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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the Quarterly Period Ended March 31, 2023
or
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Commission File Number: 0-12507
ARROW FINANCIAL CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

New York | 22-2448962
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

250 Glen Street | Glens Falls | New York | 12801
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: | 518 |  | 745-1000

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class | Trading Symbol | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, Par Value $1.00 per share | AROW | NASDAQ Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☑ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☑ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☑
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  | Emerging growth company | ☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standard provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. __ | ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☑ No
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

Class |  | Outstanding as of July 21, 2023
Common Stock, par value $1.00 per share |  | 16,553,058

ARROW FINANCIAL CORPORATION
FORM 10-Q
TABLE OF CONTENTS

| Page
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. Financial Statements | 3
Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 43
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 65
Item 4. Controls and Procedures | 65
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. Legal Proceedings | 67
Item 1.A. Risk Factors | 67
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 67
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 68
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures | 68
Item 5. Other Information | 68
Item 6. Exhibits | 68
SIGNATURES | 70

2

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
ARROW FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Amounts)
(Unaudited)

| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | March 31, 2022
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |
Cash and Due From Banks | $ | 25,107 |  |  | $ | 31,886 |  |  | $ | 38,964 |
Interest Bearing Deposits at Banks | 178,365 |  |  | 32,774 |  |  | 448,614 |
Investment Securities: |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-Sale at Fair Value | 565,693 |  |  | 573,495 |  |  | 582,428 |
Held-to-Maturity (Fair Value of $164,439 at March 31, 2023; $171,623 at December 31, 2022; and $195,862 at March 31, 2022) | 167,347 |  |  | 175,364 |  |  | 196,661 |
Equity Securities | 2,070 |  |  | 2,174 |  |  | 1,877 |
FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank Stock | 10,027 |  |  | 6,064 |  |  | 4,491 |
Loans | 3,005,352 |  |  | 2,983,207 |  |  | 2,737,267 |
Allowance for Credit Losses | (30,784) |  |  | (29,952) |  |  | (27,661) |
Net Loans | 2,974,568 |  |  | 2,953,255 |  |  | 2,709,606 |
Premises and Equipment, Net | 58,233 |  |  | 56,491 |  |  | 48,481 |
Goodwill | 21,873 |  |  | 21,873 |  |  | 21,873 |
Other Intangible Assets, Net | 1,400 |  |  | 1,500 |  |  | 1,818 |
Other Assets | 109,947 |  |  | 114,633 |  |  | 101,589 |
Total Assets | $ | 4,114,630 |  |  | $ | 3,969,509 |  |  | $ | 4,156,402 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |
Non-interest Bearing Deposits | $ | 788,690 |  |  | $ | 836,871 |  |  | $ | 813,066 |
Interest Bearing Checking Accounts | 958,490 |  |  | 997,694 |  |  | 1,154,068 |
Savings Deposits | 1,497,326 |  |  | 1,454,364 |  |  | 1,571,274 |
Time Deposits over $250,000 | 122,827 |  |  | 76,224 |  |  | 48,288 |
Other Time Deposits | 179,016 |  |  | 133,211 |  |  | 128,677 |
Total Deposits | 3,546,349 |  |  | 3,498,364 |  |  | 3,715,373 |
Federal Home Loan Bank Overnight Advances | 35,000 |  |  | 27,000 |  |  | — |
Federal Home Loan Bank Term Advances | 107,800 |  |  | 27,800 |  |  | 25,000 |
Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts | 20,000 |  |  | 20,000 |  |  | 20,000 |
Finance Leases | 5,106 |  |  | 5,119 |  |  | 5,156 |
Other Liabilities | 37,004 |  |  | 37,688 |  |  | 33,630 |
Total Liabilities | 3,751,259 |  |  | 3,615,971 |  |  | 3,799,159 |
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |
Preferred Stock, $1 Par Value and 1,000,000 Shares Authorized at March 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2022 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Common Stock, $1 Par Value; 30,000,000 Shares Authorized (21,423,992 Shares Issued at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 and 20,800,144 at March 31, 2022) | 21,424 |  |  | 21,424 |  |  | 20,800 |
Additional Paid-in Capital | 400,944 |  |  | 400,270 |  |  | 378,758 |
Retained Earnings | 69,499 |  |  | 65,401 |  |  | 62,328 |
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | (43,983) |  |  | (49,655) |  |  | (20,797) |
Treasury Stock, at Cost (4,870,935 Shares at March 31, 2023; 4,872,355 Shares at December 31, 2022 and 4,787,183 Shares at March 31, 2022) | (84,513) |  |  | (83,902) |  |  | (83,846) |
Total Stockholders’ Equity | 363,371 |  |  | 353,538 |  |  | 357,243 |
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity | $ | 4,114,630 |  |  | $ | 3,969,509 |  |  | $ | 4,156,402 |

See Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.
3

ARROW FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |
INTEREST AND DIVIDEND INCOME |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and Fees on Loans | $ | 31,886 |  |  | $ | 25,739 |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest on Deposits at Banks | 479 |  |  | 198 |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and Dividends on Investment Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fully Taxable | 2,948 |  |  | 2,189 |  |  |  |  |  |
Exempt from Federal Taxes | 797 |  |  | 821 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Interest and Dividend Income | 36,110 |  |  | 28,947 |  |  |  |  |  |
INTEREST EXPENSE |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Bearing Checking Accounts | 370 |  |  | 163 |  |  |  |  |  |
Savings Deposits | 5,587 |  |  | 417 |  |  |  |  |  |
Time Deposits over $250,000 | 574 |  |  | 28 |  |  |  |  |  |
Other Time Deposits | 474 |  |  | 109 |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal Home Loan Bank Advances | 793 |  |  | 187 |  |  |  |  |  |
Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts | 169 |  |  | 169 |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest on Financing Leases | 49 |  |  | 49 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Interest Expense | 8,016 |  |  | 1,122 |  |  |  |  |  |
NET INTEREST INCOME | 28,094 |  |  | 27,825 |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for Credit Losses | 1,554 |  |  | 769 |  |  |  |  |  |
NET INTEREST INCOME AFTER PROVISION FOR CREDIT LOSSES | 26,540 |  |  | 27,056 |  |  |  |  |  |
NON-INTEREST INCOME |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income From Fiduciary Activities | 2,275 |  |  | 2,596 |  |  |  |  |  |
Fees for Other Services to Customers | 2,595 |  |  | 2,795 |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance Commissions | 1,520 |  |  | 1,511 |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (Loss) Gain on Securities | (104) |  |  | 130 |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Gain on Sales of Loans | 4 |  |  | 52 |  |  |  |  |  |
Other Operating Income | 387 |  |  | 1,078 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Non-interest Income | 6,677 |  |  | 8,162 |  |  |  |  |  |
NON-INTEREST EXPENSE |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and Employee Benefits | 11,947 |  |  | 11,286 |  |  |  |  |  |
Occupancy Expenses, Net | 1,628 |  |  | 1,598 |  |  |  |  |  |
Technology and Equipment Expense | 4,417 |  |  | 3,779 |  |  |  |  |  |
FDIC Assessments | 479 |  |  | 307 |  |  |  |  |  |
Other Operating Expense | 3,825 |  |  | 1,975 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Non-interest Expense | 22,296 |  |  | 18,945 |  |  |  |  |  |
INCOME BEFORE PROVISION FOR INCOME TAXES | 10,921 |  |  | 16,273 |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for Income Taxes | 2,359 |  |  | 3,698 |  |  |  |  |  |
NET INCOME | $ | 8,562 |  |  | $ | 12,575 |  |  |  |  |  |
Average Shares Outstanding 1: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 16,552 |  |  | 16,511 |  |  |  |  |  |
Diluted | 16,564 |  |  | 16,566 |  |  |  |  |  |
Per Common Share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic Earnings | $ | 0.52 |  |  | $ | 0.76 |  |  |  |  |  |
Diluted Earnings | 0.52 |  |  | 0.76 |  |  |  |  |  |

1 2022 Share and Per Share Amounts have been restated for the September 23, 2022 3% stock dividend.
See Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.
4

ARROW FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(In Thousands)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended March 31: |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Net Income | $ | 8,562 |  |  | $ | 12,575 |  |  |  |  |
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Unrealized Securities Holding Gain (Loss) Arising During the Period | 6,099 |  |  | (22,296) |  |  |  |  |
Net Unrealized (Loss) Gain on Cash Flow Hedge Agreements | (593) |  |  | 1,125 |  |  |  |  |
Reclassification of Net Unrealized Loss (Gain) on Cash Flow Hedge Agreements to Interest Expense | 147 |  |  | (21) |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of Net Retirement Plan Actuarial (Gain) Loss | (18) |  |  | 42 |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of Net Retirement Plan Prior Service Cost | 37 |  |  | 6 |  |  |  |  |
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | 5,672 |  |  | (21,144) |  |  |  |  |
Comprehensive Income (Loss) | $ | 14,234 |  |  | $ | (8,569) |  |  |  |  |

See Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.
5

ARROW FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Amounts)
(Unaudited)

| Three Month Period Ended March 31, 2023
| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  |  |  | Accumu-lated Other Com- prehensive Loss |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total
Balance at December 31 , 2022 | $ | 21,424 |  |  | $ | 400,270 |  |  | $ | 65,401 |  |  |  |  | $ | (49,655) |  |  | $ | (83,902) |  |  | $ | 353,538 |
Net Income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,562 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,562 |
Other Comprehensive Income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 5,672 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,672 |
Cash Dividends Paid, $.27 per Share | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,464) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,464) |
Stock Options Exercised, Net (3,772 Shares) | — |  |  | 50 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 33 |  |  | 83 |
Shares Issued Under the Directors’ Stock Plan (3,418 Shares) | — |  |  | 85 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 29 |  |  | 114 |
Shares Issued Under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (3,872 Shares) | — |  |  | 87 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 33 |  |  | 120 |
Shares Issued for Dividend Reinvestment Plans (17,753 Shares) | — |  |  | 330 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 142 |  |  | 472 |
Stock-Based Compensation Expense | — |  |  | 122 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 122 |
Purchase of Treasury Stock (27,395 Shares) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (848) |  |  | (848) |
Balance at March 31, 2023 | $ | 21,424 |  |  | $ | 400,944 |  |  | $ | 69,499 |  |  |  |  | $ | (43,983) |  |  | $ | (84,513) |  |  | $ | 363,371 |
| Three Month Period Ended March 31, 2022
| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  |  |  | Accumu-lated Other Com- prehensive Loss |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total
Balance at December 31, 2021 | $ | 20,800 |  |  | 377,996 |  |  | 54,078 |  |  |  |  | $ | 347 |  |  | $ | (82,035) |  |  | $ | 371,186 |
Net Income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,575 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,575 |
Other Comprehensive Loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (21,144) |  |  | — |  |  | (21,144) |
Cash Dividends Paid, $.262 per Share 1 | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,325) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,325) |
Stock Options Exercised, Net (12,145 Shares) | — |  |  | 135 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 106 |  |  | 241 |
Shares Issued Under the Directors’ Stock Plan (2,784 Shares) | — |  |  | 75 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 24 |  |  | 99 |
Shares Issued Under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (3,626 Shares) | — |  |  | 89 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 31 |  |  | 120 |
Shares Issued for Dividend Reinvestment Plans (13,917 Shares) | — |  |  | 353 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 121 |  |  | 474 |
Stock-Based Compensation Expense | — |  |  | 110 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 110 |
Purchase of Treasury Stock (60,241 Shares) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (2,093) |  |  | (2,093) |
Balance at March 31, 2022 | $ | 20,800 |  |  | $ | 378,758 |  |  | $ | 62,328 |  |  |  |  | $ | (20,797) |  |  | $ | (83,846) |  |  | $ | 357,243 |

1 Cash dividends paid per share have been adjusted for the September 23, 2022 3% stock dividend.
See Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.
6

ARROW FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Dollars in Thousands)

| Three Months Ended March 31,
Cash Flows from Operating Activities: | 2023 |  | 2022
Net Income | $ | 8,562 |  |  | $ | 12,575 |
Provision for Credit Losses | 1,554 |  |  | 769 |
Depreciation and Amortization | 1,738 |  |  | 1,945 |
Net Loss (Gain) on Securities Transactions | 104 |  |  | (130) |
Loans Originated and Held-for-Sale | 239 |  |  | (974) |
Proceeds from the Sale of Loans Held-for-Sale | 4 |  |  | 1,349 |
Net Gain on the Sale of Loans | (4) |  |  | (52) |
Net Loss on the Sale of Premises and Equipment, Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets | 37 |  |  | 15 |
Contributions to Retirement Benefit Plans | (143) |  |  | (171) |
Deferred Income Tax Expense (Benefit) | 891 |  |  | (462) |
Shares Issued Under the Directors’ Stock Plan | 114 |  |  | 99 |
Stock-Based Compensation Expense | 122 |  |  | 110 |
Tax Benefit from Exercise of Stock Options | 11 |  |  | 22 |
Net Decrease in Other Assets | 1,792 |  |  | 4,477 |
Net Decrease in Other Liabilities | (1,801) |  |  | (2,803) |
Net Cash Provided By Operating Activities | 13,220 |  |  | 16,769 |
Cash Flows from Investing Activities: |  |  |
Proceeds from the Maturities and Calls of Securities Available-for-Sale | 15,669 |  |  | 21,473 |
Purchases of Securities Available-for-Sale | — |  |  | (75,049) |
Proceeds from the Maturities and Calls of Securities Held-to-Maturity | 9,328 |  |  | 4,699 |
Purchases of Securities Held-to-Maturity | (1,448) |  |  | (4,950) |
Net Increase in Loans | (23,479) |  |  | (70,441) |
Proceeds from the Sales of Premises and Equipment, Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets | 785 |  |  | 335 |
Purchase of Premises and Equipment | (2,635) |  |  | (3,123) |
Net (Increase) Decrease in FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank Stock | (3,963) |  |  | 889 |
Net Cash Used By Investing Activities | (5,743) |  |  | (126,167) |
Cash Flows from Financing Activities: |  |  |
Net Increase in Deposits | 47,985 |  |  | 164,876 |
Net Decrease in Short-Term Federal Home Loan Bank Borrowings | 8,000 |  |  | — |
Finance Lease Payments | (13) |  |  | (13) |
Federal Home Loan Bank Advances | 100,000 |  |  | — |
Repayments of Federal Home Loan Bank Term Advances | (20,000) |  |  | (20,000) |
Purchase of Treasury Stock | (848) |  |  | (2,093) |
Stock Options Exercised, Net | 83 |  |  | 241 |
Shares Issued Under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan | 120 |  |  | 120 |
Shares Issued for Dividend Reinvestment Plans | 472 |  |  | 474 |
Cash Dividends Paid | (4,464) |  |  | (4,325) |
Net Cash Provided By Financing Activities | 131,335 |  |  | 139,280 |
Net Increase in Cash and Cash Equivalents | 138,812 |  |  | 29,882 |
Cash and Cash Equivalents at Beginning of Period | 64,660 |  |  | 457,696 |
Cash and Cash Equivalents at End of Period | $ | 203,472 |  |  | $ | 487,578 |
Supplemental Disclosures to Statements of Cash Flow Information: |  |  |
Interest on Deposits and Borrowings | $ | 7,200 |  |  | $ | 1,156 |
Income Taxes | 1,069 |  |  | 318 |
Transfer of Loans to Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets | 373 |  |  | 403 |

See Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.
7

NOTES TO INTERIM CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
Note 1.RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES
Nature of Operations - Arrow Financial Corporation, a New York corporation ("Arrow," the "Company," "we," or "us"), was incorporated on March 21, 1983 and is registered as a bank holding company within the meaning of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956. The banking subsidiaries are Glens Falls National Bank and Trust Company ("GFNB") whose main office is located in Glens Falls, New York, and Saratoga National Bank and Trust Company ("SNB") whose main office is located in Saratoga Springs, New York. The two subsidiary banks provide a full range of services to individuals and small to mid-size businesses in northeastern New York State from Albany, the State's capitol, to the Canadian border. Both banks have wealth management departments which provide investment management and administrative services. An active subsidiary of GFNB is Upstate Agency LLC, offering insurance services including property, and casualty insurance, group health insurance and individual life insurance products. North Country Investment Advisers, Inc., a registered investment adviser that provides investment advice to our proprietary mutual fund, and Arrow Properties, Inc., a real estate investment trust (REIT), are subsidiaries of GFNB. Arrow also owns directly two subsidiary business trusts, organized in 2003 and 2004 to issue trust preferred securities (TRUPs), which are still outstanding.
Concentrations of Credit - With the exception of some indirect auto lending, Arrow's loans are primarily with borrowers in upstate New York. Although the loan portfolios of the subsidiary banks are well diversified, tourism has a substantial impact on the northeastern New York economy. The commitments to extend credit are fairly consistent with the distribution of loans presented in Note 5, "Loans," generally have the same credit risk and are subject to normal credit policies. Generally, the loans are secured by assets and are expected to be repaid from cash flow or the sale of selected assets of the borrowers. Arrow evaluates each customer's creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by Arrow upon extension of credit, is based upon Management's credit evaluation of the counterparty. The nature of the collateral varies with the type of loan and may include: residential real estate, cash and securities, inventory, accounts receivable, property, plant and equipment, income producing commercial properties and automobiles.
Liquidity - The objective of effective liquidity management is to ensure that Arrow has the ability to raise cash when needed at a reasonable cost. This includes the capability of meeting expected and unexpected obligations to Arrow's customers at any time. Given the uncertain nature of customer demands and the need to maximize earnings, Arrow must have available reasonably priced sources of funds, both on- and off-balance sheet, that can be accessed quickly in times of need. Arrow’s liquidity position should provide the Company with the necessary flexibility to address any unexpected near-term disruptions such as reduced cash flows from the investment and loan portfolio, unexpected deposit runoff, or increased loan originations.
Arrow's primary sources of available liquidity are overnight investments in federal funds sold, interest bearing bank balances at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and cash flow from investment securities and loans.
Note 2. ACCOUNTING POLICIES
In the opinion of the management of Arrow, the accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements contain all of the adjustments necessary to present fairly the financial position as of March 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2022; the results of operations for the three month periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022; the consolidated statements of comprehensive income for the three month periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022; the changes in stockholders' equity for the three month periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022; and the cash flows for the three month periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. All such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. The unaudited interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited annual consolidated financial statements of Arrow for the year ended December 31, 2022 included in Arrow's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the "2022 Form 10-K").
Management’s Use of Estimates
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reporting period. Management utilized estimates and assumptions in its evaluation of potential impairment of Arrow's right-of-use lease assets, goodwill and intangible assets. Our most significant estimate is the allowance for credit losses. Other estimates include the fair value of financial instruments, evaluation of pension and other post-retirement liabilities, an analysis of a need for a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets and a reserve for unfunded loan commitments recorded as an other liability. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
A material estimate that is particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term is the allowance for credit losses. In connection with the determination of the allowance for credit losses management obtains economic forecasts from reliable sources and appraisals for properties. The allowance for credit losses is management’s best estimate of the life of loan losses as of the balance sheet date. While management uses available information to recognize losses on loans, future adjustments to the allowance for credit losses may be necessary based on changes in economic conditions.
Allowance for Credit Losses – Loans - Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (CECL) approach requires an estimate of the credit losses expected over the life of a loan (or pool of loans). It replaces the incurred loss approach’s threshold that required the recognition of a credit loss when it was probable that a loss event was incurred. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted
8

from, or added to, the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net lifetime amount expected to be collected on the loans. Credit losses are charged off against the allowance when management believes a loan balance is confirmed to be uncollectible. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged off and expected to be charged off.
Management estimates the allowance using relevant available information from internal and external sources related to past events, current conditions, and a reasonable and supportable single economic forecast. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Arrow's historical loss experience was supplemented with peer information when there was insufficient loss data for Arrow. Peer selection was based on a review of institutions with comparable loss experience as well as loan yield, bank size, portfolio concentration and geography. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics such as differences in credit concentrations, delinquency level, collateral values and underwriting standards as well as changes in economic conditions or other relevant factors. Management judgment is required at each point in the measurement process.
Portfolio segment is defined as the level at which an entity develops and documents a systematic methodology to determine its allowance for credit losses. Upon adoption of CECL, management revised the manner in which loans were pooled for similar risk characteristics. Management developed portfolio segments for estimating loss based on type of borrower and collateral as follows:
Commercial Loans
Commercial Real Estate Loans
Consumer Loans
Residential Loans
Further details related to loan portfolio segments is included in Note 5 Loans.
Historical credit loss experience for both Arrow and segment-specific peers provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Arrow utilized regression analyses of peer data, of which Arrow is included, where observed credit losses and selected economic factors were utilized to determine suitable loss drivers for modeling lifetime probability of default (PD) rates. Arrow uses the discounted cash flow (DCF) method to estimate expected credit losses for the commercial, commercial real estate, and residential segments. For each of these loan segments, Arrow generates cash flow projections at the instrument level wherein payment expectations are adjusted for estimated prepayment speed, curtailments, time to recovery, PD, and segment-specific loss given default (LGD) risk factors. The modeling of expected prepayment speeds, curtailment rates, and time to recovery are based on historical internal data and adjusted, if necessary, based on the reasonable and supportable forecast of economic conditions.
For the loan segments utilizing the DCF method, (commercial, commercial real estate, and residential) management utilizes externally developed economic forecast of the following economic factors as loss drivers: national unemployment, gross domestic product and home price index (HPI). The economic forecast is applied over a reasonable and supportable forecast period. Arrow utilizes a six quarter reasonable and supportable forecast period with an eight quarter reversion to the historic mean on a straight-line basis.
The combination of adjustments for credit expectations (default and loss) and timing expectations (prepayment, curtailment, and time to recovery) produces an expected cash flow stream at the instrument level. Instrument effective yield is calculated, net of the impacts of prepayment assumptions, and the instrument expected cash flows are then discounted at that effective yield to produce an instrument-level net present value (NPV) of expected cash flows. An allowance for credit loss is established for the difference between the instrument’s NPV and amortized cost basis. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals, and modifications unless either of the following applies: management has a reasonable expectation at the reporting date that a troubled debt restructuring (TDR) will be executed with an individual borrower or the extension or renewal options are included in the original or modified contract at the reporting date and are not unconditionally cancellable by Arrow.
Arrow uses the vintage analysis method to estimate expected credit losses for the consumer loan segment. The vintage method was selected since the loans within the consumer loan segment are homogeneous, not just by risk characteristic, but by loan structure. Under the vintage analysis method, a loss rate is calculated based on the quarterly net charge-offs to the outstanding loan balance for each vintage year over the lookback period. Once this periodic loss rate is calculated for each quarter in the lookback period, the periodic rates are averaged into the loss rate. The loss rate is then applied to the outstanding loan balances based on the loan's vintage year. Arrow maintains, over the life of the loan, the loss curve by vintage year. If estimated losses computed by the vintage method need to be adjusted based on current conditions and the reasonable and supportable economic forecast, these adjustments would be incorporated over a six quarter reasonable and supportable forecast period, reverting to historical losses using a straight-line method over an eight quarter period. Based on current conditions and the reasonable and supportable economic forecast, no adjustment to the loss rate for each vintage is currently required.
The vintage and DCF models also consider the need to qualitatively adjust expected loss estimates for information not already captured in the quantitative loss estimation process. Qualitative considerations include limitations inherent in the quantitative model; trends experienced in nonperforming and delinquent loans; changes in value of underlying collateral; changes in lending policies and procedures; nature and composition of loans; portfolio concentrations that may affect loss experience across one or more components or the portfolio; the experience, ability and depth of lending management and staff; Arrow's credit review system; and the effect of external factors such as competition, legal and regulatory requirements. These qualitative factor adjustments may increase or decrease Arrow's estimate of expected credit losses so that the allowance for credit loss is reflective of the estimate of lifetime losses that exist in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date.
All loans not included in the vintage analysis method that exceed $250,000 which are on nonaccrual, are evaluated on an individual basis. For collateral dependent financial assets where Arrow has determined that foreclosure of the collateral is probable, or where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and Arrow expects repayment of the financial asset to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, Arrow has elected a practical expedient to measure the allowance for credit loss as the difference between the fair value of the collateral less cost to sell, and the amortized cost basis of the asset as of the measurement date. In the
9

event the repayment of a collateral dependent financial asset is expected to be provided substantially through the operating of the collateral, Arrow will use fair value of the collateral at the reporting date when recording the net carrying amount of the asset and determining the allowance for credit losses. When repayment is expected to be from the sale of the collateral, expected credit losses are calculated as the amount by which the amortized cost basis of the financial asset exceeds the fair value of the underlying collateral less estimated cost to sell. The allowance for credit losses may be zero if the fair value of the collateral at the measurement date exceeds the amortized cost basis of the financial asset.
ASU No. 2022-02, “Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures” (“ASU 2022-02”), was issued in March 2022 to provide updates on the accounting treatment for TDRs and related disclosures requirements, as well as modifying the disclosure requirement associated with the existing credit quality indicators “vintage” disclosure. With respect to TDRs, ASU 2022-02 eliminates the recognition and measurement guidance for TDRs under current GAAP and instead requires that Arrow evaluate whether the modification represents a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan, consistent with the current GAAP treatment for other loan modifications. In addition, ASU 2022-02 eliminates existing disclosure requirements on TDRs and replaces with enhanced disclosure requirements related to certain loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. ASU 2022-02 also provides an update to the existing credit quality indicators “vintage” tabular disclosure requiring current period gross write-offs to be disclosed by year of origination for each loan segment. The provisions of ASU 2022-02 were effective January 1, 2023 and Arrow adopted the provisions on a prospective basis. Historical disclosures on TDRs were removed from this report in accordance with the provisions of this ASU. The adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.
Estimated Credit Losses on Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures Recognized as Other Liabilities - Arrow estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which Arrow has exposure to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by Arrow. The allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures recognized in other liabilities, is adjusted as an expense in other non-interest expense. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over their estimated lives. Estimating credit losses on unfunded commitments requires Arrow to consider the following categories of off-balance sheet credit exposure: unfunded commitments to extend credit, unfunded lines of credit, and standby letters of credit. Each of these unfunded commitments is then analyzed for a probability of funding to calculate a probable funding amount. The life of loan loss factor by related portfolio segment from the loan allowance for credit loss calculation is then applied to the probable funding amount to calculate the estimated credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures recognized as other liabilities.
Accrued Interest Receivable - Upon adoption of CECL on January 1, 2021, Arrow made the following elections regarding accrued interest receivable: (1) presented accrued interest receivable balances separately within the other assets balance sheet line item; (2) excluded interest receivable that is included in amortized cost of financing receivables from related disclosures requirements and (3) continued its policy to write off accrued interest receivable by reversing interest income. For loans, write off typically occurs upon becoming over 90 to 120 days past due and therefore the amount of such write offs are immaterial. Historically, Arrow has not experienced uncollectible accrued interest receivable on investment securities.
Allowance for Credit Losses – Held-to-Maturity (HTM) Debt Securities - Arrow's HTM debt securities are also required to utilize the CECL approach to estimate expected credit losses. Management measures expected credit losses on HTM debt securities on a collective basis by major security types that share similar risk characteristics, such as financial asset type and collateral type adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Management classifies the HTM portfolio into the following major security types: U.S. government agency or U.S. government sponsored mortgage-backed and collateralized mortgage obligations securities, and state and municipal debt securities.
The mortgage-backed and collateralized mortgage obligations HTM securities are issued by U.S. government entities and agencies. These securities are either explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government as to timely repayment of principal and interest, are highly rated by major rating agencies, and have a long history of no credit losses. Therefore, Arrow did not record a credit loss for these securities.
State and municipal bonds carry an investment grade from an accredited ratings agency, primarily with an investment grade rating. In addition, Arrow has a limited amount of New York state local municipal bonds that are not rated. The estimate of expected credit losses on the HTM portfolio is based on the expected cash flows of each individual CUSIP over its contractual life and utilized a municipal loss forecast model for determining PD and LGD rates. Management may exercise discretion to make adjustments based on environmental factors. A calculated expected credit loss for individual securities was determined using the PD and LGD rates. Arrow determined that the expected credit loss on its municipal bond portfolio was de minimis, and therefore, an allowance for credit losses was not recorded.
Allowance for Credit Losses – Available-for-Sale (AFS) Debt Securities - The impairment model for AFS debt securities differs from the CECL approach utilized by HTM debt securities since AFS debt securities are measured at fair value rather than amortized cost. For AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position, Arrow first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For AFS debt securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, in making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, adverse conditions specifically related to the security, failure of the issuer of the debt security to make scheduled interest or principal payments, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. The cash flows are estimated using information relevant to the collectability of the security, including information about past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the
10

credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income.
Investments in Federal Reserve Bank (FRB) and Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) stock are required for membership in those organizations and are carried at cost since there is no market value available. The FHLB New York (FHLBNY) continues to pay dividends and repurchase stock. As such, the Company has not recognized any impairment on its holdings of FRB and FHLB stock.
Note 3. CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS (In Thousands)

