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Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) | 12 Months Ended
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Oct. 31, 2019
Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies |
Business | Business ​ Calavo Growers, Inc. (Calavo, the Company, we, us or our), is a global leader in the avocado industry and a provider of value-added fresh food. Our expertise in marketing and distributing avocados, prepared avocados, and other perishable foods allows us to deliver a wide array of fresh and prepared food products to retail grocery, foodservice, club stores, mass merchandisers, food distributors and wholesalers on a worldwide basis. We procure avocados from California, Mexico and other growing regions around the world. Through our various operating facilities, we (i) sort, pack, and/or ripen avocados, tomatoes and/or Hawaiian grown papayas, (ii) create, process and package a portfolio of healthy fresh foods including fresh-cut fruit and vegetables, and prepared foods and (iii) process and package guacamole and salsa. We distribute our products both domestically and internationally and report our operations in three different business segments: Fresh products, Calavo Foods and Renaissance Food Group (RFG).
Consolidated financial statements | Our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Calavo Growers, Inc. and our wholly owned subsidiaries, Calavo de Mexico S.A. de C.V. (Calavo de Mexico), Calavo Foods de Mexico S.A. de C.V., Calavo Growers de Mexico, S. de R.L. de C.V. ( Calavo Growers de Mexico), Maui Fresh International, Inc. (Maui), Hawaiian Sweet, Inc. (HS), Hawaiian Pride, LLC (HP), Calavo Salsa Lisa, LLC (CSL), Avocados de Jalisco, S.A.P.I. de C.V. (Avocados de Jalisco), in which we have an 83 percent ownership interest, and RFG. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. ​
Use of Estimates | Use of Estimates ​ The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Among the significant estimates affecting the financial statements are those related to valuation allowances for valuation allowances for accounts and notes receivable, goodwill, grower advances, inventories, long-lived assets, valuation of and estimated useful lives of identifiable intangible assets, stock-based compensation, promotional allowances and income taxes. On an ongoing basis, management reviews its estimates based upon currently available information. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.
Cash and Cash Equivalents | Cash and Cash Equivalents ​ We consider all highly liquid financial instruments purchased with an original maturity date of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents approximate their fair values.
Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets | Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets ​ Prepaid expenses and other current assets consist primarily of non-trade receivables, infrastructure advances and prepaid expenses. Non-trade receivables were $5.3 million and $4.9 million at October 31, 2019 and 2018. Included in non-trade receivables are $1.9 million and $1.5 million related to the current portion of non-CDM Mexican IVA (i.e. value-added) taxes at October 31, 2019 and 2018 (See Note 15). Infrastructure advances are discussed below. In addition, at October 31, 2018, loans of $9.0 million to FreshRealm are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets (See Note 8). Prepaid expenses totaling $3.4 million and $2.8 million at October 31, 2019 and 2018, are primarily for insurance, rent and other items.
Inventories | Inventories ​ Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is computed on a monthly weighted-average basis, which approximates the first-in, first-out method; market is based upon estimated replacement costs. Costs included in inventory primarily include the following: fruit, picking and hauling, overhead, labor, materials and freight.
Property, Plant, and Equipment | Property, Plant, and Equipment ​ Property, plant, and equipment are stated at cost and depreciated over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method. Leasehold improvements are stated at cost and amortized over the lesser of their estimated useful lives or the term of the lease, using the straight-line method. Useful lives are as follows: buildings and improvements - 7 to 50 years; leasehold improvements - the lesser of the term of the lease or 7 years; equipment - 7 to 25 years; information systems hardware and software – 3 to 10 years. Significant repairs and maintenance that increase the value or extend the useful life of our fixed asset are capitalized. On-going maintenance and repairs are charged to expense.
