guarantee that our program will be able to adequately meet future regulatory or customer requirements or that we will meet our established commitments.
Risks Related to Human Capital
We depend on our ability to attract, develop and retain qualified permanent full-time employees.
As we aim to expand the number of clients utilizing our higher margin specialty solutions in support of our growth strategy, we are highly reliant on individuals who possess specialized knowledge and skills to lead related specialty solutions and operations. Social, political and financial conditions can negatively impact the availability of qualified personnel. Competition for
13

individuals with proven specialized knowledge and skills is intense, and demand for these individuals is expected to remain strong in the foreseeable future. Our success is dependent on our ability to attract, develop and retain these employees.
We depend on the ability of Kelly and third-party talent suppliers to attract and retain qualified personnel to provide our services.
We depend on our and our suppliers' ability to attract qualified personnel who possess the skills and experience necessary to meet the workforce demands of our customers. We must continually evaluate our base of available qualified personnel and suppliers to keep pace with changing customer needs. Competition for individuals with established professional skills is fierce, and demand for these individuals is anticipated to remain robust for the foreseeable future. Rapid evolution of technology may widen the skills gap, where the demand for expertise outpaces the availability of suitably skilled professionals. Low unemployment, as well as social, political and financial conditions can negatively impact the amount of qualified personnel available to meet the talent requirements of our customers. There can be no assurance that qualified personnel will continue to be available in sufficient numbers and on terms of employment acceptable to us and our customers.
We may be exposed to employment-related claims and losses, including class action lawsuits and collective actions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.
We employ and assign personnel in the workplaces of other businesses. The risks of these activities include possible claims relating to:
•discrimination and harassment;
•wrongful termination or retaliation;
•violations of employment rights related to employment screening or privacy issues;
•apportionment between us and our customer of legal obligations as an employer of temporary employees;
•classification of workers as employees or independent contractors;
•employment of unauthorized workers;
•violations of wage and hour requirements;
•entitlement to employee benefits, including health insurance and retroactive benefits;
•failure to comply with leave policy and other labor requirements; and
•errors and omissions by our temporary employees, particularly for the actions of professionals such as engineers, therapists, accountants, doctors, teachers and scientists.
We are also subject to potential risks relating to misuse of customer proprietary information, misappropriation of funds, death or injury to our employees, damage to customer facilities due to negligence of temporary employees, criminal activity and other similar occurrences. We may incur fines and other losses or negative publicity with respect to these risks. In addition, these occurrences may give rise to litigation, which could be time-consuming and expensive. In the U.S. and certain other countries in which we operate, new employment and labor laws and regulations have been proposed or adopted that may increase the potential exposure of employers to employment-related claims and litigation. In addition, such laws and regulations are arising with increasing frequency at the state and local level in the U.S. and the resulting inconsistency in such laws and regulations results in additional complexity. There can be no assurance that the corporate policies and practices we have in place to help reduce our exposure to these risks will be effective or that we will not experience losses as a result of these risks. Although we maintain insurance in types and amounts we believe are appropriate in light of the aforementioned exposures, there can also be no assurance that such insurance policies will remain available on reasonable terms or be sufficient in amount or scope of coverage. Additionally, should we have a material inability to produce records as a consequence of litigation or a government investigation, the cost or consequences of such matters could become much greater.
Risks Related to Cyber Security and Data Privacy
Damage to our data facilities could affect our ability to sustain critical business applications.
Many business processes critical to our continued operation are hosted in outsourced facilities in America, Europe and Asia, hosted at our corporate headquarters or, increasingly, occur in cloud-based computer environments. These critical processes include, but are not limited to, payroll, customer reporting, and order management. Although we have taken steps to protect such instances by establishing data backup and disaster recovery capabilities, the loss or inability to access of this data or cloud environment could create a substantial risk of business interruption which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
14

A failure to maintain the privacy of personal data entrusted to us could have significant adverse consequences.
In the normal course of business we control, process, or have access to personal data regarding candidates and persons employed or engaged by us, our customers, certain customer employees, and managed suppliers. Information concerning these individuals may also reside in systems controlled by third parties for purposes such as employee benefits, assignment information, and payroll administration. The legal and regulatory environment concerning data privacy is becoming more complex and challenging, and the potential consequences of non-compliance have become more severe. The European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation, the California Consumer Privacy Act, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 ("HIPAA"), and similar laws impose additional compliance requirements related to the collection, use, processing, transfer, disclosure, security, and retention of personal or protected health information ("PHI"), which can increase operating costs and resources to accomplish. The further expansion of privacy laws, and litigation for violations of those laws, including at a state-level in the United States, could make it more difficult or expensive for us to provide services and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Any failure to abide by these regulations or to protect such personal information or PHI from inappropriate access or disclosure, whether through social engineering or by accident or other cause, could have severe consequences including fines, litigation, regulatory sanctions, reputational damage, and loss of customers or employees. Although we have a privacy compliance program designed to preserve the privacy and rights of the individuals whose personal data we control or process, as well as personal data that we entrust to third parties, there can be no assurance that our program will meet all current and future regulatory requirements, anticipate all potential methods of unauthorized access, or prevent all inappropriate disclosures. Our insurance coverage may not be sufficient to cover all such costs or consequences, and there can be no assurance that any insurance that we now maintain will remain available under acceptable terms.
Cyberattacks, damage or disruption to our technology systems and services, breaches of network or information technology security, or other serious security incidents could have an adverse effect on our systems, services, reputation and financial results.
We rely upon multiple information technology systems and networks, some of which are web-based or managed by third parties or open source, to process, transmit, and store electronic information and to manage or support a variety of critical business processes and activities. Our networks and applications are increasingly accessed from locations and by devices not within our physical control, and the specifics of our technology systems and networks may vary by geographic region. In the course of ordinary business, we may store or process proprietary or confidential information concerning our business and financial performance and current, past or prospective employees, customers, vendors and managed suppliers. The secure and consistent operation of these systems, networks and processes is critical to our business operations. Moreover, our workers may be exposed to, or have access to, similar information in the course of their customer assignments. We routinely experience cyberattacks, which may include the use or attempted use of malware, ransomware, computer viruses, phishing, social engineering schemes and other means of attempted disruption or unauthorized access. Advanced social engineering and impersonation techniques by criminal organizations and nation-state adversaries for the purposes of espionage, data theft, or system disruption have sought to exploit information technology job opportunities at many companies. Although we have not experienced a material attack of this nature, because our services involve providing talent solutions for these roles, we are at increased risk for this advanced type of attack, whether directly or through a supplier in our MSP services.
Additionally, the rapid pace of change in information security and cyber security threats could result in a heightened threat level for us or companies in our industry without notice. The potential risk increases as we expand and publicize new services. In addition to cyberattacks, our systems and services are vulnerable to damage or disruption from technology or software failures, errors by our employees or our vendors, power outages, natural disasters, extreme weather, conflicts, or other unforeseen events, which could disrupt our business operations. Our relationships with third parties, including suppliers we manage, customers, and vendors, create potential avenues for malicious actors to initiate a supply chain attack. Even in instances where we are not a target of a malicious actor, we could be exposed to risk due to our relationships and business processes with these third parties.
The actions we take to reduce the risk of impairments to our operations or systems and breaches of confidential or proprietary data may not be sufficient to prevent or repel future cyber events or other impairments of our networks or information technologies, especially as cyberattacks become more sophisticated with advances in artificial intelligence. An event involving the destruction, modification, accidental or unauthorized release, or theft of sensitive information from systems related to our business, or an attack that results in damage to or unavailability of our key technology systems or those of critical vendors (e.g., ransomware), could result in damage to our reputation, fines, regulatory sanctions or interventions, contractual or financial liabilities, additional compliance and remediation costs, loss of employees or customers, loss of payment card network privileges, operational disruptions and other forms of costs, losses or reimbursements, any of which could materially adversely
15

affect our operations or financial condition. Our cyber security and business continuity plans, and those of our third parties with whom we do business, may not be effective in anticipating, preventing and effectively responding to all potential cyber risk exposures. Cyberattacks, even if unsuccessful, may damage or disrupt our systems and services or require us to take actions to protect our systems that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our insurance coverage may not be sufficient to cover all such costs or consequences, and there can be no assurance that any insurance that we now maintain will remain available under acceptable terms.
Risks Related to Our Capital Structure
Our controlling stockholder exercises voting control over our company and has the ability to elect or remove from office all of our directors.
The Terence E. Adderley Revocable Trust K ("Trust K"), which became irrevocable upon the death of Terence E. Adderley on October 9, 2018, is our controlling stockholder. In accordance with the provisions of Trust K, William U. Parfet, David M. Hempstead and Andrew H. Curoe were appointed as successor trustees of the trust. Mr. Parfet is the brother of Donald R. Parfet, a member of the board of directors of the Company. The trustees, acting by majority vote, have sole investment and voting power over the shares of our Class B common stock held by Trust K, which represent approximately 95.3% of the outstanding Class B shares. The voting rights of our Class B common stock are perpetual, and our Class B common stock is not subject to transfer restrictions or mandatory conversion obligations under our certificate of incorporation or bylaws.
Our Class B common stock is the only class of our common stock entitled to voting rights. The trustees of Trust K are therefore able to exercise voting control with respect to all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election or removal from office of all members of the Company’s board of directors.
We are not subject to certain of the listing standards that normally apply to companies whose shares are quoted on the Nasdaq Global Market.
Our Class A and Class B common stock are quoted on the Nasdaq Global Market. Under the listing standards of the Nasdaq Global Market, we are deemed to be a “controlled company” due to Trust K having voting power with respect to more than fifty percent of our outstanding voting stock. A controlled company is not required to have a majority of its board of directors comprised of independent directors. Director nominees are not required to be selected or recommended for the board’s selection by a majority of independent directors or a nominations committee comprised solely of independent directors, nor do the Nasdaq Global Market listing standards require a controlled company to certify the adoption of a formal written charter or board resolution, as applicable, addressing the nominations process. A controlled company is also exempt from Nasdaq Global Market’s requirements regarding the determination of officer compensation by a majority of independent directors or a compensation committee comprised solely of independent directors. A controlled company is required to have an audit committee composed of at least three directors who are independent as defined under the rules of both the SEC and the Nasdaq Global Market. The Nasdaq Global Market further requires that all members of the audit committee have the ability to read and understand fundamental financial statements and that at least one member of the audit committee possess financial sophistication. The independent directors must also meet at least twice a year in meetings at which only they are present.
We currently comply with the listing standards of the Nasdaq Global Market that do not apply to controlled companies. Our compliance is voluntary, however, and there can be no assurance that we will continue to comply with these standards in the future.
Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws and Delaware law may delay or prevent an acquisition of our Company.
Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain provisions that could make it harder for a third party to acquire us without the consent of our board of directors. For example, if a potential acquirer were to make a hostile bid for us, the acquirer would not be able to call a special meeting of stockholders to remove our board of directors or act by written consent without a meeting. The acquirer would also be required to provide advance notice of its proposal to replace directors at any annual meeting and would not be able to cumulate votes at a meeting, which would require the acquirer to hold more shares to gain representation on the board of directors than if cumulative voting were permitted.
Our board of directors also has the ability to issue additional shares of common stock which could significantly dilute the ownership of a hostile acquirer. In addition, Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law limits mergers and other business combination transactions involving 15 percent or greater stockholders of Delaware corporations unless certain board
16

or stockholder approval requirements are satisfied. These provisions and other similar provisions make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us without negotiation.
Our board of directors could choose not to negotiate with an acquirer that it did not believe was in our strategic interests. If an acquirer is discouraged from offering to acquire us or prevented from successfully completing a hostile acquisition by these or other measures, our shareholders could lose the opportunity to sell their shares at a favorable price.
The holders of shares of our Class A common stock are not entitled to voting rights.
Under our certificate of incorporation, the holders of shares of our Class A common stock are not entitled to voting rights, except as otherwise required by Delaware law. As a result, Class A common stockholders do not have the right to vote for the election of directors or in connection with most other matters submitted for the vote of our stockholders, including mergers and certain other business combination transactions involving the Company.
We may not be able to realize value from, or otherwise preserve and utilize, our tax credit and net operating loss carryforwards.
Provisions in U.S. and foreign tax law could limit the use of tax credit and net operating loss carryforwards in the event of an ownership change. In general, an ownership change occurs under U.S. tax law if there is a change in the corporation’s equity ownership that exceeds 50% over a rolling three-year period. If we experience an ownership change, inclusive of our Class A and Class B common stock, our tax credit and net operating loss carryforwards generated prior to the ownership change may be subject to annual limitations that could reduce, eliminate or defer their utilization. Such limitation could materially impact our financial condition and results of operations.
Failure to maintain specified financial covenants in our bank credit facilities, or credit market events beyond our control, could adversely restrict our financial and operating flexibility and subject us to other risks, including risk of loss of access to capital markets.
Our bank credit facilities contain covenants that require us to maintain specified financial ratios and satisfy other financial conditions. During 2024, we met all of the covenant requirements. Our ability to continue to meet these financial covenants, particularly with respect to interest coverage (see Debt footnote in the notes to our consolidated financial statements), cannot be assured. If we default under this or any other of these requirements, the lenders could declare all outstanding borrowings, accrued interest and fees to be due and payable or significantly increase the cost of the facility. Additionally, our credit facilities contain cross-default provisions. In these circumstances, there can be no assurance that we would have sufficient liquidity to repay or refinance this indebtedness at favorable rates or at all. Events beyond our control could result in the failure of one or more of our banks, reducing our access to liquidity and potentially resulting in reduced financial and operating flexibility. If broader credit markets were to experience dislocation, our potential access to other funding sources would be limited.
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.
None.
ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY.
Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy
Management of material risks from cybersecurity threats for Kelly, Kelly subsidiaries, third-party suppliers and vendors occurs as part of the Company’s Enterprise Risk Management ("ERM") program. The Company’s ERM program provides ongoing risk identification, oversight, guidance, and mitigation on various risks, including cybersecurity. The Company has a Chief Information Security Officer ("CISO") responsible for the evaluation and mitigation of cybersecurity risks in coordination with the Company’s information technology, law, risk and insurance, and enterprise risk and compliance groups. These groups work in tandem on cybersecurity and privacy governance, and oversee the Company’s approach to information security, privacy, data governance, and IT infrastructure, which includes internal monitoring to proactively identify potential security threats, maintenance of access controls, asset management, response and recovery activities, and training and awareness programs.
The Company maintains technical and organizational safeguards, including vulnerability assessments, endpoint monitoring, penetration testing, employee training, incident response capability reviews and exercises, cybersecurity insurance and business
17

continuity mechanisms to protect the Company’s assets and operations. In addition to our internal information security team, we rely on services from various third parties, including a Managed Security Service Provider ("MSSP") and services from an IT solutions organization. To evaluate the effectiveness of these internal and external efforts, Kelly adopted the National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity framework ("NIST CSF") and is assessed against the NIST CSF by a third-party firm at least annually. We use the assessment, reviews and exercises to ensure that the Company’s information security program and processes for managing material cybersecurity risks are responsive to changes in the threat environment.
We rely upon multiple information technology systems and networks, some of which are web-based or managed by third parties, to process, transmit, and store electronic information and to manage or support a variety of critical business processes and activities. We actively review the risks associated with all third-party service providers at the inception of our relationship with them and on an ongoing basis as part of our information security program and enterprise risk management third-party risk assessment process. These processes include architecture reviews and contractual clauses related to data protection and compliance, SSAE audits and reviews of vendor System and Organization Controls ("SOC") 1 and SOC 2 Type II reports for critical vendors and ongoing monitoring and reporting of vendor security by independent third parties.
Cybersecurity Threats
Although we have not experienced a cybersecurity incident that materially affected our results of operations or financial condition, we periodically experience cyberattacks, which may include the use or attempted use of malware, ransomware, computer viruses, phishing, social engineering schemes, and other means of attempted disruption or unauthorized access. Additionally, the rapid pace of change in information security and cybersecurity threats could result in cyberattacks with little or no notice. Our relationships with third parties, including suppliers we manage, customers, and vendors to whom we outsource or rely on for business processes or software, creates potential avenues for malicious actors to initiate a supply chain attack. Even in instances where we are not the direct target of a malicious actor, we could be exposed to risk due to our relationships and business processes with these third parties.
Despite security measures, unforeseen exploits create an inherent risk of cyberattacks that could materially affect our operations without notice. An event involving the destruction, modification, accidental or unauthorized release, or theft of sensitive information from systems related to our business, or an attack that results in damage to or unavailability of our key technology systems or those of critical vendors (e.g., ransomware), could result in damage to our reputation, fines, regulatory sanctions or interventions, contractual or financial liabilities, additional compliance and remediation costs, loss of employees or customers, loss of payment card network privileges, operational disruptions and other forms of costs, losses or reimbursements, any of which could materially adversely affect our operations or financial condition. Our cyber security and business continuity plans, and those of our third parties with whom we do business, may not be effective in anticipating, preventing, or effectively responding to all potential cyber risk exposures. Our insurance coverage may not be sufficient to cover all such costs or consequences, and there can be no assurance that any insurance that we now maintain will remain available under acceptable terms.
Governance
Our board of directors oversees consideration of strategic risks to the Company as well as management’s actions to address and mitigate those risks and delegate oversight of specific risk topics to relevant board committees. The Company’s CISO, Chief Information Officer ("CIO"), Chief Risk and Privacy Officer, General Counsel, Chief Financial Officer ("CFO"), Chief Executive Officer ("CEO"), and other officers review the Company’s cybersecurity metrics on access controls, asset management, response and recovery activities, training and awareness programs, cybersecurity threats and certain incident information quarterly, and on an ad hoc basis when necessary. The Company's Chief Risk and Privacy Officer, CISO, Vice President of Internal Audit and certain members of this management team and select members from their teams convene monthly to manage cybersecurity and privacy governance. The Chief Risk and Privacy Officer holds similar quarterly reviews with the Audit Committee Chair of the Company's Board of Directors, each committee chair, and other directors including the CEO, CFO, and General Counsel. During these reviews, topics include:
•implementation and third-party evaluation of the Company’s cybersecurity program, including applicable policies, procedures, governance, and adopted risk management framework;
•the impact of cybersecurity and privacy risks on the Company’s services, employees, customers, suppliers, vendors and the staffing industry; and
•information on global regulatory changes and best practices.
In addition to the reports submitted quarterly by the Company’s Chief Risk and Privacy Officer and CISO, the Vice President of Internal Audit independently assesses the Company’s risk management process and separately reports on the effectiveness of
18

the Company’s risk identification, prioritization, and mitigation processes to the Audit Committee. All board members are kept apprised of its committees’ risk oversight activities through reports from the committee chairs presented at regular Board meetings. The Company utilizes a multi-layered approach to prevent and detect cyber threats and has standard operating procedures relating to the identification, incident response and notification and management escalations for security incidents. In line with those procedures, the Company activates an emergency management team ("EMT"), empowered to make decisions, and respond to critical events including cyber incident mitigation and remediation activities. EMT members for information security incidents would include the CISO, CIO, and Chief Risk and Privacy Officer, additional member from the information technology and ERM teams as well as representation from the General Counsel Office, Finance, Communications and Business Operations as appropriate. While active, the EMT provides regular reports to the CEO, General Counsel and other members of the senior leadership team.
The Company’s Chief Information Security Officer is responsible for the assessment and management of material risks related to cybersecurity. Our CISO has over 20 years of experience in information security and security engineering at various technology and staffing companies. The CISO reports directly to the CIO, who has over 30 years of experience serving as Chief Information Officer, Director of IT, and other roles in corporate information technology at staffing and technology companies. In addition, the Company’s Management Team and Cybersecurity and Privacy Governance Team is composed of individuals with collective decades of experience in information technology, data protection, threat response, emergency management, business continuity, and disaster recovery.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES.
Our headquarters is a leased facility located in Troy, Michigan and is available to our corporate, subsidiary and divisional employees. We also conduct business operations in both the U.S. and international locations in additional leased facilities. Since 2020, the majority of our internal employees have also conducted business remotely as part of our flexible work policy.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.
The Company is continuously engaged in litigation, threatened ligation, claims, audits or investigations arising in the ordinary course of its business, such as matters alleging employment discrimination, wage and hour violations, claims for indemnification or liability, violations of privacy rights, anti-competition regulations, commercial and contractual disputes, and tax related matters which could result in a material adverse outcome. We record accruals for loss contingencies when we believe it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. Such accruals are recorded in accounts payable and accrued liabilities and in accrued workers’ compensation and other claims in the consolidated balance sheet. The Company maintains insurance coverage which may cover certain claims. When claims exceed the applicable policy deductible and realization of recovery of the claim from existing insurance policies is deemed probable, the Company records receivables from the insurance company for the excess amount, which are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets and other assets in the consolidated balance sheet.
While the outcome of these matters currently pending cannot be predicted with certainty, we believe that the resolution of any such proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
In January 2018, the Hungarian Competition Authority (the "Authority") initiated proceedings against a local industry trade association and its members, due to alleged infringement of national competition regulations. The Authority announced its decision on December 18, 2020, levying a fine against the trade association with joint and several secondary liability placed on the 20 member companies. The Authority apportioned secondary liability against us as a member company to be approximately $300,000. Certain member companies exercised their right to challenge the decision in Court. On or about October 3, 2023, the Court issued its decision which repealed the Authority's decision and ordered a repeated procedure to determine the amount of the imposed fine as well as the allocation between the parties. Although Kelly's staffing operations in Hungary were sold to Gi Group Holdings S.P.A. ("Gi") in January 2024, we have agreed to indemnify Gi for any liability resulting from this matter. The Company does not believe that resolution of this matter will have a material adverse effect upon the Company’s competitive position, results of operations, cash flows or financial position.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.
Not applicable.
19

PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.
Market Information and Dividends
Our Class A and Class B common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbols “KELYA” and “KELYB,” respectively. The high and low selling prices for our Class A common stock and Class B common stock as quoted by the Nasdaq Global Market and the dividends paid on the common stock for each quarterly period in the last two fiscal years are reported in the table below. Our ability to pay dividends is subject to compliance with certain financial covenants contained in our debt facilities, as described in the Debt footnote in the notes to our consolidated financial statements.

| Per share amounts (in dollars)
| First Quarter |  | Second Quarter |  | Third Quarter |  | Fourth Quarter |  | Year
2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Class A common |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
High | $ | 25.27 |  |  | $ | 25.02 |  |  | $ | 23.80 |  |  | $ | 22.44 |  |  | $ | 25.27 |
Low | 19.74 |  |  | 20.84 |  |  | 19.00 |  |  | 12.68 |  |  | 12.68 |
Class B common |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
High | 25.00 |  |  | 24.53 |  |  | 22.98 |  |  | 21.22 |  |  | 25.00 |
Low | 19.80 |  |  | 21.30 |  |  | 19.70 |  |  | 14.00 |  |  | 14.00 |
Dividends | 0.075 |  |  | 0.075 |  |  | 0.075 |  |  | 0.075 |  |  | 0.30 |
2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Class A common |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
High | $ | 19.01 |  |  | $ | 19.43 |  |  | $ | 19.29 |  |  | $ | 22.11 |  |  | $ | 22.11 |
Low | 15.23 |  |  | 15.53 |  |  | 16.80 |  |  | 17.40 |  |  | 15.23 |
Class B common |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
High | 18.62 |  |  | 18.36 |  |  | 18.95 |  |  | 21.65 |  |  | 21.65 |
Low | 15.28 |  |  | 14.86 |  |  | 17.23 |  |  | 18.17 |  |  | 14.86 |
Dividends | 0.075 |  |  | 0.075 |  |  | 0.075 |  |  | 0.075 |  |  | 0.30 |

Holders
The number of holders of record of our Class A and Class B common stock were approximately 14,300 and 600, respectively, as of January 31, 2025.
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
None.
20

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
During the fourth quarter of 2024, we reacquired shares of our Class A common stock as follows:

Period |  | Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased |  | Average Price Paid per Share (or Unit) |  | Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares (or Units) That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (in millions of dollars)
September 30, 2024 through November 3, 2024 |  | 8,888 |  |  | $ | 20.32 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
November 4, 2024 through December 1, 2024 |  | 323 |  |  | 14.39 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
December 2, 2024 through December 29, 2024 |  | 744,544 |  |  | 13.50 |  |  | 742,163 |  |  | $ | 40.0 |
Total |  | 753,755 |  |  | $ | 13.58 |  |  | 742,163 |  |  |

On November 26, 2024, the Company's board of directors approved a share repurchase program for the Company to repurchase shares covering up to an aggregate of $50.0 million of the Company's Class A common stock. The share repurchase authorization expires on December 2, 2026. We may also reacquire shares outside of the program in connection with shares sold to cover employee tax withholdings due upon the vesting of restricted stock held by employees. Accordingly, 11,592 shares were reacquired in transactions outside the repurchase program during the Company’s fourth quarter.
21

Performance Graph
The following graph compares the cumulative total return of our Class A common stock with that of the S&P SmallCap 600 Index and the S&P 1500 Human Resources and Employment Services Index for the five years ended December 31, 2024. The graph assumes an investment of $100 on December 31, 2019 and that all dividends were reinvested.
COMPARISON OF FIVE YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN
Assumes Initial Investment of $100
December 31, 2019 – December 31, 2024

| 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024
Kelly Services, Inc. | $ | 100.00 |  | $ | 91.45 |  | $ | 74.94 |  | $ | 76.65 |  | $ | 99.65 |  | $ | 65.24 |
S&P SmallCap 600 Index | $ | 100.00 |  | $ | 111.29 |  | $ | 141.13 |  | $ | 118.41 |  | $ | 137.42 |  | $ | 149.37 |
S&P 1500 Human Resources and Employment Services Index | $ | 100.00 |  | $ | 100.85 |  | $ | 152.43 |  | $ | 113.87 |  | $ | 121.22 |  | $ | 143.93 |

ITEM 6. [RESERVED]
22

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.
Executive Overview
While the challenging staffing market dynamics that developed in 2023 continued into 2024, we have remained focused on capturing a greater share of growth where it exists and converting a greater share of our revenue to bottom-line growth by continuing to enhance efficiency and focus across the Company.
We continue to build on the goals of our transformation activities and the aggressive actions we took in 2023 to improve Kelly’s profitability and accelerate growth over the long term. Our business unit and enterprise function teams, together with the Transformation Management Office, continue to make progress on multiple initiatives to drive organizational efficiency and effectiveness.
We are also committed to finding new avenues of growth. This includes a refreshed go-to-market strategy with a comprehensive approach to delivering the full suite of Kelly solutions to our large enterprise customers that is intended to capture a greater share of wallet as we move through 2025. We also remain committed to delivering the highest quality of service to all customers regardless of spend or size. In our P&I segment, for example, we have enhanced our local delivery model and rolled out our Kelly Now mobile application across the U.S. to meet the needs of both our clients and our talent.
We completed the sale of our European staffing operations on January 2, 2024 and on June 12, 2024 announced the sale of the Ayers Group, a division of our OCG segment. We move forward with a streamlined operating model focused on North American staffing and solutions and global Managed Service Provider ("MSP") and recruitment process outsourcing ("RPO") solutions.
To further expand our higher-margin, higher-growth specialties, we acquired Motion Recruitment Partners, LLC ("MRP") on May 31, 2024. The acquisition of MRP enhanced the scale and capabilities of Kelly’s staffing and consulting solutions across technology, telecommunications, and government specialties in North America, and RPO solutions globally. In addition, we remained focused on expanding the higher-margin therapy practice in our Education segment, evidenced by the November 2024 acquisition of Children’s Therapy Center ("CTC").
Together these changes represent structural shifts in Kelly’s operations and deliver meaningful improvement to the Company’s growth prospects and EBITDA margin profile, which we expect to continue as we move forward in 2025 and beyond.
Financial Measures
Reported percentage changes were computed based on actual amounts in thousands of dollars.
EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization) and EBITDA margin (EBITDA divided by revenue from services) are measures used for understanding the Company's ability to generate cash flow and for judging overall operating performance. EBITDA measures are non-GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) measures and are used to supplement measures in accordance with GAAP. Our non-GAAP measures may be calculated differently from those provided by other companies, limiting their usefulness for comparison purposes. Non-GAAP measures should not be considered a substitute for, or superior to, measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP.
Days sales outstanding ("DSO") represents the number of days that sales remain unpaid for the period being reported. DSO is calculated by dividing average net sales per day (based on a rolling three-month period) into trade accounts receivable, net of allowances at the period end. Although secondary supplier revenues are recorded on a net basis (net of secondary supplier expense), secondary supplier revenue is included in the daily sales calculation in order to properly reflect the gross revenue amounts billed to the customer.
NM (not meaningful) in the following tables is used in place of percentage changes where: the change is in excess of 500%, the change involves a comparison between earnings and loss amounts, or the comparison amount is zero.
23