The following table is the schedule of Cash and Cash Equivalents at March 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2022:
| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | March 31, 2022
Cash and Due From Banks | $ | 25,107 |  |  | $ | 31,886 |  |  | $ | 38,964 |
Interest Bearing Deposits at Banks | 178,365 |  |  | 32,774 |  |  | 448,614 |
Total Cash and Cash Equivalents | $ | 203,472 |  |  | 64,660 |  |  | 487,578 |

The decline in cash from March 31, 2022 to December 31, 2022 was primarily the result of record loan growth in 2022 and a decrease in deposits in the fourth quarter of 2022. The increase in cash in the first quarter of 2023 was primarily due to an increase of deposits and $80 million of additional FHLB term advances to enhance the Company's liquidity position in light of recent industry events.
11

Note 4. INVESTMENT SECURITIES (In Thousands)
The following table is the schedule of Available-For-Sale Securities at March 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2022:

Available-For-Sale Securities
|  | U.S. Government & Agency Obligations |  | State and Municipal Obligations |  | Mortgage- Backed Securities |  | Corporate and Other Debt Securities |  |  |  | Total Available- For-Sale Securities
March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-For-Sale Securities, at Amortized Cost |  | $ | 190,000 |  |  | $ | 320 |  |  | $ | 431,754 |  |  | $ | 1,000 |  |  |  |  | $ | 623,074 |
Gross Unrealized Gains |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 160 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 160 |
Gross Unrealized Losses |  | (12,415) |  |  | — |  |  | (44,926) |  |  | (200) |  |  |  |  | (57,541) |
Available-For-Sale Securities, at Fair Value |  | 177,585 |  |  | 320 |  |  | 386,988 |  |  | 800 |  |  |  |  | 565,693 |
Available-For-Sale Securities, Pledged as Collateral, at Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 360,153 |
Maturities of Debt Securities, at Amortized Cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Within One Year |  | $ | 15,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 892 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 15,892 |
From 1 - 5 Years |  | 175,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 239,803 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 414,803 |
From 5 - 10 Years |  | — |  |  | 320 |  |  | 191,059 |  |  | 1,000 |  |  |  |  | 192,379 |
Over 10 Years |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Maturities of Debt Securities, at Fair Value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Within One Year |  | $ | 14,769 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 866 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 15,635 |
From 1 - 5 Years |  | 162,816 |  |  | — |  |  | 221,904 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 384,720 |
From 5 - 10 Years |  | — |  |  | 320 |  |  | 164,218 |  |  | 800 |  |  |  |  | 165,338 |
Over 10 Years |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Securities in a Continuous Loss Position, at Fair Value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 12 Months |  | $ | 54,058 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 27,106 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 81,164 |
12 Months or Longer |  | 123,526 |  |  | — |  |  | 346,733 |  |  | 800 |  |  |  |  | 471,059 |
Total |  | $ | 177,584 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 373,839 |  |  | $ | 800 |  |  |  |  | $ | 552,223 |
Number of Securities in a Continuous Loss Position |  | 25 |  |  | — |  |  | 150 |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | 176 |
Unrealized Losses on Securities in a Continuous Loss Position: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 12 Months |  | $ | 942 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 891 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,833 |
12 Months or Longer |  | 11,473 |  |  | — |  |  | 44,035 |  |  | 200 |  |  |  |  | 55,708 |
Total |  | $ | 12,415 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 44,926 |  |  | $ | 200 |  |  |  |  | $ | 57,541 |

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Available-For-Sale Securities
|  | U.S. Government & Agency Obligations |  | State and Municipal Obligations |  | Mortgage- Backed Securities |  | Corporate and Other Debt Securities |  |  |  | Total Available- For-Sale Securities
Disaggregated Details: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Agency Obligations, at Amortized Cost |  | $ | 190,000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Agency Obligations, at Fair Value |  | 177,585 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Government Agency Securities, at Amortized Cost |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,782 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Government Agency Securities, at Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  | 7,321 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government Sponsored Entity Securities, at Amortized Cost |  |  |  |  |  | 423,972 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government Sponsored Entity Securities, at Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  | 379,667 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-For-Sale Securities, at Amortized Cost |  | $ | 190,000 |  |  | $ | 340 |  |  | $ | 447,755 |  |  | $ | 1,000 |  |  |  |  | $ | 639,095 |
Gross Unrealized Gains |  | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | 65 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 80 |
Gross Unrealized Losses |  | (14,816) |  |  | — |  |  | (50,664) |  |  | (200) |  |  |  |  | (65,680) |
Available-For-Sale Securities, at Fair Value |  | 175,199 |  |  | 340 |  |  | 397,156 |  |  | 800 |  |  |  |  | 573,495 |
Available-For-Sale Securities, Pledged as Collateral, at Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 308,266 |
Securities in a Continuous Loss Position, at Fair Value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 12 Months |  | $ | 66,690 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 183,868 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 250,558 |
12 Months or Longer |  | 93,493 |  |  | — |  |  | 199,262 |  |  | 800 |  |  |  |  | 293,555 |
Total |  | $ | 160,183 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 383,130 |  |  | $ | 800 |  |  |  |  | $ | 544,113 |
Number of Securities in a Continuous Loss Position |  | 23 |  |  | — |  |  | 150 |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | 174 |
Unrealized Losses on Securities in a Continuous Loss Position: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 12 Months |  | $ | 3,310 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18,756 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 22,066 |
12 Months or Longer |  | 11,506 |  |  | — |  |  | 31,908 |  |  | 200 |  |  |  |  | 43,614 |
Total |  | $ | 14,816 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 50,664 |  |  | $ | 200 |  |  |  |  | $ | 65,680 |
Disaggregated Details: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Agency Obligations, at Amortized Cost |  | $ | 190,000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Agency Obligations, at Fair Value |  | 175,199 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Government Agency Securities, at Amortized Cost |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,934 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Government Agency Securities, at Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  | 7,433 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government Sponsored Entity Securities, at Amortized Cost |  |  |  |  |  | 439,821 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government Sponsored Entity Securities, at Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  | 389,723 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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Available-For-Sale Securities
|  | U.S. Government & Agency Obligations |  | State and Municipal Obligations |  | Mortgage- Backed Securities |  | Corporate and Other Debt Securities |  |  |  | Total Available- For-Sale Securities
March 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-For-Sale Securities, at Amortized Cost |  | $ | 140,000 |  |  | $ | 380 |  |  | $ | 471,829 |  |  | $ | 1,000 |  |  |  |  | $ | 613,209 |
Gross Unrealized Gains |  | 21 |  |  | — |  |  | 211 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 232 |
Gross Unrealized Losses |  | (7,277) |  |  | — |  |  | (23,536) |  |  | (200) |  |  |  |  | (31,013) |
Available-For-Sale Securities, at Fair Value |  | 132,744 |  |  | 380 |  |  | 448,504 |  |  | 800 |  |  |  |  | 582,428 |
Available-For-Sale Securities, Pledged as Collateral, at Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 397,138 |
Securities in a Continuous Loss Position, at Fair Value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 12 Months |  | $ | 43,518 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 358,688 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 402,206 |
12 Months or Longer |  | 84,205 |  |  | — |  |  | 74,546 |  |  | 800 |  |  |  |  | 159,551 |
Total |  | $ | 127,723 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 433,234 |  |  | $ | 800 |  |  |  |  | $ | 561,757 |
Number of Securities in a Continuous Loss Position |  | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | 129 |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | 148 |
Unrealized Losses on Securities in a Continuous Loss Position: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 12 Months |  | $ | 1,482 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,949 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 18,431 |
12 Months or Longer |  | 5,795 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,587 |  |  | 200 |  |  |  |  | 12,582 |
Total |  | $ | 7,277 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 23,536 |  |  | $ | 200 |  |  |  |  | $ | 31,013 |
Disaggregated Details: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Agency Obligations, at Amortized Cost |  | $ | 140,000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Agency Obligations, at Fair Value |  | 132,744 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Government Agency Securities, at Amortized Cost |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,853 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Government Agency Securities, at Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  | 8,667 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government Sponsored Entity Securities, at Amortized Cost |  |  |  |  |  | 462,976 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government Sponsored Entity Securities, at Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  | 439,837 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

At March 31, 2023, there was no allowance for credit losses for the AFS debt securities portfolio.
The following table is the schedule of Held-To-Maturity Securities at March 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2022:

Held-To-Maturity Securities
|  | State and Municipal Obligations |  | Mortgage- Backed Securities |  |  |  | Total Held-To Maturity Securities
March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Held-To-Maturity Securities, at Amortized Cost |  | $ | 156,314 |  |  | $ | 11,033 |  |  |  |  | $ | 167,347 |
Gross Unrealized Gains |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 2 |
Gross Unrealized Losses |  | (2,421) |  |  | (489) |  |  |  |  | (2,910) |
Held-To-Maturity Securities, at Fair Value |  | 153,895 |  |  | 10,544 |  |  |  |  | 164,439 |
Held-To-Maturity Securities, Pledged as Collateral, at Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 146,902 |

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Held-To-Maturity Securities
|  | State and Municipal Obligations |  | Mortgage- Backed Securities |  |  |  | Total Held-To Maturity Securities
Maturities of Debt Securities, at Amortized Cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Within One Year |  | $ | 82,142 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 82,142 |
From 1 - 5 Years |  | 71,828 |  |  | 11,033 |  |  |  |  | 82,861 |
From 5 - 10 Years |  | 2,312 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 2,312 |
Over 10 Years |  | 32 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 32 |
Maturities of Debt Securities, at Fair Value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Within One Year |  | $ | 81,554 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 81,554 |
From 1 - 5 Years |  | 70,001 |  |  | 10,544 |  |  |  |  | 80,545 |
From 5 - 10 Years |  | 2,308 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 2,308 |
Over 10 Years |  | 32 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 32 |
Securities in a Continuous Loss Position, at Fair Value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 12 Months |  | $ | 43,121 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 43,121 |
12 Months or Longer |  | 90,439 |  |  | 10,544 |  |  |  |  | 100,983 |
Total |  | $ | 133,560 |  |  | $ | 10,544 |  |  |  |  | $ | 144,104 |
Number of Securities in a Continuous Loss Position |  | 386 |  |  | 16 |  |  |  |  | 402 |
Unrealized Losses on Securities in a Continuous Loss Position: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 12 Months |  | $ | 496 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 496 |
12 Months or Longer |  | 1,925 |  |  | 489 |  |  |  |  | 2,414 |
Total |  | $ | 2,421 |  |  | $ | 489 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,910 |
Disaggregated Details: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Government Agency Securities, at Amortized Cost |  |  |  | $ | 3,699 |  |  |  |  |
US Government Agency Securities, at Fair Value |  |  |  | 3,522 |  |  |  |  |
Government Sponsored Entity Securities, at Amortized Cost |  |  |  | 7,334 |  |  |  |  |
Government Sponsored Entity Securities, at Fair Value |  |  |  | 7,022 |  |  |  |  |

15

Held-To-Maturity Securities
|  | State and Municipal Obligations |  | Mortgage- Backed Securities |  |  |  | Total Held-To Maturity Securities
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Held-To-Maturity Securities, at Amortized Cost |  | $ | 163,600 |  |  | $ | 11,764 |  |  |  |  | $ | 175,364 |
Gross Unrealized Gains |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1 |
Gross Unrealized Losses |  | (3,131) |  |  | (611) |  |  |  |  | (3,742) |
Held-To-Maturity Securities, at Fair Value |  | 160,470 |  |  | 11,153 |  |  |  |  | 171,623 |
Held-To-Maturity Securities, Pledged as Collateral, at Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 142,982 |
Securities in a Continuous Loss Position, at Fair Value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 12 Months |  | $ | 137,773 |  |  | $ | 11,153 |  |  |  |  | $ | 148,926 |
12 Months or Longer |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 137,773 |  |  | $ | 11,153 |  |  |  |  | $ | 148,926 |
Number of Securities in a Continuous Loss Position |  | 397 |  |  | 16 |  |  |  |  | 413 |
Unrealized Losses on Securities in a Continuous Loss Position: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 12 Months |  | $ | 3,131 |  |  | $ | 611 |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,742 |
12 Months or Longer |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 3,131 |  |  | $ | 611 |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,742 |
Disaggregated Details: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Government Agency Securities, at Amortized Cost |  |  |  | $ | 3,898 |  |  |  |  |
US Government Agency Securities, at Fair Value |  |  |  | 3,687 |  |  |  |  |
Government Sponsored Entity Securities, at Amortized Cost |  |  |  | 7,866 |  |  |  |  |
Government Sponsored Entity Securities, at Fair Value |  |  |  | 7,466 |  |  |  |  |

16

Held-To-Maturity Securities
|  | State and Municipal Obligations |  | Mortgage- Backed Securities |  |  |  | Total Held-To Maturity Securities
March 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Held-To-Maturity Securities, at Amortized Cost |  | $ | 181,832 |  |  | $ | 14,829 |  |  |  |  | $ | 196,661 |
Gross Unrealized Gains |  | 180 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 180 |
Gross Unrealized Losses |  | (832) |  |  | (147) |  |  |  |  | (979) |
Held-To-Maturity Securities, at Fair Value |  | 181,180 |  |  | 14,682 |  |  |  |  | 195,862 |
Held-To-Maturity Securities, Pledged as Collateral, at Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 176,635 |
Securities in a Continuous Loss Position, at Fair Value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 12 Months |  | $ | 96,088 |  |  | $ | 14,465 |  |  |  |  | $ | 110,553 |
12 Months or Longer |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 96,088 |  |  | $ | 14,465 |  |  |  |  | $ | 110,553 |
Number of Securities in a Continuous Loss Position |  | 258 |  |  | 23 |  |  |  |  | 281 |
Unrealized Losses on Securities in a Continuous Loss Position: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 12 Months |  | $ | 832 |  |  | $ | 147 |  |  |  |  | $ | 979 |
12 Months or Longer |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 832 |  |  | $ | 147 |  |  |  |  | $ | 979 |
March 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Disaggregated Details: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Government Agency Securities, at Amortized Cost |  |  |  | $ | 4,954 |  |  |  |  |
US Government Agency Securities, at Fair Value |  |  |  | 4,900 |  |  |  |  |
Government Sponsored Entity Securities, at Amortized Cost |  |  |  | 9,875 |  |  |  |  |
Government Sponsored Entity Securities, at Fair Value |  |  |  | 9,782 |  |  |  |  |

In the tables above, maturities of mortgage-backed securities are included based on their contractual average lives. Actual maturities will differ because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without prepayment penalties.
Arrow's investment policy requires that investments held in our portfolio be investment grade or better at the time of purchase. Arrow performs an analysis of the creditworthiness of municipal obligations to determine if a security is of investment grade. The analysis may include but may not solely rely upon credit analysis conducted by external credit rating agencies.
Arrow evaluates AFS debt securities in unrealized loss positions at each measurement date to determine whether the decline in the fair value below the amortized cost basis (impairment) is due to credit-related factors or non-credit-related factors. Any impairment that is not credit related is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. Credit-related impairment is recognized within the allowance for credit losses on the balance sheet, limited to the amount by which the amortized cost basis exceeds the fair value, with a corresponding adjustment to earnings via credit loss expense. Arrow determined that at March 31, 2023, gross unrealized losses were primarily attributable to changes in interest rates, relative to when the investment securities were purchased, and not due to the credit quality of the investment securities. Arrow does not intend to sell, nor is it more likely than not that Arrow will be required to sell any securities before recovery of its amortized cost basis, which may be at maturity. Therefore, Arrow carried no allowance for credit loss at March 31, 2023 and there was no credit loss expense recognized by Arrow with respect to the securities portfolio during the three months ended March 31, 2023.
Arrow's HTM debt securities are comprised of U.S. government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) or state and municipal obligations. GSE securities carry the explicit and/or implicit guarantee of the U.S. government, are widely recognized as “risk free,” and have a long history of zero credit loss. Arrow determined that the expected credit loss on its HTM debt portfolio was immaterial and therefore no allowance for credit loss was recorded as of March 31, 2023.
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The following table is the schedule of Equity Securities at March 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2022:

Equity Securities
|  | March 31, 2023 | December 31, 2022 | March 31, 2022
Equity Securities, at Fair Value |  | $2,070 | $2,174 | $1,877

The following is a summary of realized and unrealized gains and losses recognized in net income on equity securities during the three month periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

| For the Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2023 |  |  |  | 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (Loss) Gain on Equity Securities | $ | (104) |  |  |  |  | $ | 130 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less: Net gain recognized during the reporting period on equity securities sold during the period | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized net (loss) gain recognized during the reporting period on equity securities still held at the reporting date | $ | (104) |  |  |  |  | $ | 130 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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Note 5. LOANS (In Thousands)
Loan Categories and Past Due Loans
The following two tables present loan balances outstanding as of March 31, 2023 and an analysis of the recorded investment in loans that are past due at these dates. Generally, Arrow considers a loan past due 30 or more days when the borrower is two payments past due. Loans held-for-sale of $417, $656 and $831 as of March 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2022, respectively, are included in the residential real estate balances for current loans.

Schedule of Past Due Loans by Loan Category
|  |  | Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |
| Commercial |  | Real Estate |  | Consumer |  | Residential |  | Total
March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans Past Due 30-59 Days | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11,237 |  |  | $ | 1,593 |  |  | $ | 12,892 |
Loans Past Due 60-89 Days | 47 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,439 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,486 |
Loans Past Due 90 or more Days | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,005 |  |  | 3,143 |  |  | 6,148 |
Total Loans Past Due | 109 |  |  | — |  |  | 18,681 |  |  | 4,736 |  |  | 23,526 |
Current Loans | 135,808 |  |  | 715,357 |  |  | 1,054,688 |  |  | 1,075,973 |  |  | 2,981,826 |
Total Loans | $ | 135,917 |  |  | $ | 715,357 |  |  | $ | 1,073,369 |  |  | $ | 1,080,709 |  |  | $ | 3,005,352 |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans Past Due 30-59 Days | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | 370 |  |  | $ | 13,657 |  |  | $ | 1,833 |  |  | $ | 15,908 |
Loans Past Due 60-89 Days | 33 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,517 |  |  | 112 |  |  | 4,662 |
Loans Past Due 90 or more Days | 44 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,503 |  |  | 4,790 |  |  | 8,337 |
Total Loans Past Due | 125 |  |  | 370 |  |  | 21,677 |  |  | 6,735 |  |  | 28,907 |
Current Loans | 140,168 |  |  | 706,652 |  |  | 1,043,458 |  |  | 1,064,022 |  |  | 2,954,300 |
Total Loans | $ | 140,293 |  |  | $ | 707,022 |  |  | $ | 1,065,135 |  |  | $ | 1,070,757 |  |  | $ | 2,983,207 |
March 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans Past Due 30-59 Days | $ | 69 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,631 |  |  | $ | 2,565 |  |  | $ | 9,265 |
Loans Past Due 60-89 Days | 89 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,562 |  |  | 267 |  |  | 2,918 |
Loans Past Due 90 or more Days | — |  |  | 346 |  |  | 1,041 |  |  | 1,531 |  |  | 2,918 |
Total Loans Past Due | 158 |  |  | 346 |  |  | 10,234 |  |  | 4,363 |  |  | 15,101 |
Current Loans | 155,309 |  |  | 638,091 |  |  | 966,414 |  |  | 962,352 |  |  | 2,722,166 |
Total Loans | $ | 155,467 |  |  | $ | 638,437 |  |  | $ | 976,648 |  |  | $ | 966,715 |  |  | $ | 2,737,267 |

Schedule of Non Accrual Loans by Category
|  |  | Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |
March 31, 2023 | Commercial |  | Real Estate |  | Consumer |  | Residential |  | Total
Loans 90 or More Days Past Due and Still Accruing Interest | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 241 |  |  | $ | 241 |
Nonaccrual Loans | 8 |  |  | 3,085 |  |  | 3,123 |  |  | 4,636 |  |  | 10,852 |
Nonaccrual With No Allowance for Credit Loss | 8 |  |  | 3,085 |  |  | 3,123 |  |  | 4,636 |  |  | 10,852 |
Interest Income on Nonaccrual Loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans 90 or More Days Past Due and Still Accruing Interest | $ | 44 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,113 |  |  | $ | 1,157 |
Nonaccrual Loans | 8 |  |  | 3,110 |  |  | 3,503 |  |  | 4,136 |  |  | 10,757 |
March 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans 90 or More Days Past Due and Still Accruing Interest | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | 55 |
Nonaccrual Loans | 70 |  |  | 6,360 |  |  | 1,155 |  |  | 2,165 |  |  | 9,750 |

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Arrow disaggregates its loan portfolio into the following four categories:
Commercial - Arrow offers a variety of loan options to meet the specific needs of our commercial customers including term loans, time notes and lines of credit. Such loans are made available to businesses for working capital needs such as inventory and receivables, business expansion and equipment purchases. Generally, a collateral lien is placed on equipment or other assets owned by the borrower. Generally, these loans carry a higher risk than commercial real estate loans due to the nature of the underlying collateral, which can be business assets such as equipment and accounts receivable and generally have a lower liquidation value than real estate. In the event of default by the borrower, Arrow may be required to liquidate collateral at deeply discounted values. To reduce the risk, management usually obtains personal guarantees to support the borrowing, as permitted by applicable law.
Commercial Real Estate - Arrow offers commercial real estate loans to finance real estate purchases, refinancings, expansions and improvements to commercial properties. Commercial real estate loans are made to finance the purchases of real property which generally consists of real estate with completed structures. These commercial real estate loans are typically secured by first liens on the real estate, which may include apartments, commercial structures, housing businesses, healthcare facilities, and both owner- and non-owner-occupied facilities. These loans are typically less risky than commercial loans, since they are secured by real estate and buildings, and are generally originated in amounts of no more than 80% of the appraised value of the property. However, Arrow also offers commercial construction and land development loans to finance projects. Many projects will ultimately be used by the borrowers' businesses, while others are developed for resale. These real estate loans are also typically secured by first liens on the real estate, which may include apartments, commercial structures, housing businesses, healthcare facilities and both owner-occupied and non-owner-occupied facilities. There is enhanced risk during the construction period, since the loan is secured by an incomplete project.
Consumer Loans - This category is primarily comprised of automobile loans. Arrow primarily finances the purchases of automobiles indirectly through dealer relationships located throughout upstate New York and Vermont. Most automobile loans carry a fixed rate of interest with principal repayment terms typically ranging from three to seven years. Automobile loans are underwritten on a secured basis using the underlying collateral being financed. Arrow also offers a variety of consumer installment loans to finance personal expenditures. Most of these loans carry a fixed rate of interest with principal repayment terms typically ranging from one to five years, based upon the nature of the collateral and the size of the loan. In addition to installment loans, Arrow also offers personal lines of credit and overdraft protection. Several of these consumer loans are unsecured, which carry a higher risk of loss.
Residential - Residential real estate loans consist primarily of loans secured by first or second mortgages on primary residences. Arrow originates fixed-rate and adjustable-rate one-to-four-family residential real estate loans for the construction, purchase of real estate or refinancing of an existing mortgage. These loans are collateralized primarily by owner-occupied properties generally located in Arrow's market area. Loans on one-to-four-family residential real estate are generally originated in amounts of no more than 80% of the purchase price or appraised value (whichever is lower), or have private mortgage insurance. Arrow’s underwriting analysis for residential mortgage loans typically includes credit verification, independent appraisals, and a review of the borrower’s financial condition. Mortgage title insurance and hazard insurance are normally required. It is Arrow's general practice to underwrite residential real estate loans to secondary market standards. Construction loans have a unique risk, because they are secured by an incomplete dwelling. This risk is reduced through periodic site inspections, including one at each loan draw period. In addition, Arrow offers fixed home equity loans, as well as home equity lines of credit to consumers to finance home improvements, debt consolidation, education and other uses. Arrow's policy allows for a maximum loan to value ratio of 80%, although periodically higher advances are allowed. Arrow originates home equity lines of credit and second mortgage loans (loans secured by a second junior lien position on one-to-four-family residential real estate). Risk is generally reduced through underwriting criteria, which include credit verification, appraisals, a review of the borrower's financial condition, and personal cash flows. A security interest, with title insurance when necessary, is taken in the underlying real estate.
Allowance for Credit Losses
Loan segments were selected by class code and application code to ensure each segment is comprised of loans with homogenous loan characteristics and similar risk profiles. The resulting loan segments are commercial, commercial real estate, consumer and residential real estate loans. The consumer segment is mainly comprised of automobile loans, and since they are relatively short-term in nature, with similar dollar amounts and collateral, the vintage analysis method was selected to determine the credit loss reserve. The vintage method utilizes Arrow loan data exclusively as the method calculates a loss rate based on the total origination balance of the loans by year and the charge-off and recovery rate of the same origination year. Arrow maintains, over the life of the loan, the loss curve by vintage year. The discounted cash flow method (DCF) is used to calculate the reserve for credit losses for the commercial, commercial real estate and residential real estate segments.
The March 31, 2023 allowance for credit losses calculation incorporated a reasonable and supportable forecast period to account for economic conditions utilized in the measurement. The quantitative model utilized an economic forecast sourced from reputable third-parties that reflects the economic conditions with an improvement of approximately 0.18% in the national unemployment rate during the six-quarter forecast period, while forecasted gross domestic product projected a slight improvement of approximately 0.07%. The home price index (HPI) forecast declined approximately 4.07% from the previous quarter level. Key assumptions utilized in the CECL calculation include loan segmentation, loan loss regression analysis, reasonable and supportable forecast period, reversion period, DCF inputs including economic forecast data and prepayment and curtailment speeds and qualitative factors. Key assumptions are reviewed and approved on a quarterly basis. There were no assumption changes for the first quarter calculation. Driven by current economic forecasts, loan growth and net charge offs during the quarter, the first quarter provision for credit losses was $1.6 million. The
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provision is directionally consistent with both the latest economic forecasts as well as first quarter activity. Management's evaluation considers the allowance for credit losses for loans to be appropriate as of March 31, 2023.
The following table details activity in the allowance for credit losses on loans for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022:

Allowance for Credit Losses
Rollforward of the Allowance for Credit Losses for the Quarterly Period: | Commercial |  | Commercial Real Estate |  | Consumer |  | Residential |  |  |  | Total
December 31, 2022 | $ | 1,961 |  |  | $ | 15,213 |  |  | $ | 2,585 |  |  | $ | 10,193 |  |  |  |  | $ | 29,952 |
Charge-offs | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,328) |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | (1,328) |
Recoveries | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 606 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 606 |
Provision | $ | (224) |  |  | $ | 289 |  |  | $ | 1,000 |  |  | $ | 489 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,554 |
March 31, 2023 | $ | 1,737 |  |  | $ | 15,502 |  |  | $ | 2,863 |  |  | $ | 10,682 |  |  |  |  | $ | 30,784 |
December 31, 2021 | $ | 2,298 |  |  | $ | 13,136 |  |  | $ | 2,402 |  |  | $ | 9,445 |  |  |  |  | $ | 27,281 |
Charge-offs | — |  |  | — |  |  | (799) |  |  | (30) |  |  |  |  | $ | (829) |
Recoveries | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 432 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 440 |
Provision | 209 |  |  | 406 |  |  | 475 |  |  | (321) |  |  |  |  | $ | 769 |
March 31, 2022 | $ | 2,515 |  |  | $ | 13,542 |  |  | $ | 2,510 |  |  | $ | 9,094 |  |  |  |  | $ | 27,661 |

