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Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2023
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable, Gross, Allowance, and Net [Abstract]  
Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses
 
The following table presents the composition of the loan portfolio:
 
In thousandsSeptember 30, 2023December 31, 2022
Commercial and industrial$154,027 $178,762 
Commercial real estate892,365 821,805 
Commercial real estate construction86,508 80,470 
Residential mortgage384,304 362,098 
Home equity lines of credit88,687 84,141 
Consumer10,075 11,334 
Total Loans$1,615,966 $1,538,610 
The following table presents nonaccrual loans: 

In thousandsSeptember 30, 2023December 31, 2022
Commercial and industrial$470 $781 
Commercial real estate1,541 1,873 
Residential mortgage343 — 
Home equity lines of credit195 — 
 $2,549 $2,654 

Consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings are in process at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, totaled $777 thousand and $1.1 million, respectively.

No additional funds are committed to be advanced in connection with individually evaluated loans.

Loan Modifications

On January 1, 2023, the Corporation adopted the accounting guidance in ASU 2022-02, which eliminates the recognition and measurement of troubled debt restructurings (TDRs). Due to the removal of the TDR designation, the Corporation evaluates all loan restructurings according to the accounting guidance for loan modifications to determine if the restructuring results in a new loan or a continuation of the existing loan. Loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that result in a direct change in the timing or amount of contractual cash flows include situations where there is principal forgiveness, interest rate reductions, other-than-insignificant payment delays, term extensions, and combinations of the above. Therefore, the disclosures related to loan restructurings are only for modifications that directly affect cash flows.

As of September 30, 2023, the Corporation had no modified loans or any commitments to lend any additional funds on modified loans. As of September 30, 2023, the Corporation had no loans that defaulted during the period and had been modified preceding the payment default when the borrower was experiencing financial difficulty at the time of modification. For purposes of this disclosure, a default occurs when, within 12 months of the original modification, either a full or partial charge-off occurs or the loan becomes 90 days or more past due.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The Corporation maintains an allowance for credit losses (ACL) at a level determined to be adequate to absorb expected credit losses associated with the Corporation’s financial instruments over the life of those instruments as of the balance sheet date. The Corporation develops and documents a systematic ACL methodology based on the following portfolio segments: 1) Commercial and Industrial, 2) Commercial Real Estate, 3) Commercial Real Estate Construction, 4) Residential Mortgage, and 5) Home Equity Lines of Credit. The Corporation’s loan portfolio is segmented by loan types that have similar risk characteristics and behave similarly during economic cycles. The segmentation in the CECL model is different from the segmentation in the incurred loss model, however there was minimal impact on the presentation of the financial statement disclosures. The following is a discussion of the key risks by portfolio segment that management assesses in preparing the ACL.

Commercial and Industrial Lending — The Corporation originates commercial and industrial loans primarily to businesses located in its primary market area and surrounding areas. These loans are used for various business purposes which include short-term loans and lines of credit to finance machinery and equipment purchases, inventory, and accounts receivable. Generally, the maximum term for loans extended on machinery and equipment is based on the projected useful life of such machinery and equipment. Most business lines of credit are written on demand and may be renewed annually.

Commercial and industrial loans are generally secured with short-term assets; however, in many cases, additional collateral such as real estate is provided as additional security for the loan. Loan-to-value maximum values have been established by the Corporation and are specific to the type of collateral. Collateral values may be determined using invoices, inventory reports, accounts receivable aging reports, collateral appraisals, etc.
 
In underwriting commercial and industrial loans, an analysis is performed to evaluate the borrower’s character and capacity to repay the loan, the adequacy of the borrower’s capital and collateral, as well as the conditions affecting the borrower. Evaluation of the borrower’s past, present and future cash flows is also an important aspect of the Corporation’s
analysis. Commercial loans generally present a higher level of risk than other types of loans due primarily to the effect of general economic conditions.
 
Commercial Real Estate Lending — The Corporation engages in commercial real estate lending in its primary market area and surrounding areas. The Corporation’s commercial loan portfolio is secured primarily by commercial retail space, office buildings, and hotels. Generally, commercial real estate loans have terms that do not exceed 20 years, have loan-to-value ratios of up to 80% of the appraised value of the property, and are typically secured by personal guarantees of the borrowers.
 
In underwriting these loans, the Corporation performs a thorough analysis of the financial condition of the borrower, the borrower’s credit history, and the reliability and predictability of the cash flow generated by the property securing the loan. Appraisals on properties securing commercial real estate loans originated by the Corporation are performed by independent appraisers. Commercial real estate loans generally present a higher level of risk than other types of loans due primarily to the effect of general economic conditions and the complexities involved in valuing the underlying collateral.
 
