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Table of Contents

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF

THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2022

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF

THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number 1-5467

VALHI, INC.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

​

​ | ​ | ​
Delaware |  | 87-0110150
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | ​ | (IRS Employer Identification No.)

5430 LBJ Freeway, Suite 1700

Dallas, Texas 75240-2620

(Address of principal executive office)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (972) 233-1700

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock | ​ | VHI | ​ | NYSE

​

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer,” smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Act.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Large accelerated filer |  | ☐ | ​ |  | Accelerated filer |  | ☐
Non-accelerated filer |  | ☒ | ​ |  | Smaller reporting company |  | ☐
Emerging growth company | ​ | ☐ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​

​

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒.

Number of shares of the registrant’s common stock, $.01 par value per share, outstanding on July 29, 2022: 28,279,493

​

​

​

Table of Contents

VALHI, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

INDEX

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Page number
--- | --- | ---
​ | ​ | ​
Part I. | FINANCIAL INFORMATION | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | Item 1. | Financial Statements | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets – December 31, 2021 and June 30, 2022 (unaudited) | 3
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (unaudited) – Three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2022 | 5
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (unaudited) – Three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2022 | 6
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (unaudited) – Three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2022 | 7
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited) – Six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2022 | 8
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) | 9
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 23
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 42
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 42
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Part II. | OTHER INFORMATION | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 43
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 43
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | Item 6. | Exhibits | 43

​

Items 2, 3, 4 and 5 of Part II are omitted because there is no information to report.

​

​

Table of Contents

VALHI, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In millions)

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, | ​ | June 30,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | (unaudited)
ASSETS | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Current assets: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Cash and cash equivalents | ​ | $ | 698.4 | ​ | $ | 644.4
Restricted cash equivalents | ​ |  | 52.6 | ​ |  | 52.0
Marketable securities | ​ |  | 2.6 | ​ |  | 2.3
Accounts and other receivables, net | ​ |  | 403.7 | ​ |  | 432.3
Inventories, net | ​ |  | 458.7 | ​ |  | 469.1
Prepaid expenses and other | ​ |  | 57.2 | ​ |  | 60.3
Total current assets | ​ |  | 1,673.2 | ​ |  | 1,660.4
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other assets: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Investment in TiO2 manufacturing joint venture | ​ |  | 101.9 | ​ |  | 106.0
Goodwill | ​ |  | 379.7 | ​ |  | 379.7
Deferred income taxes | ​ |  | 86.8 | ​ |  | 71.7
Other assets | ​ |  | 200.0 | ​ |  | 181.6
Total other assets | ​ |  | 768.4 | ​ |  | 739.0
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Property and equipment: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Land | ​ |  | 50.3 | ​ |  | 46.7
Buildings | ​ |  | 252.6 | ​ |  | 239.9
Equipment | ​ |  | 1,194.6 | ​ |  | 1,127.8
Mining properties | ​ |  | 26.3 | ​ |  | 11.4
Construction in progress | ​ |  | 82.9 | ​ |  | 69.3
​ | ​ |  | 1,606.7 | ​ |  | 1,495.1
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization | ​ |  | 1,043.1 | ​ |  | 980.8
Net property and equipment | ​ |  | 563.6 | ​ |  | 514.3
Total assets | ​ | $ | 3,005.2 | ​ | $ | 2,913.7

​

​

3

Table of Contents

VALHI, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (CONTINUED)

(In millions)

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, | ​ | June 30,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | (unaudited)
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Current liabilities: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Current maturities of long-term debt | ​ | $ | 3.1 | ​ | $ | 16.4
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | ​ |  | 448.1 | ​ |  | 429.1
Income taxes | ​ |  | 12.3 | ​ |  | 12.5
Total current liabilities | ​ |  | 463.5 | ​ |  | 458.0
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Noncurrent liabilities: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Long-term debt | ​ |  | 649.9 | ​ |  | 581.7
Deferred income taxes | ​ |  | 46.2 | ​ |  | 38.4
Payable to affiliate - income taxes | ​ |  | 44.5 | ​ |  | 33.4
Accrued pension costs | ​ |  | 291.1 | ​ |  | 266.7
Accrued environmental remediation and related costs | ​ |  | 94.1 | ​ |  | 94.1
Other liabilities | ​ |  | 257.5 | ​ |  | 223.5
Total noncurrent liabilities | ​ |  | 1,383.3 | ​ |  | 1,237.8
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Equity: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Preferred stock | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Common stock | ​ |  | .3 | ​ |  | .3
Additional paid-in capital | ​ |  | 669.0 | ​ |  | 669.8
Retained earnings | ​ |  | 401.1 | ​ |  | 470.0
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | ​ |  | (191.3) | ​ |  | (207.8)
Treasury stock, at cost | ​ |  | (49.6) | ​ |  | (49.6)
Total Valhi stockholders' equity | ​ |  | 829.5 | ​ |  | 882.7
Noncontrolling interest in subsidiaries | ​ |  | 328.9 | ​ |  | 335.2
Total equity | ​ |  | 1,158.4 | ​ |  | 1,217.9
Total liabilities and equity | ​ | $ | 3,005.2 | ​ | $ | 2,913.7

​

Commitments and contingencies (Notes 6, 12 and 15)

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

​

4

Table of Contents

VALHI, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

(In millions, except per share data)

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three months ended | ​ | Six months ended
​ | ​ | June 30, | ​ | June 30,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022
​ | ​ | (unaudited)
Revenues and other income: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Net sales | ​ | $ | 525.3 | ​ | $ | 634.6 | ​ | $ | 1,034.3 | ​ | $ | 1,263.6
Other income, net | ​ |  | 7.8 | ​ |  | 15.0 | ​ |  | 14.8 | ​ |  | 15.0
Total revenues and other income | ​ |  | 533.1 | ​ |  | 649.6 | ​ |  | 1,049.1 | ​ |  | 1,278.6
Cost and expenses: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Cost of sales | ​ |  | 400.7 | ​ |  | 487.9 | ​ |  | 800.4 | ​ |  | 946.2
Selling, general and administrative | ​ |  | 78.5 | ​ |  | 79.0 | ​ |  | 149.4 | ​ |  | 156.2
Fixed asset impairment | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 16.0 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 16.0
Other components of net periodic pension and OPEB expense | ​ |  | 4.6 | ​ |  | 3.3 | ​ |  | 8.9 | ​ |  | 6.6
Interest | ​ |  | 8.7 | ​ |  | 7.0 | ​ |  | 17.3 | ​ |  | 13.9
Total costs and expenses | ​ |  | 492.5 | ​ |  | 593.2 | ​ |  | 976.0 | ​ |  | 1,138.9
Income before income taxes | ​ |  | 40.6 | ​ |  | 56.4 | ​ |  | 73.1 | ​ |  | 139.7
Income tax expense | ​ |  | 10.3 | ​ |  | 14.0 | ​ |  | 18.3 | ​ |  | 33.9
Net income | ​ |  | 30.3 | ​ |  | 42.4 | ​ |  | 54.8 | ​ |  | 105.8
Noncontrolling interest in net income of subsidiaries | ​ |  | 8.9 | ​ |  | 14.4 | ​ |  | 18.6 | ​ |  | 32.4
Net income attributable to Valhi stockholders | ​ | $ | 21.4 | ​ | $ | 28.0 | ​ | $ | 36.2 | ​ | $ | 73.4
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Amounts attributable to Valhi stockholders: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Basic and diluted net income per share | ​ | $ | .75 | ​ | $ | .98 | ​ | $ | 1.27 | ​ | $ | 2.57
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Basic and diluted weighted average shares outstanding | ​ |  | 28.5 | ​ |  | 28.5 | ​ |  | 28.5 | ​ |  | 28.5

​

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

​

5

Table of Contents

VALHI, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(In millions)

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three months ended | ​ | Six months ended
​ | ​ | June 30, | ​ | June 30,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022
​ | ​ | (unaudited)
Net income | ​ | $ | 30.3 | ​ | $ | 42.4 | ​ | $ | 54.8 | ​ | $ | 105.8
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Currency translation | ​ |  | 1.6 | ​ |  | (32.6) | ​ |  | 3.3 | ​ |  | (26.8)
Defined benefit pension plans | ​ |  | 3.4 | ​ |  | 2.3 | ​ |  | 6.8 | ​ |  | 4.7
Other | ​ |  | (.1) | ​ |  | (.1) | ​ |  | (.3) | ​ |  | (.3)
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net | ​ |  | 4.9 | ​ |  | (30.4) | ​ |  | 9.8 | ​ |  | (22.4)
Comprehensive income | ​ |  | 35.2 | ​ |  | 12.0 | ​ |  | 64.6 | ​ |  | 83.4
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest | ​ |  | 10.1 | ​ |  | 6.4 | ​ |  | 21.1 | ​ |  | 26.5
Comprehensive income attributable to Valhi stockholders | ​ | $ | 25.1 | ​ | $ | 5.6 | ​ | $ | 43.5 | ​ | $ | 56.9

​

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

​

6

Table of Contents

VALHI, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(In millions)

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2022 (unaudited)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Accumulated | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Additional | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | other | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Non- | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Preferred | ​ | Common | ​ | paid-in | ​ | Retained | ​ | comprehensive | ​ | Treasury | ​ | controlling | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | stock | ​ | stock | ​ | capital | ​ | earnings | ​ | loss | ​ | stock | ​ | interest | ​ | Total
Balance at March 31, 2021 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | .3 | ​ | $ | 669.2 | ​ | $ | 295.5 | ​ | $ | (215.8) | ​ | $ | (49.6) | ​ | $ | 329.0 | ​ | $ | 1,028.6
Net income | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 21.4 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 8.9 | ​ |  | 30.3
Other comprehensive income, net | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 3.7 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1.2 | ​ |  | 4.9
Dividends paid to noncontrolling interest | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (16.5) | ​ |  | (16.5)
Cash dividends - $.08 per share | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (2.3) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (2.3)
Equity transactions with noncontrolling interest, net and other | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | .3 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | .1 | ​ |  | .4
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Balance at June 30, 2021 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | .3 | ​ | $ | 669.5 | ​ | $ | 314.6 | ​ | $ | (212.1) | ​ | $ | (49.6) | ​ | $ | 322.7 | ​ | $ | 1,045.4
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Balance at March 31, 2022 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | .3 | ​ | $ | 670.4 | ​ | $ | 444.3 | ​ | $ | (185.4) | ​ | $ | (49.6) | ​ | $ | 341.0 | ​ | $ | 1,221.0
Net income | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 28.0 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 14.4 | ​ |  | 42.4
Other comprehensive loss, net | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (22.4) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (8.0) | ​ |  | (30.4)
Dividends paid to noncontrolling interest | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (11.5) | ​ |  | (11.5)
Cash dividends - $.08 per share | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (2.3) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (2.3)
Equity transactions with noncontrolling interest, net and other | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (.6) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (.7) | ​ |  | (1.3)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Balance at June 30, 2022 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | .3 | ​ | $ | 669.8 | ​ | $ | 470.0 | ​ | $ | (207.8) | ​ | $ | (49.6) | ​ | $ | 335.2 | ​ | $ | 1,217.9

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2022 (unaudited)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Accumulated | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Additional | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | other | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Non- | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Preferred | ​ | Common | ​ | paid-in | ​ | Retained | ​ | comprehensive | ​ | Treasury | ​ | controlling | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | stock | ​ | stock | ​ | capital | ​ | earnings | ​ | loss | ​ | stock | ​ | interest | ​ | Total
Balance at December 31, 2020 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | .3 | ​ | $ | 668.3 | ​ | $ | 282.9 | ​ | $ | (219.4) | ​ | $ | (49.6) | ​ | $ | 324.4 | ​ | $ | 1,006.9
Net income | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 36.2 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 18.6 | ​ |  | 54.8
Other comprehensive income, net | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 7.3 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 2.5 | ​ |  | 9.8
Dividends paid to noncontrolling interest | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (21.3) | ​ |  | (21.3)
Cash dividends - $.16 per share | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (4.5) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (4.5)
Equity transactions with noncontrolling interest, net and other | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1.2 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (1.5) | ​ |  | (.3)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Balance at June 30, 2021 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | .3 | ​ | $ | 669.5 | ​ | $ | 314.6 | ​ | $ | (212.1) | ​ | $ | (49.6) | ​ | $ | 322.7 | ​ | $ | 1,045.4
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Balance at December 31, 2021 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | .3 | ​ | $ | 669.0 | ​ | $ | 401.1 | ​ | $ | (191.3) | ​ | $ | (49.6) | ​ | $ | 328.9 | ​ | $ | 1,158.4
Net income | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 73.4 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 32.4 | ​ |  | 105.8
Other comprehensive loss, net | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (16.5) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (5.9) | ​ |  | (22.4)
Dividends paid to noncontrolling interest | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (16.7) | ​ |  | (16.7)
Cash dividends - $.16 per share | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (4.5) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (4.5)
Equity transactions with noncontrolling interest, net and other | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | .8 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (3.5) | ​ | ​ | (2.7)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Balance at June 30, 2022 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | .3 | ​ | $ | 669.8 | ​ | $ | 470.0 | ​ | $ | (207.8) | ​ | $ | (49.6) | ​ | $ | 335.2 | ​ | $ | 1,217.9

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

​

7

Table of Contents

VALHI, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In millions)

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Six months ended
​ | ​ | June 30,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022
​ | ​ | (unaudited)
Cash flows from operating activities: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Net income | ​ | $ | 54.8 | ​ | $ | 105.8
Depreciation and amortization | ​ |  | 29.5 | ​ |  | 29.9
Gain from sale of land | ​ | ​ | (5.6) | ​ | ​ | —
Benefit plan expense greater than cash funding | ​ |  | 4.8 | ​ |  | 4.0
Deferred income taxes | ​ |  | 1.5 | ​ |  | 3.0
Contributions to TiO2 manufacturing joint venture, net | ​ |  | (.2) | ​ |  | (4.1)
Fixed asset impairment | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 16.0
Other, net | ​ |  | 2.2 | ​ |  | 2.3
Change in assets and liabilities: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Accounts and other receivables, net | ​ |  | (37.9) | ​ |  | (60.5)
Inventories, net | ​ |  | 82.7 | ​ |  | (38.0)
Land held for development, net | ​ | ​ | (10.2) | ​ | ​ | 5.8
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | ​ |  | (42.9) | ​ |  | (34.6)
Income taxes | ​ |  | (9.2) | ​ |  | 1.4
Accounts with affiliates | ​ |  | (7.8) | ​ |  | 11.7
Other, net | ​ |  | 15.0 | ​ |  | (14.9)
Net cash provided by operating activities | ​ |  | 76.7 | ​ |  | 27.8
Cash flows from investing activities: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Capital expenditures | ​ | ​ | (23.5) | ​ | ​ | (33.2)
Proceeds from land sales | ​ | ​ | 8.4 | ​ | ​ | —
Purchases of marketable securities | ​ |  | (2.6) | ​ |  | (2.2)
Proceeds from disposal of marketable securities | ​ |  | 3.2 | ​ |  | 1.9
Other, net | ​ |  | 2.1 | ​ |  | .1
Net cash used in investing activities | ​ |  | (12.4) | ​ |  | (33.4)
Cash flows from financing activities: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Principal payments on indebtedness | ​ |  | (31.2) | ​ |  | (21.4)
Deferred financing fees | ​ | ​ | (1.8) | ​ | ​ | —
Valhi cash dividends paid | ​ |  | (4.5) | ​ |  | (4.5)
Distributions to noncontrolling interest in subsidiaries | ​ |  | (21.3) | ​ |  | (16.7)
Subsidiary treasury stock acquired | ​ |  | (.8) | ​ |  | (2.8)
Net cash used in financing activities | ​ |  | (59.6) | ​ |  | (45.4)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents - net change from: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Operating, investing and financing activities | ​ | ​ | 4.7 | ​ | ​ | (51.0)
Effect of exchange rates on cash | ​ | ​ | (4.9) | ​ | ​ | (8.7)
Balance at beginning of period | ​ | ​ | 570.3 | ​ | ​ | 792.9
Balance at end of period | ​ | $ | 570.1 | ​ | $ | 733.2
Supplemental disclosures: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash paid for: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Interest, net of amounts capitalized | ​ | $ | 15.4 | ​ | $ | 13.0
Income taxes, net | ​ | ​ | 34.1 | ​ | ​ | 29.9
Noncash investing activities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Change in accruals for capital expenditures | ​ | ​ | 2.0 | ​ | ​ | 2.6

​

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

​

8

Table of Contents

VALHI, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

June 30, 2022

(unaudited)

Note 1 – Organization and basis of presentation:

Organization – We are majority owned by a wholly-owned subsidiary of Contran Corporation (“Contran”), which owns approximately 92% of our outstanding common stock at June 30, 2022. A majority of Contran’s outstanding voting stock is held directly by Lisa K. Simmons and various family trusts established for the benefit of Ms. Simmons, Thomas C. Connelly (the husband of Ms. Simmons’ late sister) and their children and for which Ms. Simmons or Mr. Connelly, as applicable, serve as trustee (collectively, the “Other Trusts”). With respect to the Other Trusts for which Mr. Connelly serves as trustee, he is required to vote the shares of Contran voting stock held in such trusts in the same manner as Ms. Simmons. Such voting rights of Ms. Simmons last through April 22, 2030 and are personal to Ms. Simmons. The remainder of Contran’s outstanding voting stock is held by another trust (the “Family Trust”), which was established for the benefit of Ms. Simmons and her late sister and their children and for which a third-party financial institution serves as trustee. Consequently, at June 30, 2022, Ms. Simmons and the Family Trust may be deemed to control Contran and us.

