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Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2012
Liabilities Subject to Compromise | As required by ASC Topic 852, the amount of the Liabilities subject to compromise represents our estimate of known or potential pre-petition claims to be addressed in connection with the bankruptcy. Such claims are subject to future adjustments. Adjustments may result from, among other things, negotiations with creditors, rejection of executory contracts and unexpired leases and orders of the Bankruptcy Court. The Liabilities subject to compromise in the Consolidated Balance Sheets consists of the following:
|  | December 31, 2012 |  |  | December 31, 2011 |
Debt obligations and accrued interest payable |  | $ | 1,690,312 |  |  | $ | 1,690,312 |
Accounts payable |  |  | 14,592 |  |  |  | 17,109 |
Consolidated liabilities subject to compromise |  |  | 1,704,904 |  |  |  | 1,707,421 |
Payable to non-debtor subsidiaries |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 35 |
Debtor’s Liabilities subject to compromise |  | $ | 1,704,939 |  |  | $ | 1,707,456 |
Reorganization Items | Professional advisory fees and other costs directly associated with our reorganization are reported separately as reorganization items pursuant to ASC Topic 852. Reorganization items also include adjustments to reflect the carrying value of certain pre-petition liabilities at their allowable claim amounts. The reorganization items in the Consolidated Statements of Total Comprehensive Income for years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 consisted of the following items:
|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |
U.S. Trustee fees |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 44 |
Professional fees |  |  | 7,165 |  |  |  | 35,778 |
Office lease settlement |  |  | — |  |  |  | 14,007 |
Debt valuation adjustments |  |  | — |  |  |  | 32 |
Total reorganization items |  | $ | 7,215 |  |  | $ | 49,861 |
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared on a going-concern basis, which contemplates continuity of operations, realization of assets and liquidation of liabilities in the ordinary course of business. However, such realization of assets and liquidation of liabilities is subject to uncertainty. While operating as debtor in possession under the protection of Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code, Ambac may dispose of assets and liquidate or settle liabilities for amounts other than those reflected in the consolidated financial statements, subject to Bankruptcy Court approval or as otherwise permitted in the ordinary course of business. Further, our plan of reorganization could materially change the amounts and classifications reported in our historical consolidated financial statements, which do not give effect to any adjustments to the carrying value of assets or amounts of liabilities that might be necessary as a consequence of confirmation of a plan of reorganization. Debtor in Possession Financial Information: Financial information of Ambac is presented in Schedule II to this Form 10-K as of and for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011. Investments in subsidiaries are accounted for using the equity method of accounting.
Consolidation | Consolidation: The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Ambac and all other entities in which Ambac (directly or through its subsidiaries) has a controlling financial interest, including variable interest entities (“VIEs”) for which Ambac or an Ambac subsidiary is deemed the primary beneficiary in accordance with ASC Topic 810, Consolidation. All significant intercompany balances have been eliminated. The usual condition for a controlling financial interest is ownership of a majority of the voting interests of an entity. However, a controlling financial interest may also exist in entities, such as VIEs, through arrangements that do not involve controlling voting interests. The primary beneficiary of a VIE is the party that has both the following characteristics: a) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and b) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. An entity that is deemed the primary beneficiary of a VIE is required to consolidate the VIE. A VIE is an entity: a) that lacks enough equity investment at risk to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties; or b) where the group of equity holders does not have: (1) the power, through voting rights or similar rights, to direct the activities of an entity that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance; (2) the obligation to absorb the entity’s expected losses; or (3) the right to receive the entity’s expected residual returns. The determination of whether a variable interest holder is the primary beneficiary involves performing a qualitative analysis of the VIE that includes, among other factors, its capital structure, contractual terms including the rights of each variable interest holder, the activities of the VIE, whether the variable interest holder has the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, whether the variable interest holder has the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE, related party relationships and the design of the VIE. Refer to Note 3 for a detailed discussion of Ambac’s involvement in VIEs, Ambac’s methodology for determining whether Ambac is required to consolidate a VIE and the effects of VIEs consolidated.