Results of Operations
Total Company
(Dollars in millions)

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | % Change |  |  |  |  |
Revenue from services | $ | 4,331.8 |  |  |  | $ | 4,835.7 |  |  |  | (10.4) |  | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross profit | 882.6 |  |  |  | 961.4 |  |  |  | (8.2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SG&A expenses excluding restructuring, depreciation, and amortization | 760.8 |  |  |  | 856.0 |  |  |  | (11.1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Restructuring charges | 6.1 |  |  |  | 38.6 |  |  |  | (84.2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total SG&A expenses excluding depreciation and amortization | 766.9 |  |  |  | 894.6 |  |  |  | (14.3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 51.5 |  |  |  | 40.1 |  |  |  | 28.2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total SG&A expenses | 818.4 |  |  |  | 934.7 |  |  |  | (12.4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill impairment charge | 72.8 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | NM |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset impairment charge | 13.5 |  |  |  | 2.4 |  |  |  | 451.8 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gain on sale of assets | (5.4) |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | NM |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gain on sale of EMEA staffing operations | (1.6) |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | NM |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings (loss) from operations | (15.1) |  |  |  | 24.3 |  |  |  | NM |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other income (expense), net | (6.8) |  |  |  | 0.6 |  |  |  | NM |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings (loss) before taxes | (21.9) |  |  |  | 24.9 |  |  |  | NM |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income tax benefit | (21.3) |  |  |  | (11.5) |  |  |  | (84.1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net earnings (loss) | $ | (0.6) |  |  |  | $ | 36.4 |  |  |  | NM | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross profit rate | 20.4 |  | % |  | 19.9 |  | % |  | 0.5 |  | pts. |  |  |  |  |  |  |

The total company discussion that follows focuses on 2024 results compared to 2023. For a discussion of total company 2023 results compared to 2022, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, filed on February 20, 2024.
In the segment level discussions that follow the total company discussion, the comparative results for 2023 and 2022 have been recast to conform to the new structure in which our Mexico operations were transferred to our Professional & Industrial ("P&I") segment following the sale of our EMEA staffing operations and to reflect our updated corporate allocation method.
2024 vs. 2023
Revenue from services decreased 10.4%, which primarily reflects the January 2, 2024 sale of our EMEA staffing operations, partially offset by an increase related to the acquisition of MRP in May 2024. Excluding the impact from the sale and the acquisition, revenue from services increased 0.5%. This increase reflects revenue increases in the Education and Outsourcing & Consulting ("OCG") segments, partially offset by declines in the P&I and Science, Engineering & Technology ("SET") segments. Compared to 2023 and excluding the impact from the sale and acquisition, revenue from staffing services increased 1.7% and revenue from outcome-based services decreased 3.2%. In addition, revenue from talent solutions increased 3.0% and permanent placement revenue decreased 24.2% from the prior year, excluding the impact from the sale and the acquisition.
Gross profit decreased 8.2% largely driven by the sale of our EMEA staffing operations, partially offset by an increase related to the acquisition of MRP. Excluding the impact from the sale and the acquisition, gross profit decreased 4.7%. The gross profit rate increased 0.5 basis points to 20.4% and was favorably impacted by the sale of our EMEA staffing operations and the acquisition of MRP. Excluding the impact from the sale and the acquisition, the gross profit rate declined 110 basis points. The decrease is due primarily to business mix and a decrease in permanent placement revenue. Permanent placement revenue has higher gross profit due to very low direct costs of services and thus has a disproportionate impact on gross profit rates. The gross profit rate decreased in all segments excluding the sale and the acquisition.
24

Total selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") expenses decreased 12.4%, including the sale of our EMEA staffing operations and the acquisition of MRP. Excluding these impacts, SG&A expenses decreased 8.6%. Included in SG&A expenses in 2024 and 2023 were $6.1 million and $38.6 million of restructuring and transformation charges, respectively. Actions taken in both periods were a continuation of the actions that were announced in the second quarter of 2023 as part of the comprehensive transformation initiative. In addition, restructuring actions taken in the first quarter of 2023 reflected management undertaking actions to further our cost management efforts in response to the demand levels and reflected a repositioning of our P&I staffing business to better capitalize on opportunities in local markets. SG&A expenses in 2024 also include $17.9 million of transaction-related costs arising from the sale of our EMEA staffing operations and acquisition of MRP, $10.0 million of integration costs related to initiatives to integrate MRP and aligning Company processes and technology, and $2.3 million of executive transition charges. Excluding the impact of the sale and acquisition, as well as transaction, integration, restructuring and executive transition charges—and excluding depreciation and amortization—SG&A expenses decreased 8.5% primarily due to structural workforce reductions as part of our transformation initiatives, as well as proactive resource management and lower variable, performance-based incentive compensation expenses in response to lower revenue volume. Depreciation and amortization represents the total company depreciation and amortization of intangibles, including the amortization of hosted software.
The gain on sale of EMEA staffing operations relates to the completion of the sale in January 2024 in which we recognized a gain of $1.6 million in 2024. The $5.4 million gain on sale of assets in 2024 represents the sale of the Company's Ayers Group in the second quarter of 2024.
Impairment of assets in 2024 represents the impairment of certain right-of-use ("ROU") assets related to our leased headquarters facility. The goodwill impairment charge in 2024 relates to our Softworld reporting unit which delivers technology staffing and workforce services and is included in the SET segment. Changes in internal projections of financial performance due to continued challenging market conditions resulted in a lower estimated fair value for the reporting unit and an impairment charge of $72.8 million. Impairment of assets in 2023 represents the impairment of ROU assets related to an unoccupied office space lease exited in the second quarter.
Loss from operations in 2024 totaled $15.1 million, compared to earnings from operations of $24.3 million in 2023. The decrease is primarily related to the goodwill impairment charge, higher asset impairment charges and the impact of lower revenue compared to the prior year, partially offset by the impact of lower SG&A compared to the prior year, the gain on sale of Ayers Group and the gain on sale of our EMEA staffing operations.
The change in other income (expense), net is primarily the result of an increase in interest expense related to the long-term debt taken on in 2024 in conjunction with the acquisition of MRP.
Income tax benefit was $21.3 million in 2024 compared to an income tax benefit of $11.5 million in 2023. 2024 benefited from lower pretax earnings, which included an $18.5 million tax benefit from the impairment of tax-deductible goodwill. 2023 benefited from recording a $15.0 million benefit on outside basis difference in held for sale assets, offset by a net $4.4 million charge for valuation allowance changes.
Our tax benefit or expense is affected by recurring items, such as the amount of pretax income and its mix by jurisdiction, U.S. work opportunity credits and the change in cash surrender value of non-taxable investments in life insurance policies. It is also affected by discrete items that may occur in any given period but are not consistent from period to period, such as tax law changes or changes in judgment regarding the realizability of deferred tax assets.
The net loss for 2024 was $0.6 million, compared to net earnings of $36.4 million in 2023.
25

Operating Results By Segment
(Dollars in millions)

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 vs. 2023 % Change |  | 2022 |  |  |  | 2023 vs. 2022 % Change
Revenue From Services: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Professional & Industrial | $ | 1,470.7 |  |  | $ | 1,539.5 |  |  | (4.5) |  | % |  | $ | 1,709.9 |  |  |  |  | (10.0) |  | %
Science, Engineering & Technology | 1,422.8 |  |  | 1,190.8 |  |  | 19.5 |  |  |  | 1,265.4 |  |  |  |  | (5.9) |  |
Education | 972.3 |  |  | 841.9 |  |  | 15.5 |  |  |  | 636.2 |  |  |  |  | 32.3 |  |
Outsourcing & Consulting | 468.3 |  |  | 454.7 |  |  | 3.0 |  |  |  | 468.0 |  |  |  |  | (2.8) |  |
International | — |  |  | 812.1 |  |  | (100.0) |  |  |  | 887.0 |  |  |  |  | (8.4) |  |
Less: Intersegment revenue | (2.3) |  |  | (3.3) |  |  | (27.5) |  |  |  | (1.1) |  |  |  |  | 182.2 |  |
Consolidated Total | $ | 4,331.8 |  |  | $ | 4,835.7 |  |  | (10.4) |  | % |  | $ | 4,965.4 |  |  |  |  | (2.6) |  | %

2024 vs. 2023
The decrease in P&I revenue from services was due primarily to a 5.6% decline in staffing services resulting from lower hours volume, partially offset by higher bill rates. Revenue from outcome-based services decreased 1.4% due to lower demand for our call-center solutions, partially offset by higher revenue from other specialties.
The increase in SET revenue from services was driven by the acquisition of MRP in May 2024. Excluding the acquisition, revenue from services decreased 4.5%, primarily due to declines in hours volume in our staffing specialties, partially offset by higher bill rates. Excluding the acquisition, revenues from outcome-based services decreased 5.5%.
The increase in Education revenue from services reflects increased demand for our services as compared to a year ago. Increased demand for our services reflects new customer wins and an increased fill rate related to demand of existing customers.
The increase in OCG revenue from services was driven by increased demand in payroll process outsourcing ("PPO"), partially offset by declines in RPO and MSP.
International reflects the sale of our EMEA staffing operations in January 2024 and the transfer of our Mexico operations to our P&I segment. The P&I segment information for 2023 has been recast to conform to the new structure.
2023 vs. 2022
The decrease in P&I revenue from services was due primarily to a 17.5% decline in staffing services resulting from lower hours volume, partially offset by higher bill rates. Revenue from outcome-based services increased 13.6% due to the expansion of existing customers.
The decrease in SET revenue from services was driven by a decline in staffing services resulting from declines in hours volume in our staffing specialties, partially offset by higher bill rates. Revenues from outcome-based services increased 3.7% and permanent placement fees were down 40.2%.
The increase in Education revenue from services includes the impact of the acquisition of PTS in May 2022. Excluding the acquisition, revenue increased 29.8% reflecting an increased fill rate and an increased demand for our services from existing customers and from net new customer wins.
The decrease in OCG revenue from services includes the revenue from the acquisition of RocketPower in March 2022. Excluding the acquisition, revenue decreased 3.4% due primarily to lower RPO and MSP revenue.
The decrease in International revenue from services was primarily the result of the sale of our Russian operations in July 2022 and lower volume in several geographies, partially offset by favorable foreign currency fluctuations.
26

Operating Results By Segment (continued)
(Dollars in millions)

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 vs. 2023 Change |  |  |  | 2022 |  | 2023 vs. 2022 Change
Gross Profit: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Professional & Industrial | $ | 261.3 |  |  | $ | 277.1 |  |  | (5.7) |  | % |  |  |  | $ | 313.1 |  |  | (11.5) |  | %
Science, Engineering & Technology | 335.6 |  |  | 272.0 |  |  | 23.4 |  |  |  |  |  | 297.0 |  |  | (8.4) |  |
Education | 139.8 |  |  | 128.7 |  |  | 8.6 |  |  |  |  |  | 100.3 |  |  | 28.4 |  |
Outsourcing & Consulting | 145.9 |  |  | 163.5 |  |  | (10.8) |  |  |  |  |  | 169.6 |  |  | (3.7) |  |
International | — |  |  | 120.1 |  |  | (100.0) |  |  |  |  |  | 131.8 |  |  | (8.8) |  |
Consolidated Total | $ | 882.6 |  |  | $ | 961.4 |  |  | (8.2) |  | % |  |  |  | $ | 1,011.8 |  |  | (5.0) |  | %
Gross Profit Rate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Professional & Industrial | 17.8 | % | 18.0 | % | (0.2) |  | pts. |  |  |  | 18.3 | % | (0.3) |  | pts.
Science, Engineering & Technology | 23.6 |  | 22.8 |  | 0.8 |  |  |  |  |  | 23.5 |  | (0.7) |  |
Education | 14.4 |  | 15.3 |  | (0.9) |  |  |  |  |  | 15.8 |  | (0.5) |  |
Outsourcing & Consulting | 31.2 |  | 36.0 |  | (4.8) |  |  |  |  |  | 36.3 |  | (0.3) |  |
International | 0.0 |  | 14.8 |  | (14.8) |  |  |  |  |  | 14.9 |  | (0.1) |  |
Consolidated Total | 20.4 | % | 19.9 | % | 0.5 |  | pts. |  |  |  | 20.4 | % | (0.5) |  | pts.

2024 vs. 2023
Gross profit for the P&I segment decreased on lower revenue volume. In comparison to the prior year, the gross profit rate decreased 20 basis points primarily due to declines in permanent placement revenue and business mix which were partially offset by lower employee-related costs.
SET gross profit increased resulting from the acquisition of MRP, partially offset by the decrease in revenue volume in other components of the segment. The gross profit rate increased 120 basis points due to the acquisition of MRP which generates higher gross profit rates. This impact was partially offset by a 40 basis point decrease in the gross profit rate in other components of SET reflecting business mix and lower permanent placement fees, partially offset by lower employee-related costs.
Gross profit for the Education segment increased on higher revenue volume. The gross profit rate decreased 90 basis points due primarily to customer mix, lower permanent placement fees and higher employee-related costs.
OCG gross profit decreased with a decrease in the gross profit rate. The gross profit rate decreased 480 basis points primarily due to a change in business mix within this segment as a result of strong growth in PPO. The unfavorable business mix was primarily driven by declines in revenue in RPO and MSP, which generate higher margins and improving PPO revenue which generates lower margins.
International reflects the sale of our EMEA staffing operations in January 2024 and the transfer of our Mexico operations to our P&I segment. The P&I segment information for 2023 has been recast to conform to the new structure.
2023 vs. 2022
Gross profit for the P&I segment decreased on lower revenue volume combined with a decrease in the gross profit rate. In comparison to the prior year, the gross profit rate decreased 30 basis points. This decrease reflects lower permanent placement income and higher employee-related costs, partially offset by favorable business mix.
SET gross profit decreased on lower revenue volume. The gross profit rate decreased 70 basis points due to lower permanent placement revenues, partially offset by favorable business mix.
27

Gross profit for the Education segment increased on higher revenue volume. The gross profit rate decreased 50 basis points due primarily to lower permanent placement fees and unfavorable customer mix, partially offset by lower employee-related costs.
OCG gross profit decreased on lower revenue volume, combined with a decrease in the gross profit rate. The gross profit rate decreased 30 basis points primarily driven by declines in revenue in RPO and MSP, which generate higher margins.
International gross profit decreased primarily as a result of the sale of our Russian operations in July 2022 and the servicing of certain customer programs by OCG in 2023. Partially offsetting these impacts was improving gross profit primarily driven by higher revenue volume in Portugal and Germany as well as favorable foreign currency fluctuations.
28

Operating Results By Segment (continued)
(Dollars in millions)

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 vs. 2023 % Change |  |  |  | 2022 |  | 2023 vs. 2022 % Change
SG&A Expenses (excluding depreciation and amortization): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Professional & Industrial | $ | 226.6 |  |  | $ | 260.8 |  |  | (13.1) |  | % |  |  |  | $ | 293.5 |  |  | (11.2) |  | %
Science, Engineering & Technology | 245.8 |  |  | 196.9 |  |  | 24.9 |  |  |  |  |  | 218.0 |  |  | (9.7) |  |
Education | 95.9 |  |  | 92.4 |  |  | 3.7 |  |  |  |  |  | 81.5 |  |  | 13.5 |  |
Outsourcing & Consulting | 140.2 |  |  | 159.3 |  |  | (11.9) |  |  |  |  |  | 154.6 |  |  | 3.0 |  |
International | — |  |  | 122.0 |  |  | (100.0) |  |  |  |  |  | 126.5 |  |  | (3.4) |  |
Corporate expenses | 58.4 |  |  | 63.2 |  |  | (7.5) |  |  |  |  |  | 32.3 |  |  | 95.5 |  |
Consolidated Total | $ | 766.9 |  |  | $ | 894.6 |  |  | (14.3) |  | % |  |  |  | $ | 906.4 |  |  | (1.3) |  | %

2024 vs. 2023
The decrease in total SG&A expenses excluding depreciation and amortization in P&I includes the impact of restructuring and transformation charges. Excluding restructuring and transformation charges of $0.3 million in 2024 and $6.7 million in 2023, the decrease is 10.9%. The decrease excluding restructuring and transformation charges is primarily due to lower direct salaries as a result of cost management in response to lower revenue volume compared to the prior year, as well as the impact of transformation-related actions. Other segment expenses declined primarily due to lower shared service costs for IT, finance, human resources and legal support and lower facilities and equipment-related costs.
The increase in total SG&A expenses excluding depreciation and amortization in SET is due to the MRP acquisition. Excluding the impact from the acquisition, expenses decreased 9.8% from the prior year primarily due to lower shared service costs which are included in other segment expenses and lower direct salaries reflecting the response to lower revenue volume compared to the prior year, as well as the impact of transformation-related actions.
The increase in total SG&A expenses excluding depreciation and amortization in Education is primarily due to increased direct salaries and other segment expenses as revenue levels increased and were partially offset by the impact of transformation-related actions.
The decrease in total SG&A expenses excluding depreciation and amortization in OCG is due primarily to lower direct salaries expense partially offset by the impact of restructuring charges in 2023. Direct salaries declined as a result of lower incentive compensation expense, as well as the result of transformation-related actions.
International reflects the sale of our EMEA staffing operations in January 2024 and the transfer of our Mexico operations to our P&I segment. The P&I segment information for 2023 has been recast to conform to the new structure.
The decrease in Corporate expenses includes the impact of transaction, integration and executive transition costs. Excluding these impacts, expenses decreased 12.6%. This decrease primarily reflects lower legal settlement costs and employee compensation costs. Transaction, integration and executive transition costs were $21.5 million and restructuring and transformation charges were $5.1 million in 2024. Restructuring and transformation charges were $19.9 million and transaction costs were $6.9 million in 2023.
2023 vs. 2022
The decrease in total SG&A expenses in P&I includes the impact of restructuring charges. Excluding restructuring charges of $6.7 million, the decrease is 13.4%. The decrease excluding restructuring charges is primarily due to lower direct salaries, which includes performance-based compensation expenses due to transformation-related actions and in response to lower revenue volume.
The decrease in total SG&A expenses in SET is primarily due to lower direct salaries as a result of lower performance-based incentive compensation expenses.
29

The increase in total SG&A expenses in Education includes the first quarter impact of the acquisition of PTS in May 2022. Excluding the impact of the PTS acquisition, SG&A expenses increased 11.9% from 2022, due primarily to higher direct salaries, which includes performance-based incentive compensation expenses, as headcount has increased as revenues have grown.
The increase in total SG&A expenses in OCG includes the impact of restructuring charges and the first quarter impact of the acquisition of RocketPower in March 2022. Excluding restructuring charges of $3.0 million, the increase was 1.2%. Excluding restructuring charges and the impact of the RocketPower acquisition, SG&A expenses were flat to 2022.
The decrease in total SG&A expenses in International was primarily due to the impact of the sale of our Russian operations in July 2022, partially offset by employee termination costs in 2023 related to the sale of the EMEA staffing operations in the first quarter of 2024 and favorable foreign currency fluctuations.
The increase in Corporate expenses was primarily due to restructuring and transformation charges as well as transaction costs in 2023 related to the sale of the EMEA staffing operations in the first quarter of 2024. Excluding restructuring and transformation charges of $23.0 million and transaction costs of $3.8 million, expenses increased 14.4% year-over-year. The increase excluding these charges is primarily due to higher legal settlement expenses.
30

Operating Results By Segment (continued)
(Dollars in millions)

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 vs. 2023 % Change |  | 2022 |  | 2023 vs. 2022 % Change
Business Unit Profit (Loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Professional & Industrial | $ | 34.7 |  |  | $ | 16.0 |  |  | 116.1 |  | % |  | $ | 19.6 |  |  | (17.9) |  | %
Science, Engineering & Technology | 17.0 |  |  | 75.0 |  |  | (77.4) |  |  |  | 79.0 |  |  | (5.0) |  |
Education | 43.9 |  |  | 36.3 |  |  | 21.3 |  |  |  | 18.8 |  |  | 93.1 |  |
Outsourcing & Consulting | 5.7 |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | 152.4 |  |  |  | (26.0) |  |  | NM |
International | — |  |  | (1.9) |  |  | (100.0) |  |  |  | 5.3 |  |  | NM |
Business Unit Profit (Loss) | 101.3 |  |  | 127.6 |  |  | (20.7) |  |  |  | 96.7 |  |  | 32.0 |  |
Corporate | (58.4) |  |  | (63.2) |  |  | (7.5) |  |  |  | (32.3) |  |  | 95.5 |  |
Asset impairment charge | (13.5) |  |  | — |  |  | NM |  |  | — |  |  | NM |
Gain on sale of EMEA staffing operations | 1.6 |  |  | — |  |  | NM |  |  | — |  |  | NM |
Loss on disposal | — |  |  | — |  |  | NM |  |  | (18.7) |  |  | NM |
Gain (loss) on sale of assets | 5.4 |  |  | — |  |  | NM |  |  | 6.2 |  |  | NM |
Depreciation and amortization | (51.5) |  |  | (40.1) |  |  | 28.2 |  |  |  | (37.1) |  |  | 8.1 |  |
Consolidated Total Earnings from Operations | $ | (15.1) |  |  | $ | 24.3 |  |  | NM | % |  | $ | 14.8 |  |  | 65.0 |  | %

2024 vs. 2023
P&I reported profit increased versus the prior year due primarily to lower SG&A expenses, partially offset by lower revenue and gross profit.
SET reported profit in 2024 includes a $72.8 million goodwill impairment charge related to Softworld and $12.8 million of business unit profit from the acquisition of MRP. Excluding the goodwill impairment and acquisition impacts, the decrease in profit was essentially flat to prior year.
Education reported profit increased versus the prior year primarily due to higher revenue and gross profit.
OCG reported profit increased compared to a year ago due primarily to lower SG&A expenses and an increase in revenue, partially offset by a decline in gross profit.
International reflects the sale of our EMEA staffing operations in January 2024 and the transfer of our Mexico operations to our P&I segment. The P&I segment information for 2023 has been recast to conform to the new structure.
Corporate expenses decreased year-over-year primarily due to lower transformation-related charges, partially offset by higher transaction-related expenses from the sale of our EMEA staffing operations and integration costs related to the acquisition of MRP.
2023 vs. 2022
P&I reported profit decreased versus the prior year primarily due to lower revenue and gross profit, partially offset by lower SG&A expenses.
SET reported profit decreased versus the prior year primarily due to declines in revenue and gross profit, partially offset by lower SG&A expenses.
Education reported profit increased versus the prior year primarily due to higher revenue and gross profit, partially offset by higher SG&A expenses. 2023 results also include the impact of first quarter profit of $3.4 million from PTS acquired in May 2022.
31

OCG reported profit in 2023, compared to a loss in 2022. The change was primarily due to the impact of the 2022 $41.0 million charge related to the impairment of goodwill of RocketPower, the impact of a $2.0 million ROU asset impairment charge in the second quarter of 2023, the impact of restructuring charges and the impact of lower revenue and gross profit.
International reported a loss in 2023, compared to profit in 2022. The change was primarily due to the transfer of certain customer programs to Outsourcing & Consulting, the impact of the sale of our Russian operations in 2022 and employee termination costs in 2023 related to the sale of the EMEA staffing operations in the first quarter of 2024.
Corporate expenses increased in 2023 from 2022 primarily due to restructuring and transformation charges of $23.0 million and transaction costs of $3.8 million.
32

Results of Operations
Financial Condition
Historically, we have financed our operations through cash generated by operating activities and access to credit markets. Our working capital requirements are primarily generated from temporary employee payroll, which is generally paid weekly or monthly, and customer accounts receivable, which is generally outstanding for longer periods. Since receipts from customers lag payroll payments to temporary employees, working capital requirements increase and operating cash flows may decrease substantially in periods of growth. Conversely, when economic activity slows, working capital requirements may substantially decrease and operating cash flows increase. Such increases dissipate over time if the economic downturn continues for an extended period.
As highlighted in the consolidated statements of cash flows, our liquidity and available capital resources are impacted by four key components: cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, operating activities, investing activities and financing activities.
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash totaled $45.6 million at year-end 2024, compared to $167.6 million, including $33.5 million held for sale, at year-end 2023. As further described below, during 2024, we generated $26.9 million of cash from operating activities, used $361.6 million of cash for investing activities and generated $214.8 million of cash from financing activities.
Operating Activities
In 2024, we generated $26.9 million of net cash from operating activities, as compared to generating $76.7 million in 2023 and using $76.3 million in 2022. The decrease from prior year is primarily due to increased working capital requirements. Ne t cash used for operating activities in 2022 included $86.8 million of cash outflows related to the repayment of U.S. payroll taxes originally deferred in 2020. In addition, in 2022 we paid $48.4 million of income taxes related to the sale of Persol Holdings common stock.
Trade accounts receivable totaled $1.3 billion at year-end 2024 and $1.2 billion at year-end 2023, excluding $200.9 million held for sale. Global DSO was 59 days for 2024 and 2023, which included receivables held for sale in 2023. Accounts payable and accrued liabilities was $613.8 million at year-end 2024, and decreased $32.3 million from year-end 2023 as a result of a decrease in supplier payables related to our MSP business.
Our working capital position (total current assets less total current liabilities), was $539.0 million at year-end 2024 including the impact of our acquisition of MRP of $71.2 million. Our working capital position at year-end 2023 was $606.7 million or $485.3 million excluding amounts held for sale of $121.4 million. Held for sale amounts were disposed of in the sale of our EMEA staffing operations in 2024. Excluding the impact of the sale and the MRP acquisition in 2024, working capital decreased $17.5 million year-over-year. Working capital decreased from 2023 primarily due to lower cash balances. The current ratio (total current assets divided by total current liabilities) was 1.7 at year-end 2024 and 1.6 at year-end 2023.
Investing Activities
In 2024, we used $361.6 million of net cash for investing activities, compared to using $14.1 million in 2023 and generating $167.5 million in 2022. Included in cash used for investing activities in 2024 is $431.9 million of cash used for the acquisition of MRP in June 2024 and CTC in November 2024, net of cash received, $11.1 million of cash used for capital expenditures, partially offset by $77.1 million of proceeds from the sale of the EMEA staffing operations, net of cash disposed.
Included in cash used for investing activities in 2023 is $15.3 million of cash used for capital expenditures, partially offset by $2.0 million for the receipt of the final payment in connection with an investment that was sold in 2021.
Included in cash generated from investing activities in 2022 is $196.9 million of proceeds from the sale of the investment in Persol Holdings, $119.5 million of proceeds from the sale of almost all of the Company's shares in our equity investment in PersolKelly and $10.1 million of proceeds from the sale of land and other real property. This was partially offset by $58.3 million of cash used for the acquisition of RocketPower in March 2022, net of cash received, $84.8 million of cash used for the acquisition of PTS in May 2022, net of cash received, $12.0 million of cash used for capital expenditures, and $6.0 million of cash disposed from the sale of our operations in Russia in July 2022, net of proceeds.
33

Capital expenditures in 2024, 2023 and 2022 primarily related to the Company's IT infrastructure and technology programs.
Financing Activities
In 2024, we generated $214.8 million of cash for financing activities, as compared to using $59.6 million in 2023 and using $50.6 million in 2022. The cash generated from financing activities is driven by the net borrowings of $239.4 million on the Company's credit facilities in connection with the acquisition of MRP and represents the primary driver of the change in cash from 2023 related to financing activities, in addition to a decrease in the purchase of treasury stock. The change in cash used for financing activities from 2022 to 2023 was primarily related to the year-over-year change in the purchase of treasury stock, representing a repurchase program for the buyback of the Company's common shares. In 2024, the buyback of $10.0 million represents repurchases of the Company's Class A common stock compared to $42.2 million in shares repurchased in 2023 and $7.8 million in 2022. In addition, the $27.2 million buyback of common shares in 2022 represents the buyback of the Company's common shares held by Persol Holdings in February 2022.
Dividends paid per common share were $0.30 in 2024 and 2023 and $0.275 in 2022. Payments of dividends are restricted by the financial covenants contained in our debt facilities. Details of this restriction are contained in the Debt footnote in the notes to our consolidated financial statements.
Debt-to-total capital (total debt reported in the consolidated balance sheet divided by total debt plus stockholders’ equity) is a common ratio to measure the relative capital structure and leverage of the Company. Our ratio of debt-to-total capital was 16.2% at year-end 2024. We had no debt outstanding at year-end 2023.
34

