10-Q 1 ambc-20140331x10q.htm 10-Q
Table of Contents
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

x | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended March 31, 2014

¨ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File Number: 1-10777

| Ambac Financial Group, Inc. |
| (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter) |
Delaware |  | 13-3621676
(State of incorporation) |  | (I.R.S. employer identification no.)
One State Street Plaza New York, New York |  | 10004
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip code)
| 212-658-7470 |
| (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) |

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definition of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act): (Check one):

Large accelerated filer |  | x |  | Accelerated filer |  | ¨
Non-accelerated filer |  | ¨ |  | Smaller reporting company |  | ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No x
As of May 1, 2014, 45,002,575 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, of the Registrant were outstanding.

Table of Contents
Ambac Financial Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | PAGE
PART I FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements of Ambac Financial Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries |
| Consolidated Balance Sheets | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Total Comprehensive Income (unaudited) | 4
| Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (unaudited) | 5
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited) | 6
| Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements | 7
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 58
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 88
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 90
PART II OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 91
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 91
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 93
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 93
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 93
Item 5. | Other Information | 93
Item 6. | Exhibits | 93

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Part I Financial Information
Item 1. Financial Statements of Ambac Financial Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries
AMBAC FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Dollars in Thousands) | March 31, 2014 |  | December 31, 2013
| (Unaudited) |  |
Assets: |  |  |
Investments: |  |  |
Fixed income securities, at fair value (amortized cost of $6,121,910 in 2014 and $5,927,254 in 2013) | $ | 6,168,689 |  |  | $ | 5,885,316 |
Fixed income securities pledged as collateral, at fair value (amortized cost of $125,090 in 2014 and $126,196 in 2013) | 125,123 |  |  | 126,223 |
Short-term investments, at fair value (amortized cost of $215,103 in 2014 and $271,118 in 2013) | 215,103 |  |  | 271,119 |
Other investments, at fair value | 240,530 |  |  | 241,069 |
Total investments | 6,749,445 |  |  | 6,523,727 |
Cash | 31,700 |  |  | 77,370 |
Receivable for securities | 36,447 |  |  | 14,450 |
Investment income due and accrued | 34,641 |  |  | 37,663 |
Premium receivables | 1,418,114 |  |  | 1,453,021 |
Reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses | 111,442 |  |  | 121,249 |
Deferred ceded premium | 142,280 |  |  | 145,529 |
Subrogation recoverable | 512,235 |  |  | 498,478 |
Loans | 6,250 |  |  | 6,179 |
Derivative assets | 81,911 |  |  | 77,711 |
Insurance intangible asset | 1,570,070 |  |  | 1,597,965 |
Goodwill | 514,511 |  |  | 514,511 |
Other assets | 72,865 |  |  | 35,927 |
Variable interest entity assets: |  |  |
Fixed income securities, at fair value | 2,546,762 |  |  | 2,475,182 |
Restricted cash | 8,552 |  |  | 17,498 |
Investment income due and accrued | 4,247 |  |  | 1,365 |
Loans, at fair value | 13,269,452 |  |  | 13,398,895 |
Intangible assets | — |  |  | 76,140 |
Other assets | 3,324 |  |  | 19,617 |
Total assets | $ | 27,114,248 |  |  | $ | 27,092,477 |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity: |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |
Unearned premiums | $ | 2,167,764 |  |  | $ | 2,255,680 |
Losses and loss expense reserve | 5,826,168 |  |  | 5,968,712 |
Ceded premiums payable | 69,892 |  |  | 70,962 |
Obligations under investment agreements | 359,993 |  |  | 359,070 |
Deferred taxes | 2,202 |  |  | 2,199 |
Current taxes | 3,761 |  |  | 738 |
Long-term debt | 972,147 |  |  | 963,178 |
Accrued interest payable | 317,052 |  |  | 294,817 |
Derivative liabilities | 300,840 |  |  | 253,898 |
Other liabilities | 58,819 |  |  | 67,377 |
Payable for securities purchased | 79,697 |  |  | 4,654 |
Variable interest entity liabilities: |  |  |
Accrued interest payable | 3,569 |  |  | 722 |
Long-term debt, at fair value | 13,878,577 |  |  | 14,091,753 |
Derivative liabilities | 1,844,690 |  |  | 1,772,306 |
Other liabilities | 266 |  |  | 7,989 |
Total liabilities | 25,885,437 |  |  | 26,114,055 |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |
Preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share; authorized shares—20,000,000; issued and outstanding shares—none | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share; authorized shares—130,000,000; issued and outstanding shares—45,003,512 at March 31, 2014 and 45,003,461 at December 31, 2013 | 450 |  |  | 450 |
Additional paid-in capital | 187,210 |  |  | 185,672 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income | 104,417 |  |  | 11,661 |
Accumulated earnings | 661,161 |  |  | 505,219 |
Common stock held in treasury at cost, 937 shares at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013 | (19 | ) |  | (19 | )
Total Ambac Financial Group, Inc. stockholders’ equity | 953,219 |  |  | 702,983 |
Noncontrolling interest | 275,592 |  |  | 275,439 |
Total stockholders’ equity | 1,228,811 |  |  | 978,422 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 27,114,248 |  |  | $ | 27,092,477 |

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
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AMBAC FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Total Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)

| Successor Ambac |  |  | Predecessor Ambac
(Dollars in Thousands) | Three Months Ended March 31, 2014 |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2013
Revenues: |  |  |  |
Net premiums earned | $ | 82,547 |  |  |  | $ | 100,256 |
Net investment income: |  |  |  |
Securities available-for-sale and short-term | 68,807 |  |  |  | 85,057 |
Other investments | 1,994 |  |  |  | (543 | )
Total net investment income | 70,801 |  |  |  | 84,514 |
Other-than-temporary impairment losses: |  |  |  |
Total other-than-temporary impairment losses | (10,392 | ) |  |  | — |
Portion of loss recognized in other comprehensive income | — |  |  |  | — |
Net other-than-temporary impairment losses recognized in earnings | (10,392 | ) |  |  | — |
Net realized investment gains (losses) | 16,289 |  |  |  | 46,060 |
Change in fair value of credit derivatives: |  |  |  |
Realized gains (losses) and other settlements | 775 |  |  |  | 2,509 |
Unrealized gains (losses) | 6,607 |  |  |  | 10,278 |
Net change in fair value of credit derivatives | 7,382 |  |  |  | 12,787 |
Derivative products | (53,841 | ) |  |  | (569 | )
Other income | 1,894 |  |  |  | 9,498 |
(Loss) income on variable interest entities | (5,542 | ) |  |  | 38,326 |
Total revenues before expenses and reorganization items | 109,138 |  |  |  | 290,872 |
Expenses: |  |  |  |
Losses and loss expenses (benefit) | (140,011 | ) |  |  | (51,135 | )
Insurance intangible amortization | 31,714 |  |  |  | — |
Underwriting and operating expenses | 25,786 |  |  |  | 33,874 |
Interest expense | 32,328 |  |  |  | 23,165 |
Total (benefit) expenses before reorganization items | (50,183 | ) |  |  | 5,904 |
Pre-tax income (loss) from continuing operations before reorganization items | 159,321 |  |  |  | 284,968 |
Reorganization items | 23 |  |  |  | 2,059 |
Pre-tax income (loss) from continuing operations | 159,298 |  |  |  | 282,909 |
Provision for income taxes | 3,249 |  |  |  | 657 |
Net income (loss) | $ | 156,049 |  |  |  | $ | 282,252 |
Less: net gain (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest | 107 |  |  |  | (47 | )
Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders | $ | 155,942 |  |  |  | $ | 282,299 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), after tax: |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | 156,049 |  |  |  | $ | 282,252 |
Unrealized gain (loss) on securities, net of deferred income taxes of $0 | 88,722 |  |  |  | 94,098 |
Gain (loss) on foreign currency translation, net of deferred income taxes of $0 | 4,284 |  |  |  | (261 | )
Changes to postretirement benefit, net of tax of $0 | (204 | ) |  |  | 808 |
Total other comprehensive income, net of tax | 92,802 |  |  |  | 94,645 |
Total comprehensive income (loss) | 248,851 |  |  |  | 376,897 |
Less: comprehensive gain (loss) attributable to the noncontrolling interest: |  |  |  |
Net gain (loss) | 107 |  |  |  | (47 | )
Currency translation adjustments | 46 |  |  |  | (41 | )
Total comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Ambac Financial Group, Inc. | 248,698 |  |  |  | 376,985 |
Net income (loss) per share attributable to Ambac Financial Group, Inc. common shareholders | $ | 3.46 |  |  |  | $ | 0.93 |
Net income (loss) per diluted share attributable to Ambac Financial Group, Inc. common shareholders | $ | 3.31 |  |  |  | $ | 0.93 |

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
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AMBAC FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited)

|  |  | Ambac Financial Group, Inc. |  |
(Dollars in Thousands) | Total |  | Accumulated Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income |  | Preferred Stock |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Common Stock Held in Treasury, at Cost |  | Noncontrolling Interest
Successor Ambac |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at January 1, 2014 |  | $978,422 |  |  |  | $505,219 |  |  |  | $11,661 |  |  |  | $— |  |  |  | $450 |  |  |  | $185,672 |  |  |  | ($19 | ) |  |  | $275,439 |
Total comprehensive income (loss) | 248,851 |  |  | 155,942 |  |  | 92,756 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 153 |
Stock-based compensation | 1,537 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,537 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Shares issued under equity plans | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Warrants exercised | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance at March 31, 2014 |  | $1,228,811 |  |  |  | $661,161 |  |  |  | $104,417 |  |  |  | $— |  |  |  | $450 |  |  |  | $187,210 |  |  |  | ($19 | ) |  |  | $275,592 |

|  |  | Ambac Financial Group, Inc. |  |
(Dollars in Thousands) | Total |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income |  | Preferred Stock |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Common Stock Held in Treasury, at Cost |  | Noncontrolling Interest
Predecessor Ambac |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at January 1, 2013 | (3,246,967 | ) |  | (6,297,264 | ) |  | 625,385 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,080 |  |  | 2,172,027 |  |  | (410,755 | ) |  | 660,560 |
Total comprehensive income (loss) | 376,897 |  |  | 282,299 |  |  | 94,686 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (88 | )
Stock-based compensation | (60 | ) |  | (60 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Shares issued under equity plans | 60 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 60 |  |  | — |
Balance at March 31, 2013 | $ | (2,870,070 | ) |  | $ | (6,015,025 | ) |  | $ | 720,071 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,080 |  |  | $ | 2,172,027 |  |  | $ | (410,695 | ) |  | $ | 660,472 |

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
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AMBAC FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

| Successor Ambac |  |  |  | Predecessor Ambac
| Three Months Ended March 31, 2014 |  |  |  | Three months ended March 31, 2013
(Dollars in Thousands) |  |  |  |  |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders | $ | 155,942 |  |  |  |  | $ | 282,299 |
Noncontrolling interest in subsidiaries’ earnings | 107 |  |  |  |  | (47 | )
Net income (loss) | $ | 156,049 |  |  |  |  | $ | 282,252 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 748 |  |  |  |  | 727 |
Amortization of bond premium and discount | (27,940 | ) |  |  |  | (42,421 | )
Reorganization items | 23 |  |  |  |  | 2,059 |
Share-based compensation | 1,537 |  |  |  |  | — |
Deferred income taxes | 3 |  |  |  |  | (46 | )
Current income taxes | 3,023 |  |  |  |  | 496 |
Deferred acquisition costs | — |  |  |  |  | 6,854 |
Unearned premiums, net | (84,667 | ) |  |  |  | (147,095 | )
Losses and loss expenses, net | (146,494 | ) |  |  |  | (78,963 | )
Ceded premiums payable | (1,070 | ) |  |  |  | (2,006 | )
Investment income due and accrued | 3,022 |  |  |  |  | 5,798 |
Premium receivables | 34,907 |  |  |  |  | 77,523 |
Accrued interest payable | 22,235 |  |  |  |  | 17,543 |
Amortization of insurance intangible assets | 31,714 |  |  |  |  | — |
Net mark-to-market (gains) losses | (6,607 | ) |  |  |  | (10,278 | )
Net realized investment gains | (16,289 | ) |  |  |  | (46,060 | )
Other-than-temporary impairment charges | 10,392 |  |  |  |  | — |
Variable interest entity activities | 5,542 |  |  |  |  | (38,326 | )
Other, net | 52,397 |  |  |  |  | 49,273 |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | 38,525 |  |  |  |  | 77,330 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from sales of bonds | 276,555 |  |  |  |  | 120,603 |
Proceeds from matured bonds | 230,290 |  |  |  |  | 255,664 |
Purchases of bonds | (625,507 | ) |  |  |  | (243,006 | )
Proceeds from sales of other invested assets | 36,894 |  |  |  |  | — |
Purchases of other invested assets | (20,611 | ) |  |  |  | (113,712 | )
Change in short-term investments | 56,016 |  |  |  |  | (106,274 | )
Loans, net | (71 | ) |  |  |  | 512 |
Change in swap collateral receivable | (35,410 | ) |  |  |  | 1,740 |
Other, net | (2,352 | ) |  |  |  | 20,508 |
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities | (84,196 | ) |  |  |  | (63,965 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Paydowns of variable interest entity secured borrowing | — |  |  |  |  | (4,067 | )
Proceeds from warrant exercise | 1 |  |  |  |  | — |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 1 |  |  |  |  | (4,067 | )
Net cash flow | (45,670 | ) |  |  |  | 9,298 |
Cash at January 1 | 77,370 |  |  |  |  | 43,837 |
Cash at March 31 | $ | 31,700 |  |  |  |  | $ | 53,135 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid during the period for: |  |  |  |  |
Income taxes | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 229 |
Interest on variable interest entity secured borrowing | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 218 |
Interest on investment agreements | $ | 202 |  |  |  |  | $ | 462 |
Cash payments related to reorganization items: |  |  |  |  |
Professional fees paid for services rendered in connection with the Chapter 11 proceeding | $ | 81 |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,246 |

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
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AMBAC FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollar Amounts in Thousands, Except Share Amounts)
1. BACKGROUND AND BUSINESS DESCRIPTION
These unaudited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in Ambac’s 2013 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Certain reclassifications may have been made to prior periods’ amounts to conform to the current period’s presentation.
Ambac Financial Group, Inc.
Ambac Financial Group, Inc. (“Ambac” or the “Company”), headquartered in New York City, is a financial services holding company incorporated in the state of Delaware. On May 1, 2013 (the “Effective Date”), the Second Modified Fifth Amended Plan of Reorganization of Ambac Financial Group, Inc. (the “Reorganization Plan”) became effective and Ambac emerged from bankruptcy. Pursuant to the Reorganization Plan, Ambac issued to certain holders of claims common stock and warrants that are listed on NASDAQ and trade under the symbols “AMBC” and “AMBCW,” respectively.
Ambac’s primary goal is to maximize shareholder value through executing the following key strategies:

• | Increasing the value of its investment in Ambac Assurance Corporation ("Ambac Assurance") by actively managing its assets and liabilities with a focus on maximizing risk-adjusted investment portfolio returns and mitigating or remediating losses on poorly performing transactions through executing policy commutations, repurchasing liabilities at a discount, pursuing recoveries of losses through litigation and the exercise of contractual and legal rights, restructuring transactions, and other means; and

• | Pursuing new businesses. These new businesses may include financial services businesses such as advisory, asset servicing, asset management, and/or insurance.

Although we are exploring new business opportunities for Ambac, no assurance can be given that we will be able to identify or execute the acquisition or development of any new business. In addition there can be no assurance that we will be able to generate or obtain the financial and other resources that may be required to finance the acquisition or development of any new business. Due to these factors, as well as uncertainties relating to the ability of Ambac Assurance to deliver value to Ambac, the value of our securities is speculative.
The execution of Ambac’s principal strategy with respect to liabilities and associated rights allocated to the Segregated Account (as defined below) is subject to the authority of the Rehabilitator (as defined below) to control the management of the Segregated Account. In exercising such authority, the Rehabilitator will act for the benefit of policyholders, and will not take into account the interests of Ambac. Similarly, by operation of the contracts executed in connection with the establishment, and subsequent rehabilitation, of the Segregated Account, the Rehabilitator retains rights to oversee and approve certain actions taken in respect of Ambac Assurance. This oversight by the Rehabilitator could impair Ambac’s ability to execute certain of its strategies.
As a result of uncertainties associated with the aforementioned oversight by the Rehabilitator of the Segregated Account, management has concluded that there is substantial doubt about Ambac's ability to continue as a going concern. Ambac’s financial statements as of and for the periods ending March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013 are prepared assuming Ambac continues as a going concern and do not include any adjustment that might result from its inability to continue as a going concern.
Segregated Account of Ambac Assurance Corporation
In March 2010, Ambac Assurance established a Segregated Account pursuant to Wisc. Stat. §611.24 (2) (the “Segregated Account”) to segregate certain segments of Ambac Assurance’s liabilities, and the Office of the Commissioner of Insurance for the State of Wisconsin (“OCI” (which term shall be understood to refer to such office as regulator of Ambac Assurance and to refer to the Commissioner of Insurance for the State of Wisconsin as rehabilitator of the Segregated Account (the “Rehabilitator”), as the context requires)) commenced rehabilitation proceedings in the Dane County, Wisconsin Circuit Court (the “Rehabilitation Court”) with respect to the Segregated Account (the “Segregated Account Rehabilitation Proceedings”) in order to permit OCI to facilitate an orderly run-off and/or settlement of the liabilities allocated to the Segregated Account pursuant to the provisions of the Wisconsin Insurers Rehabilitation and Liquidation Act. Net par exposure as of March 31, 2014 for policies allocated to the Segregated Account was $21,557,994.
In 2010, Ambac Assurance issued a $2,000,000 secured note due in 2050 (the “Secured Note”) to the Segregated Account. Interest on the Secured Note accrues at the rate of 4.5% per annum, and accrued interest will be added to principal quarterly. The Segregated Account has the ability to demand payment under the Secured Note from time to time to pay claims and other liabilities. The balance of the Secured Note was $22,957 at March 31, 2014, including capitalized interest since the date of issuance. The Segregated Account also has the ability to demand payment from time to time under an aggregate excess of loss reinsurance
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agreement provided by Ambac Assurance (the “Reinsurance Agreement”) to pay claims and other liabilities after the Secured Note is fully drawn.
Ambac Assurance is not obligated to make payments on the Secured Note or under the Reinsurance Agreement if its surplus as regards to policyholders is less than $100,000 (the “Minimum Surplus Amount”). As long as the surplus as regards to policyholders is not less than the Minimum Surplus Amount, payments by Ambac Assurance to the Segregated Account under the Secured Note and the Reinsurance Agreement are not capped. At March 31, 2014, Ambac Assurance’s surplus as regards to policyholders of $1,007,600 exceeded the Minimum Surplus Amount. In the event that Ambac Assurance does not maintain surplus in excess of the Minimum Surplus Amount, the Segregated Account would experience a shortfall in funds available to pay its liabilities to the extent that such liabilities exceed amounts available under the Secured Note and Reinsurance Agreement. Any such shortfall would be a consideration for the Rehabilitator in the determination of whether any changes to the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan (as defined below) and/or the amount of partial policy claim payments are necessary or appropriate or whether to institute general rehabilitation proceedings against Ambac Assurance.
On October 8, 2010, OCI filed a plan of rehabilitation for the Segregated Account (the “Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan”) in the Rehabilitation Court. The Rehabilitation Court confirmed the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan on January 24, 2011. The confirmed Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan also made permanent the injunctions issued by the Rehabilitation Court on March 24, 2010. The Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan has not yet been made effective.
As more fully described in Note 11, on October 24, 2013, the Wisconsin Court of Appeals affirmed orders of the Rehabilitation Court entered in connection with the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Proceedings, thus upholding the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan and actions taken by the Rehabilitator or Wisconsin Commissioner of Insurance in formulating such Plan. Certain parties filed petitions for review of the Court of Appeals’ ruling with the Supreme Court of the State of Wisconsin. On March 17, 2014, the Supreme Court of Wisconsin denied such petitions, making the decision by the Wisconsin Court of Appeals final.
On March 11, 2014, the Rehabilitator informed Ambac that the United States Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) had issued favorable rulings on March 10, 2014, related to certain tax issues associated with potential amendments to the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan.
On April 21, 2014, the Rehabilitator filed a motion with the Rehabilitation Court seeking approval to amend the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan. The Rehabilitation Court is currently scheduled to hear the motion on June 11, 2014.
If the motion is approved in the form currently proposed by the Rehabilitator, the amendments will modify the mechanism for handling claims under the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan. Instead of the combination of cash payments and interest-bearing surplus notes originally contemplated by the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan, holders of permitted policy claims will receive an initial interim cash payment for a portion of such policy claim (“Interim Payment”), together with the right to receive a deferred payment equal to the balance of the unpaid policy claim (“Deferred Amount”). Payments of Deferred Amounts will be made at such times as the Rehabilitator deems appropriate in his sole discretion.
The Segregated Account will also establish junior deferred amounts (“Junior Deferred Amounts”) with respect to permitted general claims instead of issuing junior surplus notes to the holders of such claims as contemplated under the original Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan.
The amendments require that Deferred Amounts and Junior Deferred Amounts will generally accrue and compound interest at an annual effective rate of 5.1%. In the case of permitted policy claims, interest will accrue on Deferred Amounts from the first distribution date (under the transaction documents for the relevant bond) after the date on which the Interim Payment in respect of such permitted policy claim was made. However, in the case of insured bonds whose outstanding principal balance is not reduced by the unpaid portion of permitted policy claims (such bonds, “Undercollateralized Bonds”), the 5.1% effective annual interest rate on the Deferred Amount will be reduced by the bond interest rate applicable to such Undercollateralized Bonds (adjusted from time to time in accordance with the provisions of the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan, but in no circumstances to be less than zero).
If the motion is approved, the Rehabilitator has confirmed that he intends to increase the percentage of the initial cash Interim Payment for permitted policy claims from 25% to 45% with effect from July 20, 2014 or, if the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan, as amended, is not effective as of such date, the first payment date (the 20th of the month) specified by the Rehabilitator following the amended Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan effective date. As with previously permitted policy claims, the remaining portion of the unpaid permitted policy claims (in this case, 55%) will remain outstanding as Deferred Amounts and, subject to the exception for Undercollateralized Bonds, will accrue interest at 5.1% per annum. These Deferred Amounts, together with interest thereon, may be paid from time to time in the future at the sole discretion of the Rehabilitator.
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The Rehabilitator has also confirmed that, if the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan is approved, he intends to effectuate a payment of certain Deferred Amounts (together with interest thereon) after the first reconciliation of Deferred Amounts in accordance with the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan, as amended, so that those policyholders that received 25% cash Interim Payments will receive an equalizing payment in cash of 26.67% of their Deferred Amounts (including accrued interest thereon) outstanding as of the date on which the Interim Payment percentage was increased (the “Reconciliation Date”). The payment for such portion of the Deferred Amounts is expected to occur after the first reconciliation process for Deferred Amounts is completed under the amended Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan, but in any event no earlier than November 20, 2014.
In addition, if the motion is approved, the Segregated Account will be required, pursuant to the terms of the amended Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan, to early redeem a portion of its surplus notes (excluding junior surplus notes), as and when payments are made on the Deferred Amounts. The cash amount available for redemption of the Segregated Account surplus notes will be equal to 26.67% of the sum of par and accrued and unpaid interest on such Segregated Account surplus notes, in each case, outstanding as at the Reconciliation Date. P ursuant to the terms of the Settlement Agreement, dated as of June 7, 2010 (the “Settlement Agreement”), by and among Ambac Assurance, Ambac Credit Products LLC (“ACP”), Ambac and counterparties to credit default swaps with ACP that were guaranteed by Ambac Assurance, Ambac Assurance is also required to make a proportionate redemption of its surplus notes if the Segregated Account redeems the Segregated Account surplus notes (excluding junior surplus notes). Therefore, if the equalizing 26.67% payment of the Deferred Amounts specified above is made, the Segregated Account and Ambac Assurance will be required to make proportionate redemptions of surplus notes (excluding any junior surplus notes). The Rehabilitator expects the equalizing 26.67% payment of the Deferred Amounts to be made no sooner than November 20, 2014.
As of today’s date and pending the hearing on the motion, there can be no assurances that the motion will be approved by the Rehabilitation Court, nor that any increase in the Interim Payments or any payment of any Deferred Amounts will occur. The proposed amendments, increase in Interim Payments, and payments of Deferred Amounts and surplus notes may have a material impact on our accounting, financial condition and results of operations.
2. REORGANIZATION UNDER CHAPTER 11
We followed the accounting prescribed by the Reorganizations Topic of the Accounting Standards Codification (the “ASC”) while Ambac was in reorganization proceedings under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. On April 30, 2013, Ambac executed a closing agreement with the IRS to conclude the settlement of a dispute (“IRS Settlement). On May 1, 2013 (the “Effective Date”), the Reorganization Plan became effective and Ambac emerged from bankruptcy.
This IRS Settlement represented the final material contingency under the Reorganization Plan required for the adoption of fresh start financial statement reporting under the Reorganizations Topic of the ASC. As such, fresh start financial statement reporting ("Fresh Start") was adopted by the Company on April 30, 2013 (“Fresh Start Reporting Date”), incorporating, among other things, the discharge of debt obligations, issuance of new common stock, and fair value adjustments. Adopting Fresh Start results in a new reporting entity with no beginning retained earnings or accumulated deficit. For periods after the Fresh Start Reporting Date the Company will be referred to as Successor Ambac, whereas for all periods as of and preceding the Fresh Start Reporting Date the Company will be referred to as Predecessor Ambac. Presentation of information for Successor Ambac represents the financial position and results of operations of Successor Ambac and is not comparable to our previously issued financial statements.
Reorganization items:
Professional advisory fees and other costs directly associated with our reorganization are reported separately as reorganization items pursuant to the Reorganizations Topic of the ASC. Reorganization items also include adjustments to reflect the carrying value of certain pre-petition liabilities at their allowable claim amounts, gain on the settlement of liabilities subject to compromise and fresh start reporting adjustments. The reorganization items in the Consolidated Statements of Total Comprehensive Income consisted of the following items:

