Q1 2025 --09-30 false 0000796505 false false false false 3 http://fasb.org/us-gaap/2024#SecuredOvernightFinancingRateSofrMember 25,000 20,400 40,000 5 5 5 5 7 0 1 0 12.5 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 3 2 1 1 1 3 5 3 3 5 5 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0000796505 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 thunderdome:item 0000796505 2024-04-01 2024-06-30 iso4217:USD 0000796505 clfd:SeniorLoanAgreementMember 2024-09-30 0000796505 clfd:SeniorLoanAgreementMember 2024-12-31 iso4217:EUR xbrli:pure 0000796505 clfd:NESAMember us-gaap:SeniorLoansMember 2021-03-01 2021-03-31 utr:Y 0000796505 clfd:LoanAgreementNestorCablesMember us-gaap:SeniorLoansMember 2021-03-01 2021-03-31 0000796505 clfd:LoanAgreementNestorCablesMember us-gaap:SeniorLoansMember 2021-03-31 0000796505 us-gaap:RevolvingCreditFacilityMember clfd:LoanAndSecurityAgreementWithBremerBankNationalAssociationMember 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:RevolvingCreditFacilityMember clfd:LoanAndSecurityAgreementWithBremerBankNationalAssociationMember 2024-08-05 2024-08-05 0000796505 us-gaap:RevolvingCreditFacilityMember clfd:LoanAndSecurityAgreementWithBremerBankNationalAssociationMember 2022-04-01 2022-04-01 0000796505 us-gaap:RevolvingCreditFacilityMember clfd:LoanAndSecurityAgreementWithBremerBankNationalAssociationMember 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 0000796505 2022-04-01 2022-04-01 0000796505 us-gaap:RevolvingCreditFacilityMember clfd:LoanAndSecurityAgreementWithBremerBankNationalAssociationMember 2022-04-01 0000796505 2023-10-01 2023-12-31 0000796505 2023-12-31 0000796505 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:SellingGeneralAndAdministrativeExpensesMember 2023-10-01 2023-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:SellingGeneralAndAdministrativeExpensesMember 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:CostOfSalesMember 2023-10-01 2023-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:CostOfSalesMember 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 0000796505 clfd:TabasaluEstoniaMember srt:MinimumMember 2023-05-01 2023-05-01 0000796505 clfd:TabasaluEstoniaMember 2024-04-01 2024-04-01 utr:sqft 0000796505 clfd:TabasaluEstoniaMember 2023-05-11 0000796505 clfd:TabasaluEstoniaMember 2023-05-01 2023-05-01 utr:acre 0000796505 clfd:TabasaluEstoniaMember 2024-12-31 0000796505 clfd:OuluFinlandMember 2023-10-01 2024-09-30 0000796505 clfd:OuluFinlandMember 2024-09-30 0000796505 clfd:BrooklynPartMNMember 2021-11-19 0000796505 clfd:TijuanaMexico3Member 2024-04-01 2024-04-30 0000796505 clfd:TijuanaMexico3Member 2024-04-30 0000796505 clfd:LeaseMandatoryContractualTermMember clfd:TijuanaMexico3Member 2024-04-30 0000796505 clfd:WinnetkaAvenueNorthBrooklynParkMinnesotaMember 2015-01-01 utr:M 0000796505 srt:MaximumMember 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 0000796505 srt:MinimumMember 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 0000796505 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:IntersegmentEliminationMember 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember clfd:NestorCablesMember 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember clfd:ClearfieldMember 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:IntersegmentEliminationMember 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember clfd:NestorCablesMember 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember clfd:ClearfieldMember 2024-12-31 0000796505 2023-10-01 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:IntersegmentEliminationMember 2023-10-01 2023-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember clfd:NestorCablesMember 2023-10-01 2023-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember clfd:ClearfieldMember 2023-10-01 2023-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:IntersegmentEliminationMember 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember clfd:NestorCablesMember 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:OperatingSegmentsMember clfd:ClearfieldMember 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:ComputerSoftwareIntangibleAssetMember 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:ComputerSoftwareIntangibleAssetMember srt:MaximumMember 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:ComputerSoftwareIntangibleAssetMember srt:MinimumMember 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:OtherIntangibleAssetsMember 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:DevelopedTechnologyRightsMember 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:PatentsMember 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:TrademarksMember 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:TrademarksMember srt:MaximumMember 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:TrademarksMember srt:MinimumMember 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:CertificationMarksMember 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:CustomerRelationshipsMember 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:ComputerSoftwareIntangibleAssetMember 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:ComputerSoftwareIntangibleAssetMember srt:MaximumMember 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:ComputerSoftwareIntangibleAssetMember srt:MinimumMember 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:OtherIntangibleAssetsMember 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:DevelopedTechnologyRightsMember 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:PatentsMember 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:TrademarksMember 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:TrademarksMember srt:MaximumMember 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:TrademarksMember srt:MinimumMember 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:CertificationMarksMember 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:CustomerRelationshipsMember 2024-12-31 0000796505 clfd:NestorMember 2023-12-31 0000796505 clfd:ClearfieldMember 2023-12-31 0000796505 clfd:NestorMember 2023-10-01 2023-12-31 0000796505 clfd:ClearfieldMember 2023-10-01 2023-12-31 0000796505 2023-09-30 0000796505 clfd:NestorMember 2023-09-30 0000796505 clfd:ClearfieldMember 2023-09-30 0000796505 clfd:NestorMember 2024-12-31 0000796505 clfd:ClearfieldMember 2024-12-31 0000796505 clfd:NestorMember 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 0000796505 clfd:ClearfieldMember 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 0000796505 clfd:NestorMember 2024-09-30 0000796505 clfd:ClearfieldMember 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember clfd:CustomerThreeMember 2023-10-01 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember clfd:CustomerTwoMember 2023-10-01 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember clfd:CustomerOneMember 2023-10-01 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2023-10-01 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember clfd:CustomerTwoMember 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember clfd:CustomerOneMember 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember clfd:CustomerTwoMember 2023-10-01 2023-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember clfd:OneCustomerMember 2023-10-01 2023-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2023-10-01 2023-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember clfd:OneCustomerMember 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 0000796505 clfd:LegacyCustomersMember 2023-10-01 2023-12-31 0000796505 clfd:LegacyCustomersMember 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 0000796505 clfd:BroadbandServiceProvidersMember 2023-10-01 2023-12-31 0000796505 clfd:BroadbandServiceProvidersMember 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 0000796505 2023-04-01 2023-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:NonUsMember 2023-04-01 2023-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:NonUsMember 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 0000796505 country:US 2023-04-01 2023-12-31 0000796505 country:US 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 xbrli:shares 0000796505 clfd:EmployeeStockPurchasePlanMember 2024-12-31 iso4217:USD xbrli:shares 0000796505 clfd:EmployeeStockPurchasePlanMember 2023-07-01 2023-12-31 0000796505 clfd:EmployeeStockPurchasePlanMember 2024-07-01 2024-12-31 0000796505 clfd:PerformanceStockUnitsMember 2024-12-31 0000796505 clfd:PerformanceStockUnitsMember 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 0000796505 clfd:PerformanceStockUnitsMember 2024-09-30 0000796505 clfd:PerformanceStockUnitsMember 2023-10-01 2023-12-31 0000796505 clfd:PerformanceStockUnitsMember 2023-10-01 2024-06-30 0000796505 clfd:PerformanceStockUnitsMember us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationAwardTrancheThreeMember 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 0000796505 clfd:PerformanceStockUnitsMember us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationAwardTrancheTwoMember 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 0000796505 clfd:PerformanceStockUnitsMember us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationAwardTrancheOneMember 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:RestrictedStockMember 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:RestrictedStockMember 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:RestrictedStockMember 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:RestrictedStockUnitsRSUMember us-gaap:ShareBasedPaymentArrangementNonemployeeMember 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:RestrictedStockUnitsRSUMember us-gaap:ShareBasedPaymentArrangementEmployeeMember clfd:The2022PlanMember 2023-10-01 2023-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:RestrictedStockUnitsRSUMember us-gaap:ShareBasedPaymentArrangementEmployeeMember clfd:The2022PlanMember 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:EmployeeStockOptionMember srt:MaximumMember 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:EmployeeStockOptionMember srt:MinimumMember 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:EmployeeStockOptionMember 2023-10-01 2023-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:EmployeeStockOptionMember 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:AccumulatedTranslationAdjustmentMember 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:AccumulatedNetUnrealizedInvestmentGainLossMember 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:AccumulatedTranslationAdjustmentMember 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:AccumulatedNetUnrealizedInvestmentGainLossMember 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:AccumulatedTranslationAdjustmentMember 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:AccumulatedNetUnrealizedInvestmentGainLossMember 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel3Member 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel3Member 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel2Member 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel1Member 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:USTreasurySecuritiesMember us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel3Member 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:USTreasurySecuritiesMember us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel2Member 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:USTreasurySecuritiesMember us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel1Member 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:USTreasurySecuritiesMember 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:CertificatesOfDepositMember us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel3Member 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:CertificatesOfDepositMember us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel2Member 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:CertificatesOfDepositMember us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel1Member 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:CertificatesOfDepositMember 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:MoneyMarketFundsMember us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel3Member 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:MoneyMarketFundsMember us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel2Member 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:MoneyMarketFundsMember us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel1Member 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:MoneyMarketFundsMember 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel2Member 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel1Member 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:USTreasurySecuritiesMember us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel3Member 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:USTreasurySecuritiesMember us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel2Member 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:USTreasurySecuritiesMember us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel1Member 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:USTreasurySecuritiesMember 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:CertificatesOfDepositMember us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel3Member 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:CertificatesOfDepositMember us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel2Member 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:CertificatesOfDepositMember us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel1Member 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:CertificatesOfDepositMember 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:MoneyMarketFundsMember us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel3Member 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:MoneyMarketFundsMember us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel2Member 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:MoneyMarketFundsMember us-gaap:FairValueInputsLevel1Member 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:MoneyMarketFundsMember 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:CertificatesOfDepositMember 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:USTreasurySecuritiesMember 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:CertificatesOfDepositMember 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:USTreasurySecuritiesMember 2024-12-31 0000796505 clfd:LongtermInvestmentMember 2024-09-30 0000796505 clfd:LongtermCertificatesOfDepositMember 2024-09-30 0000796505 clfd:ShorttermInvestmentMember 2024-09-30 0000796505 clfd:ShorttermCertificatesOfDepositMember 2024-09-30 0000796505 clfd:ShorttermUSTreasurySecuritiesMember 2024-09-30 0000796505 clfd:LongtermInvestmentMember 2024-12-31 0000796505 clfd:LongtermCertificatesOfDepositMember 2024-12-31 0000796505 clfd:LongtermUSTreasurySecuritiesMember 2024-12-31 0000796505 clfd:ShorttermInvestmentMember 2024-12-31 0000796505 clfd:ShorttermCertificatesOfDepositMember 2024-12-31 0000796505 clfd:ShorttermUSTreasurySecuritiesMember 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:PerformanceSharesMember 2023-10-01 2023-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:EmployeeStockOptionMember 2023-10-01 2023-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:PerformanceSharesMember 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:EmployeeStockOptionMember 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 0000796505 srt:ScenarioPreviouslyReportedMember 2023-10-01 2023-12-31 0000796505 srt:RevisionOfPriorPeriodErrorCorrectionAdjustmentMember 2023-10-01 2023-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember 2023-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember 2023-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember 2023-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:CommonStockMember 2023-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember 2023-10-01 2023-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember 2023-10-01 2023-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember 2023-10-01 2023-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:CommonStockMember 2023-10-01 2023-12-31 0000796505 srt:CumulativeEffectPeriodOfAdoptionAdjustmentMember 2023-12-31 0000796505 srt:CumulativeEffectPeriodOfAdoptionAdjustmentMember us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember 2023-12-31 0000796505 srt:CumulativeEffectPeriodOfAdoptionAdjustmentMember us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember 2023-12-31 0000796505 srt:CumulativeEffectPeriodOfAdoptionAdjustmentMember us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember 2023-12-31 0000796505 srt:CumulativeEffectPeriodOfAdoptionAdjustmentMember us-gaap:CommonStockMember 2023-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember 2023-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember 2023-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember 2023-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:CommonStockMember 2023-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:CommonStockMember 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:CommonStockMember 2024-10-01 2024-12-31 0000796505 us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember 2024-09-30 0000796505 us-gaap:CommonStockMember 2024-09-30 0000796505 2025-01-31