Liquidity
We expect to meet our ongoing short-term and long-term cash requirements principally through cash generated from operations, available cash and equivalents, securitization of customer receivables and committed unused credit facilities. The credit facilities, which were amended in the second quarter of 2024, now include an accordion feature which allows us to increase our combined borrowing capacity by $250.0 million as discussed in the Debt footnote in the notes to our consolidated financial statements. Additional funding sources could include additional bank facilities or sale of non-core assets. To meet significant cash requirements related to our nonqualified retirement plan, we may utilize proceeds from Company-owned life insurance policies.
We have historically managed our cash and debt closely to optimize our capital structure. As our cash balances build, we tend to pay down debt as appropriate, unless it is needed for organic or inorganic investments that align with our overall growth strategy. Conversely, when working capital needs grow, we tend to use corporate cash and cash available in the global cash pooling arrangement (the "Cash Pool") first, and then access our borrowing facilities. We expect our working capital requirements to increase if demand for our services increases.
We assess and monitor our liquidity and capital resources globally. We use the Cash Pool, intercompany loans, dividends, capital contributions, redemptions and local lines of credit to meet funding needs and allocate our capital resources among our various subsidiaries. We periodically review our foreign subsidiaries’ cash balances and projected cash needs. As part of those reviews, we may identify cash that we feel should be repatriated to optimize the Company’s overall capital structure. As of year-end 2024, these reviews have not resulted in specific plans to repatriate a majority of our international cash balances. Following the sale of our EMEA staffing operations completed in the first quarter of 2024, discussed below, the Company continues to provide MSP, RPO and Functional Service Provider solutions in the EMEA region. Therefore, we expect much of our remaining international cash will be needed to fund working capital growth in our local operations.
On January 2, 2024, the Company completed the sale of its EMEA staffing operations to Gi Group Holdings S.P.A. and received cash proceeds of $110.6 million, or $77.1 million net of cash disposed. The Company expects to receive additional cash proceeds related to the sale to reflect the cash-free, debt-free transaction basis, as well as working capital and other adjustments. The Company will not receive any proceeds from the contingent consideration opportunity associated with the transaction. As of year-end 2024, the Company has recorded a net receivable of $16.4 million. The Company is actively reconciling the receivable in accordance with the purchase agreement and expects it to be settled upon completion of this process. The Company entered into foreign currency forward contracts to manage the foreign currency risk associated with the transaction, which were settled during 2024. See the Acquisitions and Dispositions footnote and the Fair Value Measurements footnote in the notes to our consolidated financial statements for more details.
On May 31, 2024, the Company indirectly acquired 100% of the equity interests in MRP for a purchase price of $425.0 million. Under terms of the agreement, the purchase price was adjusted for estimated cash held by MRP at the closing date and estimated working capital adjustments, resulting in the Company paying cash of $440.0 million, funded with cash on hand and available credit facilities. Per the terms of the agreement, there was an earnout with a maximum potential cash payment of $60.0 million due to the seller in the second quarter of 2025. In the fourth quarter of 2024, the initial fair value of the earnout was written down to zero. See the Acquisitions and Dispositions footnote and the Fair Value Measurements footnote in the notes to our consolidated financial statements for more details.
On November 13, 2024, Kelly Services USA, LLC ("KSU"), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, acquired 100% of the issued and outstanding limited liability company interests of CTC. Under terms of the purchase agreement, the purchase price of $3.3 million was adjusted for cash held by CTC at the closing date and estimated working capital adjustments, resulting in the Company paying cash of $3.1 million. See the Acquisitions and Dispositions footnote in the notes to our consolidated financial statements for more details.
At year-end 2024, we had $110.0 million of available capacity on our $150.0 million revolving credit facility and $4.5 million of available capacity on our $250.0 million securitization facility. The revolving credit facility carried $40.0 million of long-term borrowings on the term benchmark line of credit. The securitization facility carried $199.4 million of long-term borrowings and $46.1 million of standby letters of credit related to workers’ compensation. On July 17, 2024, we entered into interest rate swaps that effectively locked in the variable Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") component of our interest rate for a portion of the long-term borrowings on the Securitization Facility. As of year-end 2024, the Company recorded a liability totaling $0.4 million related to the mark-to-market fair value change of the interest rate swaps. See the Fair Value Measurements footnote and the Debt footnote in the notes to our consolidated financial statements for more details.
35

Together, the revolving credit and securitization facilities provide the Company with committed funding capacity that may be used for general corporate purposes subject to financial covenants and restrictions. We believe our cash flow from operations, the availability of liquidity under our credit facilities, including the accordion feature which allows us to increase our borrowing capacity, and our ability to access capital from financial markets will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash requirements, while maintaining sufficient liquidity for normal operating purposes. Throughout 2024 and as of the 2024 year end, we met the debt covenants related to our revolving credit facility and securitization facility.
At year-end 2024, we had additional unsecured, uncommitted short-term local credit facilities totaling $3.1 million, under which we had no borrowings. Details of our debt facilities as of the 2024 year end are contained in the Debt footnote in the notes to our consolidated financial statements.
We repurchased $10.0 million of the Company's Class A common stock in fiscal 2024 pursuant to the $50.0 million share repurchase program, which was approved by the Company's board of directors in November 2024. A total of $40.0 million remains available under the share repurchase program as of year-end 2024.
We monitor the credit ratings of our banking partners on a regular basis and have regular discussions with them. Based on our reviews and communications, we believe the risk of one or more of our banks not being able to honor commitments is insignificant. We also review the ratings and holdings of our money market funds and other investment vehicles regularly to ensure high credit quality and access to our invested cash.
36

Contractual Obligations and Commercial Commitments
In addition to our discussion of liquidity and capital resources, consideration should also be given to the following contractual obligations:
•Long-term debt - The Company maintains a revolving credit facility and securitization facility as discussed above in Liquidity. Further details regarding these facilities, including terms, rates, and conditions, can be found in the Debt footnote in the notes to our consolidated financial statements.
•Leases - The Company has operating leases for headquarters and field offices and various equipment. Our leases generally have remaining lease terms of one year to 10 years. As of December 29, 2024, we have lease payment obligations of $76.1 million, with $15.5 million payable within the next 12 months. See our Leases footnote in the notes to our consolidated financial statements for further information.
•Accrued workers compensation - The Company has a combination of insurance and self-insurance contracts in the U.S. under which it bears the first $1.0 million of risk per accident. As of December 29, 2024, the accrual for workers' compensation claims, net of related receivables, was $44.4 million, with $19.0 million payable within the next 12 months. Management utilizes actuarial methods to estimate the future cash payments for these claims, including an allowance for incurred-but-not-reported claims. Further details can be found in the Summary of Significant Accounting Policies footnote in the notes to our consolidated financial statements.
•Accrued retirement benefits - The Company provides nonqualified retirement plans for officers and certain other employees. As of December 29, 2024, the value of our obligations under these plans are $260.5 million, with $20.8 million payable within the next 12 months. The timing of payments related to the plans vary based on individual elections and specific plan provisions. See the Retirement Benefits footnote in the notes to our consolidated financial statements for further information.
•Purchase obligations - Our purchase obligations represent unconditional commitments relating primarily to technology services and online tools which we expect to utilize generally within the next three fiscal years, in the ordinary course of business. As of December 29, 2024, the value of our non-cancelable unconditional purchase obligations is $72.5 million, with $34.5 million expected to be paid within the next 12 months.
37

Critical Accounting Estimates
We prepare our consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. In this process, it is necessary for us to make certain assumptions and related estimates affecting the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and the attached notes. Actual results can differ from assumed and estimated amounts.
Critical accounting estimates are those that we believe require the most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Judgments and uncertainties affecting the application of those estimates may result in materially different amounts being reported under different conditions or using different assumptions. We consider the following estimates to be most critical in understanding the judgments involved in preparing our consolidated financial statements.
Workers’ Compensation
In the U.S., we have a combination of insurance and self-insurance contracts under which we effectively bear the first $1.0 million of risk per single accident. There is no aggregate limitation on our per-accident exposure under these insurance and self-insurance programs. We establish accruals for workers’ compensation utilizing actuarial methods to estimate the undiscounted future cash payments that will be made to satisfy the claims, including an allowance for incurred-but-not-reported claims. We retain an independent consulting actuary to establish ultimate loss forecasts for the current and prior accident years of our insurance and self-insurance programs. The consulting actuary establishes loss development factors and loss rates, based on our historical claims experience as well as industry experience, and applies those factors to current claims information to derive an estimate of our ultimate claims liability. In preparing the estimates, the consulting actuary may consider factors such as the nature, frequency and severity of the claims; reserving practices of our third-party claims administrators; performance of our medical cost management and return to work programs; changes in our territory and business line mix; and current legal, economic and regulatory factors such as industry estimates of medical cost trends. Where appropriate, multiple generally accepted actuarial techniques are applied and tested in the course of preparing the loss forecast. We use the ultimate loss forecasts, as developed by the consulting actuary, to establish total expected program costs for each accident year by adding our estimates of non-loss costs such as claims handling fees and excess insurance premiums. When claims exceed the applicable loss limit or self-insured retention and realization of recovery of the claim from existing insurance policies is deemed probable, we record a receivable from the insurance company for the excess amount.
We evaluate the accrual quarterly and make adjustments as needed. The ultimate cost of these claims may be greater than or less than the established accrual. While we believe that the recorded amounts are reasonable, there can be no assurance that changes to our estimates will not occur due to limitations inherent in the estimation process. In the event we determine that a smaller or larger accrual is appropriate, we would record a credit or a charge to cost of services in the period in which we made such a determination. The accrual for workers’ compensation, net of related receivables which are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets and other assets in the consolidated balance sheet, was $44.4 million and $43.6 million at year-end 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Business Combinations
We account for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting, in which the purchase price is allocated for assets acquired and liabilities assumed and recorded at the estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. Any excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair values of the net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. Management is required to make significant assumptions and estimates in determining the fair value of the assets acquired, particularly intangible assets. Purchased intangible assets are primarily comprised of acquired trade names and customer relationships that are recorded at fair value at the date of acquisition. We utilize third-party valuation specialists to assist us in the determination of the fair value of the intangibles. The fair value of trade name intangibles is determined using the relief-from-royalty method, which relies on the use of estimates and assumptions about expected future revenue growth rates, royalty rates and discount rates. The fair value of customer relationship intangibles is determined using the multi-period excess earnings method, which relies on the use of estimates and assumptions about expected future revenue growth rates, customer attrition rates, profit margins and discount rates. Determining the useful lives of intangible assets also requires judgment and are inherently uncertain. There is a measurement period of up to one year in which to finalize the fair value determinations and preliminary fair value estimates may be revised if new information is obtained during this period.
38

Income Taxes
Income tax expense is based on expected income and statutory tax rates in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. Judgment is required in determining our income tax expense.
Our effective tax rate includes the impact of accruals and changes to accruals that we consider appropriate, as well as related interest and penalties. A number of years may lapse before a particular matter, for which we have or have not established an accrual, is audited and finally resolved. While it is often difficult to predict the final outcome or the timing of resolution of any particular tax matter, we believe that our accruals are appropriate under generally accepted accounting principles. Favorable or unfavorable adjustments of the accrual for any particular issue would be recognized as an increase or decrease to our income tax expense in the period of a change in facts and circumstances. Our current tax accruals are presented in income and other taxes in the consolidated balance sheet and long-term tax accruals are presented in other long-term liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet.
Tax laws require items to be included in the tax return at different times than the items are reflected in the consolidated financial statements. As a result, the income tax expense reflected in our consolidated financial statements is different than the liability reported in our tax return. Some of these differences are permanent, which are not deductible or taxable on our tax return, and some are temporary differences, which give rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities. We establish valuation allowances for our deferred tax assets when the amount of expected future taxable income is not likely to support the use of the deduction or credit. Our net deferred tax asset is recorded using currently enacted tax laws, and may need to be adjusted in the event tax laws change.
The U.S. work opportunity credit is allowed for wages earned by employees in certain targeted groups. The actual amount of creditable wages in a particular period is estimated, since the credit is only available once an employee reaches a minimum employment period and the employee’s inclusion in a targeted group is certified by the applicable state. As these events often occur after the period the wages are earned, judgment is required in determining the amount of work opportunity credits accrued for in each period. We evaluate the accrual regularly throughout the year and make adjustments as needed.
Goodwill
We test goodwill for impairment annually and whenever events or circumstances make it more likely than not that an impairment may have occurred. GAAP requires that goodwill be tested for impairment at a reporting unit level. For segments with a goodwill balance, we determine if our reporting units are the same as our operating and reportable segments based on our organizational structure or one level below our operating segments (the component level).
We may first use a qualitative assessment ("step zero") for the annual impairment test if we have determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value for one or more reporting units is greater than their carrying value. In conducting the qualitative assessment, we assess the totality of relevant events and circumstances that affect the fair value or carrying value of the reporting unit. Such events and circumstances may include macroeconomic conditions, industry and market conditions, cost factors, overall financial performance, entity-specific events and events affecting a reporting unit.
If we elect to forgo the qualitative assessment for a reporting unit, goodwill is tested for impairment by comparing the estimated fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying value ("step one"). If the estimated fair value of a reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of the net assets assigned to a reporting unit, goodwill is not considered impaired and no further testing is required. If the carrying value of the net assets assigned to a reporting unit exceeds the estimated fair value of a reporting unit, goodwill is deemed impaired and is written down to the extent of the difference.
For the step one quantitative test, we determine the fair value of our reporting units using the income approach. Under the income approach, estimated fair value is determined based on estimated future cash flows discounted by an estimated market participant weighted-average cost of capital, which reflects the overall level of inherent risk of the reporting unit being measured. Estimated future cash flows are based on our internal projection model and reflects management’s outlook for the reporting units. Assumptions and estimates about future cash flows and discount rates are complex and often subjective. They can be affected by a variety of factors, including external factors such as industry and economic trends, and internal factors such as changes in our business strategy and our internal forecasts. Our analysis used significant assumptions by reporting unit, including: expected future revenue growth rates, profit margins and discount rates.
39

The goodwill resulting from the acquisition of Softworld during the second quarter of 2021 was allocated to the SET reportable segment and Softworld was deemed to be a separate reporting unit. The goodwill resulting from the acquisition of PTS during the second quarter of 2022 was allocated to the Education reportable segment and PTS was deemed to be a separate reporting unit. The goodwill resulting from the acquisition of RocketPower during the first quarter of 2022 was allocated to the OCG reportable segment and RocketPower was deemed to be a separate reporting unit, which was fully impaired by year-end 2022.
The goodwill resulting from the acquisition of MRP in the second quarter of 2024 was allocated to the SET reportable segment and was deemed to be a separate reporting unit. The goodwill resulting from the acquisition of CTC in the fourth quarter of 2024 was allocated to the Education reportable segment. See the Acquisitions and Dispositions footnote in the notes to our consolidated financial statements for more information.
We completed our annual impairment test for all reporting units with goodwill in the fourth quarter for the fiscal year ended 2024. For the PTS and Education reporting units, we performed step zero qualitative analyses and have concluded that there are no indications that the fair values of the PTS and Education reporting units are less than their respective carrying values and therefore no further testing was required. For the Softworld and MRP reporting units, our annual goodwill impairment testing included step one quantitative tests. As a result of the quantitative assessment, we determined that the estimated fair value of the MRP reporting unit was more than its carrying value and that the estimated fair value of the Softworld reporting unit no longer exceeded the carrying value. Softworld's 2024 financial performance was lower than internal projections due to continued challenging market conditions. As a result, management’s expectation for near-term financial performance and projected long-term growth rates were revised accordingly. These changes in circumstances were also indicators that the respective long-lived assets may not be recoverable. Softworld has definite-lived intangible assets, consisting of trade names, customer relationships and non-compete agreements, which are amortized over their estimated useful lives. We performed a long-lived asset recoverability test for Softworld and determined that undiscounted future cash flows exceeded the carrying amount of the asset group and were recoverable. Based on the result of our annual goodwill impairment test, we recorded an impairment charge of $72.8 million, which was included in goodwill impairment charge in the consolidated statements of earnings for the year ended 2024, to write-off a portion of Softworld's goodwill balance. Included in the impairment charge was an $18.4 million tax benefit associated with the impairment. The remaining goodwill balance for the Softworld reporting unit was $38.5 million as of year-end 2024.
Our quantitative analyses used significant assumptions, including: expected future revenue growth rates, profit margins and discount rate. Although we believe the assumptions and estimates we have made are reasonable and appropriate, different assumptions and estimates could materially impact our reported financial results. Different assumptions of the anticipated future results and growth from our business could result in an impairment charge, which would decrease operating income and result in lower asset values on our consolidated balance sheet. As a measure of sensitivity of the fair value for the MRP reporting unit, while holding all other assumptions constant, an increase in the discount rate of 75 basis points or a decrease of 75 basis points in the revenue growth rate assumptions for each forecasted period used to determine the fair value of the reporting unit would not result in an impairment of goodwill. The estimated fair value of the MRP reporting unit exceeds the carrying value by less than 10%. If current expectations of future revenue and profit margins are not met, or if market factors outside of our control change significantly, including discount rate, then the goodwill of the MRP reporting unit may be impaired in the future, resulting in goodwill impairment charges.
As a measure of sensitivity for the fair value for Softworld reporting unit, while holding all other assumptions constant, an increase in the discount rate of 75 basis points or a decrease of 75 basis points in the revenue growth rate assumptions for each forecasted period used to determine the fair value of the reporting unit would result in additional goodwill impairment of approximately $9.9 million and $8.8 million, respectively. If current expectations of future revenue and profit margins are not met, or if market factors outside of our control change significantly, including discount rate, then the goodwill of the Softworld reporting unit may be further impaired in the future, resulting in additional goodwill impairment charges.
We completed our annual impairment test for all reporting units with goodwill in the fourth quarter for the fiscal year ended 2023. We performed a step one quantitative test for the Softworld and PTS reporting units. As a result of the quantitative assessment, we determined that the estimated fair value of the Softworld and PTS reporting units was more than its carrying value. Additionally, we performed a step zero qualitative analysis for the Education reporting unit to determine whether a further quantitative analysis was necessary and concluded that a step one quantitative analysis was not necessary. As a result of the quantitative and qualitative assessments, the Company determined goodwill was not impaired as of year-end 2023.
40

We completed our annual impairment test for all reporting units with goodwill in the fourth quarter for the fiscal year ended 2022. We performed a step one quantitative test for the Softworld and PTS reporting units. As a result of the quantitative assessment, we determined that the estimated fair value of the Softworld and PTS reporting units was more than its carrying value. Additionally, we performed a step zero qualitative analysis for the Education and RocketPower reporting units to determine whether a further quantitative analysis was necessary and concluded that a step one quantitative analysis was not necessary at that time. As a result of the quantitative and qualitative assessments, the Company determined goodwill related to these reporting units was not impaired at that time.
During the second half of 2022, customers within the high-tech industry vertical, in which RocketPower specializes, reduced or eliminated their full-time hiring, reducing demand for RocketPower’s services, and on-going economic uncertainty had more broadly impacted the growth in demand for RPO in the near-term. These changes in market conditions therefore caused triggering events requiring interim impairment tests for both long-lived assets and goodwill as of the third and fourth quarters of 2022. We performed a long-lived asset recoverability tests for RocketPower and determined that undiscounted future cash flows exceeded the carrying amount of the asset group and were recoverable. We performed interim step one quantitative tests for RocketPower’s goodwill and determined that the estimated fair value of the reporting unit no longer exceeded the carrying value. Based on the result of our interim goodwill impairment tests, we recorded a total goodwill impairment charge of $41.0 million as of year-end 2022 to write-off all of RocketPower's goodwill balance.
At year-end 2024 and 2023, total goodwill amounted to $304.2 million and $151.1 million, respectively. See the Goodwill and Intangible Assets footnote in the notes to our consolidated financial statements for more information.
Litigation
Kelly is subject to legal proceedings, investigations and claims arising out of the normal course of business. Kelly routinely assesses the likelihood of any adverse judgments or outcomes to these matters, as well as ranges of probable losses. A determination of the amount of the accruals required, if any, for these contingencies is made after analysis of each known issue. Development of the analysis includes consideration of many factors including: potential exposure, the status of proceedings, negotiations, discussions with our outside counsel and results of similar litigation. The required accruals may change in the future due to new developments in each matter. For further discussion, see the Contingencies footnote in the notes to our consolidated financial statements. At year-end 2024 and 2023, the gross accrual for litigation costs amounted to $1.5 million and $6.4 million, of which $1.5 million was held for sale, respectively, which is included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities and in accrued workers’ compensation and other claims in the consolidated balance sheet. See the Acquisitions and Dispositions footnote in the notes to our consolidated financial statements for more information.
NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
See New Accounting Pronouncements footnote in the notes to our consolidated financial statements presented in Part II, Item 8 of this report for a description of new accounting pronouncements.
41

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Certain statements contained in this report and in our investor conference call related to these results are “forward-looking” statements within the meaning of the applicable securities laws and regulations. Forward-looking statements include statements which are predictive in nature, which depend upon or refer to future events or conditions, or which include words such as “expects,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “estimates,” or variations or negatives thereof or by similar or comparable words or phrases. In addition, any statements concerning future financial performance (including future revenues, earnings or growth rates), ongoing business strategies or prospects, and possible future actions by us that may be provided by management, including oral statements or other written materials released to the public, are also forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and projections about future events and are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions about our Company and economic and market factors in the countries in which we do business, among other things. These statements are not guarantees of future performance, and we have no specific intention to update these statements.
Actual events and results may differ materially from those expressed or forecasted in forward-looking statements due to a number of factors. The principal important risk factors that could cause our actual performance and future events and actions to differ materially from such forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, (i) changing market and economic conditions, (ii) disruption in the labor market and weakened demand for human capital resulting from technological advances, loss of large corporate customers and government contractor requirements, (iii) the impact of laws and regulations (including federal, state and international tax laws), (iv) unexpected changes in claim trends on workers’ compensation, unemployment, disability and medical benefit plans, (v) litigation and other legal liabilities (including tax liabilities) in excess of our estimates, (vi) our ability to achieve our business's anticipated growth strategies, (vii) our future business development, results of operations and financial condition, (viii) damage to our brands, (ix) dependency on third parties for the execution of critical functions, (x) conducting business in foreign countries, including foreign currency fluctuations, (xi) availability of temporary workers with appropriate skills required by customers, (xii) cyberattacks or other breaches of network or information technology security, and (xiii) other risks, uncertainties and factors discussed in this report and in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Actual results may differ materially from any forward-looking statements contained herein, and we undertake no duty to update any forward-looking statement to conform the statement to actual results or changes in the Company’s expectations. Certain risk factors are discussed more fully under “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of this report.
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.
In the normal course of business, we are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate and interest rate risks that could impact our financial position and results of operations.
Foreign Currency
We are exposed to foreign currency risk primarily related to our foreign subsidiaries. Exchange rates impact the U.S. dollar value of our reported earnings, our investments in and held by subsidiaries, local currency denominated borrowings and intercompany transactions with and between subsidiaries. Our foreign subsidiaries primarily derive revenues and incur expenses within a single country and currency which, as a result, provide a natural hedge against currency risks in connection with normal business operations. Accordingly, changes in foreign currency rates vs. the U.S. dollar and euro generally do not impact local cash flows. Intercompany transactions which create foreign currency risk include services, royalties, loans, contributions and distributions.
On November 2, 2023, the Company entered into a foreign currency forward contract with a notional amount of €90.0 million to manage the foreign currency risk associated with the sale of our EMEA staffing operations, which was completed on January 2, 2024. This contract was not designated as a hedging instrument; therefore, it was marked-to-market and the changes in fair value were recognized in earnings. An unrealized loss of $3.6 million associated with the forward contract was recorded as of year-end 2023. A total loss of $2.4 million was realized upon settlement on January 5, 2024; therefore, the Company recorded a gain of $1.2 million in the first quarter of 2024 (see Fair Value Measurements footnote in the notes to our consolidated financial statements for more details).
On February 8, 2024, the Company entered into a foreign currency forward contract with a notional amount of €17.0 million to manage the foreign currency risk associated with the expected additional proceeds related to the sale of our EMEA staffing operations (see Acquisitions and Dispositions footnote in the notes to our consolidated financial statements). The expected proceeds are recorded as a euro-denominated receivable which is remeasured each period. The forward contract was designated as a fair value hedge, with the mark-to-market changes of the forward contract offsetting the mark-to-market changes of the receivable in the gain on sale of EMEA staffing operations in the consolidated statement of earnings. In the fourth quarter of
42

2024, the Company settled the contract with a $0.4 million cash payment and recognized a corresponding loss of $0.4 million on the contract. As of year-end 2024, there is no asset or liability related to the forward contract (see Fair Value Measurements footnote in the notes to our consolidated financial statements for more details).
Interest Rates
We are exposed to interest rate risks through our use of our credit facilities and other local borrowings, when applicable. Following our acquisition of MRP, the Company has long-term borrowings on our credit facilities. On July 17, 2024, we entered into a $50.0 million 12-month interest rate swap and a $50.0 million 18-month interest rate swap that effectively locked in the variable SOFR component of our interest rate for a portion of the long-term borrowings on the Securitization Facility at a fixed rate of 4.772% and 4.468% from the effective date through July 17, 2025 and January 17, 2026, respectively. A hypothetical fluctuation of 10% of market interest rates would not have had a material impact on 2024 earnings.
We are exposed to market risk as a result of our obligation to pay benefits under our nonqualified deferred compensation plan and our related investments in Company-owned variable universal life insurance policies. The obligation to employees increases and decreases based on movements in the equity and debt markets. The investments in mutual funds, as part of the Company-owned variable universal life insurance policies, are designed to mitigate, but not eliminate, this risk with offsetting gains and losses.
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA.
The financial statements and supplementary data required by this Item are set forth in the accompanying index on page 47 of this filing and are presented in pages 48-99.
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE.
None.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.
Conclusion Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Based on their evaluation as of the end of the period covered by this report, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) are effective at a reasonable assurance level.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management’s report on internal control over financial reporting is presented preceding the consolidated financial statements on page 48 of this report.
Attestation Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, has audited the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 29, 2024, as stated in their report which appears herein.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our fourth fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION.
Securities Trading Plans of Directors and Executive Officers
During the fourth quarter ended December 29, 2024, none of the Company's directors or executive officers adopted, modified or terminated any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of Company securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) or any "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement."
43

ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS.
Not applicable.
44

PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE.
Insider Trading Policy
The Company has an insider trading policy governing the purchase, sale and other dispositions of the Company’s securities that applies to all Company personnel, including directors, officers, employees, and other covered persons. The Company also follows procedures for the repurchase of its securities. The Company believes that its insider trading policy and repurchase procedures are reasonably designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and listing standards applicable to the Company. A copy of the Company’s insider trading policy is filed as Exhibit 19 to this Form 10-K.
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics
We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to our directors, officers and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer or controller or persons performing similar functions. The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is included as Exhibit 14 to this Form 10-K. We have posted our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics on our website at www.kellyservices.com. We intend to post any changes in or waivers from our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics applicable to any of these officers on our website.
The remaining information required by this Item will be included in the Company's definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after December 29, 2024, in connection with the solicitation of proxies for the Company's 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the "2025 Proxy Statement"), and is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION.
The information required by this Item will be included in the 2025 Proxy Statement, and is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS.
The information required by this Item will be included in the 2025 Proxy Statement, and is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE.
The information required by this Item will be included in the 2025 Proxy Statement, and is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES.
The information required by this Item will be included in the 2025 Proxy Statement, and is incorporated herein by reference.
45

PART IV
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES.
(a)The following documents are filed as part of this report:
(i)Financial statements:
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 238)
Consolidated Statements of Earnings for the three fiscal years ended December 29, 2024
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three fiscal years ended December 29, 2024
Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 29, 2024 and December 31, 2023
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the three fiscal years ended December 29, 2024
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three fiscal years ended December 29, 2024
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(ii)Financial Statement Schedule -
For the three fiscal years ended December 29, 2024:
Schedule II - Valuation Reserves
All other schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto.
(iii)The Exhibits are listed in the Index to Exhibits included beginning at page 100, which is incorporated herein by reference.
(b)The Index to Exhibits and required Exhibits are included following the Financial Statement Schedule beginning at page 100 of this filing.
(c)None.
ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY.
None.
46

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND
SUPPLEMENTAL SCHEDULE

| Page Reference in Report on Form 10-K
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting | 48
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | 49
Consolidated Statements of Earnings for the three fiscal years ended December 29, 2024 | 52
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three fiscal years ended December 29, 2024 | 53
Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 29, 202 4 and December 3 1, 2023 | 54
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the three fiscal years ended December 29, 2024 | 56
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three fiscal years ended December 29, 2024 | 57
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 59
Financial Statement Schedule - Schedule II - Valuation Reserves at December 29, 2024, December 31, 2023 and January 1, 2023 | 99

47

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
The management of Kelly Services, Inc. (the “Company”), is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the Company’s principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by the Company’s board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:
•Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company;
•Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and
•Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may change.
On May 31, 2024, we completed the acquisition of MRP. Given the significance of the MRP acquisition and the complexity of systems and business processes, we have excluded the acquired MRP business from our assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting for the year ending December 29, 2024. MRP accounted for approximately 4% of the Company's total assets as of December 29, 2024 and approximately 7% of the Company's total revenue for the year ended 2024.
The Company’s management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 29, 2024. In making this assessment, the Company’s management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission ("COSO") in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013).
Based on our assessment, management determined that, as of December 29, 2024, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective based on those criteria.
The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 29, 2024 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears on pages 49-51.
48