Commercial Real Estate Construction Lending — The Corporation engages in commercial real estate construction lending in its primary market area and surrounding areas. The Corporation’s commercial real estate construction lending consists of commercial and residential site development loans, as well as commercial building construction and residential housing construction loans.
 
The Corporation’s commercial real estate construction loans are generally secured with the subject property. Terms of construction loans depend on the specifics of the project, such as estimated absorption rates, estimated time to complete, etc.
 
In underwriting commercial real estate construction loans, the Corporation performs a thorough analysis of the financial condition of the borrower, the borrower’s credit history, and the reliability and predictability of the cash flow generated by the project using feasibility studies, market data, etc. Appraisals on properties securing commercial real estate construction loans originated by the Corporation are performed by independent appraisers. Commercial real estate construction loans generally present a higher level of risk than other types of loans due primarily to the effect of general economic conditions and the uncertainties surrounding total construction costs.
 
Residential Mortgage Lending — One-to-four family residential mortgage loan originations, including home equity closed-end loans, are generated by the Corporation’s marketing efforts, its present customers, walk-in customers, and referrals. These loans originate primarily within the Corporation’s market area or with customers primarily from the market area.
 
The Corporation offers fixed-rate and adjustable-rate mortgage loans with terms up to a maximum of 30 years for both permanent structures and those under construction. The Corporation’s one-to-four family residential mortgage originations are secured primarily by properties located in its primary market area and surrounding areas. The majority of the Corporation’s residential mortgage loans originate with a loan-to-value of 80% or less. Loans in excess of 80% are required to have private mortgage insurance.
 
In underwriting one-to-four family residential real estate loans, the Corporation evaluates both the borrower’s financial ability to repay the loan as agreed and the value of the property securing the loan. Properties securing real estate loans made by the Corporation are appraised by independent appraisers. The Corporation generally requires borrowers to obtain an attorney’s title opinion or title insurance, as well as fire and property insurance (including flood insurance, if necessary) in an amount not less than the amount of the loan. The Corporation has not engaged in subprime residential mortgage originations. Residential mortgage loans are subject to risk due primarily to general economic conditions, as well as periods of weak housing markets.
 
Home Equity Lines of Credit Lending — The Corporation originates home equity lines of credit primarily within the Corporation’s market area or with customers primarily from the market area. Home equity lines of credit are generated by the Corporation’s marketing efforts, its present customers, walk-in customers, and referrals.
 
Home equity lines of credit are secured by the borrower’s primary residence with a maximum loan-to-value of 90% and a maximum term of 20 years. In underwriting home equity lines of credit, the Corporation evaluates both the value of the property securing the loan and the borrower’s financial ability to repay the loan as agreed. The ability to repay is determined by the borrower’s employment history, current financial condition, and credit background.

Home equity lines of credit generally present a moderate level of risk due primarily to general economic conditions, as well as periods of weak housing markets. Junior liens inherently have more credit risk by virtue of the fact that another financial institution may have a higher security position in the case of foreclosure liquidation of collateral to extinguish the debt. Generally, foreclosure actions could become more prevalent if the real estate markets are weak and property values deteriorate.
Consumer Lending — The Corporation offers a variety of secured and unsecured consumer loans, including those for vehicles and mobile homes and loans secured by savings deposits. These loans originate primarily within the Corporation’s market area or with customers primarily from the market area.
 
Consumer loan terms vary according to the type and value of collateral and the creditworthiness of the borrower. In underwriting consumer loans, a thorough analysis of the borrower’s financial ability to repay the loan as agreed is performed. The ability to repay is determined by the borrower’s employment history, current financial condition, and credit background.
 
Consumer loans may entail greater credit risk than residential mortgage loans or home equity lines of credit, particularly in the case of consumer loans which are unsecured or are secured by rapidly depreciable assets such as automobiles or recreational equipment. In such cases, any repossessed collateral for a defaulted consumer loan may not provide an adequate source of repayment of the outstanding loan balance as a result of the greater likelihood of damage, loss or depreciation. In addition, consumer loan collections are dependent on the borrower’s continuing financial stability, and thus are more likely to be affected by adverse personal circumstances. Furthermore, the application of various federal and state laws, including bankruptcy and insolvency laws, may limit the amount which can be recovered on such loans.

Credit Quality Indicators

The Corporation’s portfolio grading analysis estimates the capability of the borrower to repay the contractual obligations of the loan agreements as scheduled or at all. The Corporation’s internal credit risk grading system is based on debt service coverage, collateral values and other subjective factors. Non-commercial-purpose loans are defaulted to a pass grade until a loan migrates to past due status.