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended December 31, 2024

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from __________________ to ___________________

Commission File Number 0-16106

CLEARFIELD, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Minnesota |  | 41-1347235
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

7050 Winnetka Avenue North Suite 100 Brooklyn Park, Minnesota |  | 55428
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)
(763) 476-6866
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value | CLFD | The Nasdaq Stock Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

1

Large accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☐ |  | Accelerated filer ☒ Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐ |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

☐ Yes ☒ No

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer's classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

Class: | Outstanding as of January 31, 2025
Common stock, par value $.01 | 14,131,537

2

CLEARFIELD, INC.

FORM 10-Q

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION | 4
ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS | 4
ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS | 23
ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK | 28
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES | 29
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION | 29
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS | 29
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS | 29
ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS | 29
ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES | 29
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES | 30
ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION | 30
ITEM 6. EXHIBITS | 30
SIGNATURES |

3

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

CLEARFIELD, INC. |
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS |
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT SHARE DATA) |
|  | December 31, 2024 (Unaudited) |  |  | September 30, 2024 |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 30,453 |  |  | $ | 16,167 |
Short-term investments |  |  | 82,561 |  |  |  | 114,825 |
Accounts receivables, net |  |  | 14,064 |  |  |  | 21,309 |
Inventories, net |  |  | 59,224 |  |  |  | 66,766 |
Other current assets |  |  | 11,609 |  |  |  | 10,528 |
Total current assets |  |  | 197,911 |  |  |  | 229,595 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  |  | 23,717 |  |  |  | 23,953 |
Other Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-term investments |  |  | 41,916 |  |  |  | 24,505 |
Goodwill |  |  | 6,493 |  |  |  | 6,627 |
Intangible assets, net |  |  | 6,103 |  |  |  | 6,343 |
Right-of-use lease assets |  |  | 18,276 |  |  |  | 15,797 |
Deferred tax asset |  |  | 6,622 |  |  |  | 6,135 |
Other |  |  | 2,192 |  |  |  | 2,320 |
Total other assets |  |  | 81,602 |  |  |  | 61,727 |
Total Assets |  | $ | 303,230 |  |  | $ | 315,275 |
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current portion of lease liability |  | $ | 3,651 |  |  | $ | 3,357 |
Accounts payable |  |  | 4,325 |  |  |  | 6,720 |
Accrued compensation |  |  | 5,400 |  |  |  | 6,977 |
Accrued expenses |  |  | 2,562 |  |  |  | 4,378 |
Factoring liability |  |  | 2,790 |  |  |  | 2,920 |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 18,728 |  |  |  | 24,352 |
Other Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-term debt, net of current maturities |  |  | 2,072 |  |  |  | 2,228 |
Long-term portion of lease liability |  |  | 14,995 |  |  |  | 12,771 |
Deferred tax liability |  |  | - |  |  |  | 161 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 35,795 |  |  |  | 39,512 |
Shareholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $.01 par value; 500,000 shares; no shares issued or outstanding |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Common stock, authorized 50,000,000, $.01 par value; 14,131,537 and 14,229,107 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and September 30, 2024, respectively |  |  | 141 |  |  |  | 142 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 154,254 |  |  |  | 159,579 |
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income |  |  | (17 | ) |  |  | 1,079 |
Retained earnings |  |  | 113,057 |  |  |  | 114,963 |
Total shareholders’ equity |  |  | 267,435 |  |  |  | 275,763 |
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity |  | $ | 303,230 |  |  | $ | 315,275 |

SEE ACCOMPANYING NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

4

CLEARFIELD, INC. |
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EARNINGS |
(UNAUDITED) |
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT SHARE DATA) |
|  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Three Months Ended |
|  | December 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Net sales |  | $ | 35,476 |  |  | $ | 34,230 |
Cost of sales |  |  | 27,294 |  |  |  | 29,533 |
Gross profit |  |  | 8,182 |  |  |  | 4,697 |
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative |  |  | 12,158 |  |  |  | 12,859 |
Loss from operations |  |  | (3,976 | ) |  |  | (8,162 | )
Net investment income |  |  | 1,744 |  |  |  | 2,069 |
Interest expense |  |  | (100 | ) |  |  | (126 | )
Loss before income taxes |  |  | (2,332 | ) |  |  | (6,219 | )
Income tax benefit |  |  | (426 | ) |  |  | (951 | )
Net loss |  | $ | (1,906 | ) |  | $ | (5,268 | )
Net loss per share Basic |  | $ | (0.13 | ) |  | $ | (0.35 | )
Net loss per share Diluted |  | $ | (0.13 | ) |  | $ | (0.35 | )
Weighted average shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  | 14,213,025 |  |  |  | 15,212,945 |
Diluted |  |  | 14,213,025 |  |  |  | 15,212,945 |

SEE ACCOMPANYING NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

5

CLEARFIELD, INC. |
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME |
(UNAUDITED) |
(IN THOUSANDS) |
|  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Three Months Ended |
|  | December 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Comprehensive (loss) income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (1,906 | ) |  | $ | (5,268 | )
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized (loss) gain on available-for-sale investments |  |  | (125 | ) |  |  | 291 |
Unrealized (loss) gain on foreign currency translation |  |  | (971 | ) |  |  | 729 |
Total other comprehensive (loss) income |  |  | (1,096 | ) |  |  | 1,020 |
Total comprehensive loss |  | $ | (3,002 | ) |  | $ | (4,248 | )

SEE ACCOMPANYING NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |

6

CLEARFIELD, INC. |
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |
(UNAUDITED) |
(IN THOUSANDS) |
For three months ended December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Common Stock |  |  | Additional |  |  | comprehensive |  |  | Retained |  |  | Total share- |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | paid-in capital |  |  | income (loss) |  |  | earnings |  |  | holders’ equity |
Balance as of September 30, 2024 |  |  | 14,229 |  |  | $ | 142 |  |  | $ | 159,579 |  |  | $ | 1,079 |  |  | $ | 114,963 |  |  | $ | 275,763 |
Stock based compensation expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,139 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,139 |
Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 301 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 301 |
Issuance of common stock under equity compensation plans, net |  |  | 105 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Repurchase of shares for payment of withholding taxes for vested restricted stock grants |  |  | (17 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (491 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (491 | )
Repurchase of common stock |  |  | (196 | ) |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | (6,273 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (6,275 | )
Other comprehensive loss |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,096 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,096 | )
Net loss |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,906 | ) |  |  | (1,906 | )
Balance at December 31, 2024 |  |  | 14,132 |  |  | $ | 141 |  |  | $ | 154,254 |  |  | $ | (17 | ) |  | $ | 113,057 |  |  | $ | 267,435 |
For three months ended December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Common Stock |  |  | Additional |  |  | comprehensive |  |  | Retained |  |  | Total share- |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | paid-in capital |  |  | income (loss) |  |  | earnings |  |  | holders’ equity |
Balance as of September 30, 2023 |  |  | 15,254 |  |  | $ | 153 |  |  | $ | 188,218 |  |  | $ | (544 | ) |  | $ | 127,336 |  |  | $ | 315,163 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,271 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,271 |
Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 250 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 250 |
Issuance of common stock under equity compensation plans, net |  |  | 120 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Repurchase of shares for payment of withholding taxes for vested restricted stock grants |  |  | (9 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (236 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (236 | )
Repurchase of common stock |  |  | (436 | ) |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | (12,181 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (12,185 | )
Adoption of new accounting pronouncement |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 80 |  |  |  | 80 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,020 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,020 |
Net loss |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (5,268 | ) |  |  | (5,268 | )
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  |  | 14,939 |  |  | $ | 149 |  |  | $ | 177,322 |  |  | $ | 476 |  |  | $ | 122,148 |  |  | $ | 300,095 |

