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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the Quarterly Period Ended March 31, 2025
or
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Commission File Number: 0-12507
ARROW FINANCIAL CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

New York | 22-2448962
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

250 Glen Street | Glens Falls | New York | 12801
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: | 518 |  | 745-1000

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class | Trading Symbol | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, Par Value $1.00 per share | AROW | NASDAQ Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☑ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☑ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☑
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  | Emerging growth company | ☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standard provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. | ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☑ No
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

Class |  | Outstanding as of April 30, 2025
Common Stock, par value $1.00 per share |  | 16,675,338

ARROW FINANCIAL CORPORATION
FORM 10-Q
TABLE OF CONTENTS

| Page
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. Financial Statements | 3
Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 39
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 62
Item 4. Controls and Procedures | 63
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. Legal Proceedings | 64
Item 1.A. Risk Factors | 64
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 64
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 65
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures | 65
Item 5. Other Information | 65
Item 6. Exhibits | 66
SIGNATURES | 67

2

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
ARROW FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Amounts)
(Unaudited)

| March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |  |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |
Cash and Due From Banks | $ | 32,965 |  |  | $ | 27,422 |  |  |
Interest-Bearing Deposits at Banks | 268,481 |  |  | 127,124 |  |  |
Investment Securities: |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-Sale at Fair Value | 445,744 |  |  | 463,111 |  |  |
Held-to-Maturity (Fair Value of $96,335 at March 31, 2025 and $96,586 at December 31, 2024) | 97,492 |  |  | 98,261 |  |  |
Equity Securities | 5,372 |  |  | 5,055 |  |  |
Other Investments | 4,353 |  |  | 4,353 |  |  |
Loans | 3,416,868 |  |  | 3,394,541 |  |  |
Allowance for Credit Losses | (37,771) |  |  | (33,598) |  |  |
Net Loans | 3,379,097 |  |  | 3,360,943 |  |  |
Premises and Equipment, Net | 59,919 |  |  | 59,717 |  |  |
Goodwill | 23,789 |  |  | 23,789 |  |  |
Other Intangible Assets, Net | 1,954 |  |  | 2,058 |  |  |
Other Assets | 129,719 |  |  | 134,515 |  |  |
Total Assets | $ | 4,448,885 |  |  | $ | 4,306,348 |  |  |
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-Bearing Deposits | $ | 697,374 |  |  | $ | 702,978 |  |  |
Interest-Bearing Checking Accounts | 924,200 |  |  | 810,834 |  |  |
Savings Deposits | 1,532,385 |  |  | 1,520,024 |  |  |
Time Deposits over $250,000 | 182,552 |  |  | 191,962 |  |  |
Other Time Deposits | 631,654 |  |  | 602,132 |  |  |
Total Deposits | 3,968,165 |  |  | 3,827,930 |  |  |
Borrowings | 8,600 |  |  | 8,600 |  |  |
Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts | 20,000 |  |  | 20,000 |  |  |
Finance Leases | 4,979 |  |  | 5,005 |  |  |
Other Liabilities | 42,732 |  |  | 43,912 |  |  |
Total Liabilities | 4,044,476 |  |  | 3,905,447 |  |  |
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |
Preferred Stock, $1 Par Value and 1,000,000 Shares Authorized at March 31, 2025, December 31, 2024 and March 31, 2024 | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Common Stock, $1 Par Value; 30,000,000 Shares Authorized (22,066,559 Shares Issued at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024) | 22,067 |  |  | 22,067 |  |  |
Additional Paid-in Capital | 413,469 |  |  | 413,476 |  |  |
Retained Earnings | 78,827 |  |  | 77,215 |  |  |
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | (13,520) |  |  | (18,453) |  |  |
Treasury Stock, at Cost (5,397,029 Shares at March 31, 2025 and 5,323,638 Shares at December 31, 2024) | (96,434) |  |  | (93,404) |  |  |
Total Stockholders’ Equity | 404,409 |  |  | 400,901 |  |  |
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity | $ | 4,448,885 |  |  | $ | 4,306,348 |  |  |

See Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.
3

ARROW FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended March 31 |  |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |  |
INTEREST AND DIVIDEND INCOME |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and Fees on Loans | $ | 44,550 |  |  | $ | 40,376 |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest on Deposits at Banks | 1,621 |  |  | 2,447 |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and Dividends on Investment Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fully Taxable | 3,608 |  |  | 3,186 |  |  |  |  |  |
Exempt from Federal Taxes | 587 |  |  | 668 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Interest and Dividend Income | 50,366 |  |  | 46,677 |  |  |  |  |  |
INTEREST EXPENSE |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-Bearing Checking Accounts | 1,803 |  |  | 1,641 |  |  |  |  |  |
Savings Deposits | 9,483 |  |  | 10,230 |  |  |  |  |  |
Time Deposits over $250,000 | 1,811 |  |  | 1,973 |  |  |  |  |  |
Other Time Deposits | 5,529 |  |  | 5,083 |  |  |  |  |  |
Borrowings | 167 |  |  | 1,076 |  |  |  |  |  |
Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts | 169 |  |  | 171 |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest on Financing Leases | 47 |  |  | 48 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Interest Expense | 19,009 |  |  | 20,222 |  |  |  |  |  |
NET INTEREST INCOME | 31,357 |  |  | 26,455 |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for Credit Losses on Loans | 5,019 |  |  | 617 |  |  |  |  |  |
NET INTEREST INCOME AFTER PROVISION FOR CREDIT LOSSES | 26,338 |  |  | 25,838 |  |  |  |  |  |
NON-INTEREST INCOME |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income From Fiduciary Activities | 2,535 |  |  | 2,457 |  |  |  |  |  |
Fees for Other Services to Customers | 2,600 |  |  | 2,543 |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance Commissions | 1,826 |  |  | 1,682 |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Gain on Securities | 317 |  |  | 17 |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Gain on Sales of Loans | 101 |  |  | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |
Other Operating Income | 460 |  |  | 1,155 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Non-Interest Income | 7,839 |  |  | 7,858 |  |  |  |  |  |
NON-INTEREST EXPENSE |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and Employee Benefits | 13,555 |  |  | 12,893 |  |  |  |  |  |
Occupancy Expenses, Net | 2,022 |  |  | 1,771 |  |  |  |  |  |
Technology and Equipment Expense | 5,087 |  |  | 4,820 |  |  |  |  |  |
FDIC Assessments | 670 |  |  | 715 |  |  |  |  |  |
Other Operating Expense | 4,711 |  |  | 3,813 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Non-Interest Expense | 26,045 |  |  | 24,012 |  |  |  |  |  |
INCOME BEFORE PROVISION FOR INCOME TAXES | 8,132 |  |  | 9,684 |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for Income Taxes | 1,822 |  |  | 2,024 |  |  |  |  |  |
NET INCOME | $ | 6,310 |  |  | 7,660 |  |  |  |  |  |
Average Shares Outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 16,665 |  |  | 16,865 |  |  |  |  |  |
Diluted | 16,673 |  |  | 16,867 |  |  |  |  |  |
Per Common Share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic Earnings | $ | 0.38 |  |  | $ | 0.45 |  |  |  |  |  |
Diluted Earnings | 0.38 |  |  | 0.45 |  |  |  |  |  |

See Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.
4

ARROW FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(In Thousands)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
Net Income | $ | 6,310 |  |  | $ | 7,660 |  |  |  |  |
Other Comprehensive Income, Net of Tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Unrealized Securities Holding Gain (Loss) Arising During the Period | 6,416 |  |  | (1,530) |  |  |  |  |
Net Unrealized (Loss) Gain on Cash Flow Hedge Agreements | (1,154) |  |  | 2,390 |  |  |  |  |
Reclassification of Net Unrealized (Gain) on Cash Flow Hedge Agreements to Interest Expense | (319) |  |  | (158) |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of Net Retirement Plan Actuarial (Gain) | (71) |  |  | (50) |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of Net Retirement Plan Prior Service Cost | 61 |  |  | 50 |  |  |  |  |
Other Comprehensive Income | 4,933 |  |  | 702 |  |  |  |  |
Comprehensive Income | $ | 11,243 |  |  | $ | 8,362 |  |  |  |  |

See Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.
5

ARROW FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Amounts)
(Unaudited)

| Three Month Period Ended March 31, 2025
| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  |  |  | Accumu-lated Other Com- prehensive Loss |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total
Balance at December 31, 2024 | $ | 22,067 |  |  | $ | 413,476 |  |  | $ | 77,215 |  |  |  |  | $ | (18,453) |  |  | $ | (93,404) |  |  | $ | 400,901 |
Net Income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,310 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,310 |
Other Comprehensive Income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 4,933 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,933 |
Cash Dividends Paid, $.28 per Share | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,698) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,698) |
Stock Options Exercised, Net (5,144 Shares) | — |  |  | 62 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 40 |  |  | 102 |
Shares Issued Under the Directors’ Stock Plan (4,989 Shares) | — |  |  | 92 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 40 |  |  | 132 |
Shares Issued Under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (3,327 Shares) | — |  |  | 56 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 27 |  |  | 83 |
Shares Issued Related to Restricted Share Awards (43,250 Shares) | — |  |  | (342) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 342 |  |  | — |
Compensation expense related to Employee Stock Purchase Plan | — |  |  | 9 |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |
Stock-Based Compensation Expense | — |  |  | 116 |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 116 |
Purchase of Treasury Stock (130,101 Shares) 1 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (3,479) |  |  | (3,479) |
Balance at March 31, 2025 | $ | 22,067 |  |  | $ | 413,469 |  |  | $ | 78,827 |  |  |  |  | $ | (13,520) |  |  | $ | (96,434) |  |  | $ | 404,409 |
| Three Month Period Ended March, 2024
| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  |  |  | Accumu-lated Other Com- prehensive Loss |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total
Balance at December 31, 2023 | $ | 22,067 |  |  | $ | 412,551 |  |  | $ | 65,792 |  |  |  |  | $ | (33,416) |  |  | $ | (87,222) |  |  | $ | 379,772 |
Net Income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,660 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,660 |
Other Comprehensive Income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 702 |  |  | — |  |  | 702 |
Cash Dividends Paid, $.270 per Share | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,565) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,565) |
Stock Options Exercised, Net (6,060 Shares) | — |  |  | 67 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 49 |  |  | 116 |
Shares Issued Under the Directors’ Stock Plan (4,887 Shares) | — |  |  | 89 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 39 |  |  | 128 |
Shares Issued Under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (2,271 Shares) | — |  |  | 33 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 18 |  |  | 51 |
Compensation expense related to Employee Stock Purchase Plan | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |
Stock-Based Compensation Expense | — |  |  | 78 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 78 |
Purchase of Treasury Stock (245,480 Shares) 1 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (5,961) |  |  | (5,961) |
Balance at March 31, 2024 | $ | 22,067 |  |  | $ | 412,823 |  |  | $ | 68,887 |  |  |  |  | $ | (32,714) |  |  | $ | (93,077) |  |  | $ | 377,986 |

1 Cost of Treasury Stock includes the Stock Buyback Tax Under the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022.
See Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.
6

ARROW FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Dollars in Thousands)

| Three Months Ended March 31
Cash Flows from Operating Activities: | 2025 |  | 2024
Net Income | $ | 6,310 |  |  | $ | 7,660 |
Provision for Credit Losses | 5,019 |  |  | 617 |
Depreciation and Amortization | 1,206 |  |  | 1,394 |
Net Gain on Equity Securities | (317) |  |  | (17) |
Loans Originated and Held-for-Sale | (5,591) |  |  | (50) |
Proceeds from the Sale of Loans Held-for-Sale | 4,135 |  |  | 4 |
Net Gain on the Sale of Loans | (101) |  |  | (4) |
Net Loss on the Sale of Premises and Equipment, Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets | 37 |  |  | 27 |
Contributions to Retirement Benefit Plans | (177) |  |  | (154) |
Deferred Income Tax Benefit | (854) |  |  | (259) |
Shares Issued Under the Directors’ Stock Plan | 132 |  |  | 128 |
Stock-Based Compensation Expense | 125 |  |  | 83 |
Tax Benefit from Exercise of Stock Options | 8 |  |  | 6 |
Net Decrease (Increase) in Other Assets | 3,089 |  |  | (269) |
Net (Decrease) Increase in Other Liabilities | (2,951) |  |  | 1,183 |
Net Cash Provided By Operating Activities | 10,070 |  |  | 10,349 |
Cash Flows from Investing Activities: |  |  |
Proceeds from the Maturities and Calls of Securities Available-for-Sale | 26,172 |  |  | 10,083 |
Proceeds from the Maturities and Calls of Securities Held-to-Maturity | 3,629 |  |  | 4,003 |
Purchases of Securities Held-to-Maturity | (2,899) |  |  | (750) |
Net Increase in Loans | (21,168) |  |  | (51,352) |
Proceeds from the Sales of Premises and Equipment, Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets | 623 |  |  | 637 |
Purchase of Premises and Equipment | (1,274) |  |  | (1,155) |
Net Decrease in FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank Stock | — |  |  | 841 |
Net Cash Provided (Used) By Investing Activities | 5,083 |  |  | (37,693) |
Cash Flows from Financing Activities: |  |  |
Net Increase in Deposits | 140,235 |  |  | 91,455 |
Net Decrease in Short-Term Federal Home Loan Bank Borrowings | — |  |  | (20,000) |
Finance Lease Payments | (26) |  |  | (13) |
Other Borrowings - Advances | — |  |  | 100,000 |
Net Cash Collateral Received from Derivative Counterparties | (470) |  |  | 6,190 |
Purchase of Treasury Stock | (3,479) |  |  | (5,961) |
Stock Options Exercised, Net | 102 |  |  | 116 |
Shares Issued Under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan | 83 |  |  | 51 |
Cash Dividends Paid | (4,698) |  |  | (4,565) |
Net Cash Provided By Financing Activities | 131,747 |  |  | 167,273 |
Net Increase in Cash and Cash Equivalents | 146,900 |  |  | 139,929 |
Cash and Cash Equivalents at Beginning of Period | 154,546 |  |  | 142,536 |
Cash and Cash Equivalents at End of Period | $ | 301,446 |  |  | $ | 282,465 |
Supplemental Disclosures to Statements of Cash Flow Information: |  |  |
Interest on Deposits and Borrowings | $ | 18,718 |  |  | $ | 18,513 |
Income Taxes | 507 |  |  | 953 |
Transfer of Loans to Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets | 624 |  |  | 624 |

See Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.
7

NOTES TO INTERIM CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
Note 1.RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES
Nature of Operations - Arrow Financial Corporation, a New York corporation ("Arrow," the "Company," "we," or "us"), was incorporated on March 21, 1983 and is registered as a bank holding company within the meaning of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956. The banking subsidiary is Arrow Bank National Association® ("Arrow Bank™") whose main office is located in Glens Falls, New York. The subsidiary bank provides a full range of services to individuals and small to mid-size businesses in northeastern New York State from Albany, the State's capitol, to the Canadian border. The bank has wealth management departments which provide investment management and administrative services. An active subsidiary of Arrow Bank is Upstate Agency LLC ("Upstate"), offering insurance services including property and casualty insurance, group health insurance and individual life insurance products. North Country Investment Advisers, Inc., a registered investment adviser that provides investment advice to our proprietary mutual fund, and Arrow Properties, Inc., a real estate investment trust (REIT), are subsidiaries of Arrow Bank. Arrow also owns directly two subsidiary business trusts, organized in 2003 and 2004 to issue trust preferred securities (TRUPs), which are still outstanding.
Concentrations of Credit - With the exception of some indirect auto lending, Arrow's loans are primarily with borrowers in upstate New York. Although the loan portfolio of Arrow Bank is well diversified, tourism has a substantial impact on the northeastern New York economy. The commitments to extend credit are fairly consistent with the distribution of loans presented in Note 5, "Loans," and generally have the same credit risk and are subject to normal credit policies. Generally, the loans are secured by assets and are expected to be repaid from cash flow or the sale of selected assets of the borrowers. Arrow evaluates each customer's creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by Arrow upon extension of credit, is based upon Management's credit evaluation of the counterparty. The nature of the collateral varies with the type of loan and may include: residential real estate, cash and securities, inventory, accounts receivable, property, plant and equipment, income producing commercial properties and automobiles.
Liquidity - The objective of effective liquidity management is to ensure that Arrow has the ability to raise cash when needed at a reasonable cost. This includes the capability of meeting expected and unexpected obligations to Arrow's customers at any time. Given the uncertain nature of customer demands and the need to maximize earnings, Arrow must have available reasonably priced sources of funds, both on- and off-balance sheet, that can be accessed quickly in times of need. Arrow’s liquidity position should provide the Company with the necessary flexibility to address any unexpected near-term disruptions such as reduced cash flows from the investment and loan portfolio, unexpected deposit runoff, or increased loan originations. Arrow's primary sources of available liquidity are overnight investments in federal funds sold, interest bearing bank balances at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York ("FRBNY"), advances from the FRBNY Bank Term Funding Program ("BTFP") and cash flow from investment securities and loans.
Note 2. ACCOUNTING POLICIES
The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements contain all of the adjustments necessary to present fairly the financial position as of March 31, 2025, December 31, 2024 and March 31, 2024; the results of operations for the three month periods ended March 31, 2025 and 2024; the consolidated statements of comprehensive income for the three month periods ended March 31, 2025 and 2024; the changes in stockholders' equity for the three month periods ended March 31, 2025 and 2024; and the cash flows for the three month periods ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. All such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. The unaudited interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited annual consolidated financial statements of Arrow for the year ended December 31, 2024 included in Arrow's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (the "2024 Form 10-K").
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
In November 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2024-03 Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40) to improve disclosures about a public business entity’s expenses, by providing more detailed information about the types of expenses in commonly presented expense captions. As amended by ASU 2025-01 issued in January 2025, the amendment is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The amendment may be applied prospectively or retrospectively. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard on its condensed consolidated financial statements.
Other ASUs issued but not effective until after March 30, 2025, are not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, annual results of operations and/or cash flows
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards
In December 2023, FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023-09”). ASU 2023-09 requires additional disclosures related to rate reconciliation, income taxes paid, and other disclosures. Under ASU 2023-09, for each annual period presented, public entities are required to (1) disclose specific categories in the tabular rate reconciliation and (2) provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. In addition, ASU 2023-09 requires all reporting entities to disclose on an annual basis the amount of income taxes paid disaggregated by federal, state, and foreign taxes as well as the amount of income taxes paid by individual jurisdiction. ASU 2023-09 is effective for public companies for
8

annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, and can be applied on a prospective basis with an option to apply the standard retrospectively. Early adoption is permitted. The Company adopted ASU 2023-09 January 1, 2025 and the additional disclosures will be reflected on Arrow's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025.
Management’s Use of Estimates
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reporting period. Management utilized estimates and assumptions in its evaluation of potential impairment of Arrow's right-of-use lease assets, goodwill and intangible assets. Our most significant estimate is the allowance for credit losses. Other estimates include the fair value of financial instruments, evaluation of pension and other post-retirement liabilities, an analysis of a need for a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets and a reserve for unfunded loan commitments recorded as an other liability. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
A material estimate that is particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term is the allowance for credit losses. In connection with the determination of the allowance for credit losses management obtains economic forecasts from reliable sources and appraisals for properties. The allowance for credit losses is management’s best estimate of the life of loan losses as of the balance sheet date. While management uses available information to recognize losses on loans, future adjustments to the allowance for credit losses may be necessary based on changes in economic conditions.
Allowance for Credit Losses – Loans - ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (CECL) approach requires an estimate of the credit losses expected over the life of a loan (or pool of loans). It replaced the incurred loss approach’s threshold that required the recognition of a credit loss when it was probable that a loss event was incurred. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from, or added to, the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net lifetime amount expected to be collected on the loans. Credit losses are charged off against the allowance when management believes a loan balance is confirmed to be uncollectible. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged off and expected to be charged off.
Management estimates the allowance using relevant available information from internal and external sources related to past events, current conditions, and a reasonable and supportable single economic forecast. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Arrow's historical loss experience is supplemented with peer information when there is insufficient loss data for Arrow. Peer selection is based on a review of institutions with comparable loss experience as well as loan yield, bank size, portfolio concentration and geography. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics such as differences in credit concentrations, delinquency level, collateral values and underwriting standards as well as changes in economic conditions or other relevant factors. Management judgment is required at each point in the measurement process.
Portfolio segment is defined as the level at which an entity develops and documents a systematic methodology to determine its allowance for credit losses. Management developed portfolio segments for estimating loss based on type of borrower and collateral as follows:
Commercial Loans
Commercial Real Estate Loans
Consumer Loans
Residential Loans
Further details related to loan portfolio segments is included in Note 5 Loans.
Historical credit loss experience for both Arrow and segment-specific peers provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Arrow utilized regression analyses of peer data where observed credit losses and selected economic factors were utilized to determine suitable loss drivers for modeling lifetime probability of default (PD) rates. Arrow uses the discounted cash flow (DCF) method to estimate expected credit losses for the commercial, commercial real estate, and residential segments. For each of these loan segments, Arrow generates cash flow projections at the instrument level wherein payment expectations are adjusted for estimated prepayment speed, curtailments, time to recovery, PD, and segment-specific loss given default (LGD) risk factors. The modeling of expected prepayment speeds, curtailment rates, and time to recovery are based on historical internal data and adjusted, if necessary, based on the reasonable and supportable forecast of economic conditions.
For the loan segments utilizing the DCF method, (commercial, commercial real estate, and residential) management utilizes externally developed economic forecast of the following economic factors as loss drivers: national unemployment, gross domestic product and Case-Shiller U.S. National Home Price Index (HPI). The economic forecast is applied over a reasonable and supportable forecast period. Arrow utilizes a six quarter reasonable and supportable forecast period with an eight quarter reversion to the historic mean on a straight-line basis.
The combination of adjustments for credit expectations (default and loss) and timing expectations (prepayment, curtailment, and time to recovery) produces an expected cash flow stream at the instrument level. Instrument effective yield is calculated, net of the impacts of prepayment assumptions, and the instrument expected cash flows are then discounted at that effective yield to produce an instrument-level net present value of expected cash flows (NPV). An allowance for credit loss is established for the difference between the instrument’s NPV and amortized cost basis.
Arrow uses the vintage analysis method to estimate expected credit losses for the consumer loan segment. The vintage method was selected since the loans within the consumer loan segment are homogeneous, not just by risk characteristic, but by loan structure. Under the vintage analysis method, a loss rate is calculated based on the quarterly net charge-offs to the outstanding loan balance for
9

each vintage year over the lookback period. Once this periodic loss rate is calculated for each quarter in the lookback period, the periodic rates are averaged into the loss rate. The loss rate is then applied to the outstanding loan balances based on the loan's vintage year. Arrow maintains, over the life of the loan, the loss curve by vintage year. If estimated losses computed by the vintage method need to be adjusted based on current conditions and the reasonable and supportable economic forecast, these adjustments would be incorporated over a six quarter reasonable and supportable forecast period, reverting to historical losses using a straight-line method over an eight quarter period. Based on current conditions and the reasonable and supportable economic forecast, no adjustment to the loss rate for each vintage is currently required.
The vintage and DCF models also consider the need to qualitatively adjust expected loss estimates for information not already captured in the quantitative loss estimation process. Qualitative considerations include limitations inherent in the quantitative model; trends experienced in nonperforming and delinquent loans; changes in value of underlying collateral; changes in lending policies and procedures; nature and composition of loans; portfolio concentrations that may affect loss experience across one or more components or the portfolio; the experience, ability and depth of lending management and staff; Arrow's credit review system; and the effect of external factors such as competition, legal and regulatory requirements. These qualitative factor adjustments may increase or decrease Arrow's estimate of expected credit losses so that the allowance for credit loss is reflective of the estimate of lifetime losses that exist in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date.
All loans that exceed $250,000 which are on nonaccrual, are evaluated on an individual basis. For collateral dependent financial assets where Arrow has determined that foreclosure of the collateral is probable, or where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and Arrow expects repayment of the financial asset to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, Arrow has elected to measure the allowance for credit loss as the difference between the fair value of the collateral less cost to sell, and the amortized cost basis of the asset as of the measurement date. In the event the repayment of a collateral dependent financial asset is expected to be provided substantially through the operation of the collateral, Arrow will use fair value of the collateral at the reporting date when recording the net carrying amount of the asset and determining the allowance for credit losses. When repayment is expected to be from the sale of the collateral, expected credit losses are calculated as the amount by which the amortized cost basis of the financial asset exceeds the fair value of the underlying collateral less estimated cost to sell. The allowance for credit losses may be zero if the fair value of the collateral at the measurement date exceeds the amortized cost basis of the financial asset.
As part of ASU No. 2022-02, Arrow evaluates whether the modification represents a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan, consistent with the current GAAP treatment for other loan modifications. In addition, Arrow evaluates and if necessary, discloses if loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty contain a financial concession.
Estimated Credit Losses on Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures Recognized as Other Liabilities - Arrow estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which Arrow has exposure to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by Arrow. The allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures recognized in other liabilities, is adjusted as an expense in other non-interest expense. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over their estimated lives. Estimating credit losses on unfunded commitments requires Arrow to consider the following categories of off-balance sheet credit exposure: unfunded commitments to extend credit, unfunded lines of credit, and standby letters of credit. Each of these unfunded commitments is then analyzed for a probability of funding to calculate a probable funding amount. The life of loan loss factor by related portfolio segment from the loan allowance for credit loss calculation is then applied to the probable funding amount to calculate the estimated credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures recognized as other liabilities.
Accrued Interest Receivable - Arrow has made the following elections regarding accrued interest receivable: (1) presented accrued interest receivable balances separately within the other assets balance sheet line item; (2) excluded interest receivable that is included in amortized cost of financing receivables from related disclosures requirements and (3) continued its policy to write off accrued interest receivable by reversing interest income. For loans, write off typically occurs upon becoming over 90 to 120 days past due and therefore the amount of such write offs are immaterial. Historically, Arrow has not experienced uncollectible accrued interest receivable on investment securities.
Allowance for Credit Losses – Held-to-Maturity (HTM) Debt Securities - Arrow's HTM debt securities are also required to utilize the CECL approach to estimate expected credit losses. Management measures expected credit losses on HTM debt securities on a collective basis by major security types that share similar risk characteristics, such as financial asset type and collateral type adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Management classifies the HTM portfolio into the following major security types: U.S. government agency or U.S. government sponsored mortgage-backed and collateralized mortgage obligations securities, and state and municipal debt securities.
Arrow's HTM debt securities are comprised of U.S. government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) or state and municipal obligations. GSE securities carry the explicit and/or implicit guarantee of the U.S. government, are widely recognized as “risk free,” and have a long history of zero credit loss. Therefore, Arrow did not record a credit loss for these securities.
State and municipal bonds carry an investment grade from an accredited ratings agency, primarily with an investment grade rating. In addition, Arrow has a limited amount of New York state local municipal bonds that are not rated. The estimate of expected credit losses on the HTM portfolio is based on the expected cash flows of each individual CUSIP over its contractual life and utilized a municipal loss forecast model for determining PD and LGD rates. Management may exercise discretion to make adjustments based on environmental factors. A calculated expected credit loss for individual securities was determined using the PD and LGD rates. Arrow determined that the expected credit loss on its municipal bond portfolio was de minimis, and therefore, an allowance for credit losses was not recorded.
Allowance for Credit Losses – Available-for-Sale (AFS) Debt Securities - Arrow's AFS debt securities are comprised of U.S. Treasuries, U.S. Government & Agency Obligations, State and Municipal Obligations, Mortgage-Backed Securities and Corporate and
10