Basis of Presentation – Consolidated in this Quarterly Report are the results of our wholly-owned and majority-owned subsidiaries, including NL Industries, Inc., Kronos Worldwide, Inc., CompX International Inc., Tremont LLC, Basic Management, Inc. (“BMI”) and The LandWell Company (“LandWell”). Kronos (NYSE: KRO), NL (NYSE: NL) and CompX (NYSE American: CIX) each file periodic reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

The unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this Quarterly Report have been prepared on the same basis as the audited Consolidated Financial Statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 that we filed with the SEC on March 10, 2022 (the “2021 Annual Report”). In our opinion, we have made all necessary adjustments (which include only normal recurring adjustments), in order to state fairly, in all material respects, our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows as of the dates and for the periods presented. We have condensed the Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2021 contained in this Quarterly Report as compared to our audited Consolidated Financial Statements at that date, and we have omitted certain information and footnote disclosures (including those related to the Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2021) normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). Our results of operations for the interim periods ended June 30, 2022 may not be indicative of our operating results for the full year. The Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this Quarterly Report should be read in conjunction with our 2021 Consolidated Financial Statements contained in our 2021 Annual Report.

Unless otherwise indicated, references in this report to “we,” “us” or “our” refer to Valhi, Inc. and its subsidiaries (NYSE: VHI), taken as a whole.

​

Note 2 – Business segment information:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​ |  | % controlled at |
Business segment | ​ | Entity | ​ | June 30, 2022 |
Chemicals |  | Kronos |  | 81% | ​
Component products |  | CompX |  | 87% | ​
Real estate management and development |  | BMI and LandWell |  | 63% - 77% | ​

​

​

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Our control of Kronos includes approximately 50% we hold directly and approximately 31% held directly by NL. We own approximately 83% of NL. Our control of CompX is through NL. We own approximately 63% of BMI. Our control of LandWell includes the approximately 27% we hold directly and 50% held by BMI.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three months ended | ​ | Six months ended
​ | ​ | June 30, | ​ | June 30,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022
​ | ​ | (In millions)
Net sales: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Chemicals | ​ | $ | 478.6 | ​ | $ | 565.3 | ​ | $ | 943.6 | ​ | $ | 1,128.2
Component products | ​ |  | 36.3 | ​ |  | 41.6 | ​ |  | 72.2 | ​ |  | 83.7
Real estate management and development | ​ |  | 10.4 | ​ |  | 27.7 | ​ |  | 18.5 | ​ |  | 51.7
Total net sales | ​ | $ | 525.3 | ​ | $ | 634.6 | ​ | $ | 1,034.3 | ​ | $ | 1,263.6
Cost of sales: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Chemicals | ​ | $ | 369.9 | ​ | $ | 445.1 | ​ | $ | 739.6 | ​ | $ | 859.0
Component products | ​ |  | 24.9 | ​ |  | 28.0 | ​ |  | 49.8 | ​ |  | 58.0
Real estate management and development | ​ |  | 5.9 | ​ |  | 14.8 | ​ |  | 11.0 | ​ |  | 29.2
Total cost of sales | ​ | $ | 400.7 | ​ | $ | 487.9 | ​ | $ | 800.4 | ​ | $ | 946.2
Gross margin: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Chemicals | ​ | $ | 108.7 | ​ | $ | 120.2 | ​ | $ | 204.0 | ​ | $ | 269.2
Component products | ​ |  | 11.4 | ​ |  | 13.6 | ​ |  | 22.4 | ​ |  | 25.7
Real estate management and development | ​ |  | 4.5 | ​ |  | 12.9 | ​ |  | 7.5 | ​ |  | 22.5
Total gross margin | ​ | $ | 124.6 | ​ | $ | 146.7 | ​ | $ | 233.9 | ​ | $ | 317.4
Operating income (loss): | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Chemicals | ​ | $ | 47.4 | ​ | $ | 69.2 | ​ | $ | 85.1 | ​ | $ | 155.6
Component products | ​ |  | 5.8 | ​ |  | 7.7 | ​ |  | 11.6 | ​ |  | 14.0
Real estate management and development | ​ |  | 2.4 | ​ |  | (5.0) | ​ |  | 10.2 | ​ |  | 3.0
Total operating income | ​ |  | 55.6 | ​ |  | 71.9 | ​ |  | 106.9 | ​ |  | 172.6
General corporate items: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Interest income and other | ​ |  | 1.1 | ​ |  | 1.4 | ​ |  | 2.0 | ​ |  | 2.3
Gain on land and related sales | ​ | ​ | 5.6 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 5.6 | ​ | ​ | —
Changes in market value of Valhi common stock held by subsidiaries | ​ |  | .9 | ​ |  | 3.9 | ​ |  | 2.2 | ​ |  | 4.0
Other components of net periodic pension and OPEB expense | ​ |  | (4.6) | ​ |  | (3.3) | ​ |  | (8.9) | ​ |  | (6.6)
General expenses, net | ​ |  | (9.3) | ​ |  | (10.5) | ​ |  | (17.4) | ​ |  | (18.7)
Interest expense | ​ |  | (8.7) | ​ |  | (7.0) | ​ |  | (17.3) | ​ |  | (13.9)
Income before income taxes | ​ | $ | 40.6 | ​ | $ | 56.4 | ​ | $ | 73.1 | ​ | $ | 139.7

​

Segment results we report may differ from amounts separately reported by our various subsidiaries due to purchase accounting adjustments and related amortization or differences in the way we define operating income. Intersegment sales are not material. Infrastructure reimbursement is included in the determination of Real Estate Management and Development operating income. See Note 11. The fixed asset impairment of $16.0 million recognized during the second quarter of 2022 discussed below is also included in the determination of the Real Estate Management and Development operating income.

​

BMI provides utility services, among other things, to an industrial park located in Henderson, Nevada and is responsible for the delivery of water to the City of Henderson and various other users under long-term contracts through a water delivery system owned and operated by Basic Water Company (“BWC”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of BMI. BWC’s water delivery system operates on Lake Mead in Nevada. Due to the Western drought, water levels in Lake Mead have been declining for much of the last twenty years. As a result of water release curtailments upstream of Lake Mead which began late in the second quarter, Lake Mead water levels have dropped precipitously to historically low levels. On June 30, 2022 BWC was no longer able to pump water without the risk of damaging the system and consequently ceased operations at its water intake facility to best preserve the system. In the period since BWC stopped pumping water, lake levels have continued to fall, and current estimates of Lake Mead water levels do not indicate BWC will be able to resume pumping water for the foreseeable future. We considered BWC’s inability to pump water from Lake Mead to be a triggering event under the ASC 360 Property, Plant, and Equipment, which caused us to evaluate the water system fixed assets for impairment. Because BWC is unable to deliver water under its current contracts and therefore unable to generate revenue, we determined the water system’s assets were fully impaired except to the extent certain equipment had alternative use outside of BWC’s operations, in which case those assets were written down to estimated salvage value. The $16.0 million impairment charge recognized in the second quarter

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of 2022 represents the write down of the book value to the estimated salvage value of the assets. At June 30, 2022 a nominal amount was recognized in property, plant, and equipment for the water system fixed assets.

​

Note 3 – Accounts and other receivables, net:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, | ​ | June 30,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022
​ | ​ | (In millions)
Trade accounts receivable: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Kronos | ​ | $ | 326.3 | ​ | $ | 372.1
CompX | ​ |  | 15.6 | ​ |  | 17.6
BMI/LandWell | ​ |  | 2.8 | ​ |  | 1.7
VAT and other receivables | ​ |  | 38.0 | ​ |  | 28.9
Refundable income taxes | ​ | ​ | 4.5 | ​ | ​ | 5.0
Receivables from affiliates: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Louisiana Pigment Company, L.P. ("LPC") | ​ | ​ | 15.8 | ​ | ​ | 6.7
Contran - trade items | ​ | ​ | .1 | ​ | ​ | .4
Other - trade items | ​ | ​ | 2.6 | ​ | ​ | 3.3
Allowance for doubtful accounts | ​ |  | (2.0) | ​ |  | (3.4)
Total | ​ | $ | 403.7 | ​ | $ | 432.3

​

​

​

Note 4 – Inventories, net:

​

.7 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, | ​ | June 30,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022
​ | ​ | (In millions)
Raw materials: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Chemicals | ​ | $ | 76.3 | ​ | $ | 108.9
Component products | ​ |  | 5.0 | ​ |  | 7.2
Total raw materials | ​ |  | 81.3 | ​ |  | 116.1
Work in process: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Chemicals | ​ |  | 30.4 | ​ |  | 28.6
Component products | ​ |  | 16.8 | ​ |  | 21.0
Total in-process products | ​ |  | 47.2 | ​ |  | 49.6
Finished products: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Chemicals | ​ |  | 246.4 | ​ |  | 221.0
Component products | ​ |  | 3.8 | ​ |  | 5.1
Total finished products | ​ |  | 250.2 | ​ |  | 226.1
Supplies (chemicals) | ​ |  | 80.0 | ​ |  | 77.3
Total | ​ | $ | 458.7 | ​ | $ | 469.1

​

​

Note 5 – Other assets:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | December 31, |  | June 30,
​ | ​ | 2021 | ​ | 2022
​ | ​ | (In millions)
Other noncurrent assets: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Restricted cash and cash equivalents | ​ | $ | 41.9 | ​ | $ | 36.8
Note receivables - OPA | ​ |  | 38.7 | ​ |  | 36.6
IBNR receivables | ​ |  | 34.4 | ​ |  | 30.7
Land held for development | ​ | ​ | 36.0 | ​ | ​ | 27.2
Operating lease right-of-use assets | ​ |  | 19.9 | ​ |  | 19.3
Pension asset | ​ |  | 9.0 | ​ |  | 8.4
Marketable securities | ​ |  | 3.3 | ​ |  | 3.5
Other | ​ |  | 16.8 | ​ |  | 19.1
Total | ​ | $ | 200.0 | ​ | $ | 181.6

​

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At June 30, 2022 we reclassified $7.3 million in noncurrent restricted cash related to BWC’s loan with Western Alliance Bank to current restricted cash. Such restricted cash is held in escrow by Western Alliance Bank under the terms of BWC’s loan agreement (see Note 6).

​

​

Note 6 – Long-term debt:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, | ​ | June 30,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022
​ | ​ | (In millions)
Valhi: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Contran credit facility | ​ | $ | 172.9 | ​ | $ | 153.4
Subsidiary debt: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Kronos: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Senior Secured Notes | ​ |  | 448.8 | ​ |  | 415.1
BMI: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
BWC Bank loan from Western Alliance Bank | ​ |  | 15.4 | ​ |  | 14.3
LandWell: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Note payable to Western Alliance Business Trust | ​ |  | 13.5 | ​ |  | 13.2
Other | ​ |  | 2.4 | ​ |  | 2.1
Total subsidiary debt | ​ |  | 480.1 | ​ |  | 444.7
Total debt | ​ |  | 653.0 | ​ |  | 598.1
Less current maturities | ​ |  | (3.1) | ​ |  | (16.4)
Total long-term debt | ​ | $ | 649.9 | ​ | $ | 581.7

​

Valhi – Contran credit facility – During the first six months of 2022, we had borrowings of $.1 million and repayments of $19.6 million under this facility. The average interest rate on the existing balance for the six months ended June 30, 2022 was 4.61%. At June 30, 2022, the interest rate was 5.75% and $71.6 million was available for borrowing under this facility.

Kronos – Senior Notes – At June 30, 2022, the carrying value of Kronos’ 3.75% Senior Secured Notes due September 15, 2025 (€400 million aggregate principal amount outstanding) is stated net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $2.8 million.

Revolving credit facility – During the first six months of 2022, Kronos had no borrowings or repayments under its $225 million global revolving credit facility (“Global Revolver”) and at June 30, 2022, the full $225 million was available for borrowing under the Global Revolver.

BMI – In February 2017, BWC entered into a $20.5 million loan agreement with Western Alliance Bank. The agreement requires semi-annual payments of principal and interest on June 1 and December 1, aggregating $1.9 million annually beginning on June 1, 2017 through the maturity date in June 2032. The agreement bears interest at 5.34% and is collateralized by certain real property, including the water delivery system, and revenue streams under the City of Henderson water contract. Because of a decline in value of collateral as a result of the impairment of the water delivery system fixed assets discussed in Note 2, BWC is in default of its loan agreement and we have reclassified the $14.3 million carrying value of the loan to current. BWC has $7.3 million in restricted cash which is held by Western Alliance Bank under the terms of its loan agreement, and such restricted cash has been reclassified to current consistent with the classification of the debt balance. The carrying value of the loan is stated net of debt issuance costs of $.5 million at June 30, 2022.

Other – With the exception of the BWC loan agreement discussed above, we are in compliance with all of our debt covenants at June 30, 2022.

​

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Note 7 – Accounts payable and accrued liabilities:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, | ​ | June 30,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022
​ | ​ | (In millions)
Accounts payable: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Kronos | ​ | $ | 143.6 | ​ | $ | 137.9
CompX | ​ |  | 3.4 | ​ |  | 6.4
BMI/LandWell | ​ |  | 5.3 | ​ |  | 7.9
Other | ​ |  | .4 | ​ |  | .7
Total | ​ | ​ | 152.7 | ​ | ​ | 152.9
Payables to affiliates: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Contran - income taxes | ​ | ​ | 1.5 | ​ | ​ | 11.2
LPC | ​ | ​ | 17.3 | ​ | ​ | 22.6
Accrued litigation settlement | ​ | ​ | 11.8 | ​ | ​ | 11.9
Deferred income | ​ | ​ | 125.8 | ​ | ​ | 112.5
Employee benefits | ​ | ​ | 39.9 | ​ | ​ | 30.4
Accrued sales discounts and rebates | ​ |  | 28.7 | ​ |  | 17.1
Interest | ​ |  | 5.3 | ​ |  | 4.9
Operating lease liabilities | ​ |  | 3.7 | ​ |  | 3.5
Environmental remediation and related costs | ​ |  | 3.5 | ​ |  | 4.0
Other | ​ |  | 57.9 | ​ |  | 58.1
Total | ​ | $ | 448.1 | ​ | $ | 429.1

​

The accrued litigation settlement is discussed in Note 15.