SEE ACCOMPANYING NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

7

CLEARFIELD, INC. |
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS |
(UNAUDITED) |
(IN THOUSANDS) |
|  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Three Months Ended |
|  | December 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (1,906 | ) |  | $ | (5,268 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 1,838 |  |  |  | 1,651 |
Amortization of discount on investments |  |  | (766 | ) |  |  | (1,160 | )
Deferred taxes |  |  | (544 | ) |  |  | (320 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 1,139 |  |  |  | 1,271 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquired amounts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  |  | 6,873 |  |  |  | 11,750 |
Inventories, net |  |  | 6,871 |  |  |  | 4,169 |
Other assets |  |  | (1,027 | ) |  |  | 815 |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses |  |  | (5,328 | ) |  |  | (2,108 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 7,150 |  |  |  | 10,800 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets |  |  | (2,069 | ) |  |  | (2,412 | )
Purchases of investments |  |  | (39,015 | ) |  |  | (47,748 | )
Proceeds from sales and maturities of investments |  |  | 54,476 |  |  |  | 51,068 |
Net cash provided by investing activities |  |  | 13,392 |  |  |  | 908 |
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan |  |  | 301 |  |  |  | 250 |
Repurchase of shares for payment of withholding taxes for vested restricted stock grants |  |  | (491 | ) |  |  | (236 | )
Net borrowings and repayments of factoring liability |  |  | 77 |  |  |  | (2,972 | )
Repurchase of common stock |  |  | (6,275 | ) |  |  | (12,184 | )
Net cash used in financing activities |  |  | (6,388 | ) |  |  | (15,142 | )
Effect of exchange rates on cash |  |  | 132 |  |  |  | 91 |
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 14,286 |  |  |  | (3,343 | )
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year |  |  | 16,167 |  |  |  | 37,827 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year |  | $ | 30,453 |  |  | $ | 34,484 |
Supplemental disclosures for cash flow information |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid during the year for income taxes |  | $ | 405 |  |  | $ | 61 |
Cash paid for interest |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | 86 |
Right of use assets obtained through lease liabilities |  | $ | 3,663 |  |  | $ | - |
Non-cash financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cashless exercise of stock options |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | - |

SEE ACCOMPANYING NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

8

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Unless the context otherwise requires, for purposes of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the words “we,” “us,” “our,” the “Company,” and “Clearfield,” refer to Clearfield, Inc. and subsidiaries.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying (a) condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2024, which has been derived from audited financial statements, and (b) unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements as of and for the three months ended December 31, 2024 have been prepared by the Company in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America for interim financial information, pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission. In the opinion of management, the condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring accruals, necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position, results of operations, and cash flows of the interim periods presented. Operating results for the interim periods presented are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the full year or for any other interim period, due to variability in customer purchasing patterns, seasonality, and other factors. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2024.

In preparation of the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets and liabilities and related revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. As future events and their effects cannot be determined with precision, actual results could differ significantly from these estimates.

Principles of Consolidation

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Clearfield, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. ASU 2023-07 is intended to enhance financial reporting by requiring incremental disclosures for significant segment expenses on an annual and interim basis by public entities required to report segment information in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification Topic 280. The amendments in ASU 2023-07 are to be applied retrospectively to all periods presented in the financial statements and early adoption is permitted. This standard will be applicable to the Company for the 2025 annual period and quarterly periods thereafter. The Company is evaluating its disclosure approach for ASU 2023-07 and anticipates adopting the standard for the year ended September 30, 2025, and filings thereafter.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The new guidance is expected to improve income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information by requiring 1) consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation and 2) income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. The guidance is effective on a prospective basis, although retrospective application and early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating its disclosure approach for ASU 2023-09 and anticipates adopting the standard for the annual period starting October 1, 2025.

The FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, (Subtopic 220-4012): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. The ASU No. 2024-03 addresses the disaggregation of income statement expenses under that aims to provide more detailed information about the types of expenses included in commonly presented expense captions, such as cost of sales, selling, general, and administrative expenses (SG&A), and research and development. The ASU 2024-04 can be applied either prospectively to financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date or retrospectively to any or all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company is evaluating its disclosure approach for ASU 2024-03 and anticipates adopting the standard for the annual period starting October 1, 2027.

9

Correction of Prior Period Error

As disclosed in Note 1 to Company’s 2024 Form 10-K, the Company identified a prior period error in the presentation of its Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. Management determined its presentation of the net borrowings and repayments of factoring receivables was incorrectly presented within the ‘Accounts payable and accrued expenses’ line within operating activities as opposed to being presented within financing activities. As corrected in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, Accounts payable and accrued expenses and Net cash provided by operating activities are each increased by $2,972,000 for the three months ended December 31, 2023, and Net borrowings and repayments of factoring liability and Net cash used in financing activities are each increased by $2,972,000 for the three months ended December 31, 2023. This correction had no impact on the previously reported condensed consolidated balance sheets, condensed consolidated statements of earnings, condensed consolidated statement of comprehensive income, or condensed consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity. The Company also will correct previously reported financial information for such immaterial errors in future filings, as applicable.

Note 2. Net Loss Per Share

Basic net loss per common share (“EPS”) is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the reporting period. Diluted EPS equals net loss divided by the sum of the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding plus all additional common stock equivalents, such as stock options, when dilutive.

The following is a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator of the net loss per common share computations for the three months ended December 31, 2024, and 2023:

|  | Three Months Ended December 31, |
(In thousands, except for share data) |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Net loss |  | $ | (1,906 | ) |  | $ | (5,268 | )
Weighted average common shares |  |  | 14,213,025 |  |  |  | 15,212,945 |
Dilutive potential common shares |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Weighted average dilutive common shares outstanding |  |  | 14,213,025 |  |  |  | 15,212,945 |
Net loss per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | (0.13 | ) |  | $ | (0.35 | )
Diluted |  | $ | (0.13 | ) |  | $ | (0.35 | )

For the three months ended December 31, 2024, 404,836 stock options and 76,121 performance stock units were not included in the computation of diluted net income per share because the effect would have been anti-dilutive. For the three months ended December 31, 2023, 363,692 stock options and 47,745 performance stock units were not included in the computation of diluted net income per share because the effect would have been anti-dilutive.

Note 3. Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The following table presents the Company’s cash and cash equivalents balances:

(In thousands) |  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | September 30, 2024 |
Cash and cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash, including money market accounts |  | $ | 6,881 |  |  | $ | 5,789 |
Money market funds |  |  | 23,572 |  |  |  | 10,378 |
Total cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 30,453 |  |  | $ | 16,167 |

The Company maintains cash balances at multiple financial institutions, and at times, such balances exceeded insured limits. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts.

10

Note 4. Investments

The Company invests in United States Treasury (“Treasuries”) securities with terms of not more than five years and certificates of deposit (“CDs”) that are fully insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”), as well as money market funds. The Company’s investment portfolio is classified as available-for-sale, which is reported on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value. The unrealized gain or loss on investment securities is recorded in other comprehensive income, net of tax. Realized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities are recognized upon sale and are included in net investment income in the condensed consolidated statement of earnings.

As of December 31, 2024, available-for-sale investments consisted of the following:

|  | December 31, 2024 |
(In thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Unrealized Gains |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |
Short-Term |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities |  | $ | 82,005 |  |  | $ | 215 |  |  | $ | (159 | ) |  | $ | 82,061 |
Certificates of deposit |  |  | 500 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 500 |
Investment securities – short-term |  | $ | 82,505 |  |  | $ | 215 |  |  | $ | (159 | ) |  | $ | 82,561 |
Long-Term |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S Treasury securities |  | $ | 41,801 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | (136 | ) |  | $ | 41,679 |
Certificates of deposit |  |  | 248 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (11 | ) |  |  | 237 |
Investment securities – long-term |  | $ | 42,049 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | (147 | ) |  | $ | 41,916 |

As of September 30, 2024, available-for-sale investments consist of the following:

|  | September 30, 2024 |
(In thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Unrealized Gains |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |
Short-Term |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities |  | $ | 113,987 |  |  | $ | 382 |  |  | $ | (45 | ) |  | $ | 114,324 |
Certificates of deposit |  |  | 500 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 501 |
Investment securities – short-term |  | $ | 114,487 |  |  | $ | 383 |  |  | $ | (45 | ) |  | $ | 114,825 |
Long-Term |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S Treasury securities |  | $ | 24,514 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (245 | ) |  | $ | 24,269 |
Certificates of deposit |  |  | 248 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  | 236 |
Investment securities – long-term |  | $ | 24,762 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (257 | ) |  | $ | 24,505 |

As of December 31, 2024, investments in debt securities in an unrealized loss position were as follows:

|  | In Unrealized Loss Position For Less Than 12 Months |  |  | In Unrealized Loss Position For Greater Than 12 Months |
(In thousands) |  | Fair Value |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |
U.S treasury securities |  | $ | 37,773 |  |  | $ | (69 | ) |  | $ | 6,535 |  |  | $ | (226 | )
Certificates of deposit |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 237 |  |  |  | (11 | )
Investment securities |  | $ | 37,773 |  |  | $ | (69 | ) |  | $ | 6,772 |  |  | $ | (237 | )

11

As of September 30, 2024, investments in debt securities in an unrealized loss position were as follows:

|  | In Unrealized Loss Position For Less Than 12 Months |  |  | In Unrealized Loss Position For Greater Than 12 Months |
(In thousands) |  | Fair Value |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |
U.S treasury securities |  | $ | 19,719 |  |  | $ | (39 | ) |  | $ | 6,500 |  |  | $ | (250 | )
Certificates of deposit |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 236 |  |  |  | (12 | )
Investment securities |  | $ | 19,719 |  |  | $ | (39 | ) |  | $ | 6,736 |  |  | $ | (262 | )

As of December 31, 2024, there were 7 securities in an unrealized loss position which is due to the market paying a higher interest rate than the coupon rate on these securities. As of September 30, 2024, there were 6 securities in an unrealized loss position which is due to the securities paying lower interest rates than the market. As of December 31, 2024, and September 30, 2024, there are no securities which are other than temporarily impaired as the Company intends to hold these securities until their value recovers and there is negligible credit risk due to the nature of the securities which are backed by the FDIC and U.S. federal government. The Company had no allowance for credit losses on investments for the three months ended December 31, 2024.

Note 5. Fair Value Measurements

The Company determines the fair value of its assets and liabilities based on the market price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The Company determines the fair value of Treasuries and CDs based on valuations provided by an external pricing service, which obtains them from a variety of industry standard data providers.

The Company’s investments are categorized according to the three-level fair value hierarchy which distinguishes between observable and unobservable inputs, in one of the following levels:

Level 1- Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2- Observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3- Unobservable inputs to the valuation methodology that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the measurement of the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 assets and liabilities include those with fair value measurements that are determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow valuation or similar techniques, as well as significant management judgment or estimation.