Estimated Credit Losses on Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures Recognized as Other Liabilities
Financial instrument credit losses apply to off-balance sheet credit exposures such as unfunded loan commitments and standby letters of credit. A liability for expected credit losses for off-balance sheet exposures is recognized if the entity has a present contractual obligation to extend the credit and the obligation is not unconditionally cancellable by the entity. Changes in this allowance are reflected in other operating expenses within the non-interest expense category. As of March 31, 2023, the total unfunded commitment off-balance sheet credit exposure was $1.8 million.
Individually Evaluated Loans
All loans not included in the vintage analysis method that exceed $250,000, which are on nonaccrual status, are evaluated on an individual basis. Arrow made the policy election to apply a practical expedient for collateral dependent financial assets when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and the repayment is expected through the sale of the collateral. This allows Arrow to use fair value of the collateral at the reporting date adjusted for estimated cost to sell when recording the net carrying amount of the asset and determining the allowance for credit losses for a financial asset. In the event where the repayment of a collateral dependent financial asset is expected to be provided substantially through the operating of the collateral, Arrow will use fair value of the collateral at the reporting date when recording the net carrying amount of the asset and determining the allowance for credit losses. As of March 31, 2023, there were five total relationships identified to be evaluated for loss on an individual basis which had an amortized cost basis of $5.0 million and none had an allowance for credit loss.
The following tables present the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans by class of loans as of March 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2022:

March 31, 2023 | Collateral Type -Residential Real Estate |  | Collateral Type - Commercial Real Estate |  | Total Loans
Commercial | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial Real Estate | — |  |  | 3,027 |  |  | 3,027 |
Consumer | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Residential | 1,949 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,949 |
Total | $ | 1,949 |  |  | $ | 3,027 |  |  | $ | 4,976 |

December 31, 2022 | Collateral Type -Residential Real Estate |  | Collateral Type - Commercial Real Estate |  | Total Loans
Commercial | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial Real Estate | — |  |  | 3,110 |  |  | 3,110 |
Consumer | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Residential | 1,963 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,963 |
Total | $ | 1,963 |  |  | $ | 3,110 |  |  | $ | 5,073 |

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March 31, 2022 | Collateral Type -Residential Real Estate |  | Collateral Type - Commercial Real Estate |  | Total Loans
Commercial | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial Real Estate | — |  |  | 6,014 |  |  | 6,014 |
Consumer | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Residential | 415 |  |  | — |  |  | 415 |
Total | $ | 415 |  |  | $ | 6,014 |  |  | $ | 6,429 |

Allowance for Credit Losses - Collectively and Individually Evaluated
| Commercial |  | Commercial Real Estate |  | Consumer |  | Residential |  |  |  | Total
March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending Loan Balance - Collectively Evaluated | $ | 135,917 |  |  | $ | 712,330 |  |  | $ | 1,073,369 |  |  | $ | 1,078,760 |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,000,376 |
Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Collectively Evaluated | 1,737 |  |  | 15,502 |  |  | 2,863 |  |  | 10,682 |  |  |  |  | 30,784 |
Ending Loan Balance - Individually Evaluated | — |  |  | 3,027 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,949 |  |  |  |  | 4,976 |
Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Individually Evaluated | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending Loan Balance - Collectively Evaluated | $ | 140,293 |  |  | $ | 703,912 |  |  | $ | 1,065,135 |  |  | $ | 1,068,794 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,978,134 |
Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Collectively Evaluated | 1,961 |  |  | 15,213 |  |  | 2,585 |  |  | 10,193 |  |  |  |  | $ | 29,952 |
Ending Loan Balance - Individually Evaluated | — |  |  | 3,110 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,963 |  |  |  |  | 5,073 |
Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Individually Evaluated | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
March 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending Loan Balance - Collectively Evaluated | $ | 155,467 |  |  | $ | 632,423 |  |  | $ | 976,648 |  |  | $ | 966,300 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,730,838 |
Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Collectively Evaluated | 2,515 |  |  | 12,960 |  |  | 2,510 |  |  | 9,094 |  |  |  |  | 27,079 |
Ending Loan Balance - Individually Evaluated | — |  |  | 6,014 |  |  | — |  |  | 415 |  |  |  |  | 6,429 |
Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Individually Evaluated | — |  |  | 582 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 582 |

Through the provision for credit losses, an allowance for credit losses is maintained that reflects the best estimate of the calculated expected credit losses in Arrow's loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date. Additions are made to the allowance for credit losses through a periodic provision for credit losses. Actual credit losses are charged against the allowance for credit losses when loans are deemed uncollectible and recoveries of amounts previously charged off are recorded as credits to the allowance for credit losses.
Arrow's loan officers and risk managers meet at least quarterly to discuss and review the conditions and risks associated with certain criticized and classified commercial-related relationships. In addition, the independent internal loan review department performs periodic reviews of the credit quality indicators on individual loans in the commercial loan portfolio.
Arrow considers the need to qualitatively adjust expected credit loss estimates for information not already captured in the loss estimation process. These qualitative factor adjustments may increase or decrease management’s estimate of expected credit losses. Adjustments are not made for information that has already been considered and included in the loss estimation process.
Arrow considers the qualitative factors that are relevant as of the reporting date, which may include, but are not limited to the following factors:
•The nature and volume of Arrow's financial assets;
•The existence, growth, and effect of any concentrations of credit;
•The volume and severity of past due loans, the volume of nonaccrual loans, and the volume and severity of adversely classified or graded loans;
•The value of the underlying collateral for loans that are not collateral-dependent;
•Arrow's lending policies and procedures, including changes in underwriting standards and practices for collections, write-offs, and recoveries;
•The quality of Arrow's loan review function;
•The experience, ability, and depth of Arrow's lending, investment, collection, and other relevant management/staff;
•The effect of other external factors such as the regulatory, legal and technological environments; competition; and events such as natural disasters;
•Actual and expected changes in international, national, regional, and local economic and business conditions and developments in which the institution operates that affect the collectability of financial assets; and,
•Other qualitative factors not reflected in quantitative loss rate calculations.
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Loan Credit Quality Indicators
The Company adopted ASU 2022-02, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326)" ("ASU 2022-02") effective January 1, 2023. ASU 2022-02 requires that entities disclose current-period gross charge-offs by year of origination for loans and leases, which has been incorporated in the credit quality table below. There were no new borrowers experiencing financial difficulty in the first quarter of 2023, and only one new immaterial TDR in the first quarter of 2022.
The following tables present credit quality indicators by total loans amortized cost basis by origination year as of March 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2022:

| Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis | Revolving Loan Converted to Term | Total
March 31, 2023 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | Prior
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Satisfactory | $ | 4,727 |  | $ | 35,164 |  | $ | 26,254 |  | $ | 12,765 |  | $ | 6,830 |  | $ | 35,014 |  | $ | 8,095 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 128,849 |
Special mention | — |  | — |  | — |  | 150 |  | — |  | 26 |  | 26 |  | — |  | 202 |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | — |  | 230 |  | 420 |  | 3,420 |  | 2,796 |  | — |  | 6,866 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total Commercial Loans | $ | 4,727 |  | $ | 35,164 |  | $ | 26,254 |  | $ | 13,145 |  | $ | 7,250 |  | $ | 38,460 |  | $ | 10,917 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 135,917 |
Current-period gross charge-offs | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Commercial Real Estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Satisfactory | $ | 12,605 |  | $ | 157,534 |  | $ | 115,019 |  | $ | 122,364 |  | $ | 42,710 |  | $ | 212,115 |  | $ | 1,679 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 664,026 |
Special mention | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 5,043 |  | — |  | — |  | 5,043 |
Substandard | — |  | 10,150 |  | — |  | 5,472 |  | 806 |  | 29,832 |  | 28 |  | — |  | 46,288 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total Commercial Real Estate Loans | $ | 12,605 |  | $ | 167,684 |  | $ | 115,019 |  | $ | 127,836 |  | $ | 43,516 |  | $ | 246,990 |  | $ | 1,707 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 715,357 |
Current-period gross charge-offs | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing | $ | 71,838 |  | $ | 379,339 |  | $ | 261,675 |  | $ | 138,034 |  | $ | 75,650 |  | $ | 143,190 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,069,726 |
Nonperforming | — |  | 1,030 |  | 1,090 |  | 434 |  | 261 |  | 371 |  | 457 |  | — |  | 3,643 |
Total Consumer Loans | $ | 71,838 |  | $ | 380,369 |  | $ | 262,765 |  | $ | 138,468 |  | $ | 75,911 |  | $ | 143,561 |  | $ | 457 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,073,369 |
Current-period gross charge-offs | $ | 55 |  | $ | 305 |  | $ | 570 |  | $ | 213 |  | $ | 111 |  | $ | 74 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,328 |
Residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing | $ | 15,565 |  | $ | 219,336 |  | $ | 197,436 |  | $ | 124,992 |  | $ | 80,986 |  | $ | 323,945 |  | $ | 113,220 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,075,480 |
Nonperforming | — |  | 550 |  | 435 |  | 939 |  | 636 |  | 2,462 |  | 207 |  | — |  | 5,229 |
Total Residential Loans | $ | 15,565 |  | $ | 219,886 |  | $ | 197,871 |  | $ | 125,931 |  | $ | 81,622 |  | $ | 326,407 |  | $ | 113,427 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,080,709 |
Current-period gross charge-offs | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Total Loans | $ | 104,735 |  | $ | 803,103 |  | $ | 601,909 |  | $ | 405,380 |  | $ | 208,299 |  | $ | 755,418 |  | $ | 126,508 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 3,005,352 |

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| Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis | Revolving Loan Converted to Term | Total
December 31, 2022 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | Prior
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Satisfactory | $ | 42,038 |  | $ | 28,718 |  | $ | 16,870 |  | $ | 7,857 |  | $ | 8,129 |  | $ | 20,379 |  | $ | 8,909 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 132,900 |
Special mention | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 30 |  | 30 |  | — |  | 60 |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | 255 |  | 478 |  | — |  | 3,464 |  | 3,136 |  | — |  | 7,333 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total Commercial Loans | $ | 42,038 |  | $ | 28,718 |  | $ | 17,125 |  | $ | 8,335 |  | $ | 8,129 |  | $ | 23,873 |  | $ | 12,075 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 140,293 |
Commercial Real Estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Satisfactory | $ | 152,858 |  | $ | 115,111 |  | $ | 121,811 |  | $ | 43,647 |  | $ | 63,913 |  | $ | 159,876 |  | $ | 1,603 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 658,819 |
Special mention | 9,678 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 789 |  | 241 |  | — |  | — |  | 10,708 |
Substandard | 607 |  | — |  | 5,807 |  | 812 |  | 4,371 |  | 25,677 |  | 221 |  | — |  | 37,495 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total Commercial Real Estate Loans | $ | 163,143 |  | $ | 115,111 |  | $ | 127,618 |  | $ | 44,459 |  | $ | 69,073 |  | $ | 185,794 |  | $ | 1,824 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 707,022 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing | $ | 482,530 |  | $ | 284,831 |  | $ | 154,819 |  | $ | 88,165 |  | $ | 38,852 |  | $ | 12,032 |  | $ | 504 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,061,733 |
Nonperforming | 758 |  | 1,468 |  | 607 |  | 325 |  | 157 |  | 87 |  | — |  | — |  | 3,402 |
Total Consumer Loans | $ | 483,288 |  | $ | 286,299 |  | $ | 155,426 |  | $ | 88,490 |  | $ | 39,009 |  | $ | 12,119 |  | $ | 504 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,065,135 |
Residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing | $ | 210,565 |  | $ | 198,195 |  | $ | 128,372 |  | $ | 82,965 |  | $ | 74,281 |  | $ | 259,787 |  | $ | 111,563 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,065,728 |
Nonperforming | — |  | 255 |  | 939 |  | 597 |  | 520 |  | 2,311 |  | 407 |  | — |  | 5,029 |
Total Residential Loans | $ | 210,565 |  | $ | 198,450 |  | $ | 129,311 |  | $ | 83,562 |  | $ | 74,801 |  | $ | 262,098 |  | $ | 111,970 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,070,757 |
Total Loans | $ | 899,034 |  | $ | 628,578 |  | $ | 429,480 |  | $ | 224,846 |  | $ | 191,012 |  | $ | 483,884 |  | $ | 126,373 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,983,207 |

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| Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis | Revolving Loan Converted to Term | Total
March 31, 2022 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | Prior
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Satisfactory | $ | 8,048 |  | $ | 49,980 |  | $ | 31,869 |  | $ | 10,454 |  | $ | 11,149 |  | $ | 22,662 |  | $ | 7,656 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 141,818 |
Special mention | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 50 |  | — |  | — |  | 50 |
Substandard | — |  | 3,504 |  | 3,593 |  | 541 |  | — |  | — |  | 5,961 |  | — |  | 13,599 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total Commercial Loans | $ | 8,048 |  | $ | 53,484 |  | $ | 35,462 |  | $ | 10,995 |  | $ | 11,149 |  | $ | 22,712 |  | $ | 13,617 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 155,467 |
Commercial Real Estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Satisfactory | $ | 22,582 |  | $ | 143,784 |  | $ | 270,523 |  | $ | 42,126 |  | $ | 37,604 |  | $ | 75,806 |  | $ | 1,554 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 593,979 |
Special mention | 627 |  | — |  | 5,825 |  | 1,193 |  | — |  | 1,213 |  | — |  | — |  | 8,858 |
Substandard | 2,241 |  | 4,852 |  | 16,073 |  | 3,877 |  | 95 |  | 8,462 |  | — |  | — |  | 35,600 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total Commercial Real Estate Loans | $ | 25,450 |  | $ | 148,636 |  | $ | 292,421 |  | $ | 47,196 |  | $ | 37,699 |  | $ | 85,481 |  | $ | 1,554 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 638,437 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing | $ | 155,883 |  | $ | 369,231 |  | $ | 215,735 |  | $ | 134,973 |  | $ | 69,783 |  | $ | 29,427 |  | $ | 462 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 975,494 |
Nonperforming | — |  | 321 |  | 296 |  | 293 |  | 138 |  | 106 |  | — |  | — |  | 1,154 |
Total Consumer Loans | $ | 155,883 |  | $ | 369,552 |  | $ | 216,031 |  | $ | 135,266 |  | $ | 69,921 |  | $ | 29,533 |  | $ | 462 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 976,648 |
Residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing | $ | 37,795 |  | $ | 193,693 |  | $ | 144,671 |  | $ | 89,415 |  | $ | 83,582 |  | $ | 294,391 |  | $ | 120,949 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 964,496 |
Nonperforming | — |  | — |  | 133 |  | — |  | 27 |  | 1,739 |  | 320 |  | — |  | 2,219 |
Total Residential Loans | $ | 37,795 |  | $ | 193,693 |  | $ | 144,804 |  | $ | 89,415 |  | $ | 83,609 |  | $ | 296,130 |  | $ | 121,269 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 966,715 |
Total Loans | $ | 227,176 |  | $ | 765,365 |  | $ | 688,718 |  | $ | 282,872 |  | $ | 202,378 |  | $ | 433,856 |  | $ | 136,902 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,737,267 |

For the purposes of the table above, nonperforming consumer and residential loans were those loans on nonaccrual status or were 90 days or more past due and still accruing interest.
The recorded investment of consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings are in process is $3.2 million.
For the allowance calculation, an internally developed system of five credit quality indicators is used to rate the credit worthiness of each commercial loan defined as follows:
1) Satisfactory - "Satisfactory" borrowers have acceptable financial condition with satisfactory record of earnings and sufficient historical and projected cash flow to service the debt. Borrowers have satisfactory repayment histories and primary and secondary sources of repayment can be clearly identified;
2) Special Mention - Loans in this category have potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in the institution’s credit position at some future date. "Special mention" assets are not adversely classified and do not expose an institution to sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification. Loans which might be assigned this credit quality indicator include loans to borrowers with deteriorating financial strength and/or earnings record and loans with potential for problems due to weakening economic or market conditions;
3) Substandard - Loans classified as “substandard” are inadequately protected by the current sound net worth or paying capacity of the borrower or the collateral pledged, if any. Loans in this category have well defined weaknesses that jeopardize the repayment. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that Arrow will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. “Substandard” loans may include loans which are likely to require liquidation of collateral to effect repayment, and other loans where character or ability to repay has become suspect. Loss potential, while existing in the aggregate amount of substandard assets, does not have to exist in individual assets classified substandard;
4) Doubtful - Loans classified as “doubtful” have all of the weaknesses inherent in those classified as “substandard” with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of current existing facts, conditions, and values,
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highly questionable and improbable. Although possibility of loss is extremely high, classification of these loans as “loss” has been deferred due to specific pending factors or events which may strengthen the value (e.g. possibility of additional collateral, injection of capital, collateral liquidation, debt restructure, economic recovery, etc). Loans classified as “doubtful” need to be placed on non-accrual; and,
5) Loss - Loans classified as “loss” are considered uncollectible with collateral of such little value that their continuance as bankable assets is not warranted. As of the date of the balance sheet, all loans in this category have been charged-off to the allowance for loan losses.
Commercial loans are generally evaluated on an annual basis depending on the size and complexity of the loan relationship, unless the credit related quality indicator falls to a level of "special mention" or below, when the loan is evaluated quarterly. The credit quality indicator is one of the factors used in assessing the level of incurred risk of loss in our commercial related loan portfolios.
Pledged Loans
As of March 31, 2023, the carrying cost for the FHLBNY collateral was approximately $930 million and approximately $982 million for the FRB. As of March 31, 2023, the fair value for the FHLBNY collateral was approximately $818 million and approximately $922 million for the FRB. As a result, Arrow’s available borrowing capacity at March 31, 2023 was $1.3 billion. This does not include access to the brokered CD market which is an additional source of available liquidity.
Note 6. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (In Thousands)
The following table presents the notional amount and fair value of Arrow's off-balance sheet commitments to extend credit and commitments under standby letters of credit as of March 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2022:

Commitments to Extend Credit and Letters of Credit
| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | March 31, 2022
Notional Amount: |  |  |  |  |
Commitments to Extend Credit | $ | 478,253 |  |  | $ | 424,197 |  |  | $ | 438,055 |
Standby Letters of Credit | 3,424 |  |  | 3,627 |  |  | 3,351 |
Fair Value: |  |  |  |  |
Commitments to Extend Credit | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Standby Letters of Credit | 6 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 23 |

Arrow is party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. Commitments to extend credit include home equity lines of credit, commitments for residential and commercial construction loans and other personal and commercial lines of credit. Those instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the consolidated balance sheets. The contract or notional amounts of those instruments reflect the extent of the involvement Arrow has in particular classes of financial instruments.
Arrow's exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit is represented by the contractual notional amount of those instruments. Arrow uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance sheet instruments.
Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since many of the commitments are not expected to be fully drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Arrow evaluates each customer's creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. Home equity lines of credit are secured by residential real estate. Construction lines of credit are secured by underlying real estate. For other lines of credit, the amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by Arrow upon extension of credit, is based on management's credit evaluation of the counterparty. Collateral held varies, but may include accounts receivable, inventory, property, plant and equipment, and income-producing commercial properties. Most of the commitments are variable rate instruments.
Arrow does not issue any guarantees that would require liability-recognition or disclosure, other than its standby letters of credit. Arrow has issued conditional commitments in the form of standby letters of credit to guarantee payment on behalf of a customer and guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Standby letters of credit generally arise in connection with commercial lending relationships. The credit risk involved in issuing these instruments is essentially the same as that involved in extending loans to customers. Contingent obligations under standby letters of credit at March 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2022 represent the maximum potential future payments Arrow could be required to make. Typically, these instruments have terms of 12 months or less and expire unused; therefore, the total amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Each customer is evaluated individually for creditworthiness under the same underwriting standards used for commitments to extend credit and on-balance sheet instruments. Arrow's policies governing loan collateral apply to standby letters of credit at the time of credit extension. Loan-to-value ratios will generally range from 50% for movable assets, such as inventory, to 100% for liquid assets, such as bank CD's. Fees for standby letters of credit range from 1% to 3% of the notional amount. Fees are collected upfront and amortized over the life of the commitment. The carrying amount and fair value of Arrow's standby letters of credit at March 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2022, were insignificant. The fair value of standby letters of credit is based on the fees currently charged for similar agreements or the cost to terminate the arrangement with the counterparties.
The fair value of commitments to extend credit is determined by estimating the fees to enter into similar agreements, taking into account the remaining terms and present creditworthiness of the counterparties, and for fixed rate loan commitments, the difference between the current and committed interest rates. Arrow provides several types of commercial lines of credit and standby letters of
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credit to its commercial customers. The pricing of these services is not isolated as Arrow considers the customer's complete deposit and borrowing relationship in pricing individual products and services. The commitments to extend credit also include commitments under home equity lines of credit, for which Arrow charges no fee. The carrying value and fair value of commitments to extend credit are not material and Arrow does not expect to incur any material loss as a result of these commitments.
In the normal course of business, Arrow and its subsidiary banks become involved in a variety of routine legal proceedings. At present, there are no legal proceedings pending or threatened, which in the opinion of management and counsel, would result in a material loss to Arrow.
Arrow, including its subsidiary banks, is not currently the subject of any material pending legal proceedings, other than ordinary routine litigation occurring in the normal course of their business. On an ongoing basis, Arrow is often the subject of, or a party to, various legal claims by other parties against Arrow, by Arrow against other parties, or involving Arrow, which arise in the normal course of business. Except as noted below, the various pending legal claims against Arrow will not, in the opinion of management based upon consultation with counsel, result in any material liability.
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Note 7. COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (In Thousands)
The following table presents the components of other comprehensive income (loss) for the three month periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

Schedule of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
|  |  | Tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Before-Tax |  | (Expense) |  | Net-of-Tax |  |  |  |  |  |
| Amount |  | Benefit |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |  |
2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Unrealized Securities Holding Gain on Securities Available-for-Sale Arising During the Period | $ | 8,219 |  |  | $ | (2,120) |  |  | $ | 6,099 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Unrealized Loss on Cash Flow Swap | (800) |  |  | 207 |  |  | (593) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reclassification of Net Unrealized Loss on Cash Flow Hedge Agreements to Interest Expense | 198 |  |  | (51) |  |  | 147 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of Net Retirement Plan Actuarial Gain | (25) |  |  | 7 |  |  | (18) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of Net Retirement Plan Prior Service Cost | 52 |  |  | (15) |  |  | 37 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other Comprehensive Income | $ | 7,644 |  |  | $ | (1,972) |  |  | $ | 5,672 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Unrealized Securities Holding Loss on Securities Available-for-Sale Arising During the Period | $ | (29,955) |  |  | $ | 7,659 |  |  | $ | (22,296) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Unrealized Gain on Cash Flow Swap | 1,512 |  |  | (387) |  |  | 1,125 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reclassification of Net Unrealized Gain on Cash Flow Hedge Agreements to Interest Expense | (29) |  |  | 8 |  |  | (21) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of Net Retirement Plan Actuarial Loss | 57 |  |  | (15) |  |  | 42 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of Net Retirement Plan Prior Service Cost | 7 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other Comprehensive Loss | $ | (28,408) |  |  | $ | 7,264 |  |  | $ | (21,144) |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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The following table presents the changes in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income by component:

Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income by Component (1)
| Unrealized Loss on Available-for-Sale Securities |  | Unrealized Gain on Cash Flow Swap |  | Defined Benefit Plan Items |  | Total
|  |  | Net Actuarial Loss |  | Net Prior Service Cost |
For the quarter-to-date periods ended: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2022 | $ | (48,841) |  |  | $ | 4,054 |  |  | $ | (4,467) |  |  | $ | (401) |  |  | $ | (49,655) |
Other comprehensive income or loss before reclassifications | 6,099 |  |  | (593) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,506 |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income or loss | — |  |  | 147 |  |  | (18) |  |  | 37 |  |  | 166 |
Net current-period other comprehensive income or loss | 6,099 |  |  | (446) |  |  | (18) |  |  | 37 |  |  | 5,672 |
March 31, 2023 | $ | (42,742) |  |  | $ | 3,608 |  |  | $ | (4,485) |  |  | $ | (364) |  |  | $ | (43,983) |
December 31, 2021 | $ | (614) |  |  | $ | 1,320 |  |  | $ | 639 |  |  | $ | (998) |  |  | $ | 347 |
Other comprehensive income or loss before reclassifications | (22,296) |  |  | 1,125 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (21,171) |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income or loss | — |  |  | (21) |  |  | 42 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 27 |
Net current-period other comprehensive (loss) or income | (22,296) |  |  | 1,104 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 6 |  |  | (21,144) |
March 31, 2022 | $ | (22,910) |  |  | $ | 2,424 |  |  | $ | 681 |  |  | $ | (992) |  |  | $ | (20,797) |

(1) All amounts are net of tax.
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The following table presents the reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss:

Reclassifications Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income or Loss
Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income or Loss Components |  | Amounts Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income or Loss |  | Affected Line Item in the Statement Where Net Income Is Presented
For the quarter-to-date periods ended: |  |  |  |
March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |
Reclassification of Net Unrealized Loss on Cash Flow Hedge Agreements to Interest Expense |  | $ | (198) |  |  | Interest expense
Amortization of defined benefit pension items: |  |  |  |
Prior-service costs |  | (52) |  | (1) | Salaries and Employee Benefits
Actuarial gain |  | 25 |  | (1) | Salaries and Employee Benefits
|  | (225) |  |  | Total before Tax
|  | 59 |  |  | Provision for Income Taxes
Total reclassifications for the period |  | $ | (166) |  |  | Net of Tax
March 31, 2022 |  |  |  |
Reclassification of Net Unrealized Gain on Cash Flow Hedge Agreements to Interest Expense |  | $ | 29 |  |  | Interest expense
Amortization of defined benefit pension items: |  |  |  |
Prior-service costs |  | $ | (7) |  | (1) | Salaries and Employee Benefits
Actuarial loss |  | (57) |  | (1) | Salaries and Employee Benefits
|  | (35) |  |  | Total before Tax
|  | 8 |  |  | Provision for Income Taxes
Total reclassifications for the period |  | $ | (27) |  |  | Net of Tax
(1) These accumulated other comprehensive loss components are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost.

