<SEC-DOCUMENT>0000059255-23-000067.txt : 20231102
<SEC-HEADER>0000059255-23-000067.hdr.sgml : 20231102
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20231102161931
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0000059255-23-000067
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		17
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20231102
ITEM INFORMATION:		Material Modifications to Rights of Security Holders
ITEM INFORMATION:		Departure of Directors or Certain Officers; Election of Directors; Appointment of Certain Officers: Compensatory Arrangements of Certain Officers
ITEM INFORMATION:		Amendments to Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws; Change in Fiscal Year
ITEM INFORMATION:		Regulation FD Disclosure
ITEM INFORMATION:		Financial Statements and Exhibits
FILED AS OF DATE:		20231102
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20231102

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			VALHI INC /DE/
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0000059255
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	INDUSTRIAL INORGANIC CHEMICALS [2810]
		IRS NUMBER:				870110150
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	001-05467
		FILM NUMBER:		231372622

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		5430 LBJ FRWY
		STREET 2:		STE 1700
		CITY:			DALLAS
		STATE:			TX
		ZIP:			75240
		BUSINESS PHONE:		9722331700

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		THREE LINCOLN CENTER
		STREET 2:		5430 LBJ FREEWAY SUITE 1700
		CITY:			DALLAS
		STATE:			TX
		ZIP:			75240-2620

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	LLC CORP
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	19870329

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	LIBERTY LOAN CORP
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	19800414
</SEC-HEADER>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>8-K
<SEQUENCE>1
<FILENAME>vhl-20231102x8k.htm
<DESCRIPTION>8-K
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style="vertical-align:middle;width:95%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin:0pt;">Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule&#160;13e-4(c)&#160;under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))</p></td></tr></table><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-size:1pt;margin-bottom:12pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="margin-bottom:12pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin:0pt 0pt 10pt 0pt;">Securities registered pursuant to Section&#160;12(b)&#160;of the Act:</p><a id="_5ff3b4e7_5b9b_4fa4_88bb_2c717c569d2b"></a><a 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Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-size:8pt;margin-bottom:12pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:31.91%;border-top:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;text-indent:0pt;margin:0pt;"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="Duration_11_2_2023_To_11_2_2023_8s_P8SRLuUOsfvhRrxcXRA" format="ixt-sec:exchnameen" name="dei:SecurityExchangeName" id="Tc_4UZnj2cE7EmXZi9uniEyIg_1_4"><span style="font-size:8pt;">NYSE</span></ix:nonNumeric></p></td></tr></table><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-size:1pt;margin-bottom:12pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="margin-bottom:12pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule&#160;405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (17&#160;CFR &#167;230.405) or Rule&#160;12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (17 CFR &#167;240.12b-2).</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:right;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;">Emerging growth company&#160;&#160;<ix:nonNumeric contextRef="Duration_11_2_2023_To_11_2_2023_8s_P8SRLuUOsfvhRrxcXRA" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox" name="dei:EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" id="Narr_w5DqaZzHrU6zQxXT5aGn8w"><span style="font-family:'Segoe UI Symbol';">&#9744;</span></ix:nonNumeric></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;">If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section&#160;13(a)&#160;of the Exchange Act. <span style="font-family:'Segoe UI Symbol';">&#9744;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="margin-bottom:12pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-size:5pt;margin-bottom:12pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;padding-bottom:1pt;padding-top:1pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;border-bottom:2.25pt solid #000000;border-top:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-size:1pt;margin-bottom:12pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="margin-bottom:12pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="margin-bottom:12pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div>
<div style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;height:2pt;page-break-after:always;width:79.3%;border:0;margin:30pt 10.35% 30pt 10.35%;"></div><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:10.35%;padding-right:10.35%;position:relative;"><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;padding-left:72pt;text-indent:-72pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><a id="_e0ad29c8_644d_4627_b261_4d77b6ac298a"></a><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;padding-left:72pt;text-indent:-72pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;padding-left:72pt;text-indent:-72pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.15pt;">Item 3.03&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Material Modification to Rights of Security Holders.</b></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;">&#160;</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;">To the extent required by Item 3.03 of Form&#160;8-K, the information contained in Item 5.03 of this Form&#160;8-K is incorporated herein by reference.</span></p><a id="_d598f805_9db0_4315_a74d_2c17b7915be9"></a><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;width:100%;background:#ffffff;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;width:15.33%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;top:0pt;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;width:84.66%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;top:50%;transform:translate(0,-50%);width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;width:15.33%;background:#ffffff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Item 5.02</b></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;width:84.66%;background:#ffffff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Departure of Directors or Certain Officers; Election of Directors; Appointment of Certain Officers; Compensatory Arrangements of Certain Officers.</b></p></td></tr></table><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-indent:36pt;background:#ffffff;margin:0pt;"><span style="white-space:pre-wrap;">Effective November 2, 2023, the registrant&#8217;s board of directors elected Gina A. Norris to fill the vacancy on the registrant&#8217;s board of directors, to serve as a director until her successor is elected and qualified or her earlier resignation, removal or death.  The board of directors also appointed Ms. Norris to serve on its audit committee.  </span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-indent:36pt;background:#ffffff;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;background:#ffffff;margin:0pt;">Ms. Norris, age 65, has been senior vice president, partner relations at Matthews Southwest, a private real estate development company, since 2013. She has served as a director of Encore Wire Corporation, a publicly traded manufacturer of wire products, since 2020 and serves on that board&#8217;s audit committee, sustainability committee (as chair), compensation committee, and nominating and corporate governance committee. Ms. Norris also serves as an independent director of Texas Security Bankshares, Inc., a privately held bank holding company, and as a director of the State Fair of Texas, a private nonprofit, where she was board chair from 2019 to 2022. From 2010 to 2012, Ms. Norris was president of Stratford Lending, an affiliate of Stratford Land, a private real estate investment fund based in Dallas, Texas. From 2000 to 2010, Ms. Norris served as managing director at Crow Holdings, a private investment company, where she was responsible for a portfolio of investments in real estate, industrial manufacturing and real estate-based operating businesses in the U.S. and Europe. Ms. Norris started her career in 1982, spending eighteen years in corporate banking at First Chicago and Bank One. She is also a CFA charterholder. She was also appointed on November 1, 2023 to the board of directors and audit committee of CompX International Inc., one of the registrant&#8217;s publicly traded subsidiaries. &#160;</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;background:#ffffff;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><a id="_a6f4a05f_9cd0_4e12_8b3e_e7e667f8c4ee"></a><table style="border-collapse:collapse;border:0;"><tr><td style="vertical-align:text-top;white-space:nowrap;width:72pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.15pt;">Item 5.03</b></p></td><td style="padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.15pt;">Amendments to Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws; Change in Fiscal Year</b></p></td></tr></table><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;padding-left:72pt;text-indent:-72pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;">At its meeting on November 2, 2023, the registrant&#8217;s board of directors amended and restated the registrant&#8217;s bylaws effective November 2, 2023, to make changes as described below. &#160;</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;table-layout:fixed;text-align:justify;width:100%;border:0pt;"><tr><td style="width:54pt;"></td><td style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;vertical-align:text-top;white-space:nowrap;width:18pt;padding:0pt;">&#9679;</td><td style="padding:0pt;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Procedural mechanics and disclosure and delivery requirements in connection with stockholder nominations of directors and submission of stockholder proposals have been enhanced, including to reference the Securities and Exchange Commission (&#8220;SEC&#8221;) rules regarding universal proxy cards that became effective in 2022.</span></td></tr></table><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 72pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;margin-left:0pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;table-layout:fixed;text-align:justify;width:100%;border:0pt;"><tr><td style="width:54pt;"></td><td style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;vertical-align:text-top;white-space:nowrap;width:18pt;padding:0pt;">&#9679;</td><td style="padding:0pt;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">For director nominations by stockholders and for proposals to be brought at the annual meeting of stockholders, the required advance notice window period in most cases is now between 120 and 150 days in advance of the anniversary of the previous year&#39;s annual meeting (instead of the previous general deadline of 45 days before the anniversary of the earlier of mailed notice for, or public disclosure of the date of, the last annual meeting). This window also applies for timely notice of director nominations for inclusion on a universal proxy card. &#160;For the 2024 annual meeting, such nominations or proposals must in most cases be delivered to or mailed and received at the principal executive offices of the registrant no earlier than December 27, 2023 and no later than January 26, 2024. (The separate, earlier deadline for stockholders to request inclusion of proposals in the registrant&#8217;s proxy statement pursuant to SEC Rule 14a-8 is not affected by the bylaws and is unchanged.)</span></td></tr></table><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;table-layout:fixed;text-align:justify;width:100%;border:0pt;"><tr><td style="width:54pt;"></td><td style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;vertical-align:text-top;white-space:nowrap;width:18pt;padding:0pt;">&#9679;</td><td style="padding:0pt;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Some procedures around the calling of a special meeting by stockholders have been clarified.</span></td></tr></table><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;table-layout:fixed;text-align:justify;width:100%;border:0pt;"><tr><td style="width:54pt;"></td><td style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;vertical-align:text-top;white-space:nowrap;width:18pt;padding:0pt;">&#9679;</td><td style="padding:0pt;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">The provision regarding providing a list of stockholders has been updated to reflect &#160;changes to Delaware law.</span></td></tr></table><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;table-layout:fixed;text-align:justify;width:100%;border:0pt;"><tr><td style="width:54pt;"></td><td style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;vertical-align:text-top;white-space:nowrap;width:18pt;padding:0pt;">&#9679;</td><td style="padding:0pt;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">A section regarding adjournment of stockholder meetings has been added and reflects some recent changes to Delaware law, including addressing an adjournment caused by a technological issue with the meeting platform in the case of a virtual meeting.</span></td></tr></table><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div>
<div style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;height:2pt;page-break-after:always;width:79.3%;border:0;margin:30pt 10.35% 30pt 10.35%;"></div><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:10.35%;padding-right:10.35%;position:relative;"><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;table-layout:fixed;text-align:justify;width:100%;border:0pt;"><tr><td style="width:54pt;"></td><td style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;vertical-align:text-top;white-space:nowrap;width:18pt;padding:0pt;">&#9679;</td><td style="padding:0pt;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Statements that reference the applicable stockholder voting standards (unchanged from the statutory default standards) have been added. &#160;</span></td></tr></table><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;table-layout:fixed;text-align:justify;width:100%;border:0pt;"><tr><td style="width:54pt;"></td><td style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;vertical-align:text-top;white-space:nowrap;width:18pt;padding:0pt;">&#9679;</td><td style="padding:0pt;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">An election has been added to be governed by Delaware General &#8206;Corporation Law Section 141(c)(2) with respect to committees of the board of directors. &#160;</span></td></tr></table><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;table-layout:fixed;text-align:justify;width:100%;border:0pt;"><tr><td style="width:54pt;"></td><td style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;vertical-align:text-top;white-space:nowrap;width:18pt;padding:0pt;">&#9679;</td><td style="padding:0pt;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">The amended and restated&#160;bylaws&#160;also include other clerical and conforming updates.</span></td></tr></table><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;">The foregoing description does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the complete text of the registrant&#8217;s bylaws as amended and restated on November 2, 2023, which are filed as Exhibit 3.1 to this current report.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;padding-left:72pt;text-indent:-72pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><a id="_e56ddff1_b4ba_451c_916b_6c1f375fa963"></a><table style="border-collapse:collapse;border:0;"><tr><td style="vertical-align:text-top;white-space:nowrap;width:72pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.15pt;">Item 7.01</b></p></td><td style="padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.15pt;">Regulation FD Disclosure.</b></p></td></tr></table><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;">The registrant hereby furnishes the information set forth in its press release entitled &#8220;Valhi </span>Declares Regular Quarterly Dividend<span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;">&#8221; that the registrant also </span>issued on November 2, 2023, a copy of which is attached hereto as Exhibit 99.1 and incorporated herein by reference.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-size:10pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;">The press release the registrant furnishes as Exhibit 99.1 to this current report is not deemed &#8220;filed&#8221; for purposes of section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section.&#160;&#160;Registration statements or other documents filed with the <span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;">U.S. </span>Securities and Exchange Commission shall not incorporate this information by reference, except as otherwise expressly stated in such filing.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;padding-left:72pt;text-indent:-72pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;padding-left:72pt;text-indent:-72pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><a id="_c329f267_0c82_4f25_8051_ee36eedeb215"></a><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-size:1pt;margin-bottom:12pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;padding-left:72pt;text-indent:-72pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-size:1pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><table style="border-collapse:collapse;border:0;"><tr><td style="vertical-align:text-top;white-space:nowrap;width:72pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.15pt;">Item 9.01</b></p></td><td style="padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-top:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.15pt;">Financial Statements and Exhibits.</b></p></td></tr></table><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;padding-left:81pt;text-indent:-81pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;width:98.66%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:top;width:5.82%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;top:0pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;">1</p></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:17.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;top:0pt;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:4.69%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;top:0pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-size:1pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:71.61%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;top:0pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-size:1pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;width:5.82%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;">(d)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:17.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;">Exhibits</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:4.69%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:71.61%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;width:5.82%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:17.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:4.69%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:71.61%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;width:5.82%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:17.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;padding-bottom:1pt;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.15pt;">Item No.</b></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:4.69%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:71.61%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;padding-bottom:1pt;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.15pt;">Description</b></p></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;width:5.82%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:17.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:4.69%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:71.61%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;width:5.82%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:17.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="display:inline-block;text-indent:0pt;width:36.1pt;"></span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;">3.1</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:4.69%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:71.61%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><a style="-sec-extract:exhibit;font-family:&quot;'Times New Roman','Times','serif'&quot;;" href="vhl-20231102xex3d1.htm"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Bylaws of Valhi, Inc. (Amended and Restated as of November 2, 2023).</span></a></p></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;width:5.82%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:17.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:4.69%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:71.61%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;width:5.82%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:17.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="display:inline-block;text-indent:0pt;width:31.25pt;"></span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;">99.1</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:4.69%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:71.61%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><a style="-sec-extract:exhibit;font-family:&quot;'Times New Roman','Times','serif'&quot;;" href="vhl-20231102xex99d1.htm"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Press release dated November 2, 2023 </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:-0.15pt;">entitled &#8220;V</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">alhi Declares Regular Quarterly Dividend</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:-0.15pt;">&#8221; and </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">issued by the registrant</span></a>.</p></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;width:5.82%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:17.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="display:inline-block;width:40.95pt;"></span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:4.69%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:71.61%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;width:5.82%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:17.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="display:inline-block;text-indent:0pt;width:26.4pt;"></span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;">104</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:4.69%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:71.61%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;">Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)</p></td></tr></table><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;padding-left:72pt;text-indent:-72pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><a id="_dfade8cb_9ac5_4a23_b7d9_197bea346f6a"></a><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div>