The following provides information regarding fair value measurements for the Company’s investment securities as of December 31, 2024, according to the three-level fair value hierarchy:

|  | Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2024 |
(In thousands) |  | Total |  |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |
Cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds |  | $ | 23,572 |  |  | $ | 23,572 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Total cash equivalents |  | $ | 23,572 |  |  | $ | 23,572 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Certificates of deposit |  | $ | 737 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 737 |  |  | $ | - |
U.S. Treasury securities |  |  | 123,740 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 123,740 |  |  |  | - |
Total investment securities |  | $ | 124,477 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 124,477 |  |  | $ | - |

The following provides information regarding fair value measurements for the Company’s investment securities as of September 30, 2024, according to the three-level fair value hierarchy:

12

|  | Fair Value Measurements as of September 30, 2024 |
(In thousands) |  | Total |  |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |
Cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds |  | $ | 10,378 |  |  | $ | 10,378 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Total cash equivalents |  | $ | 10,378 |  |  | $ | 10,378 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Certificates of deposit |  |  | 738 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 738 |  |  |  | - |
U.S. Treasury securities |  | $ | 138,592 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 138,592 |  |  | $ | - |
Total investment securities |  | $ | 139,330 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 139,330 |  |  | $ | - |

During the three months ended December 31, 2024, and the year ended September 30, 2024, the Company owned no Level 3 securities and there were no transfers within the fair value level hierarchy.

Non-financial assets such as equipment and leasehold improvements, goodwill and intangible assets, and right-of-use assets for operating leases are subject to non-recurring fair value measurements if they are deemed impaired. The Company had no re-measurements of non-financial assets to fair value during the three months ended December 31, 2024, and the year ended September 30, 2024.

Note 6. Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Changes in components of other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, are as follows:

(In thousands) |  | Available-for-Sale Securities |  |  | Foreign Currency Translation |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |
Balances at September 30, 2024 |  | $ | 66 |  |  | $ | 1,013 |  |  | $ | 1,079 |
Other comprehensive (loss) for the three months ended December 31, 2024 |  |  | (125 | ) |  |  | (971 | ) |  |  | (1,096 | )
Balances at December 31, 2024 |  | $ | (59 | ) |  | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | (17 | )

Components of other comprehensive loss for the three months ended December 31, 2024 are as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended December 31, 2024 |
(In thousands) |  | Before Tax |  |  | Tax Effect |  |  | Net of Tax Amount |
Unrealized (loss) on available-for-sale securities |  | $ | (158 | ) |  | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | (125 | )
Unrealized (loss) on foreign currency translation |  |  | (1,159 | ) |  |  | 188 |  |  |  | (971 | )
Other comprehensive (loss) |  | $ | (1,317 | ) |  | $ | 221 |  |  | $ | (1,096 | )

Components of other comprehensive income for the three months ended December 31, 2023 are as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended December 31, 2023 |
(In thousands) |  | Before Tax |  |  | Tax Effect |  |  | Net of Tax Amount |
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities |  | $ | 390 |  |  | $ | (99 | ) |  | $ | 291 |
Unrealized gain on foreign currency translation |  |  | 915 |  |  |  | (186 | ) |  |  | 729 |
Other comprehensive gain |  | $ | 1,305 |  |  | $ | (285 | ) |  | $ | 1,020 |

13

Note 7. Stock-Based Compensation

The Company recorded $1,139,000 of compensation expense related to current and past restricted stock grants, non-qualified stock options, performance stock units, and the Company’s Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) for the three months ended December 31, 2024. For the three months ended December 31, 2024, $1,097,000 of this expense is included in selling, general and administrative expense, and $42,000 is included in cost of sales. As of December 31, 2024, $8,910,000 of total unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested restricted stock awards and stock options is expected to be recognized over a period of approximately 2.9 years

The Company recorded $1,271,000 of compensation expense related to current and past restricted stock grants, non-qualified stock options, performance stock units, and the Company’s ESPP for the three months ended December 31, 2023. For the three months ended December 31, 2023, $1,227,000 of this expense is included in selling, general and administrative expense, and $44,000 is included in cost of sales. As of December 31, 2023, $8,668,000 of total unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested restricted stock awards and stock options is expected to be recognized over a period of approximately 2.9 years.

Stock Options

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of stock options granted. During the three months ended December 31, 2024, the Company granted employees non-qualified stock options to purchase an aggregate of 38,198 shares of common stock with a weighted average contractual term of five years, a weighted average vesting term of approximately three years, and a weighted average exercise price of $30.90 per share. During the three months ended December 31, 2023, the Company granted employees non-qualified stock options to purchase an aggregate of 111,299 shares of common stock with a weighted average contractual term of five years, a weighted average three-year vesting term, and a weighted average exercise price of $26.18per share.

The fair value of stock option awards during the three months ended December 31, 2024, was estimated as of the respective grant dates using the assumptions listed below:

|  | Three months ended December 31, 2024 |
Dividend yield |  |  | 0.00 | %
Expected volatility |  |  | 58.07 | %
Risk-free interest rate |  |  | 4.20 | %
Expected life (years) |  | 3.5 |
Vesting period (years) |  | 3 |

The expected stock price volatility is based on the historical volatility of the Company’s stock for a period approximating the expected life. The expected life represents the period of time that options are expected to be outstanding after their grant date. The risk-free interest rate reflects the interest rate as of the grant date on zero-coupon U.S. governmental bonds with a remaining life similar to the expected option term.

Options are granted with exercise prices at fair market values determined on the date of grant and vesting normally occurs over a three to five-year period. Shares issued upon exercise of a stock option are issued from the Company’s authorized but unissued shares.

The following is a summary of stock option activity during the three months ended December 31, 2024:

|  | Number of options |  |  | Weighted average exercise price |
Outstanding as of September 30, 2024 |  |  | 366,984 |  |  | $ | 33.83 |
Granted |  |  | 38,198 |  |  |  | 30.90 |
Exercised |  |  | (346 | ) |  |  | 26.18 |
Forfeited or expired |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Outstanding as of December 31, 2024 |  |  | 404,836 |  |  | $ | 33.56 |

14

The intrinsic value of an option is the amount by which the fair value of the underlying stock exceeds its exercise price. As of December 31, 2024, the weighted average remaining contractual term for all outstanding and exercisable stock options was 2.51 years and their aggregate intrinsic value was $5,663,083.

Restricted Stock

During the three months ended December 31, 2024, the Company granted employees restricted stock awards totaling 104,691 shares of common stock, with a vesting term of approximately three years and a fair value of $30.90 per share based on the stock price on the grant date. During the three months ended December 31, 2023, the Company granted employees restricted stock awards totaling 121,884 shares of common stock, with a vesting term of approximately three years and a fair value of $26.18 per share based on the stock price on the grant date.

During the three months ended December 31, 2024, the Company granted the non-employee directors restricted stock awards totaling 610 shares of common stock, with a vesting term of approximately one year and a fair value of $32.74 per share.

Restricted stock transactions during the three months ended December 31, 2024, are summarized as follows:

|  | Number of shares |  |  | Weighted average grant date fair value |
Unvested shares as of September 30, 2024 |  |  | 162,207 |  |  | $ | 34.91 |
Granted |  |  | 105,301 |  |  |  | 30.91 |
Vested |  |  | (57,089 | ) |  |  | 64.31 |
Forfeited |  |  | (500 | ) |  |  | 26.18 |
Unvested as of December 31, 2024 |  |  | 209,919 |  |  | $ | 32.54 |

Performance Stock Units

During the three months ended December 31, 2024, the Company granted 50,747 performance stock units which entitle the participant to receive one share of the Company’s common stock for each performance stock unit awarded, subject to the achievement of fiscal year 2025 performance goals. Achievement of the goals can result in 50%, 100%, or 150% of the shares being awarded, which have a vesting term of 3 years. The Company has determined the fair value per underlying share of the performance stock unit awards to be $30.90 as of the grant date.

Compensation expense for the performance stock units is measured using the fair value of our common stock at the grant date. As of December 31, 2024, the Company believes it is probable that 100% of these performance stock unit awards will vest based on achievement of established performance goals and has recognized compensation cost accordingly.

During the three months ended December 31, 2023, the Company granted 47,745 performance stock units which entitled the participant to receive one share of the Company’s common stock for each performance stock unit awarded, upon achievement of a fiscal year 2024 performance goal. The Company has determined the fair value per underlying share of the performance stock unit awards to be $26.18 as of the grant date. The 2024 fiscal year performance goal was not met, and the shares were forfeited during the three months ended December 31, 2024.

The following is a summary of performance stock unit activity during the three months ended December 31, 2024:

|  | Number of shares |  |  | Weighted average grant date fair value |
Unvested shares as of September 30, 2024 |  |  | 47,745 |  |  | $ | 26.18 |
Granted |  |  | 50,747 |  |  |  | 30.90 |
Vested |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Forfeited |  |  | (47,745 | ) |  |  | 26.18 |
Unvested as of December 31, 2024 |  |  | 50,747 |  |  | $ | 30.90 |

15

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The Company’s ESPP allows participating employees to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at a discount through payroll deductions. The ESPP is available to all employees subject to certain eligibility requirements. Terms of the ESPP provide those participating employees the ability to purchase the Company’s common stock on a voluntary after-tax basis. Employees may purchase the Company’s common stock at a price that is no less than the lower of 85% of the fair market value of one share of common stock at the beginning or end of each stock purchase period or phase. The ESPP is carried out in six-month phases, with phases beginning on January 1 and July 1 of each calendar year. For the phase that ended on December 31, 2024, employees purchased 11,415 shares at a price of $26.35 per share. For the phase that ended on December 31, 2023, employees purchased 10,104 shares at a price of $24.72 per share After the employee purchase on December 31, 2024, 133,134 shares of common stock were available for future purchase under the ESPP.

Note 8. Revenue

Revenue Recognition

Our revenue is comprised of the sale of our products to customers and is recognized when the Company satisfies its performance obligations under the applicable sales contract. A performance obligation is a promise in a sales contract to transfer a distinct product or service to a customer. Substantially all our sales contracts have a single performance obligation and are short term in nature. We recognize revenue by transferring the promised products to the customer, with substantially all revenue recognized at the point in time when the customer obtains control of the products. Shipping and handling costs charged to our customers are included in net sales, while the corresponding shipping expenses are included in cost of sales. Sales, value add, and other taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are accounted for on a net (excluded from revenue) basis.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The Company allocates sales from external customers to geographic areas based on the location to which the product is transported. Sales outside the United States are principally to customers in Europe, the Caribbean, Canada, Central and South America.