​

Note 8 – Other noncurrent liabilities:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | December 31, |  | June 30,
​ | ​ | 2021 | ​ | 2022
​ | ​ | (In millions)
Deferred income | ​ | $ | 81.6 | ​ | $ | 56.7
Accrued development costs | ​ |  | 55.4 | ​ |  | 53.5
Accrued litigation settlement | ​ |  | 38.5 | ​ |  | 38.9
Insurance claims and expenses | ​ |  | 36.4 | ​ |  | 32.2
Operating lease liabilities | ​ | ​ | 15.8 | ​ | ​ | 15.5
Other postretirement benefits | ​ |  | 10.2 | ​ |  | 9.9
Employee benefits | ​ |  | 6.1 | ​ |  | 5.4
Reserve for uncertain tax positions | ​ |  | 3.5 | ​ |  | 4.9
Other | ​ |  | 10.0 | ​ |  | 6.5
Total | ​ | $ | 257.5 | ​ | $ | 223.5

​

The accrued litigation settlement is discussed in Note 15.

​

​

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Note 9 – Revenue – disaggregation of sales:

The following table disaggregates the net sales of our Chemicals Segment by place of manufacture (point of origin) and to the location of the customer (point of destination), which are the categories that depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three months ended | ​ | Six months ended
​ | ​ | June 30, | ​ | June 30,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022
​ | ​ | (In millions)
Net sales - point of origin: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
United States | ​ | $ | 236.0 | ​ | $ | 323.7 | ​ | $ | 489.9 | ​ | $ | 650.1
Germany | ​ | ​ | 238.8 | ​ | ​ | 272.0 | ​ | ​ | 470.0 | ​ | ​ | 548.5
Canada | ​ |  | 103.0 | ​ |  | 111.6 | ​ |  | 200.2 | ​ |  | 208.0
Belgium | ​ |  | 75.9 | ​ |  | 87.5 | ​ |  | 142.4 | ​ |  | 180.3
Norway | ​ |  | 64.1 | ​ |  | 68.0 | ​ |  | 135.1 | ​ |  | 146.4
Eliminations | ​ |  | (239.2) | ​ |  | (297.5) | ​ |  | (494.0) | ​ |  | (605.1)
Total | ​ | $ | 478.6 | ​ | $ | 565.3 | ​ | $ | 943.6 | ​ | $ | 1,128.2
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net sales - point of destination: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Europe | ​ | $ | 236.8 | ​ | $ | 264.6 | ​ | $ | 464.1 | ​ | $ | 534.1
North America | ​ |  | 157.3 | ​ |  | 196.0 | ​ |  | 302.6 | ​ |  | 375.9
Other | ​ |  | 84.5 | ​ |  | 104.7 | ​ |  | 176.9 | ​ |  | 218.2
Total | ​ | $ | 478.6 | ​ | $ | 565.3 | ​ | $ | 943.6 | ​ | $ | 1,128.2

​

The following table disaggregates the net sales of our Component Products and Real Estate Management and Development Segments by major product line.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three months ended | ​ | ​ | Six months ended
​ | ​ | June 30, | ​ | ​ | June 30,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | ​ | 2021 |  | 2022
​ | ​ | (In millions)
Component Products: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Net sales: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Security products | ​ | $ | 27.6 | ​ | $ | 28.8 | ​ | ​ | $ | 53.5 | ​ | $ | 58.4
Marine components | ​ |  | 8.7 | ​ |  | 12.8 | ​ | ​ |  | 18.7 | ​ |  | 25.3
Total | ​ | $ | 36.3 | ​ | $ | 41.6 | ​ | ​ | $ | 72.2 | ​ | $ | 83.7
Real Estate Management and Development: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Net sales: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Land sales | ​ | $ | 8.5 | ​ | $ | 25.9 | ​ | ​ | $ | 15.1 | ​ | $ | 48.1
Water delivery | ​ |  | 1.5 | ​ |  | 1.4 | ​ | ​ |  | 2.5 | ​ |  | 2.9
Utility and other | ​ |  | .4 | ​ |  | .4 | ​ | ​ |  | .9 | ​ |  | .7
Total | ​ | $ | 10.4 | ​ | $ | 27.7 | ​ | ​ | $ | 18.5 | ​ | $ | 51.7

​

​

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Note 10 – Defined benefit pension plans:

The components of our net periodic defined benefit pension cost are presented in the table below.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three months ended | ​ | Six months ended
​ | ​ | June 30, | ​ | June 30,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022
​ | ​ | (In millions)
Service cost | ​ | $ | 3.6 | ​ | $ | 2.9 | ​ | $ | 7.4 | ​ | $ | 5.9
Interest cost | ​ | ​ | 2.4 | ​ | ​ | 3.0 | ​ | ​ | 4.8 | ​ | ​ | 6.2
Expected return on plan assets | ​ |  | (3.4) | ​ |  | (3.4) | ​ |  | (6.8) | ​ |  | (6.9)
Amortization of prior service cost | ​ | ​ | .1 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | .1 | ​ | ​ | —
Recognized actuarial losses | ​ |  | 5.6 | ​ |  | 3.7 | ​ |  | 11.0 | ​ |  | 7.5
Total | ​ | $ | 8.3 | ​ | $ | 6.2 | ​ | $ | 16.5 | ​ | $ | 12.7

​

We expect to contribute the equivalent of approximately $20 million to all of our defined benefit pension plans during 2022.

​

Note 11 – Other income, net:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Six months ended
​ | ​ | June 30,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022
​ | ​ | (In millions)
Interest income and other: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Interest and dividends |  | $ | 1.9 |  | $ | 2.8
Securities transactions, net | ​ | ​ | .1 | ​ | ​ | (.5)
Total | ​ | ​ | 2.0 | ​ | ​ | 2.3
Infrastructure reimbursement | ​ |  | 6.2 | ​ |  | .8
Gain on land and related sales | ​ | ​ | 5.6 | ​ | ​ | —
Currency transactions, net | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 10.4
Other, net | ​ | ​ | 1.0 | ​ | ​ | 1.5
Total | ​ | $ | 14.8 | ​ | $ | 15.0

​

Infrastructure reimbursement – As disclosed in Note 7 to our 2021 Annual Report, under an Owner Participation Agreement (“OPA”) entered into by LandWell with the Redevelopment Agency of the City of Henderson, Nevada, as LandWell develops certain real property for commercial and residential purposes in its master planned community in Henderson, Nevada, the cost of certain public infrastructure may be reimbursed to LandWell through tax increment. During the first six months of 2021, LandWell received approval for additional tax increment reimbursement of $6.2 million (all in the first quarter), which was recognized as other income and is evidenced by a promissory note issued to LandWell by the City of Henderson.

​

LandWell also has an agreement with the energy utility providing electric power to the Cadence master planned community under which certain costs incurred for the development of power infrastructure may be reimbursed to LandWell. During the second quarter of 2022, LandWell received $.8 million in reimbursement for past costs incurred.

​

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Note 12 – Income taxes:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three months ended | ​ | Six months ended
​ | ​ | June 30, | ​ | June 30,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022
​ | ​ | (In millions)
Expected tax expense at U.S. federal statutory income tax rate of 21% |  | $ | 8.6 | ​ | $ | 11.8 | ​ | $ | 15.4 | ​ | $ | 29.3
Non-U.S. tax rates | ​ |  | 1.0 | ​ |  | 1.2 | ​ |  | 1.8 | ​ |  | 3.3
Incremental net tax benefit on earnings and losses of U.S. and non-U.S. tax group companies | ​ |  | (.8) | ​ |  | (.4) | ​ |  | (1.9) | ​ |  | (1.3)
Valuation allowance | ​ |  | .3 | ​ |  | (.4) | ​ |  | 1.5 | ​ |  | .2
Global intangible low-tax income, net | ​ |  | .5 | ​ |  | .7 | ​ |  | 1.0 | ​ |  | 1.4
Adjustment to the reserve for uncertain tax positions, net | ​ |  | .2 | ​ |  | .3 | ​ |  | (.2) | ​ |  | (.4)
Nondeductible expenses | ​ |  | .2 | ​ |  | .2 | ​ |  | .4 | ​ |  | .6
U.S. state income taxes and other, net | ​ |  | .3 | ​ |  | .6 | ​ |  | .3 | ​ |  | .8
Income tax expense | ​ | $ | 10.3 | ​ | $ | 14.0 | ​ | $ | 18.3 | ​ | $ | 33.9
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Comprehensive provision for income taxes allocable to: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Net income | ​ | $ | 10.3 | ​ | $ | 14.0 | ​ | $ | 18.3 | ​ | $ | 33.9
Other comprehensive income (loss): | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Currency translation | ​ |  | .2 | ​ |  | (4.1) | ​ |  | .4 | ​ |  | (3.4)
Pension plans | ​ |  | 2.1 | ​ |  | 1.4 | ​ |  | 4.2 | ​ |  | 2.8
Other | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (.1) | ​ |  | .2
Total | ​ | $ | 12.6 | ​ | $ | 11.3 | ​ | $ | 22.8 | ​ | $ | 33.5

​

The amount shown in the preceding table of our income tax rate reconciliation for non-U.S. tax rates represents the result determined by multiplying the pre-tax earnings or losses of each of our non-U.S. subsidiaries by the difference between the applicable statutory income tax rate for each non-U.S. jurisdiction and the U.S. federal statutory tax rate. The amount shown on such table for incremental net tax benefit on earnings and losses on non-U.S. and non-tax group companies includes, as applicable, (i) deferred income taxes (or deferred income tax benefits) associated with the current year earnings of all our Chemicals Segment’s non-U.S. subsidiaries, (ii) current U.S. income taxes (or current income tax benefit) including U.S. personal holding company tax, as applicable, attributable to current-year income (losses) of one of our Chemicals Segment’s non-U.S. subsidiaries, which subsidiary is treated as a dual resident for U.S. income tax purposes, to the extent the current year income (losses) of such subsidiary is subject to U.S. income tax under the U.S. dual-resident provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, (iii) deferred income taxes associated with our direct investment in Kronos and (iv) current and deferred income taxes associated with distributions and earnings from our investments in LandWell and BMI.

Tax authorities are examining certain of our U.S. and non-U.S. income tax returns and may propose tax deficiencies, including penalties and interest. We believe we have adequate accruals for additional taxes and related interest expense which could ultimately result from tax examinations. We believe the ultimate disposition of tax examinations should not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or liquidity. We currently estimate that our unrecognized tax benefits will decrease by approximately $3.5 million during the next twelve months primarily due to the expiration of certain statutes of limitations.

​

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Note 13 – Noncontrolling interest in subsidiaries:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, | ​ | June 30,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022
​ |  | (In millions)
Noncontrolling interest in net assets: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Kronos Worldwide | ​ | $ | 226.6 | ​ | $ | 230.0
NL Industries | ​ |  | 75.7 | ​ |  | 81.7
CompX International | ​ |  | 22.5 | ​ |  | 22.9
BMI | ​ |  | 8.3 | ​ |  | 3.5
LandWell | ​ |  | (4.2) | ​ |  | (2.9)
Total | ​ | $ | 328.9 | ​ | $ | 335.2

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Six months ended June 30,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022
​ | ​ | (In millions)
Noncontrolling interest in net income (loss) of subsidiaries: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Kronos Worldwide | ​ | $ | 8.8 | ​ | $ | 19.8
NL Industries | ​ |  | 4.4 | ​ |  | 8.3
CompX International | ​ |  | 1.2 | ​ |  | 1.5
BMI | ​ |  | 1.6 | ​ |  | (1.9)
LandWell | ​ |  | 2.6 | ​ |  | 4.7
Total | ​ | $ | 18.6 | ​ | $ | 32.4

​

​

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Note 14 – Stockholders’ equity:

Accumulated other comprehensive loss – Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Valhi stockholders are presented in the table below.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three months ended | ​ | Six months ended
​ | ​ | June 30, | ​ | June 30,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022
​ | ​ | (In millions)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (net of tax and noncontrolling interest): |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Marketable securities: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ | ​
Balance at beginning of period | ​ | $ | 1.8 | ​ | $ | 1.7 | ​ | $ | 1.8 | ​ | $ | 1.7
Other comprehensive income: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Unrealized loss arising during the period | ​ |  | (.1) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (.1) | ​ |  | —
Balance at end of period | ​ | $ | 1.7 | ​ | $ | 1.7 | ​ | $ | 1.7 | ​ | $ | 1.7
Currency translation: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Balance at beginning of period | ​ | $ | (66.1) | ​ | $ | (68.0) | ​ | $ | (67.4) | ​ | $ | (72.2)
Other comprehensive gain (loss) arising during the period | ​ |  | 1.3 | ​ |  | (24.1) | ​ |  | 2.6 | ​ |  | (19.9)
Balance at end of period | ​ | $ | (64.8) | ​ | $ | (92.1) | ​ | $ | (64.8) | ​ | $ | (92.1)
Defined benefit pension plans: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Balance at beginning of period | ​ | $ | (151.6) | ​ | $ | (119.1) | ​ | $ | (154.1) | ​ | $ | (120.9)
Other comprehensive loss: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Amortization of prior service cost and net losses included in net periodic pension cost | ​ |  | 2.5 | ​ |  | 1.8 | ​ |  | 5.0 | ​ |  | 3.6
Balance at end of period | ​ | $ | (149.1) | ​ | $ | (117.3) | ​ | $ | (149.1) | ​ | $ | (117.3)
OPEB plans: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Balance at beginning of period | ​ | $ | .1 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | .3 | ​ | $ | .1
Amortization of prior service credit and net losses included in net periodic OPEB cost | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (.1) | ​ |  | (.2) | ​ |  | (.2)
Balance at end of period | ​ | $ | .1 | ​ | $ | (.1) | ​ | $ | .1 | ​ | $ | (.1)
Total accumulated other comprehensive loss: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Balance at beginning of period | ​ | $ | (215.8) | ​ | $ | (185.4) | ​ | $ | (219.4) | ​ | $ | (191.3)
Other comprehensive income (loss) | ​ |  | 3.7 | ​ |  | (22.4) | ​ |  | 7.3 | ​ |  | (16.5)
Balance at end of period | ​ | $ | (212.1) | ​ | $ | (207.8) | ​ | $ | (212.1) | ​ | $ | (207.8)

​

Other – During the first quarter of 2022, Kronos acquired 73,881 shares of its common stock in market transactions for an aggregate purchase price of $1.1 million. At June 30, 2022, approximately 1.5 million shares were available for repurchase under Kronos’ prior repurchase authorizations.

During the second quarter of 2022, CompX acquired 78,900 shares of its Class A common stock for an aggregate amount of approximately $1.7 million. Of these shares, 70,000 shares were purchased in a market transaction, and 8,900 shares were purchased from two affiliates in two separate private transactions that were approved in advance by CompX’s independent directors. During the first quarter of 2021, CompX purchased 50,000 shares of its Class A common stock in a market transaction for approximately $.8 million. At June 30, 2022, .5 million shares were available for purchase under CompX’s prior repurchase authorizations.

During the second quarter of 2022, NL purchased 2,000 shares of its common stock from Kronos for a nominal amount in a private transaction that was approved in advance by NL’s independent directors.

​

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Note 15 – Commitments and contingencies:

Lead pigment litigation – NL

NL’s former operations included the manufacture of lead pigments for use in paint and lead-based paint. NL, other former manufacturers of lead pigments for use in paint and lead-based paint (together, the “former pigment manufacturers”), and the Lead Industries Association (LIA), which discontinued business operations in 2002, have been named as defendants in various legal proceedings seeking damages for personal injury, property damage and governmental expenditures allegedly caused by the use of lead-based paints. Certain of these actions have been filed by or on behalf of states, counties, cities or their public housing authorities and school districts, and certain others have been asserted as class actions. These lawsuits seek recovery under a variety of theories, including public and private nuisance, negligent product design, negligent failure to warn, strict liability, breach of warranty, conspiracy/concert of action, aiding and abetting, enterprise liability, market share or risk contribution liability, intentional tort, fraud and misrepresentation, violations of state consumer protection statutes, supplier negligence and similar claims.