| Successor Ambac |  |  | Predecessor Ambac
| Three months ended March 31, 2014 |  |  | Three months ended March 31, 2013
U.S. Trustee fees | $ | 7 |  |  |  | $ | 10 |
Professional fees | 16 |  |  |  | 2,049 |
Total reorganization items | $ | 23 |  |  |  | $ | 2,059 |

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Liabilities Subject to Compromise:
In accordance with the Reorganizations Topic of the ASC, following the date Ambac filed its Chapter 11 petition, we discontinued recording interest expense on debt classified as Liabilities subject to compromise, which amounted to $232,556 as of March 31, 2013. The stated contractual interest on debt classified as Liabilities subject to compromise amounted to $20,660 for the three months ended March 31, 2013. As required by the Reorganizations Topic of the ASC, the amount of the Liabilities subject to compromise represented our estimate of known or potential pre-petition claims to be addressed in connection with the bankruptcy.
At the Effective Date, all liabilities subject to compromise were settled through the issuance of common stock or warrants to purchase common stock in accordance with the Reorganization Plan. As such, as of the Effective Date, no liabilities remain subject to compromise.
3. SPECIAL PURPOSE ENTITIES, INCLUDING VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES
Ambac, through its subsidiaries, has engaged in transactions with special purpose entities, including VIEs, in various capacities. Ambac most commonly provides financial guarantees, including credit derivative contracts, for various debt obligations issued by special purpose entities, including VIEs. Ambac has also sponsored two special purpose entities that issued medium-term notes to fund the purchase of certain financial assets. Ambac is also an investor in collateralized debt obligations, mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities issued by VIEs and its ownership interest is generally insignificant to the VIE and/or Ambac does not have rights that direct the activities that are most significant to such VIE. In 2011, Ambac Assurance entered into a secured borrowing transaction under which VIEs were created for the purpose of re-securitizing certain invested assets and collateralizing the borrowing. These VIEs are consolidated because Ambac Assurance was involved in their design and holds a significant amount of the beneficial interests issued by the VIEs or guarantees the assets held by the VIEs. There was no VIE debt outstanding to third parties under this secured borrowing transaction as of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013. The debt represented the senior-most tranche of the securitization structure and was repaid from the non-insurance proceeds of certain RMBS securities which are guaranteed by Ambac Assurance. Such securities had a fair value of $236,674 and $240,150 as of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively. Refer to Note 8 - Investments for further discussion of the restrictions on these securities.
Financial Guarantees:
Ambac’s subsidiaries provide financial guarantees in respect of assets held or debt obligations of special purpose entities, including VIEs. Ambac’s primary variable interest exists through this financial guarantee insurance or credit derivative contract. The transaction structures provide certain financial protection to Ambac. This financial protection can take several forms; however, the most common are over-collateralization, first loss and excess spread. In the case of over-collateralization (i.e., the principal amount of the securitized assets exceeds the principal amount of the debt obligations guaranteed), the structure allows the transaction to experience defaults among the securitized assets before a default is experienced on the debt obligations that have been guaranteed by Ambac’s subsidiaries. In the case of first loss, the financial guarantee insurance policy or credit derivative contract only covers a senior layer of losses on assets held or debt issued by special purpose entities, including VIEs. The first loss with respect to the assets is either retained by the asset seller or sold off in the form of equity or mezzanine debt to other investors. In the case of excess spread, the securitized assets contributed to special purpose entities, including VIEs, generate interest cash flows that are in excess of the interest payments on the related debt; such excess cash flow is applied to redeem debt, thus creating over-collateralization. Generally, upon deterioration in the performance of a transaction or upon an event of default as specified in the transaction legal documents, Ambac will obtain certain loss remediation rights. These rights may enable Ambac to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance.
We determined that Ambac’s subsidiaries generally have the obligation to absorb a VIE's expected losses given that they have issued financial guarantees supporting the liabilities (and in certain cases assets). As further described below, we consolidated certain VIEs because: (i) we determined for certain transactions that experienced the aforementioned performance deterioration, that Ambac’s subsidiaries had the power, through voting rights or similar rights, to direct the activities of certain VIEs that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance because certain triggers had been breached in these transactions resulting in their ability to exercise certain loss remediation activities, or (ii) due to the passive nature of the VIEs’ activities, Ambac’s subsidiaries’ contingent loss remediation rights upon a breach of certain triggers in the future is considered to be the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIEs’ economic performance. With respect to existing VIEs involving Ambac financial guarantees, Ambac is generally required to consolidate a VIE in the period that applicable triggers result in Ambac having
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control over the VIE’s most significant economic activities. A VIE is deconsolidated in the period that Ambac no longer has such control, which occurred in connection with insurance policies that were allocated to the Segregated Account, execution of remediation activities on the transaction or amortization of insured exposure, any of which may reduce the degree of Ambac’s control over a VIE.
Ambac Sponsored VIEs:
A subsidiary of Ambac has transferred financial assets to two special purpose entities. The business purpose of these entities was to provide certain financial guarantee clients with funding for their debt obligations. These special purpose entities are legal entities that are demonstrably distinct from Ambac. Ambac, its affiliates or its agents cannot unilaterally dissolve these entities. The permitted activities of these entities are limited to those outlined below. Ambac does not consolidate these entities because Ambac Assurance’s policies issued to these entities have been allocated to the Segregated Account, thereby limiting Ambac’s control over the entities’ most significant economic activities. Ambac has elected to account for its equity interest in these entities at fair value under the fair value option in accordance with the Financial Instruments Topic of the ASC. We believe that the fair value of the investments in these entities provides for greater transparency for recording profit or loss as compared to the equity method under the Investments – Equity Method and Joint Ventures Topic of the ASC. Refer to Note 7 for further information on the valuation technique and inputs used to measure the fair value of Ambac’s equity interest in these entities. At March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013 the fair value of these entities is $13,122 and $13,384, respectively, and is reported within Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Since their inception, there have been 15 individual transactions with these entities, of which 3 transactions were outstanding as of March 31, 2014. Total principal amount of debt outstanding was $461,355 and $461,355 at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively. In each case, Ambac sold assets to these entities. The assets are composed of utility obligations with a weighted average rating of BBB at March 31, 2014 and weighted average life of 7.8 years. The purchase by these entities was financed through the issuance of medium-term notes (“MTNs”), which are cross-collateralized by the purchased assets. The MTNs have the same expected weighted average life as the purchased assets. Derivative contracts (interest rate swaps) are used within the entities for economic hedging purposes only. Derivative positions were established at the time MTNs were issued to purchase financial assets. The activities of these entities are contractually limited to purchasing assets from Ambac, issuing MTNs to fund such purchase, executing derivative hedges and obtaining financial guarantee policies with respect to indebtedness incurred. As of March 31, 2014 Ambac Assurance had financial guarantee insurance policies issued for all assets, MTNs and derivative contracts owned and outstanding by the entities.
Insurance premiums paid to Ambac Assurance by these entities are earned in a manner consistent with other insurance policies, over the risk period. Additionally, any losses incurred on such insurance policies are included in Ambac’s Consolidated Statements of Total Comprehensive Income. Under the terms of an Administrative Agency Agreement, Ambac provides certain administrative duties, primarily collecting amounts due on the obligations and making interest payments on the MTNs.
Ambac was not presented with claims on insurance policies issued to these entities during the three months ended March 31, 2014 and 2013. Successor Ambac received no recoveries for the three months ended March 31, 2014 in respect of previously paid claims. Predecessor Ambac received recoveries of $1,455 for the three months ended March 31, 2013 in respect of previously paid claims.
Consolidation of VIEs:
Upon initial consolidation of a VIE, we recognize a gain or loss in earnings for the difference between: (i) the fair value of the consideration paid, the fair value of any non-controlling interests and the reported amount of any previously held interests and (ii) the net amount, as measured on a fair value basis, of the assets and liabilities consolidated. Upon deconsolidation of a VIE, we recognize a gain or loss for the difference between: (i) the fair value of any consideration received, the fair value of any retained non-controlling investment in the VIE and the carrying amount of any non-controlling interest in the VIE and (ii) the carrying amount of the VIE’s assets and liabilities. Gains or losses from consolidation and deconsolidation that are reported in earnings are reported within (Loss) income on variable interest entities.
The variable interest in a VIE generally involves one or more of the following: a financial guarantee policy issued to the VIE, a written credit derivative contract that references liabilities of the VIE or an investment in securities issued by the VIE. The impact of consolidating such VIEs on Ambac’s balance sheet is the elimination of transactions between the consolidated VIEs and Ambac’s operating subsidiaries and the inclusion of the VIE’s third party assets and liabilities. For a financial guarantee policy issued to a consolidated VIE, Ambac does not reflect the financial guarantee insurance policy in accordance with the related insurance accounting rules under the Financial Services – Insurance Topic of the ASC. Consequently, upon consolidation, Ambac eliminates the insurance assets and liabilities associated with the policy from the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Such insurance assets and liabilities may include premium receivables, reinsurance recoverable, deferred ceded premium, subrogation recoverable, deferred acquisition costs, unearned premiums, loss and loss expense reserves, ceded premiums payable and insurance intangible assets. For investment securities owned by Ambac that are debt instruments issued by the VIE, the investment securities balance is eliminated upon consolidation. Ambac did not consolidate any VIEs solely as a result of purchases of the VIE’s debt instruments.
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As of March 31, 2014 consolidated VIE assets and liabilities relating to 18 consolidated entities were $15,832,337 and $15,727,102, respectively. As of December 31, 2013, consolidated VIE assets and liabilities relating to 18 consolidated entities were $15,988,697 and $15,872,770, respectively. Ambac is not primarily liable for, and does not guarantee all of the debt obligations issued by the VIEs. Ambac would only be required to make payments on the guaranteed debt obligations in the event that the issuer of such debt obligations defaults on any principal or interest due. Additionally, Ambac’s creditors do not have rights with regard to the assets of the VIEs. Ambac evaluates the net income statement effects and earnings per share effects to determine attributions between Ambac and non-controlling interests as a result of consolidating a VIE. Ambac has determined that the net changes in fair value of most consolidated VIE assets and liabilities are attributable to Ambac due to Ambac’s interest through financial guarantee premium and loss payments with the VIE.
The financial reports of certain VIEs are prepared by outside trustees and are not available within the time constraints Ambac requires to ensure the financial accuracy of the operating results. As such, the financial results of certain VIEs are consolidated on a time lag that is no longer than 90 days.
The table below provides the fair value of fixed income securities, by asset-type, held by consolidated VIEs as of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013:

| Successor Ambac
| March 31, 2014 |  |  | December 31, 2013
Investments: |  |  |  |
Corporate obligations | $ | 2,546,762 |  |  |  | $ | 2,475,182 |
Total variable interest entity assets: Fixed income securities | $ | 2,546,762 |  |  |  | $ | 2,475,182 |

The following table provides supplemental information about the loans held as assets and long-term debt associated with the VIEs for which the fair value option has been elected as of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013:

Successor Ambac | Estimated fair value |  | Unpaid principal balance
March 31, 2014: |  |  |
Loans | $ | 13,269,452 |  |  | $ | 11,785,529 |
Long-term debt | $ | 13,878,577 |  |  | $ | 13,828,951 |
December 31, 2013: |  |  |
Loans | $ | 13,398,895 |  |  | $ | 12,226,481 |
Long-term debt | $ | 14,091,753 |  |  | $ | 14,251,771 |

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Variable Interests in Non-Consolidated VIEs
The following table displays the carrying amount of the assets, liabilities and maximum exposure to loss of Ambac’s variable interests in non-consolidated VIEs resulting from financial guarantee and credit derivative contracts by major underlying asset classes, as of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013:

| Carrying Value of Assets and Liabilities
| Maximum Exposure To Loss (1) |  | Insurance Assets (2) |  | Insurance Liabilities (3) |  | Derivative Liabilities (4)
Successor Ambac—March 31, 2014: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Global Structured Finance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Collateralized debt obligations | $ | 1,806,043 |  |  | $ | 2,413 |  |  | $ | 5,868 |  |  | $ | 7,803 |
Mortgage-backed—residential | 18,511,853 |  |  | 588,700 |  |  | 3,797,261 |  |  | — |
Other consumer asset-backed | 5,339,529 |  |  | 67,787 |  |  | 882,389 |  |  | — |
Other commercial asset-backed | 6,836,050 |  |  | 408,830 |  |  | 537,413 |  |  | 34,440 |
Other | 4,357,860 |  |  | 112,335 |  |  | 646,998 |  |  | 3,946 |
Total Global Structured Finance | 36,851,335 |  |  | 1,180,065 |  |  | 5,869,929 |  |  | 46,189 |
Global Public Finance | 34,688,105 |  |  | 529,929 |  |  | 602,996 |  |  | 28,024 |
Total | $ | 71,539,440 |  |  | $ | 1,709,994 |  |  | $ | 6,472,925 |  |  | $ | 74,213 |

| Carrying Value of Assets and Liabilities
| Maximum Exposure To Loss (1) |  | Insurance Assets (2) |  | Insurance Liabilities (3) |  | Derivative Liabilities (4)
Successor Ambac—December 31, 2013: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Global Structured Finance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Collateralized debt obligations | $ | 2,092,072 |  |  | $ | 3,867 |  |  | $ | 7,119 |  |  | $ | 10,092 |
Mortgage-backed—residential | 19,231,335 |  |  | 581,498 |  |  | 3,890,937 |  |  | — |
Other consumer asset-backed | 5,425,583 |  |  | 68,511 |  |  | 992,177 |  |  | — |
Other commercial asset-backed | 7,237,953 |  |  | 429,559 |  |  | 559,600 |  |  | 39,916 |
Other | 4,347,287 |  |  | 113,468 |  |  | 608,213 |  |  | 4,312 |
Total Global Structured Finance | 38,334,230 |  |  | 1,196,903 |  |  | 6,058,046 |  |  | 54,320 |
Global Public Finance | 35,732,858 |  |  | 531,519 |  |  | 604,339 |  |  | 27,112 |
Total | $ | 74,067,088 |  |  | $ | 1,728,422 |  |  | $ | 6,662,385 |  |  | $ | 81,432 |

(1) | Maximum exposure to loss represents the gross maximum future payments of principal and interest on insured obligations and credit derivative contracts. Ambac’s maximum exposure to loss does not include the benefit of any financial instruments (such as reinsurance or hedge contracts) that Ambac may utilize to mitigate the risks associated with these variable interests.

(2) | Insurance assets represent the amount recorded in “Premium receivables” and “Subrogation recoverable” for financial guarantee contracts on Ambac’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(3) | Insurance liabilities represent the amount recorded in “Losses and loss expense reserve” and “Unearned premiums” for financial guarantee contracts on Ambac’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(4) | Derivative liabilities represent the fair value recognized on credit derivative contracts on Ambac’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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4. COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
The following tables detail the changes in the balances of each component of accumulated other comprehensive income for the affected periods:

| Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Available-for-Sale Securities (1) |  |  |  | Gain (Loss) on Foreign Currency Translation (1) |  |
|  | Changes to Postretirement Benefit (1) |  |  | Total
Successor Ambac | Three months ended March 31, 2014 |  | Three months ended March 31, 2014 |  | Three months ended March 31, 2014 |  | Three months ended March 31, 2014
Beginning Balance | $ | (41,910 | ) |  | $ | 10,847 |  |  | $ | 42,724 |  |  | $ | 11,661 |
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications | 94,622 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,238 |  |  | 98,860 |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income | (5,900 | ) |  | (204 | ) |  | — |  |  | (6,104 | )
Net current period other comprehensive income | 88,722 |  |  | (204 | ) |  | 4,238 |  |  | 92,756 |
Balance at March 31, 2014 | $ | 46,812 |  |  | $ | 10,643 |  |  | $ | 46,962 |  |  | $ | 104,417 |

| Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Available-for-Sale Securities (1) |  | Changes to Postretirement Benefit (1) |  | Gain (Loss) on Foreign Currency Translation (1) |  |
|  |  |  | Total
Predecessor Ambac | Three months ended March 31, 2013 |  | Three months ended March 31, 2013 |  | Three months ended March 31, 2013 |  | Three months ended March 31, 2013
Beginning Balance | $ | 651,272 |  |  | $ | (5,860 | ) |  | $ | (20,027 | ) |  | $ | 625,385 |
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications | 100,180 |  |  | — |  |  | (220 | ) |  | 99,960 |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income | (6,082 | ) |  | 808 |  |  | — |  |  | (5,274 | )
Net current period other comprehensive income | 94,098 |  |  | 808 |  |  | (220 | ) |  | 94,686 |
Balance at March 31, 2013 | $ | 745,370 |  |  | $ | (5,052 | ) |  | $ | (20,247 | ) |  | $ | 720,071 |

(1) All amounts are net of tax and noncontrolling interest. Amounts in parentheses indicate debits.
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The following table details the significant amounts reclassified from each component of accumulated other comprehensive income for the affected periods:

|  | Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (1) |  |
Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Components |  | Successor Ambac – |  |  | Predecessor Ambac – |  | Affected Line Item in the Consolidated Statement of Total Comprehensive Income
| Three months ended March 31, 2014 |  |  | Three months ended March 31, 2013 |
Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Available-for-Sale Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | $ | (5,900 | ) |  |  | $ | (6,082 | ) |  | Net realized investment gains
|  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | Tax (expense) benefit
|  | $ | (5,900 | ) |  |  | $ | (6,082 | ) |  | Net of tax and noncontrolling interest
Amortization of Postretirement Benefit |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Prior service cost |  | $ | (166 | ) |  |  | $ | 1,707 |  |  | Underwriting and operating expenses (2)
Actuarial gains (losses) |  | (38 | ) |  |  | (899 | ) |  | Underwriting and operating expenses (2)
|  | (204 | ) |  |  | 808 |  |  | Total before tax
|  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | Tax (expense) benefit
|  | $ | (204 | ) |  |  | $ | 808 |  |  | Net of tax and noncontrolling interest
Total reclassifications for the period |  | $ | (6,104 | ) |  |  | $ | (5,274 | ) |  | Net of tax and noncontrolling interest

(1) | Amounts in parentheses indicate debits to the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income.

(2) | These accumulated other comprehensive income components are included in the computation of net periodic benefit cost.