<div style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;height:2pt;page-break-after:always;width:79.3%;border:0;margin:30pt 10.35% 30pt 10.35%;"></div><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:10.35%;padding-right:10.35%;position:relative;"><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.15pt;">SIGNATURE</b></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:top;width:50.99%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;top:0pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;">3</span></p></div></div></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;width:49%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;top:0pt;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;width:50.99%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman Bold';font-variant:small-caps;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;width:49%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman Bold';font-variant:small-caps;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.15pt;">Valhi, Inc.</b></p></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;width:50.99%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;width:49%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;">(Registrant)</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;width:50.99%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;width:49%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;width:50.99%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;width:49%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;width:50.99%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:3.69%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;">By:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:45.3%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;">/s/ Amy A. Samford</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;width:50.99%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt;white-space:pre-wrap;">Date:  November 2, 2023</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:3.69%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:45.3%;border-top:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><i style="font-style:italic;letter-spacing:-0.15pt;">Amy A. Samford</i><i style="font-style:italic;letter-spacing:-0.15pt;"><br /></i><i style="font-style:italic;letter-spacing:-0.15pt;">Executive Vice President and</i><i style="font-style:italic;letter-spacing:-0.15pt;"><br /></i><i style="font-style:italic;letter-spacing:-0.15pt;white-space:pre-wrap;">   Chief Financial Officer</i></p></td></tr></table><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-weight:bold;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:12pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div>
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<!--Enhanced HTML document created with Toppan Merrill Bridge  10.4.105.0--><!--Created on: 11/2/2023 11:48:30 AM (UTC)--><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"><html><head><meta charset="UTF-8"><title></title></head><body><div style="margin-top:30pt;"></div><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:11.76%;padding-right:11.76%;position:relative;"><div style="margin-top:30pt;min-height:36pt;width:100%;"><div align="left"><table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;table-layout:auto;width:124.42%;"><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;width:12.51%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-variant:small-caps;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.2pt;"><img src="vhl-20231102xex3d1001.jpg" alt="Graphic" style="display:inline-block;height:37pt;width:52.65pt;"></b></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:72.64%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:right;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:14.83%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:8pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></td></tr></table></div><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:right;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></div><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">AMENDED AND RESTATED</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;">BYLAWS</b></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">OF</b></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-size:16pt;font-variant:small-caps;font-weight:bold;">Valhi, Inc.</b></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">a Delaware Corporation</b></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">(Amended and Restated as of November 2, 2023)</b></p></div><div style="clear:both;margin-bottom:30pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:5pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:4pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></div></div><hr style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;color:#000000;height:2pt;line-height:0;margin-bottom:30pt;margin-left:11.76%;margin-right:11.76%;margin-top:30pt;page-break-after:always;width:76.47%;border-width:0;"><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:11.76%;padding-right:11.76%;position:relative;"><div style="margin-top:30pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></div><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">TABLE OF CONTENTS</b><a name="_Toc52164791"></a><a name="_Toc180568224"></a><a name="_Toc142993812"></a></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:right;margin:0pt;"><u style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;text-decoration-color:#000000;text-decoration-line:underline;text-decoration-style:solid;">Page</u></p><div style="margin-bottom:3pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:3pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:36pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-36pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;">TABLE OF CONTENTS</b></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">i</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:3pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:3pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:36pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-36pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;">ARTICLE&#160;</b><font style="font-family:'Times New 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Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;2.2.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Business to be Transacted at Meetings</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">1</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Section&#160;</font><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">2.3.</font><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Notice</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">3</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Section&#160;2</font><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">.4</font><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Notice by Electronic Transmission</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">3</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Section&#160;</font><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">2.5.</font><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">List of Stockholders</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">3</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Section&#160;</font><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">2.6.</font><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Quorum</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">3</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Section&#160;</font><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">2.7.</font><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Adjournment</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">4</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;2.8.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Voting</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">4</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Section&#160;</font><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">2.9.</font><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Proxies</i></font><font 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Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">2.10.</font><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Order&#160;of&#160;Business</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">4</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Section&#160;</font><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">2.11.</font><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Appointment of Inspectors of Election</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted 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Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Confidential Voting</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">4</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Section&#160;</font><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">2.13.</font><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Action Without a Meeting</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">4</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;2.14.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Fixing A Record Date</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font 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Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Minutes</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">6</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:3pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:3pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:36pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-36pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;">ARTICLE&#160;</b><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">III.</font><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;">&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">DIRECTORS</font></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">6</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;3.1.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Number, Qualifications and Term of Office</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">6</font></font></p></div><div 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Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">6</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;3.3.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Removals</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font 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style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">9</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;3.5.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Annual Meeting</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">9</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;3.6.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Other Meetings and Notice</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">9</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;3.7.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Quorum</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">9</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;3.8.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Committees</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">9</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;3.9.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Committee Rules</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">9</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;3.10.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Telephonic Meetings</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">9</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;3.11.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Presumption of Assent</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">9</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;3.12.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Action Without a Meeting</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">10</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;3.13.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Compensation</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">10</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;3.14.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Minutes</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">10</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:3pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:3pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:36pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-36pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;">ARTICLE&#160;</b><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">IV.</font><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;">&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">OFFICERS</font></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">10</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;4.1.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Number</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">10</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;4.2.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Election and Term of Office</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">10</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;4.3.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">The Chair of the Board</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">10</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;4.4.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">The Vice Chair of the Board</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">10</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;4.5.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">The President</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">11</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;4.6.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">The Chief Executive Officer</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">11</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;4.7.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">The Chief Financial Officer</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">11</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;4.8.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Vice Presidents</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">11</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;4.9.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">The Secretary and Assistant Secretary</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">11</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;4.10.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">The Treasurer and Assistant Treasurer</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">11</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;4.11.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Vacancies</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">11</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;4.12.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Other Officers, Assistant Officers and Agents</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">12</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;4.13.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Normal Duties and Responsibilities of Officers</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">12</font></font></p></div></div><div style="clear:both;display:table;margin-bottom:30pt;min-height:36pt;width:100%;"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:bottom;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:5pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:10pt;">-</font><font style="font-size:10pt;">i</font><font style="font-size:10pt;">-</font></p></div></div></div><hr style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;color:#000000;height:2pt;line-height:0;margin-bottom:30pt;margin-left:11.76%;margin-right:11.76%;margin-top:30pt;page-break-after:always;width:76.47%;border-width:0;"><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:11.76%;padding-right:11.76%;position:relative;"><div style="margin-top:30pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></div><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><div style="margin-bottom:3pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:36pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-36pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;">ARTICLE&#160;</b><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">V.</font><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;">&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">INDEMNIFICATION AND INSURANCE OF DIRECTORS, OFFICERS AND OTHERS</font></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">12</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;5.1.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Indemnification</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">12</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;5.2.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Advancement of Expenses</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">12</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;5.3.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Expenses of Contested Indemnification Claims</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">12</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;5.4.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Indemnification Not Exclusive</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">12</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;5.5.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Survival of Indemnification and Advancement of Expenses</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">12</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;5.6.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Employees, Agents and Others</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">13</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;5.7.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Contract Right</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">13</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;5.8.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Insurance</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">13</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;5.9.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Certain References Under Article V</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">13</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:3pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:3pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:36pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-36pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;">ARTICLE&#160;</b><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">VI.</font><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;">&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">STOCK CERTIFICATES</font></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">13</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;6.1.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Form</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">13</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;6.2.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Transfers</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">13</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;6.3.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Lost or Destroyed Certificates</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">13</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;6.4.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Registered Stockholders</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">14</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;6.5.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Restrictions on Transfers of Shares</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">14</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:3pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:3pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:36pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-36pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;">ARTICLE&#160;</b><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">VII.