Other Debt Securities. The impairment model for AFS debt securities differs from the CECL approach utilized by HTM debt securities since AFS debt securities are measured at fair value rather than amortized cost. For AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position, Arrow first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For AFS debt securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, in making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, adverse conditions specifically related to the security, failure of the issuer of the debt security to make scheduled interest or principal payments, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. The cash flows are estimated using information relevant to the collectability of the security, including information about past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income.
Investments in Federal Reserve Bank ("FRB") and Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") stock are required for membership in those organizations and are carried at cost since there is no market value available. The FHLB New York ("FHLBNY") continues to pay dividends and repurchase stock. As such, the Company has not recognized any impairment on its holdings of FRB and FHLB stock.
Note 3. CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS (In Thousands)

The following table is the schedule of Cash and Cash Equivalents at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:
| March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |  |
Cash and Due From Banks | $ | 32,965 |  |  | $ | 27,422 |  |  |
Interest-bearing Deposits at Banks | 268,481 |  |  | 127,124 |  |  |
Total Cash and Cash Equivalents | $ | 301,446 |  |  | 154,546 |  |  |

11

Note 4. INVESTMENT SECURITIES (In Thousands)
The following table is the schedule of Available-For-Sale Securities at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

Available-For-Sale Securities
|  | U.S. Treasuries |  | U.S. Government & Agency Obligations |  | State and Municipal Obligations |  | Mortgage- Backed Securities |  | Corporate and Other Debt Securities |  |  |  | Total Available- For-Sale Securities
March 31, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-For-Sale Securities, at Amortized Cost |  | $ | 98,080 |  |  | $ | 55,000 |  |  | $ | 240 |  |  | $ | 319,341 |  |  | $ | 1,000 |  |  |  |  | $ | 473,661 |
Gross Unrealized Gains |  | 1,419 |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 59 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,484 |
Gross Unrealized Losses |  | — |  |  | (514) |  |  | — |  |  | (28,878) |  |  | (9) |  |  |  |  | (29,401) |
Available-For-Sale Securities, at Fair Value |  | 99,499 |  |  | 54,492 |  |  | 240 |  |  | 290,522 |  |  | 991 |  |  |  |  | 445,744 |
Available-For-Sale Securities, Pledged as Collateral, at Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 250,625 |
Maturities of Debt Securities, at Amortized Cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Within One Year |  | $ | 24,971 |  |  | $ | 30,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,745 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 56,716 |
From 1 - 5 Years |  | 48,694 |  |  | 25,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 158,377 |  |  | 1,000 |  |  |  |  | 233,071 |
From 5 - 10 Years |  | 24,415 |  |  | — |  |  | 240 |  |  | 159,219 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 183,874 |
Over 10 Years |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Maturities of Debt Securities, at Fair Value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Within One Year |  | $ | 25,050 |  |  | $ | 29,978 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,719 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 56,747 |
From 1 - 5 Years |  | 49,518 |  |  | 24,514 |  |  | — |  |  | 144,602 |  |  | 991 |  |  |  |  | 219,625 |
From 5 - 10 Years |  | 24,931 |  |  | — |  |  | 240 |  |  | 144,201 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 169,372 |
Over 10 Years |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Securities in a Continuous Loss Position, at Fair Value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 12 Months |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 58,143 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 58,143 |
12 Months or Longer |  | — |  |  | 39,486 |  |  | — |  |  | 216,937 |  |  | 991 |  |  |  |  | 257,414 |
Total |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 39,486 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 275,080 |  |  | $ | 991 |  |  |  |  | $ | 315,557 |
Number of Securities in a Continuous Loss Position |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 96 |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | 102 |
Unrealized Losses on Securities in a Continuous Loss Position: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 12 Months |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 358 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 358 |
12 Months or Longer |  | — |  |  | 514 |  |  | — |  |  | 28,520 |  |  | 9 |  |  |  |  | 29,043 |
Total |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 514 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 28,878 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  |  |  | $ | 29,401 |
Disaggregated Details: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Treasuries, at Amortized Cost |  | $ | 98,080 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Treasuries, at Fair Value |  | 99,499 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Agency Obligations, at Amortized Cost |  |  |  | $ | 55,000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Agency Obligations, at Fair Value |  |  |  | 54,492 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Local Municipal Obligations, at Amortized Cost |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 240 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Local Municipal Obligations, at Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  | 240 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Government Agency Securities, at Amortized Cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,604 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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Available-For-Sale Securities
|  | U.S. Treasuries |  | U.S. Government & Agency Obligations |  | State and Municipal Obligations |  | Mortgage- Backed Securities |  | Corporate and Other Debt Securities |  |  |  | Total Available- For-Sale Securities
US Government Agency Securities, at Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,394 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government Sponsored Entity Securities, at Amortized Cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 312,737 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government Sponsored Entity Securities, at Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 284,128 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate Trust Preferred Securities, at Amortized Cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,000 |  |  |  |  |
Corporate Trust Preferred Securities, at Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 991 |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-For-Sale Securities, at Amortized Cost |  | $ | 97,985 |  |  | $ | 70,000 |  |  | $ | 240 |  |  | $ | 330,448 |  |  | $ | 1,000 |  |  |  |  | $ | 499,673 |
Gross Unrealized Gains |  | 90 |  |  | 32 |  |  | — |  |  | 29 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 151 |
Gross Unrealized Losses |  | (5) |  |  | (818) |  |  | — |  |  | (35,869) |  |  | (21) |  |  |  |  | (36,713) |
Available-For-Sale Securities, at Fair Value |  | 98,070 |  |  | 69,214 |  |  | 240 |  |  | 294,608 |  |  | 979 |  |  |  |  | 463,111 |
Available-For-Sale Securities, Pledged as Collateral, at Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 181,759 |
Securities in a Continuous Loss Position, at Fair Value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 12 Months |  | $ | 48,370 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 66,958 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 115,328 |
12 Months or Longer |  | — |  |  | 54,182 |  |  | — |  |  | 221,305 |  |  | 979 |  |  |  |  | 276,466 |
Total |  | $ | 48,370 |  |  | $ | 54,182 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 288,263 |  |  | $ | 979 |  |  |  |  | $ | 391,794 |
Number of Securities in a Continuous Loss Position |  | 2 |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 97 |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | 107 |
Unrealized Losses on Securities in a Continuous Loss Position: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 12 Months |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,037 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,042 |
12 Months or Longer |  | — |  |  | 818 |  |  | — |  |  | 33,832 |  |  | 21 |  |  |  |  | 34,671 |
Total |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 818 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 35,869 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  |  |  | $ | 36,713 |
Disaggregated Details: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Treasuries, at Amortized Cost |  | $ | 97,985 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Treasuries, at Fair Value |  | 98,070 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Agency Obligations, at Amortized Cost |  |  |  | $ | 70,000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Agency Obligations, at Fair Value |  |  |  | 69,214 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Local Municipal Obligations, at Amortized Cost |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 240 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Local Municipal Obligations, at Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  | 240 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Government Agency Securities, at Amortized Cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,712 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Government Agency Securities, at Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,464 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government Sponsored Entity Securities, at Amortized Cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 323,736 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government Sponsored Entity Securities, at Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 288,144 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate Trust Preferred Securities, at Amortized Cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,000 |  |  |  |  |

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Available-For-Sale Securities
|  | U.S. Treasuries |  | U.S. Government & Agency Obligations |  | State and Municipal Obligations |  | Mortgage- Backed Securities |  | Corporate and Other Debt Securities |  |  |  | Total Available- For-Sale Securities
Corporate Trust Preferred Securities, at Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 979 |  |  |  |  |

At March 31, 2025, there was no allowance for credit losses for the AFS debt securities portfolio.
The following table is the schedule of Held-To-Maturity Securities at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

Held-To-Maturity Securities
|  | State and Municipal Obligations |  | Mortgage- Backed Securities |  |  |  | Total Held-To Maturity Securities
March 31, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Held-To-Maturity Securities, at Amortized Cost |  | $ | 91,704 |  |  | $ | 5,788 |  |  |  |  | $ | 97,492 |
Gross Unrealized Losses |  | (989) |  |  | (168) |  |  |  |  | (1,157) |
Held-To-Maturity Securities, at Fair Value |  | 90,715 |  |  | 5,620 |  |  |  |  | 96,335 |
Held-To-Maturity Securities, Pledged as Collateral, at Carrying Value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 69,937 |
Held-To-Maturity Securities, Pledged as Collateral, at Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 68,779 |
Maturities of Debt Securities, at Amortized Cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Within One Year |  | $ | 53,879 |  |  | $ | 646 |  |  |  |  | $ | 54,525 |
From 1 - 5 Years |  | 35,758 |  |  | 5,142 |  |  |  |  | 40,900 |
From 5 - 10 Years |  | 2,061 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 2,061 |
Over 10 Years |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 6 |
Maturities of Debt Securities, at Fair Value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Within One Year |  | $ | 53,736 |  |  | $ | 639 |  |  |  |  | $ | 54,375 |
From 1 - 5 Years |  | 34,949 |  |  | 4,981 |  |  |  |  | 39,930 |
From 5 - 10 Years |  | 2,024 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 2,024 |
Over 10 Years |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 6 |
Securities in a Continuous Loss Position, at Fair Value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 12 Months |  | $ | 204 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 204 |
12 Months or Longer |  | 65,623 |  |  | 5,620 |  |  |  |  | 71,243 |
Total |  | $ | 65,827 |  |  | $ | 5,620 |  |  |  |  | $ | 71,447 |
Number of Securities in a Continuous Loss Position |  | 209 |  |  | 16 |  |  |  |  | 225 |
Unrealized Losses on Securities in a Continuous Loss Position: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 12 Months |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 1 |
12 Months or Longer |  | 988 |  |  | 168 |  |  |  |  | 1,156 |
Total |  | $ | 989 |  |  | $ | 168 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,157 |

14

Held-To-Maturity Securities
|  | State and Municipal Obligations |  | Mortgage- Backed Securities |  |  |  | Total Held-To Maturity Securities
Disaggregated Details: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Municipal Obligations, at Amortized Cost |  | $ | 91,704 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Municipal Obligations, at Fair Value |  | 90,715 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Government Agency Securities, at Amortized Cost |  |  |  | $ | 2,128 |  |  |  |  |
US Government Agency Securities, at Fair Value |  |  |  | 2,058 |  |  |  |  |
Government Sponsored Entity Securities, at Amortized Cost |  |  |  | 3,660 |  |  |  |  |
Government Sponsored Entity Securities, at Fair Value |  |  |  | 3,562 |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Held-To-Maturity Securities, at Amortized Cost |  | $ | 91,829 |  |  | $ | 6,432 |  |  |  |  | $ | 98,261 |
Gross Unrealized Losses |  | (1,456) |  |  | (219) |  |  |  |  | (1,675) |
Held-To-Maturity Securities, at Fair Value |  | 90,373 |  |  | 6,213 |  |  |  |  | 96,586 |
Held-To-Maturity Securities, Pledged as Collateral, at Carrying Value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 72,506 |
Held-To-Maturity Securities, Pledged as Collateral, at Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 70,831 |
Securities in a Continuous Loss Position, at Fair Value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 12 Months |  | $ | 378 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 378 |
12 Months or Longer |  | 68,112 |  |  | 6,212 |  |  |  |  | 74,324 |
Total |  | $ | 68,490 |  |  | $ | 6,212 |  |  |  |  | $ | 74,702 |
Number of Securities in a Continuous Loss Position |  | 219 |  |  | 16 |  |  |  |  | 235 |
Unrealized Losses on Securities in a Continuous Loss Position: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 12 Months |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 2 |
12 Months or Longer |  | 1,454 |  |  | 219 |  |  |  |  | 1,673 |
Total |  | $ | 1,456 |  |  | $ | 219 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,675 |
Disaggregated Details: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Municipal Obligations, at Amortized Cost |  | $ | 91,829 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Municipal Obligations, at Fair Value |  | 90,373 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Government Agency Securities, at Amortized Cost |  |  |  | $ | 2,308 |  |  |  |  |
US Government Agency Securities, at Fair Value |  |  |  | 2,221 |  |  |  |  |
Government Sponsored Entity Securities, at Amortized Cost |  |  |  | 4,124 |  |  |  |  |
Government Sponsored Entity Securities, at Fair Value |  |  |  | 3,992 |  |  |  |  |

15

In the tables above, maturities of mortgage-backed securities are included based on their contractual lives. Actual maturities will differ because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without prepayment penalties.
Arrow's investment policy requires that investments held in our portfolio be investment grade or better at the time of purchase. Arrow performs an analysis of the creditworthiness of municipal obligations to determine if a security is of investment grade. The analysis may include but may not solely rely upon credit analysis conducted by external credit rating agencies.
Arrow evaluates AFS debt securities in unrealized loss positions at each measurement date to determine whether the decline in the fair value below the amortized cost basis (impairment) is due to credit-related factors or non-credit-related factors. Any impairment that is not credit related is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. Credit-related impairment is recognized within the allowance for credit losses on the balance sheet, limited to the amount by which the amortized cost basis exceeds the fair value, with a corresponding adjustment to earnings via credit loss expense. Arrow determined that at March 31, 2025, gross unrealized losses were attributable to changes in interest rates, relative to when the investment securities were purchased, and not due to the credit quality of the investment securities. Arrow does not intend to sell, nor is it more likely than not that Arrow will be required to sell, any securities before recovery of its amortized cost basis, which may be at maturity. Therefore, Arrow carried no allowance for credit loss at March 31, 2025 and there was no credit loss expense recognized by Arrow with respect to the securities portfolio during the three months ended March 31, 2025.
Arrow's HTM debt securities are comprised of U.S. government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) or state and municipal obligations. GSE securities carry the explicit and/or implicit guarantee of the U.S. government, are widely recognized as “risk free,” and have a long history of zero credit loss. Arrow determined that the expected credit loss on its HTM debt portfolio was immaterial and therefore no allowance for credit loss was recorded as of March 31, 2025.
The following table is the schedule of Equity Securities at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

Equity Securities
|  | March 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 |
Equity Securities, at Fair Value |  | $5,372 | $5,055 |

The following is a summary of realized and unrealized gains and losses recognized in income on equity securities during the three month periods ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

| For the Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2025 |  |  |  | 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Gain on Equity Securities | $ | 317 |  |  |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less: Net gain recognized during the reporting period on equity securities sold during the period | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized net gain recognized during the reporting period on equity securities still held at the reporting date | $ | 317 |  |  |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

16

Note 5. LOANS (In Thousands)
Loan Categories and Past Due Loans
The following two tables present loan balances outstanding as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 and an analysis of the recorded investment in loans that are past due at these dates. Generally, Arrow considers a loan past due 30 or more days when the borrower is two payments past due. Loans held-for-sale of $2.3 million and $759 thousand as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, are included in the residential real estate balances for current loans.

Schedule of Past Due Loans by Loan Category
|  |  | Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |
| Commercial |  | Real Estate |  | Consumer |  | Residential |  | Total
March 31, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans Past Due 30-59 Days | $ | 528 |  |  | $ | 146 |  |  | $ | 10,480 |  |  | $ | 3,397 |  |  | $ | 14,551 |
Loans Past Due 60-89 Days | 147 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,320 |  |  | 239 |  |  | 3,706 |
Loans Past Due 90 or more Days | 17 |  |  | 15,008 |  |  | 1,039 |  |  | 2,037 |  |  | 18,101 |
Total Loans Past Due | 692 |  |  | 15,154 |  |  | 14,839 |  |  | 5,673 |  |  | 36,358 |
Current Loans | 153,583 |  |  | 788,861 |  |  | 1,103,896 |  |  | 1,334,170 |  |  | 3,380,510 |
Total Loans | $ | 154,275 |  |  | $ | 804,015 |  |  | $ | 1,118,735 |  |  | $ | 1,339,843 |  |  | $ | 3,416,868 |
December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans Past Due 30-59 Days | $ | 355 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11,211 |  |  | $ | 391 |  |  | $ | 11,957 |
Loans Past Due 60-89 Days | 156 |  |  | 318 |  |  | 5,417 |  |  | 2,685 |  |  | 8,576 |
Loans Past Due 90 or more Days | 102 |  |  | 14,902 |  |  | 2,225 |  |  | 2,239 |  |  | 19,468 |
Total Loans Past Due | 613 |  |  | 15,220 |  |  | 18,853 |  |  | 5,315 |  |  | 40,001 |
Current Loans | 158,378 |  |  | 781,145 |  |  | 1,100,128 |  |  | 1,314,889 |  |  | 3,354,540 |
Total Loans | $ | 158,991 |  |  | $ | 796,365 |  |  | $ | 1,118,981 |  |  | $ | 1,320,204 |  |  | $ | 3,394,541 |

Schedule of Non Accrual Loans by Category
|  |  | Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |
March 31, 2025 | Commercial |  | Real Estate |  | Consumer |  | Residential |  | Total
Loans 90 or More Days Past Due and Still Accruing Interest | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 397 |  |  | $ | 405 |
Nonaccrual Loans | 17 |  |  | 15,008 |  |  | 1,045 |  |  | 2,542 |  |  | 18,612 |
Nonaccrual With No Allowance for Credit Loss | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,045 |  |  | 2,542 |  |  | 3,604 |
Interest Income on Nonaccrual Loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans 90 or More Days Past Due and Still Accruing Interest | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 379 |  |  | $ | 398 |
Nonaccrual Loans | 102 |  |  | 14,902 |  |  | 2,241 |  |  | 3,376 |  |  | 20,621 |

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Arrow disaggregates its loan portfolio into the following four categories:
Commercial - Arrow offers a variety of loan options to meet the specific needs of our commercial customers including term loans, time notes and lines of credit. Such loans are made available to businesses for working capital needs such as inventory and receivables, business expansion and equipment purchases. Generally, a collateral lien is placed on equipment or other assets owned by the borrower. In the event of default by the borrower, Arrow may be required to liquidate collateral at deeply discounted values. To reduce the risk, management usually obtains personal guarantees to support the borrowing, as permitted by applicable law.
Commercial Real Estate - Arrow offers commercial real estate loans to finance real estate purchases, refinancings, expansions and improvements to commercial properties. Commercial real estate loans are made to finance the purchases of real property which generally consists of real estate with completed structures. These commercial real estate loans are typically secured by first liens on the real estate, which may include apartments, commercial structures, housing businesses, healthcare facilities, and both owner- and non-owner-occupied facilities. Arrow also offers commercial construction and land development loans to finance projects. Many projects will ultimately be used by the borrowers' businesses, while others are developed for resale. These real estate loans are also typically secured by first liens on the real estate, which may include apartments, commercial structures, housing businesses, healthcare facilities and both owner-occupied and non-owner-occupied facilities. There is enhanced risk during the construction period, since the loan is secured by an incomplete project. Arrow’s Commercial Real Estate loans are primarily located within the footprint of the Company’s branch network, with some loans extending into the greater upstate New York area. Arrow does not provide Commercial Real Estate loans in major metropolitan areas such as New York City, Boston, etc.
Consumer Loans - This category is primarily comprised of automobile loans. Arrow primarily finances the purchases of automobiles indirectly through dealer relationships located throughout upstate New York and Vermont. Most automobile loans carry a fixed rate of interest with principal repayment terms typically ranging from three to seven years. Automobile loans are underwritten on a secured basis using the underlying collateral being financed. Arrow also offers a variety of consumer installment loans to finance personal expenditures. Most of these loans carry a fixed rate of interest with principal repayment terms typically ranging from one to five years, based upon the nature of the collateral and the size of the loan. In addition to installment loans, Arrow also offers personal lines of credit and overdraft protection. Several of these consumer loans are unsecured, which carry a higher risk of loss.
Residential - Residential real estate loans consist primarily of loans secured by first or second mortgages on primary residences. Arrow originates fixed-rate and adjustable-rate one-to-four-family residential real estate loans for the construction, purchase of real estate or refinancing of an existing mortgage. These loans are collateralized primarily by owner-occupied properties generally located in Arrow's market area. Loans on one-to-four-family residential real estate are generally originated in amounts of no more than 80% of the purchase price or appraised value (whichever is lower), or have private mortgage insurance. Arrow’s underwriting analysis for residential mortgage loans typically includes credit verification, independent appraisals, and a review of the borrower’s financial condition. Mortgage title insurance and hazard insurance are normally required. It is Arrow's general practice to underwrite residential real estate loans to secondary market standards. Construction loans have a unique risk, because they are secured by an incomplete dwelling. This risk is reduced through periodic site inspections, including one at each loan draw period. In addition, Arrow offers fixed home equity loans, as well as home equity lines of credit to consumers to finance home improvements, debt consolidation, education and other uses. Arrow's policy allows for a maximum loan to value ratio of 80%, although periodically higher advances are allowed. Arrow originates home equity lines of credit and second mortgage loans (loans secured by a second junior lien position on one-to-four-family residential real estate). Risk is generally reduced through underwriting criteria, which include credit verification, appraisals, a review of the borrower's financial condition, and personal cash flows. A security interest, with title insurance when necessary, is taken in the underlying real estate.
Allowance for Credit Losses
Loan segments were selected by class code and application code to ensure each segment is comprised of loans with homogenous loan characteristics and similar risk profiles. The resulting loan segments are commercial, commercial real estate, consumer and residential real estate loans. The consumer segment is mainly comprised of automobile loans, and since they are relatively short-term in nature, with similar dollar amounts and collateral, the vintage analysis method was selected to determine the credit loss reserve. The vintage method utilizes Arrow loan data exclusively as the method calculates a loss rate based on the total origination balance of the loans by year and the charge-off and recovery rate of the same origination year. Arrow maintains, over the life of the loan, the loss curve by vintage year. The discounted cash flow method (DCF) is used to calculate the reserve for credit losses for the commercial, commercial real estate and residential real estate segments.
The March 31, 2025 allowance for credit losses calculation incorporated a reasonable and supportable forecast period to account for economic conditions utilized in the measurement. The quantitative model utilized a six-quarter economic forecast sourced from reputable third-parties that projects a negative change of approximately 0.05% in the forecasted national unemployment rate, forecasted gross domestic product projected to improve by approximately 0.08%, and the home price index (HPI) forecast to increase by approximately 0.09% from the previous quarter economic forecast. The overall change in the allowance from December 31, 2024 was primarily driven by the following factors: net loan growth contributed $282 thousand, changes in macro economic conditions increased the allowance by $140 thousand, net charge-offs of $846 thousand, and a specific reserve of $3.75 million on a $15 million commercial real estate loan participation ("Loan Participation")secured by properties in two office parks in upstate New York, where Arrow is a 22% participant in a $67 million multi-bank lending facility (the “Reserve”). The Loan Participation had been reported as non-performing in Arrow’s 2024 and 2023 Forms 10-K and had no previous reserve, given the most current appraised valuation of $86.1 million. However, the initiation of foreclosure proceedings during the quarter materially altered the expected resolution strategy
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and reduced the anticipated recovery value of the collateral. In connection with these developments, an updated appraisal was obtained on April 1, 2025, at the direction of the lead bank representing the participant group, which indicated a significant decline in collateral value. Accordingly, Arrow recorded the above mentioned Reserve in the first quarter of 2025. As of March 31, 2025, the subject properties remained largely tenant-occupied and continued to generate positive net operating income.
The first quarter provision for credit losses was $5.02 million. In addition, Arrow recorded a decrease for estimated credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures in other liabilities of $247 thousand in the first quarter of 2025. Management's evaluation considers the allowance for credit losses for loans to be appropriate as of March 31, 2025.
The following table details activity in the allowance for credit losses on loans for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024:

Allowance for Credit Losses
| Commercial |  | Commercial Real Estate |  | Consumer |  | Residential |  |  |  | Total
December 31, 2024 | $ | 1,925 |  |  | $ | 14,507 |  |  | $ | 3,882 |  |  | $ | 13,284 |  |  |  |  | $ | 33,598 |
Charge-offs | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,519) |  |  | $ | (31) |  |  |  |  | $ | (1,550) |
Recoveries | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 704 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 704 |
Provision | $ | (124) |  |  | $ | 3,729 |  |  | $ | 1,080 |  |  | $ | 334 |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,019 |
March 31, 2025 | $ | 1,801 |  |  | $ | 18,236 |  |  | $ | 4,147 |  |  | $ | 13,587 |  |  |  |  | $ | 37,771 |
December 31, 2023 | $ | 1,958 |  |  | $ | 15,521 |  |  | $ | 2,566 |  |  | $ | 11,220 |  |  |  |  | $ | 31,265 |
Charge-offs | $ | (9) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,274) |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | (1,283) |
Recoveries | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 962 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 962 |
Provision | $ | 893 |  |  | $ | (1,353) |  |  | $ | 502 |  |  | $ | 575 |  |  |  |  | $ | 617 |
March 31, 2024 | $ | 2,842 |  |  | $ | 14,168 |  |  | $ | 2,756 |  |  | $ | 11,795 |  |  |  |  | $ | 31,561 |

Estimated Credit Losses on Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures Recognized as Other Liabilities
Financial instrument credit losses apply to off-balance sheet credit exposures such as unfunded loan commitments and standby letters of credit. A liability for expected credit losses for off-balance sheet exposures is recognized if the entity has a present contractual obligation to extend the credit and the obligation is not unconditionally cancellable by the entity. Changes in this allowance are reflected in other operating expenses within the non-interest expense category. As of March 31, 2025, the total unfunded commitment off-balance sheet credit exposure was $1.3 million, a decrease from the December 31, 2024 balance of $1.6 million.
Individually Evaluated Loans
All loans that exceed $250,000, which are on nonaccrual status, are evaluated on an individual basis. Arrow has a policy applicable to collateral dependent financial assets when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and the repayment is expected through the sale of the collateral. This policy allows Arrow to use fair value of the collateral at the reporting date adjusted for estimated cost to sell when recording the net carrying amount of the asset and determining the allowance for credit losses for a financial asset. In the event where the repayment of a collateral dependent financial asset is expected to be provided substantially through the operation of the collateral, Arrow will use fair value of the collateral at the reporting date when recording the net carrying amount of the asset and determining the allowance for credit losses. As of March 31, 2025, there were three total relationships identified to be evaluated for loss on an individual basis which had an amortized cost basis of $15.8 million. Arrow recognized the Reserve in the first quarter of 2025, see page 18 for additional discussion of the Reserve.
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The following tables present the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans by class of loans as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

March 31, 2025 | Collateral Type -Residential Real Estate |  | Collateral Type - Commercial Real Estate |  | Total Loans
Commercial | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial Real Estate | — |  |  | 15,008 |  |  | 15,008 |
Consumer | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Residential | 772 |  |  | — |  |  | 772 |
Total | $ | 772 |  |  | $ | 15,008 |  |  | $ | 15,780 |