5. NET INCOME PER SHARE
Predecessor Ambac common stock (and related stock options and restricted stock units) was canceled upon emergence from bankruptcy on the Effective Date. Pursuant to the Reorganization Plan, 45,000,000 shares of new common stock at par value of $0.01 per share and 5,047,138 warrants were issued. Warrants entitle such holders to acquire up to 5,047,138 shares of new common stock at an exercise price of $16.67 per share at any time on or prior to April 30, 2023. For the three months ended March 31, 2014, 51 warrants were exercised, resulting in an issuance of 51 shares of common stock. As of March 31, 2014, Successor Ambac had 5,040,775 warrants outstanding. The earnings per share information for Predecessor Ambac is not meaningful to investors in Successor Ambac’s common stock and warrants.
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Basic net income per share is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted net income per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding plus all potential dilutive common shares outstanding during the period. All potential dilutive common shares outstanding consider common stock deliverable pursuant to warrants issued under the Reorganization Plan. The following table provides a reconciliation of the common shares used for basic earnings per share to the diluted shares used for diluted earnings per share:

| Successor Ambac |  |  | Predecessor Ambac
| Three months ended March 31, 2014 |  |  | Three months ended March 31, 2013
Weighted average number of common shares used for basic earnings per share | 45,042,823 |  |  |  | 302,469,516 |
Effect of potential dilutive shares: |  |  |  |
Warrants | 1,998,028 |  |  |  | — |
Stock options | 4,891 |  |  |  | — |
Restricted stock units | — |  |  |  | 109,738 |
Weighted average number of common shares and potential dilutive shares used for diluted earnings per share | $ | 47,045,742 |  |  |  | $ | 302,579,254 |
Anti-dilutive shares excluded from the above reconciliation: |  |  |  |
Warrants | — |  |  |  | — |
Stock options | — |  |  |  | 480,350 |
Restricted stock units | 1,599 |  |  |  | — |

6. FINANCIAL GUARANTEE INSURANCE CONTRACTS
Amounts presented in this Note relate only to Ambac’s non-derivative insurance business for insurance policies issued to beneficiaries, including VIEs, for which we do not consolidate the VIE.
Net Premiums Earned:
Gross premiums are received either upfront (typical of public finance obligations) or in installments (typical of structured finance obligations). For premiums received upfront, an unearned premium revenue (“UPR”) liability is established, which is initially recorded as the cash amount received. For installment premium transactions, a premium receivable asset and offsetting UPR liability is initially established in an amount equal to: (i) the present value of future contractual premiums due (the “contractual” method) or (ii) if the underlying insured obligation is a homogenous pool of assets which are contractually prepayable, the present value of premiums to be collected over the expected life of the transaction (the “expected” method). An appropriate risk-free rate corresponding to the weighted average life of each policy and currency is used to discount the future premiums contractually due or expected to be collected. For example, U.S. dollar exposures are discounted using U.S. Treasury rates while exposures denominated in a foreign currency are discounted using the appropriate risk-free rate for the respective currency. The weighted average risk-free rate at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, was 2.9% and 3.0%, respectively, and the weighted average period of future premiums used to estimate the premium receivable at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, was 9.7 years and 9.6 years, respectively.
Insured obligations consisting of homogeneous pools for which Ambac uses expected future premiums to estimate the premium receivable and UPR include residential mortgage-backed securities. As prepayment assumptions change for homogenous pool transactions, or if there is an actual prepayment for a “contractual” method installment transaction, the related premium receivable and UPR are adjusted in equal and offsetting amounts with no immediate effect on earnings using new premium cash flows and the then current risk-free rate.
Generally, the priority for the payment of financial guarantee premiums to Ambac, as required by the bond indentures of the insured obligations, is very senior in the waterfall. Additionally, in connection with the allocation of certain liabilities to the Segregated Account, trustees are required under the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan and related court orders to continue to pay installment premiums, notwithstanding the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Proceedings. In evaluating the credit quality of the premium receivables, management evaluates the transaction waterfall structures and the internal ratings of the transactions underlying the premium receivables. As of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, approximately 45% and 44% of the premium receivables related to transactions with non-investment grade internal ratings, comprised mainly of non-investment grade RMBS, student loan transactions and a certain asset-backed transaction, which comprised 6%, 7%, and 17% of the total premium receivables at March 31, 2014 and 7%, 7% and 17% of the total premium receivables at December 31, 2013, respectively. At March 31, 2014
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and December 31, 2013, $16,336 and $15,262, respectively, of premium receivables were deemed uncollectable. Past due premiums on policies insuring non-investment grade obligations amounted to less than $500 at March 31, 2014.
Below is the gross premium receivable roll-forward (direct and assumed contracts) for the affected periods:

| Successor Ambac |  |  | Predecessor Ambac
| Period from January 1 through March 31, 2014 |  |  | Period from January 1 through March 31, 2013
Beginning premium receivable | $ | 1,453,021 |  |  |  | $ | 1,620,621 |
Premium receipts | (33,128 | ) |  |  | (35,115 | )
Adjustments for changes in expected life of homogeneous pools and actual changes to contractual cash flows | (15,062 | ) |  |  | (14,524 | )
Accretion of premium receivable discount | 10,370 |  |  |  | 11,190 |
Uncollectible premiums | (1,074 | ) |  |  | (201 | )
Other adjustments (including foreign exchange) | 3,987 |  |  |  | (38,873 | )
Ending premium receivable | $ | 1,418,114 |  |  |  | $ | 1,543,098 |

Similar to gross premiums, premiums ceded to reinsurers are paid either upfront or in installments. Premiums ceded to reinsurers reduce the amount of premiums earned by Ambac from its financial guarantee insurance policies.
When a bond issue insured by Ambac Assurance has been retired, including those retirements due to refundings or calls, any remaining UPR is recognized at that time to the extent the financial guarantee contract is legally extinguished, causing accelerated premium revenue. For installment premium paying transactions, the recognition of any remaining UPR is offset by the reduction of the related premium receivable to zero (as it will not be collected as a result of the retirement), which may cause negative accelerated premium revenue. Successor Ambac’s accelerated premium revenue for retired obligations for the three months ended March 31, 2014 was $25,114. Predecessor Ambac’s accelerated premium revenue for retired obligations for the three months ended March 31, 2013 was $29,360. Certain obligations insured by Ambac have been legally defeased whereby government securities are purchased by the issuer with the proceeds of a new bond issuance, or less frequently with other funds of the issuer, and held in escrow (a pre-refunding). The principal and interest received from the escrowed securities are then used to retire the Ambac-insured obligations at a future date either to their maturity date or a specified call date. Ambac has evaluated the provisions in certain financial guarantee insurance policies issued on legally defeased obligations and determined those insurance policies have not been legally extinguished and, therefore, premium revenue recognition has not been accelerated.
The effect of reinsurance on premiums written and earned was as follows:

| Successor Ambac |  |  | Predecessor Ambac
| Three months ended March 31, 2014 |  |  | Three months ended March 31, 2013
| Written |  | Earned |  |  | Written |  | Earned
Direct | $ | (5,766 | ) |  | $ | 86,183 |  |  |  | $ | (3,530 | ) |  | $ | 107,079 |
Assumed | — |  |  | 68 |  |  |  | — |  |  | 24 |
Ceded | 456 |  |  | 3,704 |  |  |  | (1,014 | ) |  | 6,847 |
Net premiums | $ | (6,222 | ) |  | $ | 82,547 |  |  |  | $ | (2,516 | ) |  | $ | 100,256 |

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The table below summarizes the future gross undiscounted premiums to be collected, and future premiums earned, net of reinsurance by Successor Ambac at March 31, 2014:

| Future premiums to be collected (1) |  | Future expected premiums to be earned, net of reinsurance (1)
Three months ended: |  |  |
June 30, 2014 | $ | 30,303 |  |  | $ | 46,925 |
September 30, 2014 | 34,189 |  |  | 45,450 |
December 31, 2014 | 31,942 |  |  | 44,000 |
Twelve months ended: |  |  |
December 31, 2015 | 127,738 |  |  | 164,127 |
December 31, 2016 | 121,100 |  |  | 151,279 |
December 31, 2017 | 114,752 |  |  | 140,766 |
December 31, 2018 | 109,588 |  |  | 131,819 |
Five years ended: |  |  |
December 31, 2023 | 488,119 |  |  | 548,548 |
December 31, 2028 | 373,791 |  |  | 375,657 |
December 31, 2033 | 250,704 |  |  | 225,360 |
December 31, 2038 | 120,724 |  |  | 101,581 |
December 31, 2043 | 41,501 |  |  | 34,429 |
December 31, 2048 | 12,595 |  |  | 12,126 |
December 31, 2053 | 2,262 |  |  | 3,334 |
December 31, 2058 | 31 |  |  | 83 |
Total | $ | 1,859,339 |  |  | $ | 2,025,484 |

(1) | Future premiums to be collected relates to the discounted premium receivable asset recorded on Ambac's balance sheet. Future premiums to be earned, net of reinsurance relate to the unearned premium liability and deferred ceded premium asset recorded on Ambac’s balance sheet. The use of contractual lives for many bond types which do not have homogeneous pools of underlying collateral is required in the calculation of the premium receivable as described above, which results in a higher premium receivable balance than if expected lives were considered. If installment paying policies are retired early, premiums reflected in the premium receivable asset and amounts reported in the above table for such policies may not be collected in the future.

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Loss and Loss Expense Reserves:
A loss reserve is recorded on the balance sheet on a policy-by-policy basis for the excess of: (a) unpaid claims plus the present value of expected net cash flows required to be paid under an insurance contract, over (b) the UPR for that contract. Below is the loss reserve roll-forward, net of subrogation recoverable and reinsurance, for the affected periods:

| Successor Ambac |  |  | Predecessor Ambac
| Period from January 1 through March 31, 2014 |  |  | Period from January 1 through March 31, 2013
Beginning loss and loss expense reserves, net of subrogation recoverable, gross of reinsurance | $ | 5,470,234 |  |  |  | $ | 6,122,140 |
Less reinsurance on loss and loss expense reserves | 122,357 |  |  |  | 147,409 |
Beginning balance of loss and loss expense reserves, net of subrogation recoverable and reinsurance | $ | 5,347,877 |  |  |  | $ | 5,974,731 |
Changes in the loss and loss expense reserves due to: |  |  |  |
Current year: |  |  |  |  |  |
Establishment of new loss and loss expense reserves, gross of RMBS subrogation and net of reinsurance | 151 |  |  |  | 4,083 |
Claim and loss expense payments, net of subrogation and reinsurance | — |  |  |  | (58 | )
Establishment of RMBS subrogation recoveries, net of reinsurance | — |  |  |  | (188 | )
Total current year | 151 |  |  |  | 3,837 |
Prior years: |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in previously established loss and loss expense reserves, gross of RMBS subrogation and net of reinsurance | (117,692 | ) |  |  | (129,090 | )
Claim and loss expense (payments)recoveries, net of subrogation and reinsurance | (9,375 | ) |  |  | 12,365 |
Change in previously established RMBS subrogation recoveries, net of reinsurance | (18,331 | ) |  |  | 34,617 |
Total prior years | (145,398 | ) |  |  | (82,108 | )
Net change in loss and loss expense reserves | (145,247 | ) |  |  | (78,271 | )
Ending loss and loss expense reserves, net of subrogation recoverable and reinsurance | $ | 5,202,630 |  |  |  | $ | 5,896,460 |
Add reinsurance on loss and loss expense reserves | 111,303 |  |  |  | 148,749 |
Ending loss and loss expense reserves, net of subrogation recoverable, gross of reinsurance | $ | 5,313,933 |  |  |  | $ | 6,045,209 |

The positive development in loss reserves established in prior years for the three months ended March 31, 2014 was primarily due to improved performance of the RMBS portfolio and higher commutation probabilities for student loan exposures, including with regards to student loan positions held within our investment portfolio. The positive development in loss reserves established in prior years for the three months ended March 31, 2013 was primarily due to improved performance of the RMBS portfolio.
The net change in net loss and loss expense reserves are included in losses and loss expenses in the Consolidated Statement of Total Comprehensive Income. For Successor Ambac, reinsurance recoveries of losses included in losses and loss expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Total Comprehensive Income were $10,559, an expense for the three months ended March 31, 2014. For Predecessor Ambac, reinsurance recoveries of losses included in losses and loss expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Total Comprehensive Income were $3,881, a benefit for the three months ended March 31, 2013.
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The tables below summarize information related to policies currently included in Ambac’s loss reserves or subrogation recoverable at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013. The weighted average risk-free rate used to discount loss reserves at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013 was 2.9% and 3.2%, respectively.
Successor Ambac – Surveillance Categories (at March 31, 2014)

| I/SL |  | IA |  | II |  | III |  | IV |  | V |  | Total
Number of policies | 27 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 66 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 171 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 364 |
Remaining weighted-average contract period (in years) | 12 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 14 |
Gross insured contractual payments outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Principal | $ | 760,825 |  |  | $ | 964,929 |  |  | $ | 4,057,893 |  |  | $ | 5,232,627 |  |  | $ | 10,993,947 |  |  | $ | 47 |  |  | $ | 22,010,268 |
Interest | 415,417 |  |  | 485,353 |  |  | 2,765,425 |  |  | 2,168,384 |  |  | 2,460,360 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 8,294,958 |
Total | $ | 1,176,242 |  |  | $ | 1,450,282 |  |  | $ | 6,823,318 |  |  | $ | 7,401,011 |  |  | $ | 13,454,307 |  |  | $ | 66 |  |  | $ | 30,305,226 |
Gross undiscounted claim liability | $ | 5,408 |  |  | $ | 17,697 |  |  | $ | 245,484 |  |  | $ | 2,616,809 |  |  | $ | 7,861,495 |  |  | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | 10,746,955 |
Discount, gross claim liability | (747 | ) |  | (1,456 | ) |  | (29,272 | ) |  | (1,006,627 | ) |  | (1,027,085 | ) |  | (3 | ) |  | (2,065,190 | )
Gross claim liability before all subrogation and before reinsurance | $ | 4,661 |  |  | $ | 16,241 |  |  | $ | 216,212 |  |  | $ | 1,610,182 |  |  | $ | 6,834,410 |  |  | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | 8,681,765 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross RMBS subrogation (1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,513 | ) |  | (2,232,718 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,235,231 | )
Discount, RMBS subrogation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | 10,927 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,936 |
Discounted RMBS subrogation, before reinsurance | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,504 | ) |  | (2,221,791 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,224,295 | )
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross other subrogation (2) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (22,213 | ) |  | (117,755 | ) |  | (695,971 | ) |  | — |  |  | (835,939 | )
Discount, other subrogation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,694 |  |  | 33,024 |  |  | 45,005 |  |  | — |  |  | 87,723 |
Discounted other subrogation, before reinsurance | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12,519 | ) |  | (84,731 | ) |  | (650,966 | ) |  | — |  |  | (748,216 | )
Gross claim liability, net of all subrogation and discounts, before reinsurance | $ | 4,661 |  |  | $ | 16,241 |  |  | $ | 203,693 |  |  | $ | 1,522,947 |  |  | $ | 3,961,653 |  |  | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | 5,709,254 |
Less: Unearned premium reserves | (3,195 | ) |  | (9,270 | ) |  | (108,203 | ) |  | (275,241 | ) |  | (99,097 | ) |  | — |  |  | (495,006 | )
Plus: Loss adjustment expenses reserves | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | 2,275 |  |  | 1,462 |  |  | 95,937 |  |  | — |  |  | 99,685 |
Claim liability reported on Balance Sheet, before reinsurance (3) (4) | $ | 1,466 |  |  | $ | 6,982 |  |  | $ | 97,765 |  |  | $ | 1,249,168 |  |  | $ | 3,958,493 |  |  | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | 5,313,933 |
Reinsurance recoverable reported on Balance Sheet | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | 872 |  |  | $ | 2,795 |  |  | $ | 110,712 |  |  | $ | (2,992 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 111,442 |

(1) | RMBS subrogation represents Ambac’s estimate of subrogation recoveries from RMBS transaction sponsors for representation and warranty breaches.

(2) | Other subrogation represents subrogation, including subrogation from RMBS transactions, other than subrogation as defined in (1) above.

(3) | Claim liability reported on the Balance Sheet, before reinsurance includes unpaid claims of $3,962,531.

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(4) | Claim liability reported on the Balance Sheet, before reinsurance is included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as follows:

Losses and loss expense reserve (net of potential subrogation recoveries of $1,803,582) | $ | 5,826,168 |
Subrogation recoverable (includes gross potential recovery of $1,168,929) | (512,235 | )
| $ | 5,313,933 |

Successor Ambac – Surveillance Categories (at December 31, 2013)

| I/SL |  | IA |  | II |  | III |  | IV |  | V |  | Total
Number of policies | 18 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 169 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 339 |
Remaining weighted-average contract period (in years) | 13 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 14 |
Gross insured contractual payments outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Principal | $ | 834,708 |  |  | $ | 1,125,284 |  |  | $ | 3,464,420 |  |  | $ | 5,597,387 |  |  | $ | 11,184,943 |  |  | $ | 47 |  |  | $ | 22,206,789 |
Interest | 506,903 |  |  | 871,751 |  |  | 2,130,271 |  |  | 2,331,222 |  |  | 2,556,968 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 8,397,133 |
Total | $ | 1,341,611 |  |  | $ | 1,997,035 |  |  | $ | 5,594,691 |  |  | $ | 7,928,609 |  |  | $ | 13,741,911 |  |  | $ | 65 |  |  | $ | 30,603,922 |
Gross undiscounted claim liability | $ | 7,447 |  |  | $ | 54,398 |  |  | $ | 221,321 |  |  | $ | 3,029,891 |  |  | $ | 7,963,137 |  |  | $ | 65 |  |  | $ | 11,276,259 |
Discount, gross claim liability | (1,225 | ) |  | (6,726 | ) |  | (32,630 | ) |  | (1,299,032 | ) |  | (1,112,829 | ) |  | (6 | ) |  | (2,452,448 | )
Gross claim liability before all subrogation and before reinsurance | $ | 6,222 |  |  | $ | 47,672 |  |  | $ | 188,691 |  |  | $ | 1,730,859 |  |  | $ | 6,850,308 |  |  | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | 8,823,811 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross RMBS subrogation (1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,516 | ) |  | (2,211,333 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,215,849 | )
Discount, RMBS subrogation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15 |  |  | 9,236 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,251 |
Discounted RMBS subrogation, before reinsurance | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,501 | ) |  | (2,202,097 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,206,598 | )
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross other subrogation (2) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (20,367 | ) |  | (116,145 | ) |  | (710,187 | ) |  | — |  |  | (846,699 | )
Discount, other subrogation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,522 |  |  | 36,125 |  |  | 45,666 |  |  | — |  |  | 91,313 |
Discounted other subrogation, before reinsurance | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,845 | ) |  | (80,020 | ) |  | (664,521 | ) |  | — |  |  | (755,386 | )
Gross claim liability, net of all subrogation and discounts, before reinsurance | $ | 6,222 |  |  | $ | 47,672 |  |  | $ | 177,846 |  |  | $ | 1,646,338 |  |  | $ | 3,983,690 |  |  | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | 5,861,827 |
Less: Unearned premium reserves | (4,060 | ) |  | (22,901 | ) |  | (95,550 | ) |  | (280,245 | ) |  | (100,228 | ) |  | — |  |  | (502,984 | )
Plus: Loss adjustment expenses reserves | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | 2,257 |  |  | $ | 1,658 |  |  | 107,465 |  |  | — |  |  | 111,391 |
Claim liability reported on Balance Sheet, before reinsurance (3) (4) | $ | 2,162 |  |  | $ | 24,782 |  |  | $ | 84,553 |  |  | $ | 1,367,751 |  |  | $ | 3,990,927 |  |  | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | 5,470,234 |
Reinsurance recoverable reported on Balance Sheet | $ | 146 |  |  | $ | 2,271 |  |  | $ | 2,273 |  |  | $ | 119,795 |  |  | $ | (3,236 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 121,249 |

(1) | RMBS subrogation represents Ambac’s estimate of subrogation recoveries from RMBS transaction sponsors for representation and warranty breaches.

(2) | Other subrogation represents subrogation, including subrogation from RMBS transactions, other than subrogation as defined in (1) above.

(3) | Claim liability reported on the Balance Sheet, before reinsurance includes unpaid claims of $3,904,315.

(4) | Claim liability reported on the Balance Sheet, before reinsurance is included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as follows:

Losses and loss expense reserve (net of potential subrogation recoveries of $1,797,805) | $ | 5,968,712 |
Subrogation recoverable (includes gross potential recovery of $1,164,179) | (498,478 | )
| $ | 5,470,234 |

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Ambac records estimated subrogation recoveries for breaches of representations and warranties by sponsors of certain RMBS transactions utilizing Adverse and Random Sample approaches. Ambac has recorded RMBS subrogation recoveries of $2,224,295 ($2,201,983 net of reinsurance) and $2,206,598 ($2,183,652 net of reinsurance) at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively. The balance of RMBS subrogation recoveries and the related claim liabilities, by estimation approach, at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, are as follows:

| Successor Ambac - March 31, 2014
|  |  | Gross loss reserve before subrogation recoveries (1) |  | Subrogation recoveries (2) (3) |  | Gross loss reserve after subrogation recoveries
Approach | Count |  |  |
Adverse samples | 27 |  | $ | 2,009,647 |  |  | $ | (1,218,681 | ) |  | $ | 790,966 |
Random samples | 21 |  | 1,076,695 |  |  | (1,005,614 | ) |  | 71,081 |
Totals | 48 |  | $ | 3,086,342 |  |  | $ | (2,224,295 | ) |  | $ | 862,047 |

| Successor Ambac - December 31, 2013
|  |  | Gross loss reserve before subrogation recoveries (1) |  | Subrogation recoveries (2) (3) |  | Gross loss reserve after subrogation recoveries
Approach | Count |  |  |
Adverse samples | 27 |  | $ | 2,084,911 |  |  | $ | (1,252,773 | ) |  | $ | 832,138 |
Random samples | 21 |  | 1,078,861 |  |  | (953,825 | ) |  | 125,036 |
Totals | 48 |  | $ | 3,163,772 |  |  | $ | (2,206,598 | ) |  | $ | 957,174 |

(1) | Includes unpaid claims on policies allocated to the Segregated Account.

(2) | The amount of recorded subrogation recoveries related to each securitization is limited to ever-to-date paid and unpaid losses plus projected losses for each policy. To the extent significant losses have been paid but not yet recovered, the recorded amount of RMBS subrogation recoveries may exceed the unpaid claims in addition to the expected future claims for a given policy. The net cash inflow for these policies is recorded as a “Subrogation recoverable” asset. For those transactions where the subrogation recovery is less than the sum of unpaid claims and the expected future claims, the net cash outflow for these policies is recorded as a “Losses and loss expense reserve” liability.

(3) | The sponsor’s repurchase obligation may differ depending on the terms of the particular transaction and the status of the specific loan, such as whether it is performing or has been liquidated or charged off. The estimated subrogation recovery for these transactions is based primarily on loan level data provided through trustee reports received in the normal course of our surveillance activities or provided by the sponsor. While this data may not include all the components of the sponsor’s contractual repurchase obligation we believe it is the best information available to estimate the subrogation recovery.