The plaintiffs in these actions generally seek to impose on the defendants responsibility for lead paint abatement and health concerns associated with the use of lead-based paints, including damages for personal injury, contribution and/or indemnification for medical expenses, medical monitoring expenses and costs for educational programs. To the extent the plaintiffs seek compensatory or punitive damages in these actions, such damages are generally unspecified. In some cases, the damages are unspecified pursuant to the requirements of applicable state law. A number of cases are inactive or have been dismissed or withdrawn. Most of the remaining cases are in various pre-trial stages. Some are on appeal following dismissal or summary judgment rulings or a trial verdict in favor of either the defendants or the plaintiffs.

NL believes these actions are without merit, and intends to continue to deny all allegations of wrongdoing and liability and to defend against all actions vigorously. We do not believe it is probable we have incurred any liability with respect to pending lead pigment litigation cases to which NL is a party, and with respect to all such lead pigment litigation cases to which NL is a party, we believe liability to NL that may result, if any, in this regard cannot be reasonably estimated, because:

| ● | NL has never settled any of the market share, intentional tort, fraud, nuisance, supplier negligence, breach of warranty, conspiracy, misrepresentation, aiding and abetting, enterprise liability, or statutory cases (other than the Santa Clara case discussed below),

| ● | no final, non-appealable adverse judgments have ever been entered against NL, and

| ● | NL has never ultimately been found liable with respect to any such litigation matters, including over 100 cases over a thirty-year period for which NL was previously a party and for which NL has been dismissed without any finding of liability.

Accordingly, we do not have any amounts accrued for any of the pending lead pigment and lead-based paint litigation cases filed by or on behalf of states, counties, cities or their public housing authorities and school districts, or those asserted as class actions. In addition, we have determined that liability to NL which may result, if any, cannot be reasonably estimated at this time because there is no prior history of a loss of this nature on which an estimate could be made and there is no substantive information available upon which an estimate could be based.

In the terms of the County of Santa Clara v. Atlantic Richfield Company, et al. (Superior Court of the State of California, County of Santa Clara, Case No. 1-00-CV-788657) global settlement agreement, NL has four annual installment payments remaining ($12.0 million for the next three installments and $16.7 million for the final installment). NL’s final installment will be made with funds already on deposit at the court, which are included in noncurrent restricted cash on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, that are committed to the settlement, including all accrued interest at the date of payment, with any remaining balance to be paid by NL (and any amounts on deposit in excess of the final payment would be returned to NL). See Note 18 to our 2021 Annual Report.

New cases may continue to be filed against NL. We cannot assure you that we will not incur liability in the future with respect to any of the pending or possible litigation in view of the inherent uncertainties involved in court and jury rulings. In the future, if new information regarding such matters becomes available to us (such as a final, non-appealable adverse verdict against NL or otherwise ultimately being found liable with respect to such matters), at that time we would consider such information in evaluating any remaining cases then-pending against NL as to whether it might then have become probable we have incurred liability with respect to these matters, and whether such liability, if any, could have become reasonably estimable. The resolution of any of these cases could result in the

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recognition of a loss contingency accrual that could have a material adverse impact on our net income for the interim or annual period during which such liability is recognized and a material adverse impact on our consolidated financial condition and liquidity.

Environmental matters and litigation

Our operations are governed by various environmental laws and regulations. Certain of our businesses are and have been engaged in the handling, manufacture or use of substances or compounds that may be considered toxic or hazardous within the meaning of applicable environmental laws and regulations. As with other companies engaged in similar businesses, certain of our past and current operations and products have the potential to cause environmental or other damage. Our businesses have implemented and continue to implement various policies and programs in an effort to minimize these risks. Our policy is to maintain compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations at all of our plants and to strive to improve environmental performance. From time to time, our businesses may be subject to environmental regulatory enforcement under U.S. and non-U.S. statutes, the resolution of which typically involves the establishment of compliance programs. It is possible that future developments, such as stricter requirements of environmental laws and enforcement policies, could adversely affect our production, handling, use, storage, transportation, sale or disposal of such substances. We believe all of our facilities are in substantial compliance with applicable environmental laws.

Certain properties and facilities used in our former operations (primarily NL’s former operations), including divested primary and secondary lead smelters and former mining locations, are the subject of civil litigation, administrative proceedings or investigations arising under federal and state environmental laws and common law. Additionally, in connection with past operating practices, we are currently involved as a defendant, potentially responsible party (“PRP”) or both, pursuant to the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, as amended by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (“CERCLA”), and similar state laws in various governmental and private actions associated with waste disposal sites, mining locations, and facilities that we or our predecessors, and NL or its predecessors, our subsidiaries or their predecessors currently or previously owned, operated or used, certain of which are on the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s (“EPA”) Superfund National Priorities List or similar state lists. These proceedings seek cleanup costs, damages for personal injury or property damage and/or damages for injury to natural resources. Certain of these proceedings involve claims for substantial amounts. Although we may be jointly and severally liable for these costs, in most cases we are only one of a number of PRPs who may also be jointly and severally liable, and among whom costs may be shared or allocated. In addition, we are occasionally named as a party in a number of personal injury lawsuits filed in various jurisdictions alleging claims related to environmental conditions alleged to have resulted from our operations.

Obligations associated with environmental remediation and related matters are difficult to assess and estimate for numerous reasons including the:

| ● | complexity and differing interpretations of governmental regulations,

| ● | number of PRPs and their ability or willingness to fund such allocation of costs,

| ● | financial capabilities of the PRPs and the allocation of costs among them,

| ● | solvency of other PRPs,

| ● | multiplicity of possible solutions,

| ● | number of years of investigatory, remedial and monitoring activity required,

| ● | uncertainty over the extent, if any, to which our former operations might have contributed to the conditions allegedly giving rise to such personal injury, property damage, natural resource and related claims, and

| ● | number of years between former operations and notice of claims and lack of information and documents about the former operations.

In addition, the imposition of more stringent standards or requirements under environmental laws or regulations, new developments or changes regarding site cleanup costs or the allocation of costs among PRPs, solvency of other PRPs, the results of future testing and analysis undertaken with respect to certain sites or a determination that we are potentially responsible for the release of hazardous substances at other sites, could cause our expenditures to exceed our current estimates. Actual costs could exceed accrued amounts or the upper end of the range for sites for which estimates have been made, and costs may be incurred for sites where no estimates presently can be made. Further, additional environmental and related matters may arise in the future. If we were to incur any future liability, this could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial statements, results of operations and liquidity.

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We record liabilities related to environmental remediation and related matters (including costs associated with damages for personal injury or property damage and/or damages for injury to natural resources) when estimated future expenditures are probable and reasonably estimable. We adjust such accruals as further information becomes available to us or as circumstances change. Unless the amounts and timing of such estimated future expenditures are fixed and reasonably determinable, we generally do not discount estimated future expenditures to their present value due to the uncertainty of the timing of the payout. We recognize recoveries of costs from other parties, if any, as assets when their receipt is deemed probable.

We do not know and cannot estimate the exact time frame over which we will make payments for our accrued environmental and related costs. The timing of payments depends upon a number of factors, including but not limited to the timing of the actual remediation process; which in turn depends on factors outside of our control. At each balance sheet date, we estimate the amount of the accrued environmental and related costs which we expect to pay within the next twelve months, and we classify this estimate as a current liability. We classify the remaining accrued environmental costs as a noncurrent liability.

The table below presents a summary of the activity in our accrued environmental costs during the first six months of 2022.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Amount
​ |  | (In millions)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Balance at the beginning of the period | ​ | $ | 97.6
Additions charged to expense, net | ​ |  | 1.4
Payments, net | ​ |  | (.9)
Balance at the end of the period | ​ | $ | 98.1
Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheet at the end of the period: | ​ |  |
Current liabilities | ​ | $ | 4.0
Noncurrent liabilities | ​ |  | 94.1
Total | ​ | $ | 98.1

​

NL – On a quarterly basis, NL evaluates the potential range of its liability for environmental remediation and related costs at sites where it has been named as a PRP or defendant. At June 30, 2022, NL had accrued approximately $93 million related to approximately 33 sites associated with remediation and related matters it believes are at the present time and/or in their current phase reasonably estimable. The upper end of the range of reasonably possible costs to NL for remediation and related matters for which NL believes it is possible to estimate costs is approximately $118 million, including the amount currently accrued.

NL believes that it is not reasonably possible to estimate the range of costs for certain sites. At June 30, 2022, there were approximately five sites for which NL is not currently able to reasonably estimate a range of costs. For these sites, generally the investigation is in the early stages, and NL is unable to determine whether or not NL actually had any association with the site, the nature of its responsibility, if any, for the contamination at the site, if any, and the extent of contamination at and cost to remediate the site. The timing and availability of information on these sites is dependent on events outside of NL’s control, such as when the party alleging liability provides information to NL. At certain of these previously inactive sites, NL has received general and special notices of liability from the EPA and/or state agencies alleging that NL, sometimes with other PRPs, is liable for past and future costs of remediating environmental contamination allegedly caused by former operations. These notifications may assert that NL, along with any other alleged PRPs, is liable for past and/or future clean-up costs. As further information becomes available to us for any of these sites which would allow us to estimate a range of costs, we would at that time adjust our accruals. Any such adjustment could result in the recognition of an accrual that would have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements, results of operations and liquidity.

Other – We have also accrued approximately $5 million at June 30, 2022 for other environmental cleanup matters which represents our best estimate of the liability.

Insurance coverage claims – NL

NL is involved in certain legal proceedings with a number of its former insurance carriers regarding the nature and extent of the carriers’ obligations to NL under insurance policies with respect to certain lead pigment and asbestos lawsuits. The issue of whether insurance coverage for defense costs or indemnity or both will be found to exist for NL’s lead pigment and asbestos litigation depends upon a variety of factors, and we cannot assure you that such insurance coverage will be available.

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NL has agreements with certain of its former insurance carriers pursuant to which the carriers reimburse it for a portion of its future lead pigment litigation defense costs, and one such carrier reimburses NL for a portion of its future asbestos litigation defense costs. We are not able to determine how much NL will ultimately recover from these carriers for defense costs incurred by NL because of certain issues that arise regarding which defense costs qualify for reimbursement. While NL continues to seek additional insurance recoveries, we do not know if we will be successful in obtaining reimbursement for either defense costs or indemnity. Accordingly, we recognize insurance recoveries in income only when receipt of the recovery is probable and we are able to reasonably estimate the amount of the recovery.

For a complete discussion of certain litigation involving NL and certain of its former insurance carriers, please refer to our 2021 Annual Report.

Other litigation

In addition to the litigation described above, we and our affiliates are also involved in various other environmental, contractual, product liability, patent (or intellectual property), employment and other claims and disputes incidental to our present and former businesses. In certain cases, we have insurance coverage for these items, although we do not expect additional material insurance coverage for our environmental matters. We currently believe the disposition of all of these various other claims and disputes (including asbestos-related claims), individually and in the aggregate, should not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or liquidity beyond the accruals already provided.

​

Note 16 – Fair value measurements and financial instruments:

The following table presents the financial instruments that are not carried at fair value but which require fair value disclosure:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | December 31, 2021 |  | June 30, 2022
​ | ​ | Carrying | ​ | Fair | ​ | Carrying | ​ | Fair
​ | ​ | amount | ​ | value | ​ | amount | ​ | value
​ | ​ | (In millions)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash equivalents | ​ | $ | 792.9 | ​ | $ | 792.9 | ​ | $ | 733.2 | ​ | $ | 733.2
Long-term debt (excluding capitalized leases): | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Kronos Senior Notes | ​ |  | 448.8 | ​ |  | 460.2 | ​ |  | 415.1 | ​ |  | 372.6
Valhi credit facility with Contran | ​ |  | 172.9 | ​ |  | 172.9 | ​ |  | 153.4 | ​ |  | 153.4
BWC bank note payable | ​ |  | 15.4 | ​ |  | 15.9 | ​ |  | 14.3 | ​ |  | 14.8
LandWell bank note payable | ​ |  | 13.5 | ​ |  | 13.5 | ​ |  | 13.2 | ​ |  | 13.2

​

At June 30, 2022, the estimated market price of Kronos’ Senior Notes was €892 per €1,000 principal amount. The fair value of Kronos’ Senior Notes was based on quoted market prices; however, these quoted market prices represent Level 2 inputs because the markets in which the term loan trades were not active. The fair value of variable interest rate debt and other fixed-rate debt, which represents Level 2 inputs, is deemed to approximate carrying values. See Note 6. Due to their near-term maturities, the carrying amounts of accounts receivable and accounts payable are considered equivalent to fair value. See Notes 3 and 7.

​

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ITEM 2. | MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Business Overview

We are primarily a holding company. We operate through our wholly-owned and majority-owned subsidiaries, including NL Industries, Inc., Kronos Worldwide, Inc., CompX International Inc., Tremont LLC, Basic Management, Inc. (“BMI”) and the LandWell Company (“LandWell”). Kronos (NYSE: KRO), NL (NYSE: NL) and CompX (NYSE American: CIX) each file periodic reports with the SEC.

We have three consolidated reportable operating segments:

| ● | Chemicals – Our Chemicals Segment is operated through our majority control of Kronos. Kronos is a leading global producer and marketer of value-added titanium dioxide pigments (“TiO2”). TiO2 is used to impart whiteness, brightness, opacity and durability to a wide variety of products, including paints, plastics, paper, fibers and ceramics. Additionally, TiO2 is a critical component of everyday applications, such as coatings, plastics and paper, as well as many specialty products such as inks, foods and cosmetics.

| ● | Component Products – We operate in the component products industry through our majority control of CompX. CompX is a leading manufacturer of security products used in the recreational transportation, postal, office and institutional furniture, cabinetry, tool storage, healthcare and a variety of other industries. CompX also manufactures stainless steel exhaust systems, gauges, throttle controls, wake enhancement systems, trim tabs and related hardware and accessories for the recreational marine and other industries.

| ● | Real Estate Management and Development – We operate in real estate management and development through our majority control of BMI and LandWell. BMI owns real property in Henderson, Nevada and through its wholly-owned subsidiaries provides utility services to certain industrial and municipal customers. LandWell is engaged in efforts to develop certain land holdings for commercial, industrial and residential purposes in Henderson, Nevada.