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Kelly Services, Inc.
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Kelly Services, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 29, 2024 and December 31, 2023, and the related consolidated statements of earnings, of comprehensive income, of stockholders’ equity and of cash flows for the years ended December 29, 2024, December 31, 2023 and January 1, 2023 including the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the accompanying index (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 29, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 29, 2024 and December 31, 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years in the period ended December 29, 2024, December 31, 2023 and January 1, 2024 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 29, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.
Basis for Opinions
The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
As described in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting, management has excluded Motion Recruitment Partners, LLC (MRP) from its assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 29, 2024, because it was acquired by the Company in a purchase business combination during 2024. We have also excluded Motion Recruitment Partners from our audit of internal control over financial reporting. Motion Recruitment Partners is a wholly-owned subsidiary whose total assets and total revenues excluded from management’s assessment and our audit of internal control over financial reporting represent 4% and 7%, respectively, of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 29, 2024.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and
49

dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Goodwill Impairment Assessments – Softworld and Motion Recruitment Partners Reporting Units
As described in Notes 1, 4 and 9 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s goodwill balance was $304.2 million as of December 29, 2024, and the goodwill associated with the Softworld and Motion Recruitment Partners reporting units was $38.5 million and $222.9 million, respectively. Management performs the annual goodwill impairment testing in the fourth quarter each year and regularly assesses whenever events or circumstances make it more likely than not that an impairment may have occurred. If the carrying value of the net assets assigned to a reporting unit exceeds the estimated fair value of a reporting unit, goodwill is deemed impaired. Based on the results of the Company’s annual goodwill impairment test, management recorded an impairment charge of $72.8 million to write-off a portion of the Softworld reporting unit’s goodwill. Management determines the fair value of reporting units using the income approach. Under the income approach, estimated fair value is determined based on estimated future cash flows discounted by an estimated market participant weighted-average cost of capital. Management’s estimated future cash flows for the Softworld and Motion Recruitment Partners reporting units included significant assumptions relating to expected future revenue growth rates, profit margins and discount rates.
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the goodwill impairment assessments of the Softworld and Motion Recruitment Partners reporting units is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management when developing the fair value estimate of the Softworld and Motion Recruitment Partners reporting units; (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management’s significant assumptions related to expected future revenue growth rates, profit margins and discount rates; and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s goodwill impairment assessments, including controls over the valuation of the Softworld and Motion Recruitment Partners reporting units. These procedures also included, among others (i) testing management’s process for developing the fair value estimate of the Softworld and Motion Recruitment Partners reporting units; (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of the discounted cash flow model used by management; (iii) testing the completeness and accuracy of underlying data used in the discounted cash flow model; and (iv) evaluating the reasonableness of the significant assumptions used by management related to expected future revenue growth rates, profit margins and discount rates. Evaluating management’s assumptions related to expected future revenue growth rates and profit margins involved evaluating whether the assumptions used by management were reasonable considering (i) the current and past performance of the Softworld and Motion Recruitment Partners reporting units; (ii) the consistency with external market and industry data; and (iii) whether the assumptions were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating (i) the appropriateness of the discounted cash flow model and (ii) the reasonableness of the discount rate assumptions.
Acquisition of MRP – Valuation of Customer Relationships and A Certain Trade Name
As described in Notes 1 and 4 to the consolidated financial statements, on May 31, 2024, the Company indirectly acquired 100% of the equity interests in MRP for total consideration of $444.8 million. Included in the assets purchased in the MRP
50

acquisition was $88.1 million of customer relationships and $56.5 million of trade names, of which a majority related to a certain trade name. The fair value of customer relationship intangibles is determined using the multi-period excess earnings method, which relies on the use of estimates and assumptions about expected future revenue growth rates, customer attrition rates, profit margins and discount rates. The fair value of trade name intangibles is determined using the relief-from-royalty method, which relies on the use of estimates and assumptions about expected future revenue growth rates, royalty rates and discount rates.
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the valuation of customer relationships and a certain trade name acquired in the acquisition of MRP is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management when developing the fair value estimate of the customer relationships and certain trade name acquired; (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management’s significant assumptions related to expected future revenue growth rates, customer attrition rates, profit margins and discount rate for the customer relationships and expected future revenue growth rates and royalty rate for a certain trade name; and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the acquisition accounting, including controls over the valuation of the customer relationships and certain trade name acquired. These procedures also included, among others (i) reading the purchase agreement; (ii) testing management’s process for developing the fair value estimate of the customer relationships and certain trade name acquired; (iii) evaluating the appropriateness of the multi-period excess earnings and relief-from-royalty methods used by management; (iv) testing the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data used in the multi-period excess earnings and relief-from-royalty methods; and (v) evaluating the reasonableness of the significant assumptions used by management related to expected future revenue growth rates, customer attrition rates, profit margins and discount rate for the customer relationships and expected future revenue growth rates and royalty rate for a certain trade name. Evaluating management’s assumptions related to expected future revenue growth rates and profit margins for the customer relationships and expected future revenue growth rates for a certain trade name involved considering (i) the current and past performance of the MRP business; (ii) the consistency with external market and industry data; and (iii) whether the assumptions were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. Evaluating management's assumption related to customer attrition rates for the customer relationships involved considering (i) the historical customer attrition rates of MRP and (ii) whether the assumption was consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit and previous acquisitions. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating (i) the appropriateness of the multi-period excess earnings and relief-from-royalty methods and (ii) the reasonableness of the discount rate assumption for the customer relationships and the royalty rate assumption for a certain trade name.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Detroit, Michigan
February 13, 2025
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1960.
51

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EARNINGS

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
| (In millions of dollars except per share items)
Revenue from services | $ | 4,331.8 |  |  | $ | 4,835.7 |  |  | $ | 4,965.4 |
Cost of services | 3,449.2 |  |  | 3,874.3 |  |  | 3,953.6 |
Gross profit | 882.6 |  |  | 961.4 |  |  | 1,011.8 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 818.4 |  |  | 934.7 |  |  | 943.5 |
Asset impairment charge | 13.5 |  |  | 2.4 |  |  | — |
Goodwill impairment charge | 72.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 41.0 |
Gain on sale of EMEA staffing operations | (1.6) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Gain on sale of assets | (5.4) |  |  | — |  |  | (6.2) |
Loss on disposal | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18.7 |
Earnings (loss) from operations | (15.1) |  |  | 24.3 |  |  | 14.8 |
Loss on investment in Persol Holdings | — |  |  | — |  |  | (67.2) |
Loss on currency translation from liquidation of subsidiary | — |  |  | — |  |  | (20.4) |
Other income (expense), net | (6.8) |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 1.6 |
Earnings (loss) before taxes and equity in net earnings of affiliate | (21.9) |  |  | 24.9 |  |  | (71.2) |
Income tax benefit | (21.3) |  |  | (11.5) |  |  | (7.9) |
Net earnings (loss) before equity in net earnings of affiliate | (0.6) |  |  | 36.4 |  |  | (63.3) |
Equity in net earnings of affiliate | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.8 |
Net earnings (loss) | $ | (0.6) |  |  | $ | 36.4 |  |  | $ | (62.5) |
Basic earnings (loss) per share | $ | (0.02) |  |  | $ | 0.99 |  |  | $ | (1.64) |
Diluted earnings (loss) per share | $ | (0.02) |  |  | $ | 0.98 |  |  | $ | (1.64) |
Average shares outstanding (millions): |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 35.5 |  |  | 35.9 |  |  | 38.1 |
Diluted | 35.5 |  |  | 36.3 |  |  | 38.1 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
52

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
| (In millions of dollars)
Net earnings (loss) | $ | (0.6) |  |  | $ | 36.4 |  |  | $ | (62.5) |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax benefit of $0.2 million, $0.0 million and $0.2 million, respectively | (6.9) |  |  | 8.0 |  |  | (7.5) |
Less: Reclassification adjustments included in net earnings (loss) - liquidation of Japan subsidiary | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20.4 |
Less: Reclassification adjustments included in net earnings (loss) - equity method investment and other | (0.6) |  |  | — |  |  | 4.7 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | (7.5) |  |  | 8.0 |  |  | 17.6 |
Pension liability adjustments, net of tax benefit of $0.4 million, and net of tax expense of $0.2 million and $0.5 million, respectively | — |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 1.5 |
Less: Reclassification adjustments included in net earnings | 0.4 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.1 |
Pension liability adjustments | 0.4 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 1.6 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | (7.1) |  |  | 8.7 |  |  | 19.2 |
Comprehensive income (loss) | $ | (7.7) |  |  | $ | 45.1 |  |  | $ | (43.3) |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
53

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

| 2024 |  | 2023
| (In millions of dollars)
Assets |  |  |
Current Assets |  |  |
Cash and equivalents | $ | 39.0 |  |  | $ | 125.8 |
Trade accounts receivable, less allowances of $8.4 for both years | 1,255.5 |  |  | 1,160.6 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 71.0 |  |  | 48.9 |
Assets held for sale | — |  |  | 291.3 |
Total current assets | 1,365.5 |  |  | 1,626.6 |
Noncurrent Assets |  |  |
Property and equipment: |  |  |
Property and equipment | 140.0 |  |  | 138.1 |
Accumulated depreciation | (114.2) |  |  | (113.5) |
Net property and equipment | 25.8 |  |  | 24.6 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 47.0 |  |  | 47.1 |
Deferred taxes | 330.1 |  |  | 321.1 |
Retirement plan assets | 258.1 |  |  | 230.3 |
Goodwill, net | 304.2 |  |  | 151.1 |
Intangibles, net | 256.3 |  |  | 137.7 |
Other assets | 45.3 |  |  | 43.1 |
Total noncurrent assets | 1,266.8 |  |  | 955.0 |
Total Assets | $ | 2,632.3 |  |  | $ | 2,581.6 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
54

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

| 2024 |  | 2023
| (In millions of dollars)
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity |  |  |
Current Liabilities |  |  |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | $ | 613.8 |  |  | $ | 646.1 |
Operating lease liabilities | 12.3 |  |  | 8.4 |
Accrued payroll and related taxes | 163.9 |  |  | 156.2 |
Accrued workers' compensation and other claims | 19.0 |  |  | 22.1 |
Income and other taxes | 17.5 |  |  | 17.2 |
Liabilities held for sale | — |  |  | 169.9 |
Total current liabilities | 826.5 |  |  | 1,019.9 |
Noncurrent Liabilities |  |  |
Long-term debt | 239.4 |  |  | — |
Operating lease liabilities | 50.9 |  |  | 42.9 |
Accrued workers' compensation and other claims | 33.8 |  |  | 40.9 |
Accrued retirement benefits | 239.9 |  |  | 217.4 |
Other long-term liabilities | 7.2 |  |  | 6.8 |
Total noncurrent liabilities | 571.2 |  |  | 308.0 |
Commitments and contingencies (See Commitments and Contingencies footnotes) |  |  |
Stockholders' Equity |  |  |
Capital stock, $1.00 par value |  |  |
Class A common stock, 100.0 million shares authorized; 35.2 million shares issued at 2024 and 2023 | 35.2 |  |  | 35.2 |
Class B common stock, 10.0 million shares authorized; 3.3 million shares issued at 2024 and 2023 | 3.3 |  |  | 3.3 |
Treasury stock, at cost |  |  |
Class A common stock, 3.6 million shares at 2024 and 3.2 million shares at 2023 | (60.8) |  |  | (56.7) |
Class B common stock | (0.6) |  |  | (0.6) |
Paid-in capital | 34.2 |  |  | 30.6 |
Earnings invested in the business | 1,230.2 |  |  | 1,241.7 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (6.9) |  |  | 0.2 |
Total stockholders' equity | 1,234.6 |  |  | 1,253.7 |
Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity | $ | 2,632.3 |  |  | $ | 2,581.6 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
55

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
| (In millions of dollars)
Capital Stock |  |  |  |  |
Class A common stock |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of year | $ | 35.2 |  |  | $ | 35.1 |  |  | $ | 36.7 |
Conversions from Class B | — |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | — |
Share retirement | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1.6) |
Balance at end of year | 35.2 |  |  | 35.2 |  |  | 35.1 |
Class B common stock |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of year | 3.3 |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | 3.4 |
Conversions to Class A | — |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | — |
Balance at end of year | 3.3 |  |  | 3.3 |  |  | 3.4 |
Treasury Stock |  |  |  |  |
Class A common stock |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of year | (56.7) |  |  | (19.5) |  |  | (14.5) |
Net issuance of stock awards and other | 5.9 |  |  | 5.0 |  |  | 2.8 |
Purchase of treasury stock | (10.0) |  |  | (42.2) |  |  | (7.8) |
Balance at end of year | (60.8) |  |  | (56.7) |  |  | (19.5) |
Class B common stock |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of year | (0.6) |  |  | (0.6) |  |  | (0.6) |
Net issuance of stock awards | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance at end of year | (0.6) |  |  | (0.6) |  |  | (0.6) |
Paid-in Capital |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of year | 30.6 |  |  | 28.0 |  |  | 23.9 |
Net issuance of stock awards | 3.6 |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | 4.1 |
Balance at end of year | 34.2 |  |  | 30.6 |  |  | 28.0 |
Earnings Invested in the Business |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of year | 1,241.7 |  |  | 1,216.3 |  |  | 1,315.0 |
Net earnings (loss) | (0.6) |  |  | 36.4 |  |  | (62.5) |
Dividends | (10.9) |  |  | (11.0) |  |  | (10.6) |
Share retirement | — |  |  | — |  |  | (25.6) |
Balance at end of year | 1,230.2 |  |  | 1,241.7 |  |  | 1,216.3 |
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of year | 0.2 |  |  | (8.5) |  |  | (27.7) |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | (7.1) |  |  | 8.7 |  |  | 19.2 |
Balance at end of year | (6.9) |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | (8.5) |
Stockholders’ Equity at end of year | $ | 1,234.6 |  |  | $ | 1,253.7 |  |  | $ | 1,254.2 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
56

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
| (In millions of dollars)
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net earnings (loss) | $ | (0.6) |  |  | $ | 36.4 |  |  | $ | (62.5) |
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Asset impairment charge | 13.5 |  |  | 2.4 |  |  | — |
Goodwill impairment charge | 72.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 41.0 |
Deferred income taxes | (27.8) |  |  | (24.9) |  |  | (72.1) |
Loss on disposal | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18.7 |
Depreciation and amortization | 40.2 |  |  | 33.9 |  |  | 33.4 |
Operating lease asset amortization | 10.7 |  |  | 16.2 |  |  | 18.5 |
Provision for credit losses and sales allowances | (0.1) |  |  | 1.6 |  |  | 1.5 |
Stock-based compensation | 11.8 |  |  | 9.7 |  |  | 7.8 |
Gain on sale of equity securities | (0.6) |  |  | (2.0) |  |  | — |
(Gain) loss on forward contract | (1.2) |  |  | 3.6 |  |  | — |
Gain on sale of EMEA staffing operations | (1.6) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Gain on sale of assets | (5.4) |  |  | — |  |  | (6.2) |
Loss on investment in Persol Holdings | — |  |  | — |  |  | 67.2 |
Loss on currency translation from liquidation of subsidiary | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20.4 |
Gain on foreign currency remeasurement | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5.5) |
Equity in net earnings of PersolKelly Pte. Ltd. | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.8) |
Other, net | (7.6) |  |  | 1.8 |  |  | 3.3 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions | (77.2) |  |  | (2.0) |  |  | (141.0) |
Net cash from (used in) operating activities | 26.9 |  |  | 76.7 |  |  | (76.3) |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures | (11.1) |  |  | (15.3) |  |  | (12.0) |
Proceeds from sale of EMEA staffing operations, net of cash disposed | 77.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Proceeds from sale of assets | 4.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 10.1 |
Acquisition of companies, net of cash received | (431.9) |  |  | — |  |  | (143.1) |
Cash disposed from sale of Russia, net of proceeds | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6.0) |
Proceeds from sale of Persol Holdings investment | — |  |  | — |  |  | 196.9 |
Proceeds from sale of equity method investment | — |  |  | — |  |  | 119.5 |
Other investing activities | — |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | 2.1 |
Net cash (used in) from investing activities | (361.6) |  |  | (14.1) |  |  | 167.5 |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net change in short-term borrowings | — |  |  | (0.7) |  |  | 0.8 |
Proceeds from long-term debt | 1,340.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Payments on long-term debt | (1,100.8) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Financing lease payments | — |  |  | (1.2) |  |  | (1.4) |
Dividend payments | (10.9) |  |  | (11.0) |  |  | (10.6) |
Payments of tax withholding for stock awards | (2.5) |  |  | (1.8) |  |  | (0.9) |
Buyback of common shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | (27.2) |
Purchase of treasury stock | (10.0) |  |  | (42.2) |  |  | (7.8) |
Contingent consideration payments | — |  |  | (2.5) |  |  | (3.3) |
Other financing activities | (1.2) |  |  | (0.2) |  |  | (0.2) |
Net cash from (used in) financing activities | 214.8 |  |  | (59.6) |  |  | (50.6) |
Effect of exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (2.1) |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | 2.3 |
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (122.0) |  |  | 5.2 |  |  | 42.9 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year | 167.6 |  |  | 162.4 |  |  | 119.5 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of year(1) | $ | 45.6 |  |  | $ | 167.6 |  |  | $ | 162.4 |

57

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (continued)
(1) The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash to the amounts reported in our consolidated balance sheet:

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
| (In millions of dollars)
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash: |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |
Cash and equivalents | $ | 39.0 |  |  | $ | 125.8 |  |  | $ | 153.7 |
Cash included in assets held for sale | — |  |  | 33.5 |  |  | — |
Restricted cash included in prepaid expenses and other current assets | 0.2 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.1 |
Noncurrent assets: |  |  |  |  |
Restricted cash included in other assets | 6.4 |  |  | 8.0 |  |  | 8.6 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of year | $ | 45.6 |  |  | $ | 167.6 |  |  | $ | 162.4 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
58

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Nature of Operations Kelly Services, Inc. is a specialty talent and workforce solutions provider operating throughout the world.
Fiscal Year The Company’s fiscal year ends on the Sunday nearest to December 31. The three most recent years ended on December 29, 2024 (2024), December 31, 2023 (2023) and January 1, 2023 (2022), all of which contained 52 weeks. Period costs included in selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") expenses are recorded on a calendar-year basis. The Company’s equity method investment in PersolKelly Pte. Ltd. was accounted for on a one-quarter lag prior to the sale of the majority of the investment in the first quarter of 2022 (see Investment in PersolKelly Pte. Ltd. footnote). Any material transactions in the intervening period were disclosed or accounted for in the current reporting period.
Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts and operations of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. Specifically, as discussed in the Segment Disclosures footnote, the Company has made a change to its reportable segments during the first quarter of 2024. We have also reclassified the presentation of our retirement plan assets, which represents our investment in life insurance contracts, and intangibles, net from the other assets line item to separate line items within our consolidated balance sheet.
Investment in Persol Holdings The Company’s previous investment in Persol Holdings, as further described in the Investment in Persol Holdings footnote, was carried at fair value with the changes in fair value recognized in net earnings. The fair value of the investment was based on the quoted market price until the sale of the investment in the first quarter of 2022.
Investment in PersolKelly Pte. Ltd. The Company had a 49% ownership interest in its equity affiliate, PersolKelly Pte. Ltd., which was accounted for under the equity method. The operating results of the equity affiliate were recorded on a one-quarter lag and included in equity in net earnings of affiliate in the consolidated statements of earnings, until the Company sold the majority of the investment in the first quarter of 2022 (see Investment in PersolKelly Pte. Ltd. footnote). The remaining investment is accounted for as an equity investment without a readily determinable fair value (see Fair Value Measurements footnote).
Foreign Currency Translation All of the Company’s international subsidiaries use their local currency as their functional currency, which is the currency in which they transact the majority of their activities. Revenue and expense accounts of foreign subsidiaries are translated to U.S. dollars at average exchange rates, while assets and liabilities are translated to U.S. dollars at year-end exchange rates. Resulting translation adjustments, net of tax, where applicable, are reported as accumulated foreign currency translation adjustments in stockholders’ equity and are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).
Foreign Currency Forward Contracts The Company is exposed to foreign currency fluctuations and enters into foreign currency forward contracts to manage foreign currency risk. Forward contracts may be designated as a fair value hedge, while other forward contracts are not designated as hedging instruments. Both are used to reduce the exposure to variability in certain expected future cash flows. The Company records designated and non-designated derivatives at mark-to-market with gains and losses recognized in earnings according to their designation on the consolidated statements of earnings. See the Fair Value Measurements footnote for further detail on specific forward contracts including each respective line item in which gains and losses are recorded. We are permitted to net the fair values of derivative assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes, if such assets and liabilities are with the same counterparty and subject to a master netting arrangement. Since these conditions have been met, we elected to employ net presentation of derivative assets and liabilities.
Interest Rate Swap Contract The Company is exposed to interest rate fluctuation and enters into interest rate swap contracts that are not designated as hedging instruments to manage fluctuations on our securitization facility due to Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") variances (see Fair Value Measurements footnote). The Company records these non-designated derivatives at mark-to-market with gains and losses recognized in other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of earnings. We are permitted to net the fair values of derivative assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes, if such assets and liabilities are with the same counterparty and subject to a master netting arrangement. Since these conditions have been met, we elected to employ net presentation of derivative assets and liabilities.
Revenue Recognition Revenues are recognized when control of the promised services is transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those services. Our revenues are recorded net of any sales, value added, or similar taxes collected from our customers. We generate revenue from: the hourly sales of
59

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
services by our temporary employees to customers ("staffing services" revenue), the recruiting of permanent employees for our customers ("permanent placement" revenue), and through our talent fulfillment and outcome-based activities ("talent solutions" and "outcome-based services" revenue).
We record revenues from sales of services and the related direct costs in accordance with the accounting guidance on reporting revenue gross as a principal versus net as an agent. When Kelly is the principal, we demonstrate control over the service by being primarily responsible to our customers for fulfilling the contractual promise to provide the service. When Kelly does not demonstrate control over the service, which may be evident through the arrangement of other contingent labor suppliers and/or service providers to perform services for the customer or by Kelly not holding primary responsibility for the fulfillment of the contractual promise to provide services to the customer, the amounts billed to our customers are net of the amounts paid to the secondary suppliers/service providers and the net amount is recorded as revenues.
Staffing Services Revenue
Staffing services contracts are generally negotiated and invoiced on a per-hour or per-unit basis as the temporary staffing services are transferred to the customer. Revenue from the majority of our staffing services continues to be recognized over time as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the services we provide. We have applied the practical expedient to recognize revenue for these services over the term of the agreement in proportion to the amount we have the right to invoice the customer.
Permanent Placement Revenue
Permanent placement revenue is recorded at the point in time the permanent placement candidate begins full-time employment. On the candidate start date, the customer accepts the candidate and can direct the use of the candidate as well as obtains the significant risk and rewards of the candidate. We consider this the point the control transfers to the customer.
Outcome-Based Services Revenue
Billings are generally negotiated and invoiced on a measure of time (hours, weeks, months) or per-unit basis for our services performed. We continue to recognize revenue from the majority of our outcome-based services over time as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the services we provide. For the majority of our outcome-based services, we have applied the practical expedient to recognize revenue for these services over the term of the agreement in proportion to the amount we have the right to invoice the customer.
Talent Solutions Revenue
Talent Solutions services include: overall program management of our client’s contingent workforce, external vendors and/or independent contractors, end-to-end talent acquisition, and payroll outsourcing. Billings are generally negotiated and invoiced as a fee-based commission contingent on the amount of services managed through the program, a monthly management fee, measure of time (hours), or a per-unit basis for our services performed. We continue to recognize revenue for talent solution services over time as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the services we provide. We have applied the practical expedient to recognize revenue for these services over the term of the agreement in proportion to the amount we have the right to invoice the customer.
Variable Consideration
Certain customers may receive cash-based incentives or credits, which are accounted for as a form of variable consideration. We estimate these amounts based on the expected or likely amount to be provided to customers and reduce revenues recognized to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of such adjustment will not occur. Provisions for sales allowances (billing adjustments related to errors, service issues and compromises on billing disputes), based on historical experience, are recognized at the time the related sale is recognized as a reduction in revenue from services.
Payment Terms
Customer payments are typically due within 60 days of invoicing, but may be shorter or longer depending on contract terms. Management does not assess whether a contract has a significant financing component if the expectation at contract inception is that the period between payment by the customer and the transfer of the services to the customer will be less than one year. We do not have any significant financing components or extended payment terms.
Deferred Revenue
Items which are billed to the customer at a point in time, rather than billed over time as the services are delivered to the customer, are assessed for potential revenue deferral. At this time, the balance of the contract liability as well as the amount of revenue recognized in the reporting period that was included in the deferred revenue balance at the beginning of the period is not material.
60

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Deferred Costs
Occasionally, fulfillment costs are incurred after obtaining a contract in order to generate a resource that will be used to provide our services. These costs are considered incremental and recoverable costs to fulfill our contract with the customer. These costs to fulfill a contract are deferred and then amortized on a straight-line basis over a period of benefit that we have determined to be the average length of assignment of the employees. We determined the period of benefit by taking into consideration our customer contracts, attrition rates and other relevant factors. Amortization expense is included in SG&A expenses in the consolidated statements of earnings.
Unsatisfied Performance Obligations
In accordance with the applicable guidance, the Company does not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less and (ii) contracts for which we recognize revenue at the amount to which we have the right to invoice for services performed.
Allowance for Credit Losses - Trade Accounts Receivable The Company records an allowance for uncollectible accounts receivable, billed and unbilled, based on historical loss experience, customer payment patterns, current economic trends, and reasonable and supportable forecasts, as applicable. The reserve for sales allowances is also included in the allowance for uncollectible accounts receivable. The Company estimates the current expected credit losses by applying internally developed loss rates to all outstanding receivable balances by aging category. Accounts receivable are written-off against the allowance when they are deemed uncollectible. The Company reviews the adequacy of the allowance for uncollectible accounts receivable on a quarterly basis and, if necessary, increases or decreases the balance by recording a charge or credit to SG&A expenses for the portion of the adjustment relating to uncollectible accounts receivable, and a charge or credit to revenue from services for the portion of the adjustment relating to sales allowances.
We are exposed to credit losses primarily through our sales of workforce solution services to customers. We establish an allowance for estimated credit losses in the current period resulting from the failure of our customers to make required payments on their trade accounts receivable in future periods. We pool such assets by geography and other similar risk characteristics, such as accounts in collection, and apply an aging method to estimate future credit losses utilizing inputs such as historical write-off experience, customer payment patterns, current collection data, and reasonable and supportable forecasts, as applicable. Credit risk with respect to accounts receivable is limited due to short payment terms. The Company also performs ongoing credit evaluations using applicable credit ratings of its customers to help analyze credit risk. We monitor ongoing credit exposure thr ough frequent review of past due accounts (based on the payment terms of the contract) and follow-up with customers, as appropriate. We may employ collection agencies and legal counsel to pursue recovery of defaulted receivables.
Allowance for Credit Losses - Other Financial Assets The Company measures expected credit losses on qualified financial assets that do not result from revenue transactions using a probability of default method by type of financing receivable. The estimate of expected credit losses considers credit ratings, financial data, historical write-off experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts, as applicable, to estimate the risk of loss.
Cost of Services Cost of services are those costs directly associated with the earning of revenue. The primary examples of these types of costs are temporary employee wages, along with other employee related costs, including associated payroll taxes, temporary employee benefits, such as service bonus and holiday pay and health insurance, and workers’ compensation costs. These costs differ fundamentally from SG&A expenses in that they arise specifically from the action of providing our services to customers whereas SG&A costs are incurred regardless of whether or not we place temporary employees with our customers.
Advertising Expenses Advertising expenses, which are expensed as incurred and are included in SG&A expenses, were $9.6 million in 2024, $7.8 million in 2023 and $6.4 million in 2022.
Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Estimates are used for, but not limited to, the accounting for the allowance for uncollectible accounts receivable and credit losses, workers’ compensation, goodwill and long-lived asset impairment, valuation of acquired intangibles, litigation costs and income taxes. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.
Cash and Equivalents Cash and equivalents are stated at fair value. The Company considers securities with original maturities of three months or less to be cash and equivalents.
61

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Property and Equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost and are depreciated on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. Cost and estimated useful lives of property and equipment by function are as follows (in millions of dollars):