Revenues related to the following geographic areas were as follows for the three months ended:

|  | Three Months Ended December 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
United States |  | $ | 29,332 |  |  | $ | 27,561 |
All other countries |  |  | 6,144 |  |  |  | 6,669 |
Total Net Sales |  | $ | 35,476 |  |  | $ | 34,230 |

The Company sells its products to the Broadband Service Provider marketplace. In addition, the Company provides products to original equipment manufacturers requiring copper and fiber cable assemblies built to their specification (Legacy).

The percentages of our sales by markets were as follows for the three months ended:

|  | Three Months Ended December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Broadband service providers |  |  | 94 | % |  |  | 93 | %
Other customers |  |  | 6 | % |  |  | 7 | %
Total Net Sales |  |  | 100 | % |  |  | 100 | %

16

Broadband Service Providers are made up of Community Broadband, which includes local and regional telecom companies, utilities, municipalities and alternative carriers, also referred to as Tier 2 and Tier 3 customers; National Carriers, which includes large national and global wireline and wireless providers, also referred to as Tier 1 customers; Large Regional Service Providers with a national footprint; Multiple System Operators (“MSO’s”), which include cable television companies; and International customers.

Accounts Receivable

Credit is extended based on the evaluation of a customer’s financial condition, and collateral is generally not required. Accounts that are outstanding longer than the contractual payment terms are considered past due. On October 1, 2023, the Company adopted the cumulative expected credit loss model (CECL). Upon adoption of CECL, the Company measures the allowance for credit losses using an expected credit loss model, which uses a lifetime expected credit loss allowance for all accounts receivable. To measure the expected credit losses, accounts receivable are grouped based on shared credit risk characteristics and the days past due. In calculating an allowance for credit losses, the Company uses its historical experience, external indicators, and forward-looking information to calculate expected credit losses using an aging method. The Company assesses impairment of accounts receivable on a collective basis as they possess shared credit risk characteristics which have been grouped based on the days past due. The expected loss rates are based on the Company’s historical credit losses experience. The historical loss rates are adjusted to reflect current and forward-looking information. As of December 31, 2024, and September 30, 2024, the Company’s allowance for credit losses was $0.

See Note 9 “Major Customer Concentration” for further information regarding accounts receivable and net sales.

Note 9. Major Customer Concentration

For the three months ended December 31, 2024, the Company had one customer that comprised 15% of the Company’s net sales. The customer is a distributor.

For the three months ended December 31, 2023, the Company had two customers that comprised 19% and 16% of the Company’s net sales, respectively. Both of these customers are distributors.

As of December 31, 2024, two customers accounted for 15% and 12% of accounts receivable, respectively. Both of these customers are distributors. As of September 30, 2024, three customers accounted for 16%, 11%, and 10% of accounts receivable, respectively. These customers are all distributors.

Note 10. Inventories

Inventories consist of finished goods, raw materials, and work-in-process and are stated at average cost, subject to the lower of cost or net realizable value. Certain components of the Company’s inventory classified as raw materials or finished goods can be used as a component to manufacture products or can be sold directly to the customer. Inventory is valued using material costs, labor charges, and allocated factory overhead charges and consists of the following:

(In thousands) |  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | September 30, 2024 |
Raw materials |  | $ | 47,411 |  |  | $ | 56,842 |
Work-in-process |  |  | 1,644 |  |  |  | 1,790 |
Finished goods |  |  | 25,977 |  |  |  | 23,389 |
Inventories, gross |  |  | 75,032 |  |  |  | 82,021 |
Inventory reserve |  |  | (15,808 | ) |  |  | (15,255 | )
Inventories, net |  | $ | 59,224 |  |  | $ | 66,766 |

On a regular basis, the Company reviews its inventory and identifies that which is excess, slow moving, and obsolete by considering factors such as inventory levels, expected product life, and forecasted sales demand. A reserve is established for any identified excess, slow moving, and obsolete inventory through a charge to cost of sales. Inventory write-down charges may be required in the future if there is a significant decline in demand for the Company’s products and the Company does not adjust its manufacturing production accordingly, if new products are not accepted by the market, or if products are end of life through life cycle management.

17

Note 11. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

The Company tests goodwill for impairment annually at fiscal year-end, or more frequently when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. The Company assesses qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances would indicate that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. The result of the analysis performed as of September 30, 2024, did not indicate an impairment of goodwill. During the three months ended December 31, 2024, there were no triggering events that indicate potential impairment exists.

The Company capitalizes legal costs incurred to obtain patents. Once accepted by either the U.S. Patent Office or the equivalent office of a foreign country, these legal costs are amortized using the straight-line method over the remaining estimated lives, not exceeding 20 years. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has 55 patents granted and multiple pending applications both inside and outside the United States.

In addition, the Company has various finite lived intangible assets, most of which were acquired as a result of the acquisition of the active cabinet product line from Calix, Inc. during fiscal year 2018 and the acquisition of Nestor Cables in fiscal year 2022. The Company analyzes its intangible assets for impairment annually or at interim periods when events occur or changes in circumstances indicate potential impairment. The result of the analysis performed as of September 30, 2024, did not indicate an impairment of our intangible assets. During the three months ended December 31, 2024, there were no triggering events that indicate potential impairment exists.

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment for the three months ended December 31, 2024, and 2023 were as follows:

(In thousands) |  | Clearfield, Inc. |  |  | Nestor Cables |  |  | Total |
Balance as of September 30, 2024 |  | $ | 4,709 |  |  | $ | 1,918 |  |  | $ | 6,627 |
Currency translation effect on foreign goodwill balances |  |  | - |  |  |  | (134 | ) |  |  | (134 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2024 |  | $ | 4,709 |  |  | $ | 1,784 |  |  | $ | 6,493 |

(In thousands) |  | Clearfield, Inc. |  |  | Nestor Cables |  |  | Total |
Balance as of September 30, 2023 |  | $ | 4,709 |  |  | $ | 1,819 |  |  | $ | 6,528 |
Currency translation effect on foreign goodwill balances |  |  | - |  |  |  | 87 |  |  |  | 87 |
Balance as of December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 4,709 |  |  | $ | 1,906 |  |  | $ | 6,615 |

Finite life intangible assets as of December 31, 2024, are as follows:

|  | December 31, 2024 |
(In thousands) |  | Useful Life (Years) |  |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  |  | Accumulated Amortization |  |  | Net Book Value Amount |
Customer relationships |  |  | 15 |  |  | $ | 4,778 |  |  | $ | 1,884 |  |  | $ | 2,894 |
Certifications |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 1,068 |  |  |  | 918 |  |  |  | 150 |
Trademarks |  |  | 8-10 |  |  |  | 1,081 |  |  |  | 610 |  |  |  | 471 |
Patents |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 1,330 |  |  |  | 232 |  |  |  | 1,098 |
Developed Technology |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 321 |  |  |  | 77 |  |  |  | 244 |
Other |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | - |
Software |  |  | 1-3 |  |  |  | 3,846 |  |  |  | 2,600 |  |  |  | 1,246 |
Totals |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 12,430 |  |  | $ | 6,327 |  |  | $ | 6,103 |

18

Finite life intangible assets as of September 30, 2024, are as follows:

|  | September 30, 2024 |
(In thousands) |  | Useful Life (Years) |  |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  |  | Accumulated Amortization |  |  | Net Book Value Amount |
Customer relationships |  |  | 15 |  |  | $ | 4,856 |  |  | $ | 1,815 |  |  | $ | 3,041 |
Certifications |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 1,068 |  |  |  | 884 |  |  |  | 184 |
Trademarks |  |  | 8-10 |  |  |  | 1,120 |  |  |  | 588 |  |  |  | 532 |
Patents |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 1,302 |  |  |  | 219 |  |  |  | 1,083 |
Developed Technology |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 346 |  |  |  | 75 |  |  |  | 271 |
Other |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | - |
Software |  |  | 1-3 |  |  |  | 3,475 |  |  |  | 2,243 |  |  |  | 1,232 |
Totals |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 12,173 |  |  | $ | 5,830 |  |  | $ | 6,343 |

Amortization expense related to these assets was $527,000 and $310,000 for the three months ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively. Estimated future amortization expense for identifiable intangibles during the next five years is as follows:

(In thousands) |  | Estimated amortization expense |
FY 2025 (remaining) |  | $ | 1,326 |
FY 2026 |  |  | 774 |
FY 2027 |  |  | 547 |
FY 2028 |  |  | 460 |
FY 2029 |  |  | 446 |
Thereafter |  |  | 2,550 |
Total |  | $ | 6,103 |

Note 12. Segment Reporting

The Company’s reportable segments are based on the Company’s method of internal reporting. These results are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that would have occurred had each segment been an independent, stand-alone entity during the periods presented. The internal reporting of these operating segments is defined based in part on the reporting and review process used by the Company’s Chief Executive Officer.

The Company has two reportable segments: (1) Clearfield; and (2) Nestor Cables. Clearfield’s Finnish holding company, Clearfield Finland Oy, purchased Nestor Cables Oy, including its Estonian subsidiary, Nestor Cables Baltics OÜ, on July 26, 2022. These entities comprise the Nestor Cables Segment.