Special Mention – Considered “Other Assets Especially Mentioned”, these loans are currently protected, but are potentially weak. Loans in this rating category constitute an undue and unwarranted credit risk, but not to the point of justifying a classification of substandard. The credit risk may be relatively minor, yet constitutes an unwarranted risk in light of the circumstances surrounding a specific loan.

Substandard – Loans in this category are inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified must have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Bank will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Loss potential, while existing in the aggregate amount of substandard assets, does not have to exist in individual loans classified as substandard.

Doubtful – Loans in this category have all the weaknesses inherent in one classified substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable. The possibility of loss is extremely high, but because of certain important and reasonable specific pending factors which may work to strengthen the credit, its classification as an estimated loss is deferred until its more exact status may be determined. Pending factors include proposed merger, acquisition, or liquidation procedures, capital injection, perfecting liens on additional collateral, and refinancing plans.

Loans not meeting the criteria above that are analyzed individually as part of the above described process are considered to be pass-related loans.
The following table presents loan balances by year of origination and internally assigned risk rating for ACNB’s portfolio segments as of September 30, 2023:
In thousands202320222021202020192018 and PriorRevolvingTotal
Commercial and industrial
Pass$4,701 $25,535 $36,090 $16,390 $14,406 $24,086 $28,544 $149,752 
Special Mention113 367 323 484 157 558 1,042 3,044 
Substandard8 18 145 17 11 748 284 1,231 
Total Commercial and industrial$4,822 $25,920 $36,558 $16,891 $14,574 $25,392 $29,870 $154,027 
Year-to-date gross charge-offs$ $ $ $ $ $110 $ $110 
Commercial real estate
Pass$113,782 $145,145 $143,203 $63,474 $70,536 $302,565 $16,004 $854,709 
Special Mention302 5,705 1,360 1,933 4,880 15,023 1,409 30,612 
Substandard   1,540 721 4,783  7,044 
Total Commercial real estate$114,084 $150,850 $144,563 $66,947 $76,137 $322,371 $17,413 $892,365 
Year-to-date gross charge-offs$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 
Commercial real estate construction
Pass$19,757 $46,386 $6,392 $927 $338 $3,612 $7,721 $85,133 
Special Mention 471  93  741  1,305 
Substandard     70  70 
Total Commercial real estate construction$19,757 $46,857 $6,392 $1,020 $338 $4,423 $7,721 $86,508 
Year-to-date gross charge-offs$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 
Residential mortgage
Pass$54,153 $73,756 $56,526 $31,915 $20,120 $140,911 $486 $377,867 
Special Mention542 83 598 404 697 3,083 62 5,469 
Substandard     968  968 
Total Residential Mortgage$54,695 $73,839 $57,124 $32,319 $20,817 $144,962 $548 $384,304 
Year-to-date gross charge-offs$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 
Home equity lines of credit
Pass$953 $39 $ $ $97 $4,775 $81,557 $87,421 
Special Mention     35 743 778 
Substandard     488  488 
Total Home equity lines of credit$953 $39 $ $ $97 $5,298 $82,300 $88,687 
Year-to-date gross charge-offs$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 
Consumer
Pass$2,334 $2,861 $872 $595 $310 $1,248 $1,830 $10,050 
Special Mention        
Substandard      25 25 
Total Consumer$2,334 $2,861 $872 $595 $310 $1,248 $1,855 $10,075 
Year-to-date gross charge-offs$14 $68 $35 $45 $20 $64 $33 $279 
Total Portfolio loans
Pass$195,680 $293,722 $243,083 $113,301 $105,807 $477,197 $136,142 $1,564,932 
Special Mention957 6,626 2,281 2,914 5,734 19,440 3,256 41,208 
Substandard8 18 145 1,557 732 7,057 309 9,826 
Total Portfolio loans$196,645 $300,366 $245,509 $117,772 $112,273 $503,694 $139,707 $1,615,966 
Year-to-date gross charge-offs$14 $68 $35 $45 $20 $174 $33 $389 
The following table presents the recorded investment in loan classes by internally assigned risk ratings and loan classes by performing and nonperforming status as of December 31, 2022:
In thousandsCommercial
and
Industrial
Commercial
Real Estate
Commercial
Real Estate
Construction
Residential
Mortgage
Home Equity
Lines of
Credit
ConsumerTotal
December 31, 2022
Pass$173,437 $786,711 $78,652 $356,081 $83,044 $11,334 $1,489,259 
Special Mention4,035 29,540 1,818 5,803 712 — 41,908 
Substandard1,290 5,554 — 214 385 — 7,443 
Doubtful— — — — — — — 
Total Portfolio Loans$178,762 $821,805 $80,470 $362,098 $84,141 $11,334 $1,538,610 
Performing Loans$177,981 $819,932 $80,470 $361,393 $83,643 $11,334 $1,534,753 
Nonperforming Loans781 1,873 — 705 498 — 3,857 
Total Portfolio Loans$178,762 $821,805 $80,470 $362,098 $84,141 $11,334 $1,538,610 
The following table presents loan balances by year of origination and performing and nonperforming status for ACNB’s portfolio segments as of September 30, 2023:
In thousands202320222021202020192018 and PriorRevolvingTotal
Commercial and industrial
Performing$4,822 $25,920 $36,558 $16,891 $14,574 $25,206 $29,586 $153,557 
Nonperforming     186 284 470 
Total Commercial and industrial4,822 25,920 36,558 16,891 14,574 25,392 29,870 154,027 
Commercial real estate
Performing114,084 150,850 144,563 66,947 75,816 321,004 17,413 890,677 
Nonperforming    321 1,367  1,688 
Total Commercial real estate114,084 150,850 144,563 66,947 76,137 322,371 17,413 892,365 
Commercial real estate construction
Performing19,757 46,857 6,392 1,020 338 4,423 7,721 86,508 
Nonperforming        
Total Commercial real estate construction19,757 46,857 6,392 1,020 338 4,423 7,721 86,508 
Residential mortgage
Performing54,695 73,839 57,124 32,319 20,817 143,962 548 383,304 
Nonperforming     1,000  1,000 
Total Residential Mortgage54,695 73,839 57,124 32,319 20,817 144,962 548 384,304 
Home equity lines of credit
Performing953 39   97 4,888 82,300 88,277 
Nonperforming     410  410 
Total Home equity lines of credit953 39   97 5,298 82,300 88,687 
Consumer
Performing2,334 2,861 872 595 310 1,222 1,855 10,049 
Nonperforming     26  26 
Total Consumer2,334 2,861 872 595 310 1,248 1,855 10,075 
Total Portfolio loans
Performing196,645 300,366 245,509 117,772 111,952 500,705 139,423 1,612,372 
Nonperforming    321 2,989 284 3,594 
Total Portfolio loans$196,645 $300,366 $245,509 $117,772 $112,273 $503,694 $139,707 $1,615,966 
The following tables present the classes of the loan portfolio summarized by the past due status:
In thousands30–59 Days Past Due60–89 Days
Past Due
>90 Days
Past Due
Total Past
Due
CurrentTotal Loans
Receivable
Loans
Receivable
>90 Days
and
Accruing
September 30, 2023
Commercial and industrial$59 $91 $160 $310 $153,717 $154,027 $ 
Commercial real estate193 422 147 762 891,603 892,365 147 
Commercial real estate construction    86,508 86,508  
Residential mortgage157 526 1,000 1,683 382,621 384,304 657 
Home equity lines of credit412 493 215 1,120 87,567 88,687 215 
Consumer1 7 26 34 10,041 10,075 26 
Total Loans$822 $1,539 $1,548 $3,909 $1,612,057 $1,615,966 $1,045 