December 31, 2024 | Collateral Type -Residential Real Estate |  | Collateral Type - Commercial Real Estate |  | Total Loans
Commercial | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial Real Estate | — |  |  | 14,902 |  |  | 14,902 |
Consumer | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Residential | 1,417 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,417 |
Total | $ | 1,417 |  |  | $ | 14,902 |  |  | $ | 16,319 |

Allowance for Credit Losses - Collectively and Individually Evaluated
| Commercial |  | Commercial Real Estate |  | Consumer |  | Residential |  |  |  | Total
March 31, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending Loan Balance - Collectively Evaluated | $ | 154,275 |  |  | $ | 789,007 |  |  | $ | 1,118,735 |  |  | $ | 1,339,071 |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,401,088 |
Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Collectively Evaluated | 1,801 |  |  | 14,486 |  |  | 4,147 |  |  | 13,587 |  |  |  |  | 34,021 |
Ending Loan Balance - Individually Evaluated | — |  |  | 15,008 |  |  | — |  |  | 772 |  |  |  |  | 15,780 |
Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Individually Evaluated | — |  |  | 3,750 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 3,750 |
December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending Loan Balance - Collectively Evaluated | $ | 158,991 |  |  | $ | 781,463 |  |  | $ | 1,118,981 |  |  | $ | 1,318,787 |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,378,222 |
Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Collectively Evaluated | 1,925 |  |  | 14,507 |  |  | 3,882 |  |  | 13,284 |  |  |  |  | 33,598 |
Ending Loan Balance - Individually Evaluated | — |  |  | 14,902 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,417 |  |  |  |  | 16,319 |
Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Individually Evaluated | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |

Through the provision for credit losses, an allowance for credit losses is maintained that reflects the best estimate of the calculated expected credit losses in Arrow's loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date. Additions are made to the allowance for credit losses through a periodic provision for credit losses. Actual credit losses are charged against the allowance for credit losses when loans are deemed uncollectible and recoveries of amounts previously charged off are recorded as credits to the allowance for credit losses.
Arrow's loan officers and risk managers meet at least quarterly to discuss and review the conditions and risks associated with certain criticized and classified commercial-related relationships. In addition, the independent internal loan review department performs periodic reviews of the credit quality indicators on individual loans in the commercial loan portfolio.
Arrow considers the need to qualitatively adjust expected credit loss estimates for information not already captured in the loss estimation process. These qualitative factor adjustments may increase or decrease management’s estimate of expected credit losses. Adjustments are not made for information that has already been considered and included in the loss estimation process.
Arrow considers the qualitative factors that are relevant as of the reporting date, which may include, but are not limited to the following factors:
•The nature and volume of Arrow's financial assets;
•The existence, growth, and effect of any concentrations of credit;
•The volume and severity of past due loans, the volume of nonaccrual loans, and the volume and severity of adversely classified or graded loans;
•The value of the underlying collateral for loans that are not collateral-dependent;
•Arrow's lending policies and procedures, including changes in underwriting standards and practices for collections, write-offs, and recoveries;
•The quality of Arrow's loan review function;
•The experience, ability, and depth of Arrow's lending, investment, collection, and other relevant management/staff;
•The effect of other external factors such as the regulatory, legal and technological environments; competition; and events such as natural disasters;
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•Actual and expected changes in international, national, regional, and local economic and business conditions and developments in which the institution operates that affect the collectability of financial assets; and
•Other qualitative factors not reflected in quantitative loss rate calculations.
Loan Credit Quality Indicators and Modification
In 2025, no loans met the criteria for disclosure. Any modifications of loans were either immaterial in natural or were made for competitive purposes, i.e., the borrowers were not experiencing financial hardship.
The following tables present credit quality indicators by total loans amortized cost basis by origination year as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

| Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis | Revolving Loan Converted to Term | Total
March 31, 2025 | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | Prior
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Satisfactory | $ | 7,720 |  | $ | 41,090 |  | $ | 26,444 |  | $ | 21,475 |  | $ | 15,801 |  | $ | 23,978 |  | $ | 9,801 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 146,309 |
Special mention | 96 |  | — |  | 70 |  | 189 |  | — |  | — |  | 483 |  | — |  | 838 |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | 501 |  | 1,118 |  | — |  | 2,997 |  | 2,512 |  | — |  | 7,128 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total Commercial Loans | $ | 7,816 |  | $ | 41,090 |  | $ | 27,015 |  | $ | 22,782 |  | $ | 15,801 |  | $ | 26,975 |  | $ | 12,796 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 154,275 |
Current-period gross charge-offs | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Commercial Real Estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Satisfactory | $ | 9,712 |  | $ | 103,985 |  | $ | 96,978 |  | $ | 136,141 |  | $ | 107,903 |  | $ | 296,123 |  | $ | 2,578 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 753,420 |
Special mention | — |  | 2,988 |  | — |  | 12,593 |  | — |  | 3,033 |  | — |  | — |  | 18,614 |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | 346 |  | 169 |  | 322 |  | 14,765 |  | 1,371 |  | — |  | 16,973 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,656 |  | 13,352 |  | — |  | — |  | 15,008 |
Total Commercial Real Estate Loans | $ | 9,712 |  | $ | 106,973 |  | $ | 97,324 |  | $ | 148,903 |  | $ | 109,881 |  | $ | 327,273 |  | $ | 3,949 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 804,015 |
Current-period gross charge-offs | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing | $ | 105,293 |  | $ | 368,022 |  | $ | 269,633 |  | $ | 216,799 |  | $ | 105,322 |  | $ | 52,138 |  | $ | 475 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,117,682 |
Nonperforming | — |  | 206 |  | 162 |  | 297 |  | 291 |  | 97 |  | — |  | — |  | 1,053 |
Total Consumer Loans | $ | 105,293 |  | $ | 368,228 |  | $ | 269,795 |  | $ | 217,096 |  | $ | 105,613 |  | $ | 52,235 |  | $ | 475 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,118,735 |
Current-period gross charge-offs | $ | — |  | $ | 363 |  | $ | 392 |  | $ | 357 |  | $ | 317 |  | $ | 90 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,519 |
Residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing | $ | 29,806 |  | $ | 174,585 |  | $ | 174,559 |  | $ | 221,058 |  | $ | 179,359 |  | $ | 431,930 |  | $ | 125,606 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,336,903 |
Nonperforming | — |  | — |  | 201 |  | 344 |  | 201 |  | 1,937 |  | 257 |  | — |  | 2,940 |
Total Residential Loans | $ | 29,806 |  | $ | 174,585 |  | $ | 174,760 |  | $ | 221,402 |  | $ | 179,560 |  | $ | 433,867 |  | $ | 125,863 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,339,843 |
Current-period gross charge-offs | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 31 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 31 |
Total Loans | $ | 152,627 |  | $ | 690,876 |  | $ | 568,894 |  | $ | 610,183 |  | $ | 410,855 |  | $ | 840,350 |  | $ | 143,083 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 3,416,868 |
Total gross charge-offs | $ | — |  | $ | 363 |  | $ | 392 |  | $ | 357 |  | $ | 317 |  | $ | 121 |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,550 |

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| Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis | Revolving Loan Converted to Term | Total
December 31, 2024 | 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | Prior
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Satisfactory | $ | 42,767 |  | $ | 28,988 |  | $ | 23,808 |  | $ | 16,941 |  | $ | 6,183 |  | $ | 19,211 |  | $ | 15,686 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 153,584 |
Special mention | 107 |  | 229 |  | 930 |  | — |  | 72 |  | — |  | 483 |  | — |  | 1,821 |
Substandard | — |  | 280 |  | 264 |  | — |  | — |  | 3,030 |  | 12 |  | — |  | 3,586 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total Commercial Loans | $ | 42,874 |  | $ | 29,497 |  | $ | 25,002 |  | $ | 16,941 |  | $ | 6,255 |  | $ | 22,241 |  | $ | 16,181 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 158,991 |
Current-period gross charge-offs | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 9 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 9 |
Commercial Real Estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Satisfactory | $ | 90,049 |  | $ | 96,783 |  | $ | 137,146 |  | $ | 109,086 |  | $ | 115,576 |  | $ | 187,202 |  | $ | 2,799 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 738,641 |
Special mention | 3,002 |  | 200 |  | 12,680 |  | — |  | — |  | 9,506 |  | — |  | — |  | 25,388 |
Substandard | — |  | 146 |  | 172 |  | 1,985 |  | 2,309 |  | 26,853 |  | 871 |  | — |  | 32,336 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total Commercial Real Estate Loans | $ | 93,051 |  | $ | 97,129 |  | $ | 149,998 |  | $ | 111,071 |  | $ | 117,885 |  | $ | 223,561 |  | $ | 3,670 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 796,365 |
Current-period gross charge-offs | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing | $ | 386,004 |  | $ | 297,698 |  | $ | 243,484 |  | $ | 121,803 |  | $ | 48,268 |  | $ | 18,994 |  | $ | 473 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,116,724 |
Nonperforming | 345 |  | 424 |  | 602 |  | 593 |  | 178 |  | 115 |  | — |  | — |  | 2,257 |
Total Consumer Loans | $ | 386,349 |  | $ | 298,122 |  | $ | 244,086 |  | $ | 122,396 |  | $ | 48,446 |  | $ | 19,109 |  | $ | 473 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,118,981 |
Current-period gross charge-offs | $ | 1,272 |  | $ | 949 |  | $ | 1,669 |  | $ | 1,270 |  | $ | 434 |  | $ | 243 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 5,837 |
Residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing | $ | 162,087 |  | $ | 177,071 |  | $ | 225,398 |  | $ | 181,934 |  | $ | 106,695 |  | $ | 334,576 |  | $ | 128,687 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,316,448 |
Nonperforming | — |  | 201 |  | 254 |  | 201 |  | 464 |  | 2,386 |  | 250 |  | — |  | 3,756 |
Total Residential Loans | $ | 162,087 |  | $ | 177,272 |  | $ | 225,652 |  | $ | 182,135 |  | $ | 107,159 |  | $ | 336,962 |  | $ | 128,937 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,320,204 |
Current-period gross charge-offs | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 49 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 49 |
Total Loans | $ | 684,361 |  | $ | 602,020 |  | $ | 644,738 |  | $ | 432,543 |  | $ | 279,745 |  | $ | 601,873 |  | $ | 149,261 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 3,394,541 |
Total gross charge-offs | $ | 1,272 |  | $ | 949 |  | $ | 1,669 |  | $ | 1,270 |  | $ | 443 |  | $ | 292 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 5,895 |

For the purposes of the table above, nonperforming consumer and residential loans were those loans on nonaccrual status or were 90 days or more past due and still accruing interest.
As of March 31, 2025, the amortized cost of consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings are in process was $2.2 million.
For the allowance calculation, an internally developed system of five credit quality indicators is used to rate the credit worthiness of each commercial loan defined as follows:
1) Satisfactory - "Satisfactory" borrowers have acceptable financial condition with satisfactory record of earnings and sufficient historical and projected cash flow to service the debt. Borrowers have satisfactory repayment histories and primary and secondary sources of repayment can be clearly identified;
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2) Special Mention - Loans in this category have potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in the institution’s credit position at some future date. "Special mention" assets are not adversely classified and do not expose an institution to sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification. Loans which might be assigned this credit quality indicator include loans to borrowers with deteriorating financial strength and/or earnings record and loans with potential for problems due to weakening economic or market conditions;
3) Substandard - Loans classified as “substandard” are inadequately protected by the current sound net worth or paying capacity of the borrower or the collateral pledged, if any. Loans in this category have well defined weaknesses that jeopardize the repayment. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that Arrow will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. “Substandard” loans may include loans which are likely to require liquidation of collateral to effect repayment, and other loans where character or ability to repay has become suspect. Loss potential, while existing in the aggregate amount of substandard assets, does not have to exist in individual assets classified substandard;
4) Doubtful - Loans classified as “doubtful” have all of the weaknesses inherent in those classified as “substandard” with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of current existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable. Although possibility of loss is extremely high, classification of these loans as “loss” has been deferred due to specific pending factors or events which may strengthen the value (e.g. possibility of additional collateral, injection of capital, collateral liquidation, debt restructure, economic recovery, etc). Loans classified as “doubtful” need to be placed on nonaccrual; and
5) Loss - Loans classified as “loss” are considered uncollectible with collateral of such little value that their continuance as bankable assets is not warranted. As of the date of the balance sheet, all loans in this category have been charged-off to the allowance for loan losses.
Commercial loans are generally evaluated on an annual basis depending on the size and complexity of the loan relationship, unless the credit related quality indicator falls to a level of "special mention" or below, when the loan is evaluated quarterly. The credit quality indicator is one of the factors used in assessing the level of incurred risk of loss in our commercial related loan portfolios.
Note 6. DEBT (Dollars in Thousands)
Schedule of Borrowings:

| March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |  |
Balance: |  |  |  |  |
BTFP Advances | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
FHLBNY Overnight Advances | — |  |  | — |  |  |
FHLBNY Term Advances | 8,600 |  |  | 8,600 |  |  |
Total Borrowings | $ | 8,600 |  |  | $ | 8,600 |  |  |
Maximum Borrowing Capacity: |  |  |  |  |
Federal Funds Purchased | $ | 23,000 |  |  | $ | 23,000 |  |  |
Federal Home Loan Bank of New York | 715,164 |  |  | 654,890 |  |  |
Federal Reserve Bank of New York | 776,063 |  |  | 571,107 |  |  |
Available Borrowing Capacity: |  |  |  |  |
Federal Funds Purchased | $ | 23,000 |  |  | $ | 23,000 |  |  |
Federal Home Loan Bank of New York | 676,564 |  |  | 616,290 |  |  |
Federal Reserve Bank of New York | 776,063 |  |  | 571,107 |  |  |

Arrow Bank has in place unsecured federal funds lines of credit with two correspondent banks. As a member of the FHLBNY, Arrow participates in the advance program which allows for overnight and term advances up to the limit of pledged collateral, including FHLBNY stock and any loans secured by real estate such as commercial real estate, residential real estate and home equity loans (see Notes 4: Investment Securities, and 5: Loans to the Consolidated Financial Statements). The maximum borrowing capacities at the FHLBNY and FRB are determined based on the fair value of the collateral pledged, subject to discounts determined by the respective lenders. As of March 31, 2025, the carrying cost for the FHLBNY collateral was approximately $1.0 billion and approximately $1.0 billion for the FRB. As of March 31, 2025, the fair value for the FHLBNY collateral was approximately $893.4 million and approximately $1.0 billion for the FRB. The investment in FHLBNY stock is proportional to the total of Arrow's overnight and term advances (see the Schedule of FFRB and FHLB Stock in Note 4, Investment Securities, to the Consolidated Financial Statements). Arrow's bank subsidiaries have also established borrowing facilities with the FRB of New York for potential “discount window” advances, pledging certain consumer loans as collateral (see Note 5, Loans, to the Consolidated Financial Statements).
Long Term Debt - FHLBNY Term Advances
In addition to overnight advances, Arrow Bank also borrows longer-term funds from the FHLBNY.
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Maturity Schedule of FHLBNY Term Advances:

|  | Balances |  | Weighted Average Rate 1
Final Maturity |  | 3/31/2025 |  | 12/31/2024 |  |  |  | 3/31/2025 |  | 12/31/2024 |  |
First Year |  | $ | 6,900 |  |  | $ | 6,900 |  |  |  |  | 5.34 | % |  | 5.34 | % |  |
Second Year |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — | % |  | — | % |  |
Third Year |  | 1,700 |  |  | 1,700 |  |  |  |  | 4.85 | % |  | 4.85 | % |  |
Fourth Year |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — | % |  | — | % |  |
Total |  | $ | 8,600 |  |  | $ | 8,600 |  |  |  |  | 5.24 | % |  | 5.24 | % |  |
1. The effective rate on the FHLBNY Advances is 0% due to subsidized funding in the form of interest rate credits.

Long Term Debt - Guaranteed Preferred Beneficial Interests in Corporation's Junior Subordinated Debentures
At March 31, 2025, the Company had two classes of financial instruments issued by two separate subsidiary business trusts of Arrow, Arrow Capital Statutory Trust II ("ACST II") and Arrow Capital Statutory Trust III ("ACST III" and, together with ACST II, the "Trusts"), identified as “Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and the Consolidated Statements of Income.
The first of the two classes of trust-issued instruments outstanding at March 31, 2025 was issued by ACST II, a Delaware business trust established on July 16, 2003, upon the filing of a certificate of trust with the Delaware Secretary of State. In July 2003, ACST II issued all of its voting (common) stock to Arrow and issued and sold to an unaffiliated purchaser 30-year guaranteed preferred beneficial interests in the trust's assets ("ACST II TRUPS"). The rate on the securities is variable, previously adjusting quarterly to the now discontinued 3-month London Inter-Bank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") plus 3.15%. Arrow designated the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") as the replacement index for financial instruments. The rate on the securities are tied to the 3-month SOFR plus 3.15% post-conversion. ACST II used the proceeds of the sale of the ACST II TRUPS to purchase an identical amount of junior subordinated debentures issued by Arrow that bear an interest rate identical at all times to the rate payable on the ACST II TRUPS. The ACST II TRUPS became redeemable after July 23, 2008 and mature on July 23, 2033.
The second of the two classes of trust-issued instruments outstanding at year-end was issued by ACST III, a Delaware business trust established on December 23, 2004, upon the filing of a certificate of trust with the Delaware Secretary of State. On December 28, 2004, the ACST III issued all of its voting (common) stock to Arrow and issued and sold to an unaffiliated purchaser 30-year guaranteed preferred beneficial interests in the trust's assets ("ACST III TRUPS"). The rate on the ACST III TRUPS is a variable rate, adjusting quarterly to the 3-month SOFR plus 2.00%. The rate previously adjusted quarterly to the now discontinued 3-month LIBOR plus 2.00% pre-conversion. ACST III used the proceeds of the sale of the ACST III TRUPS to purchase an identical amount of junior subordinated debentures issued by Arrow that bear an interest rate identical at all times to the rate payable on the ACST III TRUPS. The ACST III TRUPS became redeemable on or after March 31, 2010 and mature on December 28, 2034.
Arrow has entered into interest rate swaps to synthetically fix the variable rate interest payments associated with $20 million in outstanding subordinated trust securities attributable to the Trusts. These agreements are designated as cash flow hedges.
The primary assets of the Trusts are Arrow's junior subordinated debentures discussed above, and the sole revenues of the Trusts are payments received by them from Arrow with respect to the junior subordinated debentures. The trust preferred securities issued by the Trusts are non-voting. All common voting securities of the Trusts are owned by Arrow. Arrow used the net proceeds from its sale of junior subordinated debentures to the Trusts, facilitated by the Trusts' sale of their trust preferred securities to the purchasers thereof, for general corporate purposes. The trust preferred securities and underlying junior subordinated debentures, with associated expense that is tax deductible, qualify as Tier I capital under regulatory definitions.
Arrow's primary source of funds to pay interest on the debentures that are held by the Trusts are current dividends received by Arrow from Arrow Bank. Accordingly, Arrow's ability to make payments on the debentures, and the ability of the Trusts to make payments on their trust preferred securities, are dependent upon the continuing ability of Arrow Bank to pay dividends to Arrow. Since the trust preferred securities issued by the subsidiary trusts and the underlying junior subordinated debentures issued by Arrow at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are classified as debt for financial statement purposes, the expense associated with these securities is recorded as interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income for the three years.
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Schedule of Guaranteed Preferred Beneficial Interests in Corporation's Junior Subordinated Debentures

| March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |  |
ACST II |  |  |  |  |
Balance | $ | 10,000 |  |  | $ | 10,000 |  |  |
Period End: |  |  |  |  |
Variable Interest Rate | 7.71 | % |  | 7.74 | % |  |
Fixed Interest Rate resulting from cash flow hedge agreement | 4.00 | % |  | 4.00 | % |  |
ACST III |  |  |  |  |
Balance | $ | 10,000 |  |  | $ | 10,000 |  |  |
Period End: |  |  |  |  |
Variable Interest Rate | 6.56 | % |  | 6.59 | % |  |
Fixed Interest Rate resulting from cash flow hedge agreement | 2.86 | % |  | 2.86 | % |  |

Note 7. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (In Thousands)
The following table presents the notional amount and fair value of Arrow's off-balance sheet commitments to extend credit and commitments under standby letters of credit as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

Commitments to Extend Credit and Letters of Credit
| March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |  |
Notional Amount: |  |  |  |  |
Commitments to Extend Credit | $ | 454,882 |  |  | $ | 449,491 |  |  |
Standby Letters of Credit | 4,011 |  |  | 4,306 |  |  |
Fair Value: |  |  |  |  |
Commitments to Extend Credit | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Standby Letters of Credit | — |  |  | (7) |  |  |

Arrow is party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. Commitments to extend credit include home equity lines of credit, commitments for residential and commercial construction loans and other personal and commercial lines of credit. Those instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the consolidated balance sheets. The contract or notional amounts of those instruments reflect the extent of the involvement Arrow has in particular classes of financial instruments.
Arrow's exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit is represented by the contractual notional amount of those instruments. Arrow uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance sheet instruments.
Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since many of the commitments are not expected to be fully drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Arrow evaluates each customer's creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. Home equity lines of credit are secured by residential real estate. Construction lines of credit are secured by underlying real estate. For other lines of credit, the amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by Arrow upon extension of credit, is based on management's credit evaluation of the counterparty. Collateral held varies, but may include accounts receivable, inventory, property, plant and equipment, and income-producing commercial properties. Most of the commitments are variable rate instruments.
Arrow does not issue any guarantees that would require liability-recognition or disclosure, other than its standby letters of credit. Arrow has issued conditional commitments in the form of standby letters of credit to guarantee payment on behalf of a customer and guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Standby letters of credit generally arise in connection with commercial lending relationships. The credit risk involved in issuing these instruments is essentially the same as that involved in extending loans to customers. Contingent obligations under standby letters of credit at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 represent the maximum potential future payments Arrow could be required to make. Typically, these instruments have terms of 12 months or less and expire unused; therefore, the total amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Each customer is evaluated individually for creditworthiness under the same underwriting standards used for commitments to extend credit and on-balance sheet instruments. Arrow's policies governing loan collateral apply to standby letters of credit at the time of credit extension. Loan-to-value ratios will generally range from 50% for movable assets, such as inventory, to 100% for liquid assets, such as bank CD's. Fees for standby letters of credit range from 1% to 3% of the notional amount. Fees are collected upfront and amortized over the life of the commitment. The carrying amount and fair value of Arrow's standby letters of credit at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, were insignificant. The
25

fair value of standby letters of credit is based on the fees currently charged for similar agreements or the cost to terminate the arrangement with the counterparties.
The fair value of commitments to extend credit is determined by estimating the fees to enter into similar agreements, taking into account the remaining terms and present creditworthiness of the counterparties, and for fixed rate loan commitments, the difference between the current and committed interest rates. Arrow provides several types of commercial lines of credit and standby letters of credit to its commercial customers. The pricing of these services is not isolated as Arrow considers the customer's complete deposit and borrowing relationship in pricing individual products and services. The commitments to extend credit also include commitments under home equity lines of credit, for which Arrow charges no fee. The carrying value and fair value of commitments to extend credit are not material and Arrow does not expect to incur any material loss as a result of these commitments.
In the normal course of business, Arrow and Arrow Bank become involved in a variety of routine legal proceedings. At present, there are no legal proceedings pending or threatened, which in the opinion of management and counsel, would result in a material loss to Arrow. Legal expenses incurred in connection with loss contingencies are expensed as incurred. Please see Part II, Item 1. Legal Proceedings for additional detail on our ongoing legal proceedings.
Note 8. COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (In Thousands)
The following table presents the components of other comprehensive income (loss) for the three month periods ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

Schedule of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
| Three Months Ended March 31 |  |
|  |  | Tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Before-Tax |  | (Expense) |  | Net-of-Tax |  |  |  |  |  |
| Amount |  | Benefit |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |  |
2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Unrealized Securities Holding Gain on Securities Available-for-Sale Arising During the Period | $ | 8,645 |  |  | $ | (2,229) |  |  | $ | 6,416 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Unrealized (Loss) on Cash Flow Swap | (1,554) |  |  | 400 |  |  | (1,154) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reclassification of Net Unrealized (Gain) on Cash Flow Hedge Agreements to Interest Expense | (430) |  |  | 111 |  |  | (319) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of Net Retirement Plan Actuarial (Gain) | (96) |  |  | 25 |  |  | (71) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of Net Retirement Plan Prior Service Cost | 83 |  |  | (22) |  |  | 61 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other Comprehensive Income | $ | 6,648 |  |  | $ | (1,715) |  |  | $ | 4,933 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Unrealized Securities Holding (Loss) on Securities Available-for-Sale Arising During the Period | $ | (2,062) |  |  | $ | 532 |  |  | $ | (1,530) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Unrealized Gain on Cash Flow Swap | 3,221 |  |  | (831) |  |  | 2,390 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reclassification of Net Unrealized (Gain) on Cash Flow Hedge Agreements to Interest Expense | (213) |  |  | 55 |  |  | (158) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of Net Retirement Plan Actuarial (Gain) | (66) |  |  | 16 |  |  | (50) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of Net Retirement Plan Prior Service Cost | 69 |  |  | (19) |  |  | 50 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other Comprehensive Income | $ | 949 |  |  | $ | (247) |  |  | $ | 702 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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The following table presents the changes in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income by component:

Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income by Component (1)
| Unrealized Loss on Available-for-Sale Securities |  | Unrealized Gain on Cash Flow Swap |  | Defined Benefit Plan Items |  | Total
|  |  | Net Actuarial Loss |  | Net Prior Service Cost |
For the quarter-to-date periods ended: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2024 | $ | (27,292) |  |  | $ | 4,677 |  |  | $ | 4,927 |  |  | $ | (765) |  |  | $ | (18,453) |
Other comprehensive income or loss before reclassifications | 6,416 |  |  | (1,154) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,262 |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income or loss | — |  |  | (319) |  |  | (71) |  |  | 61 |  |  | (329) |
Net current-period other comprehensive income or loss | 6,416 |  |  | (1,473) |  |  | (71) |  |  | 61 |  |  | 4,933 |
March 31, 2025 | $ | (20,876) |  |  | $ | 3,204 |  |  | $ | 4,856 |  |  | $ | (704) |  |  | $ | (13,520) |
December 31, 2023 | $ | (31,648) |  |  | $ | 1,711 |  |  | $ | (2,839) |  |  | $ | (640) |  |  | $ | (33,416) |
Other comprehensive income or loss before reclassifications | (1,530) |  |  | 2,390 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 860 |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income or loss | — |  |  | (158) |  |  | (50) |  |  | 50 |  |  | (158) |
Net current-period other comprehensive income or loss | (1,530) |  |  | 2,232 |  |  | (50) |  |  | 50 |  |  | 702 |
March 31, 2024 | $ | (33,178) |  |  | $ | 3,943 |  |  | $ | (2,889) |  |  | $ | (590) |  |  | $ | (32,714) |

(1) All amounts are net of tax.
The following table presents the reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss:

Reclassifications Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income or Loss
Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income or Loss Components |  | Amounts Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income or Loss |  | Affected Line Item in the Statement Where Net Income Is Presented
For the quarter-to-date periods ended: |  |  |  |
March 31, 2025 |  |  |  |
Reclassification of Net Unrealized Loss on Cash Flow Hedge Agreements to Interest Expense |  | $ | 430 |  |  | Interest expense
Amortization of defined benefit pension items: |  |  |  |
Prior-service costs |  | (83) |  | (1) | Salaries and Employee Benefits
Actuarial gain |  | 96 |  | (1) | Salaries and Employee Benefits
|  | 443 |  |  | Total before Tax
|  | (114) |  |  | Provision for Income Taxes
Total reclassifications for the period |  | $ | 329 |  |  | Net of Tax
March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |
Reclassification of Net Unrealized Gain on Cash Flow Hedge Agreements to Interest Expense |  | $ | 213 |  |  | Interest expense
Amortization of defined benefit pension items: |  |  |  |
Prior-service costs |  | $ | (69) |  | (1) | Salaries and Employee Benefits
Actuarial gain |  | 66 |  | (1) | Salaries and Employee Benefits
|  | 210 |  |  | Total before Tax
|  | (52) |  |  | Provision for Income Taxes
Total reclassifications for the period |  | $ | 158 |  |  | Net of Tax
(1) These accumulated other comprehensive gain or loss components are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost.