Net Premiums Earned | Net Premiums Earned: Gross premiums are received either upfront (typical of public finance obligations) or in installments (typical of structured finance obligations). For premiums received upfront, an unearned premium revenue (“UPR”) liability is established, which is initially recorded as the cash amount received. For installment premium transactions, a premium receivable asset and offsetting UPR liability is initially established in an amount equal to: (i) the present value of future contractual premiums due (the “contractual” method) or, (ii) if the underlying insured obligation is a homogenous pool of assets which are contractually prepayable, the present value of premiums to be collected over the expected life of the transaction (the “expected” method). An appropriate risk-free rate corresponding to the weighted average life of each policy and exposure currency is used to discount the future premiums contractually due or expected to be collected. For example, U.S. dollar exposures are discounted using U.S. Treasury rates while exposures denominated in a foreign currency are discounted using the appropriate risk-free rate for the respective currency. The weighted average risk-free rate at both December 31, 2012, and 2011, was 2.6%, and the weighted average period of future premiums used to estimate the premium receivable at December 31, 2012, and 2011, was 9.6 years and 10.0 years, respectively. Insured obligations consisting of homogeneous pools for which Ambac uses expected future premiums to estimate the premium receivable and UPR include residential mortgage-backed securities. As prepayment assumptions change for homogenous pool transactions, or if there is an actual prepayment for a “contractual” method installment transaction, the related premium receivable and UPR are adjusted in equal and offsetting amounts with no immediate effect on earnings using new premium cash flows and the then current risk-free rate. Generally, the priority for the payment of financial guarantee premiums to Ambac, as required by the bond indentures of the insured obligations, is very senior in the waterfall. Additionally, in connection with the allocation of certain liabilities to the Segregated Account, trustees are required under the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan and related court orders to continue to pay installment premiums, notwithstanding the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Proceedings. In evaluating the credit quality of the premiums receivable, management evaluates the internal ratings of the transactions underlying the premiums receivable. As of December 31, 2012 and 2011, approximately 40% and 43% of the premiums receivable related to transactions with non-investment grade internal ratings, comprised mainly of non-investment grade MBS and student loan transactions, which comprised 7% and 9%, and 12% and 11% of the total premiums receivable at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. Past due premiums on policies insuring non-investment grade obligations amounted to less than $500 at December 31, 2012. For both upfront and installment premium policies, premium revenues are earned over the life of the financial guarantee contract in proportion to the insured principal amount outstanding at each reporting date (referred to as the level-yield method). For installment paying policies, the premium receivable discount, equating to the difference between the undiscounted future installment premiums and the present value of future installment premiums, is accreted as premiums earned in proportion to the premium receivable balance at each reporting date. Because the premium receivable discount and UPR are being accreted into income using different rates, the total premiums earned as a percentage of insured principal is higher in the earlier years and lower in the later years for an installment premium transaction as compared to an upfront premium transaction. Similar to gross premiums, premiums ceded to reinsurers are paid either upfront or in installments. For premiums paid upfront, a deferred ceded premium asset is established which is initially recorded as the cash amount paid. For installment premiums, a ceded installment premiums payable liability and offsetting deferred ceded premium asset are initially established in an amount equal to: i) the present value of future contractual premiums due or, ii) if the underlying insured obligation is a homogenous pool of assets which are contractually prepayable, the present value of expected premiums to be paid over the life of the transaction. An appropriate risk-free rate corresponding to the weighted average life of each policy and exposure currency is used to discount the future premiums contractually due or expected to be collected. Premiums ceded to reinsurers reduce the amount of premiums earned by Ambac from its financial guarantee insurance policies. For both up-front and installment premiums, ceded premiums written are primarily recognized in earnings in proportion to and at the same time as the related gross premium revenue is recognized. For premiums paid to reinsurers on an installment basis, Ambac records the present value of future ceding commissions as an offset to ceded premiums payable, using the same assumptions noted above for installment premiums. The ceding commission revenue associated with the ceding premiums payable is deferred and recognized in income in proportion to ceded premiums (as an offset to deferred acquisition cost). When a bond issue insured by Ambac Assurance has been retired, including those retirements due to refundings or calls, any remaining UPR is recognized at that time to the extent the financial guarantee contract is legally extinguished, causing accelerated premium revenue. For installment premium paying transactions, we offset the recognition of any remaining UPR by the reduction of the related premium receivable to zero (as it will not be collected as a result of the retirement), which may cause negative accelerated premium revenue. Accelerated premium revenue for retired obligations for years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 were $127,628 and $60,249, respectively. Certain obligations insured by Ambac have been legally defeased whereby government securities are purchased by the issuer with the proceeds of a new bond issuance, or less frequently with other funds of the issuer, and held in escrow (a pre-refunding). The principal and interest received from the escrowed securities are then used to retire the Ambac-insured obligations at a future date either to their maturity date or a specified call date. Ambac has evaluated the provisions in certain financial guarantee insurance policies issued on legally defeased obligations and determined those insurance policies have not been legally extinguished and, therefore, premium revenue recognition has not been accelerated.
Loss Reserves | Loss Reserves: Ambac’s financial guarantee insurance policies generally pay scheduled interest and principal if the issuer of the insured obligation fails to meet its obligation. The loss and loss expense reserve (“loss reserve”) policy for financial guarantee insurance relates only to Ambac’s non-derivative insurance business for insurance policies issued to beneficiaries, including VIEs, for which we do not consolidate the VIE. Losses and loss expenses are based upon estimates of the ultimate aggregate losses inherent in the non-derivative financial guarantee portfolio as of the reporting date. The policy for derivative contracts is discussed in “Derivative Contracts” below. A loss reserve is recorded on the balance sheet on a policy-by-policy basis for the excess of: (a) the present value of expected losses over (b) the UPR for that contract. Expected losses represent projected net cash flows which are defined as the expected future claims to be paid under an insurance contract plus the impact of potential settlement outcomes upon future installment premiums, less potential recoveries. To the extent (a) is less than (b), no loss reserve is recorded. Changes to the loss reserve in subsequent periods are recorded as a loss and loss expense on the income statement. The evaluation process for determining expected losses is