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Below is the rollforward of RMBS subrogation, by estimation approach, for the affected periods:

| Random sample |  | Number of transactions |  | Adverse sample |  | Number of transactions |  | Total
Successor Ambac: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rollforward: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Discounted RMBS subrogation (gross of reinsurance) at January 1, 2014 | $ | 953,825 |  |  | 21 |  |  | $ | 1,252,773 |  |  | 27 |  |  | $ | 2,206,598 |
Changes recognized in 2014: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Additional transactions reviewed | — |  |  | n/a |  |  | — |  |  | n/a |  |  | — |
Additional adverse sample loans reviewed | — |  |  | n/a |  |  | — |  |  | n/a |  |  | — |
Adverse loans repurchased by the sponsor | — |  |  | n/a |  |  | — |  |  | n/a |  |  | — |
Impact of Sponsor Actions (1) | — |  |  | n/a |  |  | — |  |  | n/a |  |  | — |
All other changes (2) | 51,789 |  |  | n/a |  |  | (34,092 | ) |  | n/a |  |  | 17,697 |
Discounted RMBS subrogation (gross of reinsurance) at March 31, 2014 | $ | 1,005,614 |  |  | 21 |  |  | $ | 1,218,681 |  |  | 27 |  |  | $ | 2,224,295 |

| Random sample |  | Number of transactions |  | Adverse sample |  | Number of transactions |  | Total
Predecessor Ambac |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Discounted RMBS subrogation (gross of reinsurance) at January 1, 2013 | $ | 1,080,408 |  |  | 22 |  |  | $ | 1,442,817 |  |  | 27 |  |  | $ | 2,523,225 |
Changes recognized in 2013: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Additional transactions reviewed | — |  |  | n/a |  |  | — |  |  | n/a |  |  | — |
Additional adverse sample loans reviewed | — |  |  | n/a |  |  | — |  |  | n/a |  |  | — |
Adverse loans repurchased by the sponsor | — |  |  | n/a |  |  | — |  |  | n/a |  |  | — |
Impact of sponsor actions (1) | (54,195 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | n/a |  |  | (54,195 | )
All other changes (2) | (22,570 | ) |  | n/a |  |  | 40,909 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 18,339 |
Discounted RMBS subrogation (gross of reinsurance) at March 31, 2013 | $ | 1,003,643 |  |  | 20 |  |  | $ | 1,483,726 |  |  | 29 |  |  | $ | 2,487,369 |

(1) | Sponsor actions include loan repurchases, direct payments to Ambac, and other contributions from sponsors.

(2) | Other changes which may impact RMBS subrogation recoveries include changes in actual or projected collateral performance, changes in the creditworthiness of a sponsor, and/or the projected timing of recoveries. For the three months ended March 31, 2013, Predecessor Ambac added 2 transactions to the Adverse Sample population; however, the impacts on RMBS subrogation disclosed in the Adverse Sample column relate to those, as well as other transactions.

Insurance intangible asset:
The insurance intangible amortization expense for the three months ended March 31, 2014 was $31,714 and is included in insurance intangible amortization on the Consolidated Statements of Total Comprehensive Income for Successor Ambac. As of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, the insurance intangible asset was $1,570,070 and $1,597,965, respectively. The March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013 insurance intangible asset is net of accumulated amortization of $132,688 and $100,767, respectively.
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The estimated future amortization expense for the insurance intangible asset is as follows:

2014 | $ | 98,796 |
2015 | 119,906 |
2016 | 109,388 |
2017 | 100,904 |
2018 | 94,857 |
Thereafter | 1,046,219 |

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7. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
The Fair Value Measurement Topic of the ASC establishes a framework for measuring fair value and disclosures about fair value measurements.
Fair value Hierarchy:
The Fair Value Measurement Topic of the ASC specifies a fair value hierarchy based on whether the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect Company-based assumptions. The fair value hierarchy prioritizes model inputs into three broad levels as follows:

Ÿ Level 1 |  | Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets. Assets and liabilities classified as Level 1 include US Treasury securities, exchange traded futures contracts, variable rate demand obligations, money market funds and mutual funds.
Ÿ Level 2 |  | Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets. Assets and liabilities classified as Level 2 generally include direct investments in fixed income securities representing municipal, asset-backed and corporate obligations, most financial services derivatives, and most long-term debt of variable interest entities consolidated under the Consolidation Topic of the ASC. Also included are equity interests in pooled investment funds measured at fair value where the investment can be redeemed in the near term at a value based on the net asset value.
Ÿ Level 3 |  | Model derived valuations in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable. This hierarchy requires the use of observable market data when available. Assets and liabilities classified as Level 3 include credit derivative contracts written as part of the financial guarantee business, certain financial services interest rate swap contracts, equity interests in Ambac sponsored special purpose entities and certain investments in fixed income securities. Additionally, Level 3 assets and liabilities generally include fixed income securities, loan receivables, and certain long-term debt of variable interest entities consolidated under the Consolidation Topic of the ASC.

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The following table sets forth the carrying amount and fair value of Ambac’s financial assets and liabilities as of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, including the level within the fair value hierarchy at which fair value measurements are categorized. As required by the Fair Value Measurement Topic of the ASC financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

| Successor Ambac
| Carrying Amount |  | Total Fair Value |  | Fair Value Measurements Categorized as:
Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
March 31, 2014 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Municipal obligations | $ | 1,185,288 |  |  | $ | 1,185,288 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,185,288 |  |  | $ | — |
Corporate obligations | 1,647,584 |  |  | 1,647,584 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,644,028 |  |  | 3,556 |
Foreign obligations | 142,044 |  |  | 142,044 |  |  | — |  |  | 142,044 |  |  | — |
U.S. government obligations | 106,958 |  |  | 106,958 |  |  | 106,958 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
U.S. agency obligations | 31,825 |  |  | 31,825 |  |  | — |  |  | 31,825 |  |  | — |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 1,655,658 |  |  | 1,655,658 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,655,658 |  |  | — |
Collateralized debt obligations | 177,339 |  |  | 177,339 |  |  | — |  |  | 177,339 |  |  | — |
Other asset-backed securities | 1,221,993 |  |  | 1,221,993 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,158,626 |  |  | 63,367 |
Fixed income securities, pledged as collateral: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government obligations | 125,123 |  |  | 125,123 |  |  | 125,123 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Short term investments | 215,103 |  |  | 215,103 |  |  | 211,486 |  |  | 3,617 |  |  | — |
Other investments | 240,530 |  |  | 240,530 |  |  | — |  |  | 240,430 |  |  | 100 |
Cash | 31,700 |  |  | 31,700 |  |  | 31,700 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Loans | 6,250 |  |  | 6,402 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,402 |
Derivative assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps—asset position | 83,693 |  |  | 83,693 |  |  | — |  |  | 83,693 |  |  | — |
Interest rate swaps—liability position | (2,212 | ) |  | (2,212 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,212 | ) |  | — |
Futures contracts | 430 |  |  | 430 |  |  | 430 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other assets | 13,122 |  |  | 13,122 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,122 |
Variable interest entity assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate obligations | 2,546,762 |  |  | 2,546,762 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,546,762 |
Restricted cash | 8,552 |  |  | 8,552 |  |  | 8,552 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Loans | 13,269,452 |  |  | 13,269,452 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,269,452 |
Total financial assets | $ | 22,707,194 |  |  | $ | 22,707,346 |  |  | $ | 484,249 |  |  | $ | 6,320,336 |  |  | $ | 15,902,761 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations under investment agreements | $ | 359,993 |  |  | $ | 362,488 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 362,488 |
Long term debt, including accrued interest | 1,288,483 |  |  | 1,317,986 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,317,986 |
Derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit derivatives | 87,715 |  |  | 87,715 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 87,715 |
Interest rate swaps—asset position | (50,863 | ) |  | (50,863 | ) |  | — |  |  | (50,863 | ) |  | — |
Interest rate swaps—liability position | 263,839 |  |  | 263,839 |  |  | — |  |  | 149,072 |  |  | 114,767 |
Other contracts | 149 |  |  | 149 |  |  | — |  |  | 149 |  |  | — |
Liabilities for net financial guarantees written (1) | 4,339,829 |  |  | 5,683,120 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,683,120 |
Variable interest entity liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-term debt | 13,878,577 |  |  | 13,878,577 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,594,183 |  |  | 1,284,394 |
Derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps—liability position | 1,758,626 |  |  | 1,758,626 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,758,626 |  |  | — |
Currency swaps—liability position | 86,064 |  |  | 86,064 |  |  | — |  |  | 86,064 |  |  | — |
Total financial liabilities | $ | 22,012,412 |  |  | $ | 23,387,701 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14,537,231 |  |  | $ | 8,850,470 |

(1) | The carrying value of net financial guarantees written includes the following balance sheet items: Premium receivables; Reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses; Deferred ceded premium; Subrogation recoverable; Insurance intangible asset; Unearned premiums; Losses and loss expense reserve; Ceded premiums payable, premiums taxes payable and other deferred fees recorded in Other liabilities.

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| Successor Ambac
| Carrying Amount |  | Total Fair Value |  | Fair Value Measurements Categorized as:
Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
December 31, 2013 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Municipal obligations | $ | 1,377,723 |  |  | $ | 1,377,723 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,377,723 |  |  | $ | — |
Corporate obligations | 1,489,369 |  |  | 1,489,369 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,485,867 |  |  | 3,502 |
Foreign obligations | 124,877 |  |  | 124,877 |  |  | — |  |  | 124,877 |  |  | — |
U.S. government obligations | 126,248 |  |  | 126,248 |  |  | 126,248 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
U.S. agency obligations | 32,154 |  |  | 32,154 |  |  | — |  |  | 31,946 |  |  | 208 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 1,558,625 |  |  | 1,558,625 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,558,625 |  |  | — |
Collateralized debt obligations | 183,872 |  |  | 183,872 |  |  | — |  |  | 183,872 |  |  | — |
Other asset-backed securities | 992,448 |  |  | 992,448 |  |  | — |  |  | 928,375 |  |  | 64,073 |
Fixed income securities, pledged as collateral: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government obligations | 126,223 |  |  | 126,223 |  |  | 126,223 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Short term investments | 271,119 |  |  | 271,119 |  |  | 267,612 |  |  | 3,507 |  |  | — |
Other investments | 241,069 |  |  | 241,069 |  |  | — |  |  | 240,969 |  |  | 100 |
Cash | 77,370 |  |  | 77,370 |  |  | 77,370 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Loans | 6,179 |  |  | 6,238 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,238 |
Derivative assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps—asset position | 76,631 |  |  | 76,631 |  |  | — |  |  | 76,631 |  |  | — |
Interest rate swaps—liability position | (1,257 | ) |  | (1,257 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,257 | ) |  | — |
Futures contracts | 2,337 |  |  | 2,337 |  |  | 2,337 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other assets | 13,384 |  |  | 13,384 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,384 |
Variable interest entity assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate obligations | 2,475,182 |  |  | 2,475,182 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,475,182 |
Restricted cash | 17,498 |  |  | 17,498 |  |  | 17,498 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Loans | 13,398,895 |  |  | 13,398,895 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,398,895 |
Total financial assets | $ | 22,589,946 |  |  | $ | 22,590,005 |  |  | $ | 617,288 |  |  | $ | 6,011,135 |  |  | $ | 15,961,582 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations under investment agreements | $ | 359,070 |  |  | $ | 360,506 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 360,506 |
Long term debt, including accrued interest | 1,256,602 |  |  | 1,215,029 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,215,029 |
Derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit derivatives | 94,322 |  |  | 94,322 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 94,322 |
Interest rate swaps—asset position | (55,619 | ) |  | (55,619 | ) |  | — |  |  | (55,619 | ) |  | — |
Interest rate swaps—liability position | 215,030 |  |  | 215,030 |  |  | — |  |  | 122,418 |  |  | 92,612 |
Other contracts | 165 |  |  | 165 |  |  | — |  |  | 165 |  |  | — |
Liabilities for net financial guarantees written | 4,509,539 |  |  | 4,876,617 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,876,617 |
Variable interest entity liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-term debt | 14,091,753 |  |  | 14,091,753 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,577,148 |  |  | 1,514,605 |
Derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps—liability position | 1,680,834 |  |  | 1,680,834 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,680,834 |  |  | — |
Currency swaps—liability position | 91,472 |  |  | 91,472 |  |  | — |  |  | 91,472 |  |  | — |
Total financial liabilities | $ | 22,243,168 |  |  | $ | 22,570,109 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14,416,418 |  |  | $ | 8,153,691 |

Determination of Fair Value:
When available, Ambac uses quoted active market prices specific to the financial instrument to determine fair value, and classifies such items within Level 1. Because many fixed income securities do not trade on a daily basis, pricing sources apply available information through processes such as matrix pricing to calculate fair value. In those cases, the items are classified within Level 2. If quoted market prices are not available, fair value is based upon models that use, where possible, current market-based or independently-sourced market parameters. Items valued using valuation models are classified according to the lowest level
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input or value driver that is significant to the valuation. Thus, an item may be classified in Level 3 even though there may be significant inputs that are readily observable.
The determination of fair value for financial instruments categorized in Level 2 or 3 involves significant judgment due to the complexity of factors contributing to the valuation. Third-party sources from which we obtain independent market quotes also use assumptions, judgments and estimates in determining financial instrument values and different third parties may use different methodologies or provide different prices for securities. We believe the potential for differences in third-party pricing levels is particularly significant with respect to residential mortgage-backed and certain other asset-backed securities held in our investment portfolio and referenced in our credit derivative portfolio, due to the low levels of trading activity for such securities. In addition, the use of internal valuation models may require assumptions about hypothetical or inactive markets. As a result of these factors, the actual trade value of a financial instrument in the market, or exit value of a financial instrument position by Ambac, may be significantly different from its recorded fair value.
Ambac’s financial instruments carried at fair value are mainly comprised of investments in fixed income securities, equity interests in pooled investment funds, derivative instruments, most variable interest entity assets and liabilities and equity interests in Ambac sponsored special purpose entities. Valuation of financial instruments is performed by Ambac’s finance group using methods approved by senior financial management with consultation from risk management and portfolio managers as appropriate. Preliminary valuation results are discussed with portfolio managers quarterly to assess consistency with market transactions and trends as applicable. Market transactions such as trades or negotiated settlements of similar positions, if any, are reviewed quarterly to validate fair value model results. However many of the financial instruments valued using significant unobservable inputs have very little or no observable market activity. Methods and significant inputs and assumptions used to determine fair values across portfolios are reviewed quarterly by senior financial management. Additionally, changes to fair value methods and assumptions are reviewed with the Chief Executive Officer and the Audit Committee when such changes may be material to the company’s financial position or results. Other valuation control procedures specific to particular portfolios are described further below.
We reflect Ambac’s own creditworthiness in the fair value of financial liabilities by including a credit valuation adjustment (“CVA”) in the determination of fair value. A decline (increase) in Ambac’s creditworthiness as perceived by market participants will generally result in a higher (lower) CVA, thereby lowering (increasing) the fair value of Ambac’s financial liabilities as reported.
Fixed Income Securities:
The fair values of fixed income investment securities held by Ambac and its operating subsidiaries are based primarily on market prices received from dealer quotes or alternative pricing sources with reasonable levels of price transparency. Such quotes generally consider a variety of factors, including recent trades of the same and similar securities. For those fixed income investments where quotes were not available, fair values are based on internal valuation models. Key inputs to the internal valuation models include maturity date, coupon and yield curves for asset-type and credit rating characteristics that closely match those characteristics of the specific investment securities being valued. Longer (shorter) expected maturities or higher (lower) yields used in the valuation model will, in isolation, result in decreases (increases) in fair value. Generally, lower credit ratings or longer expected maturities will be accompanied by higher yields used to value a security. At March 31, 2014, approximately 14%, 85%, and 1% of the investment portfolio (excluding variable interest entity investments) was valued using dealer quotes, alternative pricing sources with reasonable levels of price transparency and internal valuation models, respectively. At December 31, 2013, approximately 11%, 88%, and 1% of the investment portfolio (excluding variable interest entity investments) was valued using dealer quotes, alternative pricing sources with reasonable levels of price transparency and internal valuation models, respectively.
Ambac performs various review and validation procedures to quoted and modeled prices for fixed income securities, including price variance analysis, missing and static price reviews, overall valuation analysis by senior traders and finance managers and reviews associated with our ongoing impairment analysis. Unusual prices identified through these procedures will be evaluated further against separate broker quotes (if available) or internally modeled prices, and the pricing source values will be challenged as necessary. Price challenges generally result in the use of the pricing source’s quote as originally provided or as revised by the source following their internal diligence process. A price challenge may result in a determination that the pricing source cannot provide a reasonable value for a security or cannot adequately support a quote, in which case Ambac would resort to using either other quotes or internal models. Results of price challenges are reviewed and approved by senior traders and finance managers.
The reported fair values of Level 2 fixed income securities are obtained from third party quotes. Information about the valuation inputs for fixed income securities classified as Level 3 is included below:
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Corporate obligations: These securities represent interest only strips of investment grade corporate obligations. The fair value of such securities classified as Level 3 was $3,556 and $3,502 at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively. Fair value was calculated using a discounted cash flow approach with the discount rate determined from the yields of corporate bonds from the same issuers. Significant inputs for the interest only strips valuation at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013 include the following weighted averages:
Successor Ambac— March 31, 2014
a.Coupon rate: 0.345%
b.Maturity: 19.89 years
c.Yield: 6.04%
Successor Ambac—December 31, 2013
a.Coupon rate: 0.345%
b.Maturity: 20.14 years
c.Yield: 6.30%
U.S. agency obligations: These notes are secured by separate lease rental agreements with the U.S. Government acting through the General Services Administration. The fair value of such securities classified as Level 3 was $0 and $208 at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively. Valuation of these assets was classified as Level 2 as of March 31, 2014. At December 31, 2013, fair value of these assets was calculated using a discounted cash flow approach with the yield based on comparable U.S. agency securities. Significant inputs for the valuation at December 31, 2013 include the following weighted averages:
Successor Ambac- December 31, 2013
a.Coupon rate: 6.98%
b.Maturity: 1.37 years
c.Yield: 0.39%
Other asset-backed securities: These securities are floating rate investment grade notes collateralized by various asset types. The fair value of such securities classified as Level 3 was $63,367 and $64,073 at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively. Fair value was calculated using a discounted cash flow approach with expected future cash flows discounted using a yield curve consistent with the security type and rating. Significant inputs for the valuation at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013 include the following weighted averages:
Successor Ambac— March 31, 2014
a.Coupon rate: 0.64%
b.Maturity: 6.99 years
c.Yield: 2.34%
Successor Ambac—December 31, 2013
a.Coupon rate: 0.64%
b.Maturity: 7.15 years
c.Yield: 2.34%
Other Investments:
Other investments primarily relate to investments in pooled investment funds, which are valued using the net asset value (“NAV”) per share, calculated on at least a monthly basis where NAV is the basis for determining the redemption value of the investment. These investments are classified as Level 2 as redemptions may be made in the near term (within 90 days) without significant impediments or restrictions. Ambac assesses impediments to redemption and other factors that may restrict the ability to redeem investments in the near term or at values approximating the NAV and may classify the investments as Level 3 if such factors exist.
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Derivative Instruments:
Ambac’s derivative instruments primarily comprise interest rate and credit default swaps, and exchange traded futures contracts. Fair value is determined based upon market quotes from independent sources, when available. When independent quotes are not available, fair value is determined using valuation models. These valuation models require market-driven inputs, including contractual terms, credit spreads and ratings on underlying referenced obligations, yield curves and tax-exempt interest ratios. The valuation of certain interest rate as well as all credit derivative contracts also require the use of data inputs and assumptions that are determined by management and are not readily observable in the market. Under the Fair Value Measurement Topic of the ASC, Ambac is required to consider its own credit risk when measuring the fair value of derivative and other liabilities. The fair value of credit derivative liabilities was reduced by $29,167 and $38,966 at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, as a result of incorporating a CVA into the valuation model for these transactions. Interest rate swaps and other derivative liabilities may also require an adjustment to fair value to reflect Ambac’s credit risk. Derivative liabilities were reduced by $53,790 and $48,425 at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, as a result of Ambac CVA adjustments to derivative contracts other than credit derivatives. Additional factors considered in estimating the amount of any Ambac CVA on such contracts include collateral posting provisions, right of set-off with the counterparty, the period of time remaining on the derivatives and the pricing of recent terminations.
As described further below, certain valuation models require other inputs that are not readily observable in the market. The selection of a model to value a derivative depends on the contractual terms of, and specific risks inherent in the instrument as well as the availability of pricing information in the market.
For derivatives that are less complex and trade in liquid markets or may be valued primarily by reference to interest rates and yield curves that are observable and regularly quoted, such as interest rate swaps, we utilize vendor-developed models. These models provide the net present value of the derivatives based on contractual terms and observable market data. Downgrades of Ambac Assurance, as guarantor of the financial services derivatives, have increased collateral requirements and triggered termination provisions in certain interest rate swaps. Termination activity since the initial rating downgrades of Ambac Assurance provided additional information about the replacement and/or exit value of certain financial services derivatives, which has been incorporated into the fair value of these derivatives as appropriate. Generally, the need for counterparty (or Ambac) CVAs is mitigated by the existence of collateral posting agreements under which adequate collateral has been posted. Derivative contracts entered into with financial guarantee customers are not typically subject to collateral posting agreements. Counterparty credit risk related to such customer derivative assets is included in our fair value adjustments.
For derivatives that do not trade, or trade in less liquid markets such as credit derivatives, a proprietary model is used because such instruments tend to be unique, contain complex or heavily modified and negotiated terms, and pricing information is not readily available in the market. Derivative fair value models and the related assumptions are continuously re-evaluated by management and enhanced, as appropriate, based on improvements in modeling techniques. Ambac has not made any significant changes to its modeling techniques or related model inputs for the periods presented.
Credit Derivatives (“CDS”):
Fair value of Ambac’s CDS is determined using internal valuation models and represents the net present value of the difference between the fees Ambac originally charged for the credit protection and our estimate of what a financial guarantor of comparable credit quality would hypothetically charge to provide the same protection at the balance sheet date. Ambac competed in the financial guarantee market, which differs from the credit markets where Ambac-insured obligations may trade. As a financial guarantor, Ambac assumes only credit risk; we do not assume other risks and costs inherent in direct ownership of the underlying reference securities. Additionally, as a result of having the ability to influence our CDS counterparty in certain investor decisions, financial guarantors generally have the ability to actively remediate the credit, potentially reducing the loss given a default. Financial guarantee contracts, including CDS, issued by Ambac and its competitors are typically priced to capture some portion of the spread that would be observed in the capital markets for the underlying (insured) obligation. Such pricing was well established by historical financial guarantee fees relative to capital market spreads as observed and executed in competitive markets, including in financial guarantee reinsurance and secondary market transactions. Because of this relationship and in the absence of severe credit deterioration, changes in the fair value of our credit default swaps will generally be less than changes in the fair value of the underlying reference obligations.
Key variables used in our valuation of substantially all of our credit derivatives include the balance of unpaid notional, expected term, fair values of the underlying reference obligations, reference obligation credit ratings, assumptions about current financial guarantee CDS fee levels relative to reference obligation spreads and the CVA applied against Ambac Assurance liabilities by market participants. Notional balances, expected remaining term and reference obligation credit ratings are monitored and determined by Ambac’s risk group. Fair values of the underlying reference obligations are obtained from broker quotes when available, or are derived from other market indications such as new issuance spreads and quoted values for similar transactions.
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Implicit in the fair values we obtain on the underlying reference obligations are the market’s assumptions about default probabilities, default timing, correlation, recovery rates and collateral values.
Broker quotes on the reference obligations named in our CDS contracts represent an input to determine the estimated fair value of the CDS contract. Broker quotes are indicative values for the reference obligation and generally do not represent a bid for the reference instrument. Such quotes follow methodologies that are generally consistent with those used to value similar assets on the quote providers’ own books. Methodologies may differ among brokers but are understood to reflect observable trading activity (when available) and modeling that relies on empirical data and reasonable assumptions. For certain CDS contracts referencing unsecuritized pools of assets, we will obtain counterparty quotes on the credit derivative itself. Such quotes are adjusted to reflect Ambac’s own credit risk when determining the fair value of credit derivative liabilities. Third party reference obligation values or specific credit derivative quotes were used in the determination of CDS fair values related to transactions representing 75% of CDS gross par outstanding and 66% of the CDS derivative liability as of March 31, 2014.
When broker quotes for reference obligations are not available, reference obligation prices used in the valuation model are estimated internally based on averages of the quoted prices for other transactions of the same bond type and Ambac rating as well as changes in published credit spreads for securities with similar collateral and ratings characteristics. When price quotes of a similar bond type vary significantly or the number of similar transactions is small, management will consider additional factors, such as specific collateral composition and performance and contractual subordination, to identify similar transactions. Reference obligation prices derived internally as described above were used in the determination of CDS fair values related to transactions representing 25% of CDS gross par outstanding and 34% of the CDS derivative liability as of March 31, 2014.
Ambac’s CDS fair value calculations are adjusted for changes in our estimates of expected loss on the reference obligations and observable changes in financial guarantee market pricing. If no adjustment is considered necessary, Ambac maintains the same percentage of the credit spread (over LIBOR) demanded in the market for the reference obligation as existed at the inception of the CDS. Therefore, absent changes in expected loss on the reference obligations or financial guarantee CDS market pricing, the financial guarantee CDS fee used for a particular contract in Ambac’s fair value calculations represent a consistent percentage, period to period, of the credit spread determinable from the reference obligation value at the balance sheet date. This results in a CDS fair value balance that fluctuates in proportion with the reference obligation value.
The amount of expected loss on a reference obligation is a function of the probability that the obligation will default and severity of loss in the event of default. Ambac’s CDS transactions were all originally underwritten with extremely low expected losses. Both the reference obligation spreads and Ambac’s CDS fees at the inception of these transactions reflect these low expected losses. When reference obligations experience credit deterioration, there is an increase in the probability of default on the obligation and, therefore, an increase in expected loss. Ambac reflects the effects of changes in expected loss on the fair value of its CDS contracts by increasing the percentage of the reference obligation spread (over LIBOR) which would be captured as a CDS fee (“relative change ratio”) at the valuation date, resulting in a higher mark-to-market loss on our CDS relative to any price decline on the reference obligation. The fundamental assumption is that financial guarantee CDS fees will increase relative to reference obligation spreads as the underlying credit quality of the reference obligation deteriorates and approaches payment default. For example, if the credit spread of an underlying reference obligation was 80 basis points at the inception of a transaction and Ambac received a 20 basis point fee for issuing a CDS on that obligation, the relative change ratio, which represents the CDS fee to cash market spread Ambac would utilize in its valuation calculation, would be 25%. If the reference obligation spread increased to 100 basis points in the current reporting period, absent any observable changes in financial guarantee CDS market pricing or credit deterioration, Ambac’s current period CDS fee would be computed by multiplying the current reference obligation spread of 100 basis points by the relative change ratio of 25%, resulting in a 25 basis point fee. Thus, the model indicates we would need to receive an additional 5 basis points (25 basis points currently less the 20 basis points contractually received) for issuing a CDS in the current reporting period for this reference obligation. We would then discount the product of the notional amount of the CDS and the 5 basis point hypothetical CDS fee increase, over the weighted average life of the reference obligation to compute the current period mark-to-market loss. Using the same example, if the reference obligation spread increased to 100 basis points and there was credit deterioration as evidenced by an internal rating downgrade which increased the relative change ratio from 25% to 35%, we would estimate a 15 basis point CDS fee increase in our model (35% of 100 basis points reference obligation spread, or 35 basis points currently, less the 20 basis points contractually received). Therefore, we would record a higher mark-to-market loss based on the computations described above absent any observable changes in financial guarantee CDS market pricing.
We do not adjust the relative change ratio until an actual internal rating downgrade has occurred unless we observe new pricing on financial guarantee CDS contracts. However, because we have active surveillance procedures in place for our entire CDS portfolio, particularly for transactions at or near a below investment grade threshold, we believe it is unlikely that an internal downgrade would lag the actual credit deterioration of a transaction for any meaningful time period. The factors used to increase the relative change ratio are based on rating agency probability of default percentages determined by management to be appropriate for the relevant bond type. That is, the probability of default associated with the respective tenor and internal rating of each CDS
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transaction is utilized in the computation of the relative change ratio in our CDS valuation model. The new relative change ratio in the event of an internal downgrade of the reference obligation is calculated as the weighted average of: (i) a given transaction’s inception relative change ratio and (ii) a ratio of 100%. The weight given to the inception relative change ratio is 100% minus the current probability of default (the probability of non-default) and the weight given to using a 100% relative change ratio is the probability of default. For example, assume a transaction having an inception relative change ratio of 33% is downgraded to B-during the period, at which time it has an estimated remaining life of 8 years. If the estimated probability of default for an 8 year, B-rated credit of this type is 60% then the revised relative change ratio will be 73.2%. The revised relative change ratio can be calculated as 33% x (100%-60%) +100% x 60% = 73.2%.
As noted above, reference obligation spreads incorporate market perceptions of default probability and loss severity, as well as liquidity risk and other factors. Loss severities are generally correlated to default probabilities during periods of economic stress. By increasing the relative change ratio in our calculations proportionally to default probabilities, Ambac incorporates into its CDS fair value the higher expected loss on the reference obligation (probability of default x loss severity), by increasing the portion of reference obligation spread that should be paid to the CDS provider.
Ambac incorporates its own credit risk into the valuation of its CDS liabilities by applying a CVA to the calculations described above. Under our methodology, determination of the CDS fair value requires estimating hypothetical financial guarantee CDS fees for a given credit at the valuation date and estimating the present value of those fees. Our approach begins with pricing in the risk of default of the reference obligation using that obligation’s credit spread. The widening of the reference obligation spread results in a mark-to-market loss to Ambac, as the credit protection seller, and a gain to the credit protection buyer because the current cost of credit protection on the reference obligation (ignoring CDS counterparty credit risk) will be greater than the amount of the actual contractual CDS fees. The Ambac CVA represents the difference between the present value of the hypothetical fees discounted at Libor compared to rates that incorporate Ambac credit risk. The discount rates used to determine the Ambac CVA are estimated using relevant data points, including quoted prices of securities guaranteed by Ambac Assurance which indicate the value placed by market participants on Ambac Assurance’s insurance obligations and the fair value of Ambac Assurance surplus notes. The resulting Ambac CVA, as a percentage of the CDS mark-to-market liability determined by discounting at Libor, was 25.0% and 29.2% as of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively. In instances where narrower reference obligation spreads result in a CDS asset to Ambac, those hypothetical future CDS fees are discounted at a rate which incorporates our counterparty’s credit spread (i.e. the discount rate used is LIBOR plus the current credit spread of the counterparty).
In addition, when there are sufficient numbers of new observable transactions, negotiated settlements or other market indications of a general change in market pricing trends for CDS on a given bond type, management will adjust its assumptions about the percentage of reference obligation spreads captured as CDS fees to match the current market. No such adjustments were made during the periods presented. Ambac is not transacting CDS business currently and other guarantors have stated they have exited this product. Additionally, there have been no negotiated settlements of CDS contracts during the periods presented.
Key variables which impact the “Realized gains and losses and other settlements” component of “Net change in fair value of credit derivatives” in the Consolidated Statements of Total Comprehensive Income are the most readily observable variables since they are based solely on the CDS contractual terms and cash settlements. Those variables include premiums received and accrued and losses paid and payable on written credit derivative contracts for the appropriate accounting period. Losses paid and payable reported in “Realized gains and losses and other settlements” include those arising after a credit event that requires a payment under the contract terms has occurred or in connection with a negotiated termination of a contract. The remaining key variables described above impact the “Unrealized gains (losses)” component of “Net change in fair value of credit derivatives.”
The net notional outstanding of Ambac’s CDS contracts were $2,491,138 and $2,776,103 at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively. Credit derivative liabilities at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013 had a combined fair value of $87,715 and $94,322, respectively, and related to underlying reference obligations that are classified as either collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”) or Other. Information about the above described model inputs used to determine the fair value of each class of credit derivatives, including the CVA as a percentage of the gross mark-to-market liability before considering Ambac credit risk (“CVA percentage”), as of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013 is summarized below:
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Successor Ambac - As of March 31, 2014 | CLOs |  | Other (1)
Notional outstanding | $ | 1,101,199 |  |  | $ | 1,331,019 |
Weighted average reference obligation price | 98.3 |  |  | 87.5 |
Weighted average life (WAL) in years | 2.0 |  |  | 5.2 |
Weighted average credit rating | AA |  |  | BBB |
Weighted average relative change ratio | 35.3 | % |  | 42.8 | %
CVA percentage | 11.51 | % |  | 26.08 | %
Fair value of derivative liabilities | $ | (5,847 | ) |  | $ | (80,182 | )