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Note 9. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION (Dollars In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Amounts)
Arrow has established three stock-based compensation plans: a Long Term Incentive Plan, an Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP) and an Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP).
Long Term Incentive Plan
The Long Term Incentive Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, performance units and performance shares. The Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors administers the Long Term Incentive Plan.
Restricted Stock Awards - In the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company granted restricted stock awards which will generally vest over a three to four-year period. Unvested restricted stock will generally be forfeited if the recipient ceases to be employed by the Company, with limited exceptions. Grantees of restricted stock awards are entitled to receive all dividends and distributions declared and paid on restricted stock, or cash payments equivalent to such dividends or distributions, including those declared and paid during the vesting period.
The following table summarizes information about restricted stock awards for the year to date period ended March 31, 2025:

| Restricted Stock Awards |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2025 | 21,818 |  |  | 24.54 |
Granted | 43,250 |  |  | 27.50 |
Vested | — |  |  | — |
Forfeited | — |  |  | — |
Outstanding at March 31, 2025 | 65,068 |  |  | 26.51 |

The following table presents information on the amounts expensed related to restricted stock for the three month periods ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

|  | For the Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
|  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
Amount expensed |  | $ | 82 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |

Stock Options - Options may be granted at a price no less than the greater of the par value or fair market value of such shares on the date on which such option is granted, and generally expire ten years from the date of grant. The options usually vest over a four-year period.
The following table summarizes information about stock option activity for the three month period ended March 31, 2025:

| Shares |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at January 1, 2025 | 246,453 |  |  | $ | 29.50 |
Exercised | (5,144) |  |  | 20.09 |
Forfeited | (2,584) |  |  | 19.99 |
Outstanding at March 31, 2025 | 238,725 |  |  | 29.80 |
Vested at Period-End | 209,504 |  |  | 29.47 |
Expected to Vest | 29,221 |  |  | 32.17 |

The following table presents information on the amounts expensed related to stock options for the three month periods ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

|  | For the Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
|  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
Amount expensed |  | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | 78 |  |  |  |  |

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Employee Stock Purchase Plan
In October 2023, the Board of Directors approved the adoption of the 2023 ESPP, which is intended to satisfy the requirements of Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code. Under this plan, the amount of the discount is 10%. Under current accounting guidance, a stock purchase plan with a discount of 5% or less is not considered a compensatory plan. The Qualified ESPP was approved by Arrow shareholders at the 2024 annual meeting of shareholders.
Director Stock Plan
Arrow maintains a director stock plan, pursuant to which a portion of the directors’ fees, as determined by the Board in its sole discretion, is paid to the directors in shares of Company common stock, as opposed to cash or any other form of compensation, subject to applicable law. Each director may elect to receive a greater amount or percentage of his or her directors’ fees payable in common stock from the portion that would otherwise have been payable in cash to the director.
Employee Stock Ownership Plan
Arrow maintains an ESOP, pursuant to which substantially all employees of Arrow and its subsidiaries are eligible to participate upon satisfaction of applicable service requirements. The Company may make, and historically has made, a cash contribution to the ESOP each year.
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Note 10. RETIREMENT BENEFIT PLANS (Dollars in Thousands)
Arrow sponsors qualified and non-qualified defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement benefit plans for its employees. Arrow maintains a non-contributory pension plan, which covers substantially all employees. Effective December 1, 2002, all active participants in the qualified defined benefit pension plan were given a one-time irrevocable election to continue participating in the traditional plan design, for which benefits were based on years of service and the participant’s final compensation (as defined), or to begin participating in the new cash balance plan design. All new employees who first participate in the plan after December 1, 2002 automatically participate in the cash balance plan design. The interest credits under the cash balance plan are based on the 30-year U.S. Treasury rate in effect for November of the prior year with a minimum interest credit of 3%. The service credits under the cash balance plan are equal to 6.0% of eligible salaries for employees who become participants on or after January 1, 2003. For employees in the plan prior to January 1, 2003, the service credits are scaled based on the age of the participant, and range from 6.0% to 12.0%. The funding policy is to contribute up to the maximum amount that can be deducted for federal income tax purposes and to make all payments required under The Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA). Arrow also maintains a supplemental non-qualified unfunded retirement plan to provide eligible employees of Arrow and its subsidiaries with benefits in excess of qualified plan limits imposed by federal tax law.
Arrow has multiple non-pension postretirement benefit plans. The health care, dental and life insurance plans are contributory, with participants’ contributions adjusted annually. Arrow’s policy is to fund the cost of postretirement benefits based on the current cost of the underlying policies. However, the health care plan provision allows for grandfathered participants to receive automatic increases of Company contributions each year based on the increase in inflation, limited to a maximum of 5%.
As of December 31, 2024, Arrow used the sex-distinct Amount-Weighted Pri-2012 Mortality Tables for employees, healthy retirees and contingent survivors, with mortality improvements projected using Scale MP-2021 on a generational basis for the Pension Plan and the sex-distinct White Collar Amount-Weighted Pri-2012 Mortality Tables for employees, healthy retirees and contingent survivors, with mortality improvements projected using Scale MP-2021 on a generational basis for the Select Executive Retirement Plan.
Segment interest rates of 4.66%, 5.25%, 5.57% were used in determining the present value of a lump sum payment/annuitizing cash balance accounts as of December 31, 2024.
Effective January 1, 2021, there was a three percent (3%) increase in the benefit payable to or on behalf of each participant:
•whose employment with the Employer (or any predecessor Employer, except as noted below) terminated on or before January 1, 2016;
•who satisfied the requirements for early, normal, or late retirement as of such termination;
•who never participated in the United Vermont Bancorporation Plan and;
•who is, or whose beneficiary is, receiving monthly benefit payments from the plan as of January 1, 2021 (including a participant or beneficiary who shall commence receiving benefits from the plan as of January 1, 2021).
The foregoing increase was applied to the monthly benefit actually payable to the participant, or to the participant's beneficiary, as of January 1, 2021, determined after all applicable adjustments, regardless of whether such benefit had been determined under the Company's plan or the plan of a predecessor employer that had been merged into the plan.
The plan amendment caused a $352 thousand increase in the projected benefit obligation, creating a positive service cost which will be amortized over 9.70 years (the average expected future service of active plan participants.)
Effective January 1, 2021, Arrow Bank, formerly and then known as Glens Falls National Bank and Trust Company ("GFNB"), amended the Arrow Financial Corporation Employees' SERP. The plan change was adopted January 1, 2021 and the amendment was valued as of December 31, 2020. The plan amendment provides a special adjustment to the monthly benefit payment for certain retirees. The plan amendment caused a $123 thousand increase in the projected benefit obligation, creating a positive prior service cost which will be amortized over 12.5 years.
Effective December 1, 2023, Arrow amended the Arrow Financial Corporation Employees' Pension Plan. The plan change was adopted December 1, 2023 and was valued as of December 31, 2023. The plan amendment was made to reflect a one-time four percent cost of living increase applied to monthly benefit payments. The amendment caused a $526 thousand increase in the projected benefit obligation, creating a positive prior service cost. The amount will be amortized over 7.64 years which is the average expected future years of service of active plan participants.
Effective January 1, 2024, Arrow amended the schedule of participants to the Arrow Financial Corporation Employees' Select Executive Retirement Plan. The amendment expanded the pool of eligible participants to include all members of the Executive Leadership Team. The impact on the December 31, 2024 pension benefit obligation was minimal.
Effective December 31, 2024, Arrow amended the Arrow Financial Corporation Employees' Pension Plan. The plan change was adopted December 31, 2024 and was valued as of December 31, 2024. The plan amendment established a minimum account balance for certain executives and caused a $441 thousand increase in the projected benefit obligation, creating a positive prior service cost. The amount will be amortized over 7.64 years which is the expected future years of service of active plan participants.
Settlement accounting is required when lump sum payments during a fiscal year exceed that fiscal year's Service Cost plus Interest Cost components of the Net Periodic Pension Cost. Settlement accounting was not required for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2025 or March 31, 2024.
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The following tables provide the components of net periodic benefit costs for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

|  | Employees' |  | Select Executive |  | Postretirement
|  | Pension |  | Retirement |  | Benefit
|  | Plan |  | Plan |  | Plans
Net Periodic Benefit Cost |  |  |  |  |  |
For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025: |  |  |  |  |  |
Service Cost 1 |  | $ | 400 |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | 11 |
Interest Cost (Benefit) 2 |  | 584 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 79 |
Expected Return on Plan Assets 2 |  | (1,009) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Amortization of Prior Service Cost 2 |  | 47 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 26 |
Amortization of Net (Gain) 2 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (96) |
Net Periodic Cost |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 108 |  |  | $ | 20 |
Plan Contributions During the Period |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 120 |  |  | $ | 57 |
For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024: |  |  |  |  |  |
Service Cost 1 |  | $ | 466 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 15 |
Interest Cost 2 |  | 525 |  |  | 158 |  |  | 81 |
Expected Return on Plan Assets 2 |  | (932) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Amortization of Prior Service Cost 2 |  | 33 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 26 |
Amortization of Net Loss (Gain) 2 |  | — |  |  | 21 |  |  | (87) |
Net Periodic Cost |  | $ | 92 |  |  | $ | 206 |  |  | $ | 35 |
Plan Contributions During the Period |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 127 |  |  | $ | 27 |
Estimated Future Contributions in the Current Fiscal Year |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 360 |  |  | $ | 172 |

Footnotes:
1. Included in Salaries and Employee Benefits on the Consolidated Statements of Income
2. Included in Other Operating Expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income
A contribution to the qualified pension plan was not required during the three month period ended March 31, 2025 and currently, additional contributions in 2025 are not expected. Arrow makes contributions to its other post-retirement benefit plans in an amount equal to benefit payments for the year.
Note 11. EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE (In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)
The following table presents a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator used in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per common share ("EPS") for periods ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

Earnings Per Share
| Three Months Ended |  |  |
| March 31, 2025 |  | March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |
Earnings Per Share - Basic: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Income | $ | 6,310 |  |  | $ | 7,660 |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted Average Shares - Basic | 16,665 |  |  | 16,865 |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings Per Share - Basic | $ | 0.38 |  |  | $ | 0.45 |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings Per Share - Diluted: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Income | $ | 6,310 |  |  | $ | 7,660 |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted Average Shares - Basic | 16,665 |  |  | 16,865 |  |  |  |  |  |
Dilutive Average Shares Attributable to Stock Options | 8 |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted Average Shares - Diluted | 16,673 |  |  | 16,867 |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings Per Share - Diluted | $ | 0.38 |  |  | $ | 0.45 |  |  |  |  |  |

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Note 12. FAIR VALUES (Dollars In Thousands)
FASB defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in GAAP and requires certain disclosures about fair value measurements. There are no nonfinancial assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The only assets or liabilities that Arrow measured at fair value on a recurring basis at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were AFS securities, equity securities and derivatives. Arrow held no securities or liabilities for trading on such dates.
The table below presents the financial instrument's fair value and the amounts within the fair value hierarchy based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement:

Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis
|  |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using:
| Fair Value |  | Quoted Prices In Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring Basis: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
March 31, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities Available-for Sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasuries | $ | 99,499 |  |  | $ | 99,499 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
U.S. Government & Agency Obligations | 54,492 |  |  | — |  |  | 54,492 |  |  | $ | — |
State and Municipal Obligations | 240 |  |  | — |  |  | 240 |  |  | — |
Mortgage-Backed Securities | 290,522 |  |  | — |  |  | 290,522 |  |  | — |
Corporate and Other Debt Securities | 991 |  |  | — |  |  | 991 |  |  | — |
Total Securities Available-for-Sale | 445,744 |  |  | 99,499 |  |  | 346,245 |  |  | — |
Equity Securities | 5,372 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,372 |  |  | — |
Total Securities Measured on a Recurring Basis | 451,116 |  |  | 99,499 |  |  | 351,617 |  |  | — |
Derivative Assets | 10,418 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,418 |  |  | — |
Total Measured on a Recurring Basis | $ | 461,534 |  |  | $ | 99,499 |  |  | $ | 362,035 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative Liabilities | 9,450 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,450 |  |  | — |
Total Measured on a Recurring Basis | $ | 9,450 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,450 |  |  | $ | — |
December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities Available-for Sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasuries | $ | 98,070 |  |  | $ | 98,070 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
U.S. Government & Agency Obligations | 69,214 |  |  | — |  |  | 69,214 |  |  | — |
State and Municipal Obligations | 240 |  |  | — |  |  | 240 |  |  | — |
Mortgage-Backed Securities | 294,608 |  |  | — |  |  | 294,608 |  |  | — |
Corporate and Other Debt Securities | 979 |  |  | — |  |  | 979 |  |  | — |
Total Securities Available-for-Sale | 463,111 |  |  | 98,070 |  |  | 365,041 |  |  | — |
Equity Securities | 5,055 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,055 |  |  | — |
Total Securities Measured on a Recurring Basis | 468,166 |  |  | 98,070 |  |  | 370,096 |  |  | — |
Derivative Assets | 12,659 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,659 |  |  | — |
Total Measured on a Recurring Basis | $ | 480,825 |  |  | $ | 98,070 |  |  | $ | 382,755 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative Liabilities | $ | 8,638 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,638 |  |  | $ | — |
Total Measured on a Recurring Basis | $ | 8,638 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,638 |  |  | $ | — |

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| Fair Value |  | Quoted Prices In Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |  | Gains (Losses) Recognized in Earnings
Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Nonrecurring Basis: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
March 31, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Collateral Dependent Evaluated Loans | $ | 10,649 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,649 |  |  |
Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets, Net | 426 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 426 |  |  | — |
December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Collateral Dependent Impaired Loans | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets, Net | 458 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 458 |  |  | — |

The fair value of financial instruments is determined under the following hierarchy:
•Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities;
•Level 2 - Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability; and,
•Level 3 - Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (i.e., supported by little or no market activity).
Fair Value Methodology for Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring Basis
The fair value of Level 1 AFS securities are based on unadjusted, quoted market prices from exchanges in active markets. The fair value of Level 2 AFS securities are based on an independent bond and equity pricing service for identical assets or significantly similar securities and an independent equity pricing service for equity securities not actively traded. The pricing services use a variety of techniques to arrive at fair value including market maker bids, quotes and pricing models. Inputs to the pricing models include recent trades, benchmark interest rates, spreads and actual and projected cash flows. The fair value of Level 2 equities are based on the last observable price in open markets. The fair value of Level 2 derivatives is determined using inputs that are observable in the market place obtained from third parties including yield curves, publicly available volatilities, and floating indexes.
Fair Value Methodology for Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Nonrecurring Basis
The fair value of collateral dependent individually evaluated loans and other real estate owned is based on the fair value of the underlying collateral which is based on the appraised value less costs to sell. Significant unobservable inputs used in this valuation technique include capitalization rates which ranged from 7% - 10%. The appraisals may be adjusted by management for qualitative factors such as economic conditions and estimated liquidation expenses. Arrow evaluates each of these assets for impairment at least annually, with no impairment recognized for these assets at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
Fair Value Methodology for Financial Instruments Not Measured on a Recurring or Nonrecurring Basis
The fair value for securities held-to-maturity is determined utilizing an independent bond pricing service for identical assets or significantly similar securities. The pricing service uses a variety of techniques to arrive at fair value including market maker bids, quotes and pricing models. Inputs to the pricing models include recent trades, benchmark interest rates, spreads and actual and projected cash flows.
Local municipal held-to-maturity securities are recorded at cost on the financial statements. That determination is due to several factors including that there is no reliable external pricing available, the vast majority of maturities are under 1-year, and each are guaranteed by their respective municipalities, who are in turn guaranteed by the State of New York.
ASU 2016-01 "Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities" requires that the fair value for loans must be disclosed using the "exit price" notion which is a reasonable estimate of what another party might pay in an orderly transaction. Fair values for loans are calculated for portfolios of loans with similar financial characteristics. Loans are segregated by type such as commercial, commercial real estate, residential mortgage, indirect auto and other consumer loans. Each loan category is further segmented into fixed and adjustable interest rate terms and by performing and nonperforming categories. The fair value of performing loans is calculated by determining the estimated future cash flow, which is the contractual cash flow adjusted for estimated prepayments. The discount rate is determined by starting with current market yields, and first adjusting for a liquidity premium. This premium is separately determined for each loan type. Then a credit loss component is determined utilizing the credit loss assumptions used in the allowance for credit loss model. Finally, a discount spread is applied separately for consumer loans vs. commercial loans based on market information and utilization of the swap curve.
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The fair value of time deposits is based on the discounted value of contractual cash flows. The discount rates are estimated using the FHLBNY yield curve, which is considered representative of Arrow’s time deposit rates.
The fair value of FHLBNY advances is calculated by the FHLBNY.
The carrying amount of FHLBNY and FRB stock approximates fair value. If the stock was redeemed, the Company will receive an amount equal to the par value of the stock.
Fair Value by Balance Sheet Grouping
The following table presents a summary of the carrying amount, the fair value (exit price) or an amount approximating fair value and the fair value hierarchy of Arrow’s financial instruments:

Schedule of Fair Values by Balance Sheet Grouping
|  |  |  |  | Fair Value Hierarchy
| Carrying Value |  | Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
March 31, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and Cash Equivalents | $ | 301,446 |  |  | $ | 301,446 |  |  | $ | 301,446 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Securities Available-for-Sale | 445,744 |  |  | 445,744 |  |  | 99,499 |  |  | 346,245 |  |  | — |
Securities Held-to-Maturity | 97,492 |  |  | 96,335 |  |  | — |  |  | 72,542 |  |  | 23,793 |
Equity Securities | 5,372 |  |  | 5,372 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,372 |  |  | — |
Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank Stock | 4,353 |  |  | 4,353 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,353 |  |  | — |
Net Loans | 3,379,097 |  |  | 3,188,360 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,188,360 |
Accrued Interest Receivable | 14,773 |  |  | 14,773 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,773 |  |  | — |
Derivative Assets | 10,418 |  |  | 10,418 |  |  |  |  | 10,418 |  |  |
Deposits | 3,968,165 |  |  | 3,965,110 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,965,110 |  |  | — |
Borrowings | 8,600 |  |  | 8,482 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,482 |  |  | — |
Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts | 20,000 |  |  | 19,710 |  |  | — |  |  | 19,710 |  |  | — |
Accrued Interest Payable | 5,418 |  |  | 5,418 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,418 |  |  | — |
Derivative Liabilities | 9,450 |  |  | 9,450 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,450 |  |  | — |
December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and Cash Equivalents | $ | 154,546 |  |  | $ | 154,546 |  |  | $ | 154,546 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Securities Available-for-Sale | 463,111 |  |  | 463,111 |  |  | 98,070 |  |  | 365,041 |  |  | — |
Securities Held-to-Maturity | 98,261 |  |  | 96,586 |  |  | — |  |  | 75,262 |  |  | 21,324 |
Equity Securities | 5,055 |  |  | 5,055 |  |  |  |  | 5,055 |  |  |
Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank Stock | 4,353 |  |  | 4,353 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,353 |  |  | — |
Net Loans | 3,360,943 |  |  | 3,137,721 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,137,721 |
Accrued Interest Receivable | 13,229 |  |  | 13,229 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,229 |  |  | — |
Derivative Assets | 12,659 |  |  | 12,659 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,659 |  |  | — |
Deposits | 3,827,930 |  |  | 3,824,699 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,824,699 |  |  | — |
Borrowings | 8,600 |  |  | 8,386 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,386 |  |  | — |
Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts | 20,000 |  |  | 20,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,000 |  |  | — |
Accrued Interest Payable | 5,099 |  |  | 5,099 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,099 |  |  | — |
Derivative Liabilities | 8,638 |  |  | 8,638 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,638 |  |  | — |

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Note 13. LEASES (Dollars In Thousands)
Arrow leases real property, primarily for financial services locations, and corporate vehicles. These leases generally require Arrow to pay third-party expenses on behalf of the Lessor, which are referred to as variable payments. Under some leases, Arrow pays the variable payments to the lessor, and in other leases, Arrow pays the variable payments directly to the applicable third party. None of Arrow's current leases include any residual value guarantees or any subleases, and there are no significant rights and obligations of Arrow for leases that have not commenced as of the reporting date.
Arrow leases three of its branch offices, at market rates, from Stewart’s Shops Corp. Additionally on June 14th, 2024, Arrow entered into a sale-leaseback agreement with Stewart’s Shops Corp. for a bank branch location. The sale price of the property was $1.1 million which resulted in a gain of $377 thousand. The lease agreement began in June 2024 and runs through May 2029, with rent totaling $5 thousand per month for the remainder of the lease. Mr. Gary C. Dake, President of Stewart’s Shops Corp., serves as a Director on the Board of Directors of Arrow and Arrow Bank. Mr. Dake is retiring from the Board at the Annual Meeting on June 4, 2025.
The following includes quantitative data related to Arrow's leases as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024:

|  | Three Months Ended
Finance Lease Amounts: | Classification | March 31, 2025 |  | March 31, 2024
Right-of-Use Assets | Premises and Equipment, Net | $ | 4,239 |  |  | $ | 4,416 |
Lease Liabilities | Finance Leases | 4,979 |  |  | 5,053 |
Operating Lease Amounts: |  |  |  |
Right-of-Use Assets | Other Assets | $ | 4,834 |  |  | $ | 4,790 |
Lease Liabilities | Other Liabilities | 5,029 |  |  | 4,997 |
Other Information: |  |  |  |
Cash Paid For Amounts Included In The Measurement Of Lease Liabilities: |  |  |
Operating Outgoing Cash Flows From Finance Leases |  | $ | 47 |  |  | $ | 48 |
Operating Outgoing Cash Flows From Operating Leases |  | 188 |  |  | 155 |
Financing Outgoing Cash Flows From Finance Leases |  | 26 |  |  | 13 |
Right-of-Use Assets Obtained In Exchange For New Finance Lease Liabilities | — |  |  | — |
Right-of-Use Assets Obtained In Exchange For New Operating Lease Liabilities | 376 |  |  | — |
Weighted-average Remaining Lease Term - Finance Leases (Yrs.) |  | 25.09 |  | 26.04
Weighted-average Remaining Lease Term - Operating Leases (Yrs.) |  | 9.86 |  | 11.06
Weighted-average Discount Rate—Finance Leases |  | 3.75 | % |  | 3.75 | %
Weighted-average Discount Rate—Operating Leases |  | 3.45 | % |  | 3.10 | %

Lease cost information for Arrow's leases is as follows: |  |  |  |
| Three Months Ended |  |
| March 31, 2025 |  | March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |
Lease Cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Finance Lease Cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reduction of Right-of-Use Assets | $ | 44 |  |  | $ | 44 |  |  |  |  |
Interest on Lease Liabilities | 47 |  |  | 48 |  |  |  |  |
Operating Lease Cost | 215 |  |  | 195 |  |  |  |  |
Short-term Lease Cost | 9 |  |  | 10 |  |  |  |  |
Variable Lease Cost | 37 |  |  | 75 |  |  |  |  |
Total Lease Cost | $ | 352 |  |  | $ | 372 |  |  |  |  |

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Future Lease Payments at March 31, 2025 are as follows: |
| Operating Leases |  | Financing Leases |
Twelve Months Ended: |  |  |  |
3/31/2026 | $ | 819 |  |  | $ | 256 |  |
3/31/2027 | 760 |  |  | 268 |  |
3/31/2028 | 691 |  |  | 268 |  |
3/31/2029 | 642 |  |  | 268 |  |
3/31/2030 | 576 |  |  | 280 |  |
Thereafter | 2,495 |  |  | 6,649 |  |
Total Undiscounted Cash Flows | $ | 5,983 |  |  | $ | 7,989 |  |
Less: Net Present Value Adjustment | 954 |  |  | 3,010 |  |
Lease Liability | $ | 5,029 |  |  | $ | 4,979 |  |

Note 14. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES (In Thousands)
Arrow is exposed to certain risks arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. Arrow principally manages its exposures to a wide variety of business and operational risks through management of its core business activities. Arrow manages economic risks, including interest rate, primarily by managing the amount, sources and duration of its assets and liabilities and through the use of derivative instruments. Specifically, Arrow enters into derivative financial instruments to manage exposures that arise from business activities that result in the receipt or payment of future known and uncertain cash amounts, the value of which are determined by interest rates. Arrow's derivative financial instruments are used to manage differences in the amount, timing and duration of known or expected cash receipts and its known or expected cash payments principally related to certain fixed rate borrowings. Arrow also has interest rate derivatives that result from a service provided to certain qualifying customers and, therefore, are not used to manage interest rate risk in Arrow's assets or liabilities. Arrow's goal is to have a matched book with respect to its derivative instruments in order to minimize its net risk exposure resulting from such transactions.
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
Arrow enters into interest rate swap agreements with its commercial customers to provide them with a long-term fixed rate, while simultaneously entering into offsetting interest rate swap agreements with a counterparty to swap the fixed rate to a variable rate to manage interest rate exposure.
These interest rate swap agreements are not designated as a hedge for accounting purposes. As the interest rate swap agreements have substantially equivalent and offsetting terms, they do not present material interest rate exposure to Arrow's consolidated statements of income. Arrow records its interest rate swap agreements at fair value and is presented on a gross basis within other assets and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the fair value of assets and liabilities arising from these derivatives are included, net, in other income in the consolidated statement of income.
The following table depicts the fair value adjustment recorded related to the notional amount of derivatives, not designated as hedging instruments, outstanding as well as the notional amount of the interest rate swap agreements:

Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments - Interest Rate Swap Agreements
| March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |  |
Fair value adjustment included in other assets | $ | 4,538 |  |  | $ | 5,520 |  |  |
Fair value adjustment included in other liabilities | 4,538 |  |  | 5,520 |  |  |
Notional amount | 103,846 |  |  | 104,897 |  |  |

Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments
Arrow entered into two pay-fixed portfolio layer method ("PLM") fair value swaps, designated as hedging instruments, with a total notional amount of $250 million and $50 million, respectively, in the third quarter of 2023. Arrow is designating the fair value swaps under PLM. Under PLM, the hedged items are designated as hedged layers of a closed portfolio of financial loans that are anticipated to remain outstanding for the designated hedged period. Adjustments will be made to record the swaps at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, with changes in fair value recognized in interest income. The carrying value of the fair value swaps on the Consolidated Balance Sheets will also be adjusted through interest income, based on changes in fair value attributable to changes in the hedged risk.
The following table depicts the fair value adjustment recorded related to the notional amount of derivatives, designed as hedging instruments, outstanding as well as the notional amount of the interest rate swap agreements:
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Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments - Fair Value Agreements
| March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |  |
Fair value adjustment included in other assets | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Fair value adjustment included in other liabilities | 3,332 |  |  | 2,263 |  |  |
Notional amount | 300,000 |  |  | 300,000 |  |  |

The following table summarizes the effect of the fair value hedging relationship recognized on the unaudited interim consolidated statement of income:

Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments - Fair Value Agreements
| Three Months Ended |  | Twelve Months Ended |  |
| March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |  |
Hedged Asset | $ | 3,306 |  |  | $ | 2,234 |  |  |
Fair value derivative designated as hedging instrument | (3,332) |  |  | (2,263) |  |  |
Cumulative (loss) gain recognized in the consolidated statements of income with interest and fees on loans | (26) |  |  | (29) |  |  |

The following table represents the carrying value of the PLM hedged assets and the cumulative fair value hedging adjustment included in the carrying value of the hedged asset:

Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments - Fair Value Swap Agreements
| March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |  |
Carrying Value of Portfolio Layer Method Hedged Asset | $ | 303,306 |  |  | $ | 302,234 |  |  |
Cumulative Fair Value Hedging Adjustment | 3,306 |  |  | 2,234 |  |  |

In the third quarter of 2024, Arrow entered into a forward interest rate swaps agreement which commenced in the first quarter of 2025, designated as hedging instruments, to add stability to interest expense and to manage its exposure to the variability of the future cash flows attributable to the contractually specified interest rates. The notional amount is $125 million and will synthetically fix the variable rate interest payments. The effective fixed rate is 3.29% until maturity. Arrow entered into pay-fixed interest rate swaps to convert rolling 90 days brokered deposits.
The following table indicates the effect of cash flow hedge accounting on accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) and on the consolidated statement of income.

Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments - Cash Flow Hedge Agreements
| Three Months Ended |  | Twelve Months Ended |  |
| March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |  |
Fair value adjustment included in other assets | $ | 979 |  |  | $ | 1,757 |  |  |
Amount of (loss) gain recognized in AOCI | (591) |  |  | 1,757 |  |  |
Amount of gain reclassified from AOCI interest expense | 187 |  |  | — |  |  |

In the fourth quarter of 2023, Arrow entered into two interest rate swaps, designated as hedging instruments, to add stability to interest expense and to manage its exposure to the variability of the future cash flows attributable to the contractually specified interest rates. The notional amounts were $100 million and $75 million, respectively. Arrow entered into pay-fixed interest rate swaps to convert rolling 90 days brokered deposits.
For derivatives that qualify as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk, the gain or loss on the derivative is recorded in AOCI and subsequently reclassified into interest expense in the same period during which the hedge transaction affects earnings.
The following table indicates the effect of cash flow hedge accounting on AOCI and on the consolidated statement of income.

Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments - Cash Flow Hedge Agreements
| Three Months Ended |  | Twelve Months Ended |  |
| March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |  |
Fair value adjustment included in other liabilities | $ | 1,580 |  |  | $ | 855 |  |  |
Amount of (loss) gain recognized in AOCI | (699) |  |  | 3,383 |  |  |
Amount of gain reclassified from AOCI interest expense | 26 |  |  | 1,528 |  |  |

In 2019, Arrow entered into interest rate swaps to synthetically fix the variable rate interest payments associated with $20 million in outstanding subordinated trust securities. These agreements are designated as cash flow hedges.
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The following table indicates the effect of cash flow hedge accounting on AOCI and on the consolidated statement of income.

Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments - Cash Flow Hedge Agreements
| Three Months Ended |  | Twelve Months Ended |  |
| March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |  |
Fair value adjustment included in other assets | $ | 4,901 |  |  | $ | 5,382 |  |  |
Amount of (loss) gain recognized in AOCI | (264) |  |  | 1,358 |  |  |
Amount of gain reclassified from AOCI to interest expense | 217 |  |  | 974 |  |  |

For derivatives that qualify as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk, the gain or loss on the derivative is recorded in AOCI and subsequently reclassified into interest expense in the same period during which the hedge transaction affects earnings.
Note 15: Segment Reporting
The Company's revenue is primarily derived from community banking. Arrow's Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") is considered to be the Company's Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM"). The CEO manages its operations and monitors its financial performance on a consolidated basis The Executive Management Team includes the following officers of the Company:
•President and CEO,
•Senior Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer & Chief Accounting Officer,
•Senior Executive Vice President, Chief Risk Officer,
•Senior Executive Vice President, Chief Credit Officer,
•Senior Executive Vice President, Chief Banking Officer,
•Executive Vice President, Chief Information Officer and
•Executive Vice President, Chief Human Resources Officer.
Financial performance is reported to the CODM monthly. Net consolidated income and EPS are the primary measures used by the Executive Management team to evaluate Arrow's performance. Secondary measures include metrics like return on average assets and Net Interest Margin. All measures are reviewed and either affirmed or changed annually by the CODM and the Board of Directors. The presentation of financial performance to the CODM is consistent with the amounts and financial statement captions shown on the Company's consolidated balance sheets and consolidated statements of income. Significant expenses of the Company are adequately segmented in the consolidated statements of income to include all significant items when considering both quantitative and qualitative factors. These significant expenses include salaries and employee benefits, occupancy expense, technology and equipment expense, FDIC assessments and other operating expense.
All of the Company's financial results are considered by the Executive Management Team to be aggregated into one reportable segment which is community banking. While the Company does designate management responsibilities by certain business-lines, the Company's CODM evaluates financial performance on a Company-wide basis. The primary source of Arrow's revenue is from its community banking operation. All of Arrow's designated business lines have either similar characteristics, products and services, or are complementary products. Therefore, the operations of the Company are managed and considered by the Executive Management Team as one reportable segment.
Note 16. SUBSEQUENT EVENT
The Company evaluates subsequent events up until the date the consolidated financial statements are issued.
As discussed in Note 5. Loans, during the quarter ended March 31, 2025, Arrow recognized a $3.75 million Reserve on a $15 million commercial real estate loan. The loan was secured by properties in two office parks located in Upstate New York, where Arrow is a 22% participant in a $67 million multi-bank deal. Subsequent to March 31, 2025, the bank group foreclosed on collateral related to the commercial real estate loan. The property remains largely tenant-occupied and continues to generate positive net operating income. See page 18 for additional discussion of the Reserve.
38

Item 2.
ARROW FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
March 31, 2025
NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY
In this Report, the terms "Arrow," "the registrant," "the Company," "we," "us," and "our" generally refer to Arrow Financial Corporation and its subsidiaries as a group, except where the context indicates otherwise. At certain points in this Report, Arrow's performance is compared with that of the Company's "peer group" of financial institutions. Unless otherwise specifically stated, the peer group for the purposes of this Report is comprised of the group of 191 domestic bank holding companies with $3 to $10 billion in total consolidated assets as identified in the FRB’s "Bank Holding Company Performance Report" for December 31, 2024 (the most recent such report currently available), and peer group data contained herein has been derived from such report.
THE COMPANY AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
Effective December 31, 2024, the Company unified its former subsidiary banks, GFNB and Saratoga National Bank and Trust Company ("SNB"), and became a single bank holding company headquartered in Glens Falls, New York. The post-unification banking subsidiary is Arrow Bank National Association®, or Arrow Bank™, whose main office is located in Glens Falls, New York. Active subsidiaries of Arrow Bank include Upstate Agency, LLC (an insurance agency that sells property and casualty insurance and also specializes in selling and servicing group health care policies and life insurance), North Country Investment Advisers, Inc. (a registered investment adviser that provides investment advice to Arrow's proprietary mutual fund) and Arrow Properties, Inc. (a real estate investment trust, or REIT). Arrow also owns directly two subsidiary business trusts, organized in 2003 and 2004 to issue trust preferred securities (TRUPs), which are still outstanding.
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this "Report") contains statements that are not historical in nature but rather are based on Arrow's beliefs, assumptions, expectations, estimates and projections about the future. These statements are "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 ("Exchange Act"), as amended, and involve a degree of uncertainty and attendant risk. Words such as "may," "will," "expect," "believe," "anticipate," "estimate," "continue," and variations of such words and similar expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. Examples of forward-looking statements include statements regarding Arrow's asset quality, the level of allowance for credit losses, the sufficiency of liquidity sources, interest rate change exposure, changes in accounting standards, and Arrow's tax plans and strategies. Some of these statements, such as those included in the interest rate sensitivity analysis in Part I, Item 3, entitled "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk," are merely presentations of what future performance or changes in future performance would look like based on hypothetical assumptions and on simulation models. Other forward-looking statements are based on Arrow's general perceptions of market conditions and trends in business activity, both Arrow's and in the banking industry generally, as well as current management strategies for future operations and development.
These forward-looking statements may not be exhaustive, are not guarantees of future performance and involve certain risks and uncertainties that are difficult to quantify or, in some cases, to identify. You should not place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements. In the case of all forward-looking statements, actual outcomes and results may differ materially from what the statements predict or forecast. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to the following:
•Arrow remains subject to inflationary risk which could adversely impact our business and our customers.
•Market conditions could present significant challenges to the U.S. commercial banking industry and its core business of making and servicing loans. Any substantial downturn in the regional markets in which Arrow operates or in the U.S. economy generally could adversely affect Arrow's ability to maintain and/or grow earnings.
•Any future economic or financial downturn, including any significant correction in the equity markets, could adversely affect Arrow's volume of income attributable to, and demand for, fee-based services of Arrow Bank, including the Company's fiduciary business, which could negatively impact Arrow's financial condition and results of operations.
•Arrow operates in a highly competitive industry and market areas that could negatively affect growth and profitability.
•The financial services industry is faced with technological advances and changes on a continuing basis, and failure to adapt to these advances and changes could have a material adverse impact on Arrow's business.
•Problems encountered by other financial institutions could adversely affect Arrow.
•Arrow faces continuing and growing security risks to its information base including the information maintained relating to customers, and any breaches in the security systems implemented to protect this information could have a material negative effect on Arrow's business operations and financial condition.
•Business could suffer if Arrow loses key personnel unexpectedly.
•Health emergencies may adversely affect Arrow’s business activities, financial condition and results of operations.
•Arrow may not realize the anticipated benefits of unifying its two former subsidiary banks into one bank.
•Arrow is subject to interest rate risk, which could adversely affect profitability.
•Arrow Bank's allowance for possible credit losses may be insufficient, and an increase in the allowance would reduce earnings.
•The increasing complexity of Arrow's operations presents varied risks that could affect earnings and financial condition.
•Arrow’s financial condition and the results of its operations could be negatively impacted by changes in its liquidity position.
39

•Arrow could recognize losses on securities held in its securities portfolio, particularly if interest rates increase or economic and market conditions deteriorate.
•The Company relies on the operations of its subsidiaries to provide liquidity, which, if limited, could impact Arrow's ability to pay dividends to its shareholders or to repurchase its common stock.
•Federal banking statutes and regulations could change in the future, which may adversely affect Arrow.
•Capital and liquidity standards require banks and bank holding companies to maintain more and higher quality capital and greater liquidity than has historically been the case.
•Non-compliance with the Patriot Act, Bank Secrecy Act, or other anti-money laundering laws and regulations could result in fines or sanctions and restrictions on conducting acquisitions or establishing new branches.
•Arrow, through Arrow Bank, is subject to the CRA and fair lending laws, and failure to comply with these laws could lead to material penalties.
Arrow is under no duty to update any of the forward-looking statements after the date of this Report to conform such statements to actual results. All forward-looking statements, express or implied, included in this Report and the documents incorporated by reference and that are attributable to Arrow are expressly qualified in their entirety by this cautionary statement. This cautionary statement should also be considered in connection with any subsequent written or oral forward-looking statements that Arrow or any persons acting on its behalf may issue. This Report should be read in conjunction with the 2024 Form 10-K and our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC").
USE OF NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
The SEC has adopted Regulation G, which applies to all public disclosures, including earnings releases, made by registered companies that contain “non-GAAP financial measures.” GAAP is generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America. Under Regulation G, companies making public disclosures containing non-GAAP financial measures must also disclose, along with each non-GAAP financial measure, certain additional information, including a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measure to the closest comparable GAAP financial measure and a statement of the Company’s reasons for utilizing the non-GAAP financial measure as part of its financial disclosures. The SEC has exempted from the definition of “non-GAAP financial measures” certain commonly used financial measures that are not based on GAAP. When these exempted measures are included in public disclosures, supplemental information is not required. The following measures used in this Report, which are commonly utilized by financial institutions, have not been specifically exempted by the SEC and may constitute "non-GAAP financial measures" within the meaning of the SEC's rules.
Tax-Equivalent Net Interest Income and Net Interest Margin: Net interest income, as a component of the tabular presentation by financial institutions of Selected Financial Information regarding their recently completed operations, as well as disclosures based on that tabular presentation, is commonly presented on a tax-equivalent basis. That is, to the extent that some component of the institution's net interest income, which is presented on a before-tax basis, is exempt from taxation (e.g., is received by the institution as a result of its holdings of state or municipal obligations), an amount equal to the tax benefit derived from that component is added to the actual before-tax net interest income total. This adjustment is considered helpful in comparing one financial institution's net interest income to that of another institution or in analyzing any institution’s net interest income trend line over time, to correct any analytical distortion that might otherwise arise from the fact that financial institutions vary widely in the proportions of their portfolios that are invested in tax-exempt securities. Moreover, net interest income is itself a component of a second financial measure commonly used by financial institutions, net interest margin, which is the ratio of net interest income to average earning assets. For purposes of this measure as well, tax-equivalent net interest income is generally used by financial institutions, again to provide a better basis of comparison from institution to institution and to better demonstrate a single institution’s performance over time. The Company follows these practices.
The Efficiency Ratio: Financial institutions often use an "efficiency ratio" as a measure of expense control. The efficiency ratio typically is defined as the ratio of non-interest expense to net interest income and non-interest income. Net interest income as utilized in calculating the efficiency ratio is typically the same as the net interest income presented in Selected Financial Information table discussed in the preceding paragraph, i.e., it is expressed on a tax-equivalent basis. Moreover, many financial institutions, in calculating the efficiency ratio, also adjust both non-interest expense and non-interest income to exclude from these items (as calculated under GAAP) certain recurring component elements of income and expense, such as intangible asset amortization (which is included in non-interest expense under GAAP but may not be included therein for purposes of calculating the efficiency ratio) and securities gains or losses (which are reflected in the calculation of non-interest income under GAAP but may be ignored for purposes of calculating the efficiency ratio). The Company makes these adjustments.
Tangible Book Value per Share: Tangible equity is total stockholders’ equity less intangible assets. Tangible book value per share is tangible equity divided by total shares issued and outstanding. Tangible book value per share is often regarded as a more meaningful comparative ratio than book value per share as calculated under GAAP, that is, total stockholders’ equity including intangible assets divided by total shares issued and outstanding.
Adjustments for Certain Items of Income or Expense: In addition to our regular utilization in our public filings and disclosures of the various non-GAAP measures commonly utilized by financial institutions discussed above, we also may elect from time to time, in connection with our presentation of various financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP, such as net income, earnings per share (i.e., EPS), return on average assets (i.e., ROA), and return on average equity (i.e., ROE), to additionally provide certain comparative disclosures that adjust these GAAP financial measures, typically by removing therefrom the impact of certain transactions or other material items of income or expense that are unusual or unlikely to be repeated. The Company does so only if it believes that
40

inclusion of the resulting non-GAAP financial measures may improve the average investor's understanding of Arrow's results of operations by separating out items that have a disproportional positive or negative impact on the particular period in question or by otherwise permitting a better comparison from period-to-period in the results of operations with respect to the Company's fundamental lines of business, including the commercial banking business.
Arrow believes that the non-GAAP financial measures disclosed from time-to-time are useful in evaluating our performance and that such information should be considered as supplemental in nature, and not as a substitute for, or superior to, the related financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. Non-GAAP financial measures may differ from similar measures presented by other companies.
41

Arrow Financial Corporation
Selected Quarterly Information
(Dollars In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts - Unaudited)

Quarter Ended | 3/31/2025 |  | 12/31/2024 |  | 9/30/2024 |  | 6/30/2024 |  | 3/31/2024
Net Income | $ | 6,310 |  |  | $ | 4,470 |  |  | $ | 8,975 |  |  | $ | 8,604 |  |  | $ | 7,660 |
Share and Per Share Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Period End Shares Outstanding | 16,670 |  |  | 16,743 |  |  | 16,734 |  |  | 16,723 |  |  | 16,710 |
Basic Average Shares Outstanding | 16,665 |  |  | 16,718 |  |  | 16,710 |  |  | 16,685 |  |  | 16,865 |
Diluted Average Shares Outstanding | 16,673 |  |  | 16,739 |  |  | 16,742 |  |  | 16,709 |  |  | 16,867 |
Basic Earnings Per Share | $ | 0.38 |  |  | $ | 0.26 |  |  | $ | 0.54 |  |  | $ | 0.52 |  |  | $ | 0.45 |
Diluted Earnings Per Share | 0.38 |  |  | 0.27 |  |  | 0.53 |  |  | 0.52 |  |  | 0.45 |
Cash Dividend Per Share | 0.280 |  |  | 0.280 |  |  | 0.270 |  |  | 0.270 |  |  | 0.270 |
Selected Quarterly Average Balances: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing Deposits at Banks | $ | 146,023 |  |  | $ | 233,469 |  |  | $ | 154,937 |  |  | $ | 159,336 |  |  | $ | 178,452 |
Investment Securities | 591,841 |  |  | 579,107 |  |  | 590,352 |  |  | 644,192 |  |  | 671,105 |
Loans | 3,406,075 |  |  | 3,354,463 |  |  | 3,329,873 |  |  | 3,280,285 |  |  | 3,235,841 |
Deposits | 3,825,124 |  |  | 3,847,691 |  |  | 3,672,128 |  |  | 3,678,957 |  |  | 3,693,325 |
Other Borrowed Funds | 48,375 |  |  | 49,090 |  |  | 134,249 |  |  | 131,537 |  |  | 122,033 |
Stockholders’ Equity | 404,394 |  |  | 393,696 |  |  | 387,904 |  |  | 378,256 |  |  | 379,446 |
Total Assets | 4,324,917 |  |  | 4,339,833 |  |  | 4,245,597 |  |  | 4,237,359 |  |  | 4,245,484 |
Return on Average Assets, annualized | 0.59 | % |  | 0.41 | % |  | 0.84 | % |  | 0.82 | % |  | 0.73 | %
Return on Average Equity, annualized | 6.33 | % |  | 4.52 | % |  | 9.20 | % |  | 9.15 | % |  | 8.12 | %
Return on Average Tangible Equity, annualized 1 | 6.76 | % |  | 4.84 | % |  | 9.79 | % |  | 9.74 | % |  | 8.64 | %
Average Earning Assets | $ | 4,143,939 |  |  | $ | 4,167,039 |  |  | $ | 4,075,162 |  |  | $ | 4,083,813 |  |  | $ | 4,085,398 |
Average Paying Liabilities | 3,184,196 |  |  | 3,185,215 |  |  | 3,085,066 |  |  | 3,127,417 |  |  | 3,108,093 |
Interest Income | 50,366 |  |  | 50,901 |  |  | 49,443 |  |  | 47,972 |  |  | 46,677 |
Tax-Equivalent Adjustment 2 | 155 |  |  | 157 |  |  | 149 |  |  | 163 |  |  | 176 |
Interest Income, Tax-Equivalent 2 | 50,521 |  |  | 51,058 |  |  | 49,592 |  |  | 48,135 |  |  | 46,853 |
Interest Expense | 19,009 |  |  | 21,214 |  |  | 21,005 |  |  | 20,820 |  |  | 20,222 |
Net Interest Income | 31,357 |  |  | 29,687 |  |  | 28,438 |  |  | 27,152 |  |  | 26,455 |
Net Interest Income, Tax-Equivalent 2 | 31,512 |  |  | 29,844 |  |  | 28,587 |  |  | 27,315 |  |  | 26,631 |
Net Interest Margin, annualized | 3.07 | % |  | 2.83 | % |  | 2.78 | % |  | 2.67 | % |  | 2.60 | %
Net Interest Margin, Tax Equivalent, annualized 2 | 3.08 | % |  | 2.85 | % |  | 2.79 | % |  | 2.69 | % |  | 2.62 | %
Efficiency Ratio Calculation: 3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-Interest Expense | $ | 26,045 |  |  | $ | 25,838 |  |  | $ | 24,100 |  |  | $ | 23,318 |  |  | $ | 24,012 |
Less: Intangible Asset Amortization | 81 |  |  | 89 |  |  | 78 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 41 |
Net Non-Interest Expense | $ | 25,964 |  |  | $ | 25,749 |  |  | $ | 24,022 |  |  | $ | 23,278 |  |  | $ | 23,971 |
Net Interest Income, Tax-Equivalent 2 | $ | 31,512 |  |  | $ | 29,844 |  |  | $ | 28,587 |  |  | $ | 27,315 |  |  | $ | 26,631 |
Non-Interest Income | 7,839 |  |  | 4,227 |  |  | 8,133 |  |  | 7,856 |  |  | 7,858 |
Less: Net Changes in Fair Value of Equity Invest. | 317 |  |  | (3,072) |  |  | 94 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 17 |
Net Gross Income | $ | 39,034 |  |  | $ | 37,143 |  |  | $ | 36,626 |  |  | $ | 35,117 |  |  | $ | 34,472 |
Efficiency Ratio 3 | 66.52 | % |  | 69.32 | % |  | 65.59 | % |  | 66.29 | % |  | 69.54 | %
Period-End Capital Information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Stockholders’ Equity (i.e. Book Value) | $ | 404,409 |  |  | $ | 400,901 |  |  | $ | 393,311 |  |  | $ | 383,018 |  |  | $ | 377,986 |
Book Value per Share | 24.26 |  |  | 23.94 |  |  | 23.50 |  |  | 22.90 |  |  | 22.62 |
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, net | 25,743 |  |  | 25,847 |  |  | 25,979 |  |  | 22,800 |  |  | 22,891 |
Tangible Book Value per Share 1 | 22.72 |  |  | 22.40 |  |  | 21.95 |  |  | 21.54 |  |  | 21.25 |
Capital Ratios:4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tier 1 Leverage Ratio | 9.61 | % |  | 9.60 | % |  | 9.78 | % |  | 9.74 | % |  | 9.63 | %
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital Ratio | 12.59 | % |  | 12.71 | % |  | 12.77 | % |  | 12.88 | % |  | 12.84 | %
Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital Ratio | 13.23 | % |  | 13.35 | % |  | 13.41 | % |  | 13.53 | % |  | 13.50 | %
Total Risk-Based Capital Ratio | 14.48 | % |  | 14.47 | % |  | 14.46 | % |  | 14.57 | % |  | 14.57 | %

42

Arrow Financial Corporation
Selected Quarterly Information - Continued
(Dollars In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts - Unaudited)

Footnotes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1. | Non-GAAP Financial Measures Reconciliation: Tangible Book Value, Tangible Equity and Return on Tangible Equity exclude goodwill and other intangible assets, net from total equity. These are non-GAAP financial measures which Arrow believes provide investors with information that is useful in understanding our financial performance. See "Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures" on page 40.
|  | 3/31/2025 |  | 12/31/2024 |  | 9/30/2024 |  | 6/30/2024 |  | 3/31/2024
| Total Stockholders' Equity (GAAP) | $ | 404,409 |  |  | $ | 400,901 |  |  | $ | 393,311 |  |  | $ | 383,018 |  |  | $ | 377,986 |
| Less: Goodwill and Other Intangible assets, net | 25,743 |  |  | 25,847 |  |  | 25,979 |  |  | 22,800 |  |  | 22,891 |
| Tangible Equity (Non-GAAP) | $ | 378,666 |  |  | $ | 375,054 |  |  | $ | 367,332 |  |  | $ | 360,218 |  |  | $ | 355,095 |
| Period End Shares Outstanding | 16,670 |  |  | 16,743 |  |  | 16,734 |  |  | 16,723 |  |  | 16,710 |
| Tangible Book Value per Share (Non-GAAP) | $ | 22.72 |  |  | $ | 22.40 |  |  | $ | 21.95 |  |  | $ | 21.54 |  |  | $ | 21.25 |
| Net Income | 6,310 |  |  | 4,470 |  |  | 8,975 |  |  | 8,604 |  |  | 7,660 |
| Return on Average Tangible Equity (Net Income/Tangible Equity - Annualized) | 6.76 | % |  | 4.84 | % |  | 9.79 | % |  | 9.74 | % |  | 8.64 | %
2. | Non-GAAP Financial Measures Reconciliation: Net Interest Margin, Tax-Equivalent is the ratio of our annualized tax-equivalent net interest income to average earning assets. This is also a non-GAAP financial measure which Arrow believes provides investors with information that is useful in understanding our financial performance. See "Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures" on page 40.
|  | 3/31/2025 |  | 12/31/2024 |  | 9/30/2024 |  | 6/30/2024 |  | 3/31/2024
| Interest Income (GAAP) | $ | 50,366 |  |  | $ | 50,901 |  |  | $ | 49,443 |  |  | $ | 47,972 |  |  | $ | 46,677 |
| Add: Tax-Equivalent adjustment (Non-GAAP) | 155 |  |  | 157 |  |  | 149 |  |  | 163 |  |  | 176 |
| Interest Income - Tax Equivalent (Non-GAAP) | $ | 50,521 |  |  | $ | 51,058 |  |  | $ | 49,592 |  |  | $ | 48,135 |  |  | $ | 46,853 |
| Net Interest Income (GAAP) | $ | 31,357 |  |  | $ | 29,687 |  |  | $ | 28,438 |  |  | $ | 27,152 |  |  | $ | 26,455 |
| Add: Tax-Equivalent adjustment (Non-GAAP) | 155 |  |  | 157 |  |  | 149 |  |  | 163 |  |  | 176 |
| Net Interest Income - Tax Equivalent (Non-GAAP) | $ | 31,512 |  |  | $ | 29,844 |  |  | $ | 28,587 |  |  | $ | 27,315 |  |  | $ | 26,631 |
| Average Earning Assets | $ | 4,143,939 |  |  | $ | 4,167,039 |  |  | $ | 4,075,162 |  |  | $ | 4,083,813 |  |  | $ | 4,085,398 |
| Net Interest Margin (Non-GAAP)* | 3.08 | % |  | 2.85 | % |  | 2.79 | % |  | 2.69 | % |  | 2.62 | %
3. | Non-GAAP Financial Measures: Financial Institutions often use the "efficiency ratio", a non-GAAP ratio, as a measure of expense control. Arrow believes that the efficiency ratio provides investors with information that is useful in understanding our financial performance. Arrow defines efficiency ratio as the ratio of our non-interest expense to our net gross income (which equals tax-equivalent net interest income plus non-interest income, as adjusted). There is no GAAP financial measure that is closely comparable to the efficiency ratio. See "Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures" on page 40.
4. | For the current quarter, all of the regulatory capital ratios as well as the Total Risk-Weighted Assets are calculated in accordance with bank regulatory capital rules. The March 31, 2025 CET1 ratio listed in the tables (i.e., 12.59%) exceeds the sum of the required minimum CET1 ratio plus the fully phased-in Capital Conservation Buffer (i.e., 7.00%).
|  | 3/31/2025 |  | 12/31/2024 |  | 9/30/2024 |  | 6/30/2024 |  | 3/31/2024
| Total Risk Weighted Assets | $ | 3,143,547 |  |  | $ | 3,126,364 |  |  | $ | 3,110,178 |  |  | $ | 3,072,922 |  |  | $ | 3,049,525 |
| Common Equity Tier 1 Capital | 395,900 |  |  | 397,285 |  |  | 397,122 |  |  | 395,691 |  |  | 391,706 |
| Common Equity Tier 1 Capital Ratio | 12.59 | % |  | 12.71 | % |  | 12.77 | % |  | 12.88 | % |  | 12.84 | %
* Quarterly ratios have been annualized. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