Goodwill and Acquired Intangible Assets | Goodwill and Acquired Intangible Assets ​ Goodwill, defined as unidentified asset(s) acquired in conjunction with a business acquisition, is tested for impairment on an annual basis and between annual tests whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Goodwill is tested at the reporting unit level, which is defined as an operating segment or one level below the operating segment. We can use a qualitative test, known as "Step 0," or a two-step quantitative method to determine whether impairment has occurred. In Step 0, we elect to perform an optional qualitative analysis and based on the results skip the two step analysis. In fiscal 2019, 2018 and 2017, we elected to implement Step 0 and were not required to conduct the remaining two step analysis. Goodwill impairment testing requires significant judgment and management estimates, including, but not limited to, the determination of (i) the number of reporting units, (ii) the goodwill and other assets and liabilities to be allocated to the reporting units and (iii) the fair values of the reporting units. The estimates and assumptions described above, along with other factors such as discount rates, will significantly affect the outcome of the impairment tests and the amounts of any resulting impairment losses. The results of our Step 0 assessments indicated that it was more likely than not that the fair value of our reporting unit exceeded its carrying value and therefore we concluded that there were no impairments for the years ended October 31, 2019 and 2018.
Long-lived Assets | Long-lived Assets ​ Long-lived assets, including fixed assets and intangible assets (other than goodwill), are continually monitored and are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of any such asset may not be recoverable. The determination of recoverability is based on an estimate of undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of an asset and its eventual disposition. The estimate of undiscounted cash flows is based upon, among other things, certain assumptions about future operating performance, growth rates and other factors. Estimates of undiscounted cash flows may differ from actual cash flows due to, among other things, technological changes, economic conditions, changes to the business model or changes in operating performance. If the sum of the undiscounted cash flows (excluding interest) is less than the carrying value, an impairment loss will be recognized, measured as the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the asset. For fiscal years 2019 and 2018, we performed our annual assessment of long-lived assets and determined that no impairment existed as of October 31, 2019 and 2018.
Investments | Investments ​ We account for non-marketable investments using the equity method of accounting if the investment gives us the ability to exercise significant influence over, but not control, an investee. Significant influence generally exists when we have an ownership interest representing between 20% and 50% of the voting stock of the investee. Under the equity method of accounting, investments are stated at initial cost and are adjusted for subsequent additional investments and our proportionate share of earnings or losses and distributions. ​ In December 2014, Calavo formed a wholly owned subsidiary Calavo Growers De Mexico, S. de R.L. de C.V. (Calavo Sub). In July 2015, Calavo Sub entered into a Shareholder Agreement with Grupo Belo del Pacifico, S.A. de C.V., (Belo) a Mexican Company owned by Agricola Belher, and Agricola Don Memo, S.A. de C.V. (Don Memo). Don Memo, a Mexican corporation formed in July 2013, is engaged in the business of owning and improving land in Jalisco, Mexico for the growing of tomatoes and other produce and the sale and distribution of tomatoes and other produce. Belo and Calavo Sub have an equal one-half ownership interest in Don Memo. Pursuant to a management service agreement, Belo, through its officers and employees, shall have day-to-day power and authority to manage the operations. In fiscal 2018, we contributed $0.1 million as investments in Don Memo. This investment contribution represent Calavo Sub’s 50% ownership in Don Memo, which is included in investment in unconsolidated entities on our balance sheet. We use the equity method to account for this investment. As of October 31, 2019 and 2018, we have an investment of $4.9 million and $4.9 million in Don Memo. ​ As of October 31, 2019 and 2018, we have an investment of $5.8 million and $19.9 million in FreshRealm, LLC (“FreshRealm”). We record the amount of our investment in FreshRealm in “Investment in unconsolidated entities” on our Consolidated Balance Sheets and recognize losses in FreshRealm in “Income/(loss) in unconsolidated entities” in our Consolidated Condensed Statement of Income. See Note 16 for additional information. ​ Effective July 31, 2018, we entered into a Note and Membership Unit Purchase Agreement (“NMUPA”) with FreshRealm, pursuant to which we agreed to provide additional financing to FreshRealm, subject to certain terms and conditions. Pursuant to such NMUPA, we entered into a Subscription Agreement with FreshRealm, whereby we purchased $3.5 million of equity units in FreshRealm, on July 31, 2018. As of October 31, 2018, our ownership percentage in FreshRealm was approximately 37%. In fiscal 2019, certain FreshRealm employees left the company surrendering their ownership units. This changed Calavo’s ownership percentage slightly to 38%. ​ In order to estimate the fair value of our investment in FreshRealm we hired an independent third-party expert to provide their written opinion on the fair value of our investment. We reviewed and considered their independent expert opinion in making our determination.