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Note 8. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION (Dollars In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Amounts)
Arrow has established three stock-based compensation plans: a Long Term Incentive Plan, an Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP) and an Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP). All share and per share data have been adjusted for the September 23, 2022 3% stock dividend.
Long Term Incentive Plan
The Long Term Incentive Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance units and performance shares. The Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors administers the Long Term Incentive Plan.
Stock Options - Options may be granted at a price no less than the greater of the par value or fair market value of such shares on the date on which such option is granted, and generally expire ten years from the date of grant. The options usually vest over a four-year period.
The following table summarizes information about stock option activity for the year to date period ended March 31, 2023:

| Shares |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at January 1, 2023 | 279,050 |  |  | $ | 29.41 |
Granted | 56,000 |  |  | 32.41 |
Exercised | (3,772) |  |  | 21.58 |
Forfeited | (1,306) |  |  | 18.60 |
Outstanding at March 31, 2023 | 329,972 |  |  | 30.06 |
Vested at Period-End | 198,989 |  |  | 28.59 |
Expected to Vest | 130,983 |  |  | 32.28 |
Stock Options Granted |  |  |
Weighted Average Grant Date Information: |  |  |
Fair Value of Options Granted | $ | 8.02 |  |  |
Fair Value Assumptions: |  |  |
Dividend Yield | 3.30 | % |  |
Expected Volatility | 28.38 | % |  |
Risk Free Interest Rate | 3.57 | % |  |
Expected Lives (in years) | 8.34 |  |

The following table presents information on the amounts expensed related to stock options for the three month periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

|  | For the Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Amount expensed |  | $ | 85 |  |  | $ | 75 |  |  |  |  |

Restricted Stock Units - The Company grants restricted stock units which gives the recipient the right to receive shares of Company stock upon vesting. The fair value of each restricted stock unit is the market value of Company stock on the date of grant. 100% of the restricted stock unit awards vest three years from the grant date. Once vested, the restricted stock units become vested units and are no longer forfeitable. Vested units are not settled until the recipient's employment has terminated. Unvested restricted stock unit awards will generally be forfeited if the recipient ceases to be employed by the Company, with limited exceptions.
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The following table summarizes information about restricted stock unit activity for the periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

| Restricted Stock Units |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested at January 1, 2023 | 13,520 |  |  | $ | 31.38 |
Granted | 5,014 |  |  | 32.41 |
Vested | (4,182) |  |  | 32.29 |
Non-vested at March 31, 2023 | 14,352 |  |  | 31.48 |
Non-vested at January 1, 2022 | 13,599 |  |  | 29.27 |
Granted | 4,312 |  |  | 34.79 |
Vested | (4,391) |  |  | 28.17 |
Non-vested at March 31, 2022 | 13,520 |  |  | 31.38 |

The following table presents information on the amounts expensed related to restricted stock units for the periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

|  | For the Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Amount expensed |  | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  |  |  |

Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Arrow sponsors an ESPP under which employees may purchase Arrow's common stock at a discount below market price. The current amount of the discount is 5%. Under current accounting guidance, a stock purchase plan with a discount of 5% or less is not considered a compensatory plan. W e have suspended the operation of the ESPP as a result of the delayed filing of the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 ("2022 Form 10-K") and this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 (this "Report") and the related effects under applicable securities laws.
Employee Stock Ownership Plan
Arrow maintains an ESOP, pursuant to which substantially all employees of Arrow and its subsidiaries are eligible to participate upon satisfaction of applicable service requirements. The Company makes cash contributions to the ESOP each year.
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Note 9. RETIREMENT BENEFIT PLANS (Dollars in Thousands)
Arrow sponsors qualified and non-qualified defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement benefit plans for its employees. Arrow maintains a non-contributory pension plan, which covers substantially all employees. Effective December 1, 2002, all active participants in the qualified defined benefit pension plan were given a one-time irrevocable election to continue participating in the traditional plan design, for which benefits were based on years of service and the participant’s final compensation (as defined), or to begin participating in the new cash balance plan design. All employees who first participate in the plan after December 1, 2002 automatically participate in the cash balance plan design. The interest credits under the cash balance plan are based on the 30-year U.S. Treasury rate in effect for November of the prior year with a minimum interest credit of 3%. The service credits under the cash balance plan are equal to 6.0% of eligible salaries for employees who become participants on or after January 1, 2003. For employees in the plan prior to January 1, 2003, the service credits are scaled based on the age of the participant, and range from 6.0% to 12.0%. The funding policy is to contribute up to the maximum amount that can be deducted for federal income tax purposes and to make all payments required under The Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA). Arrow also maintains a supplemental non-qualified unfunded retirement plan to provide eligible employees of Arrow and its subsidiaries with benefits in excess of qualified plan limits imposed by federal tax law.
Arrow has multiple non-pension postretirement benefit plans. The health care, dental and life insurance plans are contributory, with participants’ contributions adjusted annually. Arrow’s policy is to fund the cost of postretirement benefits based on the current cost of the underlying policies. However, the health care plan provision allows for grandfathered participants to receive automatic increases of Company contributions each year based on the increase in inflation, limited to a maximum of 5%.
As of December 31, 2022, Arrow uses the sex-distinct amount-weighted Pri-2012 mortality tables for employees, healthy retirees and contingent survivors, with mortality improvements projected using Scale MP-2021 on a generational basis for the Pension Plan and the sex-distinct amount-weighted White Collar tables for employees, healthy retirees and contingent survivors, with mortality improvements projected using Scale MP-2021 on a generational basis for the Select Executive Retirement Plan.
Segment interest rates of 5.09%, 5.60%, 5.41% were used in determining the present value of a lump sum payment/annuitizing cash balance accounts as of December 31, 2022.
Effective January 1, 2021, GFNB amended the Arrow Financial Corporation Employees' Pension Plan (the "Plan"). The Plan change was adopted January 1, 2021 and the amendment was valued as of December 31, 2020. The Plan amendment was as follows:
Effective January 1, 2021, the benefit payable to or on behalf of each participant:
• whose employment with the Employer (or any predecessor Employer, except as noted below) terminated on or before
January 1, 2016;
• who satisfied the requirements for early, normal, or late retirement as of such termination;
• who never participated in the United Vermont Bancorporation Plan; and
• who is, or whose beneficiary is, receiving monthly benefit payments from the Plan as of January 1, 2021 (including a
participant or beneficiary who shall commence receiving benefits from the Plan as of January 1, 2021), shall be increased
by 3%.
The foregoing increase was applied to the monthly benefit actually payable to the participant, or to the participant's beneficiary, as of January 1, 2021, determined after all applicable adjustments, regardless of whether such benefit had been determined under the Company's plan or the plan of a predecessor employer that had been merged into the Plan.
The plan amendment caused a $351,638 increase in the projected benefit obligation creating a positive service cost which will be amortized over 9.70 years (the average expected future service of active plan participants.)
Effective January 1, 2021, GFNB amended the Arrow Financial Corporation Employees' Select Executive Retirement Plan. The plan change was adopted January 1, 2021 and the amendment was valued as of December 31, 2020. The plan amendment provides a special adjustment to the monthly benefit payment for certain retirees. The plan amendment caused a $122,797 increase in the projected benefit obligation creating a positive prior service cost which will be amortized over 12.5 years.
Settlement accounting is required when lump sum payments during a fiscal year exceed that fiscal year's Service Cost plus Interest Cost components of the Net Periodic Pension Cost. For 2022, the sum of the Service Cost and Interest Cost was $3.3 million and the 2022 total lump sum payments exceeded that amount by the end of the third quarter 2022. The Plan therefore recognized in the 2022 Net Periodic Pension Cost a portion of the Unamortized Net (Gain)/Loss equal to the ratio of the projected benefit obligation for the participants that received a lump sum to the total projected benefit obligation. As of December 31, 2022, the Unamortized Net Loss prior to reflecting settlement accounting was $7.2 million. The ratio of the projected benefit obligation for participants that received a lump sum to the total projected benefit obligation was 8.06%. The effect of the settlement that was recognized in the 2022 Net Periodic Pension Cost was $577 thousand, which was fully reflected in the 2022 Net Periodic Cost. Settlement accounting was not required for the three-month period ended March 31, 2023.
33

The following tables provide the components of net periodic benefit costs for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

|  | Employees' |  | Select Executive |  | Postretirement
|  | Pension |  | Retirement |  | Benefit
|  | Plan |  | Plan |  | Plans
Net Periodic Cost |  |  |  |  |  |
For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023: |  |  |  |  |  |
Service Cost 1 |  | $ | 413 |  |  | $ | 163 |  |  | $ | 18 |
Interest Cost 2 |  | 530 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 87 |
Expected Return on Plan Assets 2 |  | (857) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Amortization of Prior Service Cost 2 |  | 16 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 26 |
Amortization of Net Loss (Gain) 2 |  | 36 |  |  | 18 |  |  | (79) |
Net Periodic Cost |  | $ | 138 |  |  | $ | 253 |  |  | $ | 52 |
Plan Contributions During the Period |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 116 |  |  | $ | 27 |
For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022: |  |  |  |  |  |
Service Cost 1 |  | $ | 488 |  |  | $ | 147 |  |  | $ | 27 |
Interest Cost 2 |  | 367 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 64 |
Expected Return on Plan Assets 2 |  | (1,099) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Amortization of Prior Service Cost 2 |  | 19 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 27 |
Amortization of Net Loss (Gain) 2 |  | — |  |  | 39 |  |  | (32) |
Net Periodic (Benefit) Cost |  | $ | (225) |  |  | $ | 248 |  |  | $ | 86 |
Plan Contributions During the Period |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 116 |  |  | $ | 55 |
Estimated Future Contributions in the Current Fiscal Year |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 154 |  |  | $ | 81 |

Footnotes:
1. Included in Salaries and Employee Benefits on the Consolidated Statements of Income
2. Included in Other Operating Expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income
A contribution to the qualified pension plan was not required during the period ended March 31, 2023 and currently, additional contributions in 2023 are not expected. Arrow makes contributions to its other post-retirement benefit plans in an amount equal to benefit payments for the year.
Note 10. EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE (In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)
The following table presents a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator used in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per common share (EPS) for periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. When applicable, share and per share amounts have been adjusted for the September 23, 2022, 3% stock dividend.

Earnings Per Share
| Three Months Ended |  |  |
| March 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |
Earnings Per Share - Basic: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Income | $ | 8,562 |  |  | $ | 12,575 |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted Average Shares - Basic | 16,552 |  |  | 16,511 |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings Per Share - Basic | $ | 0.52 |  |  | $ | 0.76 |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings Per Share - Diluted: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Income | $ | 8,562 |  |  | $ | 12,575 |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted Average Shares - Basic | 16,552 |  |  | 16,511 |  |  |  |  |  |
Dilutive Average Shares Attributable to Stock Options | 12 |  |  | 55 |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted Average Shares - Diluted | 16,564 |  |  | 16,566 |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings Per Share - Diluted | $ | 0.52 |  |  | $ | 0.76 |  |  |  |  |  |

34

Note 11. FAIR VALUES (Dollars In Thousands)
Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Subtopic 820-10 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in GAAP and requires certain disclosures about fair value measurements. There are no nonfinancial assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The only assets or liabilities that Arrow measured at fair value on a recurring basis at March 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2022 were AFS securities, equity securities and derivatives. Arrow held no securities or liabilities for trading on such dates.
The table below presents the financial instrument's fair value and the amounts within the fair value hierarchy based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement:

Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis
|  |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using:
| Fair Value |  | Quoted Prices In Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring Basis: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities Available-for Sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government & Agency Obligations | $ | 177,585 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 177,585 |  |  | $ | — |
State and Municipal Obligations | 320 |  |  | — |  |  | 320 |  |  | — |
Mortgage-Backed Securities | 386,988 |  |  | — |  |  | 386,988 |  |  | — |
Corporate and Other Debt Securities | 800 |  |  | — |  |  | 800 |  |  | — |
Total Securities Available-for-Sale | 565,693 |  |  | — |  |  | 565,693 |  |  | — |
Equity Securities | 2,070 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,070 |  |  | — |
Total Securities Measured on a Recurring Basis | 567,763 |  |  | — |  |  | 567,763 |  |  | — |
Derivatives, included in other assets | 6,206 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,206 |  |  | — |
Total Measured on a Recurring Basis | $ | 573,969 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 573,969 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives, included in other liabilities | 6,206 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,206 |  |  | — |
Total Measured on a Recurring Basis | $ | 6,206 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,206 |  |  | $ | — |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities Available-for Sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government & Agency Obligations | $ | 175,199 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 175,199 |  |  | $ | — |
State and Municipal Obligations | 340 |  |  | — |  |  | 340 |  |  | — |
Mortgage-Backed Securities | 397,156 |  |  | — |  |  | 397,156 |  |  | — |
Corporate and Other Debt Securities | 800 |  |  | — |  |  | 800 |  |  | — |
Total Securities Available-for-Sale | 573,495 |  |  | — |  |  | 573,495 |  |  | — |
Equity Securities | 2,174 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,174 |  |  | — |

35

Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis
|  |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using:
| Fair Value |  | Quoted Prices In Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Total Securities Measured on a Recurring Basis | 575,669 |  |  | — |  |  | 575,669 |  |  | — |
Derivatives, included in other liabilities | 7,506 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,506 |  |  | — |
Total Measured on a Recurring Basis | $ | 583,175 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 583,175 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives, included in other liabilities | $ | 7,506 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 7,506 |  |  | — |
Total Measured on a Recurring Basis | $ | 7,506 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,506 |  |  | $ | — |
March 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities Available-for Sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government & Agency Obligations | $ | 132,744 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 132,744 |  |  | $ | — |
State and Municipal Obligations | 380 |  |  | — |  |  | 380 |  |  | — |
Mortgage-Backed Securities | 448,504 |  |  | — |  |  | 448,504 |  |  | — |
Corporate and Other Debt Securities | 800 |  |  | — |  |  | 800 |  |  | — |
Total Securities Available-for-Sale | 582,428 |  |  | — |  |  | 582,428 |  |  | — |
Equity Securities | 1,877 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,877 |  |  | — |
Total Securities Measured on a Recurring Basis | 584,305 |  |  | — |  |  | 584,305 |  |  | — |
Derivatives, included in other assets | 4,131 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,131 |  |  | — |
Total Measured on a Recurring Basis | $ | 588,436 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 588,436 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives, included in other liabilities | 4,131 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,131 |  |  | — |
Total Measured on a Recurring Basis | $ | 4,131 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,131 |  |  | $ | — |

| Fair Value |  | Quoted Prices In Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |  | Gains (Losses) Recognized in Earnings
Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Nonrecurring Basis: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Collateral Dependent Evaluated Loans | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets, Net | 144 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 144 |  |  | — |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Collateral Dependent Impaired Loans | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets, Net | 593 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 593 |  |  | — |
March 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Collateral Dependent Impaired Loans | $ | 2,168 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,168 |  |  |
Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets, Net | 180 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 180 |  |  | — |

36

The fair value of financial instruments is determined under the following hierarchy:
•Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities;
•Level 2 - Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability; and,
•Level 3 - Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (i.e., supported by little or no market activity).
Fair Value Methodology for Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring Basis
The fair value of Level 1 AFS securities are based on unadjusted, quoted market prices from exchanges in active markets. The fair value of Level 2 AFS securities are based on an independent bond and equity pricing service for identical assets or significantly similar securities and an independent equity pricing service for equity securities not actively traded. The pricing services use a variety of techniques to arrive at fair value including market maker bids, quotes and pricing models. Inputs to the pricing models include recent trades, benchmark interest rates, spreads and actual and projected cash flows. The fair value of Level 2 equities are based on the last observable price in open markets. The fair value of Level 2 equities are based on the last observable price in open markets. The fair value of Level 2 derivatives is determined using inputs that are observable in the market place obtained from third parties including yield curves, publicly available volatilities, and floating indexes.
Fair Value Methodology for Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Nonrecurring Basis
The fair value of collateral dependent evaluated loans and other real estate owned was based on third-party appraisals less estimated cost to sell. The appraisals may be adjusted by management for qualitative factors such as economic conditions and estimated liquidation expenses. Other assets which might have been included in this table include mortgage servicing rights, goodwill and other intangible assets. Arrow evaluates each of these assets for impairment at least annually, with no impairment recognized for these assets at March 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2022.
Fair Value Methodology for Financial Instruments Not Measured on a Recurring or Nonrecurring Basis
The fair value for HTM securities is determined utilizing an independent bond pricing service for identical assets or significantly similar securities. The pricing service uses a variety of techniques to arrive at fair value including market maker bids, quotes and pricing models. Inputs to the pricing models include recent trades, benchmark interest rates, spreads and actual and projected cash flows.
ASU 2016-01 "Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities" requires that the fair value for loans must be disclosed using the "exit price" notion which is a reasonable estimate of what another party might pay in an orderly transaction. Fair values for loans are calculated for portfolios of loans with similar financial characteristics. Loans are segregated by type such as commercial, commercial real estate, residential mortgage, indirect auto and other consumer loans. Each loan category is further segmented into fixed and adjustable interest rate terms and by performing and nonperforming categories. The fair value of performing loans is calculated by determining the estimated future cash flow, which is the contractual cash flow adjusted for estimated prepayments. The discount rate is determined by starting with current market yields, and first adjusting for a liquidity premium. This premium is separately determined for each loan type. Then a credit loss component is determined utilizing the credit loss assumptions used in the allowance for credit loss model. Finally, a discount spread is applied separately for consumer loans vs. commercial loans based on market information and utilization of the swap curve.
The fair value of time deposits is based on the discounted value of contractual cash flows, except that the fair value is limited to the extent that the customer could redeem the certificate after imposition of a premature withdrawal penalty. The discount rates are estimated using the FHLBNY yield curve, which is considered representative of Arrow’s time deposit rates. The fair value of all other deposits is equal to the carrying value.
The fair value of FHLBNY advances is calculated by the FHLBNY.
The carrying amount of FHLBNY and FRB stock approximates fair value. If the stock was redeemed, the Company will receive an amount equal to the par value of the stock.
The book value of the outstanding trust preferred securities (Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts) are considered to approximate fair value since the interest rates are variable (indexed to LIBOR and to be indexed to SOFR post-conversion) and Arrow is well-capitalized.
37

Fair Value by Balance Sheet Grouping
The following table presents a summary of the carrying amount, the fair value or an amount approximating fair value and the fair value hierarchy of Arrow’s financial instruments:

Schedule of Fair Values by Balance Sheet Grouping
|  |  |  |  | Fair Value Hierarchy
| Carrying Value |  | Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and Cash Equivalents | $ | 203,472 |  |  | $ | 203,472 |  |  | $ | 203,472 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Securities Available-for-Sale | 565,693 |  |  | 565,693 |  |  | — |  |  | 565,693 |  |  | — |
Securities Held-to-Maturity | 167,347 |  |  | 164,439 |  |  | — |  |  | 164,439 |  |  | — |
Equity Securities | 2,070 |  |  | 2,070 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,070 |  |  | — |
Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank Stock | 10,027 |  |  | 10,027 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,027 |  |  | — |
Net Loans | 2,974,568 |  |  | 2,705,312 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,705,312 |
Accrued Interest Receivable | 9,857 |  |  | 9,857 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,857 |  |  | — |
Derivatives, included in other assets | 6,206 |  |  | 6,206 |  |  |  |  | 6,206 |  |  |
Deposits | 3,546,349 |  |  | 3,540,854 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,540,854 |  |  | — |
Federal Home Loan Bank Term Advances | 107,800 |  |  | 107,830 |  |  | — |  |  | 107,830 |  |  | — |
Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts | 20,000 |  |  | 20,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,000 |  |  | — |
Accrued Interest Payable | 1,170 |  |  | 1,170 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,170 |  |  | — |
Derivatives, included in other liabilities | 6,206 |  |  | 6,206 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,206 |  |  | — |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and Cash Equivalents | $ | 64,660 |  |  | $ | 64,660 |  |  | $ | 64,660 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Securities Available-for-Sale | 573,495 |  |  | 573,495 |  |  | — |  |  | 573,495 |  |  | — |
Securities Held-to-Maturity | 175,364 |  |  | 171,623 |  |  | — |  |  | 171,623 |  |  | — |
Equity Securities | 2,174 |  |  | 2,174 |  |  |  |  | 2,174 |  |  |
Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank Stock | 6,064 |  |  | 6,064 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,064 |  |  | — |
Net Loans | 2,953,255 |  |  | 2,742,721 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,742,721 |
Accrued Interest Receivable | 9,890 |  |  | 9,890 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,890 |  |  | — |
Derivatives, included in other assets | 7,506 |  |  | 7,506 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,506 |  |  | — |
Deposits | 3,498,364 |  |  | 3,492,021 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,492,021 |  |  | — |
Federal Home Loan Bank Term Advances | 27,800 |  |  | 27,800 |  |  | — |  |  | 27,800 |  |  | — |
Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts | 20,000 |  |  | 20,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,000 |  |  | — |
Accrued Interest Payable | 357 |  |  | 357 |  |  | — |  |  | 357 |  |  | — |
Derivatives, included in other liabilities | 7,506 |  |  | 7,506 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,506 |  |  | — |
March 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and Cash Equivalents | $ | 487,578 |  |  | $ | 487,578 |  |  | $ | 487,578 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Securities Available-for-Sale | 582,428 |  |  | 582,428 |  |  | — |  |  | 582,428 |  |  | — |
Securities Held-to-Maturity | 196,661 |  |  | 195,862 |  |  | — |  |  | 195,862 |  |  | — |
Equity Securities | 1,877 |  |  | 1,877 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,877 |  |  |
Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank Stock | 4,491 |  |  | 4,491 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,491 |  |  | — |
Net Loans | 2,709,606 |  |  | 2,648,804 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,648,804 |
Accrued Interest Receivable | 8,099 |  |  | 8,099 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,099 |  |  | — |
Derivatives, included in other assets | 4,131 |  |  | 4,131 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,131 |  |  | — |
Deposits | 3,715,373 |  |  | 3,711,189 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,711,189 |  |  | — |
Federal Home Loan Bank Term Advances | 25,000 |  |  | 25,001 |  |  | — |  |  | 25,001 |  |  | — |
Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts | 20,000 |  |  | 20,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,000 |  |  | — |
Accrued Interest Payable | 102 |  |  | 102 |  |  | — |  |  | 102 |  |  | — |
Derivatives, included in other liabilities | 4,131 |  |  | 4,131 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,131 |  |  | — |

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Note 12. LEASES (Dollars In Thousands)
Arrow is a lessee in its leases, which are mainly for financial services locations in addition to leases for corporate vehicles. These leases generally require Arrow to pay third-party expenses on behalf of the Lessor, which are referred to as variable payments. Under some leases, Arrow pays the variable payments to the lessor, and in other leases, Arrow pays the variable payments directly to the applicable third party. None of Arrow's current leases include any residual value guarantees or any subleases, and there are no significant rights and obligations of Arrow for leases that have not commenced as of the reporting date.
Arrow leases two of its branch offices, at market rates, from Stewart’s Shops Corp. Mr. Gary C. Dake, President of Stewart’s Shops Corp., serves as a Director on the Board of Directors of Arrow and the two subsidiary banks. Arrow also leases one administrative office from an entity controlled by Elizabeth Miller, who also serves as a Director on the Board of Directors of Arrow and the two subsidiary banks.
The following includes quantitative data related to Arrow's leases as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022:

|  | Three Months Ended
Finance Lease Amounts: | Classification | March 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2022
Right-of-Use Assets | Premises and Equipment, Net | $ | 4,593 |  |  | $ | 4,770 |
Lease Liabilities | Finance Leases | 5,106 |  |  | 5,156 |
Operating Lease Amounts: |  |  |  |
Right-of-Use Assets | Other Assets | $ | 5,388 |  |  | $ | 6,676 |
Lease Liabilities | Other Liabilities | 5,584 |  |  | 6,863 |
Other Information: |  |  |  |
Cash Paid For Amounts Included In The Measurement Of Lease Liabilities: |  |  |
Operating Outgoing Cash Flows From Finance Leases |  | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | 49 |
Operating Outgoing Cash Flows From Operating Leases |  | 257 |  |  | 260 |
Financing Outgoing Cash Flows From Finance Leases |  | 13 |  |  | 13 |
Right-of-Use Assets Obtained In Exchange For New Finance Lease Liabilities | — |  |  | — |
Right-of-Use Assets Obtained In Exchange For New Operating Lease Liabilities | 19 |  |  | — |
Weighted-average Remaining Lease Term - Finance Leases (Yrs.) |  | 27.00 |  | 28.00
Weighted-average Remaining Lease Term - Operating Leases (Yrs.) |  | 11.45 |  | 11.20
Weighted-average Discount Rate—Finance Leases |  | 3.75 | % |  | 3.75 | %
Weighted-average Discount Rate—Operating Leases |  | 2.97 | % |  | 2.81 | %

Lease cost information for Arrow's leases is as follows: |  |  |  |
| Three Months Ended |  |
| March 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2022 |  |  |  |
Lease Cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Finance Lease Cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reduction of Right-of-Use Assets | $ | 44 |  |  | $ | 44 |  |  |  |  |
Interest on Lease Liabilities | 49 |  |  | 49 |  |  |  |  |
Operating Lease Cost | 298 |  |  | 312 |  |  |  |  |
Short-term Lease Cost | 14 |  |  | 10 |  |  |  |  |
Variable Lease Cost | 73 |  |  | 95 |  |  |  |  |
Total Lease Cost | $ | 478 |  |  | $ | 510 |  |  |  |  |

39

Future Lease Payments at March 31, 2023 are as follows: |
| Operating Leases |  | Financing Leases |
Twelve Months Ended: |  |  |  |
3/31/2024 | $ | 866 |  |  | $ | 243 |  |
3/31/2025 | 685 |  |  | 254 |  |
3/31/2026 | 625 |  |  | 265 |  |
3/31/2027 | 561 |  |  | 268 |  |
3/31/2028 | 526 |  |  | 268 |  |
Thereafter | 3,455 |  |  | 7,197 |  |
Total Undiscounted Cash Flows | $ | 6,718 |  |  | $ | 8,495 |  |
Less: Net Present Value Adjustment | 1,134 |  |  | 3,389 |  |
Lease Liability | $ | 5,584 |  |  | $ | 5,106 |  |

Note 13. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES (In Thousands)
Arrow is exposed to certain risks arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. Arrow principally manages its exposures to a wide variety of business and operational risks through management of its core business activities. Arrow manages economic risks, including interest rate, primarily by managing the amount, sources and duration of its assets and liabilities and through the use of derivative instruments. Specifically, Arrow enters into derivative financial instruments to manage exposures that arise from business activities that result in the receipt or payment of future known and uncertain cash amounts, the value of which are determined by interest rates. Arrow's derivative financial instruments are used to manage differences in the amount, timing and duration of known or expected cash receipts and its known or expected cash payments principally related to certain fixed rate borrowings. Arrow also has interest rate derivatives that result from a service provided to certain qualifying customers and, therefore, are not used to manage interest rate risk in the Company’s assets or liabilities. The Company manages a matched book with respect to its derivative instruments in order to minimize its net risk exposure resulting from such transactions.
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
Arrow enters into interest rate swap agreements with its commercial customers to provide them with a long-term fixed rate, while simultaneously entering into offsetting interest rate swap agreements with a counterparty to swap the fixed rate to a variable rate to manage interest rate exposure.
These interest rate swap agreements are not designated as a hedge for accounting purposes. As the interest rate swap agreements have substantially equivalent and offsetting terms, they do not present any material exposure to Arrow's consolidated statements of income. Arrow records its interest rate swap agreements at fair value and is presented on a gross basis within other assets and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the fair value of assets and liabilities arising from these derivatives are included, net, in other income in the consolidated statement of income.
The following table depicts the fair value adjustment recorded related to the notional amount of derivatives outstanding as well as the notional amount of the interest rate swap agreements:

Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments - Interest Rate Swap Agreements
| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | March 31, 2022
Fair value adjustment included in other assets | $ | 6,206 |  |  | $ | 7,506 |  |  | $ | 4,131 |
Fair value adjustment included in other liabilities | 6,206 |  |  | 7,506 |  |  | 4,131 |
Notional amount | 126,637 |  |  | 127,763 |  |  | 171,182 |

Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments
Arrow has entered into interest rate swaps to synthetically fix the variable rate interest payments associated with $20 million in outstanding subordinated trust securities. These agreements are designated as cash flow hedges.
For derivatives designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk, the gain or loss on the derivative is recorded in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (AOCI) and subsequently reclassified into interest expense in the same period during which the hedge transaction affects earnings. Amounts reported in AOCI related to derivatives will be reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on Arrow's Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts borrowings.
The following table indicates the effect of cash flow hedge accounting on AOCI and on the unaudited interim consolidated statement of income:
40

Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments - Cash Flow Hedge Agreements
| Three Months Ended |  | Twelve Months Ended |  | Three Months Ended
| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | March 31, 2022
Amount of (loss) gain recognized in AOCI | $ | (800) |  |  | $ | 3,467 |  |  | $ | 1,512 |
Amount of (loss) gain reclassified from AOCI to interest expense | (198) |  |  | (204) |  |  | 29 |

Note 14. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
A member of the GFNB Board of Directors, is the Chief Executive Officer of the general contractor leading the multi-year renovation project to enhance and improve the downtown Glens Falls Main Campus. The reconstruction will provide added energy efficiency and more collaborative work space. In the first quarter of 2023, Arrow paid $1.3 million to this general contractor. GFNB is a subsidiary of Arrow Financial Corporation.
Note 15. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
Effective May 12, 2023, Mr. Murphy terminated his employment as President and CEO and as a director of the Company and all other positions he held with the Company and its affiliates. Effective May 13, 2023, the Company appointed David S. DeMarco to serve as President and CEO of the Company and GFNB, in addition to continuing to serve as President and CEO of SNB.
The Company became aware that on June 23, 2023, Robert C. Ashe filed a putative class action complaint against the Company in the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York. In addition to the Company, the complaint names as defendants Thomas J. Murphy, the Company’s former CEO and from September 30, 2022, to February 20, 2023, its interim CFO, Edward J. Campanella, the Company’s former CFO, and Penko Ivanov, the Company’s current CFO (“Individual Defendants” and, together with the Company, the "Defendants"). The complaint alleges that the Defendants made materially false and misleading statements regarding the Company’s business, operations and compliance policies in the Company’s public filings between March 12, 2022 and May 12, 2023. The complaint further alleges that the Individual Defendants are liable for these materially false and misleading statements as "controlling persons" of the Company. Based on these allegations, the complaint brings two claims for violations of Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder and of Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act. Mr. Ashe, on behalf of a purported class of shareholders, seeks compensatory damages as well as recovery of the costs and fees associated with the litigation. The Company believes the lawsuit to be without merit and expressly denies any wrongdoing in connection with the matters claimed in the complaint and intends to vigorously defend the lawsuit. As of the date of filing of this Form 10-Q, the Company has not been served with the complaint.
41