43

Average Consolidated Balance Sheets and Net Interest Income Analysis
(GAAP Basis)
(Dollars In Thousands)
Quarter Ended: | March 31, 2025 |  | March 31, 2024
|  |  | Interest |  | Rate |  |  |  | Interest |  | Rate
| Average |  | Income/ |  | Earned/ |  | Average |  | Income/ |  | Earned/
| Balance |  | Expense |  | Paid |  | Balance |  | Expense |  | Paid
Interest-Bearing Deposits at Banks | $ | 146,023 |  |  | $ | 1,621 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | $ | 178,452 |  |  | $ | 2,447 |  |  | 5.52 | %
Investment Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fully Taxable | 499,903 |  |  | 3,608 |  |  | 2.93 |  |  | 550,538 |  |  | 3,186 |  |  | 2.33 |
Exempt from Federal Taxes | 91,938 |  |  | 587 |  |  | 2.59 |  |  | 120,567 |  |  | 668 |  |  | 2.23 |
Loans (1) | 3,406,075 |  |  | 44,550 |  |  | 5.30 |  |  | 3,235,841 |  |  | 40,376 |  |  | 5.02 |
Total Earning Assets (1) | 4,143,939 |  |  | 50,366 |  |  | 4.93 |  |  | 4,085,398 |  |  | 46,677 |  |  | 4.60 |
Allowance for Credit Losses | (33,691) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (31,416) |  |  |  |  |
Cash and Due From Banks | 31,515 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 29,804 |  |  |  |  |
Other Assets | 183,154 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 161,698 |  |  |  |  |
Total Assets | $ | 4,324,917 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,245,484 |  |  |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-Bearing Checking Accounts | $ | 840,571 |  |  | 1,803 |  |  | 0.87 |  |  | $ | 830,918 |  |  | 1,641 |  |  | 0.79 |
Savings Deposits | 1,515,961 |  |  | 9,483 |  |  | 2.54 |  |  | 1,481,001 |  |  | 10,230 |  |  | 2.78 |
Time Deposits of $250,000 or More | 186,159 |  |  | 1,811 |  |  | 3.95 |  |  | 177,328 |  |  | 1,973 |  |  | 4.47 |
Other Time Deposits | 593,130 |  |  | 5,529 |  |  | 3.78 |  |  | 496,813 |  |  | 5,083 |  |  | 4.11 |
Total Interest-Bearing Deposits | 3,135,821 |  |  | 18,626 |  |  | 2.41 |  |  | 2,986,060 |  |  | 18,927 |  |  | 2.55 |
Borrowings | 23,378 |  |  | 167 |  |  | 2.90 |  |  | 96,984 |  |  | 1,076 |  |  | 4.46 |
Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts | 20,000 |  |  | 169 |  |  | 3.43 |  |  | 20,000 |  |  | 171 |  |  | 3.44 |
Finance Leases | 4,997 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 3.81 |  |  | 5,049 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 3.82 |
Total Interest-Bearing Liabilities | 3,184,196 |  |  | 19,009 |  |  | 2.42 |  |  | 3,108,093 |  |  | 20,222 |  |  | 2.62 |
Noninterest-Bearing Deposits | 689,303 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 707,265 |  |  |  |  |
Other Liabilities | 47,024 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 50,680 |  |  |  |  |
Total Liabilities | 3,920,523 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,866,038 |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ Equity | 404,394 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 379,446 |  |  |  |  |
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity | $ | 4,324,917 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,245,484 |  |  |  |  |
Net Interest Income |  |  | $ | 31,357 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 26,455 |  |  |
Net Interest Spread |  |  |  |  | 2.51 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 1.98 | %
Net Interest Margin |  |  |  |  | 3.07 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 2.60 | %
(1) Includes Nonaccrual Loans. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

44

Average Consolidated Balance Sheets and Net Interest Income Analysis
(GAAP Basis)
(Dollars In Thousands)
Quarter Ended: | March 31, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
|  |  | Interest |  | Rate |  |  |  | Interest |  | Rate
| Average |  | Income/ |  | Earned/ |  | Average |  | Income/ |  | Earned/
| Balance |  | Expense |  | Paid |  | Balance |  | Expense |  | Paid
Interest-Bearing Deposits at Banks | $ | 146,023 |  |  | $ | 1,621 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | $ | 233,469 |  |  | $ | 2,880 |  |  | 4.91 | %
Investment Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fully Taxable | 499,903 |  |  | 3,608 |  |  | 2.93 |  |  | 484,860 |  |  | 2,728 |  |  | 2.24 |
Exempt from Federal Taxes | 91,938 |  |  | 587 |  |  | 2.59 |  |  | 94,247 |  |  | 590 |  |  | 2.49 |
Loans (1) | 3,406,075 |  |  | 44,550 |  |  | 5.30 |  |  | 3,354,463 |  |  | 44,703 |  |  | 5.30 |
Total Earning Assets (1) | 4,143,939 |  |  | 50,366 |  |  | 4.93 |  |  | 4,167,039 |  |  | 50,901 |  |  | 4.86 |
Allowance for Credit Losses | (33,691) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (31,529) |  |  |  |  |
Cash and Due From Banks | 31,515 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 30,706 |  |  |  |  |
Other Assets | 183,154 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 173,617 |  |  |  |  |
Total Assets | $ | 4,324,917 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,339,833 |  |  |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-Bearing Checking Accounts | $ | 840,571 |  |  | 1,803 |  |  | 0.87 |  |  | $ | 802,808 |  |  | 1,932 |  |  | 0.96 |
Savings Deposits | 1,515,961 |  |  | 9,483 |  |  | 2.54 |  |  | 1,567,455 |  |  | 11,144 |  |  | 2.83 |
Time Deposits of $250,000 or More | 186,159 |  |  | 1,811 |  |  | 3.95 |  |  | 183,325 |  |  | 1,815 |  |  | 3.94 |
Other Time Deposits | 593,130 |  |  | 5,529 |  |  | 3.78 |  |  | 582,537 |  |  | 5,906 |  |  | 4.03 |
Total Interest-Bearing Deposits | 3,135,821 |  |  | 18,626 |  |  | 2.41 |  |  | 3,136,125 |  |  | 20,797 |  |  | 2.64 |
Borrowings | 23,378 |  |  | 167 |  |  | 2.90 |  |  | 24,089 |  |  | 198 |  |  | 3.27 |
Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts | 20,000 |  |  | 169 |  |  | 3.43 |  |  | 20,000 |  |  | 172 |  |  | 3.42 |
Finance Leases | 4,997 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 3.81 |  |  | 5,001 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 3.74 |
Total Interest-Bearing Liabilities | 3,184,196 |  |  | 19,009 |  |  | 2.42 |  |  | 3,185,215 |  |  | 21,214 |  |  | 2.65 |
Noninterest-Bearing Deposits | 689,303 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 711,566 |  |  |  |  |
Other Liabilities | 47,024 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 49,356 |  |  |  |  |
Total Liabilities | 3,920,523 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,946,137 |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ Equity | 404,394 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 393,696 |  |  |  |  |
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity | $ | 4,324,917 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,339,833 |  |  |  |  |
Net Interest Income |  |  | $ | 31,357 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 29,687 |  |  |
Net Interest Spread |  |  |  |  | 2.51 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 2.21 | %
Net Interest Margin |  |  |  |  | 3.07 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 2.83 | %

(1) Includes Nonaccrual Loans.
45

OVERVIEW
The following discussion and analysis focuses on and reviews the results of operations for the three-month period ended March 31, 2025 and the financial conditions as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The discussion below should be read in conjunction with the selected quarterly and annual information set forth above and the Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements and other financial data presented elsewhere in this Report. When necessary, prior-year financial information has been reclassified to conform to the current-year presentation.
Summary of Q1 2025 Financial Results: Net income for the first quarter of 2025 was $6.3 million, increasing from $4.5 million in the fourth quarter of 2024. Compared to the prior quarter, net income benefited from an increase of $1.7 million in net interest income and an increase in non-interest income of $3.6 million, partially offset by an increase in the provision for credit losses of $2.2 million and a slight increase in non-interest expense of $207 thousand.
Net interest income for the first quarter of 2025 was $31.4 million, increasing 5.6% from $29.7 million for the fourth quarter of 2024. Total interest and dividend income was $50.4 million for the first quarter of 2025, a decrease from $50.9 million in the fourth quarter of 2024. Interest expense for the first quarter of 2025 was $19.0 million, a decrease from $21.2 million for the fourth quarter of 2024. The decrease in interest expense from the prior quarter was driven primarily by active management of deposit rates offset by changes in deposit composition.
Net interest margin and net interest margin on a fully taxable equivalent basis ("FTE") basis, for the first quarter of 2025 increased to 3.07% and 3.08%, respectively, compared to 2.83% and 2.85%, respectively, for the fourth quarter of 2024. The increase in net interest margin compared to the fourth quarter in 2024 was primarily the result of continued yield expansion on earning assets combined with the moderating cost of interest-bearing liabilities. Net interest margin is negatively affected by deposits continuing to migrate to higher cost products, such as money market savings and time deposits, while being positively impacted by repricing of higher cost time deposits. See the disclosure on page 40 related to the use of non-GAAP financial measures, including net interest margin on an FTE basis, and Footnote 2 to the Selected Quarterly Information for the reconciliation to GAAP.
For the first quarter of 2025, the provision for credit losses was $5.0 million compared to $2.9 million in the fourth quarter of 2024. The primary driver of the increase was Arrow's recognition of the Reserve which is discussed in more detail on page 18.
. Other drivers for the provision for credit losses in the first quarter of 2025 were charge-offs, growth in loan balances and changes to the economic forecast factors embedded in the credit loss allowance model.
Non-interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2025, was $7.8 million, an increase from $4.2 million in the fourth quarter of 2024. The increase from the prior quarter was primarily attributable to the absence of a $3.0 million pre-tax loss related to the investment portfolio repositioning as well as a $0.7 million pre-tax charge related to legacy branding, both recognized in the fourth quarter of 2024.
Non-interest expense for the first quarter of 2025 was $26.0 million, an increase from $25.8 million in the fourth quarter of 2024. The first quarter of 2025 included expenses of approximately $600 thousand related to the Unification of Arrow's formerly two separate banking subsidiaries (the "Unification"). The Unification expenses were primarily comprised of project management and information technology costs related to the planned July 2025 system conversion. Arrow continues to focus on overall expense management.
The provision for income taxes and effective tax rate were $1.8 million and 22.4%, for the first quarter of 2025, and $0.8 million and 14.4%, for the fourth quarter of 2024. The increase in the effective tax rate from the fourth quarter of 2024 was primarily attributable to the change in pre-tax income combined with a change in the amount of tax advantaged earning assets as a percentage of total earning assets.
Total assets were $4.4 billion at March 31, 2025, an increase of $142.5 million, or 3.3%, as compared to December 31, 2024. For the first quarter of 2025, overall growth in the balance sheet was primarily attributable to [changes] in cash balances, including from seasonal municipal and corporate deposits, as well as [growth] in the loan portfolio.
Total investments were $553.0 million as of March 31, 2025, a decrease of $17.8 million, or 3.1%, compared to December 31, 2024. The decrease from December 31, 2024 was driven primarily by principal paydowns and maturities. There were no credit quality issues related to the investment portfolio.
Total loans 1 were $3.4 billion as of March 31, 2025. Loan growth for the first quarter of 2025 was $22.3 million. Loan growth was primarily driven by an increase in residential real estate loans. Net Loan growth for the first quarter of 2025 was $18.2 million. Loan growth was spread across all loan products.
At March 31, 2025, deposit balances were $4.0 billion, an increase of $140.2 million from December 31, 2024. The increase from December 31, 2024 was primarily attributable to the seasonality of municipal deposits as well as an additional $125 million of brokered CDs. The brokered CDs partially replaced previous wholesale funding sources and are part of a cash flow hedge using interest rate swaps to reduce overall funding costs.
The changes in net income, net interest income and net interest margin between the three-month are discussed in detail under the heading "RESULTS OF OPERATIONS," beginning on page 67.
Regulatory Capital and Change in Stockholders' Equity: At March 31, 2025, Arrow continued to exceed all required minimum capital ratios under the current bank regulatory capital rules as implemented under Dodd-Frank (the "Capital Rules") at both the holding company and bank levels. At that date, both Arrow and Arrow Bank each continued to qualify as "well-capitalized" under the capital classification guidelines as defined by the Capital Rules. Because of continued profitability and strong asset quality, the regulatory capital levels throughout recent years have consistently remained well in excess of the various required regulatory minimums in effect.
Stockholders’ equity was $404.4 million at March 31, 2025, an increase of $3.5 million, or 0.9%, from the December 31, 2024 level of $400.9 million. The increase in stockholders' equity over the first three months of 2025 principally reflected the following factors: the addition of (i) $6.3 million of net income for the period, (ii) other comprehensive gain of $4.9 million, and (iii) the issuance of $0.4 million
1 Includes both $3.3 million fair value hedge adjustment at March 31, 2025 and $2.2 million fair value hedge adjustment at December 31, 2024
46

of common stock through employee benefit and dividend reinvestment plans, reduced by (iv) cash dividends of $4.7 million and (v) repurchases of common stock of $3.5 million under our stock repurchase program. The components of the change in stockholders’ equity since year-end 2024 are presented in the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity on page 6, and are discussed in more detail in the next section.
At March 31, 2025, book value per share was $24.26, up 1.3% from year-end 2024. Tangible book value per share (a non-GAAP measure that deducts intangible assets from stockholders' equity) was $22.72, an increase of $0.32, or 1.43%, over December 31, 2024. See the disclosure on page 40 related to the use of non-GAAP financial measures, including tangible book value per share, and Footnote 2 to the Selected Quarterly Information for the reconciliation to GAAP.
On March 31, 2025, Arrow's closing stock price was $26.29 per share, representing a trading multiple of 1.16 to tangible book value per share. In the first quarter of 2025, Arrow paid a quarterly cash dividend of $0.28 per share. Further discussion of dividends is included in the Capital Components; Stock Repurchases; Dividends section located on page 58.
Loan Quality: Net charge-offs, expressed as an annualized percentage of average loans outstanding, were 0.10% for the three-month period ended March 31, 2025, as compared to 0.06% for the three-month period ended December 31, 2024.
For the first quarter of 2025, the provision for credit losses was $5.0 million compared to $2.9 million in the fourth quarter of 2024. The primary driver of the increase was Arrow's recognition of the Reserve which is discussed in more detail on page 18. Other drivers for the provision for credit losses in the first quarter of 2025 were charge-offs, growth in loan balances and changes to the economic forecast factors embedded in the credit loss allowance model. In addition, Arrow recorded a decrease for estimated credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures in other liabilities of $247 thousand in the first quarter of 2025.
Nonperforming loans were $19.0 million at March 31, 2025, representing 0.56% of period-end loans, a decrease from the December 31, 2024 of 0.62% and a decrease from 0.66% as of March 31, 2024. The ratio continues to reasonably compare with the weighted average ratio of the peer group of 0.59% at December 31, 2024. Nonperforming assets of $19.5 million at March 31, 2025 represented 0.44% of period-end assets, down from 0.50% at each of December 31, 2024 and March 31, 2024.
Loan Segments: As of March 31, 2025, total loans grew by $22.3 million, or 0.7%, as compared to the balance at December 31, 2024. The largest increase was in the residential real estate loan portfolio which increased $19.6 million, or 1.5%. Consumer loans decreased $0.2 million, or 0.0%, primarily comprised of automobile loans. Commercial and commercial real estate loans increased by $2.9 million, or 0.3%, from December 31, 2024.
•Commercial and Commercial Real Estate Loans: Combined, these loans comprise 28.0% of the total loan portfolio at period-end. Commercial loans are extended to businesses primarily located in Arrow's regional market area. There are no commercial real estate loans in major metropolitan areas. In addition, only approximately 2% of the total loan portfolio is composed of office related property. Retail loans were approximately 3% of the total loan portfolio and hotels and motels were approximately 4% of the total loan portfolio. Overall, Arrow has minimal exposure to highly sensitive areas where large commercial and retail vacancies exist. Commercial property values in Arrow's region have largely remained stable. Appraisals on nonperforming and watched commercial real estate loan properties are updated as deemed necessary, usually when the loan is downgraded or when there has been significant market deterioration since the last appraisal.
•Consumer Loans: These loans (primarily automobile loans) comprised 32.8% of the total loan portfolio at period-end. Consumer automobile loans at March 31, 2025, were 99.6% of this portfolio segment. The vast majority of automobile loans are initiated through the purchase of vehicles by consumers with automobile dealers. Inflation and the uncertain economic environment may limit the potential growth in this category.
•Residential Real Estate Loans: These loans, including home equity loans, made up 39.2% of the total loan portfolio at period-end. Demand for residential real estate has continued to remain strong. Arrow originated nearly all of the residential real estate loans currently held in the loan portfolio and applies conservative underwriting standards. Arrow has historically sold a portion of the residential real estate mortgage originations into the secondary market. The ratio of the sales of originations to total originations tends to fluctuate from period to period based on market conditions and other factors. The rate at which mortgage loan originations are sold in future periods will depend on various circumstances, including prevailing mortgage rates, other lending opportunities, capital and liquidity needs, and the availability of a market for such transactions.
Liquidity and Access to Credit Markets: Arrow has not experienced any liquidity events or special concerns in recent years or thus far in 2025. Arrow’s liquidity position provides the necessary flexibility to address any unexpected near-term liquidity needs. Interest-bearing cash balances at March 31, 2025 were $268.5 million compared to $127.1 million at December 31, 2024. Contingent lines of credit are also available. Operating collateralized lines of credit are established and available through the FHLBNY, FRB and other bank lines totaling approximately $1.4 billion. The general terms of Arrow's lines of credit have not changed significantly in recent periods (see the general liquidity discussion on page 58). Historically, Arrow has principally relied on asset-based liquidity (i.e., funds in overnight investments and cash flow from maturing investments and loans) with liability-based liquidity as a secondary source of funds (the main liability-based sources are an overnight borrowing arrangement with correspondent banks, an arrangement for overnight borrowing and term credit advances from the FHLBNY, and an additional arrangement for short-term advances at the FRB discount window). Regular liquidity stress tests and tests of the contingent liquidity plan are performed to ensure that an adequate amount of available funds can be generated to meet a wide variety of potential liquidity crises.
47

CHANGE IN FINANCIAL CONDITION
Summary of Selected Consolidated Balance Sheet Data
(Dollars in Thousands)

| At Period-End |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 3/31/2025 |  | 12/31/2024 |  | 3/31/2024 |  | $ Change From December |  | $ Change From March |  | % Change From December (not annualized) |  | % Change From March
Interest-Bearing Bank Balances | $ | 268,481 |  |  | $ | 127,124 |  |  | $ | 255,109 |  |  | $ | 141,357 |  |  | $ | 13,372 |  |  | 111.2 | % |  | 5.2 | %
Securities Available-for-Sale | 445,744 |  |  | 463,111 |  |  | 485,833 |  |  | (17,367) |  |  | (40,089) |  |  | (3.8) | % |  | (8.3) | %
Securities Held-to-Maturity | 97,492 |  |  | 98,261 |  |  | 128,051 |  |  | (769) |  |  | (30,559) |  |  | (0.8) | % |  | (23.9) | %
Equity Securities | 5,372 |  |  | 5,055 |  |  | 1,942 |  |  | 317 |  |  | 3,430 |  |  | 6.3 | % |  | 176.6 | %
Loans (1) | 3,416,868 |  |  | 3,394,541 |  |  | 3,258,758 |  |  | 22,327 |  |  | 158,110 |  |  | 0.7 | % |  | 4.9 | %
Allowance for Credit Losses | 37,771 |  |  | 33,598 |  |  | 31,561 |  |  | 4,173 |  |  | 6,210 |  |  | 12.4 | % |  | 19.7 | %
Earning Assets (1) | 4,238,310 |  |  | 4,092,445 |  |  | 4,133,901 |  |  | 145,865 |  |  | 104,409 |  |  | 3.6 | % |  | 2.5 | %
Total Assets | $ | 4,448,885 |  |  | $ | 4,306,348 |  |  | $ | 4,333,623 |  |  | $ | 142,537 |  |  | $ | 115,262 |  |  | 3.3 | % |  | 2.7 | %
Noninterest-Bearing Deposits | $ | 697,374 |  |  | $ | 702,978 |  |  | $ | 696,519 |  |  | $ | (5,604) |  |  | $ | 855 |  |  | (0.8) | % |  | 0.1 | %
Interest-Bearing Checking Accounts | 924,200 |  |  | 810,834 |  |  | 908,453 |  |  | 113,366 |  |  | 15,747 |  |  | 14.0 | % |  | 1.7 | %
Savings Deposits | 1,532,385 |  |  | 1,520,024 |  |  | 1,497,466 |  |  | 12,361 |  |  | 34,919 |  |  | 0.8 | % |  | 2.3 | %
Time Deposits over $250,000 | 182,552 |  |  | 191,962 |  |  | 173,976 |  |  | (9,410) |  |  | 8,576 |  |  | (4.9) | % |  | 4.9 | %
Other Time Deposits | 631,654 |  |  | 602,132 |  |  | 502,607 |  |  | 29,522 |  |  | 129,047 |  |  | 4.9 | % |  | 25.7 | %
Total Deposits | $ | 3,968,165 |  |  | $ | 3,827,930 |  |  | $ | 3,779,021 |  |  | $ | 140,235 |  |  | $ | 189,144 |  |  | 3.7 | % |  | 5.0 | %
Borrowings | $ | 8,600 |  |  | $ | 8,600 |  |  | 106,500 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (97,900) |  |  | — | % |  | (91.9) | %
Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts | 20,000 |  |  | 20,000 |  |  | 20,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — | %
Stockholders' Equity | 404,409 |  |  | 400,901 |  |  | 377,986 |  |  | 3,508 |  |  | 26,423 |  |  | 0.9 | % |  | 7.0 | %

(1) Includes Nonaccrual Loans.
Changes in Earning Assets: The loan portfolio at March 31, 2025, was $3.4 billion, an increase of $22.3 million, or 0.7%, from the December 31, 2024 level and up by $158.1 million, or 4.9%, from the March 31, 2024 level. The following trends were experienced in our largest segments:
•Commercial and commercial real estate loans: This segment of the loan portfolio increased by $2.9 million, or 0.3%, during the first three months of 2025. In the first three months of 2025, loan growth has slowed as a result of the current rate environment.
•Consumer loans (primarily automobile loans through indirect lending): As of March 31, 2025, these loans, primarily auto loans originated through dealerships in New York and Vermont, decreased by $0.2 million, or 0.0%, from the December 31, 2024 balance. Inflation and rising rates may continue to slow demand.
•Residential real estate loans: This segment increased during the first three months of 2025 by $19.6 million, or 1.5%. Loan growth continues to be solid however a deterioration of economic conditions may trigger a reduction in loan production.
Changes in Sources of Funds: Deposit balances reached $4.0 billion, an increase of $189.1 million, or 5.0%, from the prior-year level and a an increase of $140.2 million from December 31, 2024. The increase from December 31, 2024 was primarily attributable to the seasonality of municipal deposits as well as an additional $125 million of brokered CDs. The brokered CDs partially replaced previous wholesale funding sources and are part of a cash flow hedge using interest rate swaps to reduce overall funding costs. Noninterest-bearing deposits represented 17.6% of total deposits at March 31, 2025, compared to 18.4% of total deposits on March 31, 2024. At March 31, 2025, total time deposits were $814.2 million. Municipal deposits increased $117.4 million, or 14.5% from December 31, 2024. Total borrowings were $8.6 million, a decrease from $106.5 million at March 31, 2024. In the first quarter of 2024, Arrow borrowed $100 million as part of the BTFP to improve on-balance sheet liquidity and fund loan production. The BTFP was created to support American businesses and households by making additional funding available to eligible depository institutions to help assure banks have the ability to meet the needs of all their depositors. The BTFP borrowing was paid off in 2024.
48

Municipal Deposits: Fluctuations in balances of interest-bearing checking accounts are often the result of timing and behavior of municipal deposits. Municipal deposits have historically averaged between 20% to 30% of total deposits. Municipal deposits are typically placed in interest-bearing checking, savings and various time deposit accounts.
In general, there is a seasonal pattern to municipal deposits which dip to a low point in August each year. Account balances tend to increase throughout the fall and into early winter from tax deposits, flatten out after the beginning of the ensuing calendar year, and increase again at the end of March from the electronic deposit of NYS aid payments to school districts. In addition to seasonal behavior, the overall level of municipal deposit balances fluctuates from year-to-year as a result of local economic factors as well as competition from other banks and non-bank entities.
Arrow uses reciprocal deposits for a select group of municipalities to reduce the amount of investment securities required to be pledged as collateral for municipal deposits where municipal deposits in excess of the FDIC insurance coverage limits were transferred to other participating banks, divided into portions so as to qualify such transferred deposits for FDIC insurance coverage at each transferee bank. In return, reciprocal amounts are transferred to Arrow in equal amounts of deposits from the participant banks. The balances of reciprocal deposits were $685.2 million and $648.5 million at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
Uninsured Deposits: Arrow's deposit base includes both insured and uninsured deposits. Arrow continually monitors levels and composition of uninsured deposits. Uninsured deposit balances at March 31, 2025 were less than 30% of the total deposit base.
49