General

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as amended. Statements in this Quarterly Report that are not historical facts are forward-looking in nature and represent management’s beliefs and assumptions based on currently available information. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by the use of words such as “believes,” “intends,” “may,” “should,” “could,” “anticipates,” “expects” or comparable terminology, or by discussions of strategies or trends. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are reasonable, we do not know if these expectations will be correct. Such statements by their nature involve substantial risks and uncertainties that could significantly impact expected results. Actual future results could differ materially from those predicted. The factors that could cause actual future results to differ materially from those described herein are the risks and uncertainties discussed in this Quarterly Report and those described from time to time in our other filings with the SEC and include, but are not limited to, the following:

| ● | Future supply and demand for our products;

| ● | The extent of the dependence of certain of our businesses on certain market sectors;

| ● | The cyclicality of certain of our businesses (such as Kronos’ TiO2 operations);

| ● | Customer and producer inventory levels;

| ● | Unexpected or earlier-than-expected industry capacity expansion (such as the TiO2 industry);

| ● | Changes in raw material and other operating costs (such as ore, zinc, brass, aluminum, steel and energy costs);

| ● | Changes in the availability of raw materials (such as ore);

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| ● | General global economic and political conditions that harm the worldwide economy, disrupt our supply chain, increase material and energy costs, reduce demand or perceived demand for TiO2, component products and land held for development or impair our ability to operate our facilities (including changes in the level of gross domestic product in various regions of the world, natural disasters, terrorist acts, global conflicts and public health crises such as COVID-19);

| ● | Competitive products and substitute products;

| ● | Customer and competitor strategies;

| ● | Potential difficulties in integrating future acquisitions;

| ● | Potential difficulties in upgrading or implementing accounting and manufacturing software systems;

| ● | Potential consolidation of our competitors;

| ● | Potential consolidation of our customers;

| ● | The impact of pricing and production decisions;

| ● | Competitive technology positions;

| ● | Our ability to protect or defend intellectual property rights;

| ● | The introduction of trade barriers or trade disputes;

| ● | The ability of our subsidiaries to pay us dividends;

| ● | The impact of current or future government regulations (including employee healthcare benefit related regulations);

| ● | Uncertainties associated with new product development and the development of new product features;

| ● | Fluctuations in currency exchange rates (such as changes in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and each of the euro, the Norwegian krone and the Canadian dollar and between the euro and the Norwegian krone) or possible disruptions to our business resulting from uncertainties associated with the euro or other currencies;

| ● | Operating interruptions (including, but not limited to, labor disputes, leaks, natural disasters, fires, explosions, unscheduled or unplanned downtime such as disruptions in energy supplies, transportation interruptions, cyber-attacks and public health crises such as COVID-19);

| ● | Decisions to sell operating assets other than in the ordinary course of business;

| ● | The timing and amounts of insurance recoveries;

| ● | Our ability to renew, amend, refinance or establish credit facilities;

| ● | Potential increases in interest rates;

| ● | Our ability to maintain sufficient liquidity;

| ● | The ultimate outcome of income tax audits, tax settlement initiatives or other tax matters, including future tax reform;

| ● | Our ability to utilize income tax attributes, the benefits of which may or may not have been recognized under the more-likely-than-not recognition criteria;

| ● | Environmental matters (such as those requiring compliance with emission and discharge standards for existing and new facilities, or new developments regarding environmental remediation or decommissioning obligations at sites related to our former operations);

| ● | Government laws and regulations and possible changes therein (such as changes in government regulations which might impose various obligations on former manufacturers of lead pigment and lead-based paint, including NL, with respect to asserted health concerns associated with the use of such products) including new environmental health and safety regulations such as those seeking to limit or classify TiO2 or its use;

| ● | The ultimate resolution of pending litigation (such as NL’s lead pigment and environmental matters);

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| ● | Our ability to comply with covenants contained in our revolving bank credit facilities;

| ● | Our ability to complete and comply with the conditions of our licenses and permits;

| ● | Changes in real estate values and construction costs in Henderson, Nevada; and

| ● | Possible future litigation.

Should one or more of these risks materialize (or the consequences of such development worsen), or should the underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results could differ materially from those currently forecasted or expected. We disclaim any intention or obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement whether as a result of changes in information, future events or otherwise.

Operations Overview

Quarter Ended June 30, 2022 Compared to the Quarter Ended June 30, 2021 –

We reported net income attributable to Valhi stockholders of $28.0 million or $.98 per diluted share in the second quarter of 2022 compared to net income of $21.4 million or $.75 per diluted share in the second quarter of 2021. As discussed more fully below, our net income attributable to Valhi stockholders increased from 2021 to 2022 primarily due to the net effects of:

| ● | higher operating income from our Chemicals Segment in 2022 compared to 2021;

| ● | a charge of $16.0 million related to the impairment of our Real Estate Management and Development Segment’s water delivery system fixed assets;

| ● | the recognition of a gain on the sale of land not used in our operations of $5.6 million in 2021;

| ● | increase in income tax expense of $3.7 million in 2022; and

| ● | income from infrastructure reimbursement of $.8 million in 2022 related to an energy utility agreement (see Note 11).

Our diluted net income per share in the second quarter of 2022 includes:

| ● | a charge of $.28 per share related to the fixed asset impairment of our water delivery system; and

| ● | income of $.02 per share related to infrastructure reimbursement.

Our diluted net income per share in the second quarter of 2021 includes a gain of $.15 per share related to the sale of land.

Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 Compared to the Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 –

We reported net income attributable to Valhi stockholders of $73.4 million or $2.57 per diluted share in the first six months of 2022 compared to $36.2 million or $1.27 per diluted share in the first six months of 2021. As discussed more fully below, our net income attributable to Valhi stockholders increased from 2021 to 2022 primarily due to the net effects of:

| ● | higher operating income from our Chemicals segment in 2022 compared to 2021;

| ● | a charge of $16.0 million related to the impairment of our Real Estate Management and Development Segment’s water delivery system fixed assets in the second quarter of 2022;

| ● | income from infrastructure reimbursement of $.8 million in 2022 related to an energy utility agreement compared to $6.2 million in 2021 related to property tax increment reimbursement (see Note 11); and

| ● | the recognition of a gain on the sale of land not used in our operations of $5.6 million in the second quarter of 2021.

Our diluted net income per share in the first six months of 2022 includes:

| ● | a charge of $.28 per share related to the fixed asset impairment of our water delivery system; and

| ● | income of $.02 per share related to infrastructure reimbursement.

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Our diluted net income per share in the first six months of 2021 includes:

| ● | income of $.11 per share related to the tax increment infrastructure reimbursement; and

| ● | a gain of $.15 per share related to the sale of land.

Segment Operating Results – 2022 Compared to 2021 –

Chemicals –

We consider TiO2 to be a “quality of life” product, with demand affected by gross domestic product, or GDP, and overall economic conditions in our markets located in various regions of the world. Over the long-term, we expect demand for TiO2 will grow by 2% to 3% per year, consistent with our expectations for the long-term growth in GDP. However, even if our Chemicals Segment and its competitors maintain consistent shares of the worldwide market, demand for TiO2 in any interim or annual period may not change in the same proportion as the change in GDP, in part due to relative changes in the TiO2 inventory levels of our Chemicals Segment’s customers. We believe our Chemicals Segment’s customers’ inventory levels are influenced in part by their expectations for future changes in TiO2 selling prices as well as their expectations for future availability of product. Although certain of our Chemicals Segment’s TiO2 grades are considered specialty pigments, the majority of its grades and substantially all of its production are considered commodity pigment products with price and availability being the most significant competitive factors along with product quality and customer and technical support services.

The factors having the most impact on our Chemicals Segment’s reported operating results are:

| ● | TiO2 selling prices,

| ● | our Chemicals Segment’s TiO2 sales and production volumes,

| ● | manufacturing costs, particularly raw materials such as third-party feedstock, maintenance and energy-related expenses, and

| ● | currency exchange rates (particularly the exchange rates for the U.S. dollar relative to the euro, the Norwegian krone and the Canadian dollar and the euro relative to the Norwegian krone).

​

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Key performance indicators are our Chemicals Segment’s TiO2 average selling prices, the level of TiO2 sales and production volumes, and the cost of our Chemicals Segment’s titanium-containing feedstock purchased from third parties. TiO2 selling prices generally follow industry trends and selling prices will increase or decrease generally as a result of competitive market pressures.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three months ended June 30, | ​ | ​ | Six months ended June 30, | ​
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | % Change | ​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | % Change | ​
​ | ​ | (Dollars in millions) | ​ | (Dollars in millions) | ​
Net sales | ​ | $ | 478.6 | ​ | $ | 565.3 | ​ | 18 | % | ​ | $ | 943.6 | ​ | $ | 1,128.2 | ​ | 20 | %
Cost of sales | ​ |  | 369.9 | ​ |  | 445.1 | ​ | 20 | ​ | ​ |  | 739.6 | ​ |  | 859.0 | ​ | 16 | ​
Gross margin | ​ | $ | 108.7 | ​ | $ | 120.2 | ​ | 11 | ​ | ​ | $ | 204.0 | ​ | $ | 269.2 | ​ | 32 | ​
Operating income | ​ | $ | 47.4 | ​ | $ | 69.2 | ​ | 46 | ​ | ​ | $ | 85.1 | ​ | $ | 155.6 | ​ | 83 | ​
Percent of net sales: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cost of sales | ​ |  | 77 | % |  | 79 | % | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | 78 | % |  | 76 | % | ​ | ​
Gross margin | ​ |  | 23 | ​ |  | 21 | ​ |  |  | ​ |  | 22 | ​ |  | 24 | ​ |  |
Operating income | ​ |  | 10 | ​ |  | 12 | ​ |  |  | ​ |  | 9 | ​ |  | 14 | ​ |  |
TiO2 operating statistics: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Sales volumes* | ​ |  | 144 | ​ |  | 142 | ​ | (1) | % | ​ |  | 285 | ​ |  | 286 | ​ | — | %
Production volumes* | ​ |  | 137 | ​ |  | 132 | ​ | (4) | % | ​ |  | 267 | ​ |  | 270 | ​ | 1 | %
​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  |
Percent change in TiO2 net sales: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
TiO2 product pricing | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | 26 | % | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | 25 | %
TiO2 sales volumes | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | (1) |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | — |
TiO2 product mix/other | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | (1) |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | — |
Changes in currency exchange rates | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | (6) |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | (5) |
Total | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | 18 | % | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | 20 | %

* Thousands of metric tons

Current Industry Conditions – Our Chemicals Segment started 2022 with average TiO2 selling prices 16% higher than at the beginning of 2021 and average TiO2 selling prices increased 12% in the first six months of 2022 in response to our Chemicals Segment’s rising production costs. Overall our Chemicals Segment’s sales volumes in the first six months of 2022 were comparable to sales volumes in the same period of 2021, with higher 2022 sales volumes in North America and Latin America offset by lower sales volumes in Europe.

The following table shows our Chemicals Segment’s capacity utilization rates during 2021 and 2022. Throughout most of 2021 and continuing into the first quarter of 2022, our Chemicals Segment’s production facilities operated at full practical capacity. Our Chemicals Segment operated its production facilities at 98% of practical capacity utilization in the first six months of 2022. During the second quarter of 2022, our Chemicals Segment operated its facilities at approximately 95% of practical capacity primarily due to maintenance activities and availability of certain raw materials which temporarily reduced its production rates.

1 |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
​ | Production Capacity Utilization Rates | ​ | ​
​ | 2021 | ​ | ​ | 2022 | ​ | ​
First quarter | 97% | ​ | ​ | 100% | ​ | ​
Second quarter | 100% | ​ | ​ | 95% | ​ | ​

Due to significant increases in production costs (primarily energy and feedstock), our Chemicals Segment’s cost of sales per metric ton of TiO2 sold in the second quarter and first half of 2022 was higher as compared to the comparable periods in 2021 (excluding the effect of changes in currency exchange rates).

Net Sales – Our Chemicals Segment’s net sales in the second quarter of 2022 increased 18%, or $86.7 million, compared to the second quarter of 2021 primarily due to a 26% increase in average TiO2 selling prices (which increased net sales by approximately $124 million) partially offset by a 1% decrease in sales volumes (which decreased net sales by approximately $5 million). We estimate that changes in currency exchange rates (primarily the euro) decreased our Chemicals Segment’s net sales by approximately $29 million in

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the second quarter of 2022 as compared to the second quarter of 2021. TiO2 selling prices will increase or decrease generally as a result of competitive market pressures, changes in the relative level of supply and demand as well as changes in raw material and other manufacturing costs.

Our Chemicals Segment’s sales volumes decreased 1% in the second quarter of 2022 as compared to the second quarter of 2021 primarily due to lower availability of certain of its high-demand products as a result of lower production volumes during the quarter and, somewhat lower demand, primarily in the residential architectural coatings markets, from its European and export customers towards the end of the second quarter.

Our Chemicals Segment’s net sales in the first six months of 2022 increased 20%, or $184.6 million, compared to the first six months of 2021 primarily due to a 25% increase in average TiO2 selling prices (which increased net sales by approximately $236 million). In addition to the impact of higher average selling prices, we estimate that changes in currency exchange rates (primarily the euro) decreased our Chemicals Segment’s net sales by approximately $51 million in the first six months of 2022 as compared to the first six months of 2021.

Our Chemicals Segment’s sales volumes in the first six months of 2022 were comparable to the first six months of 2021.

Cost of Sales and Gross Margin – Our Chemicals Segment’s cost of sales increased $75.2 million, or 20%, in the second quarter of 2022 compared to the second quarter of 2021 due to the net effects of higher production costs of approximately $95 million (primarily raw materials and energy), a 1% decrease in sales volumes and a 4% decrease in production volumes. Our Chemicals Segment’s cost of sales as a percentage of net sales increased to 79% in the second quarter of 2022 compared to 77% in the same period of 2021 primarily due to the unfavorable effects of higher production costs including higher raw material and energy costs and lower absorption of fixed costs from lower production volumes.

Our Chemicals Segment’s gross margin as a percentage of net sales decreased to 21% in the second quarter of 2022 compared to 23% in the second quarter of 2021. As discussed and quantified above, our Chemicals Segment’s gross margin as a percentage of net sales decreased primarily due to the net effects of higher average TiO2 selling prices, lower production and sales volumes, higher production costs and changes in currency exchange rates.

Our Chemicals Segment’s cost of sales increased $119.4 million, or 16%, in the first six months of 2022 compared to the first six months of 2021 primarily due to higher production costs of $159 million (including higher costs for raw materials and energy). Our Chemicals Segment’s cost of sales as a percentage of net sales decreased to 76% in the first six months of 2022 compared to 78% in the same period of 2021 as the favorable effects of higher average TiO2 selling prices more than offset the unfavorable impact of higher production costs, including higher raw material and energy costs.

Our Chemicals Segment’s gross margin as a percentage of net sales increased to 24% in the first six months of 2022 compared to 22% in the first six months of 2021. As discussed and quantified above, our Chemicals Segment’s gross margin as a percentage of net sales increased primarily due to the net effects of higher average TiO2 selling prices, higher raw material and energy costs and changes in currency exchange rates.

Operating Income – Our Chemicals Segment’s operating income increased by $21.8 million, or 46%, in the second quarter of 2022 compared to the second quarter of 2021. Operating income as a percentage of net sales increased to 12% in the second quarter of 2022 from 10% in the same period of 2021 as a result of the factors impacting gross margin discussed above. We estimate changes in currency exchange rates increased our Chemicals Segment’s operating income by approximately $12 million in the second quarter of 2022 as compared to the same period in 2021, as discussed in the Currency Exchange Rates section below.

Our Chemicals Segment’s operating income increased by $70.5 million, or 83% in the first six months of 2022 compared to the first six months of 2021. Operating income as a percentage of net sales increased to 14% in the first six months of 2022 from 9% in the same period of 2021. This increase was driven by the effects of higher net sales on gross margin (discussed above) and selling, general and administrative expenses. We estimate that changes in currency exchange rates increased our Chemicals Segment’s operating income by approximately $7 million in the first six months of 2022 as compared to the same period in 2021.

Our Chemicals Segment’s operating income is net of amortization of purchase accounting adjustments made in conjunction with our acquisitions of interests in NL and Kronos. As a result, we recognize additional depreciation expense above the amounts Kronos

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reports separately, substantially all of which is included within cost of sales. We recognized additional depreciation expense of $.7 million in the first six months of 2022 and 2021, which reduced our reported Chemicals Segment’s operating income as compared to amounts reported by Kronos.

Currency Exchange Rates – Our Chemicals Segment has substantial operations and assets located outside the United States (primarily in Germany, Belgium, Norway and Canada). The majority of our Chemicals Segment’s sales from non-U.S. operations are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, principally the euro, other major European currencies and the Canadian dollar. A portion of our Chemicals Segment’s sales generated from its non-U.S. operations is denominated in the U.S. dollar (and consequently our Chemicals Segment’s non-U.S. operations will generally hold U.S. dollars from time to time). Certain raw materials used in all our Chemicals Segment’s production facilities, primarily titanium-containing feedstocks, are purchased primarily in U.S. dollars, while labor and other production and administrative costs are incurred primarily in local currencies. Consequently, the translated U.S. dollar value of our Chemicals Segment’s non-U.S. sales and operating results are subject to currency exchange rate fluctuations which may favorably or unfavorably impact reported earnings and may affect the comparability of period-to-period operating results. In addition to the impact of the translation of sales and expenses over time, our Chemicals Segment’s non-U.S. operations also generate currency transaction gains and losses which primarily relate to (i) the difference between the currency exchange rates in effect when non-local currency sales or operating costs (primarily U.S. dollar denominated) are initially accrued and when such amounts are settled with the non-local currency, and (ii) changes in currency exchange rates during time periods when our Chemicals Segment’s non-U.S. operations are holding non-local currency (primarily U.S. dollars).