Category |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Useful Life
Land |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |
Work in process |  | 2.3 |  |  | 6.7 |  |  |  | — |
Buildings and improvements |  | 0.4 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  |  | 30 | years
Computer hardware and software |  | 119.9 |  |  | 123.1 |  |  | 3 | to | 12 years
Equipment, furniture and fixtures |  | 10.9 |  |  | 22.6 |  |  |  | 5 | years
Leasehold improvements |  | 6.5 |  |  | 13.1 |  |  | HQ: 15 years
|  |  |  |  |  | Branches: Lesser of the lease or 5 years
Total property and equipment |  | $ | 140.0 |  |  | $ | 165.9 |  |  |

The property and equipment at cost for 2023 in the table above includes $27.8 million of assets held for sale (see Acquisitions and Dispositions footnote). The Company capitalizes external costs and internal payroll costs directly incurred in the development of software for internal use as required by the Internal-Use Software Subtopic of the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC"). Work in process represents capitalized costs for internal-use software not yet in service. Depreciation expense was $12.5 million for 2024, $12.4 million for 2023 and $13.6 million for 2022.
Cloud Computing Arrangements The Company has cloud computing arrangements that are comprised of internal-use software platforms that are accounted for as service contracts. The Company does not have the ability to take possession of the software without significant penalty nor can the Company run the software on its own hardware or contract with another party unrelated to the vendor to host the software. Implementation costs associated with these cloud computing arrangements are capitalized when incurred during the application development phase. Amortization is calculated on a straight-line basis and is a component of SG&A expenses in our consolidated statements of earnings.
Amortization expense was $11.6 million for 2024, $6.9 million for 2023, and $4.2 million for 2022. The related accumulated amortization totaled $23.5 million in 2024 and $14.2 million in 2023, of which $2.3 million was held for sale. Capitalized amounts related to such arrangements are recorded within prepaid and other current assets and non-current other assets in the consolidated balance sheet. The Company had $4.5 million as of year-end 2024 and $4.9 million, of which $0.1 million was held for sale, as of year-end 2023 recorded in prepaid expenses and other current assets in the consolidated balance sheet. The Company had $41.4 million as of year-end 2024 and $27.3 million, of which $3.4 million was held for sale, as of year-end 2023 recorded in non-current other assets in the consolidated balance sheet related to capitalized cloud computing arrangements (see Other Assets).
Leases Right-of-use ("ROU") assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Since most of the Company’s leases do not have an implicit borrowing rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. Our leases may include options allowing us in our sole discretion to extend or terminate the lease, and when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise those options, we will include those periods in our lease term. Variable costs, such as payments for insurance and tax payments, are expensed when the obligation for those payments is incurred.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the acquisition date fair value of net assets acquired. Purchased intangible assets are primarily comprised of acquired trade names and customer relationships that are recorded at fair value at the date of acquisition. The fair value of trade name intangibles is determined using the relief-from-royalty method, which relies on the use of estimates and assumptions about expected future revenue growth rates, royalty rates and discount rates. The fair value of customer relationship intangibles is determined using the multi-period excess earnings method, which relies on the use of estimates and assumptions about expected future revenue growth rates, customer attrition rates, profit margins and discount rates.
62

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Purchased intangible assets with definite lives are amortized over their respective useful lives (from 5 to 15 years) on a straight-line basis.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets, Intangible Assets, Goodwill, Equity Method Investments and Equity Securities The Company evaluates long-lived assets and intangible assets with definite lives for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. When estimated undiscounted future cash flows will not be sufficient to recover the carrying amount of the asset group, in which the long-lived asset being tested for impairment resides, the asset is written down to its estimated fair value. Assets to be disposed of by sale, if any, are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or estimated fair value less cost to sell.
We test goodwill for impairment annually and whenever events or circumstances make it more likely than not that an impairment may have occurred. Generally accepted accounting principles require that goodwill be tested for impairment at a reporting unit level. For segments with a goodwill balance, we have determined that our reporting units are the same as our operating and reportable segments based on our organizational structure or one level below our operating segments (the component level).
We may first use a qualitative assessment ("step zero") for the annual impairment test if we have determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value for one or more reporting units is greater than their carrying value. The step zero analysis includes making judgments and assessments to determine whether any events or circumstances have occurred that makes it more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. In conducting the qualitative assessment, we assess the totality of relevant events and circumstances that affect the fair value or carrying value of the reporting unit. Such events and circumstances may include macroeconomic conditions, industry and market conditions, cost factors, overall financial performance, entity-specific events and events affecting a reporting unit.
If we elect to forgo the qualitative assessment for a reporting unit, goodwill is tested for impairment by comparing the estimated fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying value ("step one"). If the estimated fair value of a reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of the net assets assigned to a reporting unit, goodwill is not considered impaired and no further testing is required. If the carrying value of the net assets assigned to a reporting unit exceeds the estimated fair value of a reporting unit, goodwill is deemed impaired and is written down to the extent of the difference.
For the step one quantitative test, we determine the fair value of our reporting units using the income approach. Under the income approach, estimated fair value is determined based on estimated future cash flows discounted by an estimated market participant weighted-average cost of capital, which reflects the overall level of inherent risk of the reporting unit being measured. Estimated future cash flows are based on our internal projection model and reflects management’s outlook for the reporting unit. Assumptions and estimates about future cash flows and discount rates are complex and often subjective. They can be affected by a variety of factors, including external factors such as industry and economic trends, and internal factors such as changes in our business strategy and our internal forecasts. Our analysis used the following significant assumptions: expected future revenue growth rates, profit margins and discount rates.
Prior to the sale of the majority of our investment in our equity affiliate, we evaluated our equity method investment on a quarterly basis or whenever events or circumstances indicated the carrying amount may be other-than-temporarily impaired. If we had concluded that there was an other-than-temporary impairment of our equity method investment, we would have adjusted our carrying amount of our investment to the adjusted fair value.
We evaluate our equity securities measured under the measurement alternative for indicators of impairment on a quarterly basis and whenever observable price changes occur. The measurement alternative represents cost, less impairment, plus or minus observable price changes. Quarterly, we also confirm the securities still qualify to be measured in accordance with the measurement alternative. The value of the securities will be adjusted for any increases or decreases as a result of an observable price change.
Accounts Payable Included in accounts payable balances are book overdrafts, which are outstanding checks in excess of funds on deposit. Such amounts totaled $5.1 million and $1.2 million at year-end 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Accrued Payroll and Related Taxes Included in current accrued payroll and related taxes are book overdrafts, which are outstanding checks in excess of funds on deposit. Such amounts totaled $11.4 million and $9.6 million at year-end 2024 and 2023, respectively. Payroll taxes for temporary employees are recognized proportionately to direct wages for interim periods based on expected full-year amounts.
63

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes using the liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected tax consequences of temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts. Valuation allowances are provided against deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized.
The U.S. work opportunity credit is allowed for wages earned by employees in certain targeted groups. The actual amount of creditable wages in a particular period is estimated, since the credit is only available once an employee reaches a minimum employment period and the employee’s inclusion in a targeted group is certified by the applicable state. As these events often occur after the period the wages are earned, judgment is required in determining the amount of work opportunity credits accrued for in each period. We evaluate the accrual regularly throughout the year and make adjustments as needed.
Uncertain tax positions that are taken or expected to be taken in a tax return are recognized in the financial statements when it is more likely than not (i.e., a likelihood of more than fifty percent) that the position would be sustained upon examination by tax authorities that have full knowledge of all relevant information. A recognized tax position is then measured at the largest amount of benefit that is greater than fifty percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement.
Interest and penalties related to income taxes are classified as income tax expense. U.S. taxes on global intangible low-taxed income ("GILTI") are accounted for as incurred.
Stock-Based Compensation The Company may grant restricted stock awards and units (collectively, “restricted stock”) and performance awards of the Company's Class A stock to key employees. The Company utilizes the market price on the date of grant as the fair value for restricted stock and the market price on the date of grant less the present value of the expected dividends not received during the vesting period for performance awards. The value of awards is recognized as expense, net of forfeitures as they occur, over the requisite service periods in SG&A expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of earnings.
Earnings Per Share Restricted stock that entitle their holders to receive nonforfeitable dividends before vesting are considered participating securities and, therefore, are included in the calculation of earnings per share using the two-class method. The two-class method is an earnings allocation formula that determines earnings per share for each class of common stock and participating security according to dividends declared and participation rights in undistributed earnings. Under this method, earnings from continuing operations (or net earnings) is reduced by the amount of dividends declared, and the remaining undistributed earnings is allocated to common stock and participating securities based on the proportion of each class’s weighted average shares outstanding to the total weighted average shares outstanding. The calculation of diluted earnings per share includes the effect of potential common shares outstanding in the average weighted shares outstanding.
Workers’ Compensation In the U.S., the Company has a combination of insurance and self-insurance contracts under which we effectively bear the first $1.0 million of risk per single accident. The Company establishes accruals for workers’ compensation claims utilizing actuarial methods to estimate the undiscounted future cash payments that will be made to satisfy the claims, including an allowance for incurred-but-not-reported claims. The Company retains an independent consulting actuary to establish loss development factors and loss rates, based on historical claims experience as well as industry experience, and applies those factors to current claims information to derive an estimate of the ultimate claims liability.
In preparing the estimates, the consulting actuary considers a number of assumptions and multiple generally accepted actuarial methods in the course of preparing the loss forecast for claims. When claims exceed the applicable loss limit or self-insured retention and realization of recovery of the claim from existing insurance policies is deemed probable, the Company records a receivable from the insurance company for the excess amount. The receivable is included in prepaid expenses and other current assets and other assets in the consolidated balance sheet at year end. The Company evaluates the accrual quarterly throughout the year and makes adjustments as needed, and the ultimate cost of these claims may be greater than or less than the established accrual.
64

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
2. Revenue
Revenue Disaggregated by Service Type
Kelly has four operating segments: Professional & Industrial ("P&I"), Science, Engineering & Technology ("SET"), Education, and Outsourcing & Consulting Group ("Outsourcing & Consulting," "OCG"). Prior to 2024, the Company also had an International operating segment (see Segment Disclosures footnote). Following the sale of the Company's EMEA staffing operations in January 2024 (see Acquisitions and Dispositions footnote), the Mexico operations, which were previously in our International segment, are now included in our P&I segment. The 2023 and 2022 P&I segment information has been recast to conform to the new structure. Other than OCG, each segment delivers talent through staffing services, permanent placement or outcome-based services. Our OCG segment delivers talent solutions including managed service provider ("MSP"), payroll process outsourcing ("PPO"), recruitment process outsourcing ("RPO"), and talent advisory services. Our SET segment also offers talent solutions resulting from the acquisition of Motion Recruitment Partners, LLC, which is included in the SET segment (see Acquisitions and Dispositions footnote).
The following table presents our segment revenues disaggregated by service type (in millions of dollars):

|  | December Year to Date |  |  |  |
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Professional & Industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Staffing services |  | $ | 956.9 |  |  | $ | 1,014.2 |  |  | $ | 1,229.5 |  |  |  |  |
Permanent placement |  | 9.7 |  |  | 14.0 |  |  | 30.3 |  |  |  |  |
Outcome-based services |  | 504.1 |  |  | 511.3 |  |  | 450.1 |  |  |  |  |
Total Professional & Industrial |  | 1,470.7 |  |  | 1,539.5 |  |  | 1,709.9 |  |  |  |  |
Science, Engineering & Technology |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Staffing services |  | 945.3 |  |  | 792.7 |  |  | 869.0 |  |  |  |  |
Permanent placement |  | 29.5 |  |  | 17.8 |  |  | 29.7 |  |  |  |  |
Outcome-based services |  | 421.5 |  |  | 380.3 |  |  | 366.7 |  |  |  |  |
Talent solutions |  | 26.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Total Science, Engineering & Technology |  | 1,422.8 |  |  | 1,190.8 |  |  | 1,265.4 |  |  |  |  |
Education |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Staffing services |  | 966.0 |  |  | 834.9 |  |  | 627.8 |  |  |  |  |
Permanent placement |  | 6.3 |  |  | 7.0 |  |  | 8.4 |  |  |  |  |
Total Education |  | 972.3 |  |  | 841.9 |  |  | 636.2 |  |  |  |  |
Outsourcing & Consulting |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Talent solutions |  | 468.3 |  |  | 454.7 |  |  | 468.0 |  |  |  |  |
Total Outsourcing & Consulting |  | 468.3 |  |  | 454.7 |  |  | 468.0 |  |  |  |  |
International |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Staffing services |  | — |  |  | 790.0 |  |  | 851.4 |  |  |  |  |
Permanent placement |  | — |  |  | 20.7 |  |  | 21.2 |  |  |  |  |
Talent solutions |  | — |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | 14.4 |  |  |  |  |
Total International |  | — |  |  | 812.1 |  |  | 887.0 |  |  |  |  |
Total Intersegment |  | (2.3) |  |  | (3.3) |  |  | (1.1) |  |  |  |  |
Total Revenue from Services |  | $ | 4,331.8 |  |  | $ | 4,835.7 |  |  | $ | 4,965.4 |  |  |  |  |

65

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Revenue Disaggregated by Geography
Our operations are subject to different economic and regulatory environments depending on geographic location. Our P&I and Education segments operate in the Americas region, our SET segment operates in the Americas and Europe regions, and our OCG segment operates in the Americas, Europe and Asia-Pacific regions. In 2023 and 2022, our International segment included our staffing operations in Europe as well as Mexico, which is included in the Americas region. Our Russian operations were sold in the third quarter of 2022 (see Acquisitions and Dispositions footnote).
The below table presents our revenues disaggregated by geography (in millions of dollars):

|  | December Year to Date
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Americas |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  | $ | 3,876.9 |  |  | $ | 3,555.8 |  |  | $ | 3,671.5 |
Canada |  | 188.6 |  |  | 189.8 |  |  | 168.2 |
Puerto Rico |  | 108.0 |  |  | 107.0 |  |  | 112.4 |
Mexico |  | 60.7 |  |  | 75.7 |  |  | 46.5 |
Total Americas Region |  | 4,234.2 |  |  | 3,928.3 |  |  | 3,998.6 |
Europe |  |  |  |  |  |
Switzerland |  | 4.0 |  |  | 224.2 |  |  | 222.8 |
France |  | 0.4 |  |  | 194.4 |  |  | 199.4 |
Portugal |  | — |  |  | 189.4 |  |  | 169.5 |
Italy |  | — |  |  | 63.9 |  |  | 69.3 |
Russia |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 63.4 |
Other |  | 37.5 |  |  | 191.8 |  |  | 200.3 |
Total Europe Region |  | 41.9 |  |  | 863.7 |  |  | 924.7 |
Total Asia-Pacific Region |  | 55.7 |  |  | 43.7 |  |  | 42.1 |
Total Kelly Services, Inc. |  | $ | 4,331.8 |  |  | $ | 4,835.7 |  |  | $ | 4,965.4 |

66

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
The below table presents revenue from our SET, OCG and former International segment, which previously included our Mexico operations, disaggregated by geographic region (in millions of dollars):

|  | December Year to Date
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Science, Engineering & Technology |  |  |  |  |  |
Americas |  | $ | 1,412.1 |  |  | $ | 1,175.2 |  |  | $ | 1,250.3 |
Europe |  | 10.7 |  |  | 15.6 |  |  | 15.1 |
Total Science, Engineering & Technology |  | $ | 1,422.8 |  |  | $ | 1,190.8 |  |  | $ | 1,265.4 |
Outsourcing & Consulting |  |  |  |  |  |
Americas |  | $ | 381.4 |  |  | $ | 375.0 |  |  | $ | 403.3 |
Europe |  | 31.2 |  |  | 36.0 |  |  | 22.6 |
Asia-Pacific |  | 55.7 |  |  | 43.7 |  |  | 42.1 |
Total Outsourcing & Consulting |  | $ | 468.3 |  |  | $ | 454.7 |  |  | $ | 468.0 |
International |  |  |  |  |  |
Europe |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 812.1 |  |  | $ | 887.0 |
Total International |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 812.1 |  |  | $ | 887.0 |

Deferred Costs
Deferred fulfillment costs, which are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets in the consolidated balance sheet, were $1.8 million as of year-end 2024 and $3.4 million as of 2023. Amortization expense for the deferred costs was $6.7 million for 2024, $7.7 million for 2023 and $10.1 million for 2022. As of year-end 2024, there was no impairment loss in relation to the costs capitalized.
3. Credit Losses
The rollforward of our allowance for credit losses related to trade accounts receivable, which is recorded in trade accounts receivable, less allowance in the consolidated balance sheet, is as follows (in millions of dollars):

| December Year to Date
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $ | 8.0 |  |  | $ | 7.7 |  |  | $ | 9.4 |
Current period provision | 0.6 |  |  | 2.1 |  |  | 1.3 |
Currency exchange effects | (0.3) |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | (0.2) |
Disposition of EMEA staffing operations | (2.4) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Write-offs | (1.0) |  |  | (2.1) |  |  | (2.8) |
Ending balance | $ | 4.9 |  |  | $ | 8.0 |  |  | $ | 7.7 |

Write-offs are presented net of recoveries, which were not material for December year-to-date 2024, 2023 and 2022. As of year-end 2024, the Company has a receivable of $16.4 million related to the sale of our EMEA staffing operations (see Acquisitions and Dispositions footnote). The Company has determined that no credit loss provision is required on this receivable as it is considered collectible. There were no long-term customer receivables in 2024, 2023 and 2022. No allowances related to other receivables were material for December year-to-date 2024, 2023 and 2022.
67

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
4. Acquisitions and Dispositions
Acquisitions
Children's Therapy Center
On November 13, 2024, Kelly Services USA, LLC ("KSU"), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, acquired 100% of the issued and outstanding limited liability company interests of Children's Therapy Center ("CTC"). CTC specializes in occupational, physical, and speech therapy for children and will expand the Company's growth opportunities in therapeutic services. Under terms of the purchase agreement, the purchase price of $3.3 million was adjusted for cash held by CTC at the closing date and estimated working capital adjustments, resulting in the company paying cash of $3.1 million. Goodwill generated from the acquisition of $3.0 million was primarily attributable to expanding market potential and was assigned to the Education operating segment (see Goodwill and Intangible Assets footnote). CTC's results of operations are included in the Education segment. Pro forma results of operations for this acquisition have not been presented as the acquisition does not have a material impact to the consolidated statements of earnings.
Motion Recruitment Partners
On May 31, 2024, the Company indirectly acquired 100% of the equity interests in Motion Recruitment Partners, LLC ("MRP") by way of a merger with MRP Merger Sub, Inc. ("Merger Sub"), a newly-formed, wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, with and into MRP Topco ("Topco"), the indirect parent company of MRP and Littlejohn Fund V, L.P. ("Littlejohn"), with Topco surviving the merger (the "Merger"). MRP is a parent company to a group of leading global talent solutions providers and the acquisition is expected to strengthen the scale and capabilities of Kelly's solutions portfolio. Under terms of the merger agreement, the $425.0 million purchase price was adjusted for estimated cash held by MRP at the closing date and estimated working capital adjustments, resulting in the Company paying cash of $440.0 million. The acquisition was funded with cash on hand and available credit facilities (see Debt footnote). Total consideration included $3.4 million of contingent consideration related to an earnout payment with a maximum potential cash payment of $60.0 million in the event certain financial metrics are met per the terms of the agreement. The earnout payment is based upon a multiple of gross profit in excess of an agreed-upon amount during the earnout period, defined as the 12 months ending March 31, 2025, and any necessary payment is due to the seller in the second quarter of 2025. The initial fair value of the earnout was established using a Monte Carlo simulation model, reassessed quarterly, and was written down to zero in the fourth quarter of 2024 (see Fair Value Measurements footnote). In the fourth quarter of 2024, the Company paid a post-close net working capital adjustment of $1.4 million. The merger agreement contains representations and warranties and covenants customary for a transaction of this nature. The total consideration is as follows (in millions of dollars):

Cash consideration paid | $ | 425.0 |
Estimated cash acquired | 13.6 |
Estimated net working capital adjustment | 1.4 |
Total cash consideration | 440.0 |
Additional consideration payable | 3.4 |
Net working capital adjustment | 1.4 |
Total consideration | $ | 444.8 |

68

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
The purchase price allocation for this acquisition is preliminary and could change. The following table summarizes the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the date of the acquisition (in millions of dollars):

Cash and equivalents | $ | 12.6 |
Trade accounts receivable | 89.1 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 8.5 |
Net property and equipment | 3.1 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 11.9 |
Goodwill | 222.9 |
Intangibles, net | 145.9 |
Other assets, noncurrent | 10.6 |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities, current | (12.1) |
Operating lease liabilities, current | (4.0) |
Accrued payroll and related taxes, current | (15.9) |
Income and other taxes, current | (0.5) |
Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent | (9.0) |
Other long-term liabilities | (18.3) |
Total consideration, including working capital adjustments | $ | 444.8 |

The fair value of the acquired receivables represents the contractual value net of the allowance for potentially uncollectible accounts. Included in the assets purchased in the MRP acquisition was $145.9 million of intangible assets, made up of $88.1 million in customer relationships, $56.5 million associated with MRP's trade names, and $1.3 million for non-compete agreements. The customer relationships are amortized over 15 years with no residual value, the trade names are amortized over 10-15 years with no residual value, and the non-compete agreements are amortized over four years with no residual value. Goodwill generated from the acquisition was primarily attributable to expanding market potential and the expected revenue and operational synergies and was assigned to the SET operating segment (see Goodwill and Intangible Assets footnote). None of the goodwill generated from the acquisition is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
MRP's results of operations are included in the SET segment. For year-end 2024, our consolidated revenues and net earnings (loss) include $285.8 million and $4.2 million of earnings from MRP, respectively.
Pro Forma Information
The following unaudited pro forma information presents a summary of the operating results as if the MRP acquisition had been completed as of January 2, 2023 (in millions of dollars):

|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Pro forma revenues |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,552.2 |  |  | $ | 5,389.8 |
Pro forma net earnings (loss) |  |  |  |  | $ | (4.9) |  |  | $ | 30.8 |

The pro forma results for the periods above include adjustments to amortization expense for the intangible assets, reversal of MRP's interest expense on credit facilities that were settled upon completion of the acquisition, interest expense and associated amortization of debt issuance costs for financing the acquisition, reclassification of transaction expenses to the appropriate period, and applicable taxes. The unaudited pro forma information presented has been prepared for comparative purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of the results of operations as they would have been had the acquisition occurred on the assumed date, nor is it necessarily an indication of future operating results.
69

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Pediatric Therapeutic Services
In the second quarter of 2022, KSU, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, acquired 100% of the membership interests of Pediatric Therapeutic Services ("PTS") for a purchase price of $82.1 million. PTS is a specialty firm that provides and manages various state and federally mandated in-school therapy services. This acquisition expanded Education's K-12 solution offering in the education staffing market and served as an entry point into the therapeutic services market. Under terms of the purchase agreement, the purchase price was adjusted for cash held by PTS at the closing date and estimated working capital adjustments resulting in the Company paying cash of $85.7 million. PTS's results of operations are included in the Education segment.
RocketPower
In the first quarter of 2022, the Company acquired Rocket Power Holdings LLC and Rocket Power Ops LLC (collectively, "RocketPower") and acquired 100% of the issued and outstanding membership interests of RocketPower for a purchase price of $59.3 million. RocketPower is a provider of RPO solutions to U.S. high-tech companies. This acquisition expanded OCG's RPO solution and delivery offering and enhanced the specialty RPO strategy and expertise within the high-tech industry. Under terms of the purchase agreement, the purchase price was adjusted for cash held by RocketPower at the closing date and estimated working capital adjustments resulting in the Company paying cash of $61.8 million. RocketPower's results of operations are included in the OCG segment.
Goodwill generated from the acquisition was primarily attributable to expected synergies from combining operations and expanding market potential and was assigned to the OCG operating segment. In 2022, changes in market conditions triggered interim impairment tests for both long-lived assets and goodwill, resulting in the Company recording a goodwill impairment charge of $41.0 million (see Goodwill and Intangible Assets footnote).
Dispositions
Disposition of EMEA Staffing Operations
On January 2, 2024, the Company completed the sale of its EMEA staffing operations ("disposal group"), which was included in the Company's International operating segment, to Gi Group Holdings S.P.A. ("Gi"). Upon closing, the Company received cash proceeds of $110.6 million, or $77.1 million net of cash disposed, which is included in investing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. The Company expects to receive additional net cash proceeds to reflect the cash-free, debt-free transaction basis, as well as working capital and other adjustments. The Company will not receive any proceeds from the contingent consideration opportunity associated with the transaction. In the first quarter of 2024, the Company recorded a euro-denominated receivable from Gi of $26.9 million representing the adjustments that were determinable and expected to be received. In the second quarter of 2024, the Company recorded negative working capital and other adjustments of $10.1 million, which reduced the net receivable from Gi to $16.8 million. As of year-end 2024, the net receivable is $16.4 million, with the change of $0.4 million from the second quarter reflecting foreign currency remeasurements. The Company is actively reconciling the receivable in accordance with the purchase agreement and expects it to be settled upon completion of this process. The receivable is included in prepaid expenses and other current assets in the consolidated balance sheet and included in the gain on the transaction. The total gain on the transaction at year-end 2024 is $1.6 million, which is recorded in the gain on sale of EMEA staffing operations in the consolidated statements of earnings.
The disposal group did not meet the requirements to be classified as discontinued operations as the sale did not have a material effect on the Company's operations and did not represent a strategic shift in the Company's strategy. As of December 31, 2023, the disposal group was classified as held for sale and held at its carrying value. Our consolidated earnings from operations in 2023 included earnings of $4.3 million from the EMEA staffing operations.
70

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
The major classes of divested assets and liabilities were as follows (in millions of dollars):

Assets divested |  |
Cash and equivalents |  | $ | 33.5 |
Trade accounts receivable, net |  | 202.8 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | 29.0 |
Property and equipment, net |  | 4.2 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | 14.2 |
Deferred taxes |  | 4.1 |
Other assets |  | 5.4 |
Assets divested |  | 293.2 |
Liabilities divested |  |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  | (24.5) |
Operating lease liabilities, current |  | (5.7) |
Accrued payroll and related taxes |  | (91.6) |
Income and other taxes |  | (32.9) |
Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent |  | (8.9) |
Accrued retirement benefits |  | (1.7) |
Other long-term liabilities |  | (4.6) |
Liabilities divested |  | (169.9) |
Disposal group, net |  | $ | 123.3 |

Disposition of Russia Operations
On July 20, 2022, the Company completed the sale of its Russia operations, which was included in the Company's International operating segment. The Company received cash proceeds of $7.4 million, which was less than the cash disposed of in the sale, resulting in investing cash outflows of $6.0 million in the consolidated statements of cash flows. The transaction resulted in a loss on the sale of $18.7 million, which was recorded in loss on disposal in the consolidated statements of earnings. The Russia operations did not meet the requirements to be classified as discontinued operations as the sale did not have a material effect on the Company's operations and did not represent a strategic shift in the Company's strategy. Our consolidated revenue for the year ended 2022 included $63.4 million from the Russia operations and our consolidated earnings before taxes for the year ended 2022 included $1.4 million from the Russia operations.
5. Investment in Persol Holdings
Prior to February 2022, the Company had a yen-denominated investment through the Company's subsidiary, Kelly Services Japan, Inc., in the common stock of Persol Holdings Co., Ltd. ("Persol Holdings"), the 100% owner of Persol Asia Pacific Pte. Ltd., the Company’s joint venture partner in PersolKelly Pte. Ltd. (the "JV"). In February 2022, the Company's board approved a series of transactions that ended the cross-shareholding agreement with Persol Holdings.
On February 14, 2022, the Company repurchased 1,576,169 Class A and 1,475 Class B common shares held by Persol Holdings for $27.2 million. The purchase price was based on the average closing price of the last five business days prior to the transaction. The shares were subsequently retired and returned to an authorized, unissued status. In accordance with the Company's policy, the amount paid to repurchase the shares in excess of par value of $25.6 million was recorded to earnings invested in the business in the consolidated balance sheet at the time of the share retirement.
71