Marketable Securities | Marketable Securities ​ Our marketable securities consist of our investment in Limoneira Company (Limoneira) stock. We currently own less than 10% of Limoneira’s outstanding common stock. These securities are considered available for sale securities based on management’s intent with respect to such securities and are carried at fair value as determined from quoted market prices. ​ On November 1, 2018 we adopted a new accounting standard, which requires equity investments (except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting) to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income. With the adoption of this new standard, we reclassed unrealized gains of $12.1 million in accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings as of November 1, 2018. Additionally, for the year ended October 31, 2019, we sold 51,271 shares of Limoneira stock and recorded a loss of $0.1 million in our consolidated statements of income. Limoneira’s stock price at October 31, 2019, and October 31, 2018 equaled $18.92 per share, and $24.65 per share. Our remaining shares of Limoneira stock, totaling 1,677,299, were revalued to $18.92 per share at October 31, 2019 and, as a result, we recorded a loss of $9.6 million for the year ended October 31, 2019 in our consolidated condensed statements of income. ​ The estimated fair value, cost, and gross unrealized gain related to such investment was $42.6 million, $23.5 million and $19.1 million as of October 31, 2018.
Advances to Suppliers | Advances to Suppliers ​ We advance funds to third-party growers primarily in Mexico for various farming needs. Typically, we obtain collateral (i.e. fruit, fixed assets, etc.) that approximates the value at risk, prior to making such advances. We continuously evaluate the ability of these growers to repay advances in order to evaluate the possible need to record an allowance. No such allowance was required at October 31, 2019 and 2018. ​ Pursuant to our distribution agreement, which was amended in fiscal 2011, with Agricola Belher (Belher) of Mexico, a producer of fresh vegetables, primarily tomatoes, for export to the U.S. market, Belher agreed, at their sole cost and expense, to harvest, pack, export, ship, and deliver tomatoes exclusively to our company, primarily our Arizona facility. In exchange, we agreed to sell and distribute such tomatoes, make advances to Belher for operating purposes, provide additional advances as shipments are made during the season (subject to limitations, as defined), and return the proceeds from such tomato sales to Belher, net of our commission and aforementioned advances. These advances will be collected through settlements by the end of each year. For fiscal 2019 and 2018, we agreed to advance $4.5 million and $4.0 million for preseason advances. As of October 31, 2019 and 2018, we have total advances of $4.5 million and $4.0 million to Belher pursuant to this agreement, which is recorded in advances to suppliers. ​ Similar to Belher, we make advances to Don Memo for operating purposes, provide additional advances as shipments are made during the season, and return the proceeds from such tomato sales to Don Memo, net of our commission and aforementioned advances. As of October 31, 2019 and 2018, we have total advances of $3.7 million and $2.5 million to Don Memo, which is recorded in advances to suppliers, offset by tomato liabilities from the sales of tomatoes per the tomato marketing agreement.
Infrastructure Advances | Infrastructure Advances ​ Pursuant to our infrastructure agreements, we make advances to be used solely for the acquisition, construction, and installation of improvements to and on certain land owned/controlled by Belher, as well as packing line equipment. In August 2018, we entered into an amended infrastructure agreement with Belher and advanced $3.0 million. This amount shall be paid back in annual installments of $0.6 million through June 2023, and incurs interest at Libor plus 10%. Advances prior to this amended agreement incur interest at Libor plus 3.0%. As of October 31, 2019, we have advanced a total of $2.6 million ($0.8 million included in prepaid expenses and other current assets and $1.8 million included in other long-term assets). As of October 31, 2018, we have advanced a total of $3.4 million ($0.8 million included in prepaid expenses and other current assets and $2.6 million included in other long-term assets). Belher may prepay, without penalty, all or any portion of the advances at any time. In order to secure their obligations pursuant to both agreements discussed above, Belher granted us a first-priority security interest in certain assets, including cash, inventory and fixed assets, as defined.