Overall, we estimate that fluctuations in currency exchange rates had the following effects on the reported amounts of our Chemicals Segment’s sales and operating income for the periods indicated.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Impact of changes in currency exchange rates
Three months ended June 30, 2022 vs June 30, 2021
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Translation | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | gains/(losses) - | ​ | Total currency
​ | ​ | Transaction gains recognized | ​ | impact of | ​ | impact
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | Change |  | rate changes |  | 2022 vs 2021
​ | ​ | (In millions)
Impact on: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Net sales | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (29) | ​ | $ | (29)
Operating income | ​ |  | 1 | ​ |  | 12 | ​ |  | 11 | ​ |  | 1 | ​ |  | 12

​

The $29 million decrease in our Chemicals Segment’s net sales (translation losses) was caused primarily by a strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to the euro, as its euro-denominated sales were translated into fewer U.S. dollars in 2022 as compared to 2021. The strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to the Canadian dollar and the Norwegian krone in 2022 did not have a significant effect on the reported amount of our Chemicals Segment’s net sales, as a substantial portion of the sales generated by our Chemicals Segment’s Canadian and Norwegian operations is denominated in the U.S. dollar.

The $12 million increase in our Chemicals Segment’s operating income was comprised of the following:

| ● | Higher net currency transaction gains of approximately $11 million primarily caused by relative changes in currency exchange rates at each applicable balance sheet date between the U.S. dollar and the euro, Canadian dollar and the Norwegian krone, and between the euro and the Norwegian krone, which causes increases or decreases, as applicable, in U.S. dollar-denominated receivables and payables and U.S. dollar currency held by our Chemicals Segment’s non-U.S. operations, and in Norwegian krone denominated receivables and payables held by our Chemicals Segment’s non-U.S. operations, and

| ● | There was minimal impact from the effect of rate changes on translation gains and losses.

​

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Impact of changes in currency exchange rates
Six months ended June 30, 2022 vs June 30, 2021
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Translation | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | losses - | ​ | Total currency
​ | ​ | Transaction gains recognized | ​ | impact of | ​ | impact
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | Change |  | rate changes |  | 2022 vs 2021
​ | ​ | (In millions)
Impact on: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Net sales | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (51) | ​ | $ | (51)
Operating income | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 10 | ​ |  | 10 | ​ |  | (3) | ​ |  | 7

​

The $51 million decrease in our Chemicals Segment’s net sales (translation losses) was caused primarily by a strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to the euro, as its euro-denominated sales were translated into fewer U.S. dollars in 2022 as compared to 2021. The strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to the Canadian dollar and the Norwegian krone in 2022 did not have a significant effect on the reported amount of our Chemicals Segment’s net sales, as a substantial portion of the sales generated by our Chemicals Segment’s Canadian and Norwegian operations is denominated in the U.S. dollar.

The $7 million increase in our Chemicals Segment’s operating income was comprised of the following:

| ● | Higher net currency transaction gains of approximately $10 million primarily caused by relative changes in currency exchange rates at each applicable balance sheet date between the U.S. dollar and the euro, Canadian dollar and the Norwegian krone, and between the euro and the Norwegian krone, which causes increases or decreases, as applicable, in U.S. dollar-denominated receivables and payables and U.S. dollar currency held by our Chemicals Segment’s non-U.S. operations, and in Norwegian krone denominated receivables and payables held by our Chemicals Segment’s non-U.S. operations, and

| ● | Approximately $3 million from net currency translation losses primarily caused by a strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to the euro as the negative effects of the stronger U.S. dollar on our Chemicals Segment’s euro-denominated sales more than offset the favorable effects of Canadian dollar and euro-denominated operating costs being translated into fewer U.S. dollars in 2022 as compared to 2021.

Outlook – While overall demand remained strong through the second quarter, our Chemicals Segment’s plants operated at below capacity because maintenance shutdowns in the second quarter took longer than anticipated and availability of certain raw materials continued to impact plant operations and production planning. As a result, our Chemicals Segment had limited availability for certain high demand products that constrained sales during the quarter. In addition, late in the second quarter, our Chemicals Segment began to see some decline in demand primarily in the residential architectural coatings markets in certain areas of Europe and the export markets due to economic and geopolitical uncertainties. Our Chemicals Segment is uncertain if and to what extent the reduction in demand will continue, but with tight inventories in most markets and continued strong underlying fundamentals across most of the global economy, our Chemicals Segment continues to believe that the long-term outlook for its industry remains positive. Our Chemicals Segment will continue to monitor current and anticipated near-term customer demand levels and will align its production and inventories accordingly.

Our Chemicals Segment also continues to experience cost increases and logistical challenges throughout its global supply chain. Our Chemicals Segment experienced increases in its feedstock costs in the first six months of 2022 as compared to the same period in 2021, and our Chemicals Segment expects its feedstock costs to continue to increase moderately for the remainder of 2022. High energy costs and availability concerns (particularly natural gas supply in Germany) have introduced further cost increases and disruptions to global markets and such conditions are likely to continue for the foreseeable future. These disruptions and other global events have contributed to changing expectations of global demand for consumer products, including those of our Chemicals Segment’s customers, and could lead to softening of demand for TiO2 in the second half of 2022. Our Chemicals Segment continues to manage through disruptions in global supply chains including availability of certain third-party feedstock and other raw materials along with certain transportation and logistics delays. We expect these challenges to continue for the foreseeable future.

Our expectations for the TiO2 industry and our Chemical Segment’s operations are based on a number of factors outside our control. As noted above, our Chemicals Segment has experienced global supply chain disruptions and energy availability concerns; and

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future impacts on its operations will depend on, among other things, any future disruption in energy availability, its operations or its suppliers’ operations, or related possible shipping delays, and the timing and effectiveness of the global measures deployed to fight COVID-19 and its variants, all of which remain uncertain and cannot be predicted.

Component Products –

Our Component Products Segment’s product offerings consist of a significantly large number of products that have a wide variation in selling price and manufacturing cost, which results in certain practical limitations on its ability to quantify the impact of changes in individual product sales quantities and selling prices on the segment’s net sales, cost of sales and gross margin. In addition, small variations in period-to-period net sales, cost of sales and gross margin can result from changes in the relative mix of our Component Products Segment’s products sold. The key performance indicator for our Component Products Segment is operating income and margins.

In the second quarter of 2022 our Component Products Segment’s operating income increased to $7.7 million compared to $5.8 million in the second quarter of 2021. Operating income for the first six months of 2022 was $14.0 million compared to $11.6 million in the first six months of 2021. The increase in our Component Products Segment’s operating income in the second quarter and first six months of 2022 compared to 2021 is primarily due to higher sales for both the security products and marine components reporting units.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three months ended June 30, | ​ | ​ | Six months ended June 30, | ​
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | % Change | ​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | % Change | ​
​ | ​ | (Dollars in millions) | ​ | ​ | (Dollars in millions) | ​
Net sales: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Security products | ​ | $ | 27.6 | ​ | $ | 28.8 | ​ | 5 | % | ​ | $ | 53.5 | ​ | $ | 58.4 | ​ | 9 | %
Marine components | ​ |  | 8.7 | ​ |  | 12.8 | ​ | 48 | ​ | ​ |  | 18.7 | ​ |  | 25.3 | ​ | 35 | ​
Total net sales | ​ |  | 36.3 | ​ |  | 41.6 | ​ | 15 | ​ | ​ |  | 72.2 | ​ |  | 83.7 | ​ | 16 | ​
Cost of sales | ​ |  | 24.9 | ​ |  | 28.0 | ​ | 12 | ​ | ​ |  | 49.8 | ​ |  | 58.0 | ​ | 16 | ​
Gross margin | ​ | $ | 11.4 | ​ | $ | 13.6 | ​ | 21 | ​ | ​ | $ | 22.4 | ​ | $ | 25.7 | ​ | 15 | ​
Operating income | ​ | $ | 5.8 | ​ | $ | 7.7 | ​ | 35 | ​ | ​ | $ | 11.6 | ​ | $ | 14.0 | ​ | 21 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Percent of net sales: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Cost of sales | ​ |  | 69 | % |  | 67 | % |  | ​ | ​ |  | 69 | % |  | 69 | % |  |
Gross margin | ​ |  | 31 | ​ |  | 33 | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | 31 | ​ |  | 31 | ​ |  |
Operating income | ​ |  | 16 | ​ |  | 19 | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | 16 | ​ |  | 17 | ​ |  |

​

Net Sales – Our Component Products Segment’s net sales increased $5.3 million and $11.5 million in the second quarter and for the first six months of 2022, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2021 due to higher marine components sales primarily to the towboat market and, to a lesser extent, higher security products sales across a variety of markets. Relative to prior year, second quarter security products sales were $.7 million higher to the office furniture market and $.6 million higher to the government security market and sales for the first six months of 2022 were $1.9 million higher to the government security market, $1.4 million higher to the office furniture market and $.8 million higher to distributors. Marine components net sales to the towboat market were $3.7 million higher for the second quarter and $5.7 million higher for the first six months of 2022 compared to the same periods in 2021.

Costs of Sales and Gross Margin – Our Component Products Segment’s cost of sales as a percentage of net sales decreased 1.5% in the second quarter of 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. As a result, gross margin as a percentage of net sales increased over the same period. Gross margin percentage increased in the second quarter of 2022 compared to the same period in 2021 primarily due to improved gross margin at security products primarily due to higher sales resulting from price increases and surcharges implemented to recover higher production costs and, to a lesser extent, from increased coverage of fixed costs from higher sales. Cost of sales and gross margin as a percentage of sales for the first six months of 2022 were comparable to the same period in 2021.

Operating Income – As a percentage of net sales, our Component Products Segment’s operating income for the second quarter and first six months of 2022 increased compared to the same periods of 2021 and was primarily impacted by the factors impacting gross margin, as well as increased coverage of operating costs and expenses from higher net sales.

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Outlook – During the first six months of 2022, our Component Products Segment experienced strong demand at both the security products and marine components reporting units. Our Component Products Segment operated its manufacturing facilities at elevated production rates during the first half of the year in line with demand. While labor markets continue to be competitive in each of the regions in which our Component Products Segment operates and labor costs continue to rise, during the second quarter our Component Products Segment was able to achieve more balanced staffing levels aligned with current and forecasted demand, particularly at its marine components reporting unit.

The security products reporting unit is beginning to experience some softening in demand particularly in the transportation and distribution markets, but our Component Products Segment expects continued strong demand in other markets to offset these declines. The marine components reporting unit demand remains strong and our Component Products Segment currently expects to report increased net sales and operating income from both reporting units for the full year 2022 compared to 2021. Certain of our Component Products Segment’s supply chains, particularly for commodity raw materials, have stabilized while other supply chains remain challenging, and current global and domestic supply chain disruptions continue to impact sourcing certain raw materials and components (such as electronic components) due to increased lead times, shortages and transportation and logistics delays. Thus far our Component Products Segment has been able to manage through these disruptions with minimal impact on its operations. In addition, our Component Products Segment is experiencing increased production costs including higher labor and shipping costs and, although prices for certain raw materials have begun to stabilize, costs of many of the raw materials it uses including zinc, brass, stainless steel and aluminum remain elevated above pre-pandemic levels. In response, our Component Products Segment has implemented additional price increases and increased surcharges where necessary and, to-date, it has been successful in recovering its increased production costs; however, the extent to which future price increases and surcharges will mitigate rising costs is uncertain and our Component Products Segment expects increasing production costs will continue to pressure gross margins as inventory costs are expected to remain above prior year costs for the foreseeable future. Our Component Products Segment continues to take actions it believes will minimize supply related disruptions, manage inventory turnover, improve operating margins and maintain a safe working conditions environment for its employees.

Our Component Products Segment’s expectations for its operations and the markets it serves are based on a number of factors outside its control. As noted above, there continue to be global and domestic supply chain challenges and any future impacts on our Component Products Segment’s operations will depend on, among other things, any future disruption in its operations or its suppliers’ operations, demand for its products and the timing and effectiveness of the global measures deployed to fight COVID-19, particularly in China, all of which remain uncertain and cannot be predicted.

Real Estate Management and Development –

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Three months ended | ​ | Six months ended
​ | ​ | June 30, | ​ | June 30,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022
​ | ​ | (In millions)
Net sales: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Land sales | ​ | $ | 8.5 | ​ | $ | 25.9 | ​ | $ | 15.1 | ​ | $ | 48.1
Water delivery sales | ​ |  | 1.5 | ​ |  | 1.4 | ​ |  | 2.5 | ​ |  | 2.9
Utility and other | ​ |  | .4 | ​ |  | .4 | ​ |  | .9 | ​ |  | .7
Total net sales | ​ |  | 10.4 | ​ |  | 27.7 | ​ |  | 18.5 | ​ |  | 51.7
Cost of sales | ​ |  | 5.9 | ​ |  | 14.8 | ​ |  | 11.0 | ​ |  | 29.2
Gross margin | ​ | $ | 4.5 | ​ | $ | 12.9 | ​ | $ | 7.5 | ​ | $ | 22.5
Operating income (loss) | ​ | $ | 2.4 | ​ | $ | (5.0) | ​ | $ | 10.2 | ​ | $ | 3.0

​

General – Our Real Estate Management and Development Segment consists of BMI and LandWell. BMI provides utility services, among other things, to an industrial park located in Henderson, Nevada and is responsible for the delivery of water to the City of Henderson and various other users through a water delivery system owned and operated by Basic Water Company (“BWC”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of BMI. LandWell is actively engaged in efforts to develop certain real estate in Henderson, Nevada, including approximately 2,100 acres zoned for residential/planned community purposes and approximately 400 acres zoned for commercial and light industrial use.

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LandWell began marketing land for sale in the residential/planned community in December 2013 and at June 30, 2022 approximately 115 saleable acres remain, including approximately 80 acres in escrow. LandWell has been actively marketing and selling the land zoned for commercial and light industrial use and at June 30, 2022 approximately 50 saleable acres remain. Contracts for land sales are negotiated on an individual basis and sales terms and prices will vary based on such factors as location (including location within a planned community), expected development work, and individual buyer needs. Although land may be under contract or in escrow, in most instances buyers can cancel the escrow agreement with no financial penalties until shortly before the closing date. Land sales may be completed but we do not recognize revenue until we have satisfied the criteria for revenue recognition set forth in ASC Topic 606. In some instances, we will receive cash proceeds at the time the contract closes and record deferred revenue for some or all of the cash amount received, with such deferred revenue being recognized in subsequent periods. We expect substantially all of the land in the residential/planned community will be sold by the end of 2022; however, we expect the development work to take three to five years to complete.