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
On February 15, 2022, Kelly Services Japan, Inc. sold the investment in the common stock of Persol Holdings in an open-market transaction for proceeds of $196.9 million, net of transaction fees. The $67.2 million loss in the first quarter of 2022 recorded in loss on investment in Persol Holdings in the consolidated statements of earnings included $52.4 million for losses related to changes in fair value up to the date of the transaction and $14.8 million for the discount from the market price on the date of the sale and transaction costs.
Subsequent to the transaction discussed above, the Company commenced the dissolution process of its Kelly Services Japan, Inc. subsidiary, which was considered substantially liquidated as of first quarter-end 2022. As a result, the Company recognized a $20.4 million cumulative translation adjustment loss in the first quarter of 2022, which was recorded in loss on currency translation from liquidation of subsidiary in the consolidated statements of earnings. The Company also recognized a $5.5 million foreign exchange gain related to U.S.-denominated cash equivalents held by Kelly Services Japan, Inc. following the sale of the Persol Holdings shares and prior to a dividend payment to the Company in the first quarter of 2022. The foreign exchange gain was recorded in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of earnings. The dissolution of the Kelly Services Japan, Inc. subsidiary was completed in the fourth quarter of 2022.
6. Investment in PersolKelly Pte. Ltd.
Prior to February 2022, the Company had a 49% ownership interest in the JV (see Investment in Persol Holdings footnote above), a staffing services business operating in ten geographies in the Asia-Pacific region. On February 14, 2022, the Company entered into an agreement to sell 95% of the Company's shares in the JV to Persol Asia Pacific Pte. Ltd. On March 1, 2022, the Company received cash proceeds of $119.5 million. The carrying value of the shares sold was $117.6 million. In addition, the Company had $1.9 million of accumulated other comprehensive income representing the Company's share of the JV's other comprehensive income over time related to the shares sold that was realized upon the sale, offsetting the $1.9 million gain that resulted from the proceeds in excess of the carrying value.
The operating results of the Company’s interest in the JV were accounted for on a one-quarter lag under the equity method and were reported in equity in net earnings of affiliate in the consolidated statements of earnings through the date of the sale. Such amounts were earnings of $0.8 million in the first quarter of 2022, representing the results through the date of the sale.
After the sale, the Company has a 2.5% ownership interest in the JV and discontinued its use of equity method accounting. The remaining investment is accounted for as an equity investment without a readily determinable fair value (see Fair Value Measurements footnote). The equity investment, included in other assets on the Company's consolidated balance sheet, totaled $6.4 million as of year-end 2024 and year-end 2023.
72

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
7. Fair Value Measurements
Trade accounts receivable, short-term borrowings, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and accrued payroll and related taxes approximate their fair values due to the short-term maturities of these assets and liabilities. Our long-term debt is related to revolving credit agreements and their carrying values approximate fair value as the interest rates are variable and reflect current market rates.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
The following tables present assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of year-end 2024 and 2023 in the consolidated balance sheet by fair value hierarchy level, as described below.
Level 1 measurements consist of unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 measurements include quoted prices in markets that are not active or model inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly for substantially the full term of the asset or liability. Level 3 measurements include significant unobservable inputs. There were no transfers between Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 assets or liabilities in 2024 or 2023.

|  | As of Year-End 2024
Description |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
|  | (In millions of dollars)
Money market funds |  | $ | 6.4 |  |  | $ | 6.4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Total assets at fair value |  | $ | 6.4 |  |  | $ | 6.4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Interest rate swaps |  | $ | (0.4) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (0.4) |  |  | $ | — |
EMEA staffing indemnification |  | (2.0) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2.0) |
Brazil indemnification |  | (1.7) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1.7) |
Total liabilities at fair value |  | $ | (4.1) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (0.4) |  |  | $ | (3.7) |
|  | As of Year-End 2023
Description |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
|  | (In millions of dollars)
Money market funds |  | $ | 42.5 |  |  | $ | 42.5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Total assets at fair value |  | $ | 42.5 |  |  | $ | 42.5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Brazil indemnification |  | $ | (3.0) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (3.0) |
Foreign currency forward contract, net |  | (3.6) |  |  | — |  |  | (3.6) |  |  | — |
Total liabilities at fair value |  | $ | (6.6) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (3.6) |  |  | $ | (3.0) |

Money market funds
Money market funds represent investments in money market funds that hold government securities, of which $6.4 million as of year-end 2024 and $8.0 million as of year-end 2023 are restricted as to use and are included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheet. The money market funds that are restricted as to use account for the majority of our restricted cash balance and represents cash balances that are required to be maintained to fund disability claims in California. The remaining money market funds as of year-end 2023 are included in cash and equivalents in the consolidated balance sheet. The valuations of money market funds are based on quoted market prices of those accounts as of the respective period end.
73

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Forward contracts
On February 8, 2024, the Company entered into a foreign currency forward contract with a notional amount of €17.0 million to manage the foreign currency risk associated with expected additional proceeds related to the sale of our EMEA staffing operations (see Acquisitions and Dispositions footnote). The expected proceeds are recorded as a euro-denominated receivable which is remeasured quarterly. The forward contract was designated as a fair value hedge, with the mark-to-market changes of the forward contract offsetting the mark-to-market changes of the receivable in the gain on sale of EMEA staffing operations in the consolidated statements of earnings. The contract was valued using observable inputs, such as foreign currency exchange rates, and was considered a level 2 liability. In the fourth quarter of 2024, the Company settled the contract with a $0.4 million cash payment and recognized a corresponding loss of $0.4 million on the contract. As of year-end 2024, there is no asset or liability related to the forward contract.
On November 2, 2023, the Company entered into a foreign currency forward contract with a notional amount of €90.0 million to manage the foreign currency risk associated with the sale of our EMEA staffing operations, which was completed on January 2, 2024. This contract was not designated as a hedging instrument; therefore, it was marked-to-market and the changes in fair value were recognized in earnings. The Company's foreign currency forward contract was valued using observable inputs, such as foreign currency exchange rates, and was considered a level 2 liability. The Company recorded an unrealized loss of $3.6 million for the year ended 2023 and had a net liability associated with the forward contract of $3.6 million as of year-end 2023. The Company settled the forward contract on January 5, 2024 for $2.4 million of cash. Accordingly, the Company recognized a gain of $1.2 million in the first quarter of 2024 in other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of earnings, which partially offsets the $3.6 million loss recognized in 2023, for a total loss of $2.4 million on the contract.
Interest rate swaps
On July 17, 2024, the Company entered into two interest rate swaps with a notional value of $50.0 million each to manage fluctuations on our securitization facility due to SOFR variances (see Debt footnote). These contracts were not designated as hedging instruments; therefore, the mark-to-market fair value changes and the cash settlements on the swaps are recognized in earnings. The Company's interest rate swaps were valued with assistance from a third party based on pricing models using observable inputs, such as SOFR forward rates, and are considered level 2 liabilities, which will be remeasured quarterly. As of year-end 2024, the Company recorded a liability totaling $0.4 million related to the mark-to-market fair value change of the interest rate swaps in accounts payable and accrued liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet. In 2024, the Company recorded a total loss of $0.2 million. This loss includes $0.4 million related to mark-to-market changes in fair value, which was partially offset by the impact of cash settlements of $0.2 million, in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of earnings.
Indemnification liabilities
As of year-end 2024, the Company has an indemnification liability totaling $2.0 million related to the sale of the EMEA staffing operations in January 2024. The liability is included in other long-term liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet and the associated expense is included in the gain on sale of EMEA staffing operations in the consolidated statements of earnings. As part of the sale, the Company agreed to indemnify the buyer for losses and costs incurred in connection with certain events or occurrences for an indefinite term. The Company's maximum exposure under these indemnifications is not estimable at this time due to uncertainties to potential outcomes and the facts and circumstances involved in the agreement. Management believes the risk of material exposure is remote. The initial valuation of the indemnification liability was established using a discounted cash flow methodology based on probability weighted-average cash flows discounted by weighted-average cost of capital. The valuation, which represents the fair value, is considered a level 3 liability and is measured on a recurring basis. During 2024, the Company recognized a decrease of $0.1 million to the indemnification liability related to exchange rate fluctuations in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of earnings.
As year-end 2024, the Company has an indemnification liability related to the 2020 sale of the Brazil operations totaling $1.7 million with $0.9 million in accounts payable and accrued liabilities and $0.8 million in other long-term liabilities, and $3.0 million as of year-end 2023 with $0.1 million in accounts payable and accrued liabilities and $2.9 million in other long-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. As part of the sale, the Company agreed to indemnify the buyer for losses and costs incurred in connection with certain events or occurrences initiated within a six-year period after closing. The aggregate losses for which the Company will provide indemnification will not exceed $8.8 million. The valuation of the indemnification liability was established using a discounted cash flow methodology based on probability weighted-average cash flows discounted by weighted-average cost of capital. The valuation, which represents the fair value, is considered a level 3 liability, and is being measured on a recurring basis. In 2024, the Company recognized a decrease of $0.7 million to the
74

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
indemnification liability related to exchange rate fluctuations and was also reduced by $0.7 million as a result of the fourth quarter reassessment of the liability, both of which are recorded in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of earnings.
Earnout liabilities
The Company recorded an initial earnout liability relating to the 2024 acquisition of MRP totaling $3.4 million in accounts payable and accrued liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet (see Acquisitions and Dispositions footnote). The valuation of the earnout liability was initially established using the Monte Carlo simulation model and represented the fair value and is considered a level 3 liability. The maximum total cash payment which may be due related to the earnout liability is $60.0 million. In the fourth quarter 2024, the liability was reassessed and the fair value was determined to be zero. As such, there is no liability recorded related to the earnout as of year-end 2024.
The Company recorded an earnout liability relating to the 2020 acquisition of Greenwood/Asher, with a remaining liability of $3.3 million at year-end 2022. The initial valuation of the earnout liability was established using a Black Scholes model and represented the fair value and was considered a level 3 liability. During the first quarter of 2023, the Company paid the remaining earnout liability totaling $3.3 million, representing the year two portion of the earnout. In the consolidated statements of cash flows, $1.4 million of the payment was reflected as a financing activity representing the initial fair value of the earnout, with the remainder flowing through operating activities. There was no remaining earnout liability as of year-end 2023. During the first quarter of 2022, the Company paid the year one portion of the earnout totaling $2.3 million. In the consolidated statements of cash flows, $0.7 million is reflected as a financing activity representing the initial fair value of the earnout, with the remainder flowing through operating activities.
Equity Investments Without Readily Determinable Fair Value
In 2022, the Company invested in equity securities with an initial investment of $0.4 million which was included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheet. This investment is measured using the measurement alternative for equity investments without a readily determinable fair value. The measurement alternative represents cost, less impairment, plus or minus observable price changes. In the fourth quarter of 2024, the Company entered into a transaction to sell a portion of its shares with a carrying value of $0.1 million, representing total cost plus observable price changes to date. As a result of the sale, the Company recorded a gain of $0.6 million in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of earnings. Additionally, as a result of the sale, the value of the remaining investment was remeasured to $3.5 million based on observable prices changes and an unrealized gain of $3.2 million was recorded in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of earnings.
The Company holds a 2.5% interest in PersolKelly Pte. Ltd. (see Investment in PersolKelly Pte. Ltd. footnote) which is measured using the measurement alternative for equity investments without a readily determinable fair value. The investment totaled $6.4 million as of year-end 2024 and 2023, representing total cost plus observable price changes to date.
Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
In addition to assets that are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis, annual and interim impairment tests may subject our reporting units with goodwill and long-lived assets to nonrecurring fair value measurement. We performed our annual impairment test for goodwill in the fourth quarter of each year and for long-lived assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable.
Refer to the Goodwill and Intangible Assets footnote for additional details on impairment charges related to years-ended 2024 and 2022. There were no goodwill or intangible asset impairment charges recorded in 2023.
The various inputs to the fair value models are considered level 3. Refer to the Significant Accounting Policies footnote for additional details on the valuation methodologies and inputs used to measure fair value.
8. Restructuring and Transformation Activities
2024 Actions
Restructuring and transformation charges for the year-ended 2024 were $6.1 million as a continuation of the actions that were announced in the second quarter of 2023 as part of the comprehensive transformation initiative. The transformation activities
75

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
consisted of $3.0 million of severance charges and $3.1 million of costs to execute the transformation. The severance and transformation costs are recorded in SG&A expenses in the consolidated statements of earnings.
Additionally, in 2024, the Company recognized an impairment charge of $13.5 million primarily for certain ROU assets related to our leased headquarters facility reflecting adjustments as to how we are utilizing the building as a part of our ongoing transformation efforts. The impairment charges related to the ROU assets are recorded in the asset impairment charge in the consolidated statements of earnings.
The restructuring and transformation costs included in SG&A are detailed below for December year-to-date 2024 (in millions of dollars):

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Severance Costs |  | Transformation Costs |  | Total
Professional & Industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.3 |
Science, Engineering & Technology |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.3 |
Outsourcing & Consulting |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.4 |
Corporate |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 3.1 |  |  | 5.1 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3.0 |  |  | $ | 3.1 |  |  | $ | 6.1 |

2023 Actions
In the first quarter of 2023, the Company undertook restructuring actions to further our cost management efforts in response to the demand levels and to reflect a repositioning of our P&I staffing business to better capitalize on opportunities in local markets. Restructuring costs incurred in the first quarter of 2023 related to these efforts totaled $5.7 million, which included $4.6 million of severance and $1.1 million of lease termination and other expenses and were recorded entirely in SG&A expenses in the consolidated statements of earnings.
In the second quarter of 2023, the Company announced a comprehensive transformation initiative that included actions to further streamline the Company's operating model to enhance organizational efficiency and effectiveness. The total costs incurred related to these transformation activities in 2023 totaled $32.2 million. The transformation activities included $17.7 million of costs to execute the transformation initiatives through the use of an external consultant, severance of $11.6 million, a $2.4 million impairment charge for ROU assets related to an unoccupied office space lease and $0.5 million of lease termination costs. The impairment charge related to the ROU assets was recorded in the asset impairment charge in the consolidated statements of earnings. The costs to execute, the severance, and lease termination costs were recorded in SG&A expenses in the consolidated statements of earnings, as detailed further below.
In connection with the sale of our EMEA staffing operations in the first quarter of 2024 (see Acquisitions and Dispositions footnote), there was an additional amount of severance costs for $3.1 million incurred in the fourth quarter of 2023 that was related to the sale and recorded in SG&A expenses in the consolidated statements of earnings and included in the table below.
The restructuring and transformation costs incurred in 2023 and included in SG&A are detailed below (in millions of dollars):

| Severance Costs |  | Lease Termination Costs, Transformation and Other |  | Total
Professional & Industrial | $ | 6.0 |  |  | $ | 0.7 |  |  | $ | 6.7 |
Science, Engineering & Technology | 1.3 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 1.6 |
Education | 1.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.0 |
Outsourcing & Consulting | 3.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 3.0 |
International | 3.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 3.3 |
Corporate | 4.7 |  |  | 18.3 |  |  | 23.0 |
Total | $ | 19.3 |  |  | $ | 19.3 |  |  | $ | 38.6 |

76

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
2022 Actions
In the first quarter of 2022, the Company took restructuring actions designed to increase efficiency. Restructuring costs incurred in 2022 totaled $1.7 million and were recorded entirely in SG&A expenses in the consolidated statements of earnings, as detailed below (in millions of dollars):

| Severance Costs |  | Lease Termination Costs |  | Total
Professional & Industrial | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | 0.3 |
Education | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.4 |
Outsourcing & Consulting | 0.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.2 |
Corporate | 0.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.8 |
Total | $ | 1.5 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | 1.7 |

Accrual Summary
A summary of our global restructuring balance sheet accrual, included in accrued payroll and related taxes and accounts payable and accrued liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet, is detailed below (in millions of dollars):

Balance as of year-end 2022 | $ | 0.3 |
Accruals | 40.6 |
Reductions for cash payments | (23.8) |
Accrual adjustments | (2.0) |
Balance as of year-end 2023 | 15.1 |
Accruals | 6.6 |
Reductions for cash payments | (19.4) |
Disposition of EMEA staffing operations | (1.5) |
Accrual adjustments | (0.5) |
Balance as of year-end 2024 | $ | 0.3 |

The remaining balance of $0.3 million as of year-end 2024 primarily represents severance costs and the majority is expected to be paid by first quarter-end 2025. No material adjustments are expected to be recorded.
9. Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill
The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the fiscal years 2024 and 2023 are included in the table below (in millions of dollars):

|  | Science, Engineering & Technology |  | Education |  |  |  | Total
Balance as of year-end 2022 |  | $ | 111.3 |  |  | $ | 39.8 |  |  |  |  | $ | 151.1 |
Additions |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Impairment adjustments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Balance as of year-end 2023 |  | 111.3 |  |  | 39.8 |  |  |  |  | 151.1 |
Additions |  | 222.9 |  |  | 3.0 |  |  |  |  | 225.9 |
Impairment adjustments |  | (72.8) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (72.8) |
Balance as of year-end 2024 |  | $ | 261.4 |  |  | $ | 42.8 |  |  |  |  | $ | 304.2 |

77

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Our SET reportable segment includes goodwill acquired in the second quarter of 2021 and 2024, related to our Softworld and MRP reporting units, respectively. Our Education reportable segment includes goodwill acquired in the fourth quarter of 2020, second quarter of 2022 and fourth quarter of 2024, related to our Education and PTS reporting units, respectively. (See the Acquisitions and Dispositions footnote for more details regarding each acquisition.)
The Company performs its annual goodwill impairment testing in the fourth quarter each year and regularly assesses whenever events or circumstances make it more likely than not that an impairment may have occurred. We also perform a qualitative review on a quarterly basis of our long-lived assets, comprised of net property and equipment and definite-lived intangible assets, to determine whether events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable.
2024 Goodwill Impairment Assessment
In the fourth quarter of 2024, we performed our annual goodwill impairment testing. For the PTS and Education reporting units, we performed step zero qualitative analyses and have concluded that there are no indications that the fair values of the PTS and Education reporting units are less than their respective carrying values and therefore no further testing was required. For the Softworld and MRP reporting units, our annual goodwill impairment testing included step one quantitative tests. As a result of the MRP quantitative assessment, we determined that the estimated fair value of the MRP reporting unit was more than its carrying value. The estimated fair value of the MRP reporting unit exceeded the carrying value by less than 10%. If current expectations of future revenue and profit margins are not met, or if market factors outside of our control change significantly, including discount rate, then the goodwill of the MRP reporting unit may be impaired in the future, resulting in goodwill impairment charges.
As a result of the Softworld quantitative assessment, the Company determined that Softworld's estimated fair value of the reporting unit no longer exceeded the carrying value. Softworld's 2024 financial performance was lower than internal projections due to continued challenging market conditions. As a result, management’s expectation for near-term financial performance and projected long-term growth rates were revised accordingly. These changes in circumstances were also indicators that the respective long-lived assets may not be recoverable. Softworld has definite-lived intangible assets, consisting of trade names, customer relationships and non-compete agreements, which are amortized over their estimated useful lives. We performed a long-lived asset recoverability test for Softworld and determined that undiscounted future cash flows exceeded the carrying amount of the asset group and were recoverable. Based on the result of our annual goodwill impairment test, we recorded an impairment charge of $72.8 million, which was included in goodwill impairment charge in the consolidated statements of earnings for the year ended 2024, to write-off a portion of Softworld's goodwill balance. Included in the impairment charge was an $18.4 million tax benefit associated with the impairment. The remaining goodwill balance for the Softworld reporting unit was $38.5 million as of year-end 2024. If current expectations of future revenue and profit margins are not met, or if market factors outside of our control change significantly, including discount rate, then the goodwill of the Softworld reporting unit may be further impaired in the future, resulting in goodwill impairment charges.
2023 Goodwill Impairment Assessment
In the fourth quarter of 2023, we performed our annual goodwill impairment testing, which included a step one quantitative test for the Softworld and PTS reporting units. As a result of the quantitative assessment, we determined that the estimated fair value of the Softworld and PTS reporting units was more than its carrying value. Additionally, we performed a step zero qualitative analysis for the Education reporting unit to determine whether a further quantitative analysis was necessary and concluded that a step one quantitative analysis was not necessary. As a result of the quantitative and qualitative assessments, the Company determined goodwill related to these reporting units was not impaired. As of year-end 2023, the estimated fair value of the Softworld reporting unit exceeded the carrying value by less than 10%.
2022 Goodwill Impairment
RocketPower was acquired during the first quarter of 2022 was allocated to the OCG reportable segment and was deemed to be a separate reporting unit. During the second half of 2022, customers within the high-tech industry vertical, in which RocketPower specializes, reduced or eliminated their full-time hiring, reducing demand for RocketPower’s services, and on-going economic uncertainty had more broadly impacted the growth in demand for RPO in the near-term. These changes in market conditions therefore caused triggering events requiring interim impairment tests for both long-lived assets and goodwill as of the third and fourth quarters of 2022. We performed a long-lived asset recoverability tests for RocketPower and determined that undiscounted future cash flows exceeded the carrying amount of the asset group and were recoverable. We performed interim step one quantitative tests for RocketPower’s goodwill and determined that the estimated fair value of the
78

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
reporting unit no longer exceeded the carrying value. Based on the result of our interim goodwill impairment tests, we recorded a total goodwill impairment charge of $41.0 million as of year-end 2022 to write-off all of RocketPower's goodwill balance.
Intangible Assets
Intangible assets, excluding fully-amortized intangibles, are included within other assets on our consolidated balance sheet and consist of the following (in millions of dollars):

|  |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |
| Useful Lives |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Less: Accumulated Amortization |  | Net |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Less: Accumulated Amortization |  | Net |
Customer relationships | 10-15 years |  | $ | 229.2 |  |  | $ | 65.9 |  |  | $ | 163.3 |  |  | $ | 141.1 |  |  | $ | 47.7 |  |  | $ | 93.4 |  |
Trade names | 10-15 years |  | 108.1 |  |  | 20.4 |  |  | 87.7 |  |  | 51.6 |  |  | 12.8 |  |  | 38.8 |  |
Non-compete agreements | 5 years |  | 5.6 |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | 4.3 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | 2.6 |  |
Trademarks | 10 years |  | 4.8 |  |  | 2.4 |  |  | 2.4 |  |  | 4.8 |  |  | 1.9 |  |  | 2.9 |  |
Total |  |  | $ | 347.7 |  |  | $ | 91.4 |  |  | $ | 256.3 |  |  | $ | 201.8 |  |  | $ | 64.1 |  |  | $ | 137.7 |  |

Intangible amortization expense, which is included in SG&A expenses in the consolidated statements of earnings, was $27.3 million, $20.9 million and $19.4 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The amortization expense is expected to be $30.1 million in 2025, $29.4 million in 2026, $28.8 million in 2027, $27.4 million in 2028 and $24.8 million in 2029.
10. Other Assets
Included in other assets are the following (in millions of dollars):

| 2024 |  | 2023
Long-term hosted software, net of accumulated amortization of $23.5 million in 2024 and $14.2 million in 2023(1) | $ | 17.9 |  |  | $ | 13.1 |
Noncurrent restricted cash | 6.4 |  |  | 8.0 |
Workers' compensation and other claims receivable(2) | 4.9 |  |  | 11.7 |
Equity securities(3) | 11.0 |  |  | 7.9 |
Other | 5.1 |  |  | 7.8 |
Total other assets(4) | $ | 45.3 |  |  | $ | 48.5 |

(1) Long-term hosted software represents cloud computing arrangements that are comprised of internal-use software platforms that are accounted for as service contracts (see Summary of Significant Accounting Policies footnote).
(2) Workers’ compensation and other claims receivable represents receivables from the insurance company for U.S. workers’ compensation and automobile liability claims in excess of the applicable loss limits.
(3) Equity securities includes $6.4 million related to our equity investment in the JV (see Investment in PersolKelly Pte. Ltd footnote).
(4) Total other assets in 2023 includes $5.4 million of assets held for sale in connection with the sale of our EMEA staffing operations (see Acquisitions and Dispositions footnote).
79

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
11. Leases
The Company has operating leases for headquarters and field offices and various equipment. Our leases generally have remaining lease terms of one year to 10 years. We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception.
The components of lease expense are as follows (in millions of dollars):

|  |  |  | December Year to Date
Description |  | Statements of Earnings Location |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Operating: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease cost |  | Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | $ | 14.6 |  |  | $ | 21.0 |  |  | $ | 22.8 |
Short-term lease cost |  | Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | 0.6 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 2.4 |
Variable lease cost |  | Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | 3.5 |  |  | 6.1 |  |  | 5.2 |
Financing: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of ROU assets |  | Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 0.6 |
Interest on lease liabilities |  | Other income (expense), net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |
Total lease cost |  |  |  | $ | 19.0 |  |  | $ | 29.7 |  |  | $ | 31.1 |

Supplemental consolidated balance sheet information related to leases is as follows (in millions of dollars):

Description |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | As of Year-End 2024 |  | As of Year-End 2023 |
ROU Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating |  | Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | $ | 47.0 |  | (1) | $ | 61.3 |  | (2)
Financing |  | Net property and equipment |  | — |  |  | 0.3 |  |
Total lease assets |  |  |  | $ | 47.0 |  |  | $ | 61.6 |  |
ROU Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating - current |  | Operating lease liabilities, current |  | $ | 12.3 |  |  | $ | 14.0 |  | (2)
Operating - noncurrent |  | Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent |  | 50.9 |  |  | 51.9 |  | (2)
Total lease liabilities |  |  |  | $ | 63.2 |  |  | $ | 65.9 |  |

(1)ROU operating assets reflect an impairment charge of $12.1 million, related to our leased headquarters facility reflecting adjustments as to how we are utilizing the building as a part of our ongoing transformation efforts. The impairment charges related to the ROU assets are recorded in the asset impairment charge in the consolidated statements of earnings (see Restructuring and Transformation Activities footnote).
(2)ROU operating assets and liabilities, current and non-current, include held for sale leases (see Acquisitions and Dispositions footnote).
Weighted average remaining lease terms and discount rates for operating leases are as follows:

| December Year to Date
| 2024 |  | 2023
Weighted average remaining lease term (years): | 7.0 |  | 7.3
Weighted average discount rate: | 5.8 | % |  | 5.4 | %

80

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Other information related to leases is as follows (in millions of dollars):

|  |  | December Year to Date
|  |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating cash flows from operating leases |  |  | $ | 15.0 |  |  | $ | 20.6 |  |  | $ | 22.4 |
Financing cash flows from financing leases |  |  | — |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | 1.4 |
ROU assets obtained in exchange for new lease obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  |  | $ | 10.4 |  |  | $ | 12.6 |  |  | $ | 10.7 |

Maturities of lease liabilities as of year-end 2024 are as follows (in millions of dollars):

| Operating Leases |  |
2025 | $ | 15.5 |  |  |
2026 | 13.0 |  |  |
2027 | 9.5 |  |  |
2028 | 7.7 |  |  |
2029 | 6.9 |  |  |
Thereafter | 23.5 |  |  |
Total future lease payments | 76.1 |  |  |
Less: Imputed interest | 12.9 |  |  |
Total | $ | 63.2 |  |  |

81

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
12. Debt
Revolving Credit Facility
On May 29, 2024, the Company entered into an agreement with its lenders to amend and restate its existing $200.0 million, five-year revolving credit facility (the "Facility"), with a termination date of May 29, 2029. The amendment (i) decreased the current borrowing capacity to $150.0 million, (ii) added the ability to increase the borrowing capacity to an aggregate of $300.0 million and (iii) changed certain of the terms and conditions. The Facility is available to be used to fund working capital, acquisitions and general corporate needs. The Facility is secured by certain assets of the Company, excluding U.S. trade accounts receivable.
At year-end 2024, there were $40.0 million of long-term borrowings on the term benchmark line under the Facility and a remaining borrowing capacity of $110.0 million. The rate for these borrowings, which varies based on the Company's leverage ratio as defined in the agreement, includes either (i) the Prime rate plus the applicable margin for the floating line or (ii) a term SOFR for 1-, 3-, or 6-months dependent on the interest election plus a 0.10% margin and the applicable margin for the term benchmark line. At year-end 2023, there were no borrowings under the Facility and a remaining borrowing capacity of $200.0 million. To maintain availability of the funds, we pay a facility fee on the full amount of the Facility, regardless of usage. The facility fee varies based on the Company’s leverage ratio as defined in the agreement. The Facility, which contains a cross-default clause that could result in termination if defaults occur under our other loan agreements, had a facility fee of 20.0 basis points at year-end 2024 and 15.0 basis points at year-end 2023. The Facility’s financial covenants and restrictions are described below, all of which were met at year-end 2024:
•We must maintain a certain minimum interest coverage ratio of earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization ("EBITDA") and certain cash and non-cash charges that are non-recurring in nature to interest expense as of the end of any fiscal quarter.
•We must maintain a certain maximum ratio of total indebtedness to the sum of net worth and total indebtedness at all times.
•Dividends, stock buybacks and similar transactions are limited to certain maximum amounts.
•We must adhere to other operating restrictions relating to the conduct of business, such as certain limitations on asset sales and the type and scope of investments.
Securitization Facility
On May 29, 2024, the Company and Kelly Receivables Funding, LLC, a wholly owned bankruptcy remote special purpose subsidiary of the Company (the “Receivables Entity”), amended the Receivables Purchase Agreement related to its $150.0 million, three-year, securitization facility (the “Securitization Facility”). The amendment (i) increased the current borrowing capacity to $250.0 million, (ii) includes the ability to increase the borrowing capacity to an aggregate of $350.0 million, (iii) changed certain of the terms and conditions and (iv) has a termination date of May 28, 2027.
Under the Securitization Facility, the Company will sell certain trade receivables and related rights ("Receivables"), on a revolving basis, to the Receivables Entity. The Receivables Entity may from time to time sell an undivided variable percentage ownership interest in the Receivables. The Securitization Facility, which contains a cross-default clause that could result in termination if defaults occur under our other loan agreements, also allows for the issuance of standby letters of credit ("SBLC") and contains certain restrictions based on the performance of the Receivables.
At year-end 2024, the Securitization Facility had $199.4 million of long-term borrowings, SBLCs of $46.1 million related to workers’ compensation and a remaining capacity of $4.5 million. The rate for these borrowings includes the adjusted daily SOFR plus a 0.10% margin and a 1.10% utilization rate on the amount of our borrowings. The rate for the SBLCs of 1.10% represents a utilization rate on the outstanding balance. In addition, we pay a commitment fee of 40.0 basis points on the unused capacity. At year-end 2023, the Securitization Facility had no borrowings, SBLCs of $49.4 million related to workers’ compensation at a utilization rate of 0.90% and a remaining capacity of $100.6 million. In addition, we paid a commitment fee of 40.0 basis points on the unused capacity in 2023. On July 17, 2024, we entered into a $50.0 million 12-month interest rate swap and a $50.0 million 18-month interest rate swap that effectively locked in the variable SOFR component of our interest rate for a portion of the long-term borrowings on the Securitization Facility at a fixed rate of 4.772% and 4.468% from the effective date through July 17, 2025 and January 17, 2026, respectively. As of year-end 2024, the Company recorded a loss of
82