Successor Ambac - As of December 31, 2013 |  |  |
| CLOs |  | Other (1)
Notional outstanding | $ | 1,337,737 |  |  | $ | 1,291,371 |
Weighted average reference obligation price | 98.0 |  |  | 85.7 |
Weighted average life (WAL) in years | 2.1 |  |  | 5.4 |
Weighted average credit rating | AA |  |  | BBB- |
Weighted average relative change ratio | 35.3 | % |  | 43.1 | %
CVA percentage | 13.67 | % |  | 30.70 | %
Fair value of derivative liabilities | $ | (7,993 | ) |  | $ | (84,780 | )

(1) | Excludes contracts for which fair values are based on credit derivative quotes rather than reference obligation quotes. Such contracts have a combined notional outstanding of $58,920, WAL of 1.9 years and liability fair value of $(1,686) as of March 31, 2014. Other inputs to the valuation of these transactions at March 31, 2014 include weighted average quotes of 4% of notional, weighted average rating of A and Ambac CVA percentage of 6.7%. As of December 31, 2013, these contracts had a combined notional outstanding of $146,995, WAL of 1.0 years and liability fair value of $(1,549). Other inputs to the valuation of these transactions at December 31, 2013 include weighted average quotes of 1% of notional, weighted average rating of A+ and Ambac CVA percentage of 8.7%.

Significant unobservable inputs for credit derivatives include WAL, internal credit rating, relative change ratio and CVA percentage. A longer (shorter) WAL, lower (higher) reference obligation credit rating, higher (lower) relative change ratio or lower (higher) CVA, in isolation, would result in an increase (decrease) in the fair value liability measurement. A change in an internal credit rating of a reference obligation in our model will generally result in a directionally opposite change in the relative change ratio. Also, a shorter (longer) WAL will generally correspond with a lower (higher) CVA percentage.
Financial Guarantees:
Fair value of net financial guarantees written represents our estimate of the cost to Ambac to completely transfer its insurance obligation to another market participant of comparable credit worthiness. In theory, this amount should be the same amount that another market participant of comparable credit worthiness would hypothetically charge in the market place, on a present value basis, to provide the same protection as of the balance sheet date. This fair value estimate of financial guarantees is presented on a net basis and includes direct and assumed contracts written, net of ceded reinsurance contracts.
The fair value estimate of financial guarantees is computed by utilizing cash flows calculated at the policy level. For direct and assumed contracts, projected net cash flows for each policy included: (i) installment premium receipts, (ii) estimated gross claim payments, and (iii) subrogation receipts. For ceded reinsurance contracts, projected net cash flows for each policy included: (i) installment ceded premium payments, (ii) ceding commission receipts, (iii) ceded claim receipts, and (iv) ceded subrogation payments. For each individual direct, assumed, and ceded reinsurance contract, the respective undiscounted cash flow components are aggregated to determine if we are in a net asset or net liability position. U.S. GAAP requires that the nonperformance risk of a financial liability be included in the estimation of fair value, which includes considering Ambac Assurance’s own credit risk. Accordingly, for each contract in a net liability position, we estimate the fair value using internally developed discount rates that incorporate Ambac’s own credit risk and subsequently apply a profit margin. This profit margin represents what another market participant would require to assume the financial guarantee contracts. Given the unique nature of financial guarantees and current inactive state of the industry there is a lack of observable market information to make this estimate. A profit margin was developed based on discussions with the third-party institutions with valuation expertise, discussions with industry participants and yields on Ambac Assurance surplus notes. The profit margin was 17% and 17% as of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively. The discount rates used for contracts in a net liability position are derived from the rates implicit in the fair value of surplus notes and guaranteed securities with future cash flows that are highly dependent upon Ambac financial guarantee payments. For each
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contract in a net asset position, we estimate the fair value using a discount rate that is commensurate with a hypothetical buyer’s cost of capital.
This methodology is based on management’s expectations of how a market participant would estimate net cash flows. We are aware of a number of factors that may cause such fair or exit value to differ, perhaps materially. For example, since no financial guarantor with Ambac’s credit quality is writing new financial guarantee business we do not have access to observable pricing data points. Additionally, although the fair value accounting guidance for liabilities requires a company to consider the cost to completely transfer its obligation to another party of comparable credit worthiness, our primary insurance obligation is irrevocable and thus there is no established active market for transferring such obligations.
Long-term Debt:
The fair value of surplus notes issued by Ambac Assurance and the Segregated Account and classified as long-term debt is internally estimated considering market transactions when available and internally developed discounted cash flow models.
Other Financial Assets and Liabilities:
The fair values of Ambac’s equity interest in Ambac sponsored special purpose entities (included in Other assets), Loans, and Obligations under investment and repurchase agreements are estimated based upon internal valuation models that discount expected cash flows using discount rates consistent with the credit quality of the obligor after considering collateralization.
Variable Interest Entity Assets and Liabilities:
The financial assets and liabilities of VIEs consolidated under the Consolidation Topic of the ASC consist primarily of fixed income securities, loans, derivative and debt instruments and are generally carried at fair value. These consolidated VIEs are securitization entities which have liabilities and/or assets guaranteed by Ambac Assurance. The fair values of VIE debt instruments are determined using the same methodologies used to value Ambac’s fixed income securities in its investment portfolio as described above. VIE debt fair value is based on market prices received from dealer quotes or alternative pricing sources with reasonable levels of price transparency. Such quotes are considered Level 2 and generally consider a variety of factors, including recent trades of the same and similar securities. For those VIE debt instruments where quotes were not available, the debt instrument fair values are considered Level 3 and are based on internal discounted cash flow models. Comparable to the sensitivities of investments in fixed income securities described above, longer (shorter) expected maturities or higher (lower) yields used in the valuation model will, in isolation, result in decreases (increases) in fair value liability measurement for VIE debt. VIE debt instruments considered Level 3 include fixed rate, floating rate and zero coupon notes secured by various asset types, primarily European ABS. Information about the valuation inputs for the various VIE debt categories classified as Level 3 is as follows:
European ABS transactions: The fair value of such obligations classified as Level 3 was $1,119,018 and $1,329,985 at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively. Fair values were calculated by using a discounted cash flow approach. The discount rates used were based on the rates implied from the third party quoted values (Level 2) for comparable notes from the same securitization. Significant inputs for the valuation at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013 include the following weighted averages:
Successor Ambac—March 31, 2014
a.Coupon rate: 0.59%
b.Maturity: 21.34 years
c.Yield: 9.22%
Successor Ambac—December 31, 2013
a.Coupon rate: 0.72%
b.Maturity: 17.86 years
c.Yield: 8.02%
US Commercial ABS transaction: The fair value of such obligations classified as Level 3 was $165,376 and $184,620 at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively. Fair values were calculated as the sum of the present value of expected future cash flows from the underlying VIE assets plus the present value of the related Ambac financial guarantee cash flows. The discount rates applied to cash flows sourced from VIE assets were based on interest rates for similar obligations. The fair value of financial guarantee cash flows include internal estimates of future loss payments by Ambac discounted at a rate that incorporates Ambac’s own credit risk. Significant inputs for the valuation at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013 include the following weighted averages:
Successor Ambac—March 31, 2014
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a.Coupon rate: 5.88%
b.Maturity: 15.41 years
c.Yield: 9.50%
Successor Ambac—December 31, 2013
a. Coupon rate: 6.11%
b. Maturity: 6.83 years
c. Yield: 11.95%
VIE derivative asset and liability fair values are determined using valuation models. When specific derivative contractual terms are available and may be valued primarily by reference to interest rates, foreign exchange rates and yield curves that are observable and regularly quoted, the derivatives are valued using vendor-developed models. Other derivatives within the VIEs that include significant unobservable valuation inputs are valued using internally developed models. VIE derivative fair value balances at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013 were developed using vendor-developed models and do not use significant unobservable inputs.
The fair value of VIE assets are obtained from market quotes when available. Typically the asset fair values are not readily available from market quotes and are estimated internally. The consolidated VIEs are securitization entities in which net cash flows from assets and derivatives (after adjusting for financial guarantor cash flows and other expenses) will be paid out to note holders or equity interests. Our valuation of VIE assets (fixed income securities or loans), therefore, are derived from the fair value of notes and derivatives, as described above, adjusted for the fair value of cash flows from Ambac’s financial guarantee. The fair value of financial guarantee cash flows include: (i) estimated future premiums discounted at a rate consistent with that implicit in the fair value of the VIE’s liabilities and (ii) internal estimates of future loss payments by Ambac discounted at a rate that includes Ambac’s own credit risk. Estimated future premium payments to be paid by the VIEs were discounted at a weighted average rate of 4.8% and 5.1% at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively. The value of future loss payments to be paid by Ambac to the VIEs was adjusted to include an Ambac CVA appropriate for the term of expected Ambac claim payments.
Additional Fair Value Information:
The following tables present the changes in the Level 3 fair value category for the periods presented in 2014 and 2013. Ambac classifies financial instruments in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy when there is reliance on at least one significant unobservable input to the valuation model. In addition to these unobservable inputs, the valuation models for Level 3 financial instruments typically also rely on a number of inputs that are readily observable either directly or indirectly. Thus, the gains and losses presented below include changes in the fair value related to both observable and unobservable inputs.
Level-3 financial assets and liabilities accounted for at fair value

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | VIE Assets and Liabilities |  |
Successor Ambac - Three Months Ended March 31, 2014 |  | Investments |  | Other assets |  | Derivatives |  | Investments |  | Loans |  | Long-term debt |  | Total
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 67,783 |  |  | $ | 13,384 |  |  | $ | (186,934 | ) |  | $ | 2,475,182 |  |  | $ | 13,398,895 |  |  | $ | (1,514,605 | ) |  | $ | 14,253,705 |
Additions of VIEs consolidated |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total gains/(losses) realized and unrealized: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in earnings |  | 419 |  |  | (262 | ) |  | (14,249 | ) |  | 55,745 |  |  | 321,847 |  |  | (190,962 | ) |  | 172,538 |
Included in other comprehensive income |  | (217 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,835 |  |  | 79,802 |  |  | (8,621 | ) |  | 86,799 |
Purchases |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 70,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 70,000 |
Issuances |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Sales |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Settlements |  | (854 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,299 | ) |  | — |  |  | (601,092 | ) |  | 429,794 |  |  | (173,451 | )
Transfers in Level 3 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Transfers out of Level 3 |  | (208 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (208 | )
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 66,923 |  |  | $ | 13,122 |  |  | $ | (202,482 | ) |  | $ | 2,546,762 |  |  | $ | 13,269,452 |  |  | $ | (1,284,394 | ) |  | $ | 14,409,383 |
The amount of total gains/(losses) included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets and liabilities still held at the reporting date |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (262 | ) |  | $ | (15,024 | ) |  | $ | 55,745 |  |  | $ | 316,714 |  |  | $ | (187,824 | ) |  | $ | 169,349 |

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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | VIE Assets and Liabilities |  |
Predecessor Ambac - Three Months Ended March 31, 2013 |  | Investments |  | Other assets |  | Derivatives |  | Investments |  | Loans |  | Long-term debt |  | Total
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 60,402 |  |  | $ | 14,557 |  |  | $ | (322,337 | ) |  | $ | 2,261,294 |  |  | $ | 15,359,073 |  |  | $ | (2,956,501 | ) |  | $ | 14,416,488 |
Additions of VIEs consolidated |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total gains/(losses) realized and unrealized: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in earnings |  | (23 | ) |  | (327 | ) |  | (3,162 | ) |  | 297,294 |  |  | 400,456 |  |  | (127,393 | ) |  | 566,845 |
Included in other comprehensive income |  | 698 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (143,981 | ) |  | (955,455 | ) |  | 193,905 |  |  | (904,833 | )
Purchases |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Issuances |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Sales |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Settlements |  | (3,286 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3,190 | ) |  | — |  |  | (687,263 | ) |  | 4,864 |  |  | (688,875 | )
Transfers in Level 3 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Transfers out of Level 3 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 974,536 |  |  | 974,536 |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 57,791 |  |  | $ | 14,230 |  |  | $ | (328,689 | ) |  | $ | 2,414,607 |  |  | $ | 14,116,811 |  |  | $ | (1,910,589 | ) |  | $ | 14,364,161 |
The amount of total gains/(losses) included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets and liabilities still held at the reporting date |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (327 | ) |  | $ | (5,684 | ) |  | $ | 297,294 |  |  | $ | 400,456 |  |  | $ | (127,393 | ) |  | $ | 564,346 |

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The tables below provide roll-forward information by class of investments and derivatives measured using significant unobservable inputs.
Level-3 Investments by class

Successor Ambac - Three Months Ended March 31, 2014 |  | Collateralized Debt Obligations |  | Other Asset Backed Securities |  | Corporate Obligations |  | U.S. Agency Obligations |  | Total Investments
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 64,073 |  |  | $ | 3,502 |  |  | $ | 208 |  |  | $ | 67,783 |
Total gains/(losses) realized and unrealized: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in earnings |  | — |  |  | 443 |  |  | (24 | ) |  | — |  |  | 419 |
Included in other comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | (295 | ) |  | 78 |  |  | — |  |  | (217 | )
Purchases |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Issuances |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Sales |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Settlements |  |  |  |  | (854 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (854 | )
Transfers in Level 3 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Transfers out of Level 3 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (208 | ) |  | (208 | )
Balance, end of period |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 63,367 |  |  | $ | 3,556 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 66,923 |
The amount of total gains/(losses) included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets and liabilities still held at the reporting date |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