subject to certain estimates and judgments based on our assumptions regarding the probability of default by the issuer of the insured security, probability of settlement outcomes (which may include commutation settlements, refinancing and/or other settlement outcomes) and expected severity of credits for each insurance contract. For those policies where the potential recovery is less than the expected future claims, the resulting net cash outflow is recorded as a “Loss and loss expense reserve” liability. For those policies where significant losses have been paid, but not yet recovered, the potential recovery may be greater than the expected future claims and the resulting net cash inflow is recorded as a “Subrogation recoverable” asset. Ambac’s loss reserves are based on management’s on-going review of the non-derivative financial guarantee credit portfolio. Active surveillance of the insured portfolio enables Ambac’s surveillance group to track credit migration of insured obligations from period to period and update internal classifications and credit ratings for each transaction. Non-adversely classified credits are assigned a Class I or Survey List (“SL”) rating while adversely classified credits are assigned a rating of Class IA through Class V. The criteria for an exposure to be assigned an adversely classified credit rating includes the deterioration of an issuer’s financial condition, underperformance of the underlying collateral (for collateral dependent transactions such as mortgage-backed securitizations), poor performance by the servicer of the underlying collateral and other adverse economic events or trends. The servicer of the underlying collateral of an insured securitization transaction is a consideration in assessing credit quality because the servicer’s performance can directly impact the performance of the related issue. For example, a servicer of a mortgage-backed securitization that does not remain current in its collection loss mitigation efforts could cause an increase in the delinquency and potential default of the underlying obligation. Similarly, loss severities increase when a servicer does not effectively handle loss mitigation activities such as (i) the advancing of delinquent principal and interest and of default related expenses which are deemed to be recoverable by the servicer, (ii) pursuit of loan charge-offs which maximize cash flows from the mortgage loan pool, and (iii) foreclosure and real estate owned disposition strategies and timelines. As a consequence of the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Proceedings, the Rehabilitator retains operational control and decision-making authority with respect to all matters related to the Segregated Account, including surveillance, remediation and loss mitigation. Similarly, by virtue of the contracts executed between Ambac Assurance and the Segregated Account in connection with the establishment, and subsequent rehabilitation, of the Segregated Account, the Rehabilitator retains the discretion to oversee and approve certain actions taken by Ambac Assurance in respect of assets and liabilities which remain in Ambac Assurance. As such, the following discussion of Ambac’s risk management practices is qualified by reference to the Rehabilitator’s exercise of its discretion to alter or eliminate any of these risk management practices. All credits are assigned risk classifications by the Surveillance Group using the following guidelines: CLASS I—“Fully Performing—Meets Ambac Criteria with Remote Probability of Claim” Credits that demonstrate adequate security and structural protection with a strong capacity to pay interest, repay principal and perform as underwritten. Factors supporting debt service payment and performance are considered unlikely to change and any such change would not have a negative impact upon the fundamental credit quality. SURVEY LIST (SL)—“Investigation of Specific Condition or Weakness Underway” Credits that require additional analysis to determine if adverse classification is warranted. These credits may lack information or demonstrate a weakness but further deterioration is not expected. CLASS IA—“Potential Problem with Risks to be Dimensioned” Credits that are fully current and monetary default or claims-payment are not anticipated. The payor’s or issuer’s financial condition may be deteriorating or the credits may lack adequate collateral. A structured financing may also evidence weakness in its fundamental credit quality as evidenced by its under-performance relative to its modeled projections at underwriting, issues related to the servicer’s ability to perform or questions about the structural integrity of the transaction. While these credits may still retain an investment grade rating, they usually have experienced or are vulnerable to a ratings downgrade. Further investigation is required to dimension and correct any deficiencies. A complete legal review of documents may be required. An action plan should be developed with triggers for future classification changes upward or downward. CLASS II—“Substandard Requiring Intervention” Credits whose fundamental credit quality has deteriorated to the point that timely payment of debt service may be jeopardized by adversely developing trends of a financial, economic, structural, managerial or political nature. No claim payment is currently foreseen but the probability of loss or claim payment over the life of the transaction is now existent (10% or greater probability). Class II credits may be border-line or below investment grade (BBB- to B). Prompt and sustained action must be taken to execute a comprehensive loss mitigation plan and correct deficiencies. CLASS III—“Doubtful with Clear Potential for Loss” Credits whose fundamental credit quality has deteriorated to the point that timely payment of debt service has been or will be jeopardized by adverse trends of a financial, economic, structural, managerial or political nature which, in the absence of positive change or corrective action, are likely to result in a loss. The probability of monetary default or claims paying over the life of the transaction is 50% or greater. Full exercise of all available remedial actions is required to avert or minimize losses. Class III credits will generally be rated below investment grade (B to CCC). CLASS IV— “Imminent Default or Defaulted” Monetary default or claim payments have occurred or are expected imminently. Class IV credits are generally rated D. CLASS V—“Fully Reserved” The credit has defaulted and payments have occurred. The claim payments are scheduled and known, reserves have been established to fully cover such claims, and no claim volatility is expected. The population of credits evaluated in Ambac’s loss reserve process are: i) all adversely classified credits (Class IA through V) and ii) non-adversely classified credits (Class I and SL) which had an internal Ambac rating downgrade since the transaction’s inception. One of two approaches is then utilized to estimate expected losses to ultimately determine if a loss reserve should be established. The first approach is a statistical expected loss approach, which considers the likelihood of all possible outcomes. The “base case” statistical expected loss is the product of: (i) the net par outstanding on the credit; (ii) internally developed historical default information (taking into consideration internal ratings and average life of an obligation); (iii) internally developed loss severities; and (iv) a discount factor. The loss severities and default information are based on rating agency information, are specific to each bond type and are established and approved by Ambac’s senior risk management professionals and other senior management. For certain credit exposures, Ambac’s additional monitoring and loss remediation efforts may provide information relevant to adjust this estimate of “base case” statistical expected losses. As such, loss severities used in estimating the “base case” statistical expected losses may be adjusted based on the professional judgment of the surveillance analyst monitoring the credit with the approval of senior management. Analysts may accept the “base case” statistical expected loss as the best estimate of expected loss or assign multiple