Accrued Expenses | Accrued Expenses ​ Included in accrued expenses are liabilities related to the receipt of goods and/or services for which an invoice has not yet been received. These totaled approximately $18.7 million and $20.9 million for the year ended October 31, 2019 and 2018.
Revenue Recognition | Revenue Recognition ​ Effective at the beginning of our fiscal 2019, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-09, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers," and all the related amendments (Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 606) using the modified retrospective method of adoption. ASC 606 consists of a comprehensive revenue recognition standard, which requires the recognition of revenue when control of promised goods are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled. ​ The Company recognizes revenue when obligations under the terms of a contract with its customer are satisfied; generally, this occurs with the transfer of control of its products. Revenue is measured as the amount of net consideration expected to be received in exchange for transferring products. Revenue from product sales is governed primarily by customer pricing and related purchase orders (“contracts”) which specify shipping terms and certain aspects of the transaction price including rebates, discounts and other sales incentives. Contracts are at standalone pricing. The performance obligation in these contracts is determined by each of the individual purchase orders and the respective stated quantities, with revenue being recognized at a point in time when obligations under the terms of the agreement are satisfied. This generally occurs with the transfer of control of our products to the customer and the product is delivered. The Company's customers have an implicit and explicit right to return non-conforming products. A provision for payment discounts and product return allowances, which is estimated, is recorded as a reduction of sales in the same period that the revenue is recognized. ​ Sales Incentives and Other Promotional Programs ​ The Company routinely offers sales incentives and discounts through various regional and national programs to our customers and consumers. These programs include product discounts or allowances, product rebates, product returns, one-time or ongoing trade-promotion programs with customers and consumer coupon programs that require the Company to estimate and accrue the expected costs of such programs. The costs associated with these activities are accounted for as reductions to the transaction price of the Company’s products and are, therefore, recorded as reductions to gross sales at the time of sale. The Company bases its estimates of incentive costs on historical trend experience with similar programs, actual incentive terms per customer contractual obligations and expected levels of performance of trade promotions, utilizing customer and sales organization inputs. The Company maintains liabilities at the end of each period for the estimated incentive costs incurred but unpaid for these programs. Differences between estimated and actual incentive costs are generally not material and are recognized in earnings in the period such differences are determined. Reserves for product returns, accrued rebates and promotional accruals are included in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as part of accrued expenses. ​ Principal vs. Agent Considerations ​ We frequently enter into consignment arrangements with avocado and tomato growers and packers located outside of the U.S. and growers of certain perishable products in the U.S. We evaluate whether its performance obligation is a promise to transfer services to the customer (as the principal) or to arrange for services to be provided by another party (as the agent) using a control model. This evaluation determined that the Company is in control of establishing the transaction price, managing all aspects of the shipments process and taking the risk of loss for delivery, collection, and returns. Based on the Company’s evaluation of the control model, it determined that all of the Company’s major businesses act as the principal rather than the agent within their revenue arrangements and such revenues are reported on a gross basis. ​ Practical Expedients ​ The Company elected the following practical expedients upon its adoption of Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC Topic 606). ​
| ● | Shipping and handling costs - The company elected to account for shipping and handling activities that occur before the customer has obtained control of a good as fulfillment activities rather than as a promised service.
| ● | Measurement of transaction price - The Company has elected to exclude from the measurement of transaction price all taxes assessed by a governmental authority that are both imposed on, and concurrent with, a specific revenue-producing transaction and collected by the Company from a customer for sales taxes.
| ● | Contract costs - The Company has elected to recognize the incremental costs of obtaining a contract as an expense when incurred if the amortization period is one year or less.