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
Arrow Financial Corporation:
Results of Review of Interim Financial Information
We have reviewed the consolidated balance sheets of Arrow Financial Corporation and subsidiaries (the Company) as of March 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity and cash flows for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated interim financial information). Based on our reviews, we are not aware of any material modifications that should be made to the consolidated interim financial information for it to be in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We have previously audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheet of the Company as of December 31, 2022, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year then ended (not presented herein); and in our report dated July 17, 2023, we expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements. In our opinion, the information set forth in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022, is fairly stated, in all material respects, in relation to the consolidated balance sheet from which it has been derived.
Basis for Review Results
This consolidated interim financial information is the responsibility of the Company’s management. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our reviews in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. A review of consolidated interim financial information consists principally of applying analytical procedures and making inquiries of persons responsible for financial and accounting matters. It is substantially less in scope than an audit conducted in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB, the objective of which is the expression of an opinion regarding the financial statements taken as a whole. Accordingly, we do not express such an opinion.
.
/s/ KPMG LLP
Albany, New York
July 27, 2023
42

Item 2.
ARROW FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
March 31, 2023
NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY
In this Report, the terms "Arrow," "the registrant," "the Company," "we," "us," and "our" generally refer to Arrow Financial Corporation and its subsidiaries as a group, except where the context indicates otherwise. At certain points in this Report, Arrow's performance is compared with that of the Company's "peer group" of financial institutions. Unless otherwise specifically stated, the peer group for the purposes of this Report is comprised of the group of 167 domestic bank holding companies with $3 to $10 billion in total consolidated assets as identified in the Federal Reserve Board’s "Bank Holding Company Performance Report" for December 31, 2022 (the most recent such report currently available), and peer group data contained herein has been derived from such report.
THE COMPANY AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
Arrow is a two-bank holding company headquartered in Glens Falls, New York. The banking subsidiaries are GFNB, whose main office is located in Glens Falls, New York, and SNB whose main office is located in Saratoga Springs, New York. Active subsidiaries of GFNB include Upstate Agency, LLC (an insurance agency that sells property and casualty insurance and also specializes in selling and servicing group health care policies and life insurance), North Country Investment Advisers, Inc. (a registered investment adviser that provides investment advice to Arrow's proprietary mutual funds) and Arrow Properties, Inc. (a REIT). Arrow also owns directly two subsidiary business trusts, organized in 2003 and 2004, which issued trust preferred securities (TRUPs), which are still outstanding.
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Report contains statements that are not historical in nature but rather are based on Arrow's beliefs, assumptions, expectations, estimates and projections about the future. These statements are "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and involve a degree of uncertainty and attendant risk. Words such as "may," "will," "expect," "believe," "anticipate," "estimate," "continue," and variations of such words and similar expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. Examples of forward-looking statements include statements regarding Arrow's asset quality, the level of allowance for credit losses, the sufficiency of liquidity sources, interest rate change exposure, changes in accounting standards, and Arrow's tax plans and strategies. Some of these statements, such as those included in the interest rate sensitivity analysis in Part I, Item 3, entitled "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk," are merely presentations of what future performance or changes in future performance would look like based on hypothetical assumptions and on simulation models. Other forward-looking statements are based on Arrow's general perceptions of market conditions and trends in business activity, both Arrow's and in the banking industry generally, as well as current management strategies for future operations and development.
These forward-looking statements may not be exhaustive, are not guarantees of future performance and involve certain risks and uncertainties that are difficult to quantify or, in some cases, to identify. You should not place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements. In the case of all forward-looking statements, our actual outcomes and results may differ materially from what the statements predict or forecast. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to the following:
•Market conditions could present significant challenges to the U.S. commercial banking industry and its core business of making and servicing loans and any substantial downturn in the regional markets in which Arrow operates or in the U.S. economy generally could adversely affect Arrow's ability to maintain steady growth in the loan portfolio and earnings.
•A continued period of high inflation could adversely impact our business and our customers.
•Arrow operates in a highly competitive industry and market areas that could negatively affect growth and profitability.
•Uncertainty relating to the discontinuance of LIBOR and other reference rates and their potential discontinuance may negatively impact our access to funding and the value of our financial instruments and commercial agreements.
•The financial services industry is faced with technological advances and changes on a continuing basis, and failure to adapt to these advances and changes could have a material adverse impact on Arrow's business.
•Problems encountered by other financial institutions could adversely affect Arrow.
•Any future economic or financial downturn, including any significant correction in the equity markets, may negatively affect the volume of income attributable to, and demand for, fee-based services of banks such as Arrow, including Arrow's fiduciary business.
•Potential complications with the implementation of our new core banking system could adversely impact our business and operations.
•Arrow faces continuing and growing security risks to its information base including the information maintained relating to customers, and any breaches in the security systems implemented to protect this information could have a material negative effect on Arrow's business operations and financial condition.
•Business could suffer if Arrow loses key personnel unexpectedly or if employee wages increase significantly.
•COVID-19 or other health emergencies may adversely affect Arrow’s business activities, financial condition and results of operations.
•Arrow is subject to interest rate risk, which could adversely affect profitability.
•Arrow could recognize losses on securities held in our securities portfolio, particularly if interest rates increase or economic and market conditions deteriorate.
•Arrow's allowance for possible credit losses may be insufficient, and an increase in the allowance would reduce earnings.
•Arrow’s financial condition and the results of its operations could be negatively impacted by liquidity management.
43

•The increasing complexity of Arrow's operations presents varied risks that could affect earnings and financial condition.
•We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting which could, if not remediated, result in a material misstatement of our financial statements.
•The Company relies on the operations of its banking subsidiaries to provide liquidity, which, if limited, could impact Arrow's ability to pay dividends to its shareholders or to repurchase its common stock.
•Capital and liquidity standards require banks and bank holding companies to maintain more and higher quality capital and greater liquidity than has historically been the case.
•Federal banking statutes and regulations could change in the future, which may adversely affect Arrow.
•Non-compliance with the Patriot Act, Bank Secrecy Act, or other anti-money laundering laws and regulations could result in fines or sanctions and restrictions on conducting acquisitions or establishing new branches.
•Arrow, through its banking subsidiaries, is subject to the CRA and fair lending laws, and failure to comply with these laws could lead to material penalties.
•Disruption in the continuity, timing and effectiveness of the recent transition in executive management could adversely affect Arrow’s business activities, financial condition and results of operations.
Arrow is under no duty to update any of the forward-looking statements after the date of this Report to conform such statements to actual results. All forward-looking statements, express or implied, included in this Report and the documents incorporated by reference and that are attributable to Arrow are expressly qualified in their entirety by this cautionary statement. This cautionary statement should also be considered in connection with any subsequent written or oral forward-looking statements that Arrow or any persons acting on its behalf may issue. This Report should be read in conjunction with the 2022 Form 10-K and our other filings with the SEC.
44

USE OF NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
The SEC has adopted Regulation G, which applies to certain public disclosures, including earnings releases, made by registered companies that contain "non-GAAP financial measures." GAAP is generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America. Under Regulation G, companies making public disclosures containing non-GAAP financial measures must also disclose, along with each non-GAAP financial measure, certain additional information, including a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measure to the closest comparable GAAP financial measure and a statement of Arrow's reasons for utilizing the non-GAAP financial measure as part of its financial disclosures. The SEC has exempted from the definition of "non-GAAP financial measures" certain commonly used financial measures that are not based on GAAP. When these exempted measures are included in public disclosures, supplemental information is not required. The following measures used in this Report, which are commonly utilized by financial institutions, have not been specifically exempted by the SEC and may constitute "non-GAAP financial measures" within the meaning of the SEC's rules, although Arrow is unable to state with certainty that the SEC would so regard them.
Tax-Equivalent Net Interest Income and Net Interest Margin: Net interest income, as a component of the tabular presentation by financial institutions of Selected Financial Information regarding their recently completed operations, as well as disclosures based on that tabular presentation, is commonly presented on a tax-equivalent basis. That is, to the extent that some component of the institution's net interest income, which is presented on a before-tax basis, is exempt from taxation (e.g., is received by the institution as a result of its holdings of state or municipal obligations), an amount equal to the tax benefit derived from that component is added to the actual before-tax net interest income total. This adjustment is considered helpful in comparing one financial institution's net interest income to that of another institution or in analyzing any institution’s net interest income trend line over time, to correct any analytical distortion that might otherwise arise from the fact that financial institutions vary widely in the proportions of their portfolios that are invested in tax-exempt securities, and from the fact that even a single institution may significantly alter over time the proportion of its own portfolio that is invested in tax-exempt obligations. Moreover, net interest income is itself a component of a second financial measure commonly used by financial institutions, net interest margin, which is the ratio of net interest income to average earning assets. For purposes of this measure as well, tax-equivalent net interest income is generally used by financial institutions, again to provide a better basis of comparison from institution to institution and to better demonstrate a single institution’s performance over time. Arrow follows these practices.
The Efficiency Ratio: Financial institutions often use an "efficiency ratio" as a measure of expense control. The efficiency ratio typically is defined as the ratio of non-interest expense to net interest income and non-interest income. Net interest income as utilized in calculating the efficiency ratio is typically the same as the net interest income presented in Selected Financial Information table discussed in the preceding paragraph, i.e., it is expressed on a tax-equivalent basis. Moreover, many financial institutions, in calculating the efficiency ratio, also adjust both non-interest expense and non-interest income to exclude from these items (as calculated under GAAP) certain recurring component elements of income and expense, such as intangible asset amortization (which is included in non-interest expense under GAAP but may be excluded therefrom for purposes of calculating the efficiency ratio) and securities gains or losses (which are reflected in the calculation of non-interest income under GAAP but may be excluded therefrom for purposes of calculating the efficiency ratio). Arrow makes these adjustments.
Tangible Book Value per Share: Tangible equity is total stockholders’ equity less intangible assets. Tangible book value per share is tangible equity divided by total shares issued and outstanding. Tangible book value per share is often regarded as a more meaningful comparative ratio than book value per share as calculated under GAAP, that is, total stockholders’ equity including intangible assets divided by total shares issued and outstanding. Intangible assets include many items, but in Arrow's case, essentially represents goodwill.
Adjustments for Certain Items of Income or Expense: In addition to our regular utilization in our public filings and disclosures of the various non-GAAP measures commonly utilized by financial institutions discussed above, Arrow may also elect from time to time, in connection with our presentation of various financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP, such as net income, earnings per share (EPS), return on average assets (ROA), and return on average equity (ROE), to provide as well certain comparative disclosures that adjust these GAAP financial measures, typically by removing them from the impact of certain transactions or other material items of income or expense that are unusual or unlikely to be repeated. Arrow will do so only if it believes that provision of the resulting non-GAAP financial measures may improve the average investor's understanding of our results of operations by separating out items that have a disproportional positive or negative impact on the particular period in question or by otherwise permitting a better comparison from period-to-period in our results of operations with respect to our fundamental lines of business, including the commercial banking business.
Arrow believes that the non-GAAP financial measures disclosed from time-to-time are useful in evaluating our performance and that such information should be considered as supplemental in nature, and not as a substitute for, or superior to, the related financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. Non-GAAP financial measures may differ from similar measures presented by other companies.
45

Arrow Financial Corporation
Selected Quarterly Information
(Dollars In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts - Unaudited)

Quarter Ended | 3/31/2023 |  | 12/31/2022 |  | 9/30/2022 |  | 6/30/2022 |  | 3/31/2022
Net Income | $ | 8,562 |  |  | $ | 12,087 |  |  | $ | 12,163 |  |  | $ | 11,974 |  |  | $ | 12,575 |
Transactions in Net Income (Net of Tax): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Changes in Fair Value of Equity Investments | (76) |  |  | 35 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 114 |  |  | 96 |
Share and Per Share Data:1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Period End Shares Outstanding | 16,553 |  |  | 16,552 |  |  | 16,523 |  |  | 16,503 |  |  | 16,493 |
Basic Average Shares Outstanding | 16,552 |  |  | 16,535 |  |  | 16,512 |  |  | 16,494 |  |  | 16,511 |
Diluted Average Shares Outstanding | 16,564 |  |  | 16,589 |  |  | 16,558 |  |  | 16,535 |  |  | 16,566 |
Basic Earnings Per Share | $ | 0.52 |  |  | $ | 0.73 |  |  | $ | 0.74 |  |  | $ | 0.72 |  |  | $ | 0.76 |
Diluted Earnings Per Share | 0.52 |  |  | 0.73 |  |  | 0.74 |  |  | 0.72 |  |  | 0.76 |
Cash Dividend Per Share | 0.270 |  |  | 0.270 |  |  | 0.262 |  |  | 0.262 |  |  | 0.262 |
Selected Quarterly Average Balances: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Bearing Deposits at Banks | $ | 40,436 |  |  | $ | 143,499 |  |  | $ | 209,001 |  |  | $ | 232,545 |  |  | $ | 410,644 |
Investment Securities | 813,461 |  |  | 845,859 |  |  | 821,052 |  |  | 822,112 |  |  | 797,347 |
Loans | 2,991,928 |  |  | 2,951,547 |  |  | 2,872,066 |  |  | 2,804,180 |  |  | 2,678,796 |
Deposits | 3,480,279 |  |  | 3,614,945 |  |  | 3,598,519 |  |  | 3,569,754 |  |  | 3,582,256 |
Other Borrowed Funds | 100,596 |  |  | 63,304 |  |  | 50,125 |  |  | 50,140 |  |  | 68,596 |
Stockholders’ Equity | 359,556 |  |  | 351,402 |  |  | 361,675 |  |  | 357,228 |  |  | 370,264 |
Total Assets | 3,978,851 |  |  | 4,074,028 |  |  | 4,047,738 |  |  | 4,012,999 |  |  | 4,054,943 |
Return on Average Assets, annualized | 0.87 | % |  | 1.18 | % |  | 1.19 | % |  | 1.20 | % |  | 1.26 | %
Return on Average Equity, annualized | 9.66 | % |  | 13.65 | % |  | 13.34 | % |  | 13.44 | % |  | 13.77 | %
Return on Average Tangible Equity, annualized 2 | 10.33 | % |  | 14.62 | % |  | 14.27 | % |  | 14.40 | % |  | 14.72 | %
Average Earning Assets | $ | 3,845,825 |  |  | $ | 3,940,905 |  |  | $ | 3,902,119 |  |  | $ | 3,858,837 |  |  | $ | 3,886,787 |
Average Paying Liabilities | 2,782,299 |  |  | 2,891,092 |  |  | 2,781,985 |  |  | 2,808,287 |  |  | 2,855,884 |
Interest Income | 36,110 |  |  | 35,904 |  |  | 34,207 |  |  | 30,593 |  |  | 28,947 |
Tax-Equivalent Adjustment 3 | 202 |  |  | 279 |  |  | 268 |  |  | 269 |  |  | 270 |
Interest Income, Tax-Equivalent 3 | 36,312 |  |  | 36,183 |  |  | 34,475 |  |  | 30,862 |  |  | 29,217 |
Interest Expense | 8,016 |  |  | 5,325 |  |  | 3,306 |  |  | 1,555 |  |  | 1,122 |
Net Interest Income | 28,094 |  |  | 30,579 |  |  | 30,901 |  |  | 29,038 |  |  | 27,825 |
Net Interest Income, Tax-Equivalent 3 | 28,296 |  |  | 30,858 |  |  | 31,169 |  |  | 29,307 |  |  | 28,095 |
Net Interest Margin, annualized | 2.96 | % |  | 3.08 | % |  | 3.14 | % |  | 3.02 | % |  | 2.90 | %
Net Interest Margin, Tax Equivalent, annualized 3 | 2.98 | % |  | 3.11 | % |  | 3.17 | % |  | 3.05 | % |  | 2.93 | %
Efficiency Ratio Calculation: 4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-Interest Expense | $ | 22,296 |  |  | $ | 20,792 |  |  | $ | 21,448 |  |  | $ | 20,345 |  |  | $ | 18,945 |
Less: Intangible Asset Amortization | 45 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 49 |
Net Non-Interest Expense | $ | 22,251 |  |  | $ | 20,745 |  |  | $ | 21,400 |  |  | $ | 20,297 |  |  | $ | 18,896 |
Net Interest Income, Tax-Equivalent 3 | $ | 28,296 |  |  | $ | 30,858 |  |  | $ | 31,169 |  |  | $ | 29,307 |  |  | $ | 28,095 |
Non-Interest Income | 6,677 |  |  | 7,165 |  |  | 7,827 |  |  | 7,744 |  |  | 8,162 |
Less: Net Changes in Fair Value of Equity Invest. | (104) |  |  | 48 |  |  | 95 |  |  | 154 |  |  | 130 |
Net Gross Income | $ | 35,077 |  |  | $ | 37,975 |  |  | $ | 38,901 |  |  | $ | 36,897 |  |  | $ | 36,127 |
Efficiency Ratio 4 | 63.43 | % |  | 54.63 | % |  | 55.01 | % |  | 55.01 | % |  | 52.30 | %
Period-End Capital Information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Stockholders’ Equity (i.e. Book Value) | $ | 363,371 |  |  | $ | 353,538 |  |  | $ | 345,550 |  |  | $ | 356,498 |  |  | $ | 357,243 |
Book Value per Share 1 | 21.95 |  |  | 21.36 |  |  | 20.91 |  |  | 21.60 |  |  | 21.66 |
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, net | 23,273 |  |  | 23,373 |  |  | 23,477 |  |  | 23,583 |  |  | 23,691 |
Tangible Book Value per Share 1,2 | 20.55 |  |  | 19.95 |  |  | 19.49 |  |  | 20.17 |  |  | 20.22 |
Capital Ratios:5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tier 1 Leverage Ratio | 10.13 | % |  | 9.80 | % |  | 9.71 | % |  | 9.60 | % |  | 9.37 | %
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital Ratio | 13.34 | % |  | 13.32 | % |  | 13.14 | % |  | 13.14 | % |  | 13.48 | %
Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital Ratio | 14.03 | % |  | 14.01 | % |  | 13.85 | % |  | 13.86 | % |  | 14.23 | %
Total Risk-Based Capital Ratio | 15.15 | % |  | 15.11 | % |  | 14.93 | % |  | 14.93 | % |  | 15.33 | %
Assets Under Trust Admin. & Investment Mgmt. | $ | 1,672,117 |  |  | $ | 1,606,132 |  |  | $ | 1,515,994 |  |  | $ | 1,589,178 |  |  | $ | 1,793,747 |

46

Arrow Financial Corporation
Selected Quarterly Information - Continued
(Dollars In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts - Unaudited)

Footnotes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1. | Share and Per Share Data have been restated for the September 23, 2022, 3% stock dividend.
2. | Non-GAAP Financial Measures Reconciliation: Tangible Book Value, Tangible Equity and Return on Tangible Equity exclude goodwill and other intangible assets, net from total equity. These are non-GAAP financial measures which Arrow believes provide investors with information that is useful in understanding our financial performance. See "Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures" on page 45.
|  | 3/31/2023 |  | 12/31/2022 |  | 9/30/2022 |  | 6/30/2022 |  | 3/31/2022
| Total Stockholders' Equity (GAAP) | $ | 363,371 |  |  | $ | 353,538 |  |  | $ | 345,550 |  |  | $ | 356,498 |  |  | $ | 357,243 |
| Less: Goodwill and Other Intangible assets, net | 23,273 |  |  | 23,373 |  |  | 23,477 |  |  | 23,583 |  |  | 23,691 |
| Tangible Equity (Non-GAAP) | $ | 340,098 |  |  | $ | 330,165 |  |  | $ | 322,073 |  |  | $ | 332,915 |  |  | $ | 333,552 |
| Period End Shares Outstanding | 16,553 |  |  | 16,552 |  |  | 16,523 |  |  | 16,503 |  |  | 16,493 |
| Tangible Book Value per Share (Non-GAAP) | $ | 20.55 |  |  | $ | 19.95 |  |  | $ | 19.49 |  |  | $ | 20.17 |  |  | $ | 20.22 |
| Net Income | 8,562 |  |  | 12,087 |  |  | 12,163 |  |  | 11,974 |  |  | 12,575 |
| Return on Average Tangible Equity (Net Income/Tangible Equity - Annualized) | 10.33 | % |  | 14.62 | % |  | 14.27 | % |  | 14.40 | % |  | 14.72 | %
3. | Non-GAAP Financial Measures Reconciliation: Net Interest Margin, Tax-Equivalent is the ratio of our annualized tax-equivalent net interest income to average earning assets. This is also a non-GAAP financial measure which Arrow believes provides investors with information that is useful in understanding our financial performance. See "Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures" on page 45.
|  | 3/31/2023 |  | 12/31/2022 |  | 9/30/2022 |  | 6/30/2022 |  | 3/31/2022
| Interest Income (GAAP) | $ | 36,110 |  |  | $ | 35,904 |  |  | $ | 34,207 |  |  | $ | 30,593 |  |  | $ | 28,947 |
| Add: Tax-Equivalent adjustment (Non-GAAP) | 202 |  |  | 279 |  |  | 268 |  |  | 269 |  |  | 270 |
| Interest Income - Tax Equivalent (Non-GAAP) | $ | 36,312 |  |  | $ | 36,183 |  |  | $ | 34,475 |  |  | $ | 30,862 |  |  | $ | 29,217 |
| Net Interest Income (GAAP) | $ | 28,094 |  |  | $ | 30,579 |  |  | $ | 30,901 |  |  | $ | 29,038 |  |  | $ | 27,825 |
| Add: Tax-Equivalent adjustment (Non-GAAP) | 202 |  |  | 279 |  |  | 268 |  |  | 269 |  |  | 270 |
| Net Interest Income - Tax Equivalent (Non-GAAP) | $ | 28,296 |  |  | $ | 30,858 |  |  | $ | 31,169 |  |  | $ | 29,307 |  |  | $ | 28,095 |
| Average Earning Assets | $ | 3,845,825 |  |  | $ | 3,940,905 |  |  | $ | 3,902,119 |  |  | $ | 3,858,837 |  |  | $ | 3,886,787 |
| Net Interest Margin (Non-GAAP)* | 2.98 | % |  | 3.11 | % |  | 3.17 | % |  | 3.05 | % |  | 2.93 | %
4. | Non-GAAP Financial Measures: Financial Institutions often use the "efficiency ratio", a non-GAAP ratio, as a measure of expense control. Arrow believes that the efficiency ratio provides investors with information that is useful in understanding our financial performance. Arrow defines efficiency ratio as the ratio of our non-interest expense to our net gross income (which equals tax-equivalent net interest income plus non-interest income, as adjusted). There is no GAAP financial measure that is closely comparable to the efficiency ratio. See "Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures" on page 45.
5. | For the current quarter, all of the regulatory capital ratios as well as the Total Risk-Weighted Assets are calculated in accordance with bank regulatory capital rules. The March 31, 2023 CET1 ratio listed in the tables (i.e., 13.34%) exceeds the sum of the required minimum CET1 ratio plus the fully phased-in Capital Conservation Buffer (i.e., 7.00%).
|  | 3/31/2023 |  | 12/31/2022 |  | 9/30/2022 |  | 6/30/2022 |  | 3/31/2022
| Total Risk Weighted Assets | $ | 2,909,610 |  |  | $ | 2,883,902 |  |  | $ | 2,856,224 |  |  | $ | 2,790,520 |  |  | $ | 2,661,952 |
| Common Equity Tier 1 Capital | 388,228 |  |  | 384,003 |  |  | 375,394 |  |  | 366,798 |  |  | 358,738 |
| Common Equity Tier 1 Capital Ratio | 13.34 | % |  | 13.32 | % |  | 13.14 | % |  | 13.14 | % |  | 13.48 | %
* Quarterly ratios have been annualized. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

47

Average Consolidated Balance Sheets and Net Interest Income Analysis
(Dollars In Thousands)
Quarter Ended March 31: | 2023 |  | 2022
|  |  | Interest |  | Rate |  |  |  | Interest |  | Rate
| Average |  | Income/ |  | Earned/ |  | Average |  | Income/ |  | Earned/
| Balance |  | Expense |  | Paid |  | Balance |  | Expense |  | Paid
Interest Bearing Deposits at Banks | $ | 40,436 |  |  | $ | 479 |  |  | 4.80 | % |  | $ | 410,644 |  |  | $ | 198 |  |  | 0.20 | %
Investment Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fully Taxable | 652,743 |  |  | 2,948 |  |  | 1.83 |  |  | 618,806 |  |  | 2,189 |  |  | 1.43 |
Exempt from Federal Taxes | 160,718 |  |  | 797 |  |  | 2.01 |  |  | 178,541 |  |  | 821 |  |  | 1.86 |
Loans | 2,991,928 |  |  | 31,886 |  |  | 4.32 |  |  | 2,678,796 |  |  | 25,739 |  |  | 3.90 |
Total Earning Assets | 3,845,825 |  |  | 36,110 |  |  | 3.81 |  |  | 3,886,787 |  |  | 28,947 |  |  | 3.02 |
Allowance for Credit Losses | (29,792) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (27,165) |  |  |  |  |
Cash and Due From Banks | 30,518 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 37,654 |  |  |  |  |
Other Assets | 132,300 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 157,667 |  |  |  |  |
Total Assets | $ | 3,978,851 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,054,943 |  |  |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Bearing Checking Accounts | $ | 964,735 |  |  | 370 |  |  | 0.16 |  |  | $ | 1,027,740 |  |  | 163 |  |  | 0.06 |
Savings Deposits | 1,474,251 |  |  | 5,587 |  |  | 1.54 |  |  | 1,557,855 |  |  | 417 |  |  | 0.11 |
Time Deposits of $250,000 or More | 94,415 |  |  | 574 |  |  | 2.47 |  |  | 70,101 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 0.16 |
Other Time Deposits | 148,302 |  |  | 474 |  |  | 1.30 |  |  | 131,592 |  |  | 109 |  |  | 0.34 |
Total Interest Bearing Deposits | 2,681,703 |  |  | 7,005 |  |  | 1.06 |  |  | 2,787,288 |  |  | 717 |  |  | 0.10 |
Short-Term Borrowings | 40,138 |  |  | 490 |  |  | 4.95 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
FHLBNY Term Advances & Other Long-Term Debt | 55,356 |  |  | 472 |  |  | 3.46 |  |  | 63,444 |  |  | 356 |  |  | 2.28 |
Finance Leases | 5,102 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 3.89 |  |  | 5,152 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 3.86 |
Total Interest Bearing Liabilities | 2,782,299 |  |  | 8,016 |  |  | 1.17 |  |  | 2,855,884 |  |  | 1,122 |  |  | 0.16 |
Non-Interest Bearing Deposits | 798,576 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 794,968 |  |  |  |  |
Other Liabilities | 38,420 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 33,827 |  |  |  |  |
Total Liabilities | 3,619,295 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,684,679 |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ Equity | 359,556 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 370,264 |  |  |  |  |
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity | $ | 3,978,851 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,054,943 |  |  |  |  |
Net Interest Income |  |  | $ | 28,094 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 27,825 |  |  |
Net Interest Spread |  |  |  |  | 2.64 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 2.86 | %
Net Interest Margin |  |  |  |  | 2.96 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 2.90 | %