19

The following table summarizes the amounts between the two reportable segments for the three months ended December 31, 2024, and 2023:

|  | Three months ended December 31, 2024 |
|  | Clearfield |  |  | Nestor Cables |  |  | Eliminations |  |  | Consolidated |
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue from external customers |  | $ | 29,698 |  |  | $ | 6,444 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 35,476 |
Revenue from internal customers (Clearfield, Inc.) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 666 |  |  |  | (666 | ) |  |  | - |
Net investment income |  |  | 1,804 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (60 | ) |  |  | 1,744 |
Interest expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | 162 |  |  |  | (62 | ) |  |  | 100 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 1,513 |  |  |  | 325 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,838 |
Stock based compensation |  |  | 1,050 |  |  |  | 89 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,139 |
Income tax benefit (expense) |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | (479 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (426 | )
Net loss |  |  | (494 | ) |  |  | (1,438 | ) |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | (1,906 | )
Capital expenditures |  |  | 1,751 |  |  |  | 318 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,069 |

|  | Three months ended December 31, 2023 |
|  | Clearfield |  |  | Nestor Cables |  |  | Eliminations |  |  | Consolidated |
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue from external customers |  | $ | 28,101 |  |  | $ | 6,129 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 34,230 |
Revenue from internal customers (Clearfield, Inc.) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 883 |  |  |  | (883 | ) |  |  | - |
Net investment income |  |  | 2,127 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | (60 | ) |  |  | 2,069 |
Interest expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | 184 |  |  |  | (58 | ) |  |  | 126 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 1,297 |  |  |  | 354 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,651 |
Stock based compensation |  |  | 1,222 |  |  |  | 49 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,271 |
Income tax benefit (expense) |  |  | (583 | ) |  |  | (368 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (951 | )
Net loss |  |  | (3,383 | ) |  |  | (1,759 | ) |  |  | (126 | ) |  |  | (5,268 | )
Capital expenditures |  |  | 1,227 |  |  |  | 1,125 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,352 |

The following table summarizes the amounts between the two reportable segments as of December 31, 2024, and as of September 30, 2024:

|  | December 31, 2024 |
|  | Clearfield |  |  | Nestor Cables |  |  | Eliminations |  |  | Consolidated |
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill |  | $ | 4,709 |  |  | $ | 1,784 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 6,493 |
Total assets |  | $ | 291,656 |  |  | $ | 35,167 |  |  | $ | (23,593 | ) |  | $ | 303,230 |

|  | September 30, 2024 |
(in thousands) |  | Clearfield |  |  | Nestor Cables |  |  | Eliminations |  |  | Consolidated |
Goodwill |  | $ | 4,709 |  |  | $ | 1,918 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 6,627 |
Total assets |  | $ | 300,472 |  |  | $ | 38,773 |  |  | $ | (23,970 | ) |  | $ | 315,275 |

Note 13. Financing Receivables

Nestor Cables factors certain of its accounts receivable, with recourse provisions that are accounted for as a secured borrowing. Nestor Cables has a total factoring liability of $2,790,000 as of December 31, 2024. Nestor receives cash for 80% of the receivable balance from the bank initially and the remaining 20% when the invoice is paid up to a limit of €12.5 million ($12.9 million as of December 31, 2024). Due to the conditions mentioned above, these transactions do not qualify as a sale and are thus accounted for as secured borrowing. The contractual interest rate on Nestor’s factoring arrangements is the 3-month Euribor rate plus a range of 0.75% to 1.3%. The average interest rate for the three months ended December 31, 2024, was 4.44%. The average interest rate for the three months ended December 31, 2023, was 5.21%. These agreements are indefinite with a termination notice period ranging from zero to one month.

Note 14. Income Taxes

For the three months ended December 31, 2024, the Company recorded an income tax benefit of $426,000, reflecting an effective tax rate of 18.3%. The difference between the effective tax rate and the statutory tax rate for the three months ended December 31, 2024, was primarily due to discrete events during the period, including excess tax shortfall from vesting of restricted stock.

20

For the three months ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded an income tax benefit of $951,000, reflecting an effective tax rate of 15.3%. The difference between the effective tax rate and the statutory tax rate for the three months ended December 31, 2023, was primarily related to excess tax shortfall from vesting of restricted stock, and research and development credits.

Deferred taxes recognize the impact of temporary differences between the amounts of the assets and liabilities recorded for financial statement purposes and these amounts measured in accordance with tax laws. The Company’s realization of deferred tax temporary differences is contingent upon future taxable earnings. The Company reviewed its deferred tax asset for expected utilization using a “more likely than not” criteria by assessing the available positive and negative factors surrounding its recoverability and determined that as of December 31, 2024, and September 30, 2024, a valuation allowance against the deferred tax assets is not required. The Company will continue to assess the need for a valuation allowance based on changes in assumptions of estimated future income and other factors in future periods.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company does not have any unrecognized tax benefits. It is the Company’s practice to recognize interest and penalties accrued on any unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. The Company does not expect any material changes in its unrecognized tax positions over the next 12 months.

Note 15. Leases

The Company leases an approximately 85,000 square foot facility at 7050 Winnetka Avenue North, Brooklyn Park, Minnesota consisting of corporate offices, manufacturing, and warehouse space. The lease term is 13 years and two months, ending on February 29, 2028.

The Company indirectly leases an approximately 318,000 square foot manufacturing facility in Tijuana, Mexico that operates as a Maquiladora. The lease term commenced in April 2024 and has a term of seven years, of which five years are mandatory. The lease contains two options to extend the term of the lease for additional periods of five years each. The lease calls for monthly base rental payments of approximately $169,000, increasing 2% annually. The renewal options have not been included within the lease term because it is not reasonably certain that the Company will exercise either option.

The Company leases an approximately 105,000 square foot warehouse and manufacturing facility in Brooklyn Park, Minnesota. The lease term is five years ending on February 28, 2027, with rent payments increasing annually. The lease includes an option to extend the lease for an additional five years. The renewal option has not been included within the lease term because it is not reasonably certain that the Company will exercise the option.

Nestor Cables leases an approximately 25,000 square foot manufacturing facility in Oulu, Finland, which is utilized for the operations of Nestor Cables. The original lease term ended on October 31, 2022, but auto renewed and will continue to auto renew indefinitely until terminated with two years written notice. It is not reasonably certain that the Company will exercise the termination option. The lease calls for monthly rental payments of approximately €40,000. Rent is increased each year on January 1st based upon the cost-of-living index published by the Finnish government.

Nestor Cables previously leased a facility in Keila, Estonia which was terminated in the first quarter of fiscal 2025, with the operations of the Keila facility being consolidated into the Nestor Cables facility in Tabasalu, Estonia.

Nestor Cables leases a manufacturing facility in Tabasalu, Estonia, which was expanded in the first quarter of fiscal 2025 from approximately 49,000 square feet to approximately 115,000 square feet and which is utilized for the operations of Nestor Cables Baltics. The lease term is 10 years ending in November 2034. The lease for the facility calls for monthly rental payments of approximately €63,000. Rent for the portion of the lease pertaining to the original 49,000 square foot facility, which has a monthly base rental of €24,000, is increased each year on May 1st based upon the cost-of-living index published by the Estonian government and is capped at 5%.

Right-of-use lease assets and lease liabilities are recognized as of the commencement date based on the present value of the remaining lease payments over the lease term which includes renewal periods we are reasonably certain to exercise. Our leases do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.

21

Operating lease expense included within cost of goods sold and selling, general and administrative expense was as follows for the three months ended:

Operating lease expense within: |  | Three Months Ended December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Cost of sales |  | $ | 1,069 |  |  | $ | 1,057 |
Selling, general and administrative |  |  | 91 |  |  |  | 77 |
Total lease expense |  | $ | 1,160 |  |  | $ | 1,134 |

Future maturities of lease liabilities were as follows as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

FY2025(Remaining) |  | $ | 3,562 |
FY2026 |  |  | 4,798 |
FY2027 |  |  | 3,905 |
FY2028 |  |  | 3,319 |
FY2029 |  |  | 2,017 |
Thereafter |  |  | 4,717 |
Total lease payments |  |  | 22,318 |
Less: Interest |  |  | (3,672 | )
Present value of lease liabilities |  | $ | 18,646 |

The weighted average term and weighted average discount rate for the Company’s leases as of December 31, 2024, were 5.82 years and 6.48%, respectively, compared to 4.94 years and 3.79%, respectively, as of December 31, 2023. For the three months ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the operating cash outflows from our leases were $1,679,000 and $1,042,000, respectively.

Note 16. Debt

On April 27, 2022, the Company entered into a loan agreement and a security agreement with a bank that provides the Company with a $40,000,000 revolving line of credit that is secured by certain of the Company’s U.S. assets. The line of credit matures on April 27, 2025, and borrowed amounts will bear interest at a variable rate of the CME Group one-month term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus 1.85%, but not less than 1.80% per annum. As of December 31, 2024, the interest rate was 6.42%. The loan agreement and the security agreement contains customary affirmative and negative covenants and requirements relating to the Company and its operations, including a requirement that the Company maintain a debt service coverage ratio of not less than 1.20 to 1 as of the end of each fiscal year for the fiscal year then ended and maintain a debt to cash flow ratio of not greater than 2 to 1 measured as of the end of each of the Company’s fiscal quarters for the trailing twelve (12) month period. Debt service coverage ratio is the ratio of Cash Available for Debt Service to Debt Service, each as defined in the loan agreement. Debt and Cash Flow are also as defined in the loan agreement for the purposes of the debt to cash flow ratio covenant.

On August 5, 2024, the Company entered into an amendment to the loan agreement that, among other things, (i) eliminated the requirement that the Company maintain a debt service coverage ratio of not less than 1.20 to 1 as of the end of each fiscal year for the fiscal year then ended and that the Company maintain a debt to cash flow ratio of not greater than 2 to 1 measured as of the end of each of the Company’s fiscal quarters for the trailing 12 month period; and (ii) added a requirement that the Company maintain accounts with the bank with a minimum aggregate liquidity of unrestricted and unencumbered cash and cash equivalents at all times of not less than the outstanding principal balance of the Company’s revolving credit promissory note payable to the bank. The Company was in compliance with the debt covenant for the three months ended December 31, 2024. The line of credit is collateralized by Clearfield, Inc.’s assets of $291,656,000 as of December 31, 2024. The outstanding principal balance on the line of credit was zero at December 31, 2024 and September 30, 2024.

During March 2021, Nestor Cables entered into a loan agreement, providing a €2 million senior loan with a term of three years. The Finland Government pays the interest, capped at 5% with the interest to be paid by the Finnish Government when the loan is used as intended and is repayable with a 2% additional interest penalty if there is a violation of the terms. The loan expired on March 31, 2024. A new loan was issued under the same program with consistent terms as detailed above and is due on March 31, 2026. The repayment and issuance of these loans occurred in April 2024. The loan is fully secured by a Finnish government guarantee. As of December 31, 2024, and September 30, 2024, the Company owed €2,000,000 on this loan, which equates to $2,072,000 and $2,228,000, respectively. As of September 30, 2024, Nestor Cables was not in compliance with the annual equity ratio covenant but received a waiver from the bank. The interest expense associated with this loan has been presented net of government payments on the Company’s income statement.

22

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that are not purely historical are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements relate to future events and typically address the Company’s expected future business and financial performance. Words such as “may,” “plan,” “expect,” “aim,” “believe,” “project,” “target,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “estimate,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “outlook,” “continue” and other words and terms of similar meaning, typically identify these forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are based on certain assumptions and expectations of future events and trends that are subject to risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ from those projected in any forward-looking statements because of the factors identified in and incorporated by reference from Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2024 and Part II, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as well as in other filings we make with the Securities and Exchange Commission, which should be considered an integral part of Part I, Item 2, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” All forward-looking statements included herein are made as the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and we assume no obligation to update the forward-looking statements or to update the reasons why actual results could differ from those projected in the forward-looking statements.