The adoption of ASC 606 did not have an impact on our consolidated results of operations for the year ended October 31, 2019.
Customers | Customers ​ We sell to retail grocery, foodservice, club stores, mass merchandisers, food distributors and wholesale customers. Our top ten customers accounted for approximately 59%, 59% and 59% of our consolidated net sales in fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017. Sales to our largest customer, Kroger (including its affiliates), represented approximately 21%, 20%, and 19% of net sales in each of fiscal years 2019, 2018, and 2017. Additionally, Wal-Mart (including its affiliates) represented approximately 13% and 10% of net sales in fiscal years 2019 and 2018. No other single customer accounted for more than 10% of our net sales in any of the last three fiscal years.
Shipping and Handling | Shipping and Handling ​ We include shipping and handling fees billed to customers in net revenues. Amounts incurred by us for freight are included in cost of goods sold.
Promotional Allowances | Promotional Allowances ​ We provide for promotional allowances at the time of sale, based on our historical experience. Our estimates are generally based on evaluating the historical relationship between promotional allowances and gross sales. The derived percentage is then applied to the current period’s sales revenues in order to arrive at the appropriate debit to sales allowances for the period. The offsetting credit is made to accrued expenses. When certain amounts of specific customer accounts are subsequently identified as promotional, they are written off against this allowance. Actual amounts may differ from these estimates and such differences are recognized as an adjustment to net sales in the period they are identified.
Allowance for Accounts Receivable | Allowance for Accounts Receivable ​ We provide an allowance for estimated uncollectible accounts receivable balances based on historical experience and the aging of the related accounts receivable. ​
Notes receivable from FreshRealm | Notes receivable from FreshRealm ​ As of October 31, 2019, and October 31, 2018, we had notes receivable (including interest) from FreshRealm totaling $35.2 million and $9.0 million. At October 31, 2018, notes receivable from FreshRealm of $9.0 million was included in prepaids and other current assets. The notes to FreshRealm, as of October 31, 2019, bear interest at the rate of 10% annually, with monthly interest payments scheduled to begin on October 31, 2020. This first interest payment would represent interest due for the month of October 2020 only, with similar monthly payments scheduled to follow afterwards. The due date of the notes is November 1, 2021, with the Company having the option of up to two, one-year extensions (i.e. first to November 1, 2022, then to November 1, 2023). At October 31, 2019, we have a receivable of $2.4 million related to interest that we have recorded within Note receivables to FreshRealm on the balance sheet. We assess the collectability of these notes from FreshRealm based on their financial results and, primarily, their cash projections. We have concluded no reserve is necessary as of October 31, 2019. See Notes 8 and 16 in our consolidated financial statements for further information.
Consignment Arrangements | Consignment Arrangements ​ We frequently enter into consignment arrangements with avocado and tomato growers and packers located outside of the U.S. and growers of certain perishable products in the U.S. Although we generally do not take legal title to these avocados and perishable products, we do assume responsibilities (principally assuming credit risk, inventory loss and delivery risk, and pricing risk) that are consistent with acting as a principal in the transaction. Accordingly, the accompanying financial statements include sales and cost of sales from the sale of avocados and perishable products procured under consignment arrangements. Amounts recorded for each of the fiscal years ended October 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 in the financial statements pursuant to consignment arrangements are as follows (in thousands): ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Sales | ​ | $ | 64,510 | ​ | $ | 43,490 | ​ | $ | 25,891 | ​
Cost of Sales | ​ |  | 57,061 | ​ |  | 38,186 | ​ |  | 22,784 | ​
Gross Profit | ​ | $ | 7,449 | ​ | $ | 5,304 | ​ | $ | 3,107 | ​
Advertising Expense | Advertising Expense ​ Advertising costs are expensed when incurred and are generally included as a component of selling, general and administrative expense. Such costs were approximately $0.3 million, $0.2 million and $0.1 million for fiscal years 2019, 2018, and 2017.