Net Sales and Operating Income – A substantial portion of the net sales from our Real Estate Management and Development Segment in the second quarter and first six months of 2021 and 2022 consisted of revenues from land sales. As noted above, we recognize revenue in our residential/planned community over time using cost-based input methods and substantially all of the land sales revenue we recognized in 2021 and 2022 was under this method of revenue recognition. The contracts on these sales (both within the planned community and otherwise) include approximately 965 acres of the residential planned community and certain other acreage which closed in December 2013 and through the second quarter of 2022. Land sales revenues were higher in the second quarter and first six months of 2022 as compared to the same periods in 2021 primarily due to an increase in development activity in 2022 compared to 2021. Cost of sales related to land sales revenues was $26.5 million in the first six months of 2022 compared to $8.0 million in the first six months of 2021. Operating income includes $6.2 million in the first six months of 2021 (all in the first quarter) of income related to the recognition of tax increment reimbursement note receivables and $.8 million in the first six months of 2022 (all in the second quarter) of income related to the recognition of infrastructure reimbursement related to an energy utility agreement, as discussed in Note 11 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

The remainder of net sales and cost of sales related to this segment primarily relates to water delivery fees and expenses. BMI provides utility services, among other things, to an industrial park located in Henderson, Nevada and is responsible for the delivery of water to the City of Henderson and various other users under long-term contracts through a water delivery system owned and operated by BWC. BWC’s water delivery system operates on Lake Mead in Nevada. Due to the Western drought, water levels in Lake Mead have been declining for much of the last twenty years. As a result of water release curtailments upstream of Lake Mead which began late in the second quarter, Lake Mead water levels have dropped precipitously to historically low levels. On June 30, 2022 BWC was no longer able to pump water without the risk of damaging the system and consequently ceased operations at its water intake facility to best preserve the system. In the period since BWC stopped pumping water, lake levels have continued to fall, and current estimates of Lake Mead water levels do not indicate BWC will be able to resume pumping water for the foreseeable future. We considered BWC’s inability to pump water from Lake Mead to be a triggering event under the ASC 360 Property, Plant, and Equipment, which caused us to evaluate the water system fixed assets for impairment. Because BWC is unable to deliver water under its current contracts and therefore unable to generate revenue, we determined the water system’s assets were fully impaired except to the extent certain equipment had alternative use outside of BWC’s operations, in which case those assets were written down to estimated salvage value. The $16.0 million impairment charge recognized in the second quarter of 2022 represents the write down of the book value to the estimated salvage value of the assets. At June 30, 2022 a nominal amount was recognized in property, plant, and equipment for the water system fixed assets.

Outlook – LandWell is focused on developing the land it manages, primarily to residential builders, for the residential/planned community in Henderson. As noted above, if current land sales in escrow close as scheduled, we expect substantially all of the land in the residential/planned community will be sold by the end of 2022. Because we recognize revenue over time using cost-based inputs, we expect to continue to recognize revenue on land previously sold over the development period, currently expected to take three to five years. At June 30, 2022 we have deferred revenue of $165.5 million related to previously closed land sales. Any delays or curtailments in infrastructure development related to post-closing obligation activities will lower the amount of revenue we recognize on previously closed land sales. As noted above, we cannot guarantee land held in escrow will close as currently scheduled because builders can generally cancel without financial penalty until shortly before scheduled closing. In addition, under LandWell’s development agreement with the City of Henderson, the issuance of a specified number of housing permits requires LandWell to complete certain large infrastructure projects. LandWell began construction on several of these community-wide large projects in late 2021 with the bulk of such construction continuing into 2022 and, as a result of the increase in activity, we expect these land development costs to increase during 2022. Because these large projects relate to the entirety of the residential/planned community, the costs associated with these

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large projects are not part of the cost-based inputs used to recognize revenue and therefore this spending will not correlate to revenue recognition. However, this spending is expected to be eligible for tax increment reimbursement and delays or curtailments in eligible infrastructure development activities will also delay LandWell’s ability to submit completed costs to the City of Henderson for approval of additional tax increment reimbursement note receivables.

As noted above, BWC is currently unable to operate its water intake facility at Lake Mead and it cannot deliver water under its long-term contracts. A portion of BWC’s water delivery system is still operating with water provided by the regional water authority in order to continue to provide water to its industrial customers for an interim period. BWC is actively negotiating with its industrial customers, the city of Henderson and the regional water authority, as well as its lender, on a long-term solution, but to-date we do not know what will be the outcome of these negotiations. There can be no assurance that BWC will reach a long-term solution with regards to its water delivery system assets, and it is possible it may incur additional material costs as it works towards a resolution.

General Corporate Items, Interest Expense, Income Taxes and Noncontrolling Interest – 2022 Compared to 2021

Gain on Land Sale – In the second quarter of 2021 we sold excess property not used in our operations for net proceeds of approximately $8.4 million and recognized a pre-tax gain of $5.6 million.

Changes in the Market Value of Valhi Common Stock held by Subsidiaries – Our subsidiaries, Kronos and NL, hold shares of our common stock. As discussed in the 2021 Annual Report, we account for our proportional interest in these shares of our common stock as treasury stock, at Kronos’ and NL’s historical cost basis. The remaining portion of these shares of our common stock, which are attributable to the noncontrolling interest of Kronos and NL, are reflected in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at fair value. Kronos and NL recognize unrealized gains or losses on these shares of our common stock in the determination of each of their respective net income or losses. Under the principles of consolidation we eliminate any gains or losses associated with our common stock to the extent of our proportional ownership interest in each subsidiary. We recognized a gain of $3.9 million in the second quarter of 2022 compared to a gain of $.9 million in the same period of 2021 and a gain of $4.0 million in the first six months of 2022 compared to a gain of $2.2 million in the first six months of 2021 in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income, which represents the unrealized gain in respect of these shares during such periods attributable to the noncontrolling interest of Kronos and NL.

Other General Corporate Items – Corporate expenses were 13% higher in the second quarter of 2022 and 8% higher in the first six months of 2022 compared to the same periods of 2021. Corporate expenses increased in both periods due to higher litigation and related costs and higher environmental remediation and related costs in 2022 compared to 2021. Included in corporate expense are:

| ● | litigation fees and related costs at NL of $1.2 million in the second quarter of 2022 compared to $.5 million in the second quarter of 2021 and $1.8 million in the first six months of 2022 compared to $.8 million in the first six months of 2021; and

| ● | environmental remediation and related costs of $1.1 million in the second quarter of 2022 compared to $.9 million in the second quarter of 2021 and $1.4 million in the first six months of 2022 compared to $.9 million in the first six months of 2021.

Overall, we currently expect that our general corporate expenses in 2022 will be higher than 2021 primarily due to higher expected litigation fees and related costs and higher environmental remediation and related costs.

The level of our litigation fees and related expenses varies from period to period depending upon, among other things, the number of cases in which we are currently involved, the nature of such cases and the current stage of such cases (e.g. discovery, pre-trial motions, trial or appeal, if applicable). See Note 15 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. If our current expectations regarding the number of cases in which we expect to be involved during 2022, or the nature of such cases, were to change, our corporate expenses could be higher than we currently estimate.

Obligations for environmental remediation and related costs are difficult to assess and estimate, and it is possible that actual costs for environmental remediation and related costs will exceed accrued amounts or that costs will be incurred in the future for sites in which we cannot currently estimate the liability. If these events occur in 2022, our corporate expense could be higher than we currently estimate. In addition, we adjust our accruals for environmental remediation and related costs as further information becomes available to us or as circumstances change. Such further information or changed circumstances could result in an increase or reduction in our accrued environmental remediation and related costs. See Note 15 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Interest Expense – Interest expense of $7.0 million in the second quarter and $13.9 million in the first six months of 2022 decreased $1.7 million and $3.4 million, respectively, compared to the same prior year periods primarily due to lower average balances somewhat offset by higher interest rates on variable-rate indebtedness in 2022.

We expect interest expense in 2022 will be comparable to 2021 as lower average debt balances will be offset by higher average rates.

Provision for Income Taxes – We recognized income tax expense of $14.0 million in the second quarter of 2022 compared to income tax expense of $10.3 million in the second quarter of 2021 and $33.9 million in the first six months of 2022 compared to $18.3 million in the first six months of 2021. The increase in both periods is primarily due to higher earnings in 2022. Our earnings are subject to income tax in various U.S. and non-U.S. jurisdictions, and the income tax rates applicable to the pre-tax earnings (losses) of our non-U.S. operations are generally higher than the income tax rates applicable to our U.S. operations. We would generally expect our overall effective tax rate to be higher than the U.S. federal statutory tax rate of 21% primarily because of our non-U.S. operations.

We recognize deferred income taxes with respect to the excess of the financial reporting carrying amount over the income tax basis of our direct investment in Kronos common stock because the exemption under GAAP to avoid such recognition of deferred income taxes is not available to us. At December 31, 2021, we had recognized a deferred income tax liability with respect to our direct investment in Kronos of $45.4 million. There is a maximum amount (or cap) of such deferred income taxes we are required to recognize with respect to our direct investment in Kronos. The maximum amount of such deferred income tax liability we would be required to recognize (the cap) is $155.4 million. During the first six months of 2022, we recognized a non-cash deferred income tax expense with respect to our direct investment in Kronos of $.4 million for the increase in the deferred income taxes required to be recognized with respect to the excess of the financial reporting carrying amount over the income tax basis of our direct investment in Kronos common stock, to the extent such increase related to our equity in Kronos’ net income during such period. We recognized a similar deferred income tax benefit of $.1 million in the first six months of 2021. A portion of the net change with respect to the excess of the financial reporting carrying amount over the income tax basis of our direct investment in Kronos common stock during such periods related to our equity in Kronos’ other comprehensive income (loss) items, and the amounts allocated to other comprehensive income (loss) items includes amounts related to our equity in Kronos’ other comprehensive income (loss) items.

See Note 12 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a tabular reconciliation of our statutory income tax provision to our actual tax provision.

Noncontrolling Interest in Net Income of Subsidiaries – Noncontrolling interest in operations of subsidiaries increased in 2022 compared to 2021 primarily due to increased operating income at Kronos. See Note 13 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Consolidated Cash Flows

Operating Activities –

Trends in cash flows from operating activities (excluding the impact of significant asset dispositions and relative changes in assets and liabilities) are generally similar to trends in our operating income. In addition to the impact of the operating, investing and financing cash flows discussed below, changes in the amount of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash we report from period to period can be impacted by changes in currency exchange rates, since a portion of our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash is held by our non-U.S. subsidiaries.

Cash provided by operating activities was $27.8 million in the first six months of 2022 compared to cash provided by operating activities of $76.7 million in the first six months of 2021. This $48.9 million decrease in cash from operating activities was primarily due to the net effect of the following items:

| ● | a $112.0 million increase in the amount of net cash used in relative changes in receivables, inventories, payables and accrued liabilities in the first six months of 2022;

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| ● | consolidated operating income of $172.6 million in the first six months of 2022, an increase of $65.7 million compared to operating income of $106.9 million in the first six months of 2021; and

| ● | lower net cash paid for income taxes in 2022 of $4.2 million due to the timing of payments.

Changes in working capital were affected by accounts receivable and inventory changes as shown below:

| ● | Kronos’ average days sales outstanding (“DSO”) decreased from December 31, 2021 to June 30, 2022 primarily due to relative changes in the timing of collections.

| ● | Kronos’ average days sales in inventory (“DSI”) decreased from December 31, 2021 to June 30, 2022 primarily due to lower inventory volumes attributable to sales volumes exceeding production volumes in the first six months of 2022 compared to 2021 and supply disruptions and other transportation delays impacting the timing of raw material shipments.

| ● | CompX’s average DSO decreased from December 31, 2021 to June 30, 2022 primarily as a result of relative changes in the timing of collections.

| ● | CompX’s average DSI increased from December 31, 2021 to June 30, 2022 due to the timing of sales relative to the end of the quarter, primarily at security products, and from increased inventories of certain components and raw materials that had longer lead times or for which CompX has experienced availability issues.

For comparative purposes, we have also provided comparable prior period numbers below.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | December 31, |  | June 30, |  | December 31, |  | June 30,
​ | ​ | 2020 | ​ | 2021 | ​ | 2021 | ​ | 2022
Kronos: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Days sales outstanding |  | 68 days |  | 64 days |  | 65 days |  | 62 days
Days sales in inventory |  | 74 days |  | 53 days |  | 59 days |  | 45 days
CompX: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Days sales outstanding |  | 33 days |  | 42 days |  | 42 days |  | 38 days
Days sales in inventory |  | 75 days |  | 73 days |  | 96 days |  | 108 days

​

We do not have complete access to the cash flows of our majority-owned subsidiaries, due in part to limitations contained in certain credit agreements of our subsidiaries and because we do not own 100% of these subsidiaries. A detail of our consolidated cash flows from operating activities is presented in the table below. Intercompany dividends have been eliminated.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Six months ended
​ | ​ | June 30,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022
​ | ​ | (In millions)
Cash provided by (used in) operating activities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Kronos | ​ | $ | 78.1 | ​ | $ | 49.3
Valhi exclusive of subsidiaries | ​ |  | 39.9 | ​ |  | 26.9
CompX | ​ |  | 3.6 | ​ |  | 1.5
NL exclusive of subsidiaries | ​ |  | 14.2 | ​ |  | 17.3
Tremont | ​ |  | 11.3 | ​ |  | 6.1
BMI | ​ |  | 14.0 | ​ |  | 6.8
LandWell | ​ |  | 10.0 | ​ |  | (10.3)
Eliminations and other | ​ |  | (94.4) | ​ |  | (69.8)
Total | ​ | $ | 76.7 | ​ | $ | 27.8

​

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Investing Activities –

We spent $33.2 million in capital expenditures during the first six months of 2022 including:

| ● | $30.5 million in our Chemicals Segment;

| ● | $2.2 million in our Component Products Segment; and

| ● | $.5 million in our Real Estate Management and Development Segment.

Financing Activities –

During the six months ended June 30, 2022:

| ● | we borrowed $.1 million and repaid $19.6 million under the Contran credit facility;

| ● | we paid aggregate quarterly dividends to Valhi stockholders of $.16 per share ($4.5 million);

| ● | Kronos acquired shares of its common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $1.1 million; and

| ● | CompX acquired shares of its Class A common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $1.7 million.

The declaration and payment of future dividends, and the amount thereof, is discretionary and is dependent upon a number of factors including our current and future expected results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements for our businesses, contractual and other requirements and restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. The amount and timing of past dividends is not necessarily indicative of the amount or timing of any future dividends which might be paid. There are currently no contractual restrictions on the amount of dividends which we may pay. Distributions to noncontrolling interest in subsidiaries in the first six months of 2022 are comprised of CompX dividends paid to shareholders other than NL and Kronos dividends paid to shareholders other than us and NL.

Outstanding Debt Obligations

At June 30, 2022, our consolidated indebtedness was comprised of:

| ● | Valhi’s $153.4 million outstanding on its $225 million credit facility with Contran which is due no earlier than December 31, 2023;

| ● | €400 million aggregate outstanding on the KII 3.75% Senior Secured Notes ($415.1 million carrying amount, net of unamortized debt issuance costs) due in September 2025;

| ● | $14.8 million on BWC’s bank loan ($14.3 million carrying amount, net of unamortized debt issuance costs) due through June 2032; however, the loan is currently in default (see Note 6 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements);

| ● | $13.2 million on LandWell’s bank loan due in April 2036; and

| ● | approximately $2.1 million of other indebtedness.

Kronos had no outstanding borrowings at June 30, 2022 on its $225 million global revolving credit facility (“Global Revolver”) and the full $225 million was available for borrowings thereunder. Kronos’ Senior Secured Notes and its Global Revolver contain a number of covenants and restrictions which, among other things, restrict its ability to incur or guarantee additional debt, incur liens, pay dividends or make other restricted payments, or merge or consolidate with, or sell or transfer substantially all of its assets to, another entity, and contain other provisions and restrictive covenants customary in lending transactions of these types. Kronos’ credit agreements contain provisions which could result in the acceleration of indebtedness prior to their stated maturity for reasons other than defaults for

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failure to comply with typical financial or payment covenants. For example, the credit agreements allow the lender to accelerate the maturity of the indebtedness upon a change of control (as defined in the agreement) of the borrower. In addition, the credit agreements could result in the acceleration of all or a portion of the indebtedness following a sale of assets outside the ordinary course of business. The terms of all of our debt instruments are discussed in Note 9 in our 2021 Annual Report. Other than the BWC bank loan discussed in Note 6 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, we were in compliance with all of our debt covenants at June 30, 2022 and we believe we will be able to maintain compliance with the financial covenants contained in our debt obligations through their maturity.