Predecessor Ambac - Three Months Ended March 31, 2013 |  | Collateralized Debt Obligations |  | Other Asset Backed Securities |  | Corporate Obligations |  | U.S. Agency Obligations |  | Total Investments
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 6,482 |  |  | $ | 50,264 |  |  | $ | 3,656 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 60,402 |
Total gains/(losses) realized and unrealized: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in earnings |  | (3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (20 | ) |  | — |  |  | (23 | )
Included in other comprehensive income |  | 113 |  |  | 569 |  |  | 16 |  |  | — |  |  | 698 |
Purchases |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Issuances |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Sales |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Settlements |  | (2,687 | ) |  | (599 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,286 | )
Transfers in Level 3 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Transfers out of Level 3 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 3,905 |  |  | $ | 50,234 |  |  | $ | 3,652 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 57,791 |
The amount of total gains/(losses) included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets and liabilities still held at the reporting date |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

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Level-3 Derivatives by class

Successor Ambac - Three Months Ended March 31, 2014 | Interest Rate Swaps |  | Credit Derivatives |  | Total Derivatives
Balance, beginning of period | $ | (92,612 | ) |  | $ | (94,322 | ) |  | $ | (186,934 | )
Additions of VIEs consolidated | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total gains/(losses) realized and unrealized: |  |  |  |  |
Included in earnings | (21,631 | ) |  | 7,382 |  |  | (14,249 | )
Included in other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Purchases | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Issuances | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Sales | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Settlements | (524 | ) |  | (775 | ) |  | (1,299 | )
Transfers in Level 3 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Transfers out of Level 3 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Deconsolidation of VIEs | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance, end of period | $ | (114,767 | ) |  | $ | (87,715 | ) |  | $ | (202,482 | )
The amount of total gains/(losses) included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets and liabilities still held at the reporting date | $ | (21,631 | ) |  | $ | 6,607 |  |  | $ | (15,024 | )

Predecessor Ambac - Three months ended March 31, 2013 | Interest Rate Swaps |  | Credit Derivatives |  | Total Derivatives
Balance, beginning of period | $ | (108,752 | ) |  | $ | (213,585 | ) |  | $ | (322,337 | )
Additions of VIEs for consolidated | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total gains/(losses) realized and unrealized: |  |  |  |  |
Included in earnings | (15,949 | ) |  | 12,787 |  |  | (3,162 | )
Included in other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Purchases | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Issuances | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Sales | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Settlements | (681 | ) |  | (2,509 | ) |  | (3,190 | )
Transfers in Level 3 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Transfers out of Level 3 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Deconsolidation of VIEs | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance, end of period | $ | (125,382 | ) |  | $ | (203,307 | ) |  | $ | (328,689 | )
The amount of total gains/(losses) included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets and liabilities still held at the reporting date | $ | (15,949 | ) |  | $ | 10,265 |  |  | $ | (5,684 | )

Invested assets and VIE long-term debt are transferred into Level 3 when internal valuation models that include significant unobservable inputs are used to estimate fair value. All such securities that have internally modeled fair values have been classified as Level 3. Derivative instruments are transferred into Level 3 when the use of unobservable inputs becomes significant to the overall valuation. All transfers into and out of Level 3 represent transfers between Level 3 and Level 2. There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 for the periods presented. All transfers between fair value hierarchy Levels 1, 2, and 3 are recognized at the beginning of each accounting period.
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Gains and losses (realized and unrealized) relating to Level 3 assets and liabilities included in earnings for the affected periods are reported as follows:

| Net investment income |  | Realized gains or (losses) and other settlements on credit derivative contracts |  | Unrealized gains or (losses) on credit derivative contracts |  | Derivative products revenues (interest rate swaps) |  | (Loss) income on variable interest entities |  | Other income
Successor Ambac: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Three Months Ended March 31, 2014 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total gains or losses included in earnings for the period | $ | 419 |  |  | $ | 775 |  |  | $ | 6,607 |  |  | $ | (21,631 | ) |  | $ | 186,630 |  |  | $ | (262 | )
Changes in unrealized gains or losses relating to the assets and liabilities still held at the reporting date | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,607 |  |  | (21,631 | ) |  | 184,635 |  |  | (262 | )
Predecessor Ambac: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Three Months Ended March 31, 2013 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total gains or losses included in earnings for the period | $ | (23 | ) |  | $ | 2,509 |  |  | $ | 10,278 |  |  | $ | (15,949 | ) |  | $ | 570,357 |  |  | $ | (327 | )
Changes in unrealized gains or losses relating to the assets and liabilities still held at the reporting date | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,266 |  |  | (15,949 | ) |  | 570,357 |  |  | (327 | )

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8. INVESTMENTS
Ambac’s invested assets are primarily comprised of fixed income securities classified as available-for-sale and equity interests in pooled investment funds. Such equity interests in the form of common stock or in-substance common stock are classified as trading securities.
The amortized cost and estimated fair value of available-for-sale investments, excluding VIE investments, at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013 were as follows:

| Amortized |  | Gross Unrealized |  | Gross Unrealized |  | Estimated |  | Non-credit other- than-temporary
| Cost |  | Gains |  | Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Impairments (1)
Successor Ambac - March 31, 2014 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Municipal obligations | $ | 1,189,334 |  |  | $ | 12,932 |  |  | $ | 16,978 |  |  | $ | 1,185,288 |  |  | $ | — |
Corporate obligations | 1,652,302 |  |  | 9,535 |  |  | 14,253 |  |  | 1,647,584 |  |  | — |
Foreign obligations | 146,189 |  |  | 673 |  |  | 4,818 |  |  | 142,044 |  |  | — |
U.S. government obligations | 108,546 |  |  | 75 |  |  | 1,663 |  |  | 106,958 |  |  | — |
U.S. agency obligations | 31,887 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 31,825 |  |  | — |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 1,578,205 |  |  | 97,861 |  |  | 20,408 |  |  | 1,655,658 |  |  | 834 |
Collateralized debt obligations | 177,780 |  |  | 202 |  |  | 643 |  |  | 177,339 |  |  | — |
Other asset-backed securities | 1,237,667 |  |  | 8,944 |  |  | 24,618 |  |  | 1,221,993 |  |  | — |
| 6,121,910 |  |  | 130,225 |  |  | 83,446 |  |  | 6,168,689 |  |  | 834 |
Short-term | 215,103 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 215,103 |  |  | — |
| 6,337,013 |  |  | 130,225 |  |  | 83,446 |  |  | 6,383,792 |  |  | 834 |
Fixed income securities pledged as collateral: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government obligations | 125,090 |  |  | 33 |  |  | — |  |  | 125,123 |  |  | — |
Total collateralized investments | 125,090 |  |  | 33 |  |  | — |  |  | 125,123 |  |  | — |
Total available-for-sale investments | $ | 6,462,103 |  |  | $ | 130,258 |  |  | $ | 83,446 |  |  | $ | 6,508,915 |  |  | $ | 834 |
Successor Ambac - December 31, 2013 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Municipal obligations | $ | 1,405,293 |  |  | $ | 857 |  |  | $ | 28,427 |  |  | $ | 1,377,723 |  |  | $ | — |
Corporate obligations | 1,508,377 |  |  | 4,886 |  |  | 23,894 |  |  | 1,489,369 |  |  | — |
Foreign obligations | 131,709 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 6,901 |  |  | 124,877 |  |  | — |
U.S. government obligations | 128,415 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 2,176 |  |  | 126,248 |  |  | — |
U.S. agency obligations | 32,214 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 32,154 |  |  | — |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 1,516,877 |  |  | 59,853 |  |  | 18,105 |  |  | 1,558,625 |  |  | 852 |
Collateralized debt obligations | 184,118 |  |  | 217 |  |  | 463 |  |  | 183,872 |  |  | — |
Other asset-backed securities | 1,020,251 |  |  | 8,795 |  |  | 36,598 |  |  | 992,448 |  |  | — |
| 5,927,254 |  |  | 74,696 |  |  | 116,634 |  |  | 5,885,316 |  |  | 852 |
Short-term | 271,118 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 271,119 |  |  | — |
| 6,198,372 |  |  | 74,697 |  |  | 116,634 |  |  | 6,156,435 |  |  | 852 |
Fixed income securities pledged as collateral: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government obligations | 126,196 |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | 126,223 |  |  | — |
Total collateralized investments | 126,196 |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | 126,223 |  |  | — |
Total available-for-sale investments | $ | 6,324,568 |  |  | $ | 74,724 |  |  | $ | 116,634 |  |  | $ | 6,282,658 |  |  | $ | 852 |

(1) | Represents the amount of non-credit other-than-temporary impairment losses remaining in accumulated other comprehensive loss on securities that also had a credit impairment. These losses are included in gross unrealized losses as of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013.

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The amortized cost and estimated fair value of available-for-sale investments, excluding VIE investments, at March 31, 2014, by contractual maturity, were as follows:

| Amortized Cost |  | Estimated Fair Value
Due in one year or less | $ | 512,768 |  |  | $ | 512,927 |
Due after one year through five years | 1,127,009 |  |  | 1,124,957 |
Due after five years through ten years | 1,326,425 |  |  | 1,310,305 |
Due after ten years | 502,249 |  |  | 505,736 |
| 3,468,451 |  |  | 3,453,925 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 1,578,205 |  |  | 1,655,658 |
Collateralized debt obligations | 177,780 |  |  | 177,339 |
Other asset-backed securities | 1,237,667 |  |  | 1,221,993 |
| $ | 6,462,103 |  |  | $ | 6,508,915 |

Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay certain obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
Unrealized Losses:
The following table shows gross unrealized losses and fair values of Ambac’s available-for-sale investments, aggregated by investment category and length of time that the individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013:

| Less Than 12 Months (1)
| Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Loss
Successor Ambac - March 31, 2014 |  |  |
Fixed income securities: |  |  |
Municipal obligations | $ | 415,721 |  |  | $ | 16,978 |
Corporate obligations | 738,842 |  |  | 14,253 |
Foreign government obligations | 104,908 |  |  | 4,818 |
U.S. government obligations | 29,753 |  |  | 1,663 |
U.S. agency obligations | 31,619 |  |  | 65 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 441,506 |  |  | 20,408 |
Collateralized debt obligations | 128,956 |  |  | 643 |
Other asset-backed securities | 440,749 |  |  | 24,618 |
| 2,332,054 |  |  | 83,446 |
Short-term | 1,702 |  |  | — |
Total temporarily impaired securities | $ | 2,333,756 |  |  | $ | 83,446 |

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| Less Than 12 Months (1)
| Fair Value |  | Gross Unrealized Loss
Successor Ambac - December 31, 2013 |  |  |
Fixed income securities: |  |  |
Municipal obligations | $ | 437,683 |  |  | $ | 28,427 |
Corporate obligations | 877,356 |  |  | 23,894 |
Foreign government obligations | 117,905 |  |  | 6,901 |
U.S. government obligations | 70,044 |  |  | 2,176 |
U.S. agency obligations | 5,834 |  |  | 70 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 644,502 |  |  | 18,105 |
Collateralized debt obligations | 137,685 |  |  | 463 |
Other asset-backed securities | 629,957 |  |  | 36,598 |
| 2,920,966 |  |  | 116,634 |
Short-term | — |  |  | — |
Total temporarily impaired securities | $ | 2,920,966 |  |  | $ | 116,634 |

(1) | As a result of the implementation of Fresh Start, amortized cost for available for sale securities were set to equal fair value on April 30, 2013. Accordingly, Successor Ambac does not have any gross unrealized losses that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position for greater than 12 months.

Management has determined that the unrealized losses reflected in the tables above are temporary in nature as of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013 based upon (i) no unexpected principal and interest payment defaults on these securities; (ii) analysis of the creditworthiness of the issuer and financial guarantor, as applicable, and analysis of projected defaults on the underlying collateral; (iii) management has no intent to sell these investments in debt securities; and (iv) it is not more likely than not that Ambac will be required to sell these debt securities before the anticipated recovery of its amortized cost basis. The assessment under (iv) is based on a comparison of future available liquidity from the investment portfolio against the projected net cash outflow from operating activities and debt service. For purposes of this assessment, available liquidity from the investment portfolio is comprised of the fair value of securities for which management has asserted its intent to sell, the fair value of other securities that are available for sale and in an unrealized gain position, plus the scheduled maturities and interest payments from the remaining securities in the portfolio. To the extent that securities that management intends to sell are in an unrealized loss position, they would have already been considered other-than-temporarily impaired with the amortized cost written down to fair value. Because the above-described assessment indicates that future available liquidity exceeds projected net cash outflow, it is not more likely than not that we would be required to sell securities in an unrealized loss position before the recovery of their amortized cost basis. In the liquidity assessment described above, principal payments on securities pledged as collateral are not considered to be available for other liquidity needs until the collateralized positions are projected to be settled. Projected interest receipts on securities pledged as collateral generally belong to Ambac and are considered to be sources of available liquidity from the investment portfolio. As of March 31, 2014, for securities that have indications of possible other-than-temporary impairment but which management does not intend to sell and will not more likely than not be required to sell, management compared the present value of cash flows expected to be collected to the amortized cost basis of the securities to assess whether the amortized cost will be recovered. Cash flows were discounted at the effective interest rate implicit in the security at the date of acquisition (or Fresh Start Reporting Date of April 30, 2013 for securities purchased prior to that date) or for debt securities that are beneficial interests in securitized financial assets, at a rate equal to the current yield used to accrete the beneficial interest. For floating rate securities, future cash flows and the discount rate used were both adjusted to reflect changes in the index rate applicable to each security as of the evaluation date. Of the securities that were in a gross unrealized loss position at March 31, 2014, $595,247 of the total fair value and $33,433 of the unrealized loss related to below investment grade securities and non-rated securities. Of the securities that were in a gross unrealized loss position at December 31, 2013, $826,969 of the total fair value and $36,946 of the unrealized loss related to below investment grade securities and non-rated securities. With respect to Ambac-wrapped securities guaranteed under policies that have been allocated to the Segregated Account, future cash flows used to measure credit impairment represents the sum of (i) the bond’s intrinsic cash flows and (ii) the estimated Ambac claim payments. The Segregated Account has been making Interim Payments in amounts equal to 25% of permitted Segregated Account policy claims since September 2012 (plus, in certain cases, Supplemental Payments as described in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of Ambac's 2013 Annual Report on Form 10-K). As described in Note 1 to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q, if the proposed amendments to the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan sought by the Rehabilitator are approved, the Rehabilitator intends to increase the percentage of permitted policy claims to be paid from 25% to 45%, and to make certain payments on Deferred Amounts, together with interest thereon, and to early redeem a portion of the Segregated Account surplus notes (including accrued and unpaid interest thereon). The redemption of any Segregated Account surplus notes will result in a
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proportionate redemption of the General Account surplus notes (including accrued and unpaid interest thereon). Our evaluation of other-than-temporary impairments as of March 31, 2014, particularly with respect to Ambac's ability to hold securities that are in an unrealized loss position, considered the impact of increased cash outflow that would result in 2014 from the increased claim payment percentage, payment on Deferred Amounts and surplus note redemptions. Declines in the fair value of investment securities or changes in management's intent to sell securities to fund these increased cash payments could result in future recognition of other-than-temporary impairments. Additionally, modifications to the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan, or orders from the Rehabilitation Court or actions by the Rehabilitator, with respect to the form, amount and timing of satisfying permitted policy claims, or making payments on Deferred Amounts or surplus notes may have a material effect on the fair value of Ambac-wrapped securities and future recognition of other-than-temporary impairments.
Municipal and corporate obligations
The gross unrealized losses on municipal and corporate obligations as of March 31, 2014 are primarily the result of the increase in interest rates since April 30, 2013. These securities are primarily fixed-rate securities with an investment grade credit rating. Management believes that the timely receipt of all principal and interest on these positions is probable.
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Of the $20,408 of unrealized losses on residential mortgage-backed securities, $16,258 is attributable to Ambac-wrapped securities. The unrealized loss on these securities is primarily the result of discount accretion, which has exceeded the increase in fair value since April 30, 2013. As part of the quarterly impairment review process, management estimates expected future cash flows from residential mortgage-backed securities. This approach includes the utilization of market accepted software models in conjunction with detailed data of the historical performance of the collateral pools, which assists in the determination of assumptions such as defaults, severity and voluntary prepayment rates that are largely driven by home price forecasts as well as other macro-economic factors. These assumptions are used to project future cash flows for each security. Management considered this analysis in making our determination that a credit loss has not occurred at March 31, 2014 on these transactions.
Other asset-backed securities
Of the $24,618 of unrealized losses on other asset-backed securities as of March 31, 2014, $24,333 is attributable to 5 military housing, fixed-rate securities. The unrealized loss on these securities is largely due to the increase in interest rates since April 30, 2013. Management believes that the timely receipt of all principal and interest on these positions as well as on other asset-backed securities is probable.
Realized Gains and Losses and Other-Than-Temporary Impairments:
The following table details amounts included in net realized gains and other-than-temporary impairments included in earnings for the affected periods:

| Successor Ambac – |  |  | Predecessor Ambac –
| Three Months Ended March 31, 2014 |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2013
Gross realized gains on securities | $ | 19,576 |  |  |  | $ | 41,578 |
Gross realized losses on securities | (1,128 | ) |  |  | (318 | )
Foreign exchange losses | (2,159 | ) |  |  | 4,800 |
Net realized gains | $ | 16,289 |  |  |  | $ | 46,060 |
Net other-than-temporary impairments (1) | $ | (10,392 | ) |  |  | $ | — |

(1) | Other-than-temporary impairments exclude impairment amounts recorded in other comprehensive income under ASC Paragraph 320-10-65-1, which comprise non-credit related amounts on securities that are credit impaired but which management does not intend to sell and it is not more likely than not that the company will be required to sell before recovery of the amortized cost basis.

During 2002 and 2003 Ambac recognized investment realized losses relating to its investment in asset-backed notes issued by National Century Financial Enterprises, Inc. (“NCFE”). These notes defaulted and NCFE filed for protection under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code in November 2002. In connection with a full and final settlement of a lawsuit brought by NCFE bondholders against Credit Suisse Securities LLC, a subsidiary of Ambac Assurance received cash recoveries of $39,978 in the three months ended March 31, 2013. These amounts were recorded within gross realized gains on securities.
Since commencement of the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Proceedings, changes in the estimated timing of claim payments have resulted in adverse changes in projected cash flows on certain impaired Ambac-wrapped securities. Such changes
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in estimated claim payments on Ambac-wrapped securities contributed to net other-than-temporary impairments for the periods presented in the table above. Further changes to the timing of estimated claim payments could result in additional other-than-temporary impairment charges in the future. Successor Ambac’s net other-than-temporary impairments relate to adverse changes in projected cash flows on certain Ambac-wrapped securities as well as the company’s intent to sell certain securities that were in an unrealized loss position as of March 31, 2014. Future changes in our estimated liquidity needs could result in a determination that Ambac no longer has the ability to hold such securities, which could result in additional other-than-temporary impairment charges.
The following table presents a roll-forward of Ambac’s cumulative credit losses on debt securities held as of March 31, 2014 and 2013 for which a portion of an other-than-temporary impairment was recognized in other comprehensive income:

| Credit Impairment
Successor Ambac: |
Balance as of January 1, 2014 | $ | 1,182 |
Additions for credit impairments recognized on: |
Securities not previously impaired | 4,767 |
Securities previously impaired | — |
Reductions for credit impairments previously recognized on: |
Securities that matured or were sold during the period | — |
Securities that no longer have a portion of other-than-temporary impairment in other comprehensive income because of Ambac's intent to sell such securities | — |
Balance as of March 31, 2014 | $ | 5,949 |
Predecessor Ambac: |
Balance as of January 1, 2013 | $ | 183,300 |
Additions for credit impairments recognized on: |
Securities not previously impaired | — |
Securities previously impaired | — |
Reductions for credit impairments previously recognized on: |
Securities that matured or were sold during the period | (9 | )
Balance as of March 31, 2013 | $ | 183,291 |

Counterparty Collateral, Deposits with Regulators and Other Restrictions:
Ambac routinely pledges and receives collateral related to certain business lines and/or transactions. The following is a description of those arrangements by collateral source:

(1) | Cash and securities held in Ambac’s investment portfolio—Ambac pledges assets it holds in its investment portfolio to investment agreement, repurchase agreement and derivative counterparties. Securities pledged to investment agreement counterparties may not then be re-pledged to another entity. Ambac’s counterparties under derivative agreements have the right to pledge or rehypothecate the securities and as such, pledged securities are separately classified on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as “Fixed income securities pledged as collateral, at fair value”.

(2) | Cash and securities pledged to Ambac under derivative agreements—Ambac may re-pledge securities it holds from certain derivative counterparties to other derivative counterparties in accordance with its rights and obligations under those agreements.