Research and Development | Research and Development ​ Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and are generally included as a component of selling, general and administrative expense. Total research and development costs for fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017 were less than $0.1 million.
Other Income | Other Income ​ Included in other income is dividend income totaling $0.6 million for fiscal year 2019. Dividend income totaled $0.6 million and $0.5 million for fiscal years 2018 and 2017. See Note 8 for related party disclosure related to other income.
Income Taxes | Income Taxes ​ We account for deferred tax liabilities and assets for the future consequences of events that have been recognized in our consolidated financial statements or tax returns. Measurement of the deferred items is based on enacted tax laws. In the event the future consequences of differences between financial reporting bases and tax bases of our assets and liabilities result in a deferred tax asset, we perform an evaluation of the probability of being able to realize the future benefits indicated by such asset. A valuation allowance related to a deferred tax asset is recorded when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. ​ We recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such a position should be measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. ​ As a multinational corporation, we are subject to taxation in many jurisdictions, and the calculation of our tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws and regulations in various taxing jurisdictions. If we ultimately determine that the payment of these liabilities will be unnecessary, the liability will be reversed and we will recognize a tax benefit during the period in which it is determined the liability no longer applies. Conversely, we record additional tax charges in a period in which it is determined that a recorded tax liability is less than the ultimate assessment is expected to be. ​ The application of tax laws and regulations is subject to legal and factual interpretation, judgment and uncertainty. Tax laws and regulations themselves are subject to change as a result of changes in fiscal policy, changes in legislation, the evolution of regulations and court rulings. Therefore, the actual liability for U.S. or foreign taxes may be materially different from management’s estimates, which could result in the need to record additional tax liabilities or potentially reverse previously recorded tax liabilities.
Basic and Diluted Net Income per Share | Basic and Diluted Net Income per Share ​ Basic earnings per share is calculated using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period without consideration of the dilutive effect of stock options and contingent consideration. Diluted earnings per common share is calculated using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period after consideration of the dilutive effect of stock options and the effect of contingent consideration shares. ​ Basic and diluted net income per share is calculated as follows (U.S. dollars in thousands, except per share data): ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Year ended October 31,
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Numerator: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net Income attributable to Calavo Growers, Inc. | ​ | $ | 36,646 | ​ | $ | 32,281 | ​ | $ | 37,270
Denominator: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Weighted average shares - Basic | ​ |  | 17,519 | ​ |  | 17,477 | ​ |  | 17,416
Effect on dilutive securities – Restricted stock/options | ​ |  | 74 | ​ |  | 91 | ​ |  | 98
Weighted average shares - Diluted | ​ |  | 17,593 | ​ |  | 17,568 | ​ |  | 17,514
Net income per share attributable to Calavo Growers, Inc: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Basic | ​ | $ | 2.09 | ​ | $ | 1.85 | ​ | $ | 2.14
Diluted | ​ | $ | 2.08 | ​ | $ | 1.84 | ​ | $ | 2.13
Stock-Based Compensation | Stock-Based Compensation ​ We account for awards of equity instruments issued to employees under the fair value method of accounting and recognize such amounts in our statements of income. We measure compensation cost for all stock-based awards at fair value on the date of grant and recognize compensation expense in our consolidated statements of income over the service period that the awards are expected to vest. ​ For the years ended October 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, we recognized compensation expense of $3.6 million, $4.6 million, and $4.3 million related to stock-based compensation (See Note 12). The value of the stock-based compensation was determined from quoted market prices at the date of the grant.