</font><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;">&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">CERTAIN BUSINESS COMBINATIONS</font></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">14</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:3pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:3pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:36pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-36pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;">ARTICLE&#160;</b><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">VIII.</font><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;"><font 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New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;8.1.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Dividends</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">14</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;8.2.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Accounts</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">14</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:3pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:3pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:36pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-36pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;">ARTICLE&#160;</b><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">IX.</font><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;">&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">NOTICES</font></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">14</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;9.1.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">General</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">14</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;9.2.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Waivers</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">15</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;9.3.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Attendance as Waiver</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">15</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;9.4.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Omission of Notice to Stockholders</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">15</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:3pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:3pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:36pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-36pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;">ARTICLE&#160;</b><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">X.</font><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;">&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">FORUM SELECTION</font></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font 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Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Securities Act Claims</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">15</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font style="padding-bottom:2.0pt;padding-right:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Section&#160;10.3.&#160;&#160;</font><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;">Notice and Consent</i></font><font style="bottom:2.663086pt;display:block;height:1em;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:0;border-bottom:1.0px dotted #000000;">&#8204;</font><font style="float:right;padding-left:2.0pt;position:relative;text-indent:0pt;z-index:1;background:white;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">15</font></font></p></div><div style="margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;overflow:hidden;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;padding-left:63pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-63pt;"><font 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style="display:none;line-height:0pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:0pt;font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></div><div style="clear:both;display:table;margin-bottom:30pt;min-height:36pt;width:100%;"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:bottom;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:5pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:10pt;">-</font><font style="font-size:10pt;">ii</font><font style="font-size:10pt;">-</font></p></div></div></div><hr style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;color:#000000;height:2pt;line-height:0;margin-bottom:30pt;margin-left:11.76%;margin-right:11.76%;margin-top:30pt;page-break-after:always;width:76.47%;border-width:0;"><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:11.76%;padding-right:11.76%;position:relative;"><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">AMENDED AND RESTATED</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;">BYLAWS</b></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">OF</b></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-size:16pt;font-variant:small-caps;font-weight:bold;">Valhi, Inc.</b></p><p style="font-family:'Times New 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Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">ARTICLE&#160;</b><b style="font-weight:bold;">II.</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;"><br></font><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS</font><a name="_Toc342907677"></a><a name="_Toc52164795"></a><a name="_Toc180568228"></a><a name="_Toc142993816"></a></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;2.1.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Place and Time of Meetings.</font><a name="_Toc342907678"></a><a name="_Toc52164796"></a><a name="_Toc180568229"></a><a name="_Toc142993817"></a>&#160;&#160; Annual meetings of stockholders shall be held on such date, time and place, if any, either within &#8206;or without the State of Delaware, as may be designated by resolution from time to time by the &#8206;board of directors and stated in the notice of the meeting or a duly executed waiver thereof, at which the stockholders shall elect &#8206;by a plurality vote a board of directors and shall transact such other business as may properly be &#8206;brought before the meeting.&#8206; The chair of the board, the president, the chief executive officer, the board of directors or the holders of at least 15 percent of the shares of the corporation that would be entitled to vote at such a meeting may call special meetings of stockholders. &#160;If a special meeting is called by any person or persons other than the board of directors, the request shall be in writing, specifying the nature of the business proposed to be transacted, and in the case of a special meeting called by one or more stockholders shall be accompanied by a notice setting forth the information, representations and other materials required for a stockholder proposal to be brought before an annual meeting under <b style="font-weight:bold;">Section 2.2</b> of these bylaws or required for a director nomination under <b style="font-weight:bold;">Section 3.2</b> of these bylaws, as applicable, as to any business proposed to be conducted or nominations proposed to be presented at such special meeting, which shall be delivered personally or sent by registered mail or by facsimile transmission to the chair of the board, the president, the chief executive officer or the secretary of the corporation. &#160;A special meeting called in accordance with these bylaws shall be held at such date, time and place, if any, within or without the state of Delaware as may be designated by the board of directors and stated in the notice of the meeting or a duly executed waiver thereof; <i style="font-style:italic;">provided</i>, <i style="font-style:italic;">however</i>, that in the case of a special meeting called by one or more stockholders who satisfy the requirements of these bylaws, the date of any such special meeting shall be not more than ninety (90) days after the request to call the special meeting by such stockholder or stockholders is received by the secretary. Nothing contained in this section shall be construed as limiting, fixing, or affecting the time when a meeting of stockholders called by action of the board of directors may be held. The board of directors may determine, in its sole discretion, that any meeting will not be held at &#8206;a place, but may instead be held solely by means of remote communication as provided under &#8206;the Delaware General Corporation law.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;2.2.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Business to be Transacted at Meetings</font><a name="_Toc342907679"></a><a name="_Toc52164797"></a><a name="_Toc180568230"></a><a name="_Toc142993818"></a>.&#160;&#160;At a meeting of the stockholders, only such business shall be conducted as shall have been properly brought before the meeting. &#160;To be properly brought before a special meeting, business must be specified in the notice of the meeting (or any supplement thereto). To be properly brought before an annual meeting, business must be <b style="font-weight:bold;">(a)</b>&#160;specified in the notice of the meeting (or any supplement thereto) given by or at the direction of the board of directors, <b style="font-weight:bold;">(b)</b> otherwise properly brought before the meeting by or at the direction of the board of directors or <b style="font-weight:bold;">(c)</b>&#160;otherwise properly brought before the meeting by a stockholder. &#160;For business to be properly brought before an annual meeting by a stockholder (other than a nomination of a person for election as a director, which is governed by <b style="font-weight:bold;">Section 3.2</b> of these bylaws), the stockholder intending to propose the business (for </p></div><div style="clear:both;margin-bottom:30pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:5pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></div></div><hr style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;color:#000000;height:2pt;line-height:0;margin-bottom:30pt;margin-left:11.76%;margin-right:11.76%;margin-top:30pt;page-break-after:always;width:76.47%;border-width:0;"><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:11.76%;padding-right:11.76%;position:relative;"><div style="margin-top:30pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></div><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;">purposes of this section, the &#8220;proponent&#8221;) must, in addition to any requirements imposed by federal securities law or other applicable laws, have given timely notice thereof in proper written form to the secretary of the corporation. &#160;To be timely for an annual meeting, a stockholder&#8217;s notice must be delivered to or mailed and received at the principal executive offices of the corporation not less than one hundred twenty (120) days nor more than one hundred fifty (150) days in advance of the anniversary of the previous year&#39;s annual meeting; <i style="font-style:italic;">provided</i>, <i style="font-style:italic;">however</i>, that in the event the annual meeting is called for a date that is not within thirty (30) days before or after such anniversary date, notice by the stockholder in order to be timely must be so received no later than the close of business on the tenth (10th) day following the date on which such notice of the date of the annual meeting was mailed or the public disclosure of the date of the annual meeting was made, whichever first occurs. In no event shall the adjournment or postponement of the annual meeting, or the public announcement of such an adjournment or postponement, commence a new time period (or extend any time period) for the giving of a stockholder&#39;s notice as described above. For purposes of these bylaws, public disclosure shall be deemed to include a disclosure made in a press release reported by a national news service or in a document filed by the corporation with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Section 13, 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act. To be in proper written form, a proponent&#39;s notice to the secretary must set forth: </p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="display:inline-block;text-align:left;text-indent:0pt;width:36pt;"><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;">(i)</b><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;"> </font></font>as to each matter the proponent proposes to bring before the annual meeting, a brief description of the business desired to be brought before the annual meeting (including the text of any resolutions proposed for consideration and, if such business includes a proposal to amend the bylaws, the text of the proposed amendment) and the reasons for conducting such business at the annual meeting, and </p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="display:inline-block;text-align:left;text-indent:0pt;width:36pt;"><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;">(ii)</b></font>as to the proponent and the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the proposal is being made, </p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">(A)</b> the name and address of each such person, and of any holder of record of the proponent&#39;s shares as they appear on the corporation&#39;s books, </p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">(B)</b> the class and number of all shares of capital stock of the corporation that are owned by each such person (beneficially and of record) and owned by any holder of record of each such person&#39;s shares, as of the date of the proponent&#39;s notice, and a representation that the proponent will notify the corporation in writing of the class and number of such shares owned of record and beneficially by each such person as of the record date for the meeting not later than five (5) business days following the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting, </p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">(C)</b> any material interest of each such person, or any affiliates or associates of each such person, in such business, </p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">(D)</b> a description of any agreement, arrangement or understanding with respect to such business between or among each such person and any of its affiliates or associates, and any others (including their names) acting in concert with any of the foregoing, and a representation that the proponent will notify the corporation in writing of any such agreement, arrangement or understanding in effect as of such record date for the meeting not later than five (5) business days following such record date, </p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">(E)</b> a description of any agreement, arrangement or understanding (including any derivative instruments, swaps, warrants, short positions, profit interests, options, hedging transactions, borrowed or loaned shares or other transactions) that has been entered into as of the date of the proponent&#39;s notice by, or on behalf of, each such person or any of its affiliates or associates, the effect or intent of which is to mitigate loss to, manage risk or benefit of share price changes for, or increase or decrease the voting power of each such person or any of its affiliates or associates with respect to shares of stock of the corporation, and a representation that the proponent will notify the corporation in writing of any such agreement, arrangement or understanding in effect as of such record date for the meeting not later than five (5) business days following such record date, </p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">(F)</b> a representation that the proponent is a holder of record or beneficial owner of shares of the corporation entitled to vote at the annual meeting and intends to appear in person or by proxy at the meeting to propose such business, </p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">(G)</b> a representation whether the proponent intends to deliver a proxy statement and/or form of proxy to holders of at least the percentage of the corporation&#39;s outstanding shares required to approve the proposal and/or otherwise to solicit proxies from stockholders in support of the proposal, and </p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">(H)</b> any other information relating to each such person that would be required to be disclosed in a proxy statement or other filing required to be made in connection with the solicitation of proxies by each such person with respect to the proposed business to be brought by each such person before the annual meeting pursuant to Section 14 of the Exchange Act, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. &#160;</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;margin-left:0pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></div><div style="clear:both;display:table;margin-bottom:30pt;min-height:36pt;width:100%;"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:bottom;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:5pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:10pt;">-</font><font style="font-size:10pt;">2</font><font style="font-size:10pt;">-</font></p></div></div></div><hr style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;color:#000000;height:2pt;line-height:0;margin-bottom:30pt;margin-left:11.76%;margin-right:11.76%;margin-top:30pt;page-break-after:always;width:76.47%;border-width:0;"><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:11.76%;padding-right:11.76%;position:relative;"><div style="margin-top:30pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></div><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin:0pt;">Notwithstanding anything in these bylaws to the contrary: <b style="font-weight:bold;">(1)</b> no business shall be conducted at any annual meeting except in accordance with the procedures set forth in this <b style="font-weight:bold;">Section 2.2</b>, and <b style="font-weight:bold;">(2)</b> unless otherwise required by law, if a proponent intending to propose business at an annual meeting pursuant to this <b style="font-weight:bold;">Section 2.2</b> does not provide the information required under such section to the corporation (including providing the updated information required by clauses (ii)(B), (ii)(D) and (ii)(E) of this section by the deadlines specified therein), or the proponent (or a qualified representative of the proponent) does not appear at the meeting to present the proposed business, such business shall not be transacted, notwithstanding that proxies in respect of such business may have been received by the corporation. The chair of the annual meeting (or the board of directors in advance of any such meeting) shall, if the facts warrant, determine and declare to the meeting that business was not properly brought before the meeting in accordance with the provisions of this <b style="font-weight:bold;">Section 2.2</b>, and if he or she (or the board of directors in advance of any such meeting) should so determine, he or she shall so declare to (or the board of directors shall declare in advance of) the meeting and any such business not properly brought before the meeting shall not be transacted. Nothing contained in this <b style="font-weight:bold;">Section 2.2</b> shall be deemed to affect any rights of stockholders to request inclusion of proposals in the corporation&#39;s proxy statement pursuant to Rule 14a-8 promulgated under the Exchange Act (or any successor provision of law).</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Section&#160;</b><b style="font-weight:bold;">2.3.</b><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Notice.</font><a name="_Toc342907680"></a><a name="_Toc52164798"></a><a name="_Toc180568231"></a><a name="_Toc142993819"></a><font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">&#160;&#160;Notice of the time, place (if any) and means of remote communication of an annual meeting of stockholders and notice of the time, place (if any), means of remote communication and purpose or purposes of a special meeting of the stockholders shall be given not less than 10, nor more than 60, days prior to the meeting to each stockholder of record of the corporation entitled to vote at such meeting. &#160;If mailed, such notice shall be deemed to be delivered when deposited in the United States mail, postage paid, addressed to the stockholder&#8217;s address appearing on the corporate books of the corporation.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Section&#160;</b><b style="font-weight:bold;">2.4.</b><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">&#160; </b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Notice by Electronic Transmission</font><a name="_Toc180568232"></a><a name="_Toc142993820"></a><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">.</font><font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">&#160;&#160;Without limiting the manner by which notice otherwise may be given effectively to stockholders, any notice to stockholders given by the corporation under any applicable law, the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws shall be effective if given by a form of electronic transmission consented to by the stockholder to whom the notice is given. &#160;Any such consent shall be revocable by the stockholder by written notice to the corporation. &#160;Notice by electronic transmission shall be deemed given: &#160;</font><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">(a)</b><font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">&#160;if by facsimile telecommunication, when directed to a number at which the stockholder has consented to receive notice; </font><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">(b)&#160;</b><font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">if by electronic mail, when directed to an electronic mail address at which the stockholder has consented to receive notice; </font><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">(c)</b><font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">&#160;if by a posting on an electronic network together with separate notice to the stockholder of such specific posting, upon the later of </font><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">(i)</b><font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">&#160;such posting and </font><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">(ii)</b><font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">&#160;the giving of such separate notice; and </font><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">(d)&#160;</b><font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">if by any other form of electronic transmission, when directed to the stockholder.