FINANCIAL CONDITION
Investment Portfolio Trends
The table below presents the changes in the period-end balances for AFS and HTM securities from December 31, 2024 to March 31, 2025 (in thousands):

| (Dollars in Thousands)
| Fair Value at Period-End |  | Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) For Period Ended
| 3/31/2025 |  | 12/31/2024 |  | Change |  | 3/31/2025 |  | 12/31/2024 |  | Change
Securities Available-for-Sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury Securities | $ | 99,499 |  |  | $ | 98,070 |  |  | $ | 1,429 |  |  | $ | 1,419 |  |  | $ | 85 |  |  | $ | 1,334 |
U.S. Agency Securities | 54,492 |  |  | 69,214 |  |  | (14,722) |  |  | (508) |  |  | (786) |  |  | 278 |
State and Municipal Obligations | 240 |  |  | 240 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Mortgage-Backed Securities | 290,522 |  |  | 294,608 |  |  | (4,086) |  |  | (28,819) |  |  | (35,840) |  |  | 7,021 |
Corporate and Other Debt Securities | 991 |  |  | 979 |  |  | 12 |  |  | (9) |  |  | (21) |  |  | 12 |
Total | $ | 445,744 |  |  | $ | 463,111 |  |  | $ | (17,367) |  |  | $ | (27,917) |  |  | $ | (36,562) |  |  | $ | 8,645 |
Securities Held-to-Maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State and Municipal Obligations | $ | 90,715 |  |  | $ | 90,373 |  |  | $ | 342 |  |  | $ | (989) |  |  | $ | (1,456) |  |  | $ | 467 |
Mortgage-Backed Securities | 5,620 |  |  | 6,213 |  |  | (593) |  |  | (168) |  |  | (219) |  |  | 51 |
Total | $ | 96,335 |  |  | $ | 96,586 |  |  | $ | (251) |  |  | $ | (1,157) |  |  | $ | (1,675) |  |  | $ | 518 |

The table below presents the weighted average yield for AFS and HTM securities, at amortized cost, as of March 31, 2025 (in thousands).

| March 31, 2025
| Within One Year |  | After One But Within Five Years |  | After Five But Within Ten Years |  | After Ten Years |  | Total
| Amount |  | Yield |  | Amount |  | Yield |  | Amount |  | Yield |  | Amount |  | Yield |  | Amount |  | Yield
Securities Available-for-Sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury Securities | $ | 24,971 |  |  | 4.7 | % |  | $ | 48,694 |  |  | 4.4 | % |  | $ | 24,415 |  |  | 4.5 | % |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | $ | 98,080 |  |  | 4.5 | %
U.S. Agency Securities | 30,000 |  |  | 4.1 | % |  | 25,000 |  |  | 2.9 | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 55,000 |  |  | 3.6 | %
State and Municipal Obligations | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 240 |  |  | 6.8 | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 240 |  |  | 3.8 | %
Mortgage-Backed Securities | 1,745 |  |  | 2.5 | % |  | 158,377 |  |  | 1.6 | % |  | 159,219 |  |  | 3.0 | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 319,341 |  |  | 2.3 | %
Corporate and Other Debt Securities | — |  |  | — | % |  | 1,000 |  |  | 7.3 | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 1,000 |  |  | 7.3 | %
Total | $ | 56,716 |  |  | 4.3 | % |  | $ | 233,071 |  |  | 2.4 | % |  | $ | 183,874 |  |  | 3.2 | % |  | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | $ | 473,661 |  |  | 2.9 | %
Securities Held-to-Maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State and Municipal Obligations | $ | 53,879 |  |  | 3.3 | % |  | $ | 35,758 |  |  | 2.8 | % |  | $ | 2,061 |  |  | 4.2 | % |  | $ | 6 |  |  | 6.7 | % |  | $ | 91,704 |  |  | 3.2 | %
Mortgage-Backed Securities | 646 |  |  | 2.8 | % |  | 5,142 |  |  | 2.4 | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 5,788 |  |  | 2.5 | %
Total | $ | 54,525 |  |  | 3.3 | % |  | $ | 40,900 |  |  | 2.8 | % |  | $ | 2,061 |  |  | 4.2 | % |  | $ | 6 |  |  | 6.7 | % |  | $ | 97,492 |  |  | 3.1 | %

At March 31, 2025, Arrow held no investment securities in the securities portfolios that consisted of or included, directly or indirectly, obligations of foreign governments or governmental agencies of foreign issuers.
In the periods referenced above, mortgage-backed securities consisted solely of mortgage pass-through securities and collateralized mortgage obligations (CMOs) issued or guaranteed by U.S. federal agencies or by government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs). Mortgage pass-through securities provide to the investor monthly portions of principal and interest pursuant to the contractual obligations of the underlying mortgages. CMOs are pools of mortgage-backed securities, the repayments on which have generally been separated into two or more components (tranches), where each tranche has a separate estimated life and yield. Arrow's practice has been to purchase pass-through securities and CMOs that are issued or guaranteed by U.S. federal agencies or GSEs, and the tranches of CMOs purchased are generally those having shorter average lives and/or durations. Lower market interest rates and/or payment deferrals on underlying loans that make up mortgage-backed security collateral may impact cashflows.
In the periods referenced above, U.S. Government & Agency Obligations consisted solely of agency bonds issued by GSEs. These securities generally pay fixed semi-annual coupons with principle payments at maturity. For some, callable options are included that may impact the timing of these principal payments. Arrow's practice has been to purchase agency securities that are issued or guaranteed by GSEs with limited embedded optionality (call features). Final maturities are generally less than 5 years.
Arrow evaluates AFS debt securities in unrealized loss positions at each measurement date to determine whether the decline in the fair value below the amortized cost basis (impairment) is due to credit-related factors or non-credit related factors. Any impairment that
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is not credit related is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. Credit-related impairment is recognized within the allowance for credit losses on the balance sheet, limited to the amount by which the amortized cost basis exceeds the fair value, with a corresponding adjustment to earnings via credit loss expense. Arrow determined that at March 31, 2025, gross unrealized losses were primarily attributable to changes in interest rates, relative to when the investment securities were purchased, and not due to the credit quality of the investment securities. Arrow does not intend to sell, nor is it more likely than not that Arrow will be required to sell, any securities before recovery of its amortized cost basis, which may be at maturity. Therefore, Arrow carried no allowance for credit loss at March 31, 2025 and there was no credit loss expense recognized by Arrow with respect to the securities portfolio during the three months ended March 31, 2025.
Arrow's HTM debt securities are comprised of GSEs and state and municipal obligations. GSE securities carry the explicit and/or implicit guarantee of the U.S. government, are widely recognized as “risk free,” and have a long history of zero credit loss. Arrow performs an analysis of the credit worthiness of municipal obligations to determine if a security is of investment grade. The analysis may include, but may not solely rely upon credit analysis conducted by external credit rating agencies. Arrow determined that the expected credit loss on its HTM debt portfolio was immaterial and, therefore, no allowance for credit loss was recorded as of March 31, 2025.
Changes in net unrealized gains or losses during recent periods have been primarily attributable to changes in market rates during the periods in question and not due to the credit-worthiness of the issuers.
Investment Sales, Purchases and Maturities
There were no sales of investment securities within the three month periods ended March 31, 2025 or 2024.
The following table summarizes purchases of investment securities within the AFS and HTM portfolios for the three and three month periods ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, as well as proceeds from the maturity and calls of investment securities within each portfolio for the respective periods presented:

(In Thousands) |  |  | Three Months Ended
Purchases: |  |  |  |  | 3/31/2025 |  | 3/31/2024
Available-for-Sale Portfolio |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Agency Securities |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Mortgage-Backed Securities |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total Purchases |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Maturities & Calls |  |  |  |  | $ | 26,172 |  |  | $ | 10,362 |

(In Thousands) |  |  | Three Months Ended
Purchases: |  |  |  |  | 3/31/2025 |  | 3/31/2024
Held-to-Maturity Portfolio |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State and Municipal Obligations |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,899 |  |  | $ | 750 |
Maturities & Calls |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,629 |  |  | $ | 4,003 |

Loan Trends
The following three tables present the quarterly average balances by loan type, the percentage of total loans represented by each loan type and the annualized yield of each loan category for each specified period:
Quarterly Average Loan Balances
(Dollars in Thousands)

| Quarter Ended
| 3/31/2025 |  | 12/31/2024 |  |  |  |  |  | 3/31/2024
Commercial | $ | 156,104 |  |  | $ | 158,991 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 159,629 |
Commercial Real Estate | 799,555 |  |  | 796,365 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 749,928 |
Consumer | 1,121,539 |  |  | 1,118,981 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,114,415 |
Residential Real Estate | 1,328,877 |  |  | 1,320,204 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,211,869 |
Total Loans | $ | 3,406,075 |  |  | $ | 3,394,541 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,235,841 |

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Percentage of Total Quarterly Average Loans

| Quarter Ended
| 3/31/2025 |  | 12/31/2024 |  |  |  |  |  | 3/31/2024
Commercial | 4.6 | % |  | 4.7 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 4.9 | %
Commercial Real Estate | 23.5 | % |  | 23.4 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 23.2 | %
Consumer | 32.9 | % |  | 33.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 34.4 | %
Residential Real Estate | 39.0 | % |  | 38.9 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 37.5 | %
Total Loans | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 100.0 | %

Quarterly Yield on Loans

| Quarter Ended
| 3/31/2025 |  | 12/31/2024 |  |  |  |  |  | 3/31/2024
Commercial | 5.71 | % |  | 5.88 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 5.53 | %
Commercial Real Estate | 5.15 | % |  | 5.18 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 5.07 | %
Consumer | 6.06 | % |  | 6.08 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 5.36 | %
Residential Real Estate | 4.71 | % |  | 4.66 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 4.57 | %
Total Loans | 5.30 | % |  | 5.30 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 5.02 | %

The average yield on the loan portfolio was 5.30% for the first quarter of 2025, which was consistent with the fourth quarter of 2024 and up 28 basis points from the first quarter of 2024. Market rates have fluctuated which impacts new loan yields for fixed rate loans, and variable loan yields as these loans reach their repricing dates.
The table below shows the maturity of loans outstanding as of March 31, 2025. Also provided are the amounts due after one year, classified according to fixed interest rates and variable interest rates (in thousands):

| March 31, 2025
| Within One Year |  | After One But Within Five Years |  | After Five But Within 15 Years |  | After 15 Years |  | Total
Commercial | $ | 32,418 |  |  | $ | 82,475 |  |  | $ | 39,285 |  |  | $ | 97 |  |  | $ | 154,275 |
Commercial Real Estate | 218,030 |  |  | 329,395 |  |  | 250,059 |  |  | 6,531 |  |  | 804,015 |
Consumer | 9,723 |  |  | 619,103 |  |  | 489,445 |  |  | 464 |  |  | 1,118,735 |
Residential Real Estate | 140,955 |  |  | 105,042 |  |  | 394,315 |  |  | 699,531 |  |  | 1,339,843 |
Total | $ | 401,126 |  |  | $ | 1,136,015 |  |  | $ | 1,173,104 |  |  | $ | 706,623 |  |  | $ | 3,416,868 |
|  |  | After One But Within Five Years |  | After Five But Within 15 Years |  | After 15 Years |  | Total
Loans maturing with: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed Interest Rates |  |  | $ | 745,369 |  |  | $ | 840,260 |  |  | $ | 702,685 |  |  | $ | 2,288,314 |
Variable Interest Rates |  |  | 390,646 |  |  | 332,844 |  |  | 3,938 |  |  | 727,428 |
Total |  |  | $ | 1,136,015 |  |  | $ | 1,173,104 |  |  | $ | 706,623 |  |  | $ | 3,015,742 |

Maintenance of High Quality Credit in the Loan Portfolio: The first quarter was adversely impacted by the Reserve ($0.17 per share). The Reserve is discussed in more detail on page 18. Overall, there have been no other significant fluctuations in the quality of the loan portfolio or any segment thereof. In general, residential real estate loans have historically been underwritten to secondary market standards and Arrow has not engaged in subprime mortgage lending as a business line. Similarly, high underwriting standards have generally been applied to the commercial, commercial real estate and indirect lending program as well.
Commercial Loans and Commercial Real Estate Loans: Commercial and commercial real estate loans in the loan portfolio were extended to businesses or borrowers primarily located in Arrow's regional markets. There are no commercial real estate loans in major metropolitan areas. Approximately 2% of the loan portfolio are comprised of office related property. Retail loans were approximately 3% of the loan portfolio and hotels and motels were approximately 4% of the portfolio. Overall, Arrow has minimal exposure to highly sensitive areas that currently have elevated office and retail vacancy rates. A portion of the loans in the commercial portfolio have variable rates tied to market indices, such as Prime, SOFR or FHLBNY.
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Consumer Loans: At March 31, 2025, consumer loans (primarily automobile loans originated through dealerships located in New York and Vermont) continue to be a significant component of Arrow's business, comprising approximately one third of the total loan portfolio.
For credit quality purposes, Arrow assigns potential automobile loan customers into one of four tiers, ranging from lower to higher quality in terms of anticipated credit risk. Arrow's experienced lending staff not only utilizes credit evaluation software tools but also reviews and evaluates each loan individually prior to the loan being funded. Arrow believes that this disciplined approach to evaluating credit risk has contributed to maintaining the strong credit quality in this portfolio.
Residential Real Estate Loans: Demand for residential real estate has continued to remain strong even with elevated interest rates. Arrow has historically sold portions of these originations in the secondary market. Arrow resumed selling residential real estate loans into the secondary market in the second half of 2024. The rate at which mortgage loan originations may be sold in future periods will depends on a variety of factors, including demand for residential mortgages in our operating markets, market conditions for mortgage sales and strategic balance sheet and interest-rate risk management decisions.
Deposit Trends
The following tables provide information on trends in the balance and mix of the deposit portfolio by presenting the quarterly average balances by deposit type and the percentage of total deposits represented by each deposit type. The changes in composition of deposits were primarily the result of additional brokered CDs, the branch acquisition in Whitehall, New York, and the migration from low to higher costing products.

Quarterly Average Deposit Balances
(Dollars in Thousands)
| Quarter Ended
| 3/31/2025 |  | 12/31/2024 |  |  |  |  |  | 3/31/2024
Noninterest-Bearing Deposits | $ | 689,303 |  |  | $ | 711,566 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 707,265 |
Interest-Bearing Checking Accounts | 840,571 |  |  | 802,808 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 830,918 |
Savings Deposits | 1,515,961 |  |  | 1,567,455 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,481,001 |
Time Deposits over $250,000 | 186,159 |  |  | 183,325 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 177,328 |
Other Time Deposits | 593,130 |  |  | 582,537 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 496,813 |
Total Deposits | $ | 3,825,124 |  |  | $ | 3,847,691 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,693,325 |

| Quarter Ended
| 3/31/2025 |  | 12/31/2024 |  |  |  |  |  | 3/31/2024
Non-Municipal Deposits | $ | 2,940,193 |  |  | $ | 2,954,292 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,808,605 |
Municipal Deposits | 884,931 |  |  | 893,399 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 884,720 |
Total Deposits | $ | 3,825,124 |  |  | $ | 3,847,691 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,693,325 |

Percentage of Total Quarterly Average Deposits

| Quarter Ended
| 3/31/2025 |  | 12/31/2024 |  |  |  |  |  | 3/31/2024
Noninterest-Bearing Deposits | 18.0 | % |  | 18.5 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 19.1 | %
Interest-Bearing Checking Accounts | 22.0 | % |  | 20.9 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 22.5 | %
Savings Deposits | 39.6 | % |  | 40.7 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 40.1 | %
Time Deposits over $250,000 | 4.9 | % |  | 4.8 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 4.8 | %
Other Time Deposits | 15.5 | % |  | 15.1 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 13.5 | %
Total Deposits | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 100.0 | %

Quarterly Cost of Deposits

| Quarter Ended
| 3/31/2025 |  | 12/31/2024 |  |  |  |  |  | 3/31/2024
Demand Deposits | — | % |  | — | % |  |  |  |  |  | — | %
Interest-Bearing Checking Accounts | 0.87 | % |  | 0.96 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 0.79 | %
Savings Deposits | 2.54 | % |  | 2.83 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 2.78 | %
Time Deposits over $250,000 | 3.95 | % |  | 3.94 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 4.47 | %
Other Time Deposits | 3.78 | % |  | 4.03 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 4.11 | %
Total Deposits | 1.97 | % |  | 2.15 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 2.06 | %

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For the quarter ended March 31, 2025, the total cost of deposits decreased 18 basis points from the prior linked quarter and 9 basis points from the comparable prior year quarter. In the second half of 2024, the targeted Federal Funds rate fell 100 basis points and future rate decreases later in 2025 are possible. Arrow is well positioned for a variety of rate environments, see Part I, Item 3, entitled "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk," on page 62 for further discussion.
Non-Deposit Sources of Funds
The $20 million principal amount of Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts listed on the consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2025 (i.e., previously issued TRUPs) will, subject to certain limits, continue to qualify as Tier 1 regulatory capital for Arrow until such TRUPs mature or are redeemed. This is further discussed under "Capital Resources" beginning on page 56 of this Report.
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ASSET QUALITY
The following table presents information related to the allowance and provision for credit losses:
Summary of the Allowance and Provision for Credit Losses
(Dollars in Thousands, Loans Stated Net of Unearned Income)

| 3/31/2025 |  | 12/31/2024 |  |  |  |  |  | 3/31/2024
Loan Balances: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Period-End Loans | $ | 3,416,868 |  |  | $ | 3,394,541 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,258,758 |
Average Loans, Year-to-Date | 3,406,075 |  |  | 3,300,346 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,235,841 |
Average Loans, Quarter-to-Date | 3,406,075 |  |  | 3,354,463 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,235,841 |
Period-End Assets | 4,448,885 |  |  | 4,306,348 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,333,623 |
Allowance for Credit Losses, Year-to-Date: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for Credit Losses, Beginning of Period | $ | 33,598 |  |  | $ | 31,265 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 31,265 |
Provision for Credit Losses, YTD | 5,019 |  |  | 5,180 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 617 |
Loans Charged-off, YTD | (1,550) |  |  | (5,895) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,283) |
Recoveries of Loans Previously Charged-off | 704 |  |  | 3,048 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 962 |
Net Charge-offs, YTD | (846) |  |  | (2,847) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (321) |
Allowance for Credit Losses, End of Period | $ | 37,771 |  |  | $ | 33,598 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 31,561 |
Nonperforming Assets, at Period-End: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nonaccrual Loans | $ | 18,612 |  |  | $ | 20,621 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 20,244 |
Loans Past Due 90 or More Days and Still Accruing Interest | 405 |  |  | 398 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,147 |
Restructured and in Compliance with Modified Terms | 16 |  |  | 20 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 49 |
Total Nonperforming Loans | 19,033 |  |  | 21,039 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 21,440 |
Repossessed Assets | 426 |  |  | 382 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 312 |
Other Real Estate Owned | — |  |  | 76 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Total Nonperforming Assets | $ | 19,459 |  |  | $ | 21,497 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 21,752 |
Asset Quality Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance to Nonperforming Loans | 198.45 | % |  | 159.69 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 147.21 | %
Allowance to Period-End Loans | 1.11 | % |  | 0.99 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 0.97 | %
Provision to Average Loans (Quarter) (1) | 0.60 | % |  | 0.34 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 0.08 | %
Provision to Average Loans (YTD) (1) | 0.60 | % |  | 0.16 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 0.08 | %
Net Charge-offs to Average Loans (Quarter) (1) | 0.10 | % |  | 0.06 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 0.04 | %
Net Charge-offs to Average Loans (YTD) (1) | 0.10 | % |  | 0.09 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 0.04 | %
Nonperforming Loans to Total Loans | 0.56 | % |  | 0.62 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 0.66 | %
Nonperforming Assets to Total Assets | 0.44 | % |  | 0.50 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 0.50 | %
(1) Annualized |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Provision for Credit Losses
Through the provision for credit losses, an allowance for credit losses is maintained that reflects the best estimate of the calculated expected credit losses in Arrow's loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date. Additions are made to the allowance for credit losses through a periodic provision for credit losses. Actual credit losses are charged against the allowance for credit losses when loans are deemed uncollectible and recoveries of amounts previously charged off are recorded as credits to the allowance for credit losses.
Arrow loan officers and risk managers meet at least quarterly to discuss and review the conditions and risks associated with certain criticized and classified commercial-related relationships. In addition, the independent internal loan review department performs periodic reviews of the credit quality indicators on individual loans in the commercial loan portfolio.
Arrow's current expected credit loss (CECL) model calculates losses over the life of a loan or financial instrument. Arrow and its subsidiaries utilize a loss projection model updated with data from our core systems, and incorporates various assumptions to produce the CECL reserve. A CECL Steering Committee was created to provide a management governance function to review, critically challenge and approve components of the CECL reporting process. One key responsibility of the CECL Steering Committee is to review annually the key assumptions utilized in the CECL calculation including loan segmentation, loan loss regression analysis, reasonable and supportable forecast period, reversion period, discounted cash flow inputs including economic forecast data and prepayment and curtailment speeds and qualitative factors.
The allowance for credit losses was $37.8 million as of March 31, 2025, which represented 1.11% of loans outstanding, as compared to $33.6 million, or 0.99%, at December 31, 2024. The provision for credit losses for the first quarter of 2025 was $5.0 million compared to $2.9 million in the fourth quarter of 2024 and $0.6 million for the first quarter of 2024. The primary driver of the increase was Arrow's recognition of the Reserve which is discussed in more detail on page 18. Other drivers for the provision for credit losses in the first quarter of 2025 were charge-offs, growth in loan balances and changes to the economic forecast factors embedded in the credit
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loss allowance model. In addition, Arrow recorded an increase for estimated credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures in other liabilities of $247 thousand in the first quarter of 2025.
See Note 2 to the unaudited interim consolidated financial statements for additional discussion related to CECL.
The accounting policy relating to the allowance for credit losses is considered to be a critical accounting policy, given the uncertainty involved in evaluating the level of the allowance required to cover credit losses in the loan portfolio, and the material effect that such judgments may have on the results of operations. The process for determining the provision for credit losses is described in Note 5 to the unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.
Risk Elements
Nonperforming assets at March 31, 2025 amounted to $19.5 million, a decrease from the $21.5 million at December 31, 2024 and from $21.8 million at March 31, 2024. For the three month periods ended March 31, 2025, ratios of nonperforming assets to total assets have remained fairly consistent to the average ratios for the peer group. (See page 39 for a discussion of the peer group.) At December 31, 2024, the ratio of loans past due 90 or more days plus nonaccrual loans plus other real estate owned to total assets was 0.50% as compared to the 0.49% ratio of the peer group at such date (the latest date for which peer group information is available). At March 31, 2025 the ratio was 0.44%.
The following table presents the balance of other non-current loans at period-end as to which interest income was being accrued (i.e., loans 30 to 89 days past due, as defined in bank regulatory guidelines). These non-current loans are not included in nonperforming assets, but entail heightened risk:

Loans Past Due 30-89 Days and Accruing Interest ($ in 000's)
| 3/31/2025 |  | 12/31/2024 |  | 3/31/2024
Commercial Loans | $ | 675 |  |  | $ | 511 |  |  | $ | 443 |
Commercial Real Estate Loans | 146 |  |  | 318 |  |  | 494 |
Residential Real Estate Loans | 3,636 |  |  | 3,076 |  |  | 2,487 |
Consumer Loans - Primarily Indirect Automobile | 13,800 |  |  | 16,620 |  |  | 14,715 |
Total Loans Past Due 30-89 Days and Accruing Interest | $ | 18,257 |  |  | $ | 20,525 |  |  | $ | 18,139 |

At March 31, 2025, the loans in the above-referenced category totaled $18.3 million, a decrease from the $20.5 million of such loans at December 31, 2024. The March 31, 2025 total of non-current loans equaled 0.53% of loans then outstanding, compared to 0.60% at December 31, 2024 and 0.56% at March 31, 2024.
The number and dollar amount of performing loans that demonstrate characteristics of potential weakness from time-to-time (potential problem loans) typically is a very small percentage of the loan portfolio. See the table of Credit Quality Indicators in Note 5 to the unaudited interim consolidated financial statements. Arrow considers all performing commercial and commercial real estate loans classified as substandard or lower (as reported in Note 5) to be potential problem loans. These loans will continue to be closely monitored and Arrow currently expects to collect all payments of contractual principal and interest in full on these classified loans.
As of March 31, 2025, Arrow held no other real estate owned properties.
CAPITAL RESOURCES
Regulatory Capital Standards
Capital Adequacy Requirements. An important area of banking regulation is the federal banking system's promulgation and enforcement of minimum capitalization standards for banks and bank holding companies.
In 2020, federal bank regulators introduced an optional simplified measure of capital adequacy for qualifying community banking organizations (the "CBLR Framework"). A qualifying community banking organization that opts into the CBLR Framework and meets all the requirements under the CBLR Framework will be considered to have met the well-capitalized ratio requirements under the “prompt corrective action” regulations and will not be required to report or calculate risk-based capital ratios. Arrow and Arrow Bank have opted out of utilizing the CBLR framework. Therefore, the Capital Rules remain applicable to Arrow.
The following is a summary of certain definitions of capital under the various capital measures in the Capital Rules:
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (CET1): Equals the sum of common stock instruments and related surplus (net of treasury stock), retained earnings, AOCI, and qualifying minority interests, minus applicable regulatory adjustments and deductions. Such deductions will include AOCI, if the organization has exercised its irrevocable option not to include AOCI in capital (Arrow made such an election). Mortgage-servicing assets, deferred tax assets, and investments in financial institutions are limited to 15% of CET1 in the aggregate and 10% of CET1 for each such item individually.
Additional Tier 1 Capital: Equals the sum of noncumulative perpetual preferred stock, tier 1 minority interests, grandfathered TRUPs, and Troubled Asset Relief Program instruments, minus applicable regulatory adjustments and deductions.
Tier 2 Capital: Equals the sum of subordinated debt and preferred stock, total capital minority interests not included in Tier 1, and allowance for loan and lease losses (not exceeding 1.25% of risk-weighted assets) minus applicable regulatory adjustments and deductions.
The following table presents the minimum regulatory capital ratios applicable to Arrow and Arrow Bank under the current Capital Rules:
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Capital Ratio | 2025
Minimum CET1 Ratio | 4.500 | %
Capital Conservation Buffer ("Buffer") | 2.500 | %
Minimum CET1 Ratio Plus Buffer | 7.000 | %
Minimum Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital Ratio | 6.000 | %
Minimum Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital Ratio Plus Buffer | 8.500 | %
Minimum Total Risk-Based Capital Ratio | 8.000 | %
Minimum Total Risk-Based Capital Ratio Plus Buffer | 10.500 | %
Minimum Leverage Ratio | 4.000 | %