Foreign Currency Translation and Remeasurement | Foreign Currency Translation and Remeasurement ​ Our foreign operations are subject to exchange rate fluctuations and foreign currency transaction costs. The functional currency of our foreign subsidiaries is the United States dollar. As a result, monetary assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars at exchange rates as of the balance sheet date and non-monetary assets, liabilities and equity are translated at historical rates. Sales and expenses are translated using a weighted-average exchange rate for the period. Gains and losses resulting from those remeasurements are included in income. Gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions are also recognized currently in income. Total foreign currency translation losses for fiscal 2019, 2018 and 2017, net of gains, were $0.3 million, $0.8 million, and $0.3 million.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments | Fair Value of Financial Instruments ​ We believe that the carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and short-term borrowings approximates fair value based on either their short-term nature or on terms currently available to the Company in financial markets. Due to current market rates, we believe that our fixed-rate long-term obligations have nearly the same fair value and carrying value of approximately $6.2 million and $0.4 million as of October 31, 2019 and 2018. ​
Deferred Rent | Deferred Rent ​ As part of certain lease agreements, we receive construction allowances from our landlords. The construction allowances are deferred and amortized on a straight-line basis over the life of the lease as a reduction to rent expense.
Derivative Financial Instruments | Derivative Financial Instruments ​ We were not a party to any material derivative instruments during the fiscal year. It is currently our intent not to use derivative instruments for speculative or trading purposes. Additionally, we do not use any hedging or forward contracts to offset market volatility.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards | ​ Recently Issued Accounting Standards ​ In October 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-17, Targeted Improvements to Related Party Guidance for Variable Interest Entities. This ASU provides that indirect interests held through related parties in common control arrangements should be considered on a proportional basis for determining whether fees paid to decision makers and service providers are variable interests. The new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. This ASU will be effective for us beginning the first day of our 2021 fiscal year. We are evaluating the impact of the adoption of this ASU on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, and, as such, we are not able to estimate the effect the adoption of the new standard will have on our financial statements. ​ In September 2018, the FASB issued and ASU, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40), Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That is a Service Contract. This ASU requires implementation costs incurred by customers in cloud computing arrangements (i.e., hosting arrangements) to be capitalized under the same premises of authoritative guidance for internal-use software and deferred over the non-cancellable term of the cloud computing arrangements plus any option renewal periods that are reasonably certain to be exercised by the customer or for which the exercise is controlled by the service provider. This ASU will be effective for us beginning the first day of our 2021 fiscal year. We are evaluating the impact of the adoption of this ASU on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, and, as such, we are not able to estimate the effect the adoption of the new standard will have on our financial statements. ​ In June 2018, the FASB issued an ASU, Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting. The FASB is issuing this update to simplify the accounting for share-based payments to nonemployees by aligning it with the accounting for share-based payments to employees, with certain exceptions. This ASU will be effective for us beginning the first day of our 2020 fiscal year. We do not expect that the adoption of this ASU to have an impact on our financial statements. ​ In February 2018, the FASB issued an ASU, Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects From Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, which amends Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 220, Income Statement — Reporting Comprehensive Income, to allow a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, (the "Act"). In addition, under the ASU, an entity will be required to provide certain disclosures regarding stranded tax effects. This ASU is effective for us the first day of our 2020 fiscal year. We do not expect that the adoption of this ASU to have an impact on our financial statements. ​ In January 2017, the FASB issued an ASU, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, which removes the requirement to compare the implied fair value of goodwill with its carrying amount as part of step 2 of the goodwill impairment test. The ASU permits an entity to perform its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount and to recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. This ASU will be effective for us beginning the first day of our 2021 fiscal year and is not expected to have a significant impact upon adoption. ​ In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, and subsequent amendments to the guidance, ASU 2018-19 in November 2018 and ASU 2019-05 in May 2019 including codification improvements to Topic 326 in ASU 2019-04. The standard significantly changes