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Section&#160;2.5.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">List of Stockholders.</font><a name="_Toc342907681"></a><a name="_Toc52164799"></a><a name="_Toc180568233"></a><a name="_Toc142993821"></a><font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">&#160;&#160;The corporation shall prepare, at least 10 days before every meeting of the stockholders, a complete list of the stockholders entitled to vote at such meeting arranged in alphabetical order, specifying the address of and the number of shares registered in the name of each stockholder. &#160;Such list shall be open to the examination of any stockholder, for any purpose germane to the meeting, for a period of at least 10 days ending on the day prior to the meeting </font><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">(i) </b><font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">on a reasonably accessible electronic network, provided that the information required to gain access to such list is provided with the notice of meeting or </font><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">(ii)</b><font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;"> during ordinary business hours, at the principal place of business of the corporation. &#160;</font>The original stock transfer books shall be the only evidence as to who are the stockholders entitled to examine such list or transfer book or to vote at any such meeting of stockholders.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Section&#160;</b><b style="font-weight:bold;">2.6.</b><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Quorum.</font><a name="_Toc342907682"></a><a name="_Toc52164800"></a><a name="_Toc180568234"></a><a name="_Toc142993822"></a><font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">&#160;&#160;The holders of a majority of the votes entitled to be cast at any meeting of stockholders, counted as a single class if there be more than one class of stock entitled to vote at such meeting, present in person or represented by proxy, shall constitute a quorum at all meetings of the stockholders except as otherwise provided by statute or by the certificate of incorporation.</font> &#160;Where a separate vote by class or series is required, the presence in person or by proxy of the holders of a majority in voting power of the outstanding shares of such class or series shall be necessary and sufficient to constitute a quorum with respect to that matter. Once a quorum is present at a meeting of the stockholders, the stockholders represented in person or by proxy at the meeting may conduct such business as may be properly brought before the meeting until it is adjourned, and the subsequent withdrawal from the meeting by any stockholder or the refusal of any stockholder represented in person or by proxy to vote shall not affect the presence of a quorum at the meeting.<font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;"> &#160;If a quorum is not present</font> or represented at any meeting of the stock&#173;holders, the chair of the meeting or the stockholders entitled to vote thereat, present in person or represented by proxy, shall have power to adjourn the meeting from time to time in the manner provided in <b style="font-weight:bold;">Section 2.7</b> until a quorum shall be present or repre&#173;sented. </p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></div><div style="clear:both;display:table;margin-bottom:30pt;min-height:36pt;width:100%;"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:bottom;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:5pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:10pt;">-</font><font style="font-size:10pt;">3</font><font style="font-size:10pt;">-</font></p></div></div></div><hr style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;color:#000000;height:2pt;line-height:0;margin-bottom:30pt;margin-left:11.76%;margin-right:11.76%;margin-top:30pt;page-break-after:always;width:76.47%;border-width:0;"><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:11.76%;padding-right:11.76%;position:relative;"><div style="margin-top:30pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></div><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Section&#160;</b><b style="font-weight:bold;">2.7.</b><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Adjournment.</font><a name="_Toc142993823"></a><font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">&#160;&#160;</font>When a meeting of stockholders is adjourned to another time or place (including an adjournment taken to address a technical failure to convene or continue a meeting using remote communication), notice need not be given of the adjourned meeting, except as otherwise required by this <b style="font-weight:bold;">Section 2.7</b>, if the time, place, if any, thereof, and the means of remote communication, if any, by which stockholders and proxy holders may be deemed to be present in person and vote at such adjourned meeting are <b style="font-weight:bold;">(i)</b> announced at the meeting at which the adjournment is taken, <b style="font-weight:bold;">(ii)</b> displayed, during the time scheduled for the meeting, on the same electronic network used to enable stockholders and proxy holders to participate in the meeting by means of remote communication or <b style="font-weight:bold;">(iii)</b> set forth in the original notice of the meeting. At such adjourned meeting the corporation may transact any business which might have been transacted at the original meeting. If the adjournment is for more than thirty (30) days, a notice of the adjourned meeting shall be given to each stockholder of record entitled to vote at the meeting. If after the adjournment a new record date for determination of stockholders entitled to vote is fixed for the adjourned meeting, the board of directors shall fix as the record date for determining stockholders entitled to notice of such adjourned meeting the same or an earlier date as that fixed for determination of stockholders entitled to vote at the adjourned meeting, and shall give notice of the adjourned meeting to each stockholder of record entitled to vote at the adjourned meeting as of the record date so fixed for notice of such adjourned meeting.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;2.8.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Voting</font><i style="font-style:italic;">.</i><a name="_Toc142993824"></a>&#160;&#160;When a quorum is present at any meeting, the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority in vot&#173;ing power of the shares of capital stock of the corporation which are present in person or represented by proxy and entitled to vote thereon shall decide any question brought before such meeting, unless the question is one upon which by express provision of any applicable statute, the certificate of incorporation, these bylaws, the rules or regulations of any stock exchange applicable to the corporation, or any law or regulation applicable to the corporation or its securities, a different vote is required, in which case such express provision shall govern and control the decision of such question.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Section&#160;</b><b style="font-weight:bold;">2.9.</b><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Proxies.</font><a name="_Toc342907683"></a><a name="_Toc52164801"></a><a name="_Toc180568235"></a><a name="_Toc142993825"></a><font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">&#160;&#160;Each stockholder entitled to vote at a meeting of stockholders or to express consent or dissent to corporate action in writing without a meeting may authorize another person or persons to act for him by proxy in any manner permitted by law.</font> &#160;No proxy shall be valid after three years from the date of its execution unless otherwise provided in the proxy. &#160;Each proxy shall be revocable unless the proxy form conspicuously states that the proxy is irrevocable and the proxy is coupled with an interest.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Section&#160;</b><b style="font-weight:bold;">2.10.</b><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Order&#160;of&#160;Business.</font><a name="_Toc342907684"></a><a name="_Toc52164802"></a><a name="_Toc180568236"></a><a name="_Toc142993826"></a><font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">&#160;&#160;The order of business at each such stockholders meeting shall be as determined by the chair of the meeting. </font> One of the following persons, in the order in which they are listed (and in the absence of the first, the next, and so on), shall serve as chair of the meeting: &#160;the chair of the board, vice chair of the board, president, the chief executive officer, vice presidents (in the order of their seniority if more than one) and secretary. <font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;"> The chair of the meeting shall have the right and authority to prescribe such rules, regulations and procedures and to do all such acts and things as are necessary or desirable for the proper conduct of the meeting, including, without limitation, the establishment of procedures for the maintenance of order and safety, limitations on the time allotted to questions or comments on the affairs of the corporation, restrictions on entry to such meeting after the time prescribed for the commencement thereof, and the opening and closing of the voting polls.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Section&#160;</b><b style="font-weight:bold;">2.11.</b><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Appointment of Inspectors of Election.</font><a name="_Toc342907685"></a><a name="_Toc52164803"></a><a name="_Toc180568237"></a><a name="_Toc142993827"></a><font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">&#160;&#160;The board of directors shall appoint one or more inspectors of election (&#8220;inspectors&#8221;) to act at such meeting or any adjournment or postponement thereof and make a written report thereof. &#160;The board of directors may designate one or more persons as alternate inspectors to replace any inspector who fails to act. &#160;If no inspector or alternate is so appointed or if no inspector or alternate is able to act, the chair of the board, the vice chair of the board, the president or </font>the chief executive officer <font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">shall appoint one or more inspectors to act at such meeting. &#160;Each inspector, before entering upon the discharge of his or her duties, shall take and sign an oath faithfully to execute the duties of inspector with strict impartiality and according to the best of his or her ability. &#160;The inspectors may be directors, officers or employees of the corporation.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Section&#160;</b><b style="font-weight:bold;">2.12.</b><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Confidential Voting.</font><a name="_Toc17099023"></a><a name="_Toc180568238"></a><a name="_Toc142993828"></a><font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">&#160;&#160;</font>All proxies, ballots and vote tabulations that identify the particular vote of a stockholder shall be kept confidential, except that disclosure may be made <b style="font-weight:bold;">(a)</b> to allow the inspectors to certify the results of the vote; <b style="font-weight:bold;">(b)</b> as necessary to meet applicable legal requirements, including the pursuit or defense of judicial actions; or <b style="font-weight:bold;">(c)</b> when expressly requested by such stockholder. &#160;Nothing in this section shall prohibit the inspector from making available to the corporation, during the period prior to any annual or special meeting, information as to which stockholders have not voted and periodic status reports on the aggregate vote.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Section&#160;</b><b style="font-weight:bold;">2.13.</b><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Action Without a Meeting.</font><a name="_Toc342907686"></a><a name="_Toc52164804"></a><a name="_Toc180568239"></a><a name="_Toc142993829"></a></p></div><div style="clear:both;display:table;margin-bottom:30pt;min-height:36pt;width:100%;"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:bottom;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:5pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:10pt;">-</font><font style="font-size:10pt;">4</font><font style="font-size:10pt;">-</font></p></div></div></div><hr style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;color:#000000;height:2pt;line-height:0;margin-bottom:30pt;margin-left:11.76%;margin-right:11.76%;margin-top:30pt;page-break-after:always;width:76.47%;border-width:0;"><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:11.76%;padding-right:11.76%;position:relative;"><div style="margin-top:30pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></div><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt;"><font style="display:inline-block;text-align:left;text-indent:0pt;width:36pt;"><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;">(a)</b></font>Any action required or permitted to be taken at a meeting of the stockholders, may be taken without a meeting, without prior notice, and without a vote, if a consent or consents in writing, setting forth the action so taken, shall be signed by the holder or holders of shares having not less than the minimum number of votes that would be necessary to take such action at a meeting at which the holders of all shares entitled to vote on the action were present and voted.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt;"><font style="margin-left:0pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt;"><font style="display:inline-block;text-align:left;text-indent:0pt;width:36pt;"><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;">(b)</b></font>Every written consent of the stockholders shall bear the date of signature of each stockholder who signs the consent. &#160;No written consent shall be effective to take the action that is the subject of the consent unless, within 60 days after the date of the earliest dated consent delivered to the corporation as provided below, a consent or consents signed by the holder or holders of shares having not less than the minimum number of votes that would be necessary to take the action that is the subject of the consent are delivered to the corporation by delivery to its registered office, its principal place of business, or an officer or agent of the corporation having custody of the books in which proceedings of meetings of the stockholders are recorded. &#160;Such delivery shall be made by hand or by certified or registered mail, return receipt requested, and in the case of delivery to the corporation&#8217;s principal place of business, shall be addressed to the president or chief executive officer of the corporation.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt;"><font style="margin-left:0pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt;"><font style="display:inline-block;text-align:left;text-indent:0pt;width:36pt;"><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;">(c)</b></font>Without limitation, an electronic transmission by a stockholder, or a photographic, photostatic, facsimile or other reliable reproduction of a writing signed or transmitted by a stockholder, shall be regarded as signed by the stockholder for the purposes of this section.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt;"><font style="margin-left:0pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt;"><font style="display:inline-block;text-align:left;text-indent:0pt;width:36pt;"><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;">(d)</b></font>Prompt notice of the taking of any action by stockholders without a meeting by less than unanimous written consent shall be given to those stockholders who did not consent in writing to the action and who, if the action had been taken at a meeting, would have been entitled to notice of the meeting if the record date for such meeting had been the date that written consents signed by a sufficient number of holders to take the action were delivered to the corporation.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;2.14.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Fixing A Record Date</font><a name="_Toc347802680"></a><a name="_Toc52164805"></a><a name="_Toc180568240"></a><a name="_Toc142993830"></a>. &#160;In order that the corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at any meeting of stockholders or any adjournment thereof, or entitled to express consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting, or entitled to receive payment of any dividend or other distribution or allotment of any rights, or entitled to exercise any rights in respect of any change, conversion or exchange of stock or for the purpose of any other lawful action, the board of directors may fix, in advance, a record date, which shall not be more than 60 nor less than 10 days before the date of such meeting. &#160;With respect to corporate action in writing without a meeting, such record date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the board of directors nor more than 10 days after the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the board of directors. &#160;With respect to any other action, such record date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date 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preceding the day on which notice is given, or, if notice is waived, at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which the meeting is held.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt;"><font style="margin-left:0pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt;"><font style="display:inline-block;text-align:left;text-indent:0pt;width:36pt;"><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;">(f)</b></font>The record date for determining stockholders entitled to express consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting, when no prior action by the board of directors is required under the laws of the state of Delaware, shall be the first date on which a signed written consent is delivered to the corporation in accordance with the requirements of such law.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt;"><font style="margin-left:0pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt;"><font style="display:inline-block;text-align:left;text-indent:0pt;width:36pt;"><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;">(g)</b></font>The record date for determining stockholders for any other purpose shall be at the close of business on the day on which the board of directors adopts the resolution relating thereto.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;">A determination of stockholders of record entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall apply to any adjournment of the meeting; <i style="font-style:italic;">provided, however</i>, that the board of directors may fix a new record date for the adjourned meeting.</p></div><div style="clear:both;display:table;margin-bottom:30pt;min-height:36pt;width:100%;"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:bottom;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:5pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:10pt;">-</font><font style="font-size:10pt;">5</font><font style="font-size:10pt;">-</font></p></div></div></div><hr style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;color:#000000;height:2pt;line-height:0;margin-bottom:30pt;margin-left:11.76%;margin-right:11.76%;margin-top:30pt;page-break-after:always;width:76.47%;border-width:0;"><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:11.76%;padding-right:11.76%;position:relative;"><div style="margin-top:30pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></div><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;2.15.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Remote Communications</font><a name="_Toc347805087"></a><a name="_Toc52164806"></a><a name="_Toc180568241"></a><a name="_Toc142993831"></a>.&#160;&#160;If authorized by the board of directors in its sole discretion, and subject to such guidelines and procedures as the board of directors may adopt, 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style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Number, Qualifications and Term of Office.</font><a name="_Toc342907688"></a><a name="_Toc52164809"></a><a name="_Toc180568244"></a><a name="_Toc142993834"></a>&#160;&#160;The business and affairs of the corporation shall be managed by a board of directors. Subject to the preferential voting rights of the holders of preferred stock or any other class of capital stock of the corporation or any series of any of the foregoing that is then outstanding, the board of directors shall consist of one or more members. &#160;The number of members of the board of directors shall be fixed from time to time <b style="font-weight:bold;">(a)</b>&#160;by the board of directors pursuant to a resolution adopted by a majority of the entire board of directors or <b style="font-weight:bold;">(b)</b>&#160;by the stockholders pursuant to a resolution adopted by a majority of the holders of shares of the corporation entitled to vote for the election of directors; <i style="font-style:italic;">provided, however</i>, that if the stockholders have acted to fix the number of directors, any action by the board of directors to fix another number shall only become effective on or after the first annual meeting of stockholders that follows such stockholder action. &#160;Each director shall be elected at the annual meeting of the stockholders (or a special meeting called for such purpose) by a plurality vote, except as provided in <b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;3.4</b>, and each director elected shall hold office until the next annual meeting of stockholders and until his or her successor is duly elected and qualified or until his or her earlier death, resignation or removal. &#160;No reduction of the authorized number of directors shall have the effect of removing any director before that director&#8217;s term expires.