The following discussion and analysis of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations as of and for the three months ended December 31, 2024, and 2023 should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and related notes in Item 1 of this report and our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2024.

OVERVIEW

General

Clearfield, Inc., together with its subsidiaries, is referred to in this report as “we,” “us,” “our,” and the “Company.” We design, manufacture, and distribute fiber protection, fiber management, and fiber delivery solutions to enable rapid and cost-effective fiber-fed deployment throughout the broadband service provider space primarily across North America. Our “fiber to anywhere” platform serves the unique requirements of Community Broadband customers (Tier 2 and 3 telco carriers, utilities, municipalities, and alternative carriers), Multiple System Operators (cable television), Large Regional Service Providers (ILEC operating a multi-state network with more than 500,000 subscribers), National Carriers (wireline/wireless national telco carriers (Tier 1)), and International customers (primarily Europe, Canada, Mexico, and Caribbean Markets).

We are engaged in global operations. Our operations currently comprise of two reportable segments: the Clearfield Operating Segment (referred to herein as “Clearfield”), and the Nestor Cables Operating Segment (referred to herein as “Nestor Cables” or “Nestor”), which we established following our acquisition of Nestor Cables on July 26, 2022. Prior to July 26, 2022, we had a single reportable segment structure.

Clearfield Operating Segment

Clearfield is focused on providing fiber management, fiber protection, and fiber delivery products that accelerate the turn-up of fiber-based networks in residential homes, businesses, and network infrastructure in the wireline and wireless access network. We offer a broad portfolio of fiber products that allow service providers to build fiber networks faster, meet service delivery demands, and align build costs with take rates.

23

Clearfield’s products allow its customers to connect twice as many homes in their Fiber to the Home (“FTTH”) builds by using fewer resources in less time. Our products speed up the time to revenue for our service provider customers in Multiple Dwelling Units (“MDUs”) and Multiple Tenant Units (“MTUs”) by reducing the amount of labor and materials needed to provide gigabit service. Our products help make business services more profitable through faster building access, easier reconfiguration, and quicker services turn-up. Finally, Clearfield is removing barriers to wireless 4G/5G deployments in backhaul from the tower to the cloud and fiber fronthaul from the tower to the antenna at the cell site through better fiber management, test access, and fiber protection.

Substantially all of the final build and assembly is completed at Clearfield’s plants in Brooklyn Park, Minnesota and Tijuana, Mexico, with manufacturing support from a network of domestic and global manufacturing partners. Clearfield specializes in producing these products on both a quick-turn and scheduled delivery basis.

Nestor Cables Operating Segment

Nestor Cables is based in Oulu, Finland, with operations in Estonia through its wholly owned subsidiary, Nestor Cables Baltics OÜ. Nestor Cables manufactures fiber optic and copper telecommunication cables and equipment which it distributes to telecommunication operators, network owners, electric companies, building contractors, and industrial companies. Nestor has two types of production processes, the process of making cable in its Finland and Estonia facility and the finished assembly portion of its business performed in Estonia. Nestor Cables’ customer base includes telecom operators, network owners, contractors, industries and wholesalers. Products are sold via distributors and directly to end users. Nestor Cables is subject to Finnish government regulation and Nestor Cables Baltics is subject to Estonian government regulation.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

THREE MONTHS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024, VS. THREE MONTHS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023

Net sales for the three months ended December 31, 2024, were $35,476,000, an increase of approximately 4%, or $1,246,000, from net sales of $34,230,000 for the three months ended December 31, 2023. Net sales to Broadband Service Providers were $33,440,000 and $31,915,000 in the three months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Net sales to Legacy customers were $2,036,000 in the three months ended December 31, 2024 versus $2,376,000 for the three months ended December 31, 2023. In addition, the Company recorded $6,144,000 in international sales for the three months ended December 31, 2024 versus $6,669,000 for the three months ended December 31, 2023. The Company allocates sales from external customers to geographic areas based on the location to which the product is transported. International sales represented 17% and 19% of total net sales for the three months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The increase in net sales for the three months ended December 31, 2024, of $1,246,000 compared to the three months ended December 31, 2023, was primarily driven by increased sales to National Carrier customers of $1,409,000, or 106%, Community Broadband customers of $1,029,000, or 8%, and MSO customers of $327,000, or 6%, partially offset by decreased sales to Large Regional Service Provider customers of $638,000, or 8%, International customers of $525,000, or 8%, and Legacy customers of $355,000, or 42%. The increase in sales in the National Carrier and Community Broadband customer markets for the three months ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the three months ended December 31, 2023, is due to increased demand in the quarter. The decrease in sales to International customers was driven by decreased sales by the Nestor Cables segment during the quarter.

Order backlog as of December 31, 2024 was $26,028,000, an increase of 3.6% compared to $25,133,000 as of September 30, 2024, and a decrease of $17,423,000, or 40%, from December 31, 2023. This aligns with the ordering patterns we anticipated from service providers during the winter season.

24

Cost of sales for the three months ended December 31, 2024 was $27,294,000, a decrease of $2,239,000, or 8%, from $29,533,000 for the three months ended December 31, 2023. Gross profit percent was 23.1% of net sales for the three months ended December 31, 2024, an increase from 13.7% of net sales for the three months ended December 31, 2023. Gross profit increased $3,486,000, or 74%, to $8,182,000 for the three months ended December 31, 2024, from $4,696,000 for the three months ended December 31, 2023. The improvement in gross margin from the prior year quarter was due to lower excess inventory charges of $2,346,000 in the current quarter, reflecting improved inventory utilization and beneficial recoveries from previously reserved inventory.

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the three months ended December 31, 2024 were $12,158,000 in comparison to $12,859,000 for the three months ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $701,000 or 6% as a result of cost management efforts to lower expenses.

Loss from operations for the three months ended December 31, 2024, was $3,975,000 compared to loss from operations of $8,162,000 for the three months ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of approximately 51%. The decreased loss from operations is the result of increased net sales and gross profit margin, as well as lower selling, general and administrative expenses as explained above.

Net investment income for the three months ended December 31, 2024, was $1,744,000 compared to $2,069,000 for the three months ended December 31, 2023. The decrease in interest income is due to lower interest rates earned on investments during the quarter.

Interest expense for the three months ended December 31, 2024, remained relatively consistent at $100,000, compared to $126,000 for the three months ended December 31, 2023. Interest expense incurred during these periods is related to factoring liabilities in the Nestor segment.

The Company recorded an income tax benefit of $426,000 and $951,000 for the three months ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively. We record our quarterly provision for income taxes based on our estimated annual effective tax rate for the year. The decrease in tax benefit of $525,000 is primarily due to decreased loss from operations. The income tax expense rate for the three months ended December 31, 2024, increased to 18.3% from 15.3% recorded for the three months ended December 31, 2023, due to the higher percentage impact of discrete items and a lower level of pre-tax book loss in the first quarter.

The Company’s net loss for the three months ended December 31, 2024, was $1,906,000, or $0.13 per basic and diluted share. The Company’s net loss for the three months ended December 31, 2023, was $5,268,000, or $0.35 per basic and diluted share. The decrease in basic and diluted loss per share for the three months ended December 31, 2024, as compared to December 31, 2023, was due to lower net loss as a result of increased net sales and gross profit margin and decreased selling, general and administrative expenses as detailed above.

Revenue from customers is obtained from purchase orders submitted from time to time. The Company’s ability to predict orders in future periods or trends affecting orders in future periods is limited. The Company’s ability to predict revenue is further limited by customer deployment schedules and factors affecting customer ordering patterns, including the digestion of customer’s excess inventory. The Company’s ability to recognize revenue in the future for customer orders will depend on the Company’s ability to manufacture and deliver products to the customers and fulfill its other contractual obligations. The Company’s future financial results, particularly cost of sales and gross profit, would be negatively impacted by any tariffs that may be imposed on imports from Mexico where we have substantial manufacturing operations or, to a lesser extent, by tariffs that may be imposed on imports from certain other countries. Tariffs by the U.S. government and any retaliatory tariffs on U.S. goods also may cause customers to delay or suspend orders or seek less expensive alternatives to our products, which may negatively impact our future revenue. The current situation is dynamic, and the ultimate impact will be dependent on the products and countries covered by tariffs, tariff rates, and duration of tariffs, all of which are currently unknown.

Reportable Segments

The Company’s reportable segments are based on the Company’s method of internal reporting. These results are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that would have occurred had each segment been an independent, stand-alone entity during the periods presented. The internal reporting of these operating segments is defined based, in part, on the reporting and review process used by the Company’s Chief Executive Officer.

Reportable segments are as follows:

| ● | Clearfield Segment – The Clearfield segment designs, manufactures, and sells fiber management, protection, and delivery solutions. For the three months ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, net sales from the Clearfield segment comprised 84% and 82% of the Company’s total net sales, respectively.

25

| ● | Nestor Cables Segment – The Nestor Cables segment designs, manufactures, and sells fiber optic and copper telecommunication cables and equipment. For the three months ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, net sales from the Nestor Cables segment comprised 16% and 18% of the Company’s total net sales, respectively.

Clearfield Segment

The following table provides net sales and net income for the Clearfield segment for the three months ended:

(In thousands) |  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
Segment net sales |  | $ | 29,698 |  |  | $ | 28,101 |
Segment net loss |  |  | (355 | ) |  |  | (3,293 | )

Net sales in the Clearfield segment increased 6%, or $1,597,000, for the three months ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the three months ended December 31, 2023, resulting from increased sales to its National Carrier and Community Broadband customers as both markets had increased demand in the quarter.

Net loss in the Clearfield segment for the three months ended December 31, 2024, decreased 89%, or $2,938,000, as compared to the three months ended December 31, 2023, driven by the changes in sales outlined above, as well as increased gross profit margin which was positively affected by decreased provision for excess inventory reserves of $2,455,000.