In thousands30–59 Days Past Due60–89 Days
Past Due
>90 Days
Past Due
Total Past
Due
CurrentTotal Loans
Receivable
Loans
Receivable
>90 Days
and
Accruing
December 31, 2022
Commercial and industrial$287 $— $162 $449 $178,313 $178,762 $— 
Commercial real estate2,026 350 255 2,631 819,174 821,805 — 
Commercial real estate construction24 — — 24 80,446 80,470 — 
Residential mortgage2,969 970 705 4,644 357,454 362,098 705 
Home equity lines of credit438 117 498 1,053 83,088 84,141 498 
Consumer155 80 — 235 11,099 11,334 — 
Total Loans$5,899 $1,517 $1,620 $9,036 $1,529,574 $1,538,610 $1,203 

The following table summarizes information relative to individually evaluated loans by loan portfolio class as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
 Individually Evaluated Loans with AllowanceIndividually Evaluated  Loans with
No Allowance
In thousandsRecorded InvestmentRelated
Allowance
Recorded InvestmentRelated
Allowance
September 30, 2023  
Commercial and industrial$470 $368 $ $ 
Commercial real estate321 181 1,220  
Commercial real estate construction    
Residential mortgage  343  
Home equity lines of credit  195  
 $791 $549 $1,758 $ 
December 31, 2022
Commercial and industrial$781 $628 $ $ 
Commercial real estate350 192 4,984  
Commercial real estate construction    
Residential mortgage    
Home equity lines of credit    
$1,131 $820 $4,984 $ 
All loans on nonaccrual status are individually evaluated in the specific analysis for the allowance for credit loss. An accruing TDR was included in the table above as of December 31, 2022. That loan was moved to performing status due to its loan repayment history upon the adoption of Topic 326.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, no material amount of interest income was recognized on individually evaluated loans subsequent to their classification as individually evaluated loans.