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;3.2.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Nomination of Director Candidates.</font><a name="_Toc342907689"></a><a name="_Toc52164810"></a><a name="_Toc180568245"></a><a name="_Toc142993835"></a>&#160;&#160;</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><div style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:12pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;"><font style="display:inline-block;font-weight:bold;min-width:36pt;text-indent:0pt;white-space:nowrap;">(a)</font>Subject to the preferential voting rights of the holders of preferred stock or any other class of capital stock of the corporation or any series of any of the foregoing that is then outstanding, nominations for the election of directors may be made <b style="font-weight:bold;">(i) </b>by the board of directors or<b style="font-weight:bold;"> (ii)</b> by any stockholder entitled to vote for the election of directors who complies with the procedures established in this <b style="font-weight:bold;">Section 3.2</b>. In order to be eligible for election as a director, any director nominee must first be nominated in accordance with the provisions of these bylaws. </div><div style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:12pt;margin-left:0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;"><font style="display:inline-block;font-weight:bold;min-width:36pt;text-indent:0pt;white-space:nowrap;">(b)</font>Any stockholder entitled to vote for the election of a director at a meeting may nominate persons for whom such stockholder may vote only if written notice of such stockholder&#8217;s intent to make such nomination is given, either by personal delivery or by United States mail, postage prepaid, to the secretary of the corporation <b style="font-weight:bold;">(1)</b>&#160;with respect to an election to be held at an annual meeting of stockholders, not less than one hundred twenty (120) days nor more than one hundred fifty (150) days in advance of the anniversary of the previous year&#39;s annual meeting; <i style="font-style:italic;">provided</i>, <i style="font-style:italic;">however</i>, that in the event the annual meeting is called for a date that is not within thirty (30) days before or after such anniversary date, notice by the stockholder in order to be timely must be so received no later than the close of business on the tenth (10th) day following the date on which such notice of the date of the annual meeting was mailed or the public disclosure of the date of the annual meeting was made, whichever first occurs;<b style="font-weight:bold;"> </b>and <b style="font-weight:bold;">(2)</b> with respect to an election to be held at a special meeting of stockholders for the election of directors, by the close of business on the tenth day following the date on which notice of such meeting is first mailed to stockholders or public disclosure of the date of the special meeting was made, whichever first occurs. &#160;In no event shall the adjournment or postponement of the annual meeting or a special meeting called for the purpose of electing directors, or the public announcement of </div></div><div style="clear:both;display:table;margin-bottom:30pt;min-height:36pt;width:100%;"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:bottom;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:5pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:10pt;">-</font><font style="font-size:10pt;">6</font><font style="font-size:10pt;">-</font></p></div></div></div><hr style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;color:#000000;height:2pt;line-height:0;margin-bottom:30pt;margin-left:11.76%;margin-right:11.76%;margin-top:30pt;page-break-after:always;width:76.47%;border-width:0;"><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:11.76%;padding-right:11.76%;position:relative;"><div style="margin-top:30pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></div><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><div style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:12pt;margin-left:0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;">such an adjournment or postponement, commence a new time period (or extend any time period) for the giving of a stockholder&#39;s notice as described above. Each such notice shall set forth: </div><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 12pt 0pt;"><font style="display:inline-block;text-align:left;text-indent:0pt;width:36pt;"><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;">(i)</b><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">&#160;</font></font>as to the stockholder who intends to make the nomination (for purposes of this section, the &#8220;proponent&#8221;) and the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the nomination is being made, </p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">(A)</b> the name and address of each such person, and of any holder of record of the proponent&#8217;s shares as they appear on the corporation&#8217;s books; </p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">(B)</b> the class and number of shares of capital stock of the corporation that are owned (beneficially and of record) by each such person and owned by any holder of record of each such person&#8217;s shares, as of the date of such proponent&#8217;s notice, and a representation that the proponent will notify the corporation in writing of the class and number of such shares owned of record and beneficially by each such person as of the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting not later than five (5) business days following such record date; </p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">(C)</b> a description of all agreements, arrangements or understandings with respect to such nomination between each such person and any of its affiliates or associates, and any other person or persons (naming such person or persons) acting in concert with any of the foregoing, and a representation that the proponent will notify the corporation in writing of any such agreement, arrangement or understanding in effect as of the record date for the meeting not later than five (5) business days following such record date; </p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">(D)</b> a description of any agreement, arrangement or understanding (including any derivative instruments, swaps, warrants, short positions, profit interests, options, hedging transactions, borrowed or loaned shares or other transactions) that has been entered into as of the date of the proponent&#39;s notice by, or on behalf of, each such person or any of its affiliates or associates, the effect or intent of which is to mitigate loss to, manage risk or benefit of share price changes for, or increase or decrease the voting power of each such person or any of its affiliates or associates with respect to shares of stock of the corporation, and a representation that the proponent will notify the corporation in writing of any such agreement, arrangement or understanding in effect as of such record date for the meeting not later than five (5) business days following such record date; </p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">(E)</b> a representation that the proponent is a holder of record or beneficial owner of shares of the corporation entitled to vote at the annual meeting and intends to appear in person or by proxy at the meeting to nominate the person or persons specified in the notice; </p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">(F)</b> a representation whether the proponent intends to solicit proxies in support of director nominees other than the corporation&#8217;s nominees in accordance with Rule 14a-19 promulgated under the Exchange Act (including a statement that such proponent intends to solicit the holders of shares representing at least 67% of the voting power of shares of the corporation entitled to vote on the election of directors), and </p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">(G)</b> any other information relating to each such person that would be required to be disclosed in a proxy statement or other filing required to be made in connection with the solicitation of proxies by each such person with respect to the proposed business to be brought by each such person before the annual meeting pursuant to Section 14 of the Exchange Act, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder pursuant to which the nomination or nominations are to be made by the stockholder; and </p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 12pt 0pt;"><font style="display:inline-block;text-align:left;text-indent:0pt;width:36pt;"><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;">(ii)</b><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;"> </font></font>as to each person whom the proponent proposes to nominate for election as director, </p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">(A)</b> the &#8206;name, age, business address and residence address of such person, </p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">(B)</b> the principal occupation &#8206;or employment of such person, </p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">(C)</b> the class and number of all shares of capital stock of the &#8206;corporation that are owned of record and beneficially by such person, </p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">(D)</b> as an appendix, a &#8206;completed and signed questionnaire, representation and agreement required by clause (e) of this <b style="font-weight:bold;">Section 3.2</b>, and </p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">(E)</b> any other information relating to such nominee that would be required to &#8206;be disclosed in a proxy statement or other filing required to be made in connection with the &#8206;solicitation of proxies for election as directors pursuant to Section 14 of the Exchange Act, and &#8206;the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. </p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:0pt;margin:0pt 0pt 12pt 0pt;">Such notice must be accompanied by the written consent of each proposed nominee to being named as a nominee in the corporation&#8217;s proxy statement and any accompanying proxy and to serve as a director of the corporation if elected.</p></div><div style="clear:both;display:table;margin-bottom:30pt;min-height:36pt;width:100%;"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:bottom;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:5pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:10pt;">-</font><font style="font-size:10pt;">7</font><font style="font-size:10pt;">-</font></p></div></div></div><hr style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;color:#000000;height:2pt;line-height:0;margin-bottom:30pt;margin-left:11.76%;margin-right:11.76%;margin-top:30pt;page-break-after:always;width:76.47%;border-width:0;"><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:11.76%;padding-right:11.76%;position:relative;"><div style="margin-top:30pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></div><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><div style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:12pt;margin-left:0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;"><font style="display:inline-block;font-weight:bold;min-width:36pt;text-indent:0pt;white-space:nowrap;">(c)</font><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;"> </font>In addition to the information required pursuant to this <b style="font-weight:bold;">Section 3.2</b> or any other provision of these bylaws, the corporation may require any proposed nominee to furnish any other information that, among other things, <b style="font-weight:bold;">(i)</b> may reasonably be required by the corporation to determine whether the proposed nominee would be independent under the rules and listing standards of the principal United States securities exchanges upon which the stock of the corporation is listed or traded, any applicable rules of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission or any publicly disclosed standards used by the board of directors in determining and disclosing the independence of the corporation&#8217;s directors, <b style="font-weight:bold;">(ii)</b> could be material to a reasonable stockholder&#8217;s understanding of the independence, or lack thereof, of such nominee, or <b style="font-weight:bold;">(iii)</b> may reasonably be required by the corporation to determine the eligibility of such nominee to serve as a director of the corporation. If the chair of the meeting (or the board of directors in advance of any such meeting) determines that a nomination of any candidate for election as a director was not made in compliance with the applicable provisions of these bylaws, such nomination shall be void. </div><div style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:12pt;margin-left:0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;"><font style="display:inline-block;font-weight:bold;min-width:36pt;text-indent:0pt;white-space:nowrap;">(d)</font>Notwithstanding anything in these bylaws to the contrary, unless otherwise required by law, <b style="font-weight:bold;">(i)</b> &#8206;if a proponent intending to make a nomination at an annual or special meeting pursuant to this <b style="font-weight:bold;">Section 3.2</b> does not provide the information required under such section to the &#8206;corporation (including providing the updated information required by clauses (b)(i)(B), b(i)(C) and (b)(i)(D) of this <b style="font-weight:bold;">Section 3.2</b> by the deadlines specified therein), or the proponent (or a &#8206;qualified representative of the proponent) does not appear at the meeting to present the &#8206;nomination, such nomination shall be disregarded, notwithstanding that proxies in respect of &#8206;such nomination may have been received by the corporation, and <b style="font-weight:bold;">(ii)</b> if any stockholder or any affiliate or associate of, or other person acting in concert with, such stockholder <b style="font-weight:bold;">(A)</b> provides notice pursuant to Rule 14a-19(b) promulgated &#8206;under the Exchange Act with respect to any proposed director nominee and <b style="font-weight:bold;">(B)</b> either <b style="font-weight:bold;">(x)</b> notifies the corporation that such stockholder or other person no longer intends to solicit proxies in support of a proposed nominee in accordance with Rule 14a-19(b) promulgated under the Exchange Act or <b style="font-weight:bold;">(y)</b> subsequently &#8206;fails to comply with the requirements of Rule 14a-19(a)(2) or Rule 14a-19(a)(3) promulgated &#8206;under the Exchange Act (or fails to timely provide reasonable evidence that it has met the &#8206;requirements of Rule 14a-19(a)(3) promulgated under the Exchange Act in accordance with the &#8206;following sentence), then in either case the nomination of each such proposed nominee shall be disregarded, &#8206;notwithstanding that proxies or votes in respect of the election of such proposed nominee may &#8206;have been received by the corporation (which proxies and votes shall also be disregarded). &#8206;Upon request by the corporation, if any stockholder provides notice pursuant to Rule 14a-19(b) &#8206;promulgated under the Exchange Act, such stockholder shall deliver to the corporation, no later &#8206;than five (5) business days prior to the applicable meeting, reasonable evidence that it has met &#8206;the requirements of Rule 14a-19(a)(3) promulgated under the Exchange Act.</div><div style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;"><font style="display:inline-block;font-weight:bold;min-width:36pt;text-indent:0pt;white-space:nowrap;">(e)</font>To be eligible to be a nominee for election as a director of the corporation, a person nominated &#8206;in accordance with clause (b) of this <b style="font-weight:bold;">Section 3.2</b> must deliver (in &#8206;accordance with the time periods prescribed for delivery of notice under such clause) to the secretary of the corporation at the principal executive offices &#8206;of the corporation a written questionnaire with respect to the background and qualification of &#8206;such person and the background of any other person or entity on whose behalf the nomination is &#8206;being made (which questionnaire shall be provided by the secretary within ten (10) days of a &#8206;written request therefor by a stockholder of record) and a written representation and agreement &#8206;&#8206;(in the form provided by the secretary within ten (10) days of a written request therefor by a &#8206;stockholder of record) that such person <b style="font-weight:bold;">(i) </b>is not and will not become a party to any agreement, &#8206;arrangement or understanding with, and has not given any commitment or assurance to, any &#8206;person or entity as to how such person, if elected as a director of the corporation, will act or &#8206;vote on any issue or question that has not been disclosed to the corporation, <b style="font-weight:bold;">(ii)</b> is not and will &#8206;not become a party to any agreement, arrangement or understanding with any person or entity &#8206;other than the corporation with respect to any direct or indirect compensation, reimbursement or &#8206;indemnification in connection with service or action as a director that has not been disclosed &#8206;therein, and <b style="font-weight:bold;">(iii)</b> in such person&#39;s individual capacity and on behalf of any person or entity on &#8206;whose behalf the nomination is being made, would be in compliance, if elected as a director of &#8206;the corporation, and will comply with, applicable law and all applicable publicly disclosed &#8206;corporate governance, conflict of interest, corporate opportunities, confidentiality and stock &#8206;ownership and trading policies and guidelines of the corporation&#8206;.&#8206;</div><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;3.3.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Removals.</font><a name="_Toc342907690"></a><a name="_Toc52164811"></a><a name="_Toc180568246"></a><a name="_Toc142993836"></a>&#160;&#160;Subject to the preferential voting rights of the holders of preferred stock or any other class of capital stock of the corporation or any series of any of the foregoing that is then outstanding at any meeting of stockholders called expressly for the purpose of removing a director or directors, each director may be removed from office at any time by the stockholders, with or without cause, by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least a majority of the voting power of all of the shares of the corporation entitled to vote for the election of such director.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></div><div style="clear:both;display:table;margin-bottom:30pt;min-height:36pt;width:100%;"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:bottom;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:5pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:10pt;">-</font><font style="font-size:10pt;">8</font><font style="font-size:10pt;">-</font></p></div></div></div><hr style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;color:#000000;height:2pt;line-height:0;margin-bottom:30pt;margin-left:11.76%;margin-right:11.76%;margin-top:30pt;page-break-after:always;width:76.47%;border-width:0;"><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:11.76%;padding-right:11.76%;position:relative;"><div style="margin-top:30pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></div><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;3.4.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Vacancies.</font><a name="_Toc342907691"></a><a name="_Toc52164812"></a><a name="_Toc180568247"></a><a name="_Toc142993837"></a>&#160;&#160;Subject to the preferential voting rights of the holders of preferred stock or any other class of capital stock of the corporation or any series of any of the foregoing that is then outstanding and except as otherwise required by law, all vacancies in the board of directors, whether caused by resignation, death or otherwise, may be filled by a majority of the remaining directors though less than a quorum; <i style="font-style:italic;">provided, however</i>, that any vacancy resulting from an increase in the number of directors that is the result of a resolution adopted by the stockholders of the corporation may be filled by the stockholders of the corporation in accordance with the laws of the state of Delaware, any other applicable provisions of the certificate of incorporation and these bylaws. &#160;Each director so chosen shall hold office for the unexpired term of his or her predecessor and until his or her successor is elected and qualified or until his or her earlier death, resignation or removal.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;3.5.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Annual Meeting.</font><a name="_Toc342907692"></a><a name="_Toc52164813"></a><a name="_Toc180568248"></a><a name="_Toc142993838"></a>&#160;&#160;The annual meeting of the board of directors may be held without notice immediately after the annual meeting of stockholders at the location of the stockholders&#8217; meeting. &#160;If not held immediately after the annual meeting of the stockholders, the annual meeting of the board of directors shall be held as soon thereafter as may be convenient.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;3.6.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Other Meetings and Notice.</font><a name="_Toc342907693"></a><a name="_Toc52164814"></a><a name="_Toc180568249"></a><a name="_Toc142993839"></a>&#160;&#160;Regular meetings of the board of directors may be held with or without notice at such time and at such place as shall from time to time be determined by the board of directors. &#160;Special meetings of the board of directors may be called by or at the request of the chair of the board, the vice chair of the board, the president or the or chief executive officer and shall be called by the chair of the board on the written request of a majority of directors, in each case on at least twenty-four hours notice to each director.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;3.7.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Quorum.</font><a name="_Toc342907694"></a><a name="_Toc52164815"></a><a name="_Toc180568250"></a><a name="_Toc142993840"></a>&#160;&#160;A majority of the total number of directors shall be necessary at all meetings to constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. &#160;If a quorum shall not be present at any meeting of the board of directors, the directors present thereat may adjourn the meeting from time to time, without notice other than announcement at the meeting, until a quorum shall be present. &#160;At such adjourned meeting at which a quorum shall be present, any business may be transacted that might have been transacted at the meeting as originally notified and called.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;3.8.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Committees.</font><a name="_Toc342907695"></a><a name="_Toc52164816"></a><a name="_Toc180568251"></a><a name="_Toc142993841"></a>&#160;&#160;Standing or temporary committees consisting of one or more directors of the corporation may be appointed by the board of directors from time to time. &#160;The corporation hereby elects to be governed by Section 141(c)(2) of the Delaware General &#8206;Corporation Law and, as such, any such committee, to the extent provided in the resolution of &#8206;the board of directors, shall have and may exercise all the powers and authority of the board of &#8206;directors in the management of the business and affairs of the corporation, and may authorize &#8206;the seal of the corporation to be affixed to all papers which may require it; but no such &#8206;committee shall have the power or authority in reference to the following matters: (i) approving &#8206;or adopting, or recommending to the stockholders, any action or matter (other than the election &#8206;or removal of directors) expressly required by the Delaware General Corporation Law to be &#8206;submitted to stockholders for approval or (ii) adopting, amending or repealing any bylaw of the &#8206;corporation. All committees so appointed shall keep regular minutes of the transactions of their meetings and shall cause them to be recorded in books kept for that purpose in the office of the corporation, and shall report the same to the board of directors at its next meeting. &#160;The board of directors may designate one or more directors as alternate members of any committee, who may replace any absent or disqualified member at any meeting of the committee. &#160;The board shall have the power at any time to change the membership of, to increase or decrease the membership of, to fill all vacancies in and to discharge any committee of the board, or any member thereof, either with or without cause.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;3.9.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Committee Rules.</font><a name="_Toc342907696"></a><a name="_Toc52164817"></a><a name="_Toc180568252"></a><a name="_Toc142993842"></a>&#160;&#160;Each committee of the board of directors may fix its own rules of procedure and shall hold its meetings as provided by such rules, except as may otherwise be provided by the resolution of the board of directors designating such committee, but in all cases the presence of at least a majority of the members of such committee shall be necessary to constitute a quorum.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;3.10.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Telephonic Meetings.</font><a name="_Toc342907697"></a><a name="_Toc52164818"></a><a name="_Toc180568253"></a><a name="_Toc142993843"></a>&#160;&#160;Members of the board of directors or any committee designated by the board of directors may participate in any meeting of the board of directors or such committee by means of a conference telephone or other electronic communications equipment by means of which all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other. &#160;Participation in such a meeting shall constitute presence in person at such meeting.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;3.11.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Presumption of Assent.</font><a name="_Toc342907698"></a><a name="_Toc52164819"></a><a name="_Toc180568254"></a><a name="_Toc142993844"></a>&#160;&#160;A director of the corporation who is present at a meeting of the board of directors or any committee thereof at which action on any corporate matter is taken shall be deemed to have assented </p></div><div style="clear:both;display:table;margin-bottom:30pt;min-height:36pt;width:100%;"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:bottom;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:5pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:10pt;">-</font><font style="font-size:10pt;">9</font><font style="font-size:10pt;">-</font></p></div></div></div><hr style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;color:#000000;height:2pt;line-height:0;margin-bottom:30pt;margin-left:11.76%;margin-right:11.76%;margin-top:30pt;page-break-after:always;width:76.47%;border-width:0;"><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:11.76%;padding-right:11.76%;position:relative;"><div style="margin-top:30pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></div><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;">to the action taken unless his or her dissent shall be entered in the minutes of the meeting or unless he or she shall file his or her written dissent to such action with the person acting as the secretary of the meeting before the adjournment thereof or shall forward such dissent by registered mail to the secretary of the corporation immediately after the adjournment of the meeting. &#160;Such right to dissent shall not apply to a director who voted in favor of such action.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;3.12.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Action Without a Meeting</font><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">.</font><a name="_Toc342907699"></a><a name="_Toc52164820"></a><a name="_Toc180568255"></a><a name="_Toc142993845"></a>&#160;&#160;Any action required or permitted to be taken at any meeting of the board of directors or of any committee thereof may be taken without a meeting if all members of the board of directors or such committee, as the case may be, consent thereto in writing or electronic transmission and the writing or writings or electronic transmission or transmissions are filed with the minutes of proceedings of the board of directors or committee. &#160;Action taken pursuant to such written consent of the board of directors or of any committee thereof shall have the same force and effect as if taken by the board of directors or the committee, as the case may be, at a meeting thereof.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;3.13.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Compensation.</font><a name="_Toc342907700"></a><a name="_Toc52164821"></a><a name="_Toc180568256"></a><a name="_Toc142993846"></a>&#160;&#160;The board of directors shall have the authority to fix the compensation of directors.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;3.14.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Minutes</font><a name="_Toc347805101"></a><a name="_Toc52164822"></a><a name="_Toc180568257"></a><a name="_Toc142993847"></a>.&#160;&#160;The board of directors shall cause to be kept regular minutes of its proceedings, and such minutes shall be placed in the minute proceedings of the corporation (which may be maintained in paper or electronic form).</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">ARTICLE&#160;</b><b style="font-weight:bold;">IV.</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;"><br></font><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">OFFICERS</font><a name="_Toc342907701"></a><a name="_Toc52164823"></a><a name="_Toc180568258"></a><a name="_Toc142993848"></a></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;4.1.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Number</font><a name="_Toc347805228"></a><a name="_Toc52164824"></a><a name="_Toc180568259"></a><a name="_Toc142993849"></a>.<b style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;&#160;</b>The officers of the corporation shall be a chair of the board, a vice chair of the board, a president, one or more vice presidents, a secretary, a treasurer, and such other officers and assistant officers as the board of directors may, by resolution, appoint. &#160;Any two or more offices may be held by the same person. &#160;In its discretion, the board of directors may choose not to fill any office for any period as it may deem advisable, except the offices of president and secretary.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;4.2.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Election and Term of Office</font><a name="_Toc347805229"></a><a name="_Toc52164825"></a><a name="_Toc180568260"></a><a name="_Toc142993850"></a>.<b style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;&#160;</b>The officers of the corporation shall be elected annually by the board of directors at the annual meeting of the board of directors. &#160;If the election of officers shall not be held at such meeting, such election shall be held as soon thereafter as may be convenient. &#160;Each officer shall hold office until the next annual meeting of the board of directors and until his or her successor is duly elected and qualified or until his or her earlier death, resignation or removal as hereinafter provided.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;4.3.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">The Chair of the Board</font><a name="_Toc347805230"></a><a name="_Toc52164826"></a><a name="_Toc180568261"></a><a name="_Toc142993851"></a>.<b style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;&#160;</b>The chair of the board shall preside at all meetings of the stockholders and directors. &#160;He or she shall have general and active management of the business of the corporation, shall see that all orders and resolutions of the board of directors are carried into effect and, in connection therewith, shall be authorized to delegate to the vice chair of the board, president and other officers such of his or her powers and duties as chair of the board at such time and in such manner as he or she may deem to be advisable. &#160;The chair of the board shall be an ex officio member of all standing committees and he or she shall have such other powers and duties as may from time to time be assigned by the board of directors. <a name="_Hlk146548304"></a>References in these bylaws to a chair of the board shall include references to persons designated by the board of directors with the title chairperson, chairman, chairwoman, chair or any similar title.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;4.4.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">The Vice Chair of the Board</font><a name="_Toc347805231"></a><a name="_Toc52164827"></a><a name="_Toc180568262"></a><a name="_Toc142993852"></a>.<b style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;&#160;</b>The vice chair of the board shall assist the chair of the board in the management of the business of the corporation, and, in the absence or disability of the chair of the board, shall preside at all meetings of the stockholders and the board of directors and exercise the other powers and perform the other duties of the chair of the board or designate the executive officers of the corporation by whom such other powers shall be exercised and other duties performed. &#160;The vice chair of the board shall be an ex officio member of all standing committees and he or she shall have such other powers and duties as may from time to time be assigned by the board of directors or by the chair of the board. &#160;In addition to the foregoing, the vice chair of the board shall have such other powers, duties and authority as may be set forth elsewhere in these bylaws. <a name="_Hlk146548316"></a>References in these bylaws to a vice chair of the board shall include references to persons designated by the board of directors with the title vice chairperson, vice chairman, vice chairwoman, vice chair or any similar title.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></div><div style="clear:both;display:table;margin-bottom:30pt;min-height:36pt;width:100%;"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:bottom;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:5pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:10pt;">-</font><font style="font-size:10pt;">10</font><font style="font-size:10pt;">-</font></p></div></div></div><hr style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;color:#000000;height:2pt;line-height:0;margin-bottom:30pt;margin-left:11.76%;margin-right:11.76%;margin-top:30pt;page-break-after:always;width:76.47%;border-width:0;"><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:11.76%;padding-right:11.76%;position:relative;"><div style="margin-top:30pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></div><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;4.5.&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">The President</font><a name="_Toc347805232"></a><a name="_Toc52164828"></a><a name="_Toc180568263"></a><a name="_Toc142993853"></a>.<b style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;&#160;</b>The president shall be the corporation&#8217;s chief operating officer unless otherwise determined by the board of directors. &#160;The president shall assist the chair of the board in the management of the business of the corporation, and, in the absence or disability of the chair of the board and the vice chair of the board, shall preside at all meetings of the stockholders and the board of directors and exercise the other powers and perform the other duties of the chair of the board or designate the executive officers of the corporation by whom such other powers shall be exercised and other duties performed. &#160;The president shall be an ex officio member of all standing committees and he or she shall have such other powers and duties as may from time to time be assigned by the board of directors or by the chair of the board. &#160;In addition to the foregoing, the president shall have such other powers, duties, and authority as may be set forth elsewhere in these bylaws. &#160;If the board of directors does not elect a chair or vice chair of the board, the president shall also have the duties and responsibilities, and exercise all functions, of the chair and the vice chair of the board as provided in these bylaws.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;4.6.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">The Chief Executive Officer</font><a name="_Toc52164829"></a><a name="_Toc180568264"></a><a name="_Toc142993854"></a>.<b style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;&#160;</b>The board of directors may designate an individual, whether or not such individual is an officer of the corporation, to serve as the chief executive officer of the corporation. &#160;The chief executive officer shall have the duties and responsibilities, and exercise all functions, as the board of directors may determine.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;4.7.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">The Chief Financial Officer</font><a name="_Toc52164830"></a><a name="_Toc180568265"></a><a name="_Toc142993855"></a>.<b style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;&#160;</b>The board of directors may designate an individual, whether or not such individual is an officer of the corporation, to serve as the chief financial officer of the corporation. &#160;The chief financial officer shall have the duties and responsibilities, and exercise all functions, as the board of directors may determine.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;4.8.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Vice Presidents</font><a name="_Toc347805233"></a><a name="_Toc52164831"></a><a name="_Toc180568266"></a><a name="_Toc142993856"></a>.<b style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;&#160;</b>Each vice president shall have such powers and discharge such duties as may be assigned from time to time by the chair of the board, the vice chair of the board or the president. &#160;During the absence or disability of the president, first the chief executive officer and in the absence or disability of the chief executive officer, one such vice president, when designated by the board of directors, shall exercise all the functions of the president.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;4.9.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">The Secretary and Assistant Secretary</font><a name="_Toc347805234"></a><a name="_Toc52164832"></a><a name="_Toc180568267"></a><a name="_Toc142993857"></a>.<b style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;&#160;</b>The secretary or the chair of the board shall issue notices for all meetings. &#160;The secretary shall keep minutes of all meetings of the board of directors, the committees thereof and the stockholders, shall have charge of the seal and the corporate books and shall make such reports and perform such other duties as are incident to the office, and perform such other duties designated or properly required by the chair of the board, the vice chair of the board, the president or the chief executive officer. &#160;The secretary shall keep, or cause to be kept, at the principal executive office of the corporation or at the office of the corporation&#8217;s transfer agent or registrar, a share register, or a duplicate share register, showing the names of all stockholders and their addresses, the number and classes of shares held by each, the number and date of certificates evidencing such shares, and the number and date of cancellation of every certificate surrendered for cancellation. &#160;The assistant secretary shall be vested with the same powers and duties as the secretary, and any act may be done or duty performed by the assistant secretary with like effect as though done or performed by the secretary. &#160;The assistant secretary shall have such other powers and perform such other duties as may be assigned by the chair of the board, the vice chair of the board, the president or the chief executive officer.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;4.10.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">The Treasurer and Assistant Treasurer</font><a name="_Toc347805235"></a><a name="_Toc52164833"></a><a name="_Toc180568268"></a><a name="_Toc142993858"></a>.<b style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;&#160;</b>The treasurer shall have the custody of all moneys and securities of the corporation and shall keep regular books of account. &#160;He or she shall disburse the funds of the corporation in payment of just demands against the corporation, or as may be ordered by the chair of the board, the vice chair of the board, the president, the chief executive officer or by the board of directors, taking proper vouchers for such disbursements, and shall render to the board of directors from time to time as may be required of him or her, an account of all transactions as treasurer and of the financial condition of the corporation. &#160;The treasurer shall perform all duties incident to the office, and perform such other duties designated or properly required by the chair of the board, the vice chair of the board, the president or the chief executive officer. 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style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;&#160;</b>Vacancies in any office arising from any cause may be filled by the directors for the unexpired portion of the term with a majority vote of the directors then in office. &#160;In the case of the absence or </p></div><div style="clear:both;display:table;margin-bottom:30pt;min-height:36pt;width:100%;"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:bottom;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:5pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:10pt;">-</font><font style="font-size:10pt;">11</font><font style="font-size:10pt;">-</font></p></div></div></div><hr style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;color:#000000;height:2pt;line-height:0;margin-bottom:30pt;margin-left:11.76%;margin-right:11.76%;margin-top:30pt;page-break-after:always;width:76.47%;border-width:0;"><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:11.76%;padding-right:11.76%;position:relative;"><div style="margin-top:30pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></div><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;">inability to act of any officer of the corporation and of any person herein authorized to act in his or her place, the board of directors may from time to time delegate the powers or duties of such officer to any other officer or any director or other person whom it may select.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;4.12.&#160;&#160;</b><font 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name="_Toc180568271"></a><a name="_Toc142993861"></a>.<b style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;&#160;</b>Unless otherwise provided in these bylaws or the board of directors decides otherwise, if an officer title is one commonly used for officers of a business corporation formed under the <font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Delaware General Corporation Law</font> or any successor or similar statute, the assignment of such title shall constitute the delegation to such officer of the authority and duties that are normally associated with that office, subject to any specific delegation of authority and duties made to such officer by the board of directors.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">ARTICLE&#160;</b><b 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attorneys&#8217; fees), liabilities or other matters arising out of their status as such or their acts, omissions or services rendered by such persons in such capacities or otherwise while serving at the request of the corporation in any other capacity. &#160;Unless specifically addressed in a repeal or amendment of Delaware law with regard to a corporation&#8217;s ability to indemnify any such person, no such repeal or amendment shall adversely affect any indemnification rights of any such person existing at the time of such repeal or amendment.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;5.2.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Advancement of Expenses.</font><a name="_Toc52164839"></a><a name="_Toc180568274"></a><a name="_Toc142993864"></a>&#160;&#160;Expenses (including attorneys&#8217; fees) incurred by a director or officer who was, is or is threatened to be made a named defendant or respondent in a proceeding by reason of his or her status as a director or officer of the corporation or services rendered by such persons in such capacities or otherwise at the request of the corporation or incurred by a director or officer for prosecuting a claim under <b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;5.3</b> shall be paid by the corporation in advance of the final disposition of such proceeding upon receipt of a written undertaking by or on behalf of the director or officer to repay such amount if it shall ultimately be determined that he or she is not entitled to be indemnified by the corporation as authorized in this Article.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;5.3.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Expenses of Contested Indemnification Claims.</font><a name="_Toc52164840"></a><a name="_Toc180568275"></a><a name="_Toc142993865"></a><b style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;&#160;</b>If a claimant makes a claim on the corporation under <b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;5.1</b> or <b style="font-weight:bold;">5.2</b> and the corporation does not pay such claim in full within thirty days after it has received such written claim, the claimant may at any time thereafter bring suit against the corporation to recover the unpaid amount of the claim and, if successful in whole or in part, the claimant shall also be entitled to be paid also the expenses of prosecuting such claim. &#160;It shall be a defense to any such action that such indemnification of advancement of costs of defense are not permitted under the General Corporation Law of Delaware or other applicable law, but the burden of proving such defense shall be on the corporation. &#160;Neither the failure of the corporation (including its board of directors or any committee thereof, special legal counsel or stockholders) to have made its determination prior to the commencement of such action that indemnification of, or advancement of costs of defense to, the claimant is permissible in the circumstances nor an actual determination by the corporation (including its board of directors or any committee thereof, special legal counsel, or stockholders) that such indemnification or advancement is not permissible, shall be a defense to the action or create a presumption that such indemnification or advancement is not permissible.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;5.4.&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Indemnification Not Exclusive.</font><a name="_Toc52164841"></a><a name="_Toc180568276"></a><a name="_Toc142993866"></a>&#160;&#160;The indemnification and advancement of expenses provided by, or granted pursuant to, this Article shall not be deemed exclusive of any other rights to which those seeking indemnification or advancement of expenses may be entitled under any other bylaw, agreement, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise, both as to action in his or her official capacity and as to action in another capacity while holding such office.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;5.5.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Survival of Indemnification and Advancement of Expenses.</font><a name="_Toc52164842"></a><a name="_Toc180568277"></a><a name="_Toc142993867"></a><b style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;&#160;</b>The indemnification and advancement of expenses provided by, or granted pursuant to, this Article shall continue as to a person who has ceased to be a director or officer and shall inure to the benefit of the heirs, executors and administrators of such person.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></div><div style="clear:both;display:table;margin-bottom:30pt;min-height:36pt;width:100%;"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:bottom;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:5pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:10pt;">-</font><font style="font-size:10pt;">12</font><font style="font-size:10pt;">-</font></p></div></div></div><hr style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;color:#000000;height:2pt;line-height:0;margin-bottom:30pt;margin-left:11.76%;margin-right:11.76%;margin-top:30pt;page-break-after:always;width:76.47%;border-width:0;"><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:11.76%;padding-right:11.76%;position:relative;"><div style="margin-top:30pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></div><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><p 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style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;5.7.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Contract Right.</font><a name="_Toc52164844"></a><a name="_Toc180568279"></a><a name="_Toc142993869"></a>&#160;&#160;Each of the rights of indemnification and advancement of expenses provided by, or granted pursuant to, this Article shall be a contract right that will survive the termination of any person&#8217;s service as a director or officer and any repeal or amendment of the provisions of this Article shall not adversely affect any such right of any person existing at the time of such repeal or amendment with respect to any act or omission occurring prior to the time of such repeal or amendment, and further, shall not apply to any proceeding, irrespective of when the proceeding is initiated, arising from the service of such person prior to such repeal or amendment.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;5.8.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Insurance.</font><a name="_Toc52164845"></a><a name="_Toc180568280"></a><a name="_Toc142993870"></a><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">&#160;&#160;</font>To the fullest extent of <font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Delaware law</font>, <font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">the corporation shall have power to purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of any person, including one who is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the corporation or is or was serving at the request of the corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another enterprise against any liability asserted against him or her and incurred by him or her in any such capacity, or arising out of his or her status as such, whether or not the corporation would have the power to indemnify him or her against such liability under the provisions of this Article or Delaware law.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;5.9.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Certain References Under Article V.</font><a name="_Toc52164846"></a><a name="_Toc180568281"></a><a name="_Toc142993871"></a><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">&#160;&#160;</font>For purposes of this Article, references to <font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">&#8220;</font><i style="font-style:italic;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">the corporation</i><font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">,&#8221; &#8220;</font><i style="font-style:italic;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">other enterprise</i><font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">&#8221; and &#8220;</font><i style="font-style:italic;">serving at the request of the corporation</i>&#8221; shall have the meanings given such terms in Section 145 of the <font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Delaware General Corporation Law</font> or any successor or similar statute. &#160;As used herein, the term &#8220;<i style="font-style:italic;">proceeding</i>&#8221; means any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative, arbitrative or investigative, any appeal in such an action, suit or proceeding, and any inquiry or investigation that could lead to such an action, suit or proceeding.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">ARTICLE&#160;</b><b style="font-weight:bold;">VI.</b><b style="font-weight:bold;"><br></b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">STOCK CERTIFICATES </font><a name="_Toc342907722"></a><a name="_Toc52164847"></a><a name="_Toc180568282"></a><a name="_Toc142993872"></a></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;6.1.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Form</font>.<a name="_Toc342907723"></a><a name="_Toc52164848"></a><a name="_Toc180568283"></a><a name="_Toc142993873"></a>&#160;&#160;The shares of stock of the corporation shall be represented by certificates, or shall be uncertificated shares. &#160;Every holder of uncertificated shares of the corporation shall be entitled upon request to have a stock certificate issued to such holder signed by the chair of the board, the president, the chief executive officer or any vice president and the secretary, any assistant secretary, the treasurer or any assistant treasurer, certifying to the number of shares owned by such stockholder. &#160;Where, however, such certificate is signed by a transfer agent or an assistant transfer agent or by a transfer clerk acting on behalf of the corporation, and a registrar or by an agent acting in the dual capacity of transfer agent and registrar, the signatures of any of the above-named officers may be facsimile signatures. &#160;In the event that any officer who has signed, or whose facsimile signature has been used on, a certificate ceases to be an officer before the certificate has been delivered, such certificate may nevertheless be adopted and issued and delivered by the corporation, as though the officer who signed such certificate or certificates, or whose facsimile signature or signatures shall have been used thereon, had not ceased to be such officer of the corporation. &#160;All certificates for shares shall be consecutively numbered or otherwise identified. &#160;The name of the person to whom either certificated or uncertificated shares are issued, with the number of shares and date of issue, shall be entered on the books of the corporation. &#160;Notwithstanding any other provision in these bylaws, the corporation may adopt a system of issuance, recordation and transfer of its shares by electronic or other means not involving any issuance of certificates, including provisions for notice to purchasers in substitution for any required statements or certificates, and as may be required by applicable law, which system has been approved by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. &#160;Any system so adopted shall not become effective as to issued and outstanding certificated securities until the certificates therefor have been surrendered to the corporation.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;6.2.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Transfers.</font><a name="_Toc342907724"></a><a name="_Toc52164849"></a><a name="_Toc180568284"></a><a name="_Toc142993874"></a><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">&#160;&#160;</font>Transfers of stock shall be made only upon the transfer books of the corporation or respective transfer agents designated to transfer 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Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></div><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;">legal representative, to give the corporation a bond sufficient to indemnify it against any claim that may be made against it on account of the alleged loss, theft or destruction of any such certificate or the issuance of such new certificate.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;6.4.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Registered Stockholders.</font><a name="_Toc342907727"></a><a 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style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;6.5.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Restrictions on Transfers of Shares.</font><a name="_Toc52164852"></a><a name="_Toc180568287"></a><a name="_Toc142993877"></a>&#160;&#160;Notice of any restriction on the transfer of shares of the corporation&#8217;s stock shall be placed on each certificate of stock issued, or in the case of uncertificated shares, contained in the notice sent to the registered holder of such shares in accordance with the laws of the state of Delaware.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">ARTICLE&#160;</b><b style="font-weight:bold;">VII.</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;"><br></font><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">CERTAIN BUSINESS COMBINATIONS</font><a name="_Toc347802682"></a><a name="_Toc52164853"></a><a name="_Toc180568288"></a><a name="_Toc142993878"></a></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">The provision of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law shall not apply to the corporation.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">This Article VII shall be amended, altered or repealed only as provided in Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">ARTICLE&#160;</b><b style="font-weight:bold;">VIII.</b><b style="font-weight:bold;"><br></b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">GENERAL PROVISIONS</font><b style="font-weight:bold;"> </b><a name="_Toc342907729"></a><a name="_Toc52164854"></a><a name="_Toc180568289"></a><a name="_Toc142993879"></a><br><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;8.1.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Dividends.</font><a name="_Toc342907730"></a><a name="_Toc52164855"></a><a name="_Toc180568290"></a><a name="_Toc142993880"></a><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">&#160;&#160;</font>Dividends upon the capital stock of the corporation, subject to any applicable provisions of the certificate of incorporation, may be declared by the board of directors at any regular or special meeting, pursuant to law. &#160;Dividends may be paid in cash, in property or in shares of the capital stock, subject to the applicable provisions of the certificate of incorporation. &#160;Before payment of any dividend, there may be set aside out of any funds of the corporation available for dividends such sum or sums as the directors from time to time, in their absolute discretion, think proper as a reserve or reserves to meet contingencies, or for equalizing dividends, or for repairing or maintaining any property of the corporation, or for such other purpose as the directors shall think in the best interest of the corporation, and the directors may modify or abolish any such reserve in the manner in which it was created.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;8.2.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Accounts.</font><a name="_Toc342907731"></a><a name="_Toc52164856"></a><a name="_Toc180568291"></a><a name="_Toc142993881"></a><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">&#160;&#160;</font>The chair of the board, vice chair of the board, president, the chief executive officer or any vice president is authorized for and on behalf of the corporation: &#160;to establish, maintain and to close depositary accounts, in the corporation&#8217;s name, for the deposit and withdrawal of corporation funds; to designate those individuals authorized to withdraw funds or sign checks in said depositary accounts; and to execute customer agreements with respect to such depositary accounts, including forms of corporate resolutions, certified with respect to the approval of the board of directors as of the date such forms of corporate resolutions are executed. The secretary or assistant secretary is, authorized for and on behalf of the corporation without further action of the board of directors to certify as to the approval of the board of directors of forms of resolutions regarding any of such depositary or trading accounts as of the date the officer of the corporation executes the customer agreement with respect to each such account.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">ARTICLE&#160;</b><b style="font-weight:bold;">IX.</b><b style="font-weight:bold;"><br></b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">NOTICES</font><a name="_Toc342907732"></a><a name="_Toc52164857"></a><a name="_Toc180568292"></a><a name="_Toc142993882"></a></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;9.1.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">General</font><a name="_Toc52164858"></a><a name="_Toc180568293"></a><a name="_Toc142993883"></a>.&#160;&#160;Written notice to stockholders of stockholder meetings shall be given as provided in <b style="font-weight:bold;">Section 2.3</b> herein. &#160;Without limiting the manner by which notice may otherwise be given effectively to stockholders under any agreement or contract with such stockholder, and except as otherwise required by law, written notice to stockholders for purposes other than stockholder meetings may be sent by U.S. mail or nationally recognized overnight courier, or by facsimile, telegraph or telex or by electronic mail or other electronic means. &#160;Whenever the provisions of any statute or these bylaws require notice to be given to any director, such notice may be given by the method stated in the previous sentence, except that such notice other than one that is delivered personally shall be sent to such address </p></div><div style="clear:both;display:table;margin-bottom:30pt;min-height:36pt;width:100%;"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:bottom;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:5pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:10pt;">-</font><font style="font-size:10pt;">14</font><font style="font-size:10pt;">-</font></p></div></div></div><hr style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;color:#000000;height:2pt;line-height:0;margin-bottom:30pt;margin-left:11.76%;margin-right:11.76%;margin-top:30pt;page-break-after:always;width:76.47%;border-width:0;"><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:11.76%;padding-right:11.76%;position:relative;"><div style="margin-top:30pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></div><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;">as such director shall have filed in writing with the secretary, or, in the absence of such filing, to the last known post office address of such director.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;9.2.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Waivers</font><a name="_Toc347805109"></a><a name="_Toc52164859"></a><a name="_Toc180568294"></a><a name="_Toc142993884"></a>.&#160;&#160;Whenever any notice whatever is required to be given under provisions of law or of the certificate of incorporation or of these bylaws, a waiver thereof in writing signed by the person or persons entitled to said notice or a waiver by electronic transmission, whether before or after the time stated therein, shall be deemed equivalent to the giving of such notice.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;9.3.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Attendance as Waiver</font><a name="_Toc347805110"></a><a name="_Toc52164860"></a><a name="_Toc180568295"></a><a name="_Toc142993885"></a>.&#160;&#160;Attendance of a person at a meeting shall constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting, except where a person attends a meeting for the express purpose of objecting at the beginning of the meeting to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;9.4.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Omission of Notice to Stockholders</font><a name="_Toc347805111"></a><a name="_Toc52164861"></a><a name="_Toc180568296"></a><a name="_Toc142993886"></a>.&#160;&#160;Any notice required to be given to any stockholder under any statutory provision, the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws need not be given to the stockholder if:</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt;"><font style="margin-left:0pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt;"><font style="display:inline-block;text-align:left;text-indent:0pt;width:36pt;"><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;">(a)</b></font>notice of two consecutive annual meetings and all notices of meetings held or the takings of action by written consent without a meeting to such stockholder taken during the period between those annual meetings, or</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt;"><font style="margin-left:0pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt;"><font style="display:inline-block;text-align:left;text-indent:0pt;width:36pt;"><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;">(b)</b></font>all, and at least two, payments (if sent by first class mail) of distributions or interest on securities during a twelve-month period,</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;">have been mailed to that person, addressed at his or her address as shown on the share transfer records of the corporation, and have been returned undeliverable. &#160;Any action or meeting taken or held without notice to such a person shall have the same force and effect as if the notice had been duly given. &#160;If such a person delivers to the corporation a written notice setting forth his or her then current address, the requirement that notice be given to that person shall be reinstated.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">ARTICLE&#160;</b><b style="font-weight:bold;">X.</b><b style="font-weight:bold;"><br></b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">FORUM SELECTION</font><a name="_Toc142993887"></a></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;10.1.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Delaware Forum</font><a name="_Toc142993888"></a>.&#160;&#160;Unless the corporation consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if such court does not have subject matter jurisdiction, the federal district court of the State of Delaware) shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for: <b style="font-weight:bold;">(i) </b>any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the corporation, <b style="font-weight:bold;">(ii)</b> any action asserting a claim for or based on a breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any current or former director, officer, other employee, agent or stockholder of the corporation to the corporation or the corporation&#8217;s stockholders, including without limitation a claim alleging the aiding and abetting of such a breach of fiduciary duty, <b style="font-weight:bold;">(iii)</b> any action asserting a claim against the corporation or any current or former director, officer, employee, agent or stockholder of the corporation arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law or the certificate of incorporation or bylaws or as to which the Delaware General Corporation Law confers jurisdiction on the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, or <b style="font-weight:bold;">(iv)</b> any action asserting a claim related to or involving the corporation that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;10.2.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Securities Act Claims</font><a name="_Toc142993889"></a>.&#160;&#160;Unless the corporation consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States of America shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;10.3.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Notice and Consent</font><a name="_Toc142993890"></a>.&#160;&#160;Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring or holding any interest in shares of capital stock of the corporation shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to the provisions of this Article X.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Section&#160;10.4.&#160;&#160;</b><font style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">Injunctive Relief</font><a name="_Toc142993891"></a>.&#160;&#160;Failure to enforce the foregoing provisions would cause the corporation irreparable harm, and the corporation shall be entitled to equitable relief, including injunctive relief and specific performance, to enforce the foregoing provisions.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></div><div style="clear:both;display:table;margin-bottom:30pt;min-height:36pt;width:100%;"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:bottom;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:5pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:10pt;">-</font><font style="font-size:10pt;">15</font><font style="font-size:10pt;">-</font></p></div></div></div><hr style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;color:#000000;height:2pt;line-height:0;margin-bottom:30pt;margin-left:11.76%;margin-right:11.76%;margin-top:30pt;page-break-after:always;width:76.47%;border-width:0;"><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:11.76%;padding-right:11.76%;position:relative;"><div style="margin-top:30pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></div><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 234pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">ADOPTED BY THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS AS OF November 2, 2023</b></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 234pt;"><font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;margin-left:0pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 234pt;"><font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">/s/ Jane R. Grimm</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 234pt;"><font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;margin-left:0pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 234pt;"></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 234pt;"><u style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;text-decoration-color:#000000;text-decoration-line:underline;text-decoration-style:solid;"><u style="display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;position:relative;text-align:justify;text-align-last:justify;text-decoration:underline;text-indent:0pt;vertical-align:bottom;white-space:normal;width:234pt;">&#8203; &#8203;<font style="display:inline-block;height:0pt;width:100%;"></font></u></u><font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;margin-left:0pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 234pt;"><i style="font-style:italic;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">Jane R. Grimm, Secretary</i></p></div><div style="clear:both;display:table;margin-bottom:30pt;min-height:36pt;width:100%;"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:bottom;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:5pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:10pt;">-</font><font style="font-size:10pt;">16</font><font style="font-size:10pt;">-</font></p></div></div></div><hr style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;color:#000000;height:2pt;line-height:0;margin-left:11.76%;margin-right:11.76%;margin-top:30pt;page-break-after:avoid;width:76.47%;border-width:0;"></body></html>
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<!--Enhanced HTML document created with Toppan Merrill Bridge  10.4.105.0--><!--Created on: 11/2/2023 11:48:29 AM (UTC)--><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"><html><head><meta charset="UTF-8"><title>press release</title></head><body><div style="margin-top:30pt;"></div><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:11.76%;padding-right:11.76%;position:relative;"><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><div align="left"><table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;width:100.64%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:top;width:100%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;top:0pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:1pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:13.05pt;"><td style="vertical-align:top;width:100%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></td></tr><tr style="height:69pt;"><td style="vertical-align:top;width:100%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><img src="vhl-20231102xex99d1001.jpg" alt="Graphic" style="display:inline-block;height:63.9pt;left:0%;padding-bottom:0.6pt;position:relative;top:0pt;width:106.5pt;"></p></td></tr></table></div><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt 0pt 6pt 0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">VALHI DECLARES QUARTERLY DIVIDEND</b></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:11pt;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;">DALLAS, TEXAS . . . November 2, 2023 . . . Valhi, Inc. (NYSE: &#160;VHI) announced today that its board of directors has declared a regular quarterly dividend of eight cents ($0.08) per share on its common stock, payable on December 21, 2023 to stockholders of record at the close of business on December 1, 2023.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;">Valhi, Inc. is engaged in the chemicals <font style="background:#ffffff;">(TiO</font><sub style="font-size:9pt;vertical-align:sub;background:#ffffff;">2</sub><font style="background:#ffffff;">)</font>, component products (security products and recreational marine components) <font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">and real estate management and development industries</font>.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:11pt;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-size:11pt;letter-spacing:-0.1pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:11pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><font style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt;">* * * * *</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Investor Relations Contact</b></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><font style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;">Bryan A. Hanley</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;">Senior Vice President and Treasurer</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:12pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;">Tel. 972-233-1700</p></div></div><hr style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;color:#000000;height:2pt;line-height:0;margin-left:11.76%;margin-right:11.76%;margin-top:30pt;page-break-after:avoid;width:76.47%;border-width:0;"></body></html>
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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.SCH
<SEQUENCE>6
<FILENAME>vhl-20231102.xsd
<DESCRIPTION>EX-101.SCH
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="us-ascii"?>
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<!--Based on XBRL 2.1-->
<!--Created on: 11/2/2023 11:48:35 AM-->
<!--Modified on: 11/2/2023 11:48:35 AM-->
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  <xsd:annotation>
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        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
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</xsd:schema>
</XBRL>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.LAB
<SEQUENCE>7
<FILENAME>vhl-20231102_lab.xml
<DESCRIPTION>EX-101.LAB
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
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<!--Created on: 11/2/2023 11:48:35 AM-->
<!--Modified on: 11/2/2023 11:48:35 AM-->
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</TEXT>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.PRE
<SEQUENCE>8
<FILENAME>vhl-20231102_pre.xml
<DESCRIPTION>EX-101.PRE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
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<!--Modified on: 11/2/2023 11:48:35 AM-->
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<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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<span style="display: none;">v3.23.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139990943760928">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Document and Entity Information<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Nov. 02, 2023</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CoverAbstract', window );"><strong>Cover [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">8-K<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">Nov.  02,  2023<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">Valhi, Inc.<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">DE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Securities Act File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">1-5467<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">87-0110150<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">5430 LBJ Freeway<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2', window );">Entity Address, Address Line Two</a></td>
<td class="text">Suite&#160;1700<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">Dallas<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">TX<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">75240-2620<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">972<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">233-1700<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_WrittenCommunications', window );">Written Communications</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial', window );">Soliciting Material</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Common stock<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">VHI<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NYSE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0000059255<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate', window );">Current Fiscal Year End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">--12-31<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
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<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
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<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CoverAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cover page.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CoverAbstract</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>End date of current fiscal year in the format --MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:gMonthDayItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For the EDGAR submission types of Form 8-K: the date of the report, the date of the earliest event reported; for the EDGAR submission types of Form N-1A: the filing date; for all other submission types: the end of the reporting or transition period.  The format of the date is YYYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 2 such as Street or Suite number</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:employerIdItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13e<br> -Subsection 4c<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14d<br> -Subsection 2b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_Security12bTitle">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Title of a 12(b) registered security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_Security12bTitle</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:securityTitleItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection d1-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SecurityExchangeName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarExchangeCodeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Section 14a<br> -Number 240<br> -Subsection 12<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SolicitingMaterial</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_TradingSymbol">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Trading symbol of an instrument as listed on an exchange.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_TradingSymbol</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:tradingSymbolItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_WrittenCommunications">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 425<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_WrittenCommunications</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.23.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139990943659120">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>N-2<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Nov. 02, 2023</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CoverAbstract', window );"><strong>Cover [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0000059255<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Securities Act File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">1-5467<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">8-K<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">Valhi, Inc.<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">5430 LBJ Freeway<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2', window );">Entity Address, Address Line Two</a></td>
<td class="text">Suite&#160;1700<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">Dallas<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">TX<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">75240-2620<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">972<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">233-1700<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CoverAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cover page.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CoverAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 2 such as Street or Suite number</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
</div>
</body>
</html>
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</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>11
<FILENAME>vhl-20231102x8k_htm.xml
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<XML>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<xbrl
  xmlns="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance"
  xmlns:dei="http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022"
  xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase"
  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
    <link:schemaRef xlink:href="vhl-20231102.xsd" xlink:type="simple"/>
    <context id="Duration_11_2_2023_To_11_2_2023_8s_P8SRLuUOsfvhRrxcXRA">
        <entity>
            <identifier scheme="http://www.sec.gov/CIK">0000059255</identifier>
        </entity>
        <period>
            <startDate>2023-11-02</startDate>
            <endDate>2023-11-02</endDate>
        </period>
    </context>
    <dei:EntityRegistrantName
      contextRef="Duration_11_2_2023_To_11_2_2023_8s_P8SRLuUOsfvhRrxcXRA"
      id="Hidden_iKMmr56vH06n3Db4Z1ncBQ">Valhi, Inc.</dei:EntityRegistrantName>
    <dei:EntityCentralIndexKey
      contextRef="Duration_11_2_2023_To_11_2_2023_8s_P8SRLuUOsfvhRrxcXRA"
      id="Tc_yOID8yJEhUqRINLpz1c37g_2_1">0000059255</dei:EntityCentralIndexKey>
    <dei:AmendmentFlag
      contextRef="Duration_11_2_2023_To_11_2_2023_8s_P8SRLuUOsfvhRrxcXRA"
      id="Tc_4CSLCCRfR0a_6mISrimldQ_3_1">false</dei:AmendmentFlag>
    <dei:CurrentFiscalYearEndDate
      contextRef="Duration_11_2_2023_To_11_2_2023_8s_P8SRLuUOsfvhRrxcXRA"
      id="Tc_owlwjK3_u0O0ABDjzGS2VA_4_1">--12-31</dei:CurrentFiscalYearEndDate>
    <dei:DocumentType
      contextRef="Duration_11_2_2023_To_11_2_2023_8s_P8SRLuUOsfvhRrxcXRA"
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    <dei:DocumentPeriodEndDate
      contextRef="Duration_11_2_2023_To_11_2_2023_8s_P8SRLuUOsfvhRrxcXRA"
      id="Narr_70KSmWw4A06WDDpaefNZJA">2023-11-02</dei:DocumentPeriodEndDate>
    <dei:EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode
      contextRef="Duration_11_2_2023_To_11_2_2023_8s_P8SRLuUOsfvhRrxcXRA"
      id="Tc_eJMwSbCL8EK13lZ1W2Itrw_0_0">DE</dei:EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode>
    <dei:EntityFileNumber
      contextRef="Duration_11_2_2023_To_11_2_2023_8s_P8SRLuUOsfvhRrxcXRA"
      id="Tc_7LaNCRpOr0GuY-WZ8Nhg3g_0_1">1-5467</dei:EntityFileNumber>
    <dei:EntityTaxIdentificationNumber
      contextRef="Duration_11_2_2023_To_11_2_2023_8s_P8SRLuUOsfvhRrxcXRA"
      id="Tc_peLDTf-HkUaB8aFq8gE1Mw_0_2">87-0110150</dei:EntityTaxIdentificationNumber>
    <dei:EntityAddressAddressLine1
      contextRef="Duration_11_2_2023_To_11_2_2023_8s_P8SRLuUOsfvhRrxcXRA"
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    <dei:EntityAddressAddressLine2
      contextRef="Duration_11_2_2023_To_11_2_2023_8s_P8SRLuUOsfvhRrxcXRA"
      id="Narr_1tnoF_VO3UytwgRwmY_zxg">Suite&#160;1700</dei:EntityAddressAddressLine2>
    <dei:EntityAddressCityOrTown
      contextRef="Duration_11_2_2023_To_11_2_2023_8s_P8SRLuUOsfvhRrxcXRA"
      id="Narr_pQUZ2SfnBU6zJ2rZ9Q3pNw">Dallas</dei:EntityAddressCityOrTown>
    <dei:EntityAddressStateOrProvince
      contextRef="Duration_11_2_2023_To_11_2_2023_8s_P8SRLuUOsfvhRrxcXRA"
      id="Narr_kEtQCCIJUEScw0tQgexBRw">TX</dei:EntityAddressStateOrProvince>
    <dei:EntityAddressPostalZipCode
      contextRef="Duration_11_2_2023_To_11_2_2023_8s_P8SRLuUOsfvhRrxcXRA"
      id="Tc_YKsppBB8ZkS10s2Whu0Fpg_0_1">75240-2620</dei:EntityAddressPostalZipCode>
    <dei:CityAreaCode
      contextRef="Duration_11_2_2023_To_11_2_2023_8s_P8SRLuUOsfvhRrxcXRA"
      id="Narr_mm6YKBEnfkq65Hqh5cRNWw">972</dei:CityAreaCode>
    <dei:LocalPhoneNumber
      contextRef="Duration_11_2_2023_To_11_2_2023_8s_P8SRLuUOsfvhRrxcXRA"
      id="Narr_K89P302gW0i_gIzea4f39A">233-1700</dei:LocalPhoneNumber>
    <dei:WrittenCommunications
      contextRef="Duration_11_2_2023_To_11_2_2023_8s_P8SRLuUOsfvhRrxcXRA"
      id="Tc_fZFJBBvs5Ual86LxKLReOA_0_0">false</dei:WrittenCommunications>
    <dei:SolicitingMaterial
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      id="Tc_7rfhTA-me0SrmAmnzY1EfQ_2_0">false</dei:SolicitingMaterial>
    <dei:PreCommencementTenderOffer
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    <dei:PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer
      contextRef="Duration_11_2_2023_To_11_2_2023_8s_P8SRLuUOsfvhRrxcXRA"
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    <dei:Security12bTitle
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    <dei:TradingSymbol
      contextRef="Duration_11_2_2023_To_11_2_2023_8s_P8SRLuUOsfvhRrxcXRA"
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    <dei:SecurityExchangeName
      contextRef="Duration_11_2_2023_To_11_2_2023_8s_P8SRLuUOsfvhRrxcXRA"
      id="Tc_4UZnj2cE7EmXZi9uniEyIg_1_4">NYSE</dei:SecurityExchangeName>
    <dei:EntityEmergingGrowthCompany
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</xbrl>
</XML>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EXCEL
<SEQUENCE>12
<FILENAME>Financial_Report.xlsx
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