48

OVERVIEW
The following discussion and analysis focuses on and reviews the results of operations for the three-month period ended March 31, 2023 and the financial conditions as of March 31, 2023 and 2022. The discussion below should be read in conjunction with the selected quarterly and annual information set forth above and the Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements and other financial data presented elsewhere in this Report. When necessary, prior-year financial information has been reclassified to conform to the current-year presentation.
Summary of Q1 2023 Financial Results: Net income for the first quarter of 2023 was $8.6 million, down from $12.6 million for the prior-year period. The year-over-year decline in first-quarter was due to a variety of factors. Income earned on loans increased $6.1 million driven by strong loan growth in 2022. Interest expense increased $6.9 million as a result of the raising rate environment and increased competitive pricing pressure. In addition, non-interest income decreased by $1.5 million and non-interest expenses increased by $3.4 million.
Diluted earnings per share (EPS) for the first quarter of 2023 was $0.52, a decrease of 31.6% from EPS of $0.76 reported for the first quarter of 2022. Return on average equity (ROE) for the first quarter of 2023 decreased to 9.66%, as compared to a ROE of 13.77% for the quarter ended March 31, 2022. Return on average assets (ROA) for the first quarter of 2023 was 0.87%, a decrease from an ROA of 1.26% for the quarter ended March 31, 2022.
Total loans were $3.0 billion as of March 31, 2023 reaching a record high for Arrow. Loan growth for the first quarter of 2023 was $22.1 million and increased $268.1 million, or 9.8%, from March 31, 2022. In the first quarter of 2023, total outstanding commercial loans increased $4.0 million, or 0.5%. The consumer loan portfolio grew by $8.2 million, or 0.8%, in the first quarter of 2023, primarily within the indirect automobile lending program. Total outstanding residential real estate loans increased $10.0 million, or 0.9%, for the first quarter of 2023.
At March 31, 2023, deposit balances were $3.5 billion. Deposits in the first quarter of 2023 increased by $48.0 million from the prior quarter and decreased by $169.0 million, or 4.5%, from the prior-year level. Municipal deposits increased $110.5 million in the first quarter and decreased $22.1 million, or 2.2%, from March 31, 2022. Non-municipal deposits decreased $62.5 million for the quarter and $147.0 million, or 5.4%, from March 31, 2022. Non-interest bearing deposits represented 22.2% of total deposits at March 31, 2023, compared to 21.9% of total deposits at March 31, 2022. At March 31, 2023, total time deposits were $301.8 million.
Net interest income for the first quarter was $28.1 million, up 1.0% from $27.8 million in the comparable quarter of 2022. Interest and fees on loans were $31.9 million for the first quarter of 2023, an increase of 23.9% from $25.7 million for the quarter ending March 31, 2022 due to loan growth and higher market rates. Interest and fees related to Paycheck Protection Program ("PPP") loans, included in the $25.7 million total, were $1.1 million in the first quarter of 2022. The PPP program ended in 2022. Interest expense for the first quarter of 2023 was $8.0 million, an increase of $6.9 million, or 614.4%, from $1.1 million in expense for the comparable quarter ending March 31, 2022 due to changes in deposit composition and higher deposit rates.
Net interest margin was 2.96% for the quarter, compared to 2.90% for the first quarter of 2022. The increase in net interest margin was due to a variety of factors including loan growth, higher market rates impacting asset yields and cost of funds and a reduction in cash balances. Net interest margin, excluding PPP income, increased to 2.96% from 2.81% in the comparable prior-year quarter. The cost of interest bearing liabilities increased primarily due to the repricing of deposits and a change in deposit composition.
Non-interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2023, was $6.7 million, compared to $8.2 million in the comparable 2022 quarter. Income from fiduciary activities for the three months ended March 31, 2023, decreased by $321 thousand over the comparable quarter of 2022, driven by market conditions. Fees and other services to customers decreased $200 thousand over the comparable quarter of 2022. Other operating income decreased $691 thousand from the comparable quarter of 2022 due to a variety of factors, including a decline in the gain on other assets of $463 thousand and a decrease in income earned on bank-owned life insurance of $181 thousand.
Non-interest expense for the first quarter of 2023 was $22.3 million, an increase from $18.9 million for the first quarter of 2022. The increase was primarily due to $1.0 million of additional legal and professional fees associated with the delay in the filing of the 2022 Form 10-K. In addition, other operating expenses included a credit for estimated credit losses on off-balance sheet exposures of $68 thousand for the first quarter of 2023 versus a larger credit of $316 thousand recognized in the first quarter of 2022 Technology and equipment spending increased $638 thousand from the first quarter of 2022, driven primarily by management's commitment to invest in new technology to enhance the customer experience and optimize operations. Salaries and benefits increased compared to the first quarter of 2022 as a result of pension and other benefit expenses.
For the first quarter of 2023, the provision for credit losses was $1.6 million, compared to $769 thousand in provision expense in the prior-year quarter. The key drivers for the change were increased loan charge-offs and a more challenging economic forecast. The changes in net income, net interest income and net interest margin between the three-month periods are discussed in detail under the heading "RESULTS OF OPERATIONS," beginning on page 63.
Regulatory Capital and Change in Stockholders' Equity: At March 31, 2023, Arrow continued to exceed all required minimum capital ratios under the current bank regulatory capital rules as implemented under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the "Capital Rules") at both the holding company and bank levels. At that date, both subsidiary banks, as well as the holding company, continued to qualify as "well-capitalized" under the capital classification guidelines as defined by the Capital Rules. Because of continued profitability and strong asset quality, the regulatory capital levels throughout recent years have consistently remained well in excess of the various required regulatory minimums in effect from time to time, as they do at present.
In 2020, federal bank regulators introduced an optional simplified measure of capital adequacy for qualifying community banking organizations (CBLR). A qualifying community banking organization that opts into the CBLR framework and meets all the requirements under the CBLR framework will be considered to have met the well-capitalized ratio requirements under the “prompt corrective action” regulations and will not be required to report or calculate risk-based capital ratios.
49

The CBLR final rule became effective as of January 1, 2020, and Arrow and both subsidiary banks have opted out of utilizing the CBLR framework. Therefore, the Capital Rules remain applicable to Arrow and both subsidiary banks.
Stockholders’ equity was $363.4 million at March 31, 2023, an increase of $9.8 million, or 2.8%, from the December 31, 2022 level of $353.5 million, and an increase of $6.1 million, or 1.7%, from the prior-year level. The increase in stockholders' equity over the first three months of 2023 principally reflected the following factors: the addition of (i) $8.6 million of net income for the period plus (ii) other comprehensive gain of $5.7 million and (iii) issuance of $0.9 million of common stock through employee benefit and dividend reinvestment plans reduced by (iv) cash dividends of $4.5 million and (v) repurchases of common stock of $0.8 million. The components of the change in stockholders’ equity since year-end 2022 are presented in the Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity on page 6, and are discussed in more detail in the next section.
At March 31, 2023, book value per share was $21.95, up by 1.3% over the prior-year level. Tangible book value per share (a non-GAAP measure that deducts intangible assets from stockholders' equity) was $20.55, an increase of $0.33,or 1.6%, over the level as of March 31, 2022. See the disclosure on page 45 related to the use of non-GAAP financial measures including tangible book value.
On March 31, 2023, Arrow's closing stock price was $24.91, representing a trading multiple of 1.21 to tangible book value. In the first quarter of 2023, Arrow paid a quarterly cash dividend of $0.27. Further discussion of dividends is included in the Capital Components; Stock Repurchases; Dividends section located on page 61.
Loan Quality: Net charge-offs for the first quarter of 2023 were $722 thousand as compared to $389 thousand for the comparable 2022 quarter. The ratio of net charge-offs to average loans (annualized) was 0.10% for the three month period ended March 31, 2023, an increase from 0.06% for the three month period ended March 31, 2022.
For the first quarter of 2023, the provision for credit losses was $1.6 million and the credit for estimated credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures was $68 thousand. The allowance for credit losses was $30.8 million on March 31, 2023, which represented 1.02% of loans outstanding, as compared to 1.01% on March 31, 2022.
Nonperforming loans were $11.2 million at March 31, 2023, representing 0.37% of period-end loans, an increase from the March 31, 2022 ratio of 0.36% and a decrease from the December 31, 2022 ratio of 0.40%. The ratio continues to reasonably compare with the weighted average ratio of the peer group of 0.37% at December 31, 2022. Nonperforming assets of $11.3 million at March 31, 2023 represented 0.27% of period-end assets up from 0.24% at March 31, 2022.
Loan Segments: As of March 31, 2023, total loans grew by $22.1 million, or 0.7%, as compared to the balance at December 31, 2022. The largest increase was in the residential real estate loan portfolio which increased $10.0 million, or 0.9%. Consumer loans increased $8.2 million, or 0.8%, primarily comprised of automobile loans. Commercial and commercial real estate loans, increased by $4.0 million, or 0.5%, from December 31, 2022.
•Commercial and Commercial Real Estate Loans: Combined, these loans comprise 28.3% of the total loan portfolio at period-end. Commercial property values in Arrow's region have largely remained stable, however, there remains uncertainty surrounding market conditions due to the inflation and the rising interest rate environment. Appraisals on nonperforming and watched CRE loan properties are updated as deemed necessary, usually when the loan is downgraded or when there has been significant market deterioration since the last appraisal.
•Consumer Loans: These loans (primarily automobile loans) comprised 35.7% of the total loan portfolio at period-end. Consumer automobile loans at March 31, 2023, were 99.6% of this portfolio segment. The vast majority of automobile loans are initiated through the purchase of vehicles by consumers with automobile dealers. As of March 31, 2023, demand has slowed as a result of current economic conditions. Inflation and higher rates may continue to limit the potential growth in this category.
•Residential Real Estate Loans: These loans, including home equity loans, made up 36.0% of the total loan portfolio at period-end. Demand for residential real estate has continued but weakened as interest rates have increased. A continuous elevated rate environment may impact future demand. Arrow originated nearly all of the residential real estate loans currently held in the loan portfolio and applies conservative underwriting standards to loan originations. Arrow has historically sold a portion of residential real estate mortgage originations into the secondary market. The ratio of the sales of originations to total originations tends to fluctuate from period to period based on market conditions and other factors. The rate at which mortgage loan originations are sold in future periods will depend on various circumstances, including prevailing mortgage rates, other lending opportunities, capital and liquidity needs, and the availability of a market for such transactions.
Liquidity and Access to Credit Markets: Arrow has not experienced any liquidity events or special concerns in recent years or thus far in 2023. Arrow’s liquidity position should provide the necessary flexibility to address any unexpected near-term disruptions. Interest bearing cash balances at March 31, 2023 were $178.4 million compared to $448.6 million at March 31, 2022 driven by strong loan growth in 2022 and deposits decreasing in the fourth quarter of 2022 primarily due to pandemic era excess deposits exiting the system and competitive pressures from the rising rate environment. Contingent lines of credit are also available. Operating collateralized lines of credit are established and available through the FHLBNY and FRB totaling $1.3 billion. The terms of Arrow's lines of credit have not changed significantly in recent periods (see the general liquidity discussion on page 62). Historically, Arrow has principally relied on asset-based liquidity (i.e., funds in overnight investments and cash flow from maturing investments and loans) with liability-based liquidity as a secondary source of funds (the main liability-based sources are an overnight borrowing arrangement with correspondent banks, an arrangement for overnight borrowing and term credit advances from the FHLBNY, and an additional arrangement for short-term advances at the Federal Reserve Bank discount window). Regular liquidity stress tests and tests of the contingent liquidity plan are performed to ensure that an adequate amount of available funds can be generated to meet a wide variety of potential liquidity crises.
50

Reference Rate Reform: On March 5, 2021, the ICE Benchmark Administration (the IBA), the administrator of LIBOR, and the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority, the regulatory supervisor for the IBA, announced certain future dates that LIBOR settings will cease to be provided by any administrator. In addition, regulators have issued statements indicating that financial institutions should not issue new LIBOR-based financial instruments after January 1, 2022. To prepare for the upcoming cessation of LIBOR, Arrow established a committee in 2020 comprised of Bank Management to prepare for the discontinuance of LIBOR, which is widely used to reprice floating rate financial instruments. Based on a review of existing floating rate financial instruments, Management has determined that the financial products tied to LIBOR will not be subject to cessation until June 30, 2023. This review also identified that only a few legacy contracts do not include appropriate fallback language. On March 15, 2022, the “Adjustable Interest Rate (LIBOR) Act” was enacted by Congress. The law provides basic framework for addressing the discontinuation of U.S. Dollar LIBOR under federal law. The law establishes a clear uniform process, on a nationwide basis, for replacing LIBOR in existing contracts that do not provide for the use of a clearly defined or practicable replacement benchmark rate (so-called “tough legacy” contracts), without affecting the ability of parties to use any appropriate benchmark rate in new contracts. Effective February 27, 2023, the Federal Reserve Board adopted a final rule implementing the Adjustable Interest Rate (LIBOR) Act. Arrow no longer issues new LIBOR-based financial instruments. Furthermore, U.S. Dollar LIBOR indices utilized by Arrow's existing financial instruments ceased June 30, 2023. On January 1, 2022, Arrow designated the CME Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) as the replacement index for financial instruments previously tied to LIBOR.
Visa Class B Common Stock: Arrow's subsidiary bank, GFNB, like other Visa member banks, bears some indirect contingent liability for Visa's direct liability arising out of certain antitrust claims involving merchant discounts to the extent that Visa's liability might exceed the amount funded in its litigation escrow account. On December 13, 2019, the Court granted final approval to a settlement in this class action lawsuit. On January 3, 2020 an appeal of the final-approved order was filed with the court. On December 16, 2021, the second circuit court of appeals set oral arguments regarding objections to final approval of the settlement for March 16, 2022. On March 16, 2022, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals heard oral arguments regarding objections to final approval of the settlement. On April 25, 2023, the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit denied certain objectors’ request for panel rehearing or, in the alternative, rehearing en banc. It is unknown if any party will pursue further appeals to the U.S Supreme Court. When the appeals process is resolved and assuming the balance in the litigation escrow account is sufficient to cover the litigation claims and related expenses, Arrow could potentially realize a gain on the receipt of Visa Class A common stock. At March 31, 2023, GFNB held 27,771 shares of Visa Class B common stock, and utilizing the conversion ratio to Class A common stock at that time, these Class B shares would convert to approximately 44,000 shares of Visa Class A common stock. Since the litigation settlement is not certain, Arrow has not recognized any economic value for these shares.
51

CHANGE IN FINANCIAL CONDITION
Summary of Selected Consolidated Balance Sheet Data
(Dollars in Thousands)

| At Period-End |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 3/31/2023 |  | 12/31/2022 |  | 3/31/2022 |  | $ Change From December |  | $ Change From March |  | % Change From December (not annualized) |  | % Change From March
Interest-Bearing Bank Balances | $ | 178,365 |  |  | $ | 32,774 |  |  | $ | 448,614 |  |  | $ | 145,591 |  |  | $ | (270,249) |  |  | 444.2 | % |  | (60.2) | %
Securities Available-for-Sale | 565,693 |  |  | 573,495 |  |  | 582,428 |  |  | (7,802) |  |  | (16,735) |  |  | (1.4) | % |  | (2.9) | %
Securities Held-to-Maturity | 167,347 |  |  | 175,364 |  |  | 196,661 |  |  | (8,017) |  |  | (29,314) |  |  | (4.6) | % |  | (14.9) | %
Equity Securities | 2,070 |  |  | 2,174 |  |  | 1,877 |  |  | (104) |  |  | 193 |  |  | (4.8) | % |  | 10.3 | %
Loans (1) | 3,005,352 |  |  | 2,983,207 |  |  | 2,737,267 |  |  | 22,145 |  |  | 268,085 |  |  | 0.7 | % |  | 9.8 | %
Allowance for Credit Losses | 30,784 |  |  | 29,952 |  |  | 27,661 |  |  | 832 |  |  | 3,123 |  |  | 2.8 | % |  | 11.3 | %
Earning Assets (1) | 3,928,854 |  |  | 3,773,078 |  |  | 3,971,338 |  |  | 155,776 |  |  | (42,484) |  |  | 4.1 | % |  | (1.1) | %
Total Assets | $ | 4,114,630 |  |  | $ | 3,969,509 |  |  | $ | 4,156,402 |  |  | $ | 145,121 |  |  | $ | (41,772) |  |  | 3.7 | % |  | (1.0) | %
Non-Interest Bearing Deposits | $ | 788,690 |  |  | $ | 836,871 |  |  | $ | 813,066 |  |  | $ | (48,181) |  |  | $ | (24,376) |  |  | (5.8) | % |  | (3.0) | %
Interest Bearing Checking Accounts | 958,490 |  |  | 997,694 |  |  | 1,154,068 |  |  | (39,204) |  |  | (195,578) |  |  | (3.9) | % |  | (16.9) | %
Savings Deposits | 1,497,326 |  |  | 1,454,364 |  |  | 1,571,274 |  |  | 42,962 |  |  | (73,948) |  |  | 3.0 | % |  | (4.7) | %
Time Deposits over $250,000 | 122,827 |  |  | 76,224 |  |  | 48,288 |  |  | 46,603 |  |  | 74,539 |  |  | 61.1 | % |  | 154.4 | %
Other Time Deposits | 179,016 |  |  | 133,211 |  |  | 128,677 |  |  | 45,805 |  |  | 50,339 |  |  | 34.4 | % |  | 39.1 | %
Total Deposits | $ | 3,546,349 |  |  | $ | 3,498,364 |  |  | $ | 3,715,373 |  |  | $ | 47,985 |  |  | $ | (169,024) |  |  | 1.4 | % |  | (4.5) | %
FHLBNY Advances - Overnight | 35,000 |  |  | 27,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,000 |  |  | 35,000 |  |  | 29.6 | % |  | — | %
FHLBNY Advances - Term | 107,800 |  |  | 27,800 |  |  | 25,000 |  |  | 80,000 |  |  | 82,800 |  |  | 287.8 | % |  | 331.2 | %
Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts | 20,000 |  |  | 20,000 |  |  | 20,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — | %
Stockholders' Equity | 363,371 |  |  | 353,538 |  |  | 357,243 |  |  | 9,833 |  |  | 6,128 |  |  | 2.8 | % |  | 1.7 | %

(1) Includes Nonaccrual Loans.
Changes in Earning Assets: The loan portfolio at March 31, 2023, was $3.0 billion, an increase of $22.1 million, or 0.7%, from the December 31, 2022 level and up by $268.1 million, or 9.8%, from the March 31, 2022 level. The following trends were experienced in our largest segments:
•Commercial and commercial real estate loans: This segment of the loan portfolio increased by $4.0 million, or 0.5%, during the first three months of 2023. In the first three months of 2023, loan growth has slowed as a result of the current rate environment.
•Consumer loans (primarily automobile loans through indirect lending): As of March 31, 2023, these loans, primarily auto loans originated through dealerships in New York and Vermont, increased by $8.2 million, or 0.8%, from the December 31, 2022 balance. Inflation and rising rates may continue to slow demand.
•Residential real estate loans: This segment increased during the first three months of 2023 by $10.0 million, or 0.9%. A deterioration of economic conditions may continue to reduce loan production for the remainder of the year.
Changes in Sources of Funds: Deposit balances reached $3.5 billion, down $169.0 million, or 4.5%, from the prior-year level and increased $48.0 million from December 31, 2022. Non-interest bearing deposits represented 22.2% of total deposits at March 31, 2023, compared to 21.9% of total deposits on March 31, 2022. At March 31, 2023, total time deposits were $301.8 million. Municipal deposits decreased $22.1 million, or 2.2% from March 31, 2022. Federal home loan term advances were $107.8 million, an increase from $25.0 million at March 31, 2022.
Municipal Deposits: Fluctuations in balances of interest bearing checking accounts are often the result of timing and behavior of municipal deposits. Municipal deposits have historically averaged between 25% to 30% of total deposits. Municipal deposits are typically placed in interest bearing checking, savings and various time deposit accounts.
In general, there is a seasonal pattern to municipal deposits which dip to a low point in August each year. Account balances tend to increase throughout the fall and into early winter from tax deposits, flatten out after the beginning of the ensuing calendar year, and increase again at the end of March from the electronic deposit of NYS aid payments to school districts. In addition to seasonal behavior, the overall level of municipal deposit balances fluctuates from year-to-year as a result of local economic factors as well as competition from other banks and non-bank entities.
Arrow uses reciprocal deposits for a select group of municipalities to reduce the amount of investment securities required to be pledged as collateral for municipal deposits where municipal deposits in excess of the FDIC insurance coverage limits were transferred to other participating banks, divided into portions so as to qualify such transferred deposits for FDIC insurance coverage at each
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transferee bank. In return, reciprocal amounts are transferred to Arrow in equal amounts of deposits from the participant banks. The balances of reciprocal deposits were $568.0 million and $544.9 million at March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022, respectively.
Uninsured Deposits: Arrow's deposit base includes both insured and uninsured deposits. Arrow continually monitors levels and composition of uninsured deposits. Uninsured deposit balances at March 31, 2023 are less than 35% of the total deposit base.
FINANCIAL CONDITION
Investment Portfolio Trends
The table below presents the changes in the period-end balances for available-for-sale, held-to-maturity and equity securities from December 31, 2022 to March 31, 2023 (in thousands):

| (Dollars in Thousands)
| Fair Value at Period-End |  | Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) For Period Ended
| 3/31/2023 |  | 12/31/2022 |  | Change |  | 3/31/2023 |  | 12/31/2022 |  | Change
Securities Available-for-Sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Agency Securities | $ | 177,585 |  |  | $ | 175,199 |  |  | $ | 2,386 |  |  | $ | (12,415) |  |  | $ | (14,801) |  |  | $ | 2,386 |
State and Municipal Obligations | 320 |  |  | 340 |  |  | (20) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Mortgage-Backed Securities | 386,988 |  |  | 397,156 |  |  | (10,168) |  |  | (44,766) |  |  | (50,599) |  |  | 5,833 |
Corporate and Other Debt Securities | 800 |  |  | 800 |  |  | — |  |  | (200) |  |  | (200) |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 565,693 |  |  | $ | 573,495 |  |  | $ | (7,802) |  |  | $ | (57,381) |  |  | $ | (65,600) |  |  | $ | 8,219 |
Securities Held-to-Maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State and Municipal Obligations | $ | 153,895 |  |  | $ | 160,470 |  |  | $ | (6,575) |  |  | $ | (2,419) |  |  | $ | (3,130) |  |  | $ | 711 |
Mortgage-Backed Securities | 10,544 |  |  | 11,153 |  |  | (609) |  |  | (489) |  |  | (611) |  |  | 122 |
Total | $ | 164,439 |  |  | $ | 171,623 |  |  | $ | (7,184) |  |  | $ | (2,908) |  |  | $ | (3,741) |  |  | $ | 833 |
Equity Securities | $ | 2,070 |  |  | $ | 2,174 |  |  | $ | (104) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

The table below presents the weighted average yield for available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities as of March 31, 2023 (in thousands).

| March 31, 2023
| Within One Year |  | After One But Within Five Years |  | After Five But Within Ten Years |  | After Ten Years |  | Total
| Amount |  | Yield |  | Amount |  | Yield |  | Amount |  | Yield |  | Amount |  | Yield |  | Amount |  | Yield
Securities Available-for-Sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Agency Securities | $ | 15,000 |  |  | 3.5 | % |  | $ | 175,000 |  |  | 1.6 | % |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | $ | 190,000 |  | 190000000 | 1.7 | %
State and Municipal Obligations | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 320 |  |  | 6.8 | % |  |  |  | — | % |  | 320 |  |  | 6.8 | %
Mortgage-Backed Securities | 892 |  |  | 1.7 | % |  | 239,803 |  |  | 1.9 | % |  | 191,059 |  |  | 1.7 | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 431,754 |  |  | 1.8 | %
Corporate and Other Debt Securities |  |  | — | % |  |  |  | — | % |  | 1,000 |  |  | 7.9 | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 1,000 |  |  | 7.9 | %
Total | $ | 15,892 |  |  | 3.4 | % |  | $ | 414,803 |  |  | 1.8 | % |  | $ | 192,379 |  |  | 1.7 | % |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | $ | 623,074 |  |  | 1.8 | %
Securities Held-to-Maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State and Municipal Obligations | $ | 82,142 |  |  | 2.4 | % |  | $ | 71,828 |  |  | 2.5 | % |  | $ | 2,312 |  |  | 3.7 | % |  | $ | 32 |  |  | 6.7 | % |  | $ | 156,314 |  |  | 2.5 | %
Mortgage-Backed Securities | — |  |  | — | % |  | 11,033 |  |  | 2.5 | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 11,033 |  |  | 2.5 | %
Corporate and Other Debt Securities | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | %
Total | $ | 82,142 |  |  | 2.4 | % |  | $ | 82,861 |  |  | 2.5 | % |  | $ | 2,312 |  |  | 3.7 | % |  | $ | 32 |  |  | 6.7 | % |  | $ | 167,347 |  |  | 2.5 | %

At March 31, 2023, Arrow held no investment securities in the securities portfolios that consisted of or included, directly or indirectly, obligations of foreign governments or governmental agencies of foreign issuers.
In the periods referenced above, mortgage-backed securities consisted solely of mortgage pass-through securities and collateralized mortgage obligations (CMOs). All mortgage-backed securities are issued or guaranteed by either U.S. federal agencies or by government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs). Mortgage pass-through securities provide to the investor monthly portions of principal and interest pursuant to the contractual obligations of the underlying mortgages. CMOs are pools of mortgage-backed securities, the repayments on which have generally been separated into two or more components (tranches), where each tranche has a separate estimated life and yield. Arrow's practice has been to purchase pass-through securities and CMOs that are issued or guaranteed by U.S. federal agencies or GSEs, and the tranches of CMOs purchased are generally those having shorter average lives and/or
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durations. Lower market interest rates and/or payment deferrals on underlying loans that make up mortgage-backed security collateral may impact cashflows.
In the periods referenced above, U.S. Government & Agency Obligations consisted solely of agency bonds issued by GSEs. These securities generally pay fixed semi-annual coupons with principle payments at maturity. For some, callable options are included that may impact the timing of these principal payments. Arrow's practice has been to purchase Agency securities that are issued or guaranteed by GSEs with limited embedded optionality (call features). Final maturities are generally less than 5 years.
Arrow evaluates available-for-sale debt securities in unrealized loss positions at each measurement date to determine whether the decline in the fair value below the amortized cost basis (impairment) is due to credit-related factors or non-credit related factors. Any impairment that is not credit related is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. Credit-related impairment is recognized within the allowance for credit losses on the balance sheet, limited to the amount by which the amortized cost basis exceeds the fair value, with a corresponding adjustment to earnings via credit loss expense. Arrow determined that at March 31, 2023, gross unrealized losses were primarily attributable to changes in interest rates, relative to when the investment securities were purchased, and not due to the credit quality of the investment securities. The recent rising interest rate environment resulted in an increase in unrealized losses versus the comparable prior period. Arrow does not intend to sell, nor is it more likely than not that Arrow will be required to sell any securities before recovery of its amortized cost basis, which may be at maturity. Therefore, Arrow carried no allowance for credit loss at March 31, 2023 and there was no credit loss expense recognized by Arrow with respect to the securities portfolio during the three months ended March 31, 2023.
Arrow's held-to-maturity debt securities are comprised of GSEs and state and municipal obligations. GSE securities carry the explicit and/or implicit guarantee of the U.S. government, are widely recognized as “risk free,” and have a long history of zero credit loss. Arrow performs an analysis of the credit worthiness of municipal obligations to determine if a security is of investment grade. The analysis may include, but may not solely rely upon credit analysis conducted by external credit rating agencies. Arrow determined that the expected credit loss on its held to maturity debt portfolio was immaterial and, therefore, no allowance for credit loss was recorded as of March 31, 2023.
Changes in net unrealized gains or losses during recent periods have been primarily attributable to changes in market rates during the periods in question and not due to the credit-worthiness of the issuers.
Investment Sales, Purchases and Maturities
There were no sales of investment securities within the three month periods ended March 31, 2023 or 2022.
The following table summarizes purchases of investment securities within the available-for-sale and held-to-maturity portfolios for the three month periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, as well as proceeds from the maturity and calls of investment securities within each portfolio for the respective periods presented:

(In Thousands) | Three Months Ended |  |
Purchases: | 3/31/2023 |  | 3/31/2022 |  |  |  |
Available-for-Sale Portfolio |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Agency Securities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 30,000 |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-Backed Securities | — |  |  | 45,049 |  |  |  |  |
Total Purchases | $ | — |  |  | $ | 75,049 |  |  |  |  |
Maturities & Calls | $ | 15,669 |  |  | $ | 21,473 |  |  |  |  |

(In Thousands) | Three Months Ended |  |  |
Purchases: | 3/31/2023 |  | 3/31/2022 |  |  |  |  |
Held-to-Maturity Portfolio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State and Municipal Obligations | $ | 1,448 |  |  | $ | 4,950 |  |  |  |  |  |
Maturities & Calls | $ | 9,328 |  |  | $ | 4,699 |  |  |  |  |  |