how entities will measure credit losses for most financial assets and certain other instruments that aren’t measured at fair value through net income. The standard will replace today’s “incurred loss” approach with an “expected loss” model for instruments measured at amortized cost. For available-for-sale debt securities, entities will be required to record allowances rather than reduce the carrying amount, as they do today under the other-than-temporary impairment model. It also simplifies the accounting model for purchased credit-impaired debt securities and loans. The amendment will affect loans, debt securities, trade receivables, net investments in leases, off balance sheet credit exposures, reinsurance receivables, and any other financial assets not excluded from the scope that have the contractual right to receive cash. ASU 2018-19 clarifies that receivables arising from operating leases are accounted for using lease guidance and not as financial instruments. ASU 2019-05 provides entities that have certain instruments with an option to irrevocably elect the fair value option. The amendments should be applied on either a prospective transition or modified-retrospective approach depending on the subtopic. This ASU will be effective for us beginning the first day of our 2021 fiscal year. Early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating the impact of the adoption of this ASU on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, and, as such, we are not able to estimate the effect the adoption of the new standard will have on our financial statements. ​ In February 2016, the FASB issued an ASU, Leases, which requires a dual approach for lessee accounting under which a lessee would account for leases as finance leases or operating leases. Both finance leases and operating leases will result in the lessee recognizing a right-of use asset (ROU) and a corresponding lease liability. For finance leases, the lessee would recognize interest expense and amortization of the right-of-use asset, and for operating leases, the lessee would recognize a straight-line total lease expense. The guidance also requires qualitative and specific quantitative disclosures to supplement the amounts recorded in the financial statements so that users can understand more about the nature of an entity’s leasing activities, including significant judgments and changes in judgments. This ASU will be effective for us beginning the first day of our 2020 fiscal year. The new standard provides a number of optional practical expedients in transition. We expect to elect the ‘package of practical expedients’, which permits us not to reassess under the new standard our prior conclusions about lease identification, lease classification and initial direct costs. We do not expect to elect the use-of-hindsight or the practical expedient pertaining to land easements; the latter not being applicable to us. We expect to elect all of the new standard’s available transition practical expedients. We will elect the alternative modified retrospective approach, applying ASC 840 to all comparative periods, including disclosures, and recognize the effects of applying ASC 842 as a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the effective date. Upon adoption, the most significant effects are expected to relate to (1) the recognition of new ROU assets and lease liabilities on our balance sheet for our operating leases, which is expected to be between $60 million and $70 million at the beginning of fiscal 2020; and (2) providing significant new disclosures about our leasing activities.
Comprehensive Income | Comprehensive Income ​ Comprehensive income is defined as all changes in a company's net assets, except changes resulting from transactions with shareholders. For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2018, other comprehensive income includes the unrealized gain on our Limoneira investment totaling $1.7 million, net of income taxes. Limoneira’s stock price at October 31, 2018 equaled $24.65 per share. For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2017, other comprehensive income includes the unrealized gain on our Limoneira investment totaling $3.9 million, net of income taxes. Limoneira’s stock price at October 31, 2017 equaled $23.35 per share. ​ In January 2016, the FASB issued an ASU, which requires equity investments (except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting) to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income. The Company adopted this new standard at the beginning of fiscal 2019. Limoneira’s stock price at October 31, 2019, and October 31, 2018 equaled $18.92 per share, and $24.65 per share. Our shares of Limoneira stock, totaling 1,677,299, were revalued to $18.92 per share at October 31, 2019 and, as a result, we recorded a loss of $9.6 million for the year ended October 31, 2019 in our consolidated condensed statements of income.
Noncontrolling Interest | Noncontrolling Interest ​ The following tables reconcile shareholders’ equity attributable to noncontrolling interest related to Avocados de Jalisco (in thousands). ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  |  | Year ended |  | Year ended |
Avocados de Jalisco noncontrolling interest |  | ​ | October 31, 2019 | ​ | October 31, 2018 |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​
Noncontrolling interest, beginning | ​ | ​ | $ | 1,748 | ​ | $ | 1,016 | ​
Noncash transfer of noncontrolling interest | ​ | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,001 | ​
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest of Avocados de Jalisco | ​ | ​ |  | (60) | ​ |  | (269) | ​
Noncontrolling interest, ending | ​ | ​ | $ | 1,688 | ​ | $ | 1,748 | ​

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