Future Cash Requirements

Liquidity –

Our primary source of liquidity on an ongoing basis is our cash flows from operating activities and borrowings under various lines of credit and notes. We generally use these amounts to (i) fund capital expenditures, (ii) repay short-term indebtedness incurred primarily for working capital purposes and (iii) provide for the payment of dividends (including dividends paid to us by our subsidiaries) or treasury stock purchases. From time-to-time we will incur indebtedness, generally to (i) fund short-term working capital needs, (ii) refinance existing indebtedness, (iii) make investments in marketable and other securities (including the acquisition of securities issued by our subsidiaries and affiliates) or (iv) fund major capital expenditures or the acquisition of other assets outside the ordinary course of business. Occasionally we sell assets outside the ordinary course of business, and we generally use the proceeds to (i) repay existing indebtedness (including indebtedness which may have been collateralized by the assets sold), (ii) make investments in marketable and other securities, (iii) fund major capital expenditures or the acquisition of other assets outside the ordinary course of business or (iv) pay dividends.

We routinely compare our liquidity requirements and alternative uses of capital against the estimated future cash flows we expect to receive from our subsidiaries, and the estimated sales value of those units. As a result of this process, we have in the past sought, and may in the future seek, to raise additional capital, refinance or restructure indebtedness, repurchase indebtedness in the market or otherwise, modify our dividend policies, consider the sale of our interests in our subsidiaries, affiliates, business units, marketable securities or other assets, or take a combination of these and other steps, to increase liquidity, reduce indebtedness and fund future activities. Such activities have in the past and may in the future involve related companies. From time to time, we and our subsidiaries may enter into intercompany loans as a cash management tool. Such notes are structured as revolving demand notes and pay and receive interest on terms we believe are generally more favorable than current debt and investment market rates. The companies that borrow under these notes have sufficient liquidity to repay the notes. All of these notes and related interest expense and income are eliminated in our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

We periodically evaluate acquisitions of interests in or combinations with companies (including our affiliates) that may or may not be engaged in businesses related to our current businesses. We intend to consider such acquisition activities in the future and, in connection with this activity, may consider issuing additional equity securities and increasing indebtedness. From time to time, we also evaluate the restructuring of ownership interests among our respective subsidiaries and related companies.

Based upon our expectations of our operating performance, and the anticipated demands on our cash resources, we expect to have sufficient liquidity to meet our short-term (defined as the twelve-month period ending June 30, 2023) and long-term obligations (defined as the five-year period ending June 30, 2027). If actual developments differ from our expectations, our liquidity could be adversely affected.

At June 30, 2022, we had $71.6 million available for borrowing under our credit facility with Contran. Amounts available under this facility are at Contran’s discretion. At June 30, 2022, the full $225 million was available for borrowing under Kronos’ Global Revolver and Kronos could borrow all available amounts without violating its existing debt covenants. See Note 6 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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At June 30, 2022, we had an aggregate of $739.0 million of restricted and unrestricted cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, including $104.2 million held by our non-U.S. subsidiaries. A detail by entity is presented in the table below.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Total | ​ | Held outside
​ | ​ | amount |  | U.S.
​ | ​ | (In millions)
Kronos | ​ | $ | 377.5 | ​ | $ | 104.2
CompX |  | ​ | 70.1 |  | ​ | —
NL exclusive of its subsidiaries |  | ​ | 109.4 |  | ​ | —
BMI |  | ​ | 27.1 |  | ​ | —
Tremont exclusive of its subsidiaries |  | ​ | 8.8 |  | ​ | —
LandWell |  | ​ | 144.3 |  | ​ | —
Valhi exclusive of its subsidiaries |  | ​ | 1.8 |  | ​ | —
Total cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and marketable securities | ​ | $ | 739.0 | ​ | $ | 104.2

​

Capital Expenditures and Other –

We currently expect our aggregate capital expenditures for 2022 will be approximately $87 million as follows:

| ● | $80 million by our Chemicals Segment;

| ● | $6 million by our Component Products Segment; and

| ● | $1 million by our Real Estate Management and Development Segment.

Capital spending for 2022 is expected to be funded through cash generated from operations or borrowing under our existing credit facilities. Planned capital expenditures in 2022 at Kronos and CompX will primarily be to maintain and improve the cost-effectiveness of our facilities and, as it relates to CompX, to increase capacity and address capability needs. It is possible we will delay planned capital projects based on market conditions including but not limited to the general availability of materials, equipment and supplies necessary to complete such projects.

Repurchases of Common Stock –

We, Kronos and CompX have programs to repurchase common stock from time to time as market conditions permit. These stock repurchase programs do not include specific price targets or timetables and may be suspended at any time. Depending on market conditions, these programs may be terminated prior to completion. Cash on hand will be used to acquire the shares, and repurchased shares will be added to treasury shares and cancelled.

At June 30, 2022, Valhi had approximately .3 million shares available to repurchase under authorizations made by our board of directors.

Kronos’ board of directors previously authorized the repurchase of up to 2.0 million shares of its common stock in open market transactions, including block purchases, or in privately-negotiated transactions at unspecified prices and over an unspecified period of time. Kronos may repurchase its common stock from time to time as market conditions permit. During the first quarter of 2022, Kronos acquired 73,881 shares of its common stock in market transactions for an aggregate purchase price of $1.1 million. At June 30, 2022, approximately 1.5 million shares were available for repurchase under these authorizations.

CompX’s board of directors previously authorized the repurchase of its Class A common stock in open market transactions, including block purchases, or in privately-negotiated transactions at unspecified prices and over an unspecified period of time. During the second quarter of 2022, CompX acquired 78,900 shares of its Class A common stock for an aggregate amount of approximately $1.7 million. Of these shares, 70,000 shares were purchased in a market transaction, and 8,900 shares were purchased from two affiliates in two separate private transactions that were also approved in advance by CompX’s independent directors. During the first quarter of

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2021, CompX purchased 50,000 shares of its Class A common stock in a market transaction for approximately $.8 million. At June 30, 2022, .5 million shares were available for purchase under CompX’s prior repurchase authorizations.

During the second quarter of 2022, NL purchased 2,000 shares from Kronos for a nominal amount in a private transaction that was approved in advance by its independent directors.

Dividends –

Because our operations are conducted primarily through subsidiaries and affiliates, our long-term ability to meet parent company level corporate obligations is largely dependent on the receipt of dividends or other distributions from our subsidiaries and affiliates. Kronos paid a regular dividend of $.18 per share in each quarter of 2021 for which we received $41.8 million. In February 2022 the Kronos board of directors approved a regular quarterly dividend of $.19 per share. If Kronos were to pay its $.19 per share dividend in each quarter of 2022 based on the 58.0 million shares we held of Kronos common stock at June 30, 2022, we would receive aggregate annual regular dividends from Kronos of $44.1 million. NL paid a quarterly dividend of $.06 per share in 2021 for which we received $9.7 million. In March 2022 the NL board of directors approved a quarterly dividend of $.07 per share. If NL were to pay its $.07 per share dividend in each quarter of 2022 based on the 40.4 million shares we hold of NL common stock at June 30, 2022, we would receive aggregate annual dividends from NL of $11.3 million. BMI and LandWell pay cash dividends from time to time, but the timing and amount of such dividends are uncertain. In this regard, we received aggregate dividends from BMI and LandWell of $74.8 million in 2021 and $8.7 million in the first six months of 2022. We do not know if we will receive additional dividends from BMI and LandWell during the last half of 2022. All of our ownership interest in CompX is held through our ownership in NL; as such we do not receive any dividends from CompX. Instead any dividend paid by CompX is paid to NL.

Our subsidiaries have various credit agreements with unrelated third-party lenders which contain customary limitations on the payment of dividends; however, these restrictions in the past have not significantly impacted their ability to pay dividends.

Investment in our Subsidiaries and Affiliates and Other Acquisitions –

We have in the past, and may in the future, purchase the securities of our subsidiaries and affiliates or third parties in market or privately-negotiated transactions. We base our purchase decisions on a variety of factors, including an analysis of the optimal use of our capital, taking into account the market value of the securities and the relative value of expected returns on alternative investments. In connection with these activities, we may consider issuing additional equity securities or increasing our indebtedness. We may also evaluate the restructuring of ownership interests of our businesses among our subsidiaries and related companies.

We generally do not guarantee any indebtedness or other obligations of our subsidiaries or affiliates. Our subsidiaries are not required to pay us dividends. If one or more of our subsidiaries were unable to maintain its current level of dividends, either due to restrictions contained in a credit agreement or to satisfy its liabilities or otherwise, our ability to service our liabilities or to pay dividends on our common stock could be adversely impacted. If this were to occur, we might consider reducing or eliminating our dividends or selling interests in subsidiaries or other assets. If we were required to liquidate assets to generate funds to satisfy our liabilities, we might be required to sell at less than what we believe is the long-term value of such assets.

Prior to 2021, we entered into a $50 million revolving credit facility with a subsidiary of NL secured with approximately 35.2 million shares of the common stock of Kronos held by NL’s subsidiary as collateral. Outstanding borrowings under the credit facility bear interest at the prime rate plus 1.875% per annum, payable quarterly, with all amounts due on December 31, 2023. The maximum principal amount which may be outstanding from time-to-time under the credit facility is limited to 50% of the value of the Kronos stock using the most recent closing price. The credit facility contains a number of covenants and restrictions which, among other things, restrict NL’s subsidiary’s ability to incur additional debt, incur liens, and merge or consolidate with, or sell or transfer substantially all of NL’s subsidiary’s assets to, another entity, and require NL’s subsidiary to maintain a minimum specified level of consolidated net worth. Upon an event of default (as defined in the credit facility), Valhi will be entitled to terminate its commitment to make further loans to NL’s subsidiary, declare the outstanding loans (with interest) immediately due and payable, and exercise its rights with respect to the collateral under the loan documents. Such collateral rights include, upon certain insolvency events with respect to NL’s subsidiary or NL, the right to purchase all of the Kronos common stock at a purchase price equal to the aggregate market value, less amounts owing to Valhi under the loan documents, and up to 50% of such purchase price may be paid by Valhi in the form of an unsecured promissory note bearing interest at the prime rate plus 2.75% per annum, payable quarterly, with all amounts due no later than five years from the date of purchase, with the remainder of such purchase price payable in cash at the date of purchase. We also eliminate any such

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intercompany borrowings in our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. There is $.5 million outstanding under this facility at June 30, 2022.

We have an unsecured revolving demand promissory note with Kronos which, as amended, provides for borrowings from Kronos of up to $30 million. We eliminate any such intercompany borrowings in our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. The facility, as amended, is due on demand, but in any event no earlier than December 31, 2023. We had no borrowings from Kronos under this facility during the first six months of 2022, and there was no outstanding balance at June 30, 2022. We could borrow the full $30.0 million under our current intercompany facility with Kronos at June 30, 2022. Kronos’ obligation to loan us money under this note is at Kronos’ discretion.

We also have an unsecured revolving demand promissory note with CompX which, as amended, provides for borrowings from CompX of up to $30 million. We eliminate these intercompany borrowings in our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. The facility, as amended, is due on demand, but in any event no earlier than December 31, 2023. We had gross borrowings of $10.3 million and gross repayments of $12.4 million during the first six months of 2022, and $16.6 million was outstanding at June 30, 2022. We could borrow $13.4 million under our current intercompany facility with CompX at June 30, 2022. CompX’s obligation to loan us money under this note is at CompX’s discretion.

Commitments and Contingencies

There have been no material changes in our contractual obligations since we filed our 2021 Annual Report and we refer you to that report for a complete description of these commitments.

We are subject to certain commitments and contingencies, as more fully described in our 2021 Annual Report, or in Notes 12 and 15 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and in Part II, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report, including:

| ● | certain income tax contingencies in various U.S. and non-U.S. jurisdictions;

| ● | certain environmental remediation matters involving NL and BMI;

| ● | certain litigation related to NL’s former involvement in the manufacture of lead pigment and lead-based paint; and

| ● | certain other litigation to which we are a party.

In addition to such legal proceedings, various legislation and administrative regulations have, from time to time, been proposed that seek to (i) impose various obligations on present and former manufacturers of lead pigment and lead-based paint (including NL) with respect to asserted health concerns associated with the use of such products and (ii) effectively overturn court decisions in which NL and other pigment manufacturers have been successful. Examples of such proposed legislation include bills which would permit civil liability for damages on the basis of market share, rather than requiring plaintiffs to prove that the defendant’s product caused the alleged damage, and bills which would revive actions barred by the statute of limitations. While no legislation or regulations have been enacted to date that are expected to have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or liquidity, enactment of such legislation could have such an effect.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Not applicable

Critical Accounting Policies

There have been no changes in the first six months of 2022 with respect to our critical accounting policies presented in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation in our 2021 Annual Report.

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ITEM 3. | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

We are exposed to market risk, including currency exchange rates, interest rates and security prices, and raw material prices. There have been no material changes in these market risks since we filed our 2021 Annual Report, and refer you to Part I, Item 7A. – “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk” in our 2021 Annual Report.

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ITEM 4. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures which, as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e), means controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit to the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Act”), is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information we are required to disclose in the reports we file or submit to the SEC under the Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions to be made regarding required disclosure. Each of Robert D. Graham, our Vice Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer, and Amy Allbach Samford, our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, have evaluated the design and effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2022. Based upon their evaluation, these executive officers have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the date of such evaluation.

Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting which, as defined by Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f) means a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by the board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and includes those policies and procedures that:

| ● | Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets,

| ● | Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors, and

| ● | Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of an unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of assets that could have a material effect on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

Other

As permitted by the SEC, our assessment of internal control over financial reporting excludes (i) internal control over financial reporting of equity method investees and (ii) internal control over the preparation of any financial statement schedules which would be required by Article 12 of Regulation S-X. However, our assessment of internal control over financial reporting with respect to equity method investees did include controls over the recording of amounts related to our investment that are recorded in the consolidated financial statements, including controls over the selection of accounting methods for our investments, the recognition of equity method earnings and losses and the determination, valuation and recording of our investment account balances.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There has been no change to our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended June 30, 2022 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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Part II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. Legal Proceedings.

In addition to the matter discussed below, refer to Note 15 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, our March 31, 2022 Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our 2021 Annual Report for descriptions of certain legal proceedings.

NY/NJ Baykeeper et al. v. NL Industries, Inc. et al. In June 2022, NL received a letter from the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (“NJDEP”) informing NL that remediation of contaminated sites upriver of the former Sayreville site had progressed to the point that it was now appropriate for NL to resume investigating the sediments adjacent to the Sayreville site. NL informed the NJDEP by letter that it would resume that investigation. The Court subsequently issued an order asking the parties to state their positions on whether the lawsuit should be dismissed as unnecessary in light of these new circumstances.

ITEM 1A. Risk Factors.

For a discussion of the risk factors related to our businesses, please refer to Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” in our 2021 Annual Report.

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ITEM 6. Exhibits.

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​ | ​ | ​
ITEM No. |  | Exhibit Index
​ | ​ | ​
31.1 | ​ | Certification
​ | ​ | ​
31.2 | ​ | Certification
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32.1 | ​ | Certification
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101.INS | ​ | Inline XBRL Instance – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
​ | ​ | ​
101.SCH | ​ | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
​ | ​ | ​
101.CAL | ​ | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
​ | ​ | ​
101.DEF | ​ | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
​ | ​ | ​
101.LAB | ​ | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
​ | ​ | ​
101.PRE | ​ | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase
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104 | ​ | Cover page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ |  | VALHI, INC.
​ | ​ | ​ | (Registrant)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Date: | August 4, 2022 | ​ | /s/ Amy Allbach Samford
​ | ​ | ​ | Amy Allbach Samford (Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Date: | August 4, 2022 | ​ | /s/ Patty S. Brinda
​ | ​ | ​ | Patty S. Brinda (Vice President and Controller)

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