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Loan Trends
The following three tables present, for each of the last five quarters, the quarterly average balances by loan type, the percentage of total loans represented by each loan type and the annualized yield of each loan category:
Quarterly Average Loan Balances
(Dollars in Thousands)

| Quarter Ended
| 3/31/2023 |  | 12/31/2022 |  | 9/30/2022 |  | 6/30/2022 |  | 3/31/2022
Commercial excluding PPP Loans | $ | 135,670 |  |  | $ | 141,419 |  |  | $ | 134,986 |  |  | $ | 130,177 |  |  | $ | 135,472 |
PPP Loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | 637 |  |  | 11,267 |  |  | 26,086 |
Commercial Real Estate | 710,719 |  |  | 674,420 |  |  | 661,471 |  |  | 645,968 |  |  | 631,255 |
Consumer | 1,070,314 |  |  | 1,065,467 |  |  | 1,047,470 |  |  | 1,013,361 |  |  | 932,401 |
Residential Real Estate | 1,075,225 |  |  | 1,070,241 |  |  | 1,027,502 |  |  | 1,003,407 |  |  | 953,582 |
Total Loans | $ | 2,991,928 |  |  | $ | 2,951,547 |  |  | $ | 2,872,066 |  |  | $ | 2,804,180 |  |  | $ | 2,678,796 |

Percentage of Total Quarterly Average Loans

| Quarter Ended
| 3/31/2023 |  | 12/31/2022 |  | 9/30/2022 |  | 6/30/2022 |  | 3/31/2022
Commercial excluding PPP Loans | 4.5 | % |  | 4.8 | % |  | 4.7 | % |  | 4.6 | % |  | 5.0 | %
PPP Loans | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | 0.4 | % |  | 1.0 | %
Commercial Real Estate | 23.8 | % |  | 22.8 | % |  | 23.0 | % |  | 23.0 | % |  | 23.6 | %
Consumer | 35.8 | % |  | 36.1 | % |  | 36.5 | % |  | 36.2 | % |  | 34.8 | %
Residential Real Estate | 35.9 | % |  | 36.3 | % |  | 35.8 | % |  | 35.8 | % |  | 35.6 | %
Total Loans | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %

Quarterly Yield on Loans

| Quarter Ended
| 3/31/2023 |  | 12/31/2022 |  | 9/30/2022 |  | 6/30/2022 |  | 3/31/2022
Commercial (Total Portfolio) | 4.28 | % |  | 4.18 | % |  | 4.17 | % |  | 3.93 | % |  | 4.17 | %
Commercial excluding PPP loans | 4.28 | % |  | 4.18 | % |  | 4.17 | % |  | 3.90 | % |  | 3.87 | %
Commercial Real Estate | 4.73 | % |  | 4.57 | % |  | 4.60 | % |  | 3.82 | % |  | 3.80 | %
Consumer | 4.26 | % |  | 4.02 | % |  | 4.10 | % |  | 3.83 | % |  | 3.84 | %
Residential Real Estate | 4.10 | % |  | 3.80 | % |  | 3.78 | % |  | 3.70 | % |  | 3.71 | %
Total Loans | 4.32 | % |  | 4.13 | % |  | 4.09 | % |  | 3.85 | % |  | 3.90 | %

The average yield on the loan portfolio was 4.32% for the first quarter of 2023 up 19 basis points from the fourth quarter of 2022. Market rates have continued to increase, which impacts new loan yields for fixed rate loans, and variable loan yields as these loans reach their repricing dates.
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The table below shows the maturity of loans outstanding as of March 31, 2023. Also provided are the amounts due after one year, classified according to fixed interest rates and variable interest rates (in thousands):

| March 31, 2023
| Within One Year |  | After One But Within Five Years |  | After Five But Within 15 Years |  | After 15 Years |  | Total
Commercial | $ | 24,241 |  |  | $ | 73,992 |  |  | $ | 37,582 |  |  | $ | 102 |  |  | $ | 135,917 |
Commercial Real Estate | 169,525 |  |  | 216,920 |  |  | 322,828 |  |  | 6,084 |  |  | 715,357 |
Consumer | 10,218 |  |  | 533,798 |  |  | 528,897 |  |  | 456 |  |  | 1,073,369 |
Residential Real Estate | 135,577 |  |  | 53,462 |  |  | 231,727 |  |  | 659,943 |  |  | 1,080,709 |
Total | $ | 339,561 |  |  | $ | 878,172 |  |  | $ | 1,121,034 |  |  | $ | 666,585 |  |  | $ | 3,005,352 |
|  |  | After One But Within Five Years |  | After Five But Within 15 Years |  | After 15 Years |  | Total
Loans maturing with: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed Interest Rates |  |  | $ | 611,620 |  |  | $ | 930,102 |  |  | $ | 664,154 |  |  | $ | 2,205,876 |
Variable Interest Rates |  |  | 266,552 |  |  | 190,932 |  |  | 2,431 |  |  | 459,915 |
Total |  |  | $ | 878,172 |  |  | $ | 1,121,034 |  |  | $ | 666,585 |  |  | $ | 2,665,791 |

Maintenance of High Quality Credit in the Loan Portfolio: There have been no significant fluctuations in the quality of the loan portfolio or any segment thereof. In general, residential real estate loans have historically been underwritten to secondary market standards for prime loans and Arrow has not engaged in subprime mortgage lending as a business line. Similarly, high underwriting standards have generally been applied to commercial and commercial real estate lending operations and generally in the indirect lending program as well.
Commercial Loans and Commercial Real Estate Loans: Substantially all commercial and commercial real estate loans in the loan portfolio were extended to businesses or borrowers located in Arrow's regional markets. A portion of the loans in the commercial portfolio have variable rates tied to market indices, such as Prime, LIBOR, SOFR or FHLBNY. PPP loans were previously included within the commercial loan portfolio. The PPP program ended in 2022.
Consumer Loans: At March 31, 2023, consumer loans (primarily automobile loans originated through dealerships located in upstate New York and Vermont) continue to be a significant component of Arrow's business, comprising approximately one third of the total loan portfolio.
For credit quality purposes, Arrow assigns potential automobile loan customers into one of four tiers, ranging from lower to higher quality in terms of anticipated credit risk. Arrow's experienced lending staff not only utilizes credit evaluation software tools but also reviews and evaluates each loan individually prior to the loan being funded. Arrow believes that this disciplined approach to evaluating risk has contributed to maintaining the strong credit quality in this portfolio.
Residential Real Estate Loans: Strong demand for residential real estate has continued even as interest rates have increased. Although the projected ongoing rise in the interest rates may impact future demand. Arrow has historically sold portions of originations in the secondary market. Sales decreased as the result of the strategic decision to grow the residential loan portfolio as well as current market conditions. The rate at which mortgage loan originations are sold in future periods will depend on a variety of factors, including demand for residential mortgages in our operating markets, market conditions for mortgage sales and strategic balance sheet and interest-rate risk management decisions.
Deposit Trends
The following tables provide information on trends in the balance and mix of the deposit portfolio by presenting, for each of the last five quarters, the quarterly average balances by deposit type and the percentage of total deposits represented by each deposit type. The quarterly average balances have declined from the 4th quarter of 2022 as well as the comparable 2022 quarter. In addition, due to the current rate environment and increased competitive pricing, deposits have also migrated to higher cost time deposits.
56

Quarterly Average Deposit Balances
(Dollars in Thousands)
| Quarter Ended
| 3/31/2023 |  | 12/31/2022 |  | 9/30/2022 |  | 6/30/2022 |  | 3/31/2022
Non-Interest Bearing Deposits | $ | 798,576 |  |  | $ | 787,157 |  |  | $ | 866,659 |  |  | $ | 811,607 |  |  | $ | 794,968 |
Interest Bearing Checking Accounts | 964,735 |  |  | 1,082,267 |  |  | 996,116 |  |  | 1,048,752 |  |  | 1,027,740 |
Savings Deposits | 1,474,251 |  |  | 1,548,293 |  |  | 1,549,451 |  |  | 1,541,616 |  |  | 1,557,855 |
Time Deposits over $250,000 | 94,415 |  |  | 65,897 |  |  | 49,459 |  |  | 37,418 |  |  | 70,101 |
Other Time Deposits | 148,302 |  |  | 131,331 |  |  | 136,834 |  |  | 130,361 |  |  | 131,592 |
Total Deposits | $ | 3,480,279 |  |  | $ | 3,614,945 |  |  | $ | 3,598,519 |  |  | $ | 3,569,754 |  |  | $ | 3,582,256 |

| Quarter Ended
| 3/31/2023 |  | 12/31/2022 |  | 9/30/2022 |  | 6/30/2022 |  | 3/31/2022
Non-Municipal Deposits | $ | 2,567,132 |  |  | $ | 2,668,704 |  |  | $ | 2,719,291 |  |  | $ | 2,662,052 |  |  | $ | 2,639,258 |
Municipal Deposits | 913,147 |  |  | 946,241 |  |  | 879,228 |  |  | 907,702 |  |  | 942,998 |
Total Deposits | $ | 3,480,279 |  |  | $ | 3,614,945 |  |  | $ | 3,598,519 |  |  | $ | 3,569,754 |  |  | $ | 3,582,256 |

Percentage of Total Quarterly Average Deposits

| Quarter Ended
| 3/31/2023 |  | 12/31/2022 |  | 9/30/2022 |  | 6/30/2022 |  | 3/31/2022
Non-Interest Bearing Deposits | 22.9 | % |  | 21.8 | % |  | 24.1 | % |  | 22.7 | % |  | 22.2 | %
Interest Bearing Checking Accounts | 27.7 | % |  | 29.9 | % |  | 27.7 | % |  | 29.4 | % |  | 28.7 | %
Savings Deposits | 42.4 | % |  | 42.9 | % |  | 43.0 | % |  | 43.2 | % |  | 43.4 | %
Time Deposits over $250,000 | 2.7 | % |  | 1.8 | % |  | 1.4 | % |  | 1.0 | % |  | 2.0 | %
Other Time Deposits | 4.3 | % |  | 3.6 | % |  | 3.8 | % |  | 3.7 | % |  | 3.7 | %
Total Deposits | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %

Quarterly Cost of Deposits

| Quarter Ended
| 3/31/2023 |  | 12/31/2022 |  | 9/30/2022 |  | 6/30/2022 |  | 3/31/2022
Demand Deposits | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | %
Interest Bearing Checking Accounts | 0.16 | % |  | 0.13 | % |  | 0.11 | % |  | 0.08 | % |  | 0.06 | %
Savings Deposits | 1.54 | % |  | 1.05 | % |  | 0.63 | % |  | 0.23 | % |  | 0.11 | %
Time Deposits over $250,000 | 2.47 | % |  | 1.36 | % |  | 0.71 | % |  | 0.28 | % |  | 0.16 | %
Other Time Deposits | 1.30 | % |  | 0.71 | % |  | 0.43 | % |  | 0.34 | % |  | 0.33 | %
Total Deposits | 0.82 | % |  | 0.54 | % |  | 0.33 | % |  | 0.14 | % |  | 0.08 | %

For the quarter ended March 31, 2023, the total cost of deposits increased 28 basis points from the previous quarter. The Federal Funds rate began to increase in the first quarter of 2022 and has continued into 2023. Arrow is well positioned for a variety of rate environments, see Part I, Item 3, entitled "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk," on page 65 for further discussion.
Non-Deposit Sources of Funds
Arrow's other sources of funds have previously included securities sold under agreements to repurchase and term advances from the FHLBNY. The securities sold under agreements to repurchase are offered to existing customers, short-term in nature and are collateralized by investment securities. The term advances from the FHLBNY are fixed rate non-callable advances with original maturities of three to five years.
The $20 million principal amount of Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts listed on the consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2023 (i.e., previously issued TRUPs) will, subject to certain limits, continue to qualify as Tier 1 regulatory capital for Arrow until such TRUPs mature or are redeemed. This is further discussed under "Capital Resources" beginning on page 60 of this Report.
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ASSET QUALITY
The following table presents information related to the allowance and provision for credit losses for the past five quarters:
Summary of the Allowance and Provision for Credit Losses
(Dollars in Thousands, Loans Stated Net of Unearned Income)

| 3/31/2023 |  | 12/31/2022 |  | 9/30/2022 |  | 6/30/2022 |  | 3/31/2022
Loan Balances: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Period-End Loans | $ | 3,005,352 |  |  | $ | 2,983,207 |  |  | $ | 2,924,794 |  |  | $ | 2,844,802 |  |  | $ | 2,737,267 |
Average Loans, Year-to-Date | 2,991,928 |  |  | 2,827,518 |  |  | 2,785,721 |  |  | 2,741,834 |  |  | 2,678,796 |
Average Loans, Quarter-to-Date | 2,991,928 |  |  | 2,951,547 |  |  | 2,872,066 |  |  | 2,804,180 |  |  | 2,678,796 |
Period-End Assets | 4,114,630 |  |  | 3,969,509 |  |  | 4,232,778 |  |  | 3,991,205 |  |  | 4,156,402 |
Allowance for Credit Losses, Year-to-Date: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for Credit Losses, Beginning of Period | $ | 29,952 |  |  | $ | 27,281 |  |  | $ | 27,281 |  |  | $ | 27,281 |  |  | $ | 27,281 |
Provision for Credit Losses, YTD | 1,554 |  |  | 4,798 |  |  | 3,389 |  |  | 1,674 |  |  | 769 |
Loans Charged-off, YTD | (1,328) |  |  | (4,143) |  |  | (2,883) |  |  | (1,736) |  |  | (829) |
Recoveries of Loans Previously Charged-off | 606 |  |  | 2,016 |  |  | 1,445 |  |  | 871 |  |  | 440 |
Net Charge-offs, YTD | (722) |  |  | (2,127) |  |  | (1,438) |  |  | (865) |  |  | (389) |
Allowance for Credit Losses, End of Period | $ | 30,784 |  |  | $ | 29,952 |  |  | $ | 29,232 |  |  | $ | 28,090 |  |  | $ | 27,661 |
Allowance for Credit Losses, Quarter-to-Date: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for Credit Losses, Beginning of Period | $ | 29,952 |  |  | $ | 29,232 |  |  | $ | 28,090 |  |  | $ | 27,661 |  |  | $ | 27,281 |
Provision for Credit Losses, QTD | 1,554 |  |  | 1,409 |  |  | 1,715 |  |  | 905 |  |  | 769 |
Loans Charged-off, QTD | (1,328) |  |  | (1,261) |  |  | (1,147) |  |  | (907) |  |  | (829) |
Recoveries of Loans Previously Charged-off | 606 |  |  | 572 |  |  | 574 |  |  | 431 |  |  | 440 |
Net Charge-offs, QTD | (722) |  |  | (689) |  |  | (573) |  |  | (476) |  |  | (389) |
Allowance for Credit Losses, End of Period | $ | 30,784 |  |  | $ | 29,952 |  |  | $ | 29,232 |  |  | $ | 28,090 |  |  | $ | 27,661 |
Nonperforming Assets, at Period-End: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nonaccrual Loans | $ | 10,852 |  |  | $ | 10,757 |  |  | $ | 8,812 |  |  | $ | 7,999 |  |  | $ | 9,750 |
Loans Past Due 90 or More Days and Still Accruing Interest | 241 |  |  | 1,157 |  |  | 514 |  |  | 1,641 |  |  | 55 |
Restructured and in Compliance with Modified Terms | 62 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 82 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 74 |
Total Nonperforming Loans | 11,155 |  |  | 11,983 |  |  | 9,408 |  |  | 9,717 |  |  | 9,879 |
Repossessed Assets | 144 |  |  | 593 |  |  | 604 |  |  | 297 |  |  | 180 |
Other Real Estate Owned | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total Nonperforming Assets | $ | 11,299 |  |  | $ | 12,576 |  |  | $ | 10,012 |  |  | $ | 10,014 |  |  | $ | 10,059 |
Asset Quality Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance to Nonperforming Loans | 275.97 | % |  | 249.95 | % |  | 310.71 | % |  | 289.08 | % |  | 280.00 | %
Allowance to Period-End Loans | 1.02 | % |  | 1.00 | % |  | 1.00 | % |  | 0.99 | % |  | 1.01 | %
Provision to Average Loans (Quarter) (1) | 0.21 | % |  | 0.19 | % |  | 0.24 | % |  | 0.13 | % |  | 0.12 | %
Provision to Average Loans (YTD) (1) | 0.21 | % |  | 0.17 | % |  | 0.16 | % |  | 0.12 | % |  | 0.12 | %
Net Charge-offs to Average Loans (Quarter) (1) | 0.10 | % |  | 0.09 | % |  | 0.08 | % |  | 0.07 | % |  | 0.06 | %
Net Charge-offs to Average Loans (YTD) (1) | 0.10 | % |  | 0.08 | % |  | 0.07 | % |  | 0.06 | % |  | 0.06 | %
Nonperforming Loans to Total Loans | 0.37 | % |  | 0.40 | % |  | 0.32 | % |  | 0.34 | % |  | 0.36 | %
Nonperforming Assets to Total Assets | 0.27 | % |  | 0.32 | % |  | 0.24 | % |  | 0.25 | % |  | 0.24 | %
(1) Annualized |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Provision for Credit Losses
Through the provision for credit losses, an allowance for credit losses is maintained that reflects the best estimate of the calculated expected credit losses in Arrow's loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date. Additions are made to the allowance for credit losses through a periodic provision for credit losses. Actual credit losses are charged against the allowance for credit losses when loans are deemed uncollectible and recoveries of amounts previously charged off are recorded as credits to the allowance for credit losses.
Arrow loan officers and risk managers meet at least quarterly to discuss and review the conditions and risks associated with certain criticized and classified commercial-related relationships. In addition, the independent internal loan review department performs periodic reviews of the credit quality indicators on individual loans in the commercial loan portfolio.
CECL calculates losses over the life of a loan or financial instrument. Arrow and its subsidiaries utilize a loss projection model updated with data from our core systems, and incorporates various assumptions to produce the CECL reserve. A CECL Steering Committee was created to provide a management governance function to review, critically challenge and approve components of the CECL reporting process. One key responsibility of the CECL Steering Committee is to review annually the key assumptions utilized in
58

the CECL calculation including loan segmentation, loan loss regression analysis, reasonable and supportable forecast period, reversion period, discounted cash flow inputs including economic forecast data and prepayment and curtailment speeds and qualitative factors.
The March 31, 2023 allowance for credit losses calculation incorporated a reasonable and supportable forecast period to account for economic conditions utilized in the measurement. The quantitative model utilized an economic forecast sourced from reputable third-parties that reflects the economic conditions with a slight deterioration of approximately 0.18% in the national unemployment rate during the six-quarter forecast period, while forecasted gross domestic product are projected to improve approximately 0.07%. The home price index (HPI) forecast declined approximately 4.07% from the previous quarter level. Driven by current economic forecasts, loan growth and net charge offs, the first quarter provision for credit losses was $1.6 million. The provision is directionally consistent with both the latest economic forecasts as well as first quarter 2023 activity. For the the first quarter of 2022, a provision of $769 thousand was recorded. In addition, Arrow recorded a credit for estimated credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures in other liabilities of $68 thousand in the first quarter of 2023. See Notes 2 and 5 to the unaudited interim consolidated financial statements for additional discussion related to CECL. The ratio of the allowance for credit losses to total loans was 1.02% at March 31, 2023, an increase from 1.00% at December 31, 2022 and 1.01% at March 31, 2022.
The accounting policy relating to the allowance for credit losses is considered to be a critical accounting policy, given the uncertainty involved in evaluating the level of the allowance required to cover credit losses in the loan portfolio, and the material effect that such judgments may have on the results of operations. The process for determining the provision for credit losses is described in Note 5 to the unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.
Risk Elements
Nonperforming assets at March 31, 2023 amounted to $11.3 million, a decrease from the $12.6 million total at December 31, 2022 and an increase from $10.1 million total at March 31, 2022. For the three month periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, ratios of nonperforming assets to total assets have remained fairly consistent to the average ratios for the peer group. (See page 43 for a discussion of the peer group.) At December 31, 2022, the ratio of loans past due 90 or more days plus nonaccrual loans plus other real estate owned to total assets was 0.32% as compared to the 0.28% ratio of the peer group at such date (the latest date for which peer group information is available). At March 31, 2023 the ratio was 0.27%.
The following table presents the balance of other non-current loans at period-end as to which interest income was being accrued (i.e., loans 30 to 89 days past due, as defined in bank regulatory guidelines). These non-current loans are not included in nonperforming assets, but entail heightened risk:

Loans Past Due 30-89 Days and Accruing Interest ($ in 000's)
| 3/31/2023 |  | 12/31/2022 |  | 3/31/2022
Commercial Loans | $ | 101 |  |  | $ | 450 |  |  | $ | 92 |
Commercial Real Estate Loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Residential Real Estate Loans | 1,328 |  |  | 1,779 |  |  | 2,624 |
Consumer Loans - Primarily Indirect Automobile | 15,665 |  |  | 18,175 |  |  | 9,179 |
Total Loans Past Due 30-89 Days and Accruing Interest | $ | 17,094 |  |  | $ | 20,404 |  |  | $ | 11,895 |

At March 31, 2023, the loans in the above-referenced category totaled $17.1 million, a decrease of $3.3 million, or 16.2%, from the $20.4 million of such loans at December 31, 2022. The March 31, 2023 total of non-current loans equaled 0.57% of loans then outstanding, compared to 0.68% at December 31, 2022 and 0.43% at March 31, 2022.
The number and dollar amount of performing loans that demonstrate characteristics of potential weakness from time-to-time (potential problem loans) typically is a very small percentage of the loan portfolio. See the table of Credit Quality Indicators in Note 4 to the unaudited interim consolidated financial statements. Arrow considers all performing commercial and commercial real estate loans classified as substandard or lower (as reported in Note 5) to be potential problem loans. These loans will continue to be closely monitored and Arrow expects to collect all payments of contractual principal and interest in full on these classified loans.
As of March 31, 2023, Arrow held no other real estate owned. At this time, Arrow does not expect to acquire a significant number of other real estate properties in the near term as a result of payment defaults or the foreclosure process.
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CAPITAL RESOURCES
Regulatory Capital Standards
Capital Adequacy Requirements. An important area of banking regulation is the federal banking system's promulgation and enforcement of minimum capitalization standards for banks and bank holding companies.
As reported in the Regulatory Reform section above, Arrow elected to opt out of utilizing the CBLR framework. The Capital Rules will remain applicable to Arrow.
The following is a summary of certain definitions of capital under the various capital measures in the Capital Rules:
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (CET1): Equals the sum of common stock instruments and related surplus (net of treasury stock), retained earnings, accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI), and qualifying minority interests, minus applicable regulatory adjustments and deductions. Such deductions will include AOCI, if the organization has exercised its irrevocable option not to include AOCI in capital (Arrow made such an election). Mortgage-servicing assets, deferred tax assets, and investments in financial institutions are limited to 15% of CET1 in the aggregate and 10% of CET1 for each such item individually.
Additional Tier 1 Capital: Equals the sum of noncumulative perpetual preferred stock, tier 1 minority interests, grandfathered TRUPs, and Troubled Asset Relief Program instruments, minus applicable regulatory adjustments and deductions.
Tier 2 Capital: Equals the sum of subordinated debt and preferred stock, total capital minority interests not included in Tier 1, and allowance for loan and lease losses (not exceeding 1.25% of risk-weighted assets) minus applicable regulatory adjustments and deductions.
The following table presents the minimum regulatory capital ratios applicable to Arrow and its subsidiary banks under the current Capital Rules:

Capital Ratio | 2023
Minimum CET1 Ratio | 4.500 | %
Capital Conservation Buffer ("Buffer") | 2.500 | %
Minimum CET1 Ratio Plus Buffer | 7.000 | %
Minimum Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital Ratio | 6.000 | %
Minimum Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital Ratio Plus Buffer | 8.500 | %
Minimum Total Risk-Based Capital Ratio | 8.000 | %
Minimum Total Risk-Based Capital Ratio Plus Buffer | 10.500 | %
Minimum Leverage Ratio | 4.000 | %

These minimum capital ratios, especially the minimum CET1 ratio (4.5%) and the enhanced minimum Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio (6.0%), represent a heightened and more restrictive capital regime than institutions like Arrow previously had to meet under the prior capital rules.
At March 31, 2023, Arrow and its subsidiary banks exceeded by a substantial amount each of the applicable minimum capital ratios established under the Capital Rules, including the minimum CET1 Ratio, the minimum Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital Ratio, the minimum Total Risk-Based Capital Ratio, and the minimum Leverage Ratio, including in the case of each risk-based ratio, the capital buffer.
Prompt Corrective Action Capital Classifications. Under applicable banking law, federal banking regulators are required to take prompt corrective action with respect to depository institutions that do not meet certain minimum capital requirements. For these purposes, the regulators have established five capital classifications for banking institutions, ranging from the highest category of "well-capitalized" to the lowest category of "critically under-capitalized". Under the current capital classifications, a banking institution is considered "well-capitalized" if it meets the following capitalization standards on the date of measurement: a CET1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.50% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 8.00% or greater, a total risk-based capital ratio of 10.00% or greater, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 5.00% or greater, provided the institution is not subject to any regulatory order or written directive regarding capital maintenance. Federal banking law also ties the ability of banking organizations to engage in certain types of activities and to utilize certain procedures to such organizations' continuing to qualify for inclusion in one of the two highest rankings of these capitalization categories, i.e., as "well-capitalized" or "adequately capitalized."
Current Capital Ratios: The table below sets forth the regulatory capital ratios of Arrow and its subsidiary banks under the current Capital Rules, as of March 31, 2023:
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| Common Equity Tier 1 Capital Ratio |  | Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital Ratio |  | Total Risk-Based Capital Ratio |  | Tier 1 Leverage Ratio
Arrow Financial Corporation | 13.34 | % |  | 14.03 | % |  | 15.15 | % |  | 10.13 | %
Glens Falls National Bank & Trust Co. | 13.37 | % |  | 13.37 | % |  | 14.44 | % |  | 9.32 | %
Saratoga National Bank & Trust Co. | 13.90 | % |  | 13.90 | % |  | 15.15 | % |  | 10.64 | %
FDICIA's Prompt Corrective Action - "Well-Capitalized" Standard (2019) | 6.50 | % |  | 8.00 | % |  | 10.00 | % |  | 5.00 | %
Regulatory Minimum | 7.00%(1) |  | 8.50%(1) |  | 10.50%(1) |  | 4.00 | %
(1) Including the fully phased-in 2.50% capital conservation buffer |  |

At March 31, 2023, Arrow and its subsidiary banks exceeded the minimum regulatory capital ratios established under the current Capital Rules and each also qualified as "well-capitalized", the highest category in the new capital classification scheme established by federal bank regulatory agencies under the "prompt corrective action" standards, as described above.
Capital Components; Stock Repurchases; Dividends
Stockholders' Equity: Stockholders’ equity was $363.4 million at March 31, 2023, an increase of $9.8 million, or 2.8%, from the December 31, 2022 level of $353.5 million, and an increase of $6.1 million, or 1.7%, from the prior-year level. The increase in stockholders' equity over the first three months of 2023 principally reflected the following factors: the addition of (i) $8.6 million of net income for the period plus (ii) other comprehensive gain of $5.7 million and (iii) issuance of $0.9 million of common stock through employee benefit and dividend reinvestment plans reduced by (iv) cash dividends of $4.5 million and (v) repurchases of common stock of $0.8 million.
Trust Preferred Securities: In each of 2003 and 2004, Arrow issued $10 million of trust preferred securities (TRUPs) in a private placement. Under the Federal Reserve Board's regulatory capital rules then in effect, TRUPs proceeds typically qualified as Tier 1 capital for bank holding companies such as Arrow, but only in amounts up to 25% of Tier 1 capital, net of goodwill less any associated deferred tax liability. Under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act ("Dodd-Frank"), any trust preferred securities that Arrow might issue on or after the grandfathering date set forth in Dodd-Frank (May 19, 2010) would not qualify as Tier 1 capital under bank regulatory capital guidelines. For Arrow, TRUPs outstanding prior to the grandfathering cutoff date set forth in Dodd-Frank (May 19, 2010) would continue to qualify as Tier 1 capital until maturity or redemption, subject to limitations. Thus, Arrow's outstanding TRUPs continue to qualify as Tier 1 regulatory capital, subject to such limitations. Arrow's recent failure to timely file this Report, and deliver such report to the trustee would represent a default under the indenture if the Trustee or the holders of at least 25% of the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding securities delivered such a notice. If the trustee delivers a notice of default, Arrow will have 30 days to remedy the default or else it will constitute an event of default under the indenture. The trustee has not provided a notice as of the date hereof.
In the first quarter of 2020, Arrow entered into interest rate swap agreements to synthetically fix the variable rate interest payments associated with $20 million in outstanding subordinated trust securities. The effective fixed rate is 3.43% until maturity. These agreements are designated as cash flow hedges.
Stock Repurchase Program: In October 2022, the Board of Directors approved a new stock repurchase program authorizing the repurchase, at the discretion of senior management, of up to $5 million of Arrow's common stock over the 2023 calendar year (the 2023 Repurchase Program), in open-market or negotiated transactions to the extent management believes Arrow's stock is reasonably priced and such repurchases appear to be an attractive use of available capital and in the best interests of shareholders. As of March 31, 2023, Arrow repurchased $0.8 million of common stock under the 2023 Repurchase Program. This repurchase arrangement does not include repurchases of Arrow's common stock other than through its 2023 Repurchase Program, i.e., repurchases of Arrow shares on the market utilizing funds accumulated under Arrow's Dividend Reinvestment Plan and the surrender or deemed surrender of Arrow stock to Arrow in connection with employees' stock-for-stock exercises of compensatory stock options to buy Arrow stock.
Dividends: Arrow's common stock is traded on NasdaqGS® under the symbol AROW. The high and low stock prices for the past six quarters listed below represent actual sales transactions, as reported by NASDAQ. Per share amounts and share counts in the following tables have been restated for the September 23, 2022 3% stock dividend.