The following table presents (i) the sources of collateral either received from various counterparties where Ambac is permitted to sell or re-pledge the collateral or collateral held directly in the investment portfolio and (ii) how that collateral was pledged to various investment agreement, derivative and repurchase agreement counterparties at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013:
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| Fair Value of Cash and Underlying Securities |  | Fair Value of Cash and Securities Pledged to Investment Agreement Counterparties |  | Fair Value of Cash and Securities Pledged to Derivative Counterparties
Successor Ambac - March 31, 2014 |  |  |  |  |
Sources of Collateral: |  |  |  |  |
Cash and securities pledged directly from the investment portfolio | $ | 497,802 |  |  | $ | 372,679 |  |  | $ | 125,123 |
Cash and securities pledged from derivative counterparties | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Successor Ambac - December 31, 2013 |  |  |  |  |
Sources of Collateral: |  |  |  |  |
Cash and securities pledged directly from the investment portfolio | $ | 497,946 |  |  | $ | 371,723 |  |  | $ | 126,223 |
Cash and securities pledged from derivative counterparties | $ | 690 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

Securities carried at $6,811 and $6,799 at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively, were deposited by Ambac Assurance and Everspan with governmental authorities or designated custodian banks as required by laws affecting insurance companies.
Securities with fair value of $236,674 and $240,150 at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively, were held by a bankruptcy remote trust to collateralize and fund repayment of debt issued through a re-securitization transaction. The securities may not be sold or repledged by the trust. These assets are held and the secured debt is issued by entities that qualify as VIEs and are consolidated in Ambac’s unaudited consolidated financial statements. Refer to Note 3, Special Purpose Entities, Including Variable Interest Entities for a further description of this transaction.
Guaranteed Securities:
Ambac’s fixed income portfolio includes securities covered by guarantees issued by Ambac Assurance and other financial guarantors (“insured securities”). The published rating agency ratings on these securities reflect the higher of the financial strength rating of the financial guarantor or the rating of the underlying issuer. Rating agencies do not always publish separate underlying ratings (those ratings excluding the insurance by the financial guarantor) because the insurance cannot be legally separated from the underlying security by the insurer. In the event these underlying ratings are not available from the rating agencies, Ambac will assign an internal rating. The following table represents the fair value, including the value of the financial guarantee, and weighted-average underlying rating, excluding the financial guarantee, of the insured securities at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively:

| Municipal obligations |  | Corporate obligations |  | Mortgage and asset- backed securities |  |  |  |  |  | Weighted Average Underlying Rating (1)
|  |  |  | Short-term |  | Total |
Successor Ambac - March 31, 2014: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ambac Assurance Corporation (2) | $ | 66,002 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,051,280 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,117,282 |  |  | CCC
National Public Finance Guarantee Corporation | 400,268 |  |  | 37,872 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 438,140 |  |  | AA-
Assured Guaranty Municipal Corporation | 312,622 |  |  | 78,835 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 391,457 |  |  | A+
MBIA Insurance Corporation | — |  |  | 17,436 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,436 |  |  | BBB-
Assured Guaranty Corporation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,816 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,816 |  |  | D
Financial Guarantee Insurance Corporation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,755 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,755 |  |  | D
Total | $ | 778,892 |  |  | $ | 134,143 |  |  | $ | 2,056,851 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,969,886 |  |  | B+
Successor Ambac - December 31, 2013: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ambac Assurance Corporation (2) | $ | 64,596 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,747,283 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,811,879 |  |  | CCC+
National Public Finance Guarantee Corporation | 532,752 |  |  | 37,642 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 570,394 |  |  | A+
Assured Guaranty Municipal Corporation | 372,392 |  |  | 77,163 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 449,555 |  |  | A+
MBIA Insurance Corporation | — |  |  | 17,444 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,444 |  |  | BBB-
Assured Guaranty Corporation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,917 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,917 |  |  | D
Financial Guarantee Insurance Corporation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,869 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,869 |  |  | D
Total | $ | 969,740 |  |  | $ | 132,249 |  |  | $ | 1,753,069 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,855,058 |  |  | BB-

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(1) | Ratings are based on the lower of Standard & Poor’s or Moody’s rating. If unavailable, Ambac’s internal rating is used.

(2) | Includes asset-backed securities with a fair value of $51,395 and $50,953 at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively, insured by Ambac UK.

Investment Income:
Net investment income was comprised of the following for the affected periods:

| Successor Ambac – |  |  | Predecessor Ambac –
| Three Months Ended March 31, 2014 |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2013
Fixed income securities | $ | 70,985 |  |  |  | $ | 86,331 |
Short-term investments | 303 |  |  |  | 595 |
Loans | 117 |  |  |  | 108 |
Investment expense | (2,598 | ) |  |  | (1,977 | )
Securities available-for-sale and short-term | 68,807 |  |  |  | 85,057 |
Other investments | 1,994 |  |  |  | (543 | )
Total net investment income | $ | 70,801 |  |  |  | $ | 84,514 |

Net investment income from Other investments represents changes in fair value on securities classified as trading or under the fair value option. Successor Ambac gains for the three months ended March 31, 2014 on securities still held at the March 31, 2014 was $2,449. Predecessor Ambac losses for the three months ended March 31, 2013 on securities still held at March 31, 2014 were $614.
9. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS
The following tables summarize the gross fair values of individual derivative instruments and the impact of legal rights of offset as reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013.

| Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets / Liabilities |  | Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet |  | Net Amounts of Assets / Liabilities Presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheet |  | Gross Amount of Collateral Received / Pledged Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet |  | Net Amount
Successor Ambac—March 31, 2014: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps | $ | 134,556 |  |  | $ | 53,075 |  |  | $ | 81,481 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 81,481 |
Futures contracts | 430 |  |  | — |  |  | 430 |  |  | — |  |  | 430 |
Total non-VIE derivative assets | $ | 134,986 |  |  | $ | 53,075 |  |  | $ | 81,911 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 81,911 |
Derivative Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit derivatives | $ | 87,715 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 87,715 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 87,715 |
Interest rate swaps | 266,051 |  |  | 53,075 |  |  | 212,976 |  |  | 75,964 |  |  | 137,012 |
Other contracts | 149 |  |  | — |  |  | 149 |  |  | — |  |  | 149 |
Total non-VIE derivative liabilities | $ | 353,915 |  |  | $ | 53,075 |  |  | $ | 300,840 |  |  | $ | 75,964 |  |  | $ | 224,876 |
Variable Interest Entities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps | $ | 1,758,626 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,758,626 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,758,626 |
Currency swaps | 86,064 |  |  | — |  |  | 86,064 |  |  | — |  |  | 86,064 |
Total VIE derivative liabilities | $ | 1,844,690 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,844,690 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,844,690 |

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| Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets / Liabilities |  | Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet |  | Net Amounts of Assets / Liabilities Presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheet |  | Gross Amount of Collateral Received / Pledged Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet |  | Net Amount
Successor Ambac—December 31, 2013: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps | $ | 132,250 |  |  | $ | 56,876 |  |  | $ | 75,374 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 75,374 |
Futures contracts | 2,337 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,337 |  |  | 690 |  |  | 1,647 |
Total non-VIE derivative assets | $ | 134,587 |  |  | $ | 56,876 |  |  | $ | 77,711 |  |  | $ | 690 |  |  | $ | 77,021 |
Derivative Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit derivatives | $ | 94,322 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 94,322 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 94,322 |
Interest rate swaps | 216,287 |  |  | 56,876 |  |  | 159,411 |  |  | 42,555 |  |  | 116,856 |
Other contracts | 165 |  |  | — |  |  | 165 |  |  | — |  |  | 165 |
Total non-VIE derivative liabilities | $ | 310,774 |  |  | $ | 56,876 |  |  | $ | 253,898 |  |  | $ | 42,555 |  |  | $ | 211,343 |
Variable Interest Entities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps | $ | 1,680,834 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,680,834 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,680,834 |
Currency swaps | 91,472 |  |  | — |  |  | 91,472 |  |  | — |  |  | 91,472 |
Total VIE derivative liabilities | $ | 1,772,306 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,772,306 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,772,306 |

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Amounts recognized for the right to reclaim cash collateral or the obligation to return cash collateral are not offset against fair value amounts recognized for derivative instruments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The amounts representing the right to reclaim cash collateral and posted margin, recorded in “Other assets” were $39,558 and $3,040 as of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively. The amounts representing the obligation to return cash collateral recorded in “Other liabilities” were $0 and $690 as of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013.

|  |  | Successor Ambac |  |  | Predecessor Ambac
| Location of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Consolidated Statement of Total Comprehensive Income |  | Amount of Gain or (Loss)Recognized in Consolidated Statement of Total Comprehensive Income– March 31, 2014 |  |  | Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Consolidated Statement of Total Comprehensive Income– Three Months Ended March 31, 2013
Financial Guarantee: |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit derivatives | Net change in fair value of credit derivatives |  | $ | 7,382 |  |  |  | $ | 12,787 |
Financial Services derivatives products: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps | Derivative products |  | (51,860 | ) |  |  | (1,022 | )
Futures contracts | Derivative products |  | (1,992 | ) |  |  | 455 |
Other derivatives | Derivative products |  | 11 |  |  |  | (2 | )
Total Financial Services derivative products |  |  | (53,841 | ) |  |  | (569 | )
Variable Interest Entities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Currency swaps | (Loss) income on variable interest entities |  | 5,408 |  |  |  | 4,704 |
Interest rate swaps | (Loss) income on variable interest entities |  | (77,792 | ) |  |  | (100,548 | )
Total Variable Interest Entities |  |  | (72,384 | ) |  |  | (95,844 | )
Total derivative contracts |  |  | $ | (118,843 | ) |  |  | $ | (83,626 | )

Financial Guarantee Credit Derivatives:
Credit derivatives, which are privately negotiated contracts, provide the counterparty with credit protection against the occurrence of a specific event such as a payment default or bankruptcy relating to an underlying obligation. Upon a credit event, Ambac is generally required to make payments equal to the difference between the scheduled debt service payment and the actual payment made by the issuer. Substantially all of Ambac’s credit derivative contracts relate to structured finance transactions. Credit derivatives issued are insured by Ambac Assurance. None of our outstanding credit derivative transactions at March 31, 2014 include ratings based collateral-posting triggers or otherwise require Ambac to post collateral regardless of Ambac’s ratings or the size of the mark to market exposure to Ambac.
The majority of our credit derivatives were written on a “pay-as-you-go” basis. Similar to an insurance policy execution, pay-as-you-go provides that Ambac pays interest shortfalls on the referenced transaction as they are incurred on each scheduled payment date, but only pays principal shortfalls upon the earlier of (i) the date on which the assets designated to fund the referenced obligation have been disposed of and (ii) the legal final maturity date of the referenced obligation. The last transaction that was not “pay-as-you-go” terminated in July 2013.
Ambac maintains internal credit ratings on its guaranteed obligations, including credit derivative contracts, solely to indicate management’s view of the underlying credit quality of the guaranteed obligations. Independent rating agencies may have assigned
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different ratings on the credits in Ambac’s portfolio than Ambac’s internal ratings. The following tables summarize the gross principal notional outstanding for CDS contracts, by Ambac rating, for each major category as of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013:
Successor Ambac—March 31, 2014

Ambac Rating | CLO |  | Other |  | Total
AAA | $ | — |  |  | $ | 24,034 |  |  | $ | 24,034 |
AA | 1,101,199 |  |  | 182,237 |  |  | 1,283,436 |
A | — |  |  | 43,160 |  |  | 43,160 |
BBB (1) | — |  |  | 859,421 |  |  | 859,421 |
Below investment grade (2) | — |  |  | 281,087 |  |  | 281,087 |
| $ | 1,101,199 |  |  | $ | 1,389,939 |  |  | $ | 2,491,138 |

Successor Ambac—December 31, 2013

Ambac Rating | CLO |  | Other |  | Total
AAA | $ | — |  |  | $ | 24,034 |  |  | $ | 24,034 |
AA | 1,209,071 |  |  | 203,025 |  |  | 1,412,096 |
A | 128,666 |  |  | 107,251 |  |  | 235,917 |
BBB (1) | — |  |  | 826,175 |  |  | 826,175 |
Below investment grade (2) | — |  |  | 277,881 |  |  | 277,881 |
| $ | 1,337,737 |  |  | $ | 1,438,366 |  |  | $ | 2,776,103 |

(1) | BBB internal rating reflects bonds which are of medium grade credit quality with adequate capacity to pay interest and repay principal. Certain protective elements and margins may weaken under adverse economic conditions and changing circumstances. These bonds are more likely than higher rated bonds to exhibit unreliable protection levels over all cycles.

(2) | Below investment grade internal ratings reflect bonds which are of speculative grade credit quality with the adequacy of future margin levels for payment of interest and repayment of principal potentially adversely affected by major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse conditions.

The tables below summarize information by major category as of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013:
Successor Ambac—March 31, 2014

| CLO |  | Other |  | Total
Number of CDS transactions | 7 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 19 |
Remaining expected weighted-average life of obligations (in years) | 2.0 |  |  | 5.0 |  |  | 3.7 |
Gross principal notional outstanding | $ | 1,101,199 |  |  | $ | 1,389,939 |  |  | $ | 2,491,138 |
Net derivative liabilities at fair value | $ | (5,847 | ) |  | $ | (81,868 | ) |  | $ | (87,715 | )

Successor Ambac—December 31, 2013

| CLO |  | Other |  | Total
Number of CDS transactions | 7 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 20 |
Remaining expected weighted-average life of obligations (in years) | 2.1 |  |  | 5.0 |  |  | 3.6 |
Gross principal notional outstanding | $ | 1,337,737 |  |  | $ | 1,438,366 |  |  | $ | 2,776,103 |
Net derivative liabilities at fair value | $ | (7,993 | ) |  | $ | (86,329 | ) |  | $ | (94,322 | )

The maximum potential amount of future payments under Ambac’s credit derivative contracts written on a “pay-as-you-go” basis is generally the gross principal notional outstanding amount included in the above table plus future interest payments payable by the derivative reference obligations. Since Ambac’s credit derivatives typically reference obligations of or assets held by SPEs that meet the definition of a VIE, the amount of maximum potential future payments for credit derivatives is included in the table in Note 3, Special Purpose Entities, Including Variable Interest Entities.
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Changes in fair value of Ambac’s credit derivative contracts are accounted for at fair value since they do not qualify for the financial guarantee scope exception under the Derivatives and Hedging Topic of the ASC. Changes in fair value are recorded in “Net change in fair value of credit derivatives” on the Consolidated Statements of Total Comprehensive Income. Although CDS contracts are accounted for at fair value, they are surveilled similar to non-derivative financial guarantee contracts. As with financial guarantee insurance policies, Ambac’s surveillance group tracks credit migration of CDS contracts’ reference obligations from period to period.
Adversely classified credits are assigned risk classifications by the surveillance group. As of March 31, 2014, there are four CDS contracts on Ambac’s adversely classified credit listing, with a net derivative liability fair value of $59,095 and gross notional principal outstanding of $281,087. As of December 31, 2013, there were four CDS contracts on Ambac’s adversely classified credit listing, with a net derivative liability fair value of $62,296 and total notional principal outstanding of $277,881.
Financial Services Derivative Products:
Ambac, through its subsidiary Ambac Financial Services (“AFS”), provided interest rate and currency swaps to states, municipalities and their authorities, asset-backed issuers and other entities in connection with their financings. AFS manages its interest rate swaps business with the goal of retaining some basis risk and excess interest rate sensitivity as an economic hedge against the effects of rising interest rates elsewhere in the Company, including on Ambac’s financial guarantee exposures. As of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013 the notional amounts of AFS’s trading derivative products are as follows:

| Notional
| Successor Ambac – |  |  | Successor Ambac –
Type of derivative | March 31, 2014 |  |  | December 31, 2013
Interest rate swaps—receive-fixed/pay-variable | $ | 694,845 |  |  |  | $ | 697,837 |
Interest rate swaps—pay-fixed/receive-variable | 1,537,968 |  |  |  | 1,540,976 |
Interest rate swaps—basis swaps | 146,705 |  |  |  | 146,705 |
Futures contracts | 100,000 |  |  |  | 100,000 |
Other contracts | 75,650 |  |  |  | 75,650 |

Derivatives of Consolidated Variable Interest Entities
Certain VIEs consolidated under the Consolidation Topic of the ASC entered into derivative contracts to meet specified purposes within the securitization structure. The notional for VIE derivatives outstanding as of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013 are as follows:

| Notional
| Successor Ambac – |  |  | Successor Ambac –
Type of VIE derivative | March 31, 2014 |  |  | December 31, 2013
Interest rate swaps—receive-fixed/pay-variable | $ | 1,829,642 |  |  |  | $ | 1,818,118 |
Interest rate swaps—pay-fixed/receive-variable | 3,371,951 |  |  |  | 3,350,714 |
Currency swaps | 775,202 |  |  |  | 770,319 |
Credit derivatives | 19,553 |  |  |  | 20,130 |

Contingent Features in Derivatives Related to Ambac Credit Risk
Ambac’s interest rate swaps with professional swap-dealer counterparties and certain front-end counterparties are generally executed under standardized derivative documents including collateral support and master netting agreements. Under these agreements, Ambac is required to post collateral in the event net unrealized losses exceed predetermined threshold levels. Additionally, given that Ambac Assurance is no longer rated by an independent rating agency, counterparties have the right to terminate the swap positions.
As of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, the net liability fair value of all derivative instruments with contingent features linked to Ambac’s own credit risk was $75,964 and $42,555, respectively, related to which Ambac had posted assets as collateral with a fair value of $125,123 and $126,223, respectively. All such ratings-based contingent features have been triggered as requiring maximum collateral levels to be posted by Ambac while preserving counterparties’ rights to terminate the contracts. Assuming all contracts terminated on March 31, 2014, settlement of collateral balances and net derivative liabilities would result in a net receipt of cash and/or securities by Ambac. If counterparties elect to exercise their right to terminate, the actual termination payment amounts will be determined in accordance with derivative contract terms, which may result in amounts that differ from market values as reported in Ambac’s financial statements.
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10. INCOME TAXES
Ambac files a consolidated Federal income tax return with its subsidiaries. Ambac and its subsidiaries also file separate or combined income tax returns in various states, local and foreign jurisdictions. The following are the major jurisdictions in which Ambac and its affiliates operate and the earliest tax years subject to examination:

Jurisdiction | Tax Year
United States | 2010
New York State | 2008
New York City | 2011
United Kingdom | 2006
Italy | 2007

As of March 31, 2014 Ambac had loss carryforwards totaling $6,079,936. This includes carryforwards of $577,742 relating to U.S. capital losses, $306,769 of Ambac UK loss carryforwards, and an ordinary U. S. federal net operating tax carryforward of approximately $5,195,425, which, if not utilized, will begin expiring in 2029, and will fully expire in 2034.
The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013 are presented below:

| Successor Ambac
| March 31, 2014 |  | December 31, 2013
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
Insurance intangible | $ | 549,525 |  |  | $ | 559,288 |
Variable interest entities | 127,399 |  |  | 131,137 |
Investments | 180,607 |  |  | 168,653 |
Unearned premiums and credit fees | 45,265 |  |  | 38,826 |
Other | 2,224 |  |  | 2,221 |
Total deferred tax liabilities | 905,020 |  |  | 900,125 |
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
Unrealized losses & impairments on investments | — |  |  | — |
Net operating loss and capital carryforward | 2,127,884 |  |  | 2,177,029 |
Loss reserves | 590,032 |  |  | 634,692 |
Compensation | 9,005 |  |  | 8,724 |
AMT Credits | 6,903 |  |  | 4,269 |
Other | 58,597 |  |  | 58,581 |
Sub-total deferred tax assets | 2,792,421 |  |  | 2,883,295 |
Valuation allowance | 1,889,603 |  |  | 1,985,369 |
Total deferred tax assets | 902,818 |  |  | 897,926 |
Net deferred tax liability | $ | (2,202 | ) |  | $ | (2,199 | )

In accordance with the Income Tax Topic of the ASC, a valuation allowance is recognized if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more-likely-than-not that some or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. Recent cumulative losses are a significant piece of negative evidence in assessing whether a valuation allowance is required. As a result of Ambac’s history of operating losses as well as the risks and uncertainties associated with future operating results, management believes it is more likely than not that the Company will not generate sufficient taxable income to recover the deferred tax operating asset and therefore has a full valuation allowance.
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11. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
The following commitments and contingencies provide an update of those discussed in “Note 18: Commitments and Contingencies” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013, and should be read in conjunction with the complete descriptions provided in the aforementioned Form 10-K.
The Segregated Account and Wisconsin Rehabilitation Proceeding
Various third parties have filed motions or objections in the Rehabilitation Court and/or moved to intervene in the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Proceeding. On January 24, 2011, the Rehabilitation Court issued its Decision and Final Order Confirming the Rehabilitator’s Plan of Rehabilitation, with Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law (the “Confirmation Order”). Notices of appeal from the Confirmation Order were filed by various parties, including policyholders. On October 24, 2013, the Wisconsin Court of Appeals affirmed the Confirmation Order and the Rehabilitation Court’s rejection of the objections filed by various third parties before entry of the Confirmation Order. On November 22, 2013, petitions seeking discretionary review of this ruling by the Wisconsin Supreme Court were filed by (1) Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee for certain insured bonds issued by the Las Vegas Monorail Co., and four Eaton Vance entities claiming to own some number of these bonds; and (2) Deutsche Bank National Trust Company, Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, and U.S. Bank National Association, all as trustees for certain insured bonds or obligations. Additionally, on December 6, 2013, the Customer Asset Protection Company (“CAPCO”) filed a Response to these two petitions for review in which CAPCO took no position on whether the Wisconsin Supreme Court should grant the petitions, but asked the court to allow further consideration of Wis. Stat. § 645.68 if it does grant the petitions for review. The Rehabilitator responded by opposing further review by the Wisconsin Supreme Court. On March 17, 2014, the Supreme Court of Wisconsin denied the petitions for review making the decision by the Wisconsin Court of Appeals final and controlling law.
On February 13, 2014, the Rehabilitation Court approved a motion seeking approval for the Rehabilitator and the Segregated Account to disburse settlement proceeds from RMBS remediation claims as permitted policy claim payments, with such distributions to include (i) paying claims payments in excess of the then applicable claims cash payment percentage, and/or (ii) paying all or portions of unpaid permitted policy claims (such policy claim payments, “Special Policy Payments”). As a result, in the first quarter of 2014, the Segregated Account made Special Policy Payments, in aggregate, of approximately $22,604 in connection with 10 financial guarantee policies.
On April 21, 2014, the Rehabilitator filed a motion with the Rehabilitation Court seeking approval to amend the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan. The Rehabilitation Court is currently scheduled to hear the motion on June 11, 2014. If the motion is approved in the form currently proposed by the Rehabilitator, the amendments will modify the treatment of claims under the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan, as more fully described in Note 1. If the amendments are approved, the Rehabilitator intends to increase the percentage of the initial cash Interim Payment for permitted policy claims, to pay certain Deferred Amounts, together with interest thereon, and to make corresponding payments on surplus notes (other than junior surplus notes), as more fully described in Note 1. As of today’s date and pending its hearing on the motion, there can be no assurances that the motion will be approved by the Rehabilitation Court, nor that any increase in the Interim Payments or any payment of any Deferred Amounts or surplus notes will occur.
Litigation Against Ambac
County of Alameda et al. v. Ambac Assurance Corporation et al. (Superior Court of the State of California, County of San Francisco, second amended complaint filed on or about August 23, 2011); Contra Costa County et al. v. Ambac Assurance Corporation et al. (Superior Court of the State of California, County of San Francisco, third amended complaint filed on or about October 21, 2011); The Olympic Club v. Ambac Assurance Corporation et al. (Superior Court of the State of California, County of San Francisco, fourth amended complaint filed on or about October 21, 2011). Ambac Assurance and the other Bond Insurer Defendants filed a demurrer seeking dismissal of the current amended complaints on September 21, 2011, which was denied on October 20, 2011. On December 2, 2011, Ambac Assurance and the other Bond Insurer Defendants filed a special motion to strike the current amended complaints under California’s Anti-SLAPP statute (Calif. Code of Civ. Proc. Section 425.16). On May 1, 2012, the Court ruled that the complaints were governed by the Anti-SLAPP statute to the extent they alleged conspiracy to influence the rating agencies’ rating methodologies, but not to the extent that the complaints alleged false or misleading statements or nondisclosures. After oral argument on March 21, 2013, the court dismissed claims related to the conspiracy branch of the complaint under the California Antitrust Law (the Cartwright Act) and after oral argument on April 22, 2013 denied defendants’ motion to dismiss claims under the California Unfair Competition Law. The court entered an order to this effect on July 9, 2013. On September 9, 2013, plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal of the July 9 th Order and on September 30, 2013, Ambac Assurance filed a notice of cross-appeal. On September 9, 2013, the parties filed motions for attorneys’ fees in connection with the portions of the Anti-SLAPP motions on which they were successful. The court denied plaintiffs’ motion for fees from the bench on November 8, 2013. On March 26, 2014, the court granted the defendants’ motions for attorneys’ fees awarding Ambac Assurance approximately $207.
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Broadbill Partners LP et al. v. Ambac Assurance Corporation (Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of New York, filed November 8, 2012). Ambac Assurance filed a motion to dismiss on January 15, 2013, which the plaintiffs opposed. The Court held oral argument on September 11, 2013. On March 12, 2014, the court granted Ambac Assurance’s motion dismissing the plaintiffs’ claims in their entirety. Plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal on March 31, 2014.
Ambac Assurance’s estimates of projected losses for RMBS transactions consider, among other things, the RMBS transactions’ payment waterfall structure, including the application of interest and principal payments and recoveries, and depend in part on our interpretations of contracts and other bases of our legal rights. From time to time, bond trustees and other transaction participants have employed different contractual interpretations. Ambac Assurance has been made aware that a transaction participant has directed a bond trustee to employ a different waterfall interpretation in a RMBS transaction, which may lead to the commencement of legal action. It is not possible to predict whether additional disputes will arise, nor the outcomes of any potential litigation. It is possible that there could be unfavorable outcomes in this or other disputes or proceedings and that our interpretations may prove to be incorrect, which could lead to changes to our estimate of loss reserves.
It is not reasonably possible to predict whether additional suits will be filed or whether additional inquiries or requests for information will be made, and it is also not possible to predict the outcome of litigation, inquiries or requests for information. It is possible that there could be unfavorable outcomes in these or other proceedings. Legal accruals for certain litigation against Ambac which are probable and reasonably estimable, and management’s estimated range of loss for such matters, are not material to the operating results or financial position of the Company. For the remaining litigation matters Ambac is defending that do not meet the “probable and reasonably estimable” accrual threshold and where no loss estimates have been provided above, management is unable to make a meaningful estimate of the amount or range of loss that could result from unfavorable outcomes but, under some circumstances, adverse results in any such proceedings could be material to our business, operations, financial position, profitability or cash flows. The Company believes that it has substantial defenses to the claims above and, to the extent that these actions proceed, the Company intends to defend itself vigorously; however, the Company is not able to predict the outcomes of these actions.
Litigation Filed by Ambac
In the ordinary course of their businesses, certain of Ambac’s subsidiaries assert claims in legal proceedings against third parties to recover losses already paid and/or mitigate future losses. The amounts recovered and/or losses avoided which may result from these proceedings is uncertain, although recoveries and/or losses avoided in any one or more of these proceedings during any quarter or fiscal year could be material to Ambac’s results of operations in that quarter or fiscal year.
Ambac Assurance Corporation v. Adelanto Public Utility Authority (United States District Court, Southern District of New York, filed on June 1, 2009). On January 11, 2013 the court granted Ambac Assurance’s motion for summary judgment on all claims except Ambac Assurance’s claim for specific performance (as to which no summary judgment motion was made) and denied defendant’s motion for summary judgment. Following a hearing on August 23, 2013, the court issued an order on August 29, 2013, awarding Ambac interest on the termination payment as well as legal fees and expenses as of March 31, 2013. In order to expedite the disposition of any appeals, Ambac Assurance filed a motion for the entry of final judgment for the claims upon which summary judgment was awarded and the defendant moved for the entry of final judgment on the dismissal in 2011 of all its counterclaims against Ambac Assurance. On March 6, 2014, the court granted both motions and entered final judgment on March 8, 2014 on the dismissal of defendant’s counterclaims and on the claims for which Ambac was granted summary judgment awarding Ambac Assurance approximately $7,760 as of March 11, 2014. Defendant filed a notice of appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit on April 9, 2014.
In connection with Ambac Assurance’s efforts to seek redress for breaches of representations and warranties and fraud related to the information provided by both the underwriters and the sponsors of various transactions and for failure to comply with the obligation by the sponsors to repurchase ineligible loans, Ambac Assurance has filed various lawsuits, which are listed and described in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013, as supplemented and updated below:

• | Ambac Assurance Corporation and The Segregated Account of Ambac Assurance Corporation v. EMC Mortgage LLC (formerly known as EMC Mortgage Corporation), J.P. Morgan Securities, Inc. (formerly known as Bear, Stearns & Co. Inc.), and JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. (Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of New York, filed March 30, 2012 and amended on August 14, 2012). On June 13, 2013, the court dismissed Ambac Assurance’s contractual claims but not its claims for fraudulent inducement or successor liability. On March 17, 2014 Ambac Assurance filed its appeal brief. The appeal is fully briefed. Discovery is ongoing.

• | Ambac Assurance Corporation and The Segregated Account of Ambac Assurance Corporation v. Capital One, N.A., as successor by merger to Chevy Chase Bank, F.S.B. (United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, filed on October 24, 2012). Defendants filed a motion to dismiss on February 6, 2013, which Ambac Assurance opposed. The court held oral argument on March 7, 2013 and on March 27, 2014, the court ordered the motion withdrawn. Defendant filed its answer on April 11, 2014. Discovery is ongoing.

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12. SEGMENT INFORMATION
Ambac has two reportable segments, as follows: (i) Financial Guarantee, which provides financial guarantees (including credit derivatives) for public finance, structured finance and other obligations; and (ii) Financial Services, which provides investment agreements, funding conduits, interest rate and currency swaps, principally to clients of the financial guarantee business. Ambac’s reportable segments were strategic business units that offer different products and services. They are managed separately because each business required different marketing strategies, personnel skill sets and technology.
Ambac Assurance guarantees the swap and investment agreement obligations of its Financial Services affiliates. Additionally, Ambac Assurance provides loans to the Financial Services businesses. Inter-segment revenues include the premiums and investment income earned under those agreements. Such premiums are determined as if they were premiums paid by third parties, that is, at current market prices.
Information provided below for “Corporate and Other” primarily relates to (i) amounts received by Ambac under the Mediation Agreement dated September 21, 2011 (as more fully described in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of Ambac’s 2013 Form 10-K); and (ii) other corporate activities, including interest income on the investment portfolio, including accrual of interest on the junior surplus notes issued by the Segregated Account. Corporate and Other intersegment revenue relates to receipts under the Mediation Agreement. The following table is a summary of financial information by reportable segment for the affected periods:

Successor Ambac - March 31, 2014 |  | Financial Guarantee |  | Financial Services |  | Corporate and Other |  | Inter-segment Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |
Unaffiliated customers (1) |  | $ | 162,553 |  |  | $ | (53,438 | ) |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 109,138 |
Inter-segment |  | 375 |  |  | (75 | ) |  | 8,635 |  |  | (8,935 | ) |  | — |
Total revenues |  | $ | 162,928 |  |  | $ | (53,513 | ) |  | $ | 8,658 |  |  | $ | (8,935 | ) |  | $ | 109,138 |
Pre-tax income (loss) from continuing operations: |  |  |  |  |  |
Unaffiliated customers (1) (2) (3) |  | $ | 216,261 |  |  | $ | (54,529 | ) |  | $ | (2,434 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 159,298 |
Inter-segment |  | (9,157 | ) |  | (454 | ) |  | 9,611 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Pre-tax income (loss) from continuing operations |  | $ | 207,104 |  |  | $ | (54,983 | ) |  | $ | 7,177 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 159,298 |
Total assets as of March 31, 2014 |  | $ | 26,535,119 |  |  | $ | 534,256 |  |  | $ | 44,873 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 27,114,248 |
Net investment income |  | $ | 70,384 |  |  | $ | 394 |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 70,801 |
Insurance intangible amortization |  | $ | 31,714 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 31,714 |
Interest expense |  | $ | 31,881 |  |  | $ | 447 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 32,328 |
Reorganization items (4) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 23 |

Predecessor Ambac - Three months ended March 31, 2013 |  | Financial Guarantee |  | Financial Services |  | Corporate and Other |  | Inter-segment Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unaffiliated customers (1) |  | $ | 250,238 |  |  | $ | 40,605 |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 290,872 |
Inter-segment |  | 726 |  |  | (684 | ) |  | — |  |  | (42 | ) |  | — |
Total revenues |  | $ | 250,964 |  |  | $ | 39,921 |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | (42 | ) |  | $ | 290,872 |
Pre-tax income (loss) from continuing operations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unaffiliated customers (1) (2) |  | $ | 246,700 |  |  | $ | 38,847 |  |  | $ | (2,638 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 282,909 |
Inter-segment |  | (72 | ) |  | (849 | ) |  | 921 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Pre-tax income (loss) from continuing operations |  | $ | 246,628 |  |  | $ | 37,998 |  |  | $ | (1,717 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 282,909 |
Total assets as of March 31, 2013 |  | $ | 25,563,432 |  |  | $ | 558,593 |  |  | $ | 32,069 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 26,154,094 |
Net investment income |  | $ | 83,274 |  |  | $ | 1,211 |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 84,514 |
Interest expense |  | $ | 22,176 |  |  | $ | 989 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 23,165 |
Reorganization items (4) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,059 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,059 |

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(1) | Included in both revenues from unaffiliated customers and in pre-tax income (loss) from continuing operations from unaffiliated customers is net investment income.

(2) | Included in pre-tax income (loss) from continuing operations from unaffiliated customers is interest expense.

(3) | Included in pre-tax income from continuing operations from unaffiliated customers is amortization of intangible asset arising from financial guarantee contracts that were set to fair value upon adoption of Fresh Start.

(4) | Refer to "Note 2: Reorganization Under Chapter 11," for a further discussion of Reorganization items.

The following table summarizes gross premiums written, net premiums earned and the net change in fair value of credit derivatives included in the Financial Guarantee segment by location of risk for the affected periods:

| Successor Ambac - Three Months Ended March 31, 2014 |  |  | Predecessor Ambac - Three Months Ended March 31, 2013
| Gross Premiums Written |  | Net Premiums Earned |  | Net Change In Fair Value Of Credit Derivatives |  |  | Gross Premiums Written |  | Net Premiums Earned |  | Net Change In Fair Value Of Credit Derivatives
United States | $ | (699 | ) |  | $ | 56,758 |  |  | $ | 6,581 |  |  |  | $ | (8,716 | ) |  | $ | 81,057 |  |  | $ | 16,530 |
United Kingdom | (6,166 | ) |  | 20,635 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,507 |  |  | 13,754 |  |  | (2,175 | )
Other international | 1,099 |  |  | 5,154 |  |  | 801 |  |  |  | (3,321 | ) |  | 5,445 |  |  | (1,568 | )
Total | $ | (5,766 | ) |  | $ | 82,547 |  |  | $ | 7,382 |  |  |  | $ | (3,530 | ) |  | $ | 100,256 |  |  | $ | 12,787 |

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13. RECENTLY ADOPTED AND RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
Adopted:
Effective January 1, 2014, Ambac adopted ASU No. 20131-11, Presentation of an Unrecognized Tax Benefit When a Net Operating Loss Carryforward, a Similar Tax Loss, or a Tax Credit Carryforward Exists. The ASU requires an entity to present an unrecognized tax benefit in the financial statements as a reduction to a deferred tax asset for an NOL carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward except when: i) an NOL carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward is not available as of the reporting date under the governing tax law to settle taxes that would result from the disallowance of the tax position and ii) the entity does not intend to use the deferred tax asset for this purpose. If either of these conditions exists, an entity should present an unrecognized tax benefit in the financial statements as a liability and should not net the unrecognized tax benefit with a deferred tax asset. The adoption of this ASU did not have a material effect on Ambac’s financial statements.
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Issued:
In April 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-08, Presentation of Financial Statements (Topic 205) and Property, Plant, and Equipment (Topic 360) - Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity. The objective of this ASU is to limit discontinued operations reporting to disposals of components of an entity that represent strategic shifts that have (or will have) a major effect on an entity's operations and financial results. Under current U.S. GAAP, many disposals, some of which may be routine in nature and not a change in an entity's strategy, are reported in discontinued operations. The ASU also requires certain expanded disclosures for discontinued operations and disclosure of the pre-tax profit or loss of an individually significant component of an entity that does not qualify for discontinued operations reporting. The ASU is effective prospectively for all disposals (or classifications of held for sale) components that occur within annual periods beginning on or after December 15, 2014. Ambac will adopt the ASU on January 1, 2015. The adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a material effect on Ambac's financial statements.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Following this summary is a discussion addressing the consolidated results of operations and financial condition of Ambac Financial Group, Inc. “(“Ambac” or “the Company”) for the periods indicated. This discussion should be read in conjunction with Ambac’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013, the CAUTIONARY STATEMENT PURSUANT TO THE PRIVATE SECURITIES LITIGATION REFORM ACT OF 1995 below and Risk Factors set forth in Part II, Item 1A of this Form 10-Q.
This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) contains certain financial measures, in particular the presentation of Operating Earnings and Adjusted Book Value, which are not presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”). We are presenting these non-GAAP financial measures because they provide greater transparency and enhanced visibility into the underlying profitability drivers of our business. We do not intend for these non-GAAP financial measures to be a substitute for any GAAP financial measures and they may differ from similar reporting provided by other companies. Readers of this Form 10-Q should use these non-GAAP financial measures only in conjunction with the comparable GAAP financial measures. Operating Earnings and Adjusted Book Value are non-GAAP financial measures that adjust for the impact of certain non-recurring or non-economic GAAP accounting requirements and include the addition of certain items that the Company has or expects to realize in the future, but that are not reported under GAAP. We also provide reconciliations to the most directly comparable GAAP measures; Operating earnings to Net income attributable to common stockholders and Adjusted Book Value to Total Ambac Financial Group, Inc. stockholders’ equity.
CAUTIONARY STATEMENT PURSUANT TO THE PRIVATE SECURITIES LITIGATION REFORM ACT OF 1995
Management has included in Parts I and II of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including in this MD&A, statements that may constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as “estimate,” “project,” “plan,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “planned,” “potential” and similar expressions, or future or conditional verbs such as “will,” “should,” “would,” “could,” and “may,” or the negative of those expressions or verbs, identify forward-looking statements. We caution readers that these statements are not guarantees of future performance. Forward-looking statements are not historical facts but instead represent only our beliefs regarding future events, which may by their nature be inherently uncertain and some of which may be outside our control. These statements may relate to plans and objectives with respect to the future, among other things, which may change. We are alerting you to the possibility that our actual results may differ, possibly materially, from the expected objectives or anticipated results that may be suggested, expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause our results to differ, possibly materially, from those indicated in the forward-looking statements include, among others, those discussed under “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of the 2013 Annual Report on Form 10-K and in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Any or all of management’s forward-looking statements here or in other publications may turn out to be incorrect and are based on management’s current belief or opinions. Ambac’s actual results may vary materially, and there are no guarantees about the performance of Ambac’s securities. Among events, risks, uncertainties or factors that could cause actual results to differ materially are: (1) volatility in the price of Ambac’s common stock; (2) uncertainty concerning our ability to achieve value for holders of Ambac securities, whether from Ambac Assurance Corporation (“Ambac Assurance”) or from new business opportunities, including risks associated with the possible dilution of the ownership interests of our stockholders; (3) our inability to achieve the financial results projected during our Chapter 11 proceeding; (4) potential of rehabilitation proceedings against Ambac Assurance; (5) decisions made by the rehabilitator of the Segregated Account of Ambac Assurance Corporation (the “Segregated Account”) for the benefit of policyholders that may result in material adverse consequences for Ambac’s security holders; (6) our inability to realize the expected recoveries included in our financial statements; (7) intercompany disputes or disputes with the rehabilitator of the Segregated Account; (8) material changes to the Segregated Account rehabilitation plan or to current rules and procedures governing the payment of permitted policy claims, with resulting adverse impacts; (9) decisions of the Rehabilitator concerning payments of deferred claim amounts or payments on surplus notes, the timing or magnitude of which is disadvantageous to Ambac, (10) increased fiscal stress experienced by issuers of public finance obligations or an increased incidence of Chapter 9 filings by municipal issuers; (11) adverse events arising from the rehabilitation proceedings for the Segregated Account, including the failure of the injunctions issued by the Wisconsin rehabilitation court to protect the Segregated Account and Ambac Assurance from certain adverse actions; (12) adverse tax consequences or other costs resulting from the Segregated Account rehabilitation plan or from rules and procedures governing the payment of permitted policy claims; (13) credit risk throughout our business, including but not limited to credit risk related to residential mortgage-backed securities, student loan and other asset securitizations, collateralized loan obligations, public finance obligations and exposures to reinsurers; (14) risks attendant to the change in composition of securities in our investment portfolio; (15) inadequacy of reserves established for losses and loss expenses; (16) the risk that our risk management policies and practices do not anticipate certain risks and/or the magnitude of potential for loss as a result of unforeseen risks; (17) changes in prevailing interest rates; (18) factors that may influence the
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amount of installment premiums paid to Ambac, including the Segregated Account rehabilitation proceedings; (19) default by one or more of Ambac Assurance’s portfolio investments, insured issuers or counterparties; (20) market risks impacting assets in our investment portfolio or the value of our assets posted as collateral in respect of investment agreements and interest rate swap transactions; (21) risks relating to determinations of amounts of impairments taken on investments; (22) credit and liquidity risks due to unscheduled and unanticipated withdrawals on investment agreements; (23) the risk of litigation and regulatory inquiries or investigations, and the risk of adverse outcomes in connection therewith, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial position, profitability or cash flows; (24) system security risks; (25) the effects of U.S. fiscal policies; (26) market spreads and pricing on derivative products insured or issued by Ambac or its subsidiaries; (27) the risk of volatility in income and earnings, including volatility due to the application of fair value accounting; (28) changes in accounting principles or practices that may impact Ambac’s financial results, including those resulting from potential amendments to the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan; (29) legislative and regulatory developments; (30) operational risks, including with respect to internal processes, risk models, systems and employees, and failures in services or products provided by third parties; (31) Ambac’s financial position and the Segregated Account rehabilitation proceedings that may prompt departures of key employees and may impact our ability to attract qualified executives and employees; and (32) other risks and uncertainties that have not been identified at this time.
COMPANY OVERVIEW
Ambac Financial Group, Inc. (“Ambac” or the “Company”), headquartered in New York City, is a financial services holding company incorporated in the state of Delaware. On May 1, 2013 (the “Effective Date”), the Second Modified Fifth Amended Plan of Reorganization of Ambac Financial Group, Inc. (the “Reorganization Plan”) became effective and Ambac emerged from bankruptcy.
Ambac’s primary goal is to maximize shareholder value through executing the following key strategies:

• | Increasing the value of its investment in Ambac Assurance Corporation (“Ambac Assurance”) by actively managing its assets and liabilities with a focus on maximizing risk-adjusted investment portfolio returns and mitigating or remediating losses on poorly performing transactions through executing policy commutations, repurchasing liabilities at a discount, pursuing recoveries of losses through litigation and the exercise of contractual and legal rights, restructuring transactions and other means; and

• | Pursuing new businesses. These new businesses may include financial services businesses such as advisory, asset servicing, asset management, and/or insurance.

Opportunities for de-risking transactions depend on market conditions, including the perception of Ambac Assurance’s creditworthiness, the structure of the underlying risk and associated policy, as well as other factors. Ambac Assurance’s ability to commute policies or purchase securities may be limited by available liquidity. The execution of Ambac’s strategy with respect to liabilities and associated rights allocated to the Segregated Account (defined below) is subject to the authority of the Rehabilitator (defined below) to control the management of the Segregated Account. In exercising such authority, the Rehabilitator will act for the benefit of policyholders, and will not take into account the interests of Ambac. Similarly, by operation of the contracts executed in connection with the establishment, and subsequent rehabilitation, of the Segregated Account, the Rehabilitator retains rights to oversee and approve certain actions taken in respect of Ambac Assurance. This oversight by the Rehabilitator could impair Ambac’s ability to execute certain of its strategies. Refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements located in Part II, Item 8 of Ambac's 2013 Form 10-K and to Note 1 to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements located in Part I, Item I of this Form 10-Q, for more information on the Segregated Account and the contracts between Ambac Assurance and the Segregated Account.
Although we are exploring new business opportunities for Ambac, it is not possible at this time to predict the operating results or prospects of any future business. Our efforts to pursue new business opportunities may be unsuccessful or require significant financial or other resources. No assurance can be given that we will be able to identify or execute the acquisition or development of any new business. In addition, there can be no assurance that we will be able to generate or obtain the financial and other resources that may be required to finance the acquisition or development of any new business. Due to these factors, as well as uncertainties relating to the ability of Ambac Assurance to deliver value to Ambac, the value of our securities is speculative. For additional risks and uncertainties concerning Ambac, please refer to Part I, Item 1A of Ambac’s 2013 Form 10-K and Part II, Item 1A of this Form 10-Q.
Ambac has two reportable business segments: Financial Guarantee and Financial Services.
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Ambac’s financial guarantee business segment is conducted through its primary operating subsidiary, Ambac Assurance and its wholly owned subsidiary, Ambac Assurance UK Limited. (“Ambac UK”). Insurance policies insured by Ambac Assurance and Ambac UK guarantee payment when due of the principal and interest on the obligation guaranteed. Ambac Assurance also has another wholly-owned financial guarantee subsidiary, Everspan Financial Guarantee Corp. (“Everspan”), which has been in runoff since its acquisition in 1997. The deterioration of Ambac Assurance’s financial condition resulting from losses in its insured portfolio since 2007 has prevented Ambac Assurance from being able to write new business. An inability to write new business has and will continue to negatively impact Ambac’s future operations and financial results. Ambac Assurance’s ability to pay dividends and, as a result, Ambac’s liquidity, have been significantly restricted by the deterioration of Ambac Assurance’s financial condition, by the rehabilitation of the Segregated Account and by the terms of the Settlement Agreement, dated as of June 7, 2010, by and among Ambac Assurance, Ambac Credit Products LLC (“ACP”), Ambac and counterparties to credit default swaps with ACP that were guaranteed by Ambac Assurance. Ambac Assurance is also restricted in its ability to pay dividends pursuant to the terms of its Auction Market Preferred Shares. It is highly unlikely that Ambac Assurance will be able to make dividend payments to Ambac for the foreseeable future. Refer to Part I, Item 1 of Ambac’s 2013 Form 10-K, “Insurance Regulatory Matters - Dividend Restrictions, Including Contractual Restrictions” and Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements located in Part II, Item 8 of Ambac’s 2013 Form 10-K, for more