probability weighted severities to determine an adjusted statistical expected loss that better reflects a given transaction’s potential severity, as well as the potential for additional remediation activities (i.e. commutations). The second approach entails the use of estimates of expected losses (future claim payments, net of potential recoveries, expected to be paid to the holder of the insured financial obligation). Ambac’s surveillance group will consider the likelihood of all possible outcomes and develop appropriate cash flow scenarios. This approach can include the utilization of market accepted software models to develop net future claim payment estimates. We have utilized such models primarily for residential mortgage-backed and student loans exposures. In general, these models use historical performance of the collateral pools in order to then assume or derive future performance characteristics, such as default and voluntary prepayment rates, which in turn determine projected future claim payments. In this approach a probability-weighted expected loss estimate is developed based on assigning probabilities to multiple net cash flow scenarios and applying an appropriate discount factor. Additionally, we assign a probability to the issuer’s ability to refinance as insured issue and/or Ambac’s ability to execute a potential settlement (i.e. commutation) of the insurance policy, including the impact of foregone future installment premiums. The commutation scenarios and the related probabilities of occurrence vary by transaction, depending on our view of the likelihood of negotiating such a transaction with issuers and/or investors. The methodology used to estimate the most substantial amount of the potential recovery component of expected losses is discussed in the “RMBS Representation and Warranty Subrogation Recoveries” section below. The discount factor applied to both of the above described approaches is based on a risk-free discount rate corresponding to the remaining expected weighted-average life of the exposure and the exposure currency. The discount factor is updated for the current risk-free rate each reporting period. The weighted average risk-free rate used to discount the loss reserves at December 31, 2012 and 2011 was 1.6% and 1.8%, respectively. RMBS Representation and Warranty Subrogation Recoveries: Ambac or its counsel have engaged consultants with significant mortgage underwriting experience to review the underwriting documentation for mortgage loans underlying certain insured RMBS transactions, which exhibited exceptionally poor performance. Factors which Ambac believes to be indicative of poor performance include (i) increased levels of early payment defaults, (ii) significant numbers of loan liquidations or charge-offs and resulting high levels of losses, and (iii) rapid elimination of credit protections inherent in the transactions’ structures. With respect to item (ii), “loan liquidations” refers to loans for which the servicer has liquidated the related collateral and the securitization has realized losses on the loan; “charge-offs” refers to loans which have been written off as uncollectible by the servicer, generating no recoveries to the securitization, and may also refer to the unrecovered balance of liquidated loans. In either case, the servicer has taken actions to recover against the collateral, and the securitization has incurred losses to the extent such actions did not result in full repayment of the borrower’s obligations. Generally, the sponsor of the transaction provided representations and warranties with respect to the securitized loans, including representations with respect to the loan characteristics, the absence of fraud or other misconduct in the origination process, and attesting to the compliance of loans with the prevailing underwriting policies. Per the underlying transaction documents, the sponsor of the transaction is contractually obligated to repurchase, cure or substitute collateral for any loan that breaches the representations and warranties. Generally, subsequent to the forensic exercise of examining loan files to ascertain whether the loans conformed to the representations and warranties, we submit nonconforming loans for repurchase to the contractual counterparty bearing the repurchase obligation, which is typically the transaction sponsor. To effect a repurchase, depending on the transaction, the sponsor is obligated to repurchase the loan at (a) for loans which have not been liquidated or charged off, either (i) the current unpaid principal balance of the loan, (ii) the current unpaid principal balance plus accrued unpaid interest, or (iii) the current unpaid principal balance plus accrued interest plus unreimbursed servicer advances/expenses and/or trustee expenses resulting from the breach of representations and warranties that trigger the repurchase, and (b) for a loan that has already been liquidated or charged-off, the amount of the realized loss (which in certain cases may exclude accrued unpaid interest). Notwithstanding the material breaches of representations and warranties, until the establishment of the Segregated Account and the associated Segregated Account Rehabilitation Proceedings, Ambac continued to pay claims submitted under financial guarantee insurance policies related to these securitizations and resumed paying such claims as required by the Rehabilitator. In cases where loans are repurchased by a sponsor, the effect is typically to offset current period losses and then to increase the over-collateralization of the securitization, depending on the extent of loan repurchases and the structure of the securitization. Specifically, the repurchase price is paid by the sponsor to the securitization trust which holds the loan. The cash becomes an asset of the trust, replacing the loan that was repurchased by the sponsor. On a monthly basis the cash received related to loan repurchases by the sponsor is aggregated with cash collections from the underlying mortgages and applied in accordance with the trust indenture payment waterfall. This payment waterfall typically includes principal and interest payments to the note holders, various expenses of the trust and reimbursements to Ambac, as financial guarantor, for previously paid claims. Notwithstanding the reimbursement of previous claim payments, to the extent there continues to be insufficient cash in the waterfall in the current month to make scheduled principal and interest payments to the note holders, Ambac is required to make additional claim payments to cover this shortfall. Ambac may also receive payments directly from transaction sponsors in settlement of their repurchase obligations pursuant to negotiated settlement agreements or otherwise as a result of related litigation. Ambac’s approach in estimating subrogation recoveries is a function of the population of loan files the sponsor makes available for review. In transactions where Ambac has been provided access to loans files for all loans in the original loan pool, we utilize a “random sample” approach to estimate subrogation recoveries. In transactions where Ambac has only obtained loan files for seriously delinquent or defaulted loans, we utilize an “adverse sample” approach to estimate subrogation recoveries. Both approaches are described in further detail below. We do not include estimates of damages in our estimate of subrogation recoveries under either approach. The amount the sponsors believe to be their liability for these breaches is not known; however, certain large financial institutions which have served as sponsors for certain transactions that Ambac has insured have disclosed that they have established reserves related to claims by financial guarantors and others for breaches of representations and warranties in RMBS transactions. Random sample approach: The random sample approach to estimate subrogation recoveries was based on obtaining a random sample of the original loans in the pool, using a protocol developed by a statistical expert. In this approach, the ratio of: (a) loans identified in the sample as having materially breached representations and warranties to (b) the total loan sample size, is applied (extrapolated) to the sum of realized and estimated future collateral