|  |  |  |  | Cash
| Market Price |  | Dividends
| Low |  | High |  | Declared
2022 |  |  |  |  |
First Quarter | $ | 31.19 |  |  | $ | 35.91 |  |  | $ | 0.262 |
Second Quarter | 29.61 |  |  | 32.79 |  |  | 0.262 |
Third Quarter | 28.68 |  |  | 34.91 |  |  | 0.262 |
Fourth Quarter | 28.50 |  |  | 36.51 |  |  | 0.270 |
2023 |  |  |  |  |
First Quarter | $ | 24.28 |  |  | $ | 34.49 |  |  | $ | 0.270 |
Second Quarter | 17.63 |  |  | 24.92 |  |  | 0.270 |

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| Quarter Ended March 31
| 2023 |  | 2022
Cash Dividends Per Share | $ | 0.270 |  |  | $ | 0.262 |
Diluted Earnings Per Share | 0.52 |  |  | 0.76 |
Dividend Payout Ratio | 51.92 | % |  | 34.47 | %
Total Equity (in thousands) | 363,371 |  |  | $ | 357,243 |
Shares Issued and Outstanding (in thousands) | 16,553 |  |  | 16,493 |
Book Value Per Share | $ | 21.95 |  |  | $ | 21.66 |
Intangible Assets (in thousands) | 23,273 |  |  | 23,691 |
Tangible Book Value Per Share | $ | 20.55 |  |  | $ | 20.22 |

LIQUIDITY
The objective of effective liquidity management is to ensure that Arrow has the ability to raise cash when needed at a reasonable cost. This includes the capability of meeting expected and unexpected obligations to Arrow's customers at any time. Given the uncertain nature of customer demands and the need to maximize earnings, Arrow must have available reasonably priced sources of funds, both on- and off-balance sheet, that can be accessed quickly in times of need. Arrow’s liquidity position should provide the Company with the necessary flexibility to address any unexpected near-term disruptions such as reduced cash flows from the investment and loan portfolio, unexpected deposit runoff, or increased loan originations.
Arrow's primary sources of available liquidity are overnight investments in federal funds sold, interest bearing bank balances at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and cash flow from investment securities and loans. Certain investment securities are categorized as available-for-sale at time of purchase based on their marketability and collateral value, as well as their yield and maturity. The securities available-for-sale portfolio was $565.7 million at March 31, 2023, a decrease of $7.8 million, from the year-end 2022 level. Due to the potential for volatility in market values, Arrow may not always be able to sell securities on short notice at their carrying value, even to provide needed liquidity. Arrow also held interest bearing cash balances at March 31, 2023 of $178.4 million compared to $32.8 million at December 31, 2022.
In addition to liquidity from cash, short-term investments, investment securities and loans, Arrow has supplemented available operating liquidity with additional off-balance sheet sources such as a federal funds lines of credit with correspondent banks and credit lines with the FHLBNY. The federal funds lines of credit are with two correspondent banks totaling $52 million which were not drawn on during the three months ended March 31, 2023.
To support the borrowing relationship with the FHLBNY, Arrow has pledged collateral, including residential mortgage, home equity and commercial real estate loans. At March 31, 2023, Arrow had outstanding collateralized obligations with the FHLBNY of $142.8 million; as of that date, the unused borrowing capacity at the FHLBNY was approximately $536 million. Brokered deposits have also been identified as an available source of funding accessible in a relatively short time period. At March 31, 2023, there were no outstanding brokered deposits. Also, Arrow's two bank subsidiaries have each established a borrowing facility with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, pledging certain consumer loans as collateral for potential "discount window" advances, which are maintained for contingency liquidity purposes. At March 31, 2023, the amount available under this facility was approximately $690 million in the aggregate, and there were no advances then outstanding.
Arrow performs regular liquidity stress tests and maintains a contingent liquidity plan to ensure that an adequate amount of available funds can be generated to meet a wide variety of potential liquidity events.
Arrow measures and monitors basic liquidity as a ratio of liquid assets to total short-term liabilities, both with and without the availability of borrowing arrangements. Based on the level of overnight funds investments, available liquidity from the investment securities portfolio, cash flows from the loan portfolio, the stable core deposit base and the significant borrowing capacity, Arrow believes that the available liquidity is sufficient to meet all reasonably likely events or occurrences. At March 31, 2023, Arrow's basic liquidity ratio, including FHLBNY collateralized borrowing capacity, was 19.4% of total assets, or $634 million in excess of Arrow's internally-set minimum target ratio of 4%.
Arrow did not experience any significant liquidity constraints in the three month period ended March 31, 2023 and did not experience any such constraints in recent prior years. Arrow has not at any time during such period been forced to pay above-market rates to obtain retail deposits or other funds from any source.
RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
The following accounting standards have been issued and become effective for Arrow at a future date:
In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standard Update ("ASU") 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. On January 7, 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, which refines the scope of ASC 848 and clarifies some of its guidance. The ASU and related amendments provide temporary optional expedients and exceptions to the existing guidance for applying GAAP to affected contract modifications and hedge accounting relationships in the transition away from the LIBOR or other interbank offered rate on financial reporting. The guidance also allows a one-time election to sell and/or reclassify to AFS or trading HTM debt securities that reference an interest rate affected by reference rate reform. The amendments in this ASU are effective March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022 and permit relief solely for reference rate reform actions and different elections over the effective date for legacy and new activity. In December 2022, FASB issued ASU 2022-06, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848)" which deferred the sunset date of Topic 848 to December 31, 2024, to allow for a transition period after the sunset of LIBOR. Arrow does not expect it will have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.
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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 Compared With
Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
Summary of Earnings Performance
(Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |
| March 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2022 |  | Change |  | % Change
Net Income | $ | 8,562 |  |  | $ | 12,575 |  |  | $ | (4,013) |  |  | (31.9) | %
Diluted Earnings Per Share | 0.52 |  |  | 0.76 |  |  | (0.24) |  |  | (31.6) | %
Return on Average Assets | 0.87 | % |  | 1.26 | % |  | (0.39) | % |  | (31.0) | %
Return on Average Equity | 9.66 | % |  | 13.77 | % |  | (4.11) | % |  | (29.8) | %

Net income was $8.6 million and diluted earnings per share (EPS) of $0.52 for the first quarter of 2023, compared to net income of $12.6 million and diluted EPS of $0.76 for the first quarter of 2022. Return on average assets for the first quarter of 2023 was 0.87%, a decrease from 1.26% in the first quarter of 2022. In addition, return on average equity decreased to 9.66% for the first quarter of 2023, from 13.77% in the first quarter of 2022.
The following narrative discusses the quarter-to-quarter changes in net interest income, non-interest income, non-interest expense and income taxes:
Net Interest Income
Summary of Net Interest Income
(Dollars in Thousands)

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |
| March 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2022 |  | Change |  | % Change
Interest and Dividend Income | $ | 36,110 |  |  | $ | 28,947 |  |  | $ | 7,163 |  |  | 24.7 | %
Interest Expense | 8,016 |  |  | 1,122 |  |  | 6,894 |  |  | 614.4 | %
Net Interest Income | 28,094 |  |  | 27,825 |  |  | 269 |  |  | 1.0 | %
Average Earning Assets(1) | 3,845,825 |  |  | 3,886,787 |  |  | (40,962) |  |  | (1.1) | %
Average Interest Bearing Liabilities | 2,782,299 |  |  | 2,855,884 |  |  | (73,585) |  |  | (2.6) | %
Yield on Earning Assets(1) | 3.81 | % |  | 3.02 | % |  | 0.79 | % |  | 26.2 | %
Cost of Interest Bearing Liabilities | 1.17 |  |  | 0.16 |  |  | 1.01 |  |  | 631.3 | %
Net Interest Spread | 2.64 |  |  | 2.86 |  |  | (0.22) |  |  | (7.7) | %
Net Interest Margin | 2.96 |  |  | 2.90 |  |  | 0.06 |  |  | 2.1 | %
Income Earned on PPP Loans included Net Interest Income | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,066 |  |  | $ | (1,066) |  |  | (100.0) | %
Net Interest Income excluding PPP loans | 28,094 |  |  | 26,759 |  |  | 1,335 |  |  | 5.0 | %
Net Interest Margin excluding PPP loans | 2.96 | % |  | 2.81 | % |  | 0.15 | % |  | 5.3 | %
(1) Includes Nonaccrual Loans. |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Net interest income for the recently completed quarter increased by $0.3 million, or 1.0%, from the first quarter of 2022, due to a variety of factors including loan growth in 2022 offset by $1.1 million of income related to PPP loans in 2022. The PPP program ended in 2022. Cost of interest bearing liabilities increased primarily as the result of a rising rate environment and repricing of municipal deposits to meet increasing competitive pricing pressure. Interest and fees on loans generated $31.9 million in income for the first quarter of 2023 as compared to $25.7 million from the quarter ending March 31, 2022. Interest expense for the first quarter of 2023 was $8.0 million, an increase of $6.9 million, or 614.4% from the $1.1 million in expense for the comparable quarter ending March 31, 2022. Net interest margin increased six basis points in the first quarter of 2023 to 2.96%, from 2.90% during the first quarter of 2022. Excluding PPP loans, net interest margin increased 15 basis points in the first quarter of 2023 to 2.96%, from 2.81% during the first quarter of 2022. Average earning asset yields were 79 basis points higher as compared to the first quarter of 2022. The cost of interest bearing liabilities increased 101 basis points from the quarter ended March 31, 2022. Arrow defines net interest margin as net interest income divided by average earning assets, annualized. Further detailed information is presented above under the section entitled "Average Consolidated Balance Sheets and Net Interest Income Analysis" on page 48 The impact of recent interest rate changes on Arrow's deposit and loan portfolios are discussed above in this Report under the sections entitled "Deposit Trends" on page 56 and "Loan Trends" on page 55.
As discussed previously under the heading "Asset Quality" beginning on page 58, the provision for loan losses for the first quarter of 2023 was $1.6 million, compared to a provision of $769 thousand for the first quarter of 2022.
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Non-Interest Income
Summary of Non-Interest Income
(Dollars in Thousands)

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |
| March 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2022 |  | Change |  | % Change
Income From Fiduciary Activities | $ | 2,275 |  |  | $ | 2,596 |  |  | $ | (321) |  |  | (12.4) | %
Fees for Other Services to Customers | 2,595 |  |  | 2,795 |  |  | (200) |  |  | (7.2) | %
Insurance Commissions | 1,520 |  |  | 1,511 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 0.6 | %
Net (Loss) Gain on Securities | (104) |  |  | 130 |  |  | (234) |  |  | (180.0) | %
Net Gain on the Sale of Loans | 4 |  |  | 52 |  |  | (48) |  |  | (92.3) | %
Other Operating Income | 387 |  |  | 1,078 |  |  | (691) |  |  | (64.1) | %
Total Non-Interest Income | $ | 6,677 |  |  | $ | 8,162 |  |  | $ | (1,485) |  |  | (18.2) | %

Total non-interest income in the current quarter was $6.7 million, a decrease of $1.5 million from the comparable quarter of 2022. Income from fiduciary activities for the first quarter of 2023 decreased by 12.4% from the first quarter of 2022, primarily driven by market conditions. Assets under trust administration and investment management at March 31, 2023 were $1.67 billion.
Fees for other services to customers were $2.6 million for the first quarter of 2023, a decrease of $200 thousand or 7.2% from the first quarter of 2022.
Insurance commissions were $1.5 million for the first quarter of 2023, essentially flat as compared to the first quarter of 2022.
Net loss on securities of $104 thousand for the first quarter of 2023 was primarily the result of a decrease in the fair value of equity securities from December 31, 2022. Net gain on the sale of loans in the first quarter of 2023 decreased by $48 thousand from the first quarter of 2022 on fewer loan sales. See page 56 for the discussion of loan sales.
Other operating income decreased $691 thousand from the comparable quarter in 2022, primarily related to a decline in the gain on other assets of $463 thousand and a decrease in income earned on bank-owned life insurance of $181 thousand.
Non-Interest Expense
Summary of Non-Interest Expense
(Dollars in Thousands)

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |
| March 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2022 |  | Change |  | % Change
Salaries and Employee Benefits | $ | 11,947 |  |  | $ | 11,286 |  |  | $ | 661 |  |  | 5.9 | %
Occupancy Expense of Premises, Net | 1,628 |  |  | 1,598 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 1.9 | %
Technology and Equipment Expense | 4,417 |  |  | 3,779 |  |  | 638 |  |  | 16.9 | %
FDIC and FICO Assessments | 479 |  |  | 307 |  |  | 172 |  |  | 56.0 | %
Amortization | 45 |  |  | 49 |  |  | (4) |  |  | (8.2) | %
Other Operating Expense | 3,780 |  |  | 1,926 |  |  | 1,854 |  |  | 96.3 | %
Total Non-Interest Expense | $ | 22,296 |  |  | $ | 18,945 |  |  | $ | 3,351 |  |  | 17.7 | %
Efficiency Ratio | 63.43 | % |  | 52.30 | % |  | 11.1 | % |  | 21.2 | %

Non-interest expense for the first quarter of 2023 was $22.3 million, an increase from $18.9 million for the first quarter of 2022. The increase was primarily due to $1.0 million of additional legal and professional fees associated with the delay in the filing of the 2022 Form 10-K. In addition, other operating expenses included a credit for estimated credit losses on off-balance sheet exposures of $68 thousand for the first quarter of 2023 versus a larger credit of $316 thousand recognized in the first quarter of 2022. Technology and equipment spending increased $638 thousand in the first quarter 2023 as compared to the first quarter of 2022, driven primarily by management's commitment to invest in new technology to enhance the customer experience and optimize operations. Salaries and benefits have increased compared to the first quarter of 2022 as a result of pension and other benefit expenses.
Income Taxes
Summary of Income Taxes
(Dollars in Thousands)

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |
| March 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2022 |  | Change |  | % Change
Provision for Income Taxes | $ | 2,359 |  |  | $ | 3,698 |  |  | $ | (1,339) |  |  | (36.2) | %
Effective Tax Rate | 21.6 | % |  | 22.7 | % |  | (1.1) | % |  | (4.8) | %

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Item 3.
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
In addition to credit risk in the loan portfolio and liquidity risk, discussed earlier, Arrow's business activities also generate market risk. Market risk is the possibility that changes in future market rates (interest rates) or prices (market value of financial instruments) will make Arrow's position (i.e., assets and operations) less valuable. Arrow's primary market risk is interest rate volatility. The ongoing monitoring and management of interest rate risk is an important component of the asset/liability management process, which is governed by policies that are reviewed and approved annually by the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors delegates responsibility for carrying out asset/liability oversight and control to management's Asset/Liability Committee (ALCO). In this capacity ALCO develops guidelines and strategies impacting the asset/liability profile based upon estimated market risk sensitivity, policy limits and overall market interest rate levels and trends.
Changes in market interest rates, whether increases or decreases, can trigger repricing and changes in the pace of payments for both assets and liabilities (prepayment risk). This may individually or in combination affect net interest income, net interest margin, and ultimately net income, either positively or negatively. ALCO utilizes the results of a detailed and dynamic simulation model to quantify this interest rate risk by projecting net interest income in various interest rate scenarios.
Arrow's standard simulation model applies a parallel shift in interest rates, ramped over a 12-month period, to capture the impact of changing interest rates on net interest income. The results are compared to ALCO policy limits which specify a maximum tolerance level for net interest income exposure over a one-year horizon, assuming no balance sheet growth and a 200 basis point upward and a 100 basis point downward shift in interest rates. Additional tools to monitor potential longer-term interest rate risk, including periodic stress testing involving hypothetical sudden and significant interest rate spikes, are also evaluated.
The following table summarizes the percentage change in net interest income as compared to the base scenario, which assumes no change in market interest rates as generated from the standard simulation model. The results are presented for each of the first two years of the simulation period for the 200 basis point increase in interest rate scenario and the 100 basis point decrease in interest rate scenario. These results are well within the ALCO policy limits as shown:
As of March 31, 2023:

| Change in Interest Rate |  |
| + 200 basis points |  | - 100 basis points |  |
Calculated change in Net Interest Income - Year 1 | (2.96)% |  | 0.84% |  |
Calculated change in Net Interest Income - Year 2 | 13.09% |  | 8.23% |  |

The balance sheet shows an inverse relationship between changes in prevailing rates and the Company's net interest income in the near term, suggesting that liabilities and sources of funds generally reprice more quickly than earning assets. However, when net interest income is simulated over a longer time frame, the balance sheet shows a relatively neutral profile with long-term asset sensitivity, as asset yields continue to reprice while the cost of funding reaches assumed ceilings or floors.
The hypothetical estimates underlying the sensitivity analysis are based upon numerous assumptions, including: the nature and timing of changes in interest rates including yield curve shape, prepayments on loans and securities, deposit decay rates, pricing decisions on loans and deposits, reinvestment/replacement of asset and liability cash flows, and others. While assumptions are developed based upon current economic and local market conditions, Arrow cannot make any assurance as to the predictive nature of these assumptions including how customer preferences or competitor influences might change.
Also, as market conditions vary from those assumed in the sensitivity analysis, actual results will differ due to: prepayment/refinancing levels likely deviating from those assumed, the varying impact of interest rate changes on caps or floors on adjustable rate assets, the potential effect of changing debt service levels on customers with adjustable rate loans, depositor early withdrawals and product preference changes, unanticipated shifts in the yield curve and other internal/external variables. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis does not reflect actions that ALCO might take in responding to or anticipating changes in interest rates.
Item 4.
CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Management, under the supervision and with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") (who is our principal executive officer) and Chief Financial Officer ("CFO") (who is our principal financial officer), evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), as of March 31, 2023. The term "disclosure controls and procedures" means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that:
•information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms; and
•information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including the principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons and committees performing similar functions, such as the Audit Committee, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Based on this evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective due to the following unremediated material weaknesses identified in our internal control over financial reporting, previously disclosed on the 2022 Form 10-K:
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•We did not maintain effective monitoring controls related to 1) Internal Audit’s testing of management’s internal control over financial reporting, 2) the completeness and accuracy of information presented to the Audit Committee by Internal Audit, and 3) the related Audit Committee oversight over Internal Audit’s testing of management’s internal control over financial reporting.
•With regard to the conversion of our core banking information technology system, we did not effectively perform risk assessment procedures to identify the impact of the conversion on our internal control over financial reporting.
The material weaknesses did not result in a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements or previously released financial results.For additional information please refer to Part II - Item 9A. of the 2022 Form 10-K.
Prior to filing this Report, we performed relevant and responsive substantive procedures as of March 31, 2023, in order to complete our financial statements and related disclosures. Based on these procedures, management believes that our consolidated financial statements included in this Report have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. Our CEO and CFO have certified that, based on their knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this Form 10-Q, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows of the Company as of the dates, and for the periods presented in this Report.
During the first quarter of 2023 we initiated, and will continue to implement, measures designed to improve our internal control over financial reporting to remediate the deficiencies that comprised the material weaknesses, including engaging a professional services firm to review the Company’s control program required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended, and assist Management with its overall Company-wide processes and with selecting and developing control activities designed to mitigate risks and support achievement of control objectives. In addition, the Company is in the process of evaluating the assignment of responsibilities of internal and external resources associated with the performance of internal controls over financial reporting and will consider hiring additional resources, contracting external resources, and/or providing additional training to existing resources as appropriate. In addition, we have initiated a process to identify and maintain the information required to support the functioning of internal controls over financial reporting and to establish and reinforce communication protocols, including required information and expectations to enable personnel to perform internal control responsibilities (e.g., formal training programs and corporate communications).
The material weaknesses set forth above will not be considered remediated until the applicable remedial controls operate for a sufficient period of time and Management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively. We may also conclude that additional measures may be required to remediate the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting.
Even once remediated, our internal controls over financial reporting may not prevent or detect all misstatements because of their inherent limitations. Further, no internal control over financial reporting framework can provide absolute assurance that all instances of fraud will be detected and prevented. Additionally, any projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Other than the ongoing remediation efforts described above, there were no other changes in Arrow's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended March 31, 2023, that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, Arrow's internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.
Legal Proceedings
Except as noted below, Arrow, including its subsidiary banks, is not currently the subject of any material pending legal proceedings, other than ordinary routine litigation occurring in the normal course of their business. On an ongoing basis, Arrow is often the subject of, or a party to, various legal claims by other parties against Arrow, by Arrow against other parties, or involving Arrow, which arise in the normal course of business. Except as noted below, the various pending legal claims against Arrow will not, in the opinion of management based upon consultation with counsel, result in any material liability.
On July 1, 2020, Daphne Richard, a customer of Glens Falls National Bank and Trust Company (“GFNB”), filed a putative class action complaint against GFNB. The complaint alleged that GFNB assessed overdraft fees on certain transactions drawn on Ms. Richard’s checking account without having sufficiently disclosed its overdraft-fee practices in its account agreement. Ms. Richard, on behalf of two purported classes, sought compensatory damages, disgorgement of profits, statutory damages, treble damages, enjoinment of the conduct complained of, and costs and fees. The complaint was similar to complaints filed against other financial institutions pertaining to overdraft fees. The Court granted final approval of a settlement on July 22, 2022. The settlement, which includes and releases Arrow, GFNB, and SNB (collectively, “Defendants”), required the Defendants to establish a $1.475 million settlement fund, among other terms. The case has been closed, and the settlement funds have been substantially distributed to the class.
The Company became aware that on June 23, 2023, Robert C. Ashe filed a putative class action complaint against the Company in the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York. In addition to the Company, the complaint names as defendants Thomas J. Murphy, the Company’s former CEO and from September 30, 2022 to February 20, 2023, its interim CFO, Edward J. Campanella, the Company’s former CFO, and Penko Ivanov, the Company’s current CFO (“Individual Defendants” and, together with the Company, the "Defendants"). The complaint alleges that the Defendants made materially false and misleading statements regarding the Company’s business, operations and compliance policies in the Company’s public filings between March 12, 2022 and May 12, 2023. The complaint further alleges that the Individual Defendants are liable for these materially false and misleading statements as "controlling persons" of the Company. Based on these allegations, the complaint brings two claims for violations of Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder and of Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act. Mr. Ashe, on behalf of a purported class of shareholders, seeks compensatory damages as well as recovery of the costs and fees associated with the litigation. The Company believes the lawsuit to be without merit and expressly denies any wrongdoing in connection with the matters claimed in the complaint and intends to vigorously defend the lawsuit. As of the date of filing of this Form 10-Q, the Company has not been served with the complaint.
Item 1.A.
Risk Factors
The Risk Factors identified in the 2022 Form 10-K continue to represent the most significant risks to Arrow's future results of operations and financial conditions, without further modification or amendment.
Item 2.
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities
None.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The following table presents information about purchases by Arrow during the three months ended March 31, 2023 of common stock (our only class of equity securities registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934):

First Quarter 2023 Calendar Month | (A) Total Number of Shares Purchased 1 |  | (B) Average Price Paid Per Share 1 |  | (C) Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs 2 |  | (D) Maximum Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs 2
January | 506 |  |  | $ | 33.79 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 5,000,000 |
February | 28,872 |  |  | 30.96 |  |  | 27,395 |  |  | 4,152,132 |
March | 19,892 |  |  | 26.58 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,152,132 |
Total | 49,270 |  |  | 29.22 |  |  | 27,395 |  |  |

1 The total number of shares purchased by Arrow and the average price paid per share listed in columns (A) and (B) consist of (i) any shares purchased in such periods in open market or private transactions under the Arrow Financial Corporation Automatic Dividend Reinvestment Plan (the "DRIP") by the administrator of the DRIP, (ii) shares surrendered or deemed surrendered to Arrow in such periods by holders of options to acquire Arrow common stock received by them under Arrow's long-term incentive plans in connection with their stock-for-stock exercise of such options and (iii) shares purchased under the publicly-announced 2023 Repurchase Program.
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In the months indicated, the listed number of shares purchased included the following number of shares purchased by Arrow through such methods: January - DRIP purchases (506 shares); February - DRIP purchases (1,477 shares) and repurchased under the 2023 Repurchase Program (27,395 shares); and March - DRIP purchases (19,892 shares). W e have suspended the operation of the DRIP as a result of the delayed filing of the 2022 Form 10-K and this Report and the related effects under applicable securities laws. Currently, we do not expect to resume operation of the DRIP for at least 12 months from the date we have filed the outstanding reports, but we cannot provide any assurance on when or if we will resume operation of the DRIP, although we expect this suspension is temporary.
2 Includes only those shares acquired by Arrow pursuant to its publicly-announced stock repurchase programs. Arrow's only publicly-announced stock repurchase program in effect for the first quarter of 2023 was the 2023 Repurchase Program approved by the Board of Directors and announced in October 2022, under which the Board authorized management, in its discretion, to repurchase from time to time over calendar year 2023, in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, up to $5 million of Arrow common stock subject to certain exceptions.
Item 3.
Defaults Upon Senior Securities - None
Item 4.
Mine Safety Disclosures - None
Item 5.
Other Information - None
Item 6.
Exhibits
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Exhibit Number | Exhibit
3.(i) | Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant as Amended through June 3, 2019, incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 5, 2019, Exhibit 3.1
3.(ii) | By-laws of the Registrant, as amended, incorporated herein by reference from the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 24, 2009, Exhibit 3.(ii)
10.1 | Employment Agreement between the Registrant and Thomas J. Murphy, Former President and Chief Executive Officer, effective February 1, 2023 incorporated herein by reference from the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K , filed February 6, 2023, Exhibit 10.1*
10.2 | Employment Agreement between the Registrant and David D. Kaiser, Senior Executive Vice President, effective February 1, 2023 incorporated herein by reference from the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K , filed February 6, 2023, Exhibit 10.4*
10.3 | Employment Agreement between the Registrant and Andrew J. Wise, Chief Operating Officer and Senior Executive Vice President, effective February 1, 2023 incorporated herein by reference from the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K , filed February 6, 2023, Exhibit 10.5*
10.4 | Amended and Restated Employment Agreement between the Registrant and Penko K. Ivanov, Senior Executive Vice President, Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer, effective July 18, 2023 incorporated herein by reference from the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed July 22, 2023, Exhibit 10.2*
10.5 | Amended and Restated Employment Agreement between the Registrant and David S. DeMarco, President and Chief Executive Officer, effective May 13, 2023 incorporated herein by reference from the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K , filed July 22, 2023, Exhibit 10.1*
15 | Awareness Letter
31.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer under SEC Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)
31.2 | Certification of Chief Financial Officer under SEC Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)
32 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer under 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 and Certification of Chief Financial Officer under 18 U.S.C. Section 1350
101.INS | XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document
101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
* Management contracts or compensation plans required to be filed as an exhibit.

69

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
ARROW FINANCIAL CORPORATION
Registrant

July 27, 2023 | /s/ David S. DeMarco
Date | David S. DeMarco
| President and Chief Executive Officer
| (Principal Executive Officer)
July 27, 2023 | /s/ Penko Ivanov
Date | Penko Ivanov
| Chief Financial Officer
| (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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