These minimum capital ratios, especially the minimum CET1 ratio (4.5%) and the enhanced minimum Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio (6.0%), represent a heightened and more restrictive capital regime than institutions like Arrow previously had to meet under the prior capital rules.
At March 31, 2025, Arrow Bank exceeded by a substantial amount each of the applicable minimum capital ratios established under the Capital Rules, including the minimum CET1 Ratio, the minimum Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital Ratio, the minimum Total Risk-Based Capital Ratio, and the minimum Leverage Ratio, including in the case of each risk-based ratio, the capital buffer.
Prompt Corrective Action Capital Classifications. Under applicable banking law, federal banking regulators are required to take prompt corrective action with respect to depository institutions that do not meet certain minimum capital requirements. For these purposes, the regulators have established five capital classifications for banking institutions, ranging from the highest category of "well-capitalized" to the lowest category of "critically under-capitalized". Under the current capital classifications, a banking institution is considered "well-capitalized" if it meets the following capitalization standards on the date of measurement: a CET1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.50% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 8.00% or greater, a total risk-based capital ratio of 10.00% or greater, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 5.00% or greater, provided the institution is not subject to any regulatory order or written directive regarding capital maintenance. Federal banking law also ties the ability of banking organizations to engage in certain types of activities and to utilize certain procedures to such organizations' continuing to qualify for inclusion in one of the two highest rankings of these capitalization categories, i.e., as "well-capitalized" or "adequately capitalized."
Current Capital Ratios: The table below sets forth the regulatory capital ratios of Arrow and Arrow Bank under the current Capital Rules, as of March 31, 2025:

| Common Equity Tier 1 Capital Ratio |  | Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital Ratio |  | Total Risk-Based Capital Ratio |  | Tier 1 Leverage Ratio
Arrow Financial Corporation | 12.59 | % |  | 13.23 | % |  | 14.48 | % |  | 9.61 | %
Arrow Bank | 12.76 | % |  | 12.77 | % |  | 14.02 | % |  | 9.24 | %
FDICIA's Prompt Corrective Action - "Well-Capitalized" Standard (2019) | 6.50 | % |  | 8.00 | % |  | 10.00 | % |  | 5.00 | %
Regulatory Minimum | 7.00%(1) |  | 8.50%(1) |  | 10.50%(1) |  | 4.00 | %
(1) Including the fully phased-in 2.50% capital conservation buffer |  |

At March 31, 2025, Arrow Bank exceeded the minimum regulatory capital ratios established under the current Capital Rules and also qualified as "well-capitalized", the highest category in the new capital classification scheme established by federal bank regulatory agencies under the "prompt corrective action" standards, as described above.
Capital Components; Stock Repurchases; Dividends
Stockholders' Equity: Stockholders’ equity was $404.4 million at March 31, 2025, an increase of $3.5 million, or 0.9%, from the December 31, 2024 level of $400.9 million. The increase in stockholders' equity over the first three months of 2025 principally reflected the following factors: the addition of (i) $6.3 million of net income for the period, (ii) other comprehensive gain of $4.9 million, and (iii) the issuance of $0.4 million of common stock through employee benefit and dividend reinvestment plans, reduced by (iv) cash dividends of $4.7 million and (v) repurchases of common stock of $3.5 million.
Trust Preferred Securities: In each of 2003 and 2004, Arrow issued $10 million of TRUPs in a private placement. Under the FRB's regulatory capital rules then in effect, TRUPs proceeds typically qualified as Tier 1 capital for bank holding companies such as Arrow, but only in amounts up to 25% of Tier 1 capital, net of goodwill less any associated deferred tax liability. Under the Dodd-Frank Act, any trust preferred securities that Arrow might issue on or after the grandfathering date set forth in Dodd-Frank (May 19, 2010) would not qualify as Tier 1 capital under bank regulatory capital guidelines. For Arrow, TRUPs outstanding prior to the grandfathering cutoff date set forth in Dodd-Frank (May 19, 2010) would continue to qualify as Tier 1 capital until maturity or redemption, subject to limitations. Thus, Arrow's outstanding TRUPs continue to qualify as Tier 1 regulatory capital, subject to such limitations.
In the first quarter of 2020, Arrow entered into interest rate swap agreements to synthetically fix the variable rate interest payments associated with $20 million in outstanding subordinated trust securities. The effective fixed rate is 3.43% until maturity. These agreements are designated as cash flow hedges.
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Stock Repurchase Program:
On April 24, 2024, the Board approved a new stock repurchase program, under which the Board authorized management, in its discretion, to repurchase from time to time, in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, up to $5 million of Arrow common stock. In the first quarter of 2025, Arrow repurchased approximately $3.4 million (approximately 128 thousand shares of its common stock) under this authorization.
On April 30, 2025, the Board authorized management, in its discretion, to repurchase from time to time, in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, additional purchases up to $5 million of Arrow common stock.
From time to time, Arrow may establish a written trading plan in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 of the Exchange Act, pursuant to which it may repurchase shares of its common stock. Arrow currently does not have a Rule 10b5-1 plan in place. Additional repurchases may be made by Arrow, at times and in amounts as it deems appropriate, and may be made through open market transactions in compliance with Rule 10b-18 of the Exchange Act, subject to market conditions, applicable legal requirements, and other factors.
Dividends: Arrow's common stock is traded on NasdaqGS® under the symbol AROW. The high and low stock prices for the past five quarters listed below represent actual sales transactions, as reported by NASDAQ.

|  |  |  |  | Cash
| Market Price |  | Dividends
| Low |  | High |  | Declared
2024 |  |  |  |  |
First Quarter | $ | 23.11 |  |  | $ | 28.62 |  |  | $ | 0.27 |
Second Quarter | 21.50 |  |  | 26.14 |  |  | 0.27 |
Third Quarter | 25.17 |  |  | 32.92 |  |  | 0.27 |
Fourth Quarter | 27.15 |  |  | 34.63 |  |  | 0.28 |
2025 |  |  |  |  |
First Quarter | $ | 25.10 |  |  | $ | 29.87 |  |  | $ | 0.28 |
Second Quarter (dividend paid May 23, 2025) | TBD |  | TBD |  | 0.28 |

| Quarter Ended March 31
| 2025 |  | 2024
Cash Dividends Per Share | $ | 0.280 |  |  | $ | 0.270 |
Diluted Earnings Per Share | 0.38 |  |  | 0.45 |
Dividend Payout Ratio | 73.68 | % |  | 60.00 | %
Total Equity (in thousands) | 404,409 |  |  | $ | 377,986 |
Shares Issued and Outstanding (in thousands) | 16,670 |  |  | 16,710 |
Book Value Per Share | $ | 24.26 |  |  | $ | 22.62 |
Intangible Assets (in thousands) | 25,743 |  |  | 22,891 |
Tangible Book Value Per Share | $ | 22.72 |  |  | $ | 21.25 |

LIQUIDITY
The objective of effective liquidity management is to ensure that Arrow has the ability to raise cash when needed at a reasonable cost. This includes the capability of meeting expected and unexpected obligations to Arrow's customers at any time. Given the uncertain nature of customer demands and the need to maximize earnings, Arrow must have available reasonably priced sources of funds, both on- and off-balance sheet, that can be accessed quickly in times of need. Arrow’s liquidity position should provide the Company with the necessary flexibility to address any unexpected near-term disruptions such as reduced cash flows from the investment and loan portfolio, unexpected deposit runoff, or increased loan originations.
Arrow's primary sources of available liquidity are overnight investments in federal funds sold, interest-bearing bank balances at the FRBNY, and cash flow from investment securities and loans. Certain investment securities are categorized as available-for-sale at time of purchase based on their marketability and collateral value, as well as their yield and maturity. The securities available-for-sale portfolio was $445.7 million at March 31, 2025, a decrease of $17.4 million, from the year-end 2024 level. Due to the potential for volatility in market values, Arrow may not always be able to sell securities on short notice at their carrying value, even to provide needed liquidity. Arrow also held interest-bearing cash balances at March 31, 2025 of $268.5 million compared to $127.1 million at December 31, 2024.
In addition to liquidity from cash, short-term investments, investment securities and loans, Arrow has supplemented available operating liquidity with additional off-balance sheet sources such as a federal funds lines of credit with correspondent banks and credit lines with the FHLBNY. The federal funds lines of credit are with two correspondent banks totaling $23 million which were not drawn on during 2024 or the three months ended March 31, 2025.
To support the borrowing relationship with the FHLBNY, Arrow has pledged collateral, including residential mortgage, home equity and commercial real estate loans. At March 31, 2025, Arrow had outstanding collateralized obligations with the FHLBNY of $9 million; as of that date, the unused borrowing capacity at the FHLBNY was approximately $677 million. Brokered deposits have also been identified as an available source of funding accessible in a relatively short time period. At March 31, 2025, there were $300 million in
58

brokered CD deposits. In addition, Arrow Bank has established a borrowing facility with the FRBNY, pledging certain consumer loans as collateral for potential "discount window" advances, which are maintained for contingency liquidity purposes. At March 31, 2025, the amount available under this facility was approximately $776 million in the aggregate, and there were no advances then outstanding.
Arrow performs regular liquidity stress tests and tests of the contingent liquidity plan to ensure that an adequate amount of available funds can be generated to meet a wide variety of potential liquidity events. Additionally, Arrow continually monitors levels and composition of uninsured deposits. Uninsured deposit balances in excess of the FDIC insurance limit at March 31, were less than 30% of the total deposit base.
Arrow measures and monitors basic liquidity as a ratio of liquid assets to total short-term liabilities, both with and without the availability of borrowing arrangements. Based on the level of overnight investments, available liquidity from the investment securities portfolio, cash flows from the loan portfolio, the stable core deposit base and the significant borrowing capacity, Arrow believes that the available liquidity is sufficient to meet all reasonably likely events or occurrences. At March 31, 2025, Arrow's primary liquidity ratio was approximately 10.5% of total assets, well in excess of the internal policy limit of 5%. Total primary liquidity was approximately $483 million, comprised of $268 million of unencumbered cash and $199 million in unencumbered securities.
Arrow did not experience any liquidity constraints in the three month period ended March 31, 2025, in 2024 or in any recent prior period. Arrow has not at any time during such periods been forced to pay above-market rates to obtain retail deposits or other funds from any source.
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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 Compared With
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
Summary of Earnings Performance
(Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |
| March 31, 2025 |  | March 31, 2024 |  | Change |  | % Change
Net Income | $ | 6,310 |  |  | $ | 7,660 |  |  | $ | (1,350) |  |  | (17.6) | %
Diluted Earnings Per Share | 0.38 |  |  | 0.45 |  |  | (0.07) |  |  | (15.6) | %
Return on Average Assets | 0.59 | % |  | 0.73 | % |  | (0.14) | % |  | (19.2) | %
Return on Average Equity | 6.33 | % |  | 8.12 | % |  | (1.79) | % |  | (22.0) | %

Net income was $6.3 million and diluted EPS of $0.38 for the first quarter of 2025, compared to net income of $7.7 million and diluted EPS of $0.45 for the first three months of 2024. Return on average assets for the first three months of 2025 was 0.59%, a decrease from 0.73% for the first three months of 2024. In addition, return on average equity decreased to 6.33% for the first three months of 2025 from 8.12% for the first three months of 2024.
The following narrative discusses the quarter-to-quarter changes in net interest income, non-interest income, non-interest expense and income taxes:
Net Interest Income
Summary of Net Interest Income
(Dollars in Thousands)

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |
| March 31, 2025 |  | March 31, 2024 |  | Change |  | % Change
Interest and Dividend Income | $ | 50,366 |  |  | $ | 46,677 |  |  | $ | 3,689 |  |  | 7.9 | %
Interest Expense | 19,009 |  |  | 20,222 |  |  | (1,213) |  |  | (6.0) | %
Net Interest Income | 31,357 |  |  | 26,455 |  |  | 4,902 |  |  | 18.5 | %
Average Earning Assets(1) | 4,143,939 |  |  | 4,085,398 |  |  | 58,541 |  |  | 1.4 | %
Average Interest-Bearing Liabilities | 3,184,196 |  |  | 3,108,093 |  |  | 76,103 |  |  | 2.4 | %
Yield on Earning Assets(1) | 4.93 | % |  | 4.60 | % |  | 0.33 | % |  | 7.2 | %
Cost of Interest-Bearing Liabilities | 2.42 |  |  | 2.62 |  |  | (0.20) |  |  | (7.6) | %
Net Interest Spread | 2.51 |  |  | 1.98 |  |  | 0.53 |  |  | 26.8 | %
Net Interest Margin | 3.07 |  |  | 2.60 |  |  | 0.47 |  |  | 18.1 | %
(1) Includes Nonaccrual Loans. |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Net interest income for the first three months of 2025 increased $4.9 million , or 18.5%, as compared to the first three months of 2024. Total loans at March 31, 2025 increased $158.1 million from March 31, 2024. Investments decreased $67.1 million from March 31, 2024. At March 31, 2025, deposit balances were $4.0 billion. The increase of deposits from March 31, 2024 to March 31, 2025 was $189.1 million, or 5.0%. Net interest margin for the first three months of 2025 increased 47 basis points to 3.07%, from 2.60% for the first three months of 2024. Average earning asset yields were 33 basis points higher as compared to the first three months of 2024, primarily due to higher market rates. The cost of interest-bearing liabilities decreased 20 basis points from the first three months of 2024. Arrow defines net interest margin as net interest income divided by average earning assets, annualized. Further detailed information is presented above under the section entitled "Average Consolidated Balance Sheets and Net Interest Income Analysis" on page 44 and 45 The impact of recent interest rate changes on Arrow's deposit and loan portfolios are discussed above in this Report under the sections entitled "Deposit Trends" on page 53 and "Loan Trends" on page 51.
As discussed previously under the heading "Asset Quality" beginning on page 55, the provision for loan losses for the first three months of 2025 was $5.0 million, compared to $0.6 million for the first three months of 2024.
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Non-interest Income
Summary of Non-interest Income
(Dollars in Thousands)

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |
| March 31, 2025 |  | March 31, 2024 |  | Change |  | % Change
Income From Fiduciary Activities | $ | 2,535 |  |  | $ | 2,457 |  |  | $ | 78 |  |  | 3.2 | %
Fees for Other Services to Customers | 2,600 |  |  | 2,543 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 2.2 | %
Insurance Commissions | 1,826 |  |  | 1,682 |  |  | 144 |  |  | 8.6 | %
Net Gain on Securities | 317 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 300 |  |  | 1,764.7 | %
Net Gain on the Sale of Loans | 101 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 97 |  |  | 2,425.0 | %
Other Operating Income | 460 |  |  | 1,155 |  |  | (695) |  |  | (60.2) | %
Total Non-interest Income | $ | 7,839 |  |  | $ | 7,858 |  |  | $ | (19) |  |  | (0.2) | %

Total non-interest income in the current quarter was $7.8 million, consistent with the first quarter of 2024. The increase in insurance commissions was partially attributable to the A&B Acquisition which occurred in the third quarter of 2024. Net gain on security transactions of $317 thousand for the first three months of 2025 was the result of the increase in the fair value of equity securities. Other operating income decreased from the prior year comparable quarter as the results of gains recognized in 2024 on other assets.
Non-interest Expense
Summary of Non-interest Expense
(Dollars in Thousands)

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |
| March 31, 2025 |  | March 31, 2024 |  | Change |  | % Change
Salaries and Employee Benefits | $ | 13,555 |  |  | $ | 12,893 |  |  | $ | 662 |  |  | 5.1 | %
Occupancy Expense of Premises, Net | 2,022 |  |  | 1,771 |  |  | 251 |  |  | 14.2 | %
Technology and Equipment Expense | 5,087 |  |  | 4,820 |  |  | 267 |  |  | 5.5 | %
FDIC and FICO Assessments | 670 |  |  | 715 |  |  | (45) |  |  | (6.3) | %
Amortization | 81 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 97.6 | %
Other Operating Expense | 4,630 |  |  | 3,772 |  |  | 858 |  |  | 22.7 | %
Total Non-interest Expense | $ | 26,045 |  |  | $ | 24,012 |  |  | $ | 2,033 |  |  | 8.5 | %
Efficiency Ratio | 66.52 | % |  | 69.54 | % |  | (3.0) | % |  | (4.3) | %

Non-interest expense for the first quarter of 2025 was $26.0 million, an increase of $2.0 million, or 8.5%, from the first quarter of 2024. Salaries and benefit expenses increased $662 thousand, or 5.1%, from the prior year comparable quarter. Technology expenses in the first quarter increased $267 thousand, or 5.5%, from the first quarter of 2024. The first quarter of 2025 included Unification expenses of approximately $600 thousand. The Unification expenses were primarily comprised of project management and information technology costs related to the planned July 2025 system conversion. Arrow continues to focus on overall expense management.
Income Taxes
Summary of Income Taxes
(Dollars in Thousands)

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |
| March 31, 2025 |  | March 31, 2024 |  | Change |  | % Change
Provision for Income Taxes | $ | 1,822 |  |  | $ | 2,024 |  |  | $ | (202) |  |  | (10.0) | %
Effective Tax Rate | 22.4 | % |  | 20.9 | % |  | 1.5 | % |  | 7.2 | %

The increase in the effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the the three months ended March 31, 2024 was primarily due to an increase in forecasted pre-tax income combined with a decrease in the forecasted amount of tax exempt income
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Item 3.
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
In addition to credit risk in the loan portfolio and liquidity risk, discussed earlier, Arrow's business activities also generate market risk. Market risk is the possibility that changes in future market rates (interest rates) or prices (market value of financial instruments) will make Arrow's position (i.e., assets and operations) less valuable. Arrow's primary market risk is interest rate volatility. The ongoing monitoring and management of interest rate risk is an important component of the asset/liability management process, which is governed by policies that are reviewed and approved annually by the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors delegates responsibility for carrying out asset/liability oversight and control to management's Asset/Liability Committee (ALCO). In this capacity ALCO develops guidelines and strategies impacting the asset/liability profile based upon estimated market risk sensitivity, policy limits and overall market interest rate levels and trends.
Changes in market interest rates, whether increases or decreases, can trigger repricing and changes in the pace of payments for both assets and liabilities (prepayment risk). This may individually or in combination affect net interest income, net interest margin, and ultimately net income, either positively or negatively. ALCO utilizes the results of a detailed and dynamic simulation model to quantify this interest rate risk by projecting net interest income in various interest rate scenarios.
Arrow's standard simulation model applies a parallel shift in interest rates, ramped over a 12-month period, to capture the impact of changing interest rates on net interest income. The results are compared to ALCO policy limits which specify a maximum tolerance level for net interest income exposure over a one-year horizon, assuming no balance sheet growth and a 100 and 200 basis point downward and a 200 basis point upward shift in interest rates. Additional tools to monitor potential longer-term interest rate risk, including periodic stress testing involving hypothetical sudden and significant interest rate spikes, are also evaluated.
The following table summarizes the percentage change in net interest income as compared to the base scenario, which assumes no change in market interest rates as generated from the standard simulation model. The results are presented for each of the first two years of the simulation period for the 100 and 200 basis point decreases in interest rate scenario and the 200 basis point increase in interest rate scenario. These results are well within the ALCO policy limits.
As of March 31, 2025:

Change in Interest Rate |  | Calculated change in Net Interest Income - Year 1 |  | Calculated change in Net Interest Income - Year 2
- 200 basis points |  | 1.1% |  | 4.8%
- 100 basis points |  | 0.7% |  | 7.0%
+200 basis points |  | (2.6)% |  | 5.7%

The balance sheet shows an inverse relationship between changes in prevailing rates and Arrow's net interest income in the near term, suggesting that liabilities and sources of funds generally reprice more quickly than earning assets. However, when net interest income is simulated over a longer time frame, the balance sheet shows a relatively neutral profile with long-term asset sensitivity, as asset yields continue to reprice while the cost of funding reaches assumed ceilings or floors.
The hypothetical estimates underlying the sensitivity analysis are based upon numerous assumptions, including: the nature and timing of changes in interest rates including yield curve shape, prepayments on loans and securities, deposit decay rates, pricing decisions on loans and deposits, reinvestment/replacement of asset and liability cash flows, and others. While assumptions are developed based upon current economic and local market conditions, Arrow cannot make any assurance as to the predictive nature of these assumptions including how customer preferences or competitor influences might change.
Also, as market conditions vary from those assumed in the sensitivity analysis, actual results will differ due to: prepayment/refinancing levels likely deviating from those assumed, the varying impact of interest rate changes on caps or floors on adjustable rate assets, the potential effect of changing debt service levels on customers with adjustable rate loans, depositor early withdrawals and product preference changes, unanticipated shifts in the yield curve and other internal/external variables. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis does not reflect actions that ALCO might take in responding to or anticipating changes in interest rates.
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Item 4.
CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Management, under the supervision and with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") (who is our principal executive officer) and Chief Financial Officer ("CFO") (who is our principal financial officer), evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d15(e) of the the Exchange Act, as of March 31, 2025. Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure the information required to be disclosed in the reports that the Company files or submits under the Exchange Act with the SEC (1) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms; and (2) is accumulated and communicated to management, including the principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons and committees performing similar functions, such as the Audit Committee, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Based on this evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of March 31, 2025.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act, during the quarter ended March 31, 2025 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.
Legal Proceedings
Arrow, including its subsidiaries, is not currently the subject of any material pending legal proceedings, other than ordinary routine litigation occurring in the normal course of their business. On an ongoing basis, Arrow is often the subject of, or a party to, various legal claims by other parties against Arrow, by Arrow against other parties, or involving Arrow, which arise in the normal course of business. The various pending legal claims against Arrow will not, in the opinion of management based upon consultation with counsel, result in any material liability. Legal expenses incurred in connection with loss contingencies are expensed as incurred.
As previously disclosed in certain of the Company’s filings with the SEC, on June 23, 2023, Robert C. Ashe filed a putative class action complaint (the "Ashe Lawsuit") against the Company in the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York. In addition to the Company, the complaint names as defendants Thomas J. Murphy, the Company’s former CEO and from September 30, 2022 to February 20, 2023, its interim CFO, Edward J. Campanella, the Company’s former CFO, and Penko Ivanov, the Company’s current CFO (“Individual Defendants” and, together with the Company, the "Defendants"). The complaint alleges that the Defendants made materially false and misleading statements regarding the Company’s business, operations and compliance policies in the Company’s public filings between March 12, 2022 and May 12, 2023. The complaint further alleges that the Individual Defendants are liable for these materially false and misleading statements as "controlling persons" of the Company. Based on these allegations, the complaint brings two claims for violations of Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder and of Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act. Mr. Ashe, on behalf of a purported class of shareholders, seeks compensatory damages as well as recovery of the costs and fees associated with the litigation. On December 5, 2023, plaintiff Ashe filed an amended complaint that changed the putative class period to the period from August 5, 2022 through May 12, 2023, but challenged substantially the same statements on the same basis. On February 9, 2024, the Company moved to dismiss the action in its entirety. On June 7, 2024, the parties reached a settlement (subject to court approval). On February 13, 2025 the court approved the settlement, which did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial results or financial position and was fully recognized during 2023 and the first quarter of 2024.
On December 12, 2023 the Company became aware that Stephen Bull filed a complaint (the "Shareholder Derivative Complaint") on behalf of Arrow against the three Individual Defendants, as well as against all members of Arrow’s board of directors during the class period in Ashe. The Company is named solely as a nominal defendant in the action and would be the beneficiary of any recovery. The Shareholder Derivative Complaint alleges breaches of fiduciary duty (i) by the Ashe individual defendants based on substantially the same allegedly misleading statements pleaded in the Ashe complaint; and (ii) the director defendants by failing to adequately oversee the individual defendants and maintain internal and disclosure controls. Plaintiffs seek (i) unspecified damages (which would be payable to the Company) for costs incurred as a result of the alleged misstatements, including costs of investigation, remediation, and litigation, (ii) repayment of the director defendants’ compensation on an unjust enrichment theory, (iii) an order directing the Company to take all necessary actions to reform and improve its corporate governance, and (iv) the recovery of costs and fees associated with the litigation. The Shareholder Derivative Complaint also asserts various federal securities claims based on the same alleged misrepresentations as set forth in the Ashe Lawsuit. On April 30, 2025, the parties filed a motion preliminarily to approve a settlement under which the Company has agreed to make certain adjustments to its governance structure and processes. The parties are continuing to negotiate any attorneys’ fee and expense award to plaintiff’s counsel. The settlement is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial results or position.
Item 1.A.
Risk Factors
The Risk Factors identified in the 2024 Form 10-K continue to represent the most significant risks to Arrow's future results of operations and financial conditions, without further modification or amendment.
Item 2.
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities
None.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The following table presents information about purchases of common stock (our only class of equity securities registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act) by Arrow during the three months ended March 31, 2025. On April 24, 2024, the Board authorized management, in its discretion to repurchase from time to time, in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, up to $5 million of Arrow common stock. 128,047 shares were purchased during the three months ended March 31, 2025. As of March 31, 2025, $1,609,390 remained available under that authorization for the repurchase of shares.
On April 30, 2025, the Board increased the available amount for share repurchase by $5 million, authorizing management, in its discretion, to repurchase from time to time, in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, shares of Arrow common stock. This additional authorization left the total authorization as of April 30, 2025 at $6,609,390.
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First Quarter 2025 Calendar Month | (A) Total Number of Shares Purchased 1 |  | (B) Average Price Paid Per Share 1,2 |  | (C) Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | (D) Maximum Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs 3
January | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 5,000,000 |
February | 70,071 |  |  | 26.73 |  |  | 70,071 |  |  | 3,127,076 |
March | 57,976 |  |  | 26.18 |  |  | 57,976 |  |  | 1,609,390 |
Total | 128,047 |  |  | 26.48 |  |  | 128,047 |  |  |

1 In the months indicated, the listed number of shares purchased were purchased by Arrow through such methods: January - none; February - repurchased under the 2024 repurchase plan (70,071 shares); and March - repurchased under the 2024 repurchase plan (57,976 shares).
2 Average price paid per share excludes the Stock Buyback Tax Under the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022.
3 Reflects the approximate dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the Program.
Item 3.
Defaults Upon Senior Securities - None
Item 4.
Mine Safety Disclosures - None
Item 5.
Other Information
Rule 10b5-1 Trading Arrangements
During the three months ended March 31, 2025, no director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.
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Item 6.
Exhibits

Exhibit Number | Exhibit
3.(i) | Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant as Amended through June 3, 2019, incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 5, 2019, Exhibit 3.1
3.(ii) | By-laws of the Registrant, as amended, incorporated herein by reference from the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 1, 2024, Exhibit 3.1
10.1 | 2025 Employment Agreement between the Registrant and David S. DeMarco, President and Chief Executive Officer, incorporated herein by reference from the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K , filed February 10, 2025, Exhibit 10.1*
10.2 | 2025 Employment Agreement between the Registrant and Penko K. Ivanov, Executive Vice President, Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer, incorporated herein by reference from the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed February 10, 2025, Exhibit 10.2*
10.3 | 2025 Employment Agreement between the Registrant and David D. Kaiser, Senior Executive Vice President, incorporated herein by reference from the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K , filed February 10, 2025, Exhibit 10.3*
10.4 | 2025 Employment Agreement between the Registrant and Andrew J. Wise, Chief Risk Officer and Senior Executive Vice President, incorporated herein by reference from the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K , filed February 10, 2025, Exhibit 10.4*
10.5 | 2025 Employment Agreement between the Registrant and Marc J.. Yrsha, Executive Vice President, Chief Banking Officer, incorporated herein by reference from the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed February 10, 2025, Exhibit 10.5*

The following exhibits are submitted herewith:

Exhibit Number | Exhibit
31.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer under SEC Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)
31.2 | Certification of Chief Financial Officer under SEC Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)
32 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer under 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 and Certification of Chief Financial Officer under 18 U.S.C. Section 1350
101.INS | XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document
101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

* Management contracts or compensation plans required to be filed as an exhibit.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
ARROW FINANCIAL CORPORATION
Registrant

May 9, 2025 | /s/ David S. DeMarco
Date | David S. DeMarco
| President and Chief Executive Officer
| (Principal Executive Officer)
May 9, 2025 | /s/ Penko Ivanov
Date | Penko Ivanov
| Chief Financial Officer
| (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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