Nestor Cables Segment

The following table provides net sales and net income for the Nestor Cables segment for the three months ended:

(In thousands) |  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
Segment net external sales |  | $ | 5,778 |  |  | $ | 6,129 |
Segment net loss |  | $ | (1,551 | ) |  | $ | (1,975 | )

Net sales in the Nestor Cables segment decreased 6%, or $351,000, for the three months ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the three months ended December 31, 2023, excluding sales to the Clearfield Segment. The decrease in net sales for the Nestor Cables segment was driven by decreased demand in the quarter.

Net loss in the Nestor Cables segment for the three months ended December 31, 2024, decreased 21%, or $424,000, as compared to the three months ended December 31, 2023.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2024, our principal source of liquidity was our cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments. These sources total $113,014,000 as of December 31, 2024, compared to $130,992,000 as of September 30, 2024. Additionally, we have a line of credit for $40 million that has no outstanding borrowing as of December 31, 2024. Our excess cash is invested mainly in U.S. Treasury securities, certificates of deposit backed by the FDIC, and money market funds. Investments considered long-term were $41,916,000 as of December 31, 2024, compared to $24,505,000 as of September 30, 2024. We believe the combined balances of short-term cash and investments, long-term investments, along with our line of credit provide a more accurate indication of our available liquidity. As of December 31, 2024, our cash, cash equivalents, and short-term and long-term investments totaled $154,930,000, compared to $155,497,000 as of September 30, 2024.

We believe our existing cash equivalents, short-term investments, and line of credit facility along with cash flow from operations will be sufficient to meet our working capital and investment requirements beyond the next 12 months. The Company intends on utilizing its available cash and assets primarily for its continued organic growth, potential future strategic transactions, and the Company’s share repurchase program.

26

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities totaled $7,150,000 for the three months ended December 31, 2024. This consisted of a net loss of $1,906,000, non-cash expenses for depreciation and amortization of $1,838,000, stock-based compensation of $1,139,000, amortization of discounts on investments of $766,000 and increased deferred income taxes of $544,000, in addition to changes in operating assets and liabilities providing and using cash. The primary change in operating assets and liabilities providing cash was a decrease in inventory of $6,871,000 and a decrease in accounts receivable of $6,873,000. The decrease in inventory is due to decreased inventory purchases during the three months ended December 31, 2024, as the Company utilizes inventory on hand to fulfill customer orders and achieve lower stocking levels. The decrease in accounts receivable is due to decreased net sales during the three months ended December 31, 2024. Days sales outstanding, which measures how quickly receivables are collected, decreased 11 days to 36 days as of December 31, 2024, compared to 47 days from December 31, 2023. The primary change in operating assets and liabilities using cash was a decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses of $5,328,000 due to timing of payments and the payment of fiscal year 2024 incentive compensation accruals during the three months ended December 31, 2024, along with an increase in other assets of $1,027,000, related to the increases in prepaid taxes and prepaid expenses.

Net cash provided by operating activities totaled $10,800,000 for the three months ended December 31, 2023. This consisted of a net loss of $5,268,000, non-cash expenses for depreciation and amortization of $1,651,000, stock-based compensation of $1,271,000 and amortization of discounts on investments of $1,160,000, in addition to changes in operating assets and liabilities providing and using cash. The primary change in operating assets and liabilities providing cash was a decrease in accounts receivable of $11,750,000, and a decrease in inventory of $4,169,000. The decrease in accounts receivable is due to the decrease in sales volume in the three months ended December 31, 2023. Days sales outstanding decreased 6 days to 47 days as of December 31, 2023, compared to 53 days from September 30, 2023. The decrease in inventory is due to decreased inventory purchases in the three months ended December 31, 2023 as the Company utilizes inventory on hand to fulfill customer orders and achieve lower stocking levels to support the decreased sales order backlog, as well as higher excess inventory reserves. The primary change in operating assets and liabilities using cash was a decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses of $2,108,000, due to the timing of payments to vendors and lower inventory purchases in the three months ended December 31, 2023.

Investing Activities

We invest our excess cash in money market accounts, U.S. Treasury securities, money market funds, and bank certificates of deposit in denominations across numerous banks. We believe we obtain a competitive rate of return given the economic climate and relative risk profile of these investments. During the three months ended December 31, 2024, we received proceeds from the maturity of investment securities of $54,476,000 and used cash to purchase $39,015,000 of investment securities. Purchases of property, plant, and equipment, mainly related to manufacturing equipment and intangible assets, consumed $2,069,000 of cash during the three months ended December 31, 2024.

For the three months ended December 31, 2023, we received proceeds from the maturity of investment securities of $51,068,000 and used cash to purchase $47,748,000 of investment securities. Purchases of property, plant, and equipment, mainly related to manufacturing equipment and intangible assets, consumed $2,412,000 of cash for the three months ended December 31, 2023.

Financing Activities

For the three months ended December 31, 2024, we used cash to repurchase $6,275,000 of our common stock on the open market under our stock repurchase program, which includes U.S. Federal excise taxes. We received $301,000 from employees’ participation and purchase of stock through our ESPP and used $491,000 for payment of withholding taxes for vesting of restricted stock grants. The Company also borrowed cash of $77,000 on repayments on factored accounts receivables, net of borrowings.

27

For the three months ended December 31, 2023, we used cash to repurchase $12,184,000 of our common stock on the open market under our stock repurchase program. The Company also used cash of $2,972,000 on repayments on factored accounts receivables, net of borrowings. We received $250,000 from employees’ participation and purchase of stock through our ESPP and used $236,000 for payment of withholding taxes for vesting of restricted stock grants.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

Management utilizes its technical knowledge, cumulative business experience, judgment and other factors in the selection and application of the Company’s accounting estimates. The accounting estimates considered by management to be the most critical to the presentation of the financial statements because they require the most difficult, subjective, and complex judgments include the fair value of investments, stock-based compensation, and valuation of inventory, long-lived assets, finite lived intangible assets and goodwill.

These accounting estimates are described in Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2024. Management made no changes to the Company’s critical accounting estimates during the three months ended December 31, 2024.

In applying its critical accounting estimates, management reassesses its estimates each reporting period based on available information. Changes in these estimates did not have a significant impact on earnings for the three months ended December 31, 2024.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Clearfield is exposed to market risk due to the risk of loss arising from adverse changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, and commodity prices. Changes in those factors could impact the Company’s results of operations and financial condition. For a discussion of sensitivity analysis related to these types of market risks, refer to Part II, Item 7A, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2024. There have been no material changes in information that would have been provided in the context of Item 3 for the three months ended December 31, 2024.

The Company currently invests its excess cash in bank certificates of deposit that are fully insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and United States Treasury securities with terms of not more than five years, as well as money market funds. The fair value of these investments fluctuates subject to changes in market interest rates.

Foreign Exchange Rates

The Company uses the U.S. Dollar as its reporting currency. The functional currency of Nestor Cables is the Euro. The changing relationships of the U.S. Dollar to the Euro could have a material impact on our financial results. Fluctuations in the Euro to U.S. Dollar exchange rate impacts our condensed consolidated balance sheets, as well as sales, cost of sales, and net income. If the Euro had appreciated or depreciated by 10% relative to the U.S. Dollar, our operating expenses for the three months ended December 31, 2024, would have increased or decreased by approximately $144,000, or approximately 1%, for the three months ended December 31, 2024. We do not hedge against foreign currency fluctuations. As such, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates could have a material impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

Inflation

Rising costs, including wages, logistics, components, and commodity prices, are negatively impacting our profitability. We are subject to market risk from fluctuating market prices of certain purchased commodities and raw materials such as fiber cable and other components, which has outpaced our ability to reduce the cost structure and manufacturability or increase prices. We do not hedge commodity prices. Accordingly, inflation impacts our profitability, including cost of sales and operating expenses, and may have a material impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

28

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company’s management carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and the Company’s Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) as of December 31, 2024. Based upon that evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and the Company’s Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes to the Company’s internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, that occurred during the three months ended December 31, 2024, that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

There are no pending legal proceedings against or involving the Company for which the outcome is likely to have a material adverse effect upon its financial position or results of operations.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

The most significant risk factors applicable to the Company are described in Part II, Item 1A “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2024. There have been no material changes from the risk factors previously disclosed.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

The Company repurchased shares of stock associated with exercise and satisfaction of employee tax withholding requirements on vesting or exercise of equity awards under the Company’s Stock Compensation Plans for the three months ended December 31, 2024, as well as the repurchase of shares on the open market under the Company’s stock repurchase program. Accordingly, the Company’s purchases of equity securities for the three months ended December 31, 2024, were as follows:

ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES |
Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Program (1) |
October 1-31, 2024 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | 24,923,000 |
November 1-30, 2024 |  |  | 55,879 |  |  | $ | 31.23 |  |  |  | 38,500 |  |  | $ | 23,669,000 |
December 1-31, 2024 |  |  | 157,930 |  |  | $ | 31.52 |  |  |  | 157,930 |  |  | $ | 18,691,000 |
Total |  |  | 213,809 |  |  | $ | 31.45 |  |  |  | 196,430 |  |  | $ | 18,691,000 |
(1) Effective April 30, 2024, the Company’s board of directors increased the share repurchase program to an aggregate of $65 million from the prior $40 million. |

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

29

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

During the three months ended December 31, 2024, none of our directors or officers informed us of the adoption, modification or termination of a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as those terms are defined in Regulation S-K, Item 408(a).

ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

3.1 – Restated Articles of Incorporation of APA Optics, Inc. (n/k/a Clearfield, Inc.) dated November 3, 1983, and Articles of Amendment dated December 9, 1983, July 30, 1987, March 22, 1989, September 14, 1994 and August 17, 2000. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2000.)

3.1(a) – Articles of Amendment to Articles of Incorporation dated August 25, 2004. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2004.)

3.2 – Amended and Restated Bylaws of Clearfield, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated February 26, 2016.)

10.1 – Form of Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement adopted November 25, 2024 under the Clearfield, Inc. 2022 Stock Compensation Plan. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated November 26, 2024.)

31.1 – Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Exchange Act

31.2 – Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Exchange Act

32.1 – Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350

101 – The following materials from Clearfield, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended December 31, 2024 are formatted in iXBRL (Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2024 and 2023; (ii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings for the three months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023; (iii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the three months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023; (iv) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023; and (v) Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

104 - Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted in Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

30

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| CLEARFIELD, INC.
February 7, 2025 | /s/ Cheryl Beranek
| By: Cheryl Beranek Its: President and Chief Executive Officer
| (Principal Executive Officer)
February 7, 2025 | /s/ Daniel Herzog
| By: Daniel Herzog Its: Chief Financial Officer
| (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

31