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
$0.2 million and a corresponding liability of $0.4 million related to mark-to-market changes in fair value of the interest rate swaps (see Fair Value Measurements footnote).
The Receivables Entity’s sole business consists of the purchase or acceptance through capital contributions of trade accounts receivable and related rights from the Company. As described above, the Receivables Entity may retransfer these receivables or grant a security interest in those receivables under the terms and conditions of the Receivables Purchase Agreement. The Receivables Entity is a separate legal entity with its own creditors who would be entitled, if it were ever liquidated, to be satisfied out of its assets prior to any assets or value in the Receivables Entity becoming available to its equity holders, the Company. The assets of the Receivables Entity are not available to pay creditors of the Company or any of its other subsidiaries, until the creditors of the Receivables Entity have been satisfied. The assets and liabilities of the Receivables Entity are included in the consolidated financial statements of the Company.
Local Credit Facilities
The Company had total unsecured, uncommitted short-term local credit facilities of $3.1 million as of year-end 2024. There were no borrowings under these lines at year-end 2024 and 2023.
13. Retirement Benefits
U.S. Defined Contribution Plans
The Company provides a qualified defined contribution plan covering substantially all U.S.-based full-time employees, except officers and certain other employees. The plan offers a savings feature with Company matching contributions. Assets of this plan are held by an independent trustee for the sole benefit of participating employees.
A nonqualified plan is provided for officers and certain other employees. This plan includes provisions for salary deferrals and Company matching contributions.
In addition to the plans above, the Company also provides a qualified plan and a nonqualified plan to certain U.S.-based temporary employees.
The liability for the nonqualified plans was $260.5 million and $233.8 million as of year-end 2024 and 2023, respectively, the current portion of which is included in current accrued payroll and related taxes in the consolidated balance sheet. The cost of participants’ earnings or loss on this liability, which were included in SG&A expenses in the consolidated statements of earnings, was earnings of $29.8 million in 2024, earnings of $32.9 million in 2023 and a loss of $36.3 million in 2022.
In connection with the administration of these plans, the Company has purchased company-owned variable universal life insurance policies insuring the lives of certain current and former officers and key employees. The cash surrender value of these policies, which is based primarily on investments in mutual funds and can only be used for payment of the Company’s obligations related to the nonqualified deferred compensation plan noted above, was $258.1 million and $230.3 million at year-end 2024 and 2023, respectively, and is reflected as a discrete line item in the consolidated balance sheet. During 2024, there were proceeds of $1.7 million in connection with these policies. In 2023, there were no proceeds in connection with these policies. In 2022, proceeds of $1.5 million were received in connection with these policies. Tax-free earnings or loss on these assets, which were included in SG&A expenses in the consolidated statements of earnings and which offset the related earnings or loss on the liability, were earnings of $30.9 million in 2024, earnings of $32.2 million in 2023 and a loss of $36.0 million in 2022.
The net expense for retirement benefits for the qualified and nonqualified plans, including Company-matching contributions for full-time employees, totaled $8.6 million in 2024, $10.9 million in 2023 and $9.4 million in 2022, and is included in total SG&A expenses in the consolidated statements of earnings. The expense related to retirement plan contributions for temporary employees is included in cost of services in the consolidated statements of earnings.
International Defined Benefit Plans
The Company had several defined benefit pension plans in locations outside of the United States. The total projected benefit obligation, assets and unfunded liability for these plans as of year-end 2023 were $9.7 million, $8.0 million and $1.7 million, respectively, all of which were included as held for sale (see Acquisitions and Dispositions footnote). Total pension expense for these plans was $0.2 million in 2023 and $0.4 million in 2022. These plans are no longer effective in 2024.
83

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
14. Stockholders’ Equity
Common Stock
The authorized capital stock of the Company is 100,000,000 shares of Class A common stock and 10,000,000 shares of Class B common stock. Class A shares have no voting rights and are not convertible. Class B shares have voting rights and are convertible by the holder into Class A shares on a share-for-share basis at any time. Both classes of stock have identical rights in the event of liquidation. The voting rights of Class B shares are perpetual and Class B shares are not subject to transfer restrictions or mandatory conversion obligations under the Company's certificate of incorporation or bylaws.
Class A shares and Class B shares are both entitled to receive dividends, subject to the limitation that no cash dividend on the Class B shares may be declared unless the board of directors declares an equal or larger cash dividend on the Class A shares. As a result, a cash dividend may be declared on the Class A shares without declaring a cash dividend on the Class B shares.
In November 2024, the Company's board of directors authorized a $50.0 million Class A share repurchase program that expires on December 2, 2026. During December 2024, the Company repurchased 742,163 Class A shares for $10.0 million at an average price of $13.49 per share. A total of $40.0 million remains available under the share repurchase program as of year-end 2024.
In November 2022, the Company's board of directors authorized a $50.0 million Class A share repurchase program, which was completed in August 2023. During 2023 and 2022, the Company repurchased 2,496,827 Class A shares for $42.2 million and 474,644 Class A shares for $7.8 million, respectively. There were no remaining shares available under the share repurchase program as of year-end 2023 as compared to $42.2 million remaining shares available under the share repurchase program as of year-end 2022. A total of 2,971,471 shares were repurchased under the share repurchase program at an average price of $16.83 per share.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component, net of tax, during 2024, 2023 and 2022 are included in the table below (in millions of dollars). Amounts in parentheses indicate debits.

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $ | 0.6 |  |  | $ | (7.4) |  |  | $ | (25.0) |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before classifications | (6.9) |  |  | 8.0 |  |  | (7.5) |  |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) - liquidation of Japan subsidiary | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20.4 |  | (1)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) - equity method investment and other | (0.6) |  |  | — |  |  | 4.7 |  | (2)
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) | (7.5) |  |  | 8.0 |  |  | 17.6 |  |
Ending balance | (6.9) |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | (7.4) |  |
Pension liability adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | (0.4) |  |  | (1.1) |  |  | (2.7) |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before classifications | — |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 1.5 |  |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income | 0.4 |  | (3) | 0.1 |  | (3) | 0.1 |  | (3)
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) | 0.4 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 1.6 |  |
Ending balance | — |  |  | (0.4) |  |  | (1.1) |  |
Total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | $ | (6.9) |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | (8.5) |  |

(1)Amount was recorded in the loss on currency translation from liquidation of subsidiary in the consolidated statements of earnings.
84

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(2)Of the amount included in this line item $1.9 million in 2022 was recorded in the other income (expense), net line item in the consolidated statements of earnings related to the investment in PersolKelly Pte. Ltd. (see Investment in PersolKelly Pte. Ltd. footnote for more details). In addition, $1.4 million in 2022 was recorded in the other income (expense), net line item in the consolidated statements of earnings related to other activities and $1.4 million in 2022 was recorded in loss on disposal line item in the consolidated statements of earnings related to the liquidation of the cumulative translation adjustment for the sale of our Russia operations (see Acquisitions and Dispositions footnote for more details). All amounts in prior years were recorded in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of earnings.
(3)Amount was recorded in SG&A expenses in the consolidated statements of earnings.
15. Earnings (Loss) Per Share
The reconciliation of basic earnings (loss) per share on common stock for 2024, 2023 and 2022 follows (in millions of dollars except per share data):

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net earnings (loss) | $ | (0.6) |  |  | $ | 36.4 |  |  | $ | (62.5) |
Less: Earnings allocated to participating securities | — |  |  | (0.7) |  |  | — |
Net earnings (loss) available to common shareholders | $ | (0.6) |  |  | $ | 35.7 |  |  | $ | (62.5) |
Average common shares outstanding (millions): |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 35.5 |  |  | 35.9 |  |  | 38.1 |
Dilutive share awards | — |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |
Diluted | 35.5 |  |  | 36.3 |  |  | 38.1 |
Basic earnings (loss) per share | $ | (0.02) |  |  | $ | 0.99 |  |  | $ | (1.64) |
Diluted earnings (loss) per share | $ | (0.02) |  |  | $ | 0.98 |  |  | $ | (1.64) |

Due to our net loss in 2024, potentially dilutive shares outstanding, primarily related to deferred common stock associated with the non-employee directors deferred compensation plan and performance shares, of 0.4 million shares in 2024, had an anti-dilutive effect on diluted earnings per share and were excluded from the computation. Potentially dilutive shares outstanding for 2023 are primarily related to deferred common stock related to the non-employee directors deferred compensation plan and performance shares (see Stock-Based Compensation footnote for a description of performance shares). Due to our net loss in 2022, potentially dilutive shares outstanding, primarily related to deferred common stock associated with the non-employee directors deferred compensation plan, of 0.2 million shares in 2022, had an anti-dilutive effect on diluted earnings per share and were excluded from the computation.
We have presented earnings per share for our two classes of common stock on a combined basis. This presentation is consistent with the earnings per share computations that result for each class of common stock utilizing the two-class method as described in ASC Topic 260, “Earnings Per Share.” The two-class method is an earnings allocation formula which determines earnings per share for each class of common stock according to the dividends declared (or accumulated) and participation rights in the undistributed earnings.
In applying the two-class method, we have determined that the undistributed earnings should be allocated to each class on a pro rata basis after consideration of all of the participation rights of the Class B shares (including voting and conversion rights) and our history of paying dividends equally to each class of common stock on a per share basis.
The Company’s certificate of incorporation allows the board of directors to declare a cash dividend to Class A shares without declaring equal dividends to the Class B shares. Class B shares’ voting and conversion rights, however, effectively allow the Class B shares to participate in dividends equally with Class A shares on a per share basis.
The Class B shares are the only shares with voting rights. The Class B shareholders are therefore able to exercise voting control with respect to all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of or removal of directors. The board of directors has historically declared and the Company historically has paid equal per share dividends on both the Class A and Class B shares. Each class has participated equally in all dividends declared since 1987.
85

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
In addition, Class B shares are convertible, at the option of the holder, into Class A shares on a one-for-one basis. As a result, Class B shares can participate equally in any dividends declared on the Class A shares by exercising their conversion rights.
Dividends paid per share for Class A and Class B common stock were $0.30 for 2024, $0.30 for 2023 and $0.275 for 2022.
16. Stock-Based Compensation
Under the Equity Incentive Plan, amended and restated February 15, 2017 and approved by the stockholders of the Company on May 10, 2017 (the “EIP”), the Company may grant to key employees restricted stock and performance awards associated with the Company’s Class A stock. The amended EIP provides that the maximum number of shares available for grants is 4.7 million. Shares available for future grants at year-end 2024 are 1.3 million. The Company issues shares out of treasury stock to satisfy stock-based awards, if available; otherwise new shares of common stock are issued from authorized shares. The Company presently has no intent to repurchase additional shares for the purpose of satisfying stock-based awards.
The Company recognized stock-based compensation cost of $11.8 million in 2024, $9.7 million in 2023 and $7.8 million in 2022, as well as related tax benefits of $2.6 million in 2024, $1.7 million in 2023 and $1.1 million in 2022.
Restricted Stock
Restricted stock, which typically vests pro-rata over three or four years, is issued to certain key employees and is subject to forfeiture until the end of an established restriction period. The Company utilizes the market price of its Class A stock on the date of grant as the fair value of restricted stock and expenses the fair value on a straight-line basis over the vesting period.
A summary of the status of nonvested restricted stock as of year-end 2024 and changes during this period is presented as follows below (in thousands of shares except per share data):

| Restricted Stock |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Nonvested at year-end 2023 | 784 |  |  | $ | 18.52 |
Granted | 651 |  |  | 20.70 |
Vested | (297) |  |  | 18.62 |
Forfeited | (77) |  |  | 19.07 |
Nonvested at year-end 2024 | 1,061 |  |  | $ | 19.79 |

As of year-end 2024, unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested restricted stock totaled $14.5 million. The weighted average period over which this cost is expected to be recognized is approximately 1.3 years. The weighted average grant date fair value per share of restricted stock granted during 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $20.70, $17.33 and $20.16, respectively. The total fair value of restricted stock, which vested during 2024, 2023 and 2022, was $6.5 million, $3.3 million and $2.3 million, respectively.
Performance Shares
During 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company granted performance awards associated with the Company’s Class A stock to certain senior officers, which are contingent upon achievement of specific revenue growth and EBITDA margin performance goals over a stated period of time ("performance awards"). The maximum number of performance shares that may be earned is 200% of the target shares originally granted. These awards have three one-year performance periods with the payout for each performance period based on separate financial measure goals that are set in February of each of the three performance periods. Earned shares during each performance period will cliff vest in February subsequent to the third performance period, after approval of the financial results by the Compensation Committee, if not forfeited by the recipient. No dividends are paid on these performance shares.
On February 11, 2025, the Compensation Committee approved the actual performance achievement of 76% of target for the 2024 performance period of the annual 2024, 2023 and 2022 annual grants. All of the shares earned for the 2024 performance period will cliff vest in February 2027, 2026 and 2025, respectively, if not forfeited by the recipient.
86

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
The 2024, 2023 and 2022 performance awards have a weighted average grant date fair value of $19.96, $16.87 and $19.07, respectively, which was determined by the market price on the date of grant less the present value of the expected dividends not received during the vesting period.
The total nonvested shares related to 2024, 2023 and 2022 performance awards at year-end 2024 is 170,000, 211,000 and 165,000, respectively.
In December 2021, the Compensation Committee approved a retention-based grant of 308,000 performance awards to certain senior officers which may be earned upon achievement of three financial goals over a performance period beginning in fiscal 2022 through the third quarter of 2024, with each goal having a unique projected achievement date. Each goal can be earned independent of the other two goals. Any shares earned during the performance period will cliff-vest three years after achievement of the respective performance goals and approval of the financial results by the Compensation Committee. On May 7, 2024, the Compensation Committee confirmed the actual performance achievement for the final financial goal related to the 2021 retention-based grant, which was not achieved before the end of the performance period and resulted in no payout.
In December 2020, the Company granted 115,000 performance shares to certain senior officers, which were contingent upon the achievement of a specific operating earnings performance goal with a one-year performance period. These performance shares vest over four years and earn dividends, which are not paid until the awards vest, if not forfeited by the recipient. The 2020 performance awards had a weighted average grant date fair value of $22.59 per share, which was determined by the market price on the date of grant. On February 15, 2022, the Compensation Committee approved the actual performance achievement of these performance awards. The total nonvested shares related to 2020 performance awards at year-end 2024 is 22,000.
A summary of the status of nonvested performance shares at target as of year-end 2024 and changes during this period is presented as follows below (in thousands of shares except per share data). The vesting adjustment in the table below represents 2021 performance shares that did not vest because actual achievement was below the threshold level or was not achieved, and resulted in no payout.

| Performance Shares |  |
| Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |  |  |  |
Nonvested at year-end 2023 | 674 |  |  | $ | 17.49 |  |  |  |  |
Granted | 170 |  |  | 19.96 |  |  |  |  |
Vested | (136) |  |  | 18.88 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited | (33) |  |  | 17.99 |  |  |  |  |
Vesting Adjustment | (107) |  |  | 16.52 |  |  |  |  |
Nonvested at year-end 2024 | 568 |  |  | $ | 18.66 |  |  |  |  |

As of year-end 2024, unrecognized compensation cost related to all unvested performance shares totaled $3.4 million. The weighted average period over which the costs are expected to be recognized is approximately 1.3 years for performance shares. The total fair value of performance shares, which vested during 2024, 2023 and 2022, was $2.6 million, $3.4 million and $0.9 million, respectively.
17. Sale of Assets
On June 10, 2024, the Company sold Ayers Group, a division of our OCG segment, for a purchase price of $7.5 million, subject to final closing adjustments. The Company received cash proceeds of $4.5 million in the second quarter of 2024 for assets sold with a net carrying value of $1.0 million. In the third quarter of 2024, a post-close net working capital adjustment of $0.1 million was recorded in gain on sale of assets in the consolidated statements of earnings. A gain of $5.4 million was recorded in gain on sale of assets for the year-ended 2024 in the consolidated statements of earnings. The sale was a part of the Company's ongoing strategy to further optimize its operating model.
In October 2022, Kelly Properties, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, sold real property located in Troy, Michigan for a purchase price of $6.0 million, subject to final closing adjustments. The Company received cash proceeds of $5.6 million in the fourth quarter of 2022, net of commissions and transaction expenses. As of the date of the sale, the property
87

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
had a carrying value of $4.7 million, resulting in a $0.9 million gain on the sale, which was recorded in gain on sale of assets in the consolidated statements of earnings.
In June 2022, the Company sold an under-utilized real property for a purchase price of $4.5 million, subject to final closing adjustments. The Company received cash proceeds of $3.6 million in the second quarter of 2022 and previously received cash proceeds of $0.8 million as a deposit in 2021 when the contract was first executed. As of the date of the sale, the land had insignificant carrying value; as such, the resulting gain on the sale was $4.4 million, which was recorded in gain on sale of assets in the consolidated statements of earnings.
In January 2022, the Company sold a property for a purchase price of $0.9 million, subject to final closing adjustments. The Company received cash proceeds of $0.9 million in the first quarter of 2022. As of the date of the sale, the property had an immaterial carrying value; as such, the resulting gain on the sale of the property was $0.9 million, which was recorded in gain on sale of assets in the consolidated statements of earnings.
18. Other Income (Expense), Net
Included in other income (expense), net are the following (in millions of dollars):

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Interest income | $ | 6.8 |  |  | $ | 6.7 |  |  | $ | 2.3 |
Interest expense | (10.9) |  |  | (3.2) |  |  | (2.1) |
Foreign exchange gains (losses) | 0.5 |  |  | (1.5) |  |  | 4.8 |
Other | (3.2) |  |  | (1.4) |  |  | (3.4) |
Other income (expense), net | $ | (6.8) |  |  | $ | 0.6 |  |  | $ | 1.6 |

Included in interest income is interest from the Company's money market investments of $3.0 million in 2024 and 2023. The increase in interest expense for 2024 reflects the increase in the Company's long-term debt (see Debt footnote). Included in foreign exchange gains (losses) for 2022 was a $5.5 million foreign exchange gain on a U.S. dollar-denominated cash balance previously held by the Company's Japan entity (see Investment in Persol Holdings footnote). Included in Other for 2024 is $8.6 million of transaction costs primarily related to the acquisition of MRP and net of the $3.4 million MRP earnout liability write-off, partially offset by a $3.8 million gain on equity securities, and a $0.7 million reduction in the Brazil indemnification liability (see Fair Value Measurements footnote). Included in Other for 2023 was a gain of $2.0 million for the receipt of final proceeds in connection with our investment in Business Talent Group, LLC that was sold in 2021. Included in Other for 2022 are transaction-related expenses for the 2022 acquisitions of RocketPower and PTS and sale of our Russia operations and expense related to the remeasurement of the Brazil indemnification liability (see Fair Value Measurements footnote).
88

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
19. Income Taxes
Earnings (loss) before taxes and equity in net earnings of affiliate for the years 2024, 2023 and 2022 were taxed under the following jurisdictions (in millions of dollars):

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Domestic | $ | (33.2) |  |  | $ | 29.9 |  |  | $ | (39.4) |
Foreign | 11.3 |  |  | (5.0) |  |  | (31.8) |
Total | $ | (21.9) |  |  | $ | 24.9 |  |  | $ | (71.2) |

The provision for income taxes was as follows (in millions of dollars):

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Current tax expense: |  |  |  |  |
U.S. federal | $ | (0.7) |  |  | $ | 1.0 |  |  | $ | 1.3 |
U.S. state and local | (0.8) |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | 1.4 |
Foreign | 8.0 |  |  | 9.9 |  |  | 61.5 |
Total current | 6.5 |  |  | 13.4 |  |  | 64.2 |
Deferred tax (benefit) expense: |  |  |  |  |
U.S. federal | (24.9) |  |  | (36.8) |  |  | (2.5) |
U.S. state and local | (2.6) |  |  | (3.6) |  |  | 0.7 |
Foreign | (0.3) |  |  | 15.5 |  |  | (70.3) |
Total deferred | (27.8) |  |  | (24.9) |  |  | (72.1) |
Total provision | $ | (21.3) |  |  | $ | (11.5) |  |  | $ | (7.9) |

Deferred income taxes reflect the temporary differences between the asset and liability basis for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes, at the relevant tax rate. The deferred tax assets and liabilities are comprised of the following (in millions of dollars):

| 2024 |  | 2023
Fixed assets and right-of-use assets | $ | (15.2) |  |  | $ | (19.0) |
Intangible assets and goodwill | 0.1 |  |  | 19.0 |
Employee compensation and benefit plans | 77.0 |  |  | 71.5 |
Outside basis difference on held for sale assets | — |  |  | 34.7 |
Operating lease liabilities | 17.7 |  |  | 18.3 |
Net operating loss carryforwards | 10.9 |  |  | 36.7 |
Capital loss carryforward | 19.6 |  |  | — |
Credit carryforwards | 230.6 |  |  | 208.7 |
Other, net | 23.6 |  |  | 15.4 |
Valuation allowance | (34.2) |  |  | (60.5) |
Net deferred tax assets | $ | 330.1 |  |  | $ | 324.8 |

As of year-end 2024, the net deferred tax asset balance totaled $330.1 million which is fully recorded in deferred taxes in the consolidated balance sheet. As of year-end 2023, the net deferred tax asset balance totaled $324.8 million with $321.1 million in deferred taxes, $4.1 million in assets held for sale (see Acquisitions and Dispositions footnote), and $0.4 million in other long-term liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet.
The Company has U.S. general business credit carryforwards of $197.3 million which will expire from 2034 to 2044, foreign tax credit carryforwards of $33.2 million which will expire from 2026 to 2034 and minimal state and foreign credit carryforwards which are either indefinite or will expire from 2025 to 2043. The net tax effect of federal, state and foreign loss carryforwards at year-end 2024 totaled $30.5 million, comprised of $19.6 million of capital loss carryforwards that expire in
89

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
2029, and $10.9 million of net operating loss carryforwards of which $9.1 million have no expiration and $1.8 million expire between 2025 and 2044.
The Company has established a valuation allowance for certain loss carryforwards, future deductible items, outside basis differences, and for a portion of its U.S. foreign tax credit carryforwards. The decrease in valuation allowance during 2024 was primarily due to the Company’s sale of its EMEA staffing operations which included companies with $24.4 million of valuation allowances. The outside basis difference included in the 2023 deferred balance was for held for sale assets at the end of 2023 which were sold during the first quarter of 2024 when the Company completed the sale of its EMEA staffing operations. This transaction generated a capital loss, $19.6 million of which is carried forward. A valuation allowance of $21.4 million was recorded against the outside basis difference at year-end 2023, and $19.2 million against the capital loss carryforward at year-end 2024. The foreign tax credit valuation allowance is $15.0 million at year-end 2024 and $14.5 million at year-end 2023 and will continue to be monitored. The valuation allowance is determined in accordance with the provisions of ASC 740, "Income Taxes," which requires an assessment of both negative and positive evidence when measuring the need for a valuation allowance. The Company’s uncertainty in the ability to create future capital gains, and its recent lack of adequate U.S. foreign source income to fully utilize foreign tax credit carryforwards, represented sufficient negative evidence to require a valuation allowance under ASC 740. The Company intends to maintain a valuation allowance until sufficient positive evidence exists to support realization of the deferred tax assets
The differences between income taxes from continuing operations for financial reporting purposes and the U.S. statutory rate of 21% in 2024, 2023, and 2022 are as follows (in millions of dollars):

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Income tax based on statutory rate | $ | (4.6) |  |  | $ | 5.2 |  |  | $ | (14.9) |
State income taxes, net of federal benefit | (2.7) |  |  | (0.9) |  |  | 1.6 |
Foreign tax rate differential | 0.9 |  |  | 4.6 |  |  | 1.6 |
U.S. work opportunity credits | (7.8) |  |  | (8.5) |  |  | (10.7) |
Life insurance cash surrender value | (6.2) |  |  | (6.5) |  |  | 7.8 |
Foreign items | 0.3 |  |  | 3.0 |  |  | 0.1 |
Foreign-derived intangible income deduction | (3.0) |  |  | (2.3) |  |  | (2.3) |
Sale of foreign subsidiaries | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 3.9 |
Foreign business taxes | — |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | 1.8 |
Change in deferred tax realizability | (0.4) |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | — |
Non-deductible expenses | 2.1 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | — |
Uncertain tax positions | — |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | 0.1 |
Stock compensation | 0.4 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 0.6 |
Outside basis difference on held for sale assets | — |  |  | (13.1) |  |  | — |
MRP earnout liability revaluation | (0.7) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Non-deductible goodwill impairment | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2.7 |
Other | — |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | (0.2) |
Total | $ | (21.3) |  |  | $ | (11.5) |  |  | $ | (7.9) |

Our tax benefit or expense is affected by recurring items, such as the amount of pretax income and its mix by jurisdiction, U.S. work opportunity credits and the change in cash surrender value of non-taxable investments in life insurance policies. It is also affected by discrete items that may occur in any given period but are not consistent from period to period, such as tax law changes or changes in judgment regarding the realizability of deferred tax assets.
Several items have contributed to the variance in our income tax benefit over the last three years. 2024 benefited from
lower pretax earnings, which included an $18.5 million benefit from the impairment of tax-deductible goodwill and a $6.2 million benefit from tax-exempt life insurance cash surrender value gains. 2023 benefited from recording a $15.0 million federal and state benefit on the outside basis difference in held for sale assets, and a $6.5 million benefit from tax-exempt life insurance cash surrender value gains. 2022 benefited from lower pretax earnings, which included benefits of $16.9 million from changes in the fair value of the Company's investment in Persol Holdings and $7.1 million from the impairment of tax-deductible goodwill. These benefits were offset by a $7.8 million charge from tax exempt life insurance cash surrender value losses.
90

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Foreign items include foreign tax credits, foreign non-deductible expenses and non-taxable income. Foreign business taxes include the French business tax and other taxes based on revenue less certain expenses and are classified as income taxes under ASC 740.
Provision has not been made for additional income taxes on an estimated $65.6 million of foreign subsidiary undistributed earnings which are indefinitely reinvested. If these earnings were to be repatriated, the Company could be subject to foreign withholding tax, federal and state income tax, net of federal benefit, and income taxes on foreign exchange gains or losses, of $4.7 million.
The new Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ("OECD") Pillar Two global minimum tax rules became effective in 2024 in several jurisdictions in which the Company does business. This did not have a material impact to the Company in 2024.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in millions of dollars):

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Balance at beginning of the year | $ | 0.6 |  |  | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | 0.6 |
Additions for prior years’ tax positions | — |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | — |
Reductions for prior years’ tax positions | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Additions for settlements | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Reductions for settlements | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Reductions for expiration of statutes | (0.1) |  |  | (0.2) |  |  | (0.1) |
Balance at end of the year | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | 0.6 |  |  | $ | 0.5 |