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of individually evaluated loans as of September 30, 2023. Changes in the fair value of the collateral for individually evaluated loans are reported as provision for credit losses or a reversal of provision for credit losses in the period of change.
September 30, 2023
Type of Collateral
In thousandsBusiness AssetsReal Estate
Commercial and industrial$470 $ 
Commercial real estate 1,541 
Commercial real estate construction  
Residential mortgage 343 
Home equity lines of credit 195 
Consumer  
Total$470 $2,079 
The following tables summarize the allowance for credit losses and allowance for loan losses and recorded investment in loans receivable:
In thousandsCommercial
and
Industrial
Commercial
Real Estate
Commercial
Real Estate
Construction
Residential
Mortgage
Home Equity
Lines of
Credit
ConsumerUnallocatedTotal
AS OF AND FOR THE PERIOD ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2023
      
Allowance for Credit Losses       
Beginning balance - July 1, 2023$1,941 $11,728 $1,885 $3,075 $388 $131 $ $19,148 
Charge-offs(81)    (109) (190)
Recoveries32     24  56 
Provisions (credits)(381)170 279 78 5 99  250 
Ending balance - September 30, 2023$1,511 $11,898 $2,164 $3,153 $393 $145 $ $19,264 
Beginning balance - January 1, 2023$2,848 $10,016 $1,000 $3,029 $347 $376 $245 $17,861 
Impact of CECL adoption(762)1,106 1,347 297 17 (142)(245)$1,618 
Charge-offs(110)    (279) (389)
Recoveries42     58  100 
Provisions (credits)(507)776 (183)(173)29 132  74 
Ending balance - September 30, 2023$1,511 $11,898 $2,164 $3,153 $393 $145 $ $19,264 
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment$368 $181 $ $ $ $ $ $549 
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment$1,143 $11,717 $2,164 $3,153 $393 $145 $ $18,715 
Loans Receivable        
Ending balance$154,027 $892,365 $86,508 $384,304 $88,687 $10,075 $ $1,615,966 
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment$470 $1,541 $ $343 $195 $ $ $2,549 
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment$153,557 $890,824 $86,508 $383,961 $88,492 $10,075 $ $1,613,417 
AS OF AND FOR THE PERIOD ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2022
      
Allowance for Loan Losses        
Beginning balance - July 1, 2022$3,116 $10,839 $818 $3,199 $396 $427 $148 $18,943 
Charge-offs(70)(831)— — (33)(80)— (1,014)
Recoveries20 — — — — — 23 
Provisions (credits)(128)(19)13 (89)88 132 — 
Ending balance - September 30, 2022$2,938 $9,989 $831 $3,110 $366 $438 $280 $17,952 
Beginning balance - January 1, 2022$3,176 $10,716 $616 $3,235 $501 $408 $381 $19,033 
Charge-offs(167)(831)— (3)(33)(100)— (1,134)
Recoveries35 — — — 13 — 53 
Provisions (credits)(106)104 215 (127)(102)117 (101)— 
Ending balance - September 30, 2022$2,938 $9,989 $831 $3,110 $366 $438 $280 $17,952 
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment$687 $— $— $— $— $— $— $687 
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment$2,251 $9,989 $831 $3,110 $366 $438 $280 $17,265 
Loans Receivable        
Ending balance$176,692 $823,827 $66,189 $360,661 $87,555 $12,204 $— $1,527,128 
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment$839 $5,076 $— $— $— $— $— $5,915 
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment$175,853 $818,751 $66,189 $360,661 $87,555 $12,204 $— $1,521,213 
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2022       
Allowance for Loan Losses        
Ending balance$2,848 $10,016 $1,000 $3,029 $347 $376 $245 $17,861 
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment$628 $192 $— $— $— $— $— $820 
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment$2,220 $9,824 $1,000 $3,029 $347 $376 $245 $17,041 
Loans Receivable        
Ending balance$178,762 $821,805 $80,470 $362,098 $84,141 $11,334 $— $1,538,610 
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment$781 $5,334 $— $— $— $— $— $6,115 
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment$177,981 $816,471 $80,470 $362,098 $84,141 $11,334 $— $1,532,495