pool losses to determine an estimated repurchase obligation. We limit the estimated repurchase obligation by ever-to-date incurred losses, with respect to the remaining steps in this approach. Multiple probability-weighted scenarios were then developed by applying various realization factors to the estimated repurchase obligation. The realization factors in these scenarios were developed using Ambac’s own assumptions about the likelihood of outcomes based on all the information available to it including, but not limited to, (i) discussions with external legal counsel and their views on ultimate settlement and/or litigation outcomes, (ii) experience with loan put back negotiations where the existence of a material breach was debated and negotiated at the loan level, and (iii) the pervasiveness of the breach rates. The probability weightings are developed based on the facts and circumstances for each transaction. The sum of these probability-weighted scenarios represents the undiscounted subrogation recovery. A discount factor was then applied to the undiscounted subrogation recovery, based on the weighted average discount rate for the relevant scenarios, to compute the estimated subrogation recovery under this approach. In 2011, the above-described random sample approach was refined in two significant ways. First, prior to June 30, 2011, Ambac utilized the current unpaid loan pool balance, rather than using estimated future collateral pool losses, to calculate the estimated repurchase obligation as described above. While we believe the previous and current approaches are both valid, it is our view that using estimated future collateral pool losses represents a more straight-forward approach as it only extrapolates against the estimated population of loans generating losses. Second, prior to December 31, 2011, Ambac applied a single realization factor to the estimated repurchase obligation to compute the undiscounted subrogation recovery, as described above. We began using multiple probability-weighted realization factors as of December 31, 2011 to account for additional knowledge we have gained, including about counterparties and other financial guarantors’ litigation and settlements thereof. Adverse sample approach: The adverse sample approach is used in transactions where Ambac was only given access by the sponsor to impaired loan files, meaning loans greater than 90 days past due, charged off, or in foreclosure, REO, or bankruptcy. This limitation precluded us from selecting a valid random sample from the entire loan pool. Consequently, the adverse sample approach utilized various probability-weighted scenarios, based primarily on the following subsets of loans: i) loans identified as breaching representations and warranties (i.e. adverse loans) taken from a sample of impaired loans and ii) transaction identified where the underlying loans have similar attributes, including but not limited to type, vintage and composition, to loans that were included in an RMBS settlement between the same sponsor and another party, and where the transactions had substantially similar representations and warranties (i.e. “prototype transactions”). The calculation of subrogation recovery with respect to the adverse loan subset was based on the original principal balance of the loans in the adverse sample. No realization factor was applied to the adverse loan subset given that the adverse loans selected represent only approximately 39% of the principal balance of the impaired population of loans, only approximately 4% of the principal balance of the original loans in the pool, and the breach rate in the sample was pervasive. In other words, because the adverse loans selected for review represent only a fraction of the population of impaired loans and a very small proportion of the original loans in the pools, and because the breach rates in these pools are very high, Ambac believes there is an ample population of additional impaired loans where breaches of representations and warranties exist that could potentially replace any adverse loans it already identified that might be successfully challenged in negotiations or litigation. The realization factor applied to the prototype transactions was based on an internal analysis of the RMBS settlements discussed above. The sum of the probability-weighted scenarios represents the undiscounted subrogation recovery. A discount factor was then applied to the undiscounted subrogation recovery, based on the weighted average discount rate for each insurance policy, to compute the estimated subrogation recovery under this approach. Prior to December 31, 2011, the adverse sample approach only considered adverse loans that were identified as breaching representations and warranties. We enhanced this approach to include prototype transactions as we gained additional knowledge related to other RMBS litigation and settlements. While the obligation by sponsors to repurchase loans with material breaches is clear, generally the sponsors have not yet honored those obligations. Ambac has utilized the results of the above described loan file examinations to make demands for loan repurchases from sponsors or their successors and, in certain instances, as a part of the basis for litigation. Ambac’s approach to resolving these disputes has included negotiating with individual sponsors at the transaction level and in some cases at the individual loan level and has resulted in the repurchase of some loans. Ambac has initiated and will continue to pursue lawsuits seeking compliance with the repurchase obligations in the securitization documents. Ambac has performed the above-mentioned, detailed examinations on a variety of second-lien and first-lien transactions that have experienced exceptionally poor performance. However, the loan file examinations and related estimated recoveries we have reviewed and recorded to date have been limited to only those transactions whose sponsors (or their successors) are subsidiaries of large financial institutions, all of which carry an investment grade rating from at least one nationally recognized rating agency, or are otherwise deemed to have the financial wherewithal to live up to their repurchase obligations. A total of eight sponsors represent the forty nine transactions which have been reviewed as of December 31, 2012. While our contractual recourse is generally to the sponsor/subsidiary, rather than to the parent, each of these institutions has significant financial resources and may have an ongoing interest in mortgage finance, and we therefore believe that the financial institution/parent would ultimately assume financial responsibility for these obligations if the sponsor/subsidiary is unable to honor its contractual obligations or pay a judgment that we may obtain in litigation. Additionally, in the case of successor institutions, we are not aware of any provisions that explicitly preclude or limit the successors’ ability to honor the obligations of the original sponsor. Certain successor financial institutions have made significant payments to certain claimants to settle breaches of representations and warranties perpetrated by sponsors that have been acquired by such financial institutions. As a result, we did not make any significant adjustments to our estimated subrogation recoveries with respect to the credit risk of these sponsors or their successors. We believe that focusing our loan remediation efforts on large financial institutions first will provide the greatest economic benefit to Ambac. Ambac retains the right to review other RMBS transactions for representations and warranties breaches. Since a significant number of other second-lien and first-lien transactions are also experiencing poor performance, management is considering expanding the scope of this effort. Our ability to recover the RMBS subrogation recoveries is subject to significant uncertainty, including risks inherent in litigation, collectability of such amounts from counterparties (and/or their respective parents and affiliates), timing of receipt of any such recoveries, regulatory intervention which could impede our ability to take actions required to realize such recoveries and uncertainty inherent in the assumptions used in estimating such recoveries.
Deferred Acquisition Costs | Deferred Acquisition Costs: Financial guarantee insurance costs that vary with and are primarily related to the production of business had been deferred. These costs included compensation of certain employees, premium taxes, ceding commissions payable on assumed business and certain other underwriting expenses, net of ceding commissions receivable on ceded business. Certain future costs associated with installment premium contracts, such as premium taxes and reinsurance ceding commissions, are estimated and present valued using the same assumptions used to estimate the related premiums receivable described in the “Net Premiums Earned” section above. Premium taxes and reinsurance commissions are deferred in their entirety. Ambac has not undertaken any new business since 2008; accordingly, we have not deferred any costs in the periods presented, except for changes in estimates for premiums taxes and ceding commissions. Costs associated with credit derivatives are expensed as incurred. Deferred acquisition costs are expensed in proportion to premium revenue recognized. Amortization of deferred acquisition costs is adjusted to reflect acceleration of premium revenue due to refunding or calls and to reflect changes in the estimated lives of certain obligations. Amortization of deferred acquisition costs amounted to $26,825 and $21,328 for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. A premium deficiency exists if the sum of: (i) unearned premium, and (ii) losses and loss expense reserve, net of reinsurance and subrogation recoveries, recognized as of the balance sheet date, is less than the sum of: (i) the present value of expected loss and loss expenses, (ii) present value of future expected servicing and maintenance costs, and (iii) unamortized deferred acquisition costs. The present value of the expected loss and loss expenses and future expected servicing and maintenance costs are discounted at the rate of return on Ambac’s investment portfolio. If a premium deficiency was to exist, unamortized deferred acquisition costs would be reduced by a charge to expense and a liability would be established for any remaining deficiency.
Restricted Cash | Restricted Cash: Cash that we do not have the right to use for general purposes as of reporting period end is recorded as restricted cash in our consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2012, and 2011 restricted cash includes consolidated variable interest entity cash restricted to fund the obligations of the consolidated VIEs. As of December 31, 2011 restricted cash also included cash held in an escrow account for the purpose of pending litigation settlement subject to final court approval.
Investments | Investments: ASC Topic 320, Investment—Debt and Equity Securities requires that all debt instruments and certain equity instruments be classified in Ambac’s Consolidated Balance Sheets according to their purpose and, depending on that classification, be carried at either cost or fair market value. Ambac’s non-VIE investment portfolio is accounted for on a trade-date basis and consists primarily of investments in fixed income securities that are considered available-for-sale as defined by ASC Topic 320. Available-for-sale securities are reported in the financial statements at fair value with unrealized gains and losses, net of deferred taxes, reflected in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income in Stockholders’ Equity and computed using amortized cost as the basis. Fair value is based primarily on quotes obtained from independent market sources. When quotes are not available, valuation models are used to estimate fair value. These models include estimates, made by management, which utilize current market information. The quotes received or modeled valuations could differ materially from amounts that would actually be realized in the market. For purposes of computing amortized cost, premiums and discounts are accounted for using the effective interest method over the remaining term of the securities. For securities that are not structured securities with a large underlying pool of homogenous loans, such as corporate and municipal bonds, premiums and discounts are amortized or accreted over the remaining term of the securities even if they are callable. Premiums and discounts on mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities are adjusted for the effects of actual and anticipated prepayments on a retrospective basis. Realized gains and losses on the sale of investments are determined on the basis of specific identification. VIE investments in fixed income securities are carried at fair value under the fair value option in accordance with ASC Topic 825. For additional information about VIE investments, including fair value by asset-type, see Note 3. Ambac has a formal impairment review process for available for sale securities in its investment portfolio. Ambac conducts a review each quarter to identify and evaluate investments that have indications of possible impairment that is other than temporary in accordance with ASC Topic 320. Factors considered when assessing impairment include: (i) fair values that have declined by 20% or more below amortized cost; (ii) market values that have declined by 5% or more but less than 20% below amortized cost for a continuous period of at least six months; (iii) recent downgrades by rating agencies; (iv) the financial condition of the issuer and financial guarantor, as applicable, and an analysis of projected defaults on the underlying collateral; (v) whether scheduled interest payments are past due; and (vi) whether Ambac has the ability and intent to hold the security for a sufficient period of time to allow for anticipated recoveries in fair value. If we believe a decline in the fair value of a particular investment is temporary, we record the decline as an unrealized loss net of tax in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income in Stockholders’ Equity on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. If management either: (i) has the intent to sell its investment in a debt security or (ii) determines that the Company more likely than not will be required to sell the debt security before its anticipated recovery of the amortized cost basis less any current period credit impairment, then an other-than-temporary impairment charge must be recognized in earnings, with the amortized cost of the security being written-down to fair value. If these conditions are not met, but it is determined that a credit loss exists, the credit impairment loss is recognized in earnings, and the other-than-temporary amount related to all other factors is recognized in other comprehensive income. For fixed income securities that have other-than-temporary impairments in a period, the previous amortized cost of the security less the amount of the other-than-temporary impairment recorded through earnings, becomes the investment’s new cost basis. Ambac accretes the new cost basis to par or to the estimated future cash flows to be recovered over the expected remaining life of the security using the effective interest rate of the security prior to impairment. The evaluation of securities for impairment is a quantitative and qualitative process, which is subject to risks and uncertainties and is intended to determine whether, and to what extent, declines in the fair value of investments should be recognized in current period earnings. The risks and uncertainties include changes in general economic conditions, the issuer’s or guarantor’s financial condition and/or future prospects, the effects of regulatory actions on the investment portfolio, the performance of the underlying collateral, the effects of changes in interest rates or credit spreads and the expected recovery period. With respect to securities guaranteed by Ambac Assurance under policies that have been allocated to the Segregated Account, the impairment evaluation also is subject to the uncertainties related to the form and timing of claim payments under the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan as ultimately implemented. Ambac’s assessment of a decline in value reflects management’s current judgment regarding facts and circumstances specific to a security and the factors noted above, including whether Ambac will continue to have the intent and ability to hold temporarily impaired securities until recovery. If that judgment changes, Ambac may ultimately record a charge for other-than-temporary impairment in future periods.
Loans | Loans: Loans are reported at either their outstanding principal balances or at fair value. For loans reported at their outstanding principal balances (non-VIE loans), interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. A loan is considered impaired when, based on current events and the financial condition of the borrower, it is probable that Ambac will be unable to collect all principal and interest due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Loan collectability is monitored by Ambac’s surveillance group in connection with the ongoing monitoring of the associated financial guarantee transactions. Loans held by VIEs consolidated as required under ASC Topic 810 are primarily carried at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded through earnings as part of Income (loss) on variable interest entities.
Obligations under Investment Agreements and Investment Repurchase Agreements | Obligations under Investment Agreements and Investment Repurchase Agreements: Ambac provided investment agreements and investment repurchase agreements principally to asset-backed and structured finance issuers, states, municipalities and municipal authorities, whereby Ambac agrees to pay an agreed-upon rate of interest based on funds deposited. Proceeds from these investment agreement and investment repurchase agreement obligations are used to invest in fixed income investments. Interest income from these investments is included in Net investment income. Obligations under investment agreements and investment repurchase agreements are reported as liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at their principal value less unamortized discount. The carrying value of these obligations is adjusted for principal paid and interest credited to the account. Interest expense is computed based upon daily outstanding liability balances at rates and periods specified in the agreements adjusted for accretion of discount. Subject to a negotiation among the parties, investment agreements may be settled for an amount different than the carrying value of the obligation. Any difference between the settlement payment and carrying value of the terminated investment agreement obligation is reported in Net realized (losses) gains on extinguishment of debt on the Consolidated Statements of Total Comprehensive Income.
Derivative Contracts | Derivative Contracts: The Company has entered into derivative contracts both for trading purposes and to hedge certain economic risks inherent in its financial asset and liability portfolios. Derivatives for trading include credit derivatives issued as a form of financial guarantee, interest rate and currency swaps and futures contracts. None of Ambac’s derivative contracts were designated as hedges under ASC Topic 815. Ambac’s credit derivative contracts are accounted for at fair value since they do not qualify for the financial guarantee scope exception under ASC Topic 815. Changes in fair value of credit derivatives are recorded in Net change in fair value of credit derivatives on the Consolidated Statements of Total Comprehensive Income. Ambac provided interest rate and currency swaps principally to states, municipalities and their authorities and asset-backed issuers in connection with their financings. In 2012, Ambac terminated its remaining currency swap transactions. Changes in fair value of all such swaps are recorded in Derivative product revenue on the Consolidated Statements of Total Comprehensive Income. VIEs consolidated under ASC Topic 810 entered into derivative contracts to meet specified purposes within the securitization structure. Changes in fair value of consolidated VIE derivatives are included within Income (loss) on variable interest entities on the Consolidated Statements of Total Comprehensive Income. The Company had certain options to repurchase Ambac Assurance’s surplus notes at a discount to par value which were required to be accounted for as stand-alone derivatives. Changes in fair value of these options, which were exercised in June 2012, were recorded in Other income on the Consolidated Statements of Total Comprehensive Loss. All derivatives are recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value on a gross basis; assets and liabilities are netted by customer only when a legal right of offset exists. Ambac has determined that the amounts recognized for the right to reclaim cash collateral or the obligation to return cash collateral may not be used to offset amounts due under the derivative instruments in the normal course of settlement. Therefore, such amounts are not offset against fair value amounts recognized for derivative instruments executed with the same counterparty under the same master netting arrangement. Refer to Note 9, Derivative Instruments for further discussion of the Company’s use of derivative instruments and their impact of the consolidated financial statements. Refer to Note 7, Fair Value Measurements for further description of the methodologies used to determine the fair value of derivative contracts, including model inputs and assumptions where applicable.
Depreciation and Amortization | Depreciation and Amortization: Depreciation of furniture and fixtures and electronic data processing equipment is charged over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, ranging from three to five years, using the straight-line method. Amortization of leasehold improvements is charged over the remaining term of the operating leases using the straight-line method.
Postretirement and Postemployment Benefits | Postretirement and Postemployment Benefits: Ambac provides postretirement and postemployment benefits, including health and life benefits covering employees who meet certain age and service requirements. Ambac accounts for these benefits under the accrual method of accounting. Amounts related to the postretirement health benefits liability are established and charged to expense based on actuarial determinations. Effective August 1, 2005, new employees were not eligible for postretirement benefits.
Stock Compensation Plans | Stock Compensation Plans: The Ambac 1997 Equity Plan (the “Equity Plan”), as amended, provided for the granting of stock options, restricted stock, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), performance units and other awards that are valued or determined by reference to the common stock. Ambac expects to deliver shares to employees under this plan up until emerging from Chapter 11 from its treasury stock. Ambac also maintains the Ambac 1997 Non-employee Directors Equity Plan, which provides similar awards to non-employee members of Ambac’s Board of Directors. Awards under the Directors Equity Plan were suspended in March 2010. As of December 31, 2012, approximately 16,032,551 shares were available for future grant under the Equity Plan and the Directors Equity Plan. Ambac recognizes compensation costs for all equity classified awards granted to employees at fair value with an estimation of forfeitures for all unvested shares. Ambac elected to accrue the estimated cost of future stock-compensation grants to retirement-eligible employees over the service period. The fair value of share-based awards that only require future service are amortized over the relevant service period. For an award with only service conditions that has a graded vesting schedule, the fair value of the award is attributed on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each separately vested portion of the award as if the award was, in-substance, multiple awards. The fair value of the market condition based stock option awards are attributed over the shorter of the derived vesting periods based on the output of the valuation model or the service period. RSU awards are attributed over the shorter of the vesting or service period
Foreign Currency | Foreign Currency: Financial statement accounts expressed in foreign currencies are translated into U.S. dollars in accordance with ASC Topic 830, Foreign Currency Matters. Under ASC Topic 830, functional currency assets and liabilities of Ambac’s foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars using exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet dates and the related translation adjustments are included as a component of Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of any related taxes in Stockholders’ deficit. Functional currencies are generally the currencies of the local operating environment. Income statement accounts expressed in functional currencies are translated using average exchange rates. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses arising primarily from short-term investment securities and cash denominated in non-functional currencies, are reflected in Other income. Additionally, the remeasurement of non-functional currency premium receivables are reflected in Other income. The Consolidated Statements of Total Comprehensive Income include pre-tax (losses) gains from such foreign exchange items of $(8,777) and $30 for 2012 and 2011, respectively.
Income Taxes | Income Taxes: Ambac files a consolidated U.S. Federal income tax return with its subsidiaries. Ambac Assurance UK, Limited files tax returns in both the United Kingdom and Italy (for its Milan branch). Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the period that includes the enactment date. Ambac evaluates our deferred income taxes quarterly to determine if valuation allowances are required. ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, requires that companies assess whether valuation allowances should be established against their deferred tax assets based on the consideration of all available evidence using a ‘more likely than not” standard. In making such judgments, significant weight is given to evidence that can be objectively verified. The level of deferred tax asset recognition is influenced by management’s assessment of future profitability, which depends on the existence of sufficient taxable income of the appropriate character (ordinary vs. capital) within the carry back or carry forward periods available under the tax law. In the event that we determine that we would not be able to realize all or a portion of our deferred tax assets in the future, we would reduce such amounts through a charge to the Statement of Total Comprehensive Income in the period in which that determination is made. ASC Topic 740 provides a framework to determine the appropriate level of tax reserves for uncertain tax positions. ASC Topic 740 prescribes a more-likely-than-not threshold for financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. Ambac also accrues interest and penalties related to these unrecognized tax benefits in the provision for income taxes.
Net Income Per Share | Net Income Per Share: ASC Paragraph 260-10-65-2 of ASC Topic 260, Earnings Per Share, requires that unvested share-based payment awards that contain nonforfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents (whether paid or unpaid) are participating securities and shall be included in the computation of EPS pursuant to the two-class method. Basic net income per share is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Common shares outstanding includes common stock issued less treasury shares plus restricted stock units for which no future service is required as a condition to the delivery of the underlying common stock. Diluted net income per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding plus all dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period. All dilutive potential common shares outstanding consider common stock deliverable pursuant to stock options, and nonvested restricted stock units. There were no dilutive effects for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011. The following table presents securities outstanding that could potentially dilute basic EPS in the future that were not included in the computation of diluted EPS because they were antidilutive for years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011:
|  | 2012 |  |  | 2011 |
Stock options |  |  | 805,999 |  |  |  | 1,455,159 |
Restricted stock units |  |  | 71,295 |  |  |  | 268,554 |
Future Application of Accounting Standards | Future Application of Accounting Standards: In December 2011, the FASB issued ASU 2011-11, Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities. The ASU requires disclosures to allow investors to better compare financial statements prepared under U.S. GAAP with financial statements prepared under International Financial Reporting Standards. The new disclosures include: a) gross amounts of financial assets and financial liabilities; b) amounts of financial assets and financial liabilities offset on the balance sheet; c) net amounts after taking in account (a) and (b); d) amounts subject to enforceable master netting arrangement or similar agreements not otherwise included in (b); and e) net amounts after deducting amounts in (d) from the amounts in (c). ASU 2011-11 is effective for annual periods beginning January 1, 2013, and interim periods within those annual periods. Retrospective application is required. Ambac will adopt ASU 2011-11 on January 1, 2013. Since this ASU requires enhanced disclosures only, the adoption of this ASU will not have a material effect on Ambac’s financial statements. In January 2013, the FASB issued ASU 2013-01, Clarifying the Scope of Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities. The objective of this ASU was to clarify the scope of the offsetting disclosure requirements of ASU 2011-11 (discussed above) and address any unintended consequences. The amendments clarify that the scope of ASU 2011-11 applies to i) derivatives accounted for in accordance with ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, including bifurcated embedded derivatives, ii) repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements, and iii) securities borrowing and securities lending transactions that are either offset in accordance with ASC 210-20-45 or ASC 815-10-45 or subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement or similar agreement. The effective date and application provisions of ASU 2013-01 is the same those of ASU 2011-13. Ambac will adopt ASU 2013-01 on January 1, 2013 and it will not have a material effect on Ambac’s financial statements. In January 2013, the FASB issued ASU 2013-02, Reporting of Amounts Reclassified Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income. The ASU requires an entity to provide information about the amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income by component. In addition, an entity is required to present, either on the face of the statement where net income is presented or in the notes, significant amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income by the respective line items of net income but only if the amount reclassified is required under U.S. GAAP to be reclassified to net income in its entirety in the same reporting period. For other amounts that are not required under U.S. GAAP to be reclassified in their entirety to net income, an entity is required to cross-reference to other disclosures required under U.S. GAAP that provide additional detail about those amounts. The ASU is effective prospectively for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2012 with early adoption permitted. Ambac will adopt the ASU on January 1, 2013. Since this ASU requires enhanced disclosures only, the adoption of this ASU will not have a material effect on Ambac’s financial statements.

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