If the $0.5 million in 2024, $0.6 million in 2023 and $0.5 million in 2022 of unrecognized tax benefits were recognized, they would have a favorable effect of $0.4 million in 2024, $0.5 million in 2023 and $0.4 million in 2022 on income tax expense.
The Company recognizes both interest and penalties as part of the income tax provision. The Company recognized an insignificant benefit in 2024 and $0.1 million of expense in 2023, for interest and penalties. The benefit recognized in 2022 was not significant. Accrued interest and penalties were $0.2 million at year-end 2024 and $0.2 million at year-end 2023.
The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. and in various states and foreign countries. The tax periods open to examination by the major taxing jurisdictions to which the Company is subject include the U.S. for fiscal years 2021 forward, Canada for fiscal years 2017 forward, Puerto Rico for fiscal years 2020 forward and Mexico for fiscal years 2019 forward.
The Company and its subsidiaries have various income tax returns in the process of examination. The unrecognized tax benefit and related interest and penalty balances include an insignificant amount for 2024, related to tax positions which are reasonably possible to change within the next twelve months due to income tax audits, settlements and statute expirations.
20. Supplemental Cash Flow Information
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions, as disclosed in the statements of cash flows, for the fiscal years 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, were as follows:

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
| (In millions of dollars)
(Increase) decrease in trade accounts receivable | $ | (20.9) |  |  | $ | 147.2 |  |  | $ | (99.3) |
(Increase) decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets | 2.8 |  |  | (10.7) |  |  | (24.6) |
(Increase) decrease in ROU assets | 0.2 |  |  | (2.2) |  |  | (0.1) |
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable and accrued liabilities | (31.1) |  |  | (62.5) |  |  | 44.3 |
Increase (decrease) in operating lease liabilities | (12.1) |  |  | (14.3) |  |  | (18.7) |
Increase (decrease) in accrued payroll and related taxes | (13.6) |  |  | (59.8) |  |  | (59.3) |
Increase (decrease) in accrued workers’ compensation and other claims | 0.7 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | (5.2) |
Increase (decrease) in income and other taxes | (3.2) |  |  | — |  |  | 21.9 |
Total changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions | $ | (77.2) |  |  | $ | (2.0) |  |  | $ | (141.0) |

91

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
The Company paid interest of $10.0 million in 2024, $2.8 million in 2023 and $1.3 million in 2022. The Company paid income taxes of $10.9 million in 2024, $8.9 million in 2023 and $61.2 million in 2022.
Non-cash capital accruals totaled $1.6 million, $0.4 million and $1.2 million at year-end 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
21. Commitments
In addition to lease agreements (see Leases footnote) and the indemnification agreements related to the sale of our EMEA staffing and Brazil operations (see Acquisitions and Dispositions footnote), the Company has entered into non-cancelable purchase obligations totaling $72.5 million. These obligations relate primarily to technology services and online tools which the Company expects to utilize generally within the next three fiscal years, in the ordinary course of business. The Company has no material unrecorded commitments, losses, contingencies or guarantees associated with any related parties or unconsolidated entities. See the Debt and Retirement Benefits footnotes for commitments related to debt and pension obligations.
22. Contingencies
The Company is continuously engaged in litigation, threatened litigation, claims, audits or investigations arising in the ordinary course of its business, such as matters alleging employment discrimination, wage and hour violations, claims for indemnification or liability, violations of privacy rights, anti-competition regulations, commercial and contractual disputes, and tax-related matters which could result in a material adverse outcome.
We record accruals for loss contingencies when we believe it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. Such accruals are recorded in accounts payable and accrued liabilities and in accrued workers’ compensation and other claims in the consolidated balance sheet. At year-end 2024 and 2023, the gross accrual for litigation costs amounted to $1.5 million and $6.4 million, of which $1.5 million was held for sale (see Acquisitions and Dispositions footnote), respectively.
The Company maintains insurance coverage which may cover certain losses. When losses exceed the applicable policy deductible and realization of recovery of the loss from existing insurance policies is deemed probable, the Company records receivables from the insurance company for the excess amount, which are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets and other assets in the consolidated balance sheet. At year-end 2024, there were no related insurance receivables. At year-end 2023, the related insurance receivables amounted to $0.2 million.
The Company estimates the aggregate range of reasonably possible losses, in excess of amounts accrued, is $0.1 million to $1.2 million. This range includes matters where a liability has been accrued but it is reasonably possible that the ultimate loss may exceed the amount accrued and for matters where a loss is believed to be reasonably possible, but a liability has not been accrued. The aggregate range only represents matters in which we are currently able to estimate a range of loss and does not represent our maximum loss exposure. The estimated range is subject to significant judgment and a variety of assumptions and only based upon currently available information. For other matters, we are currently not able to estimate the reasonably possible loss or range of loss.
While the ultimate outcome of these matters cannot be predicted with certainty, we believe that the resolution of any such proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
92

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
23. Segment Disclosures
The Company’s operating segments, which also represent its reportable segments, are based on the organizational structure for which financial results are regularly evaluated by the Company’s chief operating decision-maker ("CODM", the Company’s CEO) to determine resource allocation and assess performance. The Company’s four reportable segments in 2024, (1) Professional & Industrial (P&I), (2) Science, Engineering & Technology (SET), (3) Education (EDU), and (4) Outsourcing & Consulting (OCG), reflect the specialty services the Company provides to customers and represent how the business is organized internally. Prior to 2024, the Company also had an International operating segment. Beginning in the first quarter of 2024, the Company's organizational structure no longer includes the International segment following the sale of the EMEA staffing operations in January 2024. Our Mexico operations, which were previously in our International segment, are now included in the Professional & Industrial segment. Professional & Industrial segment information for the prior years has been recast to conform to the new structure. Intersegment revenue represents revenue earned between the reportable segments and is eliminated from total segment revenue from services.
P&I delivers staffing, outcome-based and permanent placement services, providing administrative, accounting and finance, light industrial and contact center staffing and other workforce solutions in the U.S. and Canada, including our KellyConnect and Skilled Professional Solutions products. SET provides highly specialized skills to a variety of industries through staffing, outcome-based, talent solutions, and permanent placement services. SET is focused on science and clinical research, engineering, technology and telecommunications specialties predominantly in the U.S. and Canada and includes MRP, Softworld, NextGen and Global Technology Associates ("GTA") brands. EDU delivers high quality education and therapy services talent through staffing, permanent placement and executive search services to Pre-K-12 school districts and education organizations across the U.S. and includes Teachers On Call, Greenwood/Asher and PTS brands. OCG provides global talent supply chain and workforce solutions, including MSP, RPO, PPO and executive coaching programs to customers on a global basis and includes our RocketPower brand.
The Company utilizes a shared services approach for certain enterprise functions including IT, human resources, legal and finance support in the US and Canada. Expenses incurred to directly support the operating units have been allocated to Professional & Industrial, Science, Engineering & Technology, Education, Outsourcing & Consulting and International based on work effort, volume or, in the absence of a readily available measurement process, proportionately based on gross profit realized. Certain expenses related to incentive compensation, law and risk management, certain finance and accounting functions, executive management and corporate campus facilities do not directly benefit a specific operating segment and are not included in the segment results. These costs, as well as costs related to acquisition integration and transformation activities and disposition transition expenses, are included in Corporate expenses in the following tables. In addition to the change in our segment structure in the first quarter of 2024, we reassessed the allocation of corporate expenses to the operating segments and allocated additional costs which are attributable to the business from corporate.
In the first quarter of 2024, the Company changed the segment profitability measure from earnings from operations to a business unit profit measure that excludes depreciation and amortization. This change provides management with greater visibility into the financial performance of the segments and how they contribute to the Company's overall performance. The CODM leverages the business unit profit measure during the annual budgeting and forecasting processes, as well as to assess segment profitability, guide resource allocation, and evaluate the alignment of compensation plans with strategic goals.
The following tables present information about the reported revenue from services of the Company by reportable segment, along with a reconciliation to earnings (loss) before taxes and equity in net earnings of affiliate, for 2024, 2023 and 2022. Asset information by reportable segment is not presented, since the Company does not produce such information internally nor does it use such information to manage its business.
Prior periods have been recast to reflect the current period allocation method and new segment profitability measurement. The update had no impact on the consolidated financial information.
93

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

Fiscal Year Ended December 29, 2024
(In millions of dollars) | P&I |  | SET |  | EDU |  | OCG |  |  |  | Inter-Segment |  | Consolidated
Revenue from services | $ | 1,470.7 |  |  | $ | 1,422.8 |  |  | $ | 972.3 |  |  | $ | 468.3 |  |  |  |  | $ | (2.3) |  |  | $ | 4,331.8 |
Cost of services(1) | 1,209.4 |  |  | 1,087.2 |  |  | 832.5 |  |  | 322.4 |  |  |  |  | (2.3) |  |  | 3,449.2 |
Direct salaries(2) | 141.2 |  | 170.5 |  |  | 60.5 |  |  | 104.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other segment expenses(3) | 85.4 |  |  | 75.3 |  |  | 35.4 |  |  | 35.9 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SG&A expenses | 226.6 |  |  | 245.8 |  |  | 95.9 |  |  | 140.2 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 708.5 |
Goodwill impairment charge | — |  |  | 72.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 72.8 |
Business unit profit (loss) | $ | 34.7 |  |  | $ | 17.0 |  |  | $ | 43.9 |  |  | $ | 5.7 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 101.3 |
Corporate SG&A |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (58.4) |
Asset impairment charge |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (13.5) |
Gain on sale of assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5.4 |
Gain on sale of EMEA staffing operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.6 |
Depreciation and amortization(4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (51.5) |
Consolidated earnings from operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (15.1) |
Other income (expense), net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (6.8) |
Earnings before taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (21.9) |

(1) Cost of services are those costs directly associated with the earning of revenue. The primary examples of these types of costs are temporary employee wages, along with other employee related costs, including associated payroll taxes, temporary employee benefits, such as service bonus and holiday pay and health insurance, and workers’ compensation costs. These costs differ fundamentally from SG&A expenses in that they arise specifically from the action of providing our services to customers whereas SG&A costs are incurred regardless of whether or not we place temporary employees with our customers.
(2) Direct salaries refers to the compensation expenses for employees directly related to the Company’s operations and service delivery. These expenses include salaries, related payroll taxes, various benefits and performance-based incentives and bonuses for these employees.
(3) For each reportable segment, the other segment expense category includes:
•P&I - Shared services costs for IT, human resources, legal and finance support, facilities and equipment-related costs, other professional services and overhead expenses, and operational software licenses.
•SET - Shared services costs for IT, human resources, legal and finance support, other professional services and overhead expenses, facilities and equipment-related costs, and operational software licenses.
•EDU - Shared services costs for IT, human resources, legal and finance support, other professional services and overhead expenses, facilities and equipment-related costs, and operational software licenses.
•OCG - Shared services costs for IT, human resources, legal and finance support, other professional services and overhead expenses, operational software licenses, and facilities and equipment-related costs.
(4) Represents total company depreciation and amortization of intangibles, including the amortization of hosted software.
94

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2023
(In millions of dollars) | P&I |  | SET |  | EDU |  | OCG |  | International |  | Inter-Segment |  | Consolidated
Revenue from services | $ | 1,539.5 |  |  | $ | 1,190.8 |  |  | $ | 841.9 |  |  | $ | 454.7 |  |  | $ | 812.1 |  |  | $ | (3.3) |  |  | $ | 4,835.7 |
Cost of services(1) | 1,262.4 |  |  | 918.8 |  |  | 713.2 |  |  | 291.2 |  |  | 692.0 |  |  | (3.3) |  |  | 3,874.3 |
Direct salaries(2) | 163.5 |  | 127.1 |  |  | 59.6 |  |  | 116.6 |  |  | 83.6 |  |  |  |  |
Other segment expenses(3) | 97.3 |  | 69.8 |  |  | 32.8 |  |  | 42.7 |  |  | 38.4 |  |  |  |  |
SG&A expenses | 260.8 |  | 196.9 |  | 92.4 |  | 159.3 |  | 122.0 |  | — |  |  | 831.4 |
Asset impairment charge | 0.3 |  | 0.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2.4 |
Business unit profit (loss) | $ | 16.0 |  |  | $ | 75.0 |  |  | $ | 36.3 |  |  | $ | 2.2 |  |  | $ | (1.9) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 127.6 |
Corporate SG&A |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (63.2) |
Depreciation and amortization(4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (40.1) |
Consolidated earnings from operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 24.3 |
Other income (expense), net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.6 |
Earnings before taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 24.9 |

(1) Cost of services are those costs directly associated with the earning of revenue. The primary examples of these types of costs are temporary employee wages, along with other employee related costs, including associated payroll taxes, temporary employee benefits, such as service bonus and holiday pay and health insurance, and workers’ compensation costs. These costs differ fundamentally from SG&A expenses in that they arise specifically from the action of providing our services to customers whereas SG&A costs are incurred regardless of whether or not we place temporary employees with our customers.
(2) Direct salaries refers to the compensation expenses for employees directly related to the Company’s operations and service delivery. These expenses include salaries, related payroll taxes, various benefits and performance-based incentives and bonuses for these employees. In the International segment, this includes costs related to IT, human resources, legal and finance costs incurred in the foreign subsidiaries.
(3) For each reportable segment, the other segment expense category includes:
•P&I - Shared services costs for IT, human resources, legal and finance support, facilities and equipment-related costs, other professional services and overhead expenses, and operational software licenses.
•SET - Shared services costs for IT, human resources, legal and finance support, other professional services and overhead expenses, facilities and equipment-related costs, and operational software licenses.
•EDU - Shared services costs for IT, human resources, legal and finance support, other professional services and overhead expenses, facilities and equipment-related costs, and operational software licenses.
•OCG - Shared services costs for IT, human resources, legal and finance support, other professional services and overhead expenses, operational software licenses, and facilities and equipment-related costs.
•International - Facilities and equipment-related costs, other professional services and overhead expenses, shared services costs for IT, human resources, legal and finance support, and operational software licenses.
(4) Represents total company depreciation and amortization of intangibles, including the amortization of hosted software.
95

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

Fiscal Year Ended January 1, 2023
(In millions of dollars) | P&I |  | SET |  | EDU |  | OCG |  | International |  | Inter-Segment |  | Consolidated
Revenue from services | $ | 1,709.9 |  |  | $ | 1,265.4 |  |  | $ | 636.2 |  |  | $ | 468.0 |  |  | $ | 887.0 |  |  | $ | (1.1) |  |  | $ | 4,965.4 |
Cost of services(1) | 1,396.8 |  |  | 968.4 |  |  | 535.9 |  |  | 298.4 |  |  | 755.2 |  |  | (1.1) |  |  | 3,953.6 |
Direct salaries(2) | 185.1 |  | 141.7 |  |  | 50.8 |  |  | 114.8 |  |  | 85.1 |  |  |  |  |
Other segment expenses(3) | 108.4 |  | 76.3 |  |  | 30.7 |  |  | 39.8 |  |  | 41.4 |  |  |  |  |
SG&A expenses | 293.5 |  | 218.0 |  | 81.5 |  | 154.6 |  | 126.5 |  | — |  |  | 874.1 |
Goodwill impairment charge | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 41.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 41.0 |
Business unit profit (loss) | $ | 19.6 |  |  | $ | 79.0 |  |  | $ | 18.8 |  |  | $ | (26.0) |  |  | $ | 5.3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 96.7 |
Corporate SG&A |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (32.3) |
Loss on disposal |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (18.7) |
Gain on sale of assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6.2 |
Depreciation and amortization(4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (37.1) |
Consolidated earnings from operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14.8 |
Loss on investment in Persol Holdings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (67.2) |
Loss on currency translation from liquidation of subsidiary |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (20.4) |
Other income (expense), net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.6 |
Loss before taxes and equity in net earnings of affiliate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (71.2) |

(1) Cost of services are those costs directly associated with the earning of revenue. The primary examples of these types of costs are temporary employee wages, along with other employee related costs, including associated payroll taxes, temporary employee benefits, such as service bonus and holiday pay and health insurance, and workers’ compensation costs. These costs differ fundamentally from SG&A expenses in that they arise specifically from the action of providing our services to customers whereas SG&A costs are incurred regardless of whether or not we place temporary employees with our customers.
(2) Direct salaries refers to the compensation expenses for employees directly related to the Company’s operations and service delivery. These expenses include salaries, related payroll taxes, various benefits and performance-based incentives and bonuses for these employees. In the International segment, this includes costs related to IT, human resources, legal and finance costs incurred in the foreign subsidiaries.
(3) For each reportable segment, the other segment expense category includes:
•P&I - Shared services costs for IT, human resources, legal and finance support, facilities and equipment-related costs, other professional services and overhead expenses, and operational software licenses.
•SET - Shared services costs for IT, human resources, legal and finance support, other professional services and overhead expenses, and facilities and equipment-related costs.
•EDU - Shared services costs for IT, human resources, legal and finance support, other professional services and overhead expenses, and facilities and equipment-related costs.
•OCG - Shared services costs for IT, human resources, legal and finance support, other professional services and overhead expenses, facilities and equipment-related costs, and operational software licenses.
•International - Facilities and equipment-related costs, other professional services and overhead expenses, shared services costs for IT, human resources, legal and finance support, and operational software licenses.
(4) Represents total company depreciation and amortization of intangibles, including the amortization of hosted software.
96

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Depreciation and amortization expense is included in SG&A expenses in our consolidated statements of earnings. Depreciation and amortization expense amounts below include amortization of hosted software, which are excluded in the presentation of depreciation and amortization in our consolidated statements of cash flows. The depreciation and amortization amounts by segment are as follows:

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
| (In millions of dollars)
Depreciation and amortization: |  |  |  |  |
Professional & Industrial | $ | 9.5 |  |  | $ | 8.0 |  |  | $ | 7.7 |
Science, Engineering & Technology | 26.1 |  |  | 16.1 |  |  | 15.4 |
Education | 8.3 |  |  | 7.7 |  |  | 6.2 |
Outsourcing & Consulting | 7.6 |  |  | 5.9 |  |  | 4.8 |
International | — |  |  | 2.4 |  |  | 2.7 |

A summary of revenue from services by geographic area for 2024, 2023 and 2022 follows:

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
| (In millions of dollars)
Revenue from Services: |  |  |  |  |
United States | $ | 3,876.9 |  |  | $ | 3,555.8 |  |  | $ | 3,671.5 |
Foreign | 454.9 |  |  | 1,279.9 |  |  | 1,293.9 |
Total | $ | 4,331.8 |  |  | $ | 4,835.7 |  |  | $ | 4,965.4 |

Foreign revenue is based on the country in which the legal subsidiary is domiciled. No single foreign country’s revenue represented more than 10% of the consolidated revenues of the Company. No single customer represented more than 10% of the consolidated revenues of the Company.
A summary of long-lived assets information by geographic area as of year-end 2024 and 2023 follows:

| 2024 |  | 2023
| (In millions of dollars)
Long-Lived Assets: |  |  |
United States | $ | 70.1 |  |  | $ | 68.4 |
Foreign | 2.8 |  |  | 21.6 |
Total | $ | 72.9 |  |  | $ | 90.0 |

Long-lived assets represent property and equipment and ROU assets. In 2023 the amount includes $18.4 million of held for sale assets. No single foreign country’s long-lived assets represented more than 10% of the consolidated long-lived assets of the Company.
24. New Accounting Pronouncements
Recently Adopted
In November 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which requires all public companies to provide more enhanced disclosures for significant segment expenses. This ASU is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim reporting periods within those annual periods, with early adoption permitted. We adopted this guidance effective December 29, 2024. See Segment Disclosures footnote for the updated segment disclosures in accordance with this standard, which did not have a material impact to our consolidated financial statements.
97

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers, to require that an acquirer recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. At the acquisition date, an acquirer should account for the related revenue contracts in accordance with Topic 606 as if it had originated the contracts. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years and should be applied prospectively to business combinations that occur after the effective date. We early adopted this standard in the first quarter of 2022 and the adoption did not have a material impact to our consolidated financial statements.
Not Yet Adopted
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Comprehensive income (Topic 220): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. This ASU requires additional information about certain expense categories in the notes to financial statements. The new guidance will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which includes amendments to enhance income tax disclosures primarily through changes to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. This ASU is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC's Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative, which modifies several disclosure and presentation requirements in the FASB accounting standard codification to align them with the SEC regulations. The effective date for each amendment will be the date on which the SEC's removal of that related disclosure from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K becomes effective, with early adoption permitted, by June 30, 2027. For any amendments in which the SEC has not yet removed the applicable requirement from their regulations by June 30, 2027, the pending content of the related amendment in the FASB codification will not be effective. We do not expect this update to have a material impact to our consolidated financial statements.
Management has evaluated other recently issued accounting pronouncements and does not believe that any of these pronouncements will have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
25. Related Party Transactions
The Terence E. Adderley Revocable Trust K ("Trust K"), which became irrevocable upon the death of Terence E. Adderley (the former Chairman of the Company's board of directors) on October 9, 2018, controls approximately 95.3% of the outstanding shares of Kelly Class B common stock. There were no material transactions between the Company and Trust K or its trustees in 2024, 2023 or 2022.
98

KELLY SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
SCHEDULE II - VALUATION RESERVES
(In millions of dollars)

|  |  | Additions |  |  |  |  |  |
| Balance at beginning of year |  | Charged to costs and expenses |  | Charged to other accounts |  | Currency exchange effects |  | Deductions from reserves |  | Balance at end of year
Description |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fiscal year ended December 29, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reserve deducted in the balance sheet from the assets to which it applies - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred tax assets valuation allowance | $ | 60.5 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | (24.4) |  |  | — |  |  | (2.5) |  |  | $ | 34.2 |
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reserve deducted in the balance sheet from the assets to which it applies - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred tax assets valuation allowance | $ | 34.0 |  |  | 40.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | (15.0) |  |  | $ | 60.5 |
Fiscal year ended January 1, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reserve deducted in the balance sheet from the assets to which it applies - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred tax assets valuation allowance | $ | 19.0 |  |  | 15.8 |  |  | — |  |  | (0.7) |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | $ | 34.0 |

99

INDEX TO EXHIBITS REQUIRED BY ITEM 601 REGULATION S-K
Exhibit No. | Description
2.1 | Agreement for the Sale and Purchase of the Entire Issued Share Capital of Kelly Services Management Sarl, dated as of November 2, 2023, by the Company, Gi Group Holdings S.P.A. and Familia S.R.L. (Reference is made to Exhibit 2.1 to the Form 10-K filed with the Commission on February 20, 2024, which is incorporated herein by reference).
2.2 | Amended and Restated Agreement and Plan of Merger by and among MRP Topco Inc., Kelly Services, Inc., MRP Merger Sub, Inc. and Littlejohn Fund V, L.P., as the securityholders' representative dated as of May 30, 2024 (Reference is made to Exhibit 2.2 to the Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on August 8, 2024, which is incorporated herein by reference).
3.1 | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, effective May 14, 2024 (Reference is made to Exhibit 3.1 to the Form 8-K filed with the Commission on May 14, 2024, which is incorporated herein by reference).
3.2 | By-laws, effective November 6, 2018 (Reference is made to Exhibit 3.1 to the Form 8-K/A filed with the Commission on April 17, 2019, which is incorporated herein by reference).
4 | Description of Securities (Reference is made to Exhibit 4 to the Form 10-K filed with the Commission on February 13, 2020, which is incorporated herein by reference).
10.1* | Kelly Services, Inc. Short-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated January 1, 2020 (Reference is made to Exhibit 10.1 to the Form 10-K filed with the Commission on February 18, 2021, which is incorporated herein by reference).
10.2* | Kelly Services, Inc. Equity Incentive Plan (Reference is made to Exhibit 10.1 to the Form 8-K filed with the Commission on May 12, 2017, which is incorporated herein by reference).
10.3* | Kelly Services, Inc. Amended and Restated Senior Executive Severance Plan (Reference is made to Exhibit 10.1 to the Form 8-K filed with the Commission on May 4, 2021, which is incorporated herein by reference).
10.4* | Kelly Services, Inc. Non-Employee Directors Deferred Compensation Plan (Reference is made to Exhibit 10.4 to the Form 10-K filed with the Commission on February 20, 2018, which is incorporated herein by reference).
10.5* | First Amendment to the Kelly Services, Inc. Non-Employee Directors Deferred Compensation Plan (Reference is made to Exhibit 10.5 to the Form 10-K filed with the Commission on February 13, 2020, which is incorporated herein by reference).
10.6 | Third Amendment to Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated May 29, 2024 (Reference is made to Exhibit 10.6 to the Form 8-K filed with the Commission on June 3, 2024, which is incorporated herein by reference).
10.8* | Employment Agreement between Kelly Services Management Sarl and Olivier Thirot (Reference is made to Exhibit 10.8 to the Form 10-K filed with the Commission on February 20, 2024, which is incorporated herein by reference).
10.8.1* | Termination Agreement dated as of September 18, 2024 between Kelly Services Outsourcing and Consulting Group Sàrl and Olivier Thirot (Reference is made to Exhibit 10.1 to the Form 8-K filed with the Commission on September 20, 2024, which is incorporated herein by reference).

100

INDEX TO EXHIBITS REQUIRED BY ITEM 601 REGULATION S-K (continued)
Exhibit No. | Description
10.9* | Second Addendum to Employment Agreement between Kelly Services Management Sarl and Berendina Maria Bekhuis Koolhaas (Reference is made to Exhibit 10.9 to the Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on August 11, 2022, which is incorporated herein by reference).
10.9.1* | Termination Agreement dated as of January 2, 2024 between Kelly Services Outsourcing and Consulting Group Sàrl and Dinette Koolhaas (Reference is made to Exhibit 10.1 to the Form 8-K filed with the Commission on January 8, 2024, which is incorporated herein by reference.
10.10* | Offer Letter between Kelly Services, Inc. and Troy R. Anderson (Reference is made to Exhibit 10.1 to the Form 8-K filed with the Commission on September 12, 2024, which is incorporated herein by reference).
10.12* | Kelly Services, Inc. Management Retirement Plan as amended and restated January 1, 2020 (Reference is made to Exhibit 10.12 to the Form 10-K filed with the Commission on February 18, 2021, which is incorporated herein by reference).
10.14 | Amendment to Amended and Restated Pledge and Security Agreement, dated May 29, 2024 (Reference is made to Exhibit 10.14 to the Form 8-K filed with the Commission on June 3, 2024, which is incorporated herein by reference).
10.15 | First Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement Amendment No. 4, dated May 29, 2024 (Reference is made to Exhibit 10.15 to the Form 8-K filed with the Commission on June 3, 2024, which is incorporated herein by reference).
10.16 | First Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement Amendment No. 3, dated September 21, 2022 (Reference is made to Exhibit 10.16 to the Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on November 10, 2022, which is incorporated herein by reference).
14 | Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, revised August 2024.
19 | Kelly Services, Inc. Insider Trading Compliance Policy & Section 16 Compliance Procedures.
21 | Subsidiaries of Registrant.
23 | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
24 | Power of Attorney.
31.1 | Certification Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act, as amended.
31.2 | Certification Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act, as amended.
32.1 | Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2 | Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101

INDEX TO EXHIBITS REQUIRED BY ITEM 601 REGULATION S-K (continued)
Exhibit No. | Description
97 | Kelly Services, Inc. Incentive Compensation Recovery ("Clawback") Policy as amended and restated effective as of October 2, 2023 (Reference is made to Exhibit 97 to the Form 10-K filed with the Commission on February 20, 2024, which is incorporated herein by reference).
101.INS | Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

* Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
102

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Date: February 13, 2025 |  | KELLY SERVICES, INC.
|  | Registrant
| By | /s/ Troy R. Anderson
|  | Troy R. Anderson
|  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Date: February 13, 2025 | * | /s/ P. W. Quigley
|  | P. W. Quigley
|  | President, Chief Executive Officer and Director
|  | (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: February 13, 2025 | * | /s/ T. B. Larkin
|  | T. B. Larkin
|  | Chairman of the Board and Director
Date: February 13, 2025 | * | /s/ G. S. Adolph
|  | G. S. Adolph
|  | Director
Date: February 13, 2025 | * | /s/ G. S. Corona
|  | G. S. Corona
|  | Director
Date: February 13, 2025 | * | /s/ R. S. Cubbin
|  | R. S. Cubbin
|  | Director
Date: February 13, 2025 | * | /s/ A. Duggirala
|  | A. Duggirala
|  | Director
Date: February 13, 2025 | * | /s/ I. F. Johnson
|  | I. F. Johnson
|  | Director
Date: February 13, 2025 | * | /s/ D. R. Parfet
|  | D. R. Parfet
|  | Director
Date: February 13, 2025 | * | /s/ L. A. Murphy
|  | L. A. Murphy
|  | Director

103

SIGNATURES (continued)

Date: February 13, 2025 |  | /s/ T. R. Anderson
|  | T. R. Anderson
|  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
|  | (Principal Financial Officer)
Date: February 13, 2025 |  | /s/ L. S. Lockhart
|  | L. S. Lockhart
|  | Vice President, Corporate Controller and Chief Accounting Officer
|  | (Principal Accounting Officer)
Date: February 13, 2025 | *By | /s/ T. R. Anderson
|  | T. R. Anderson
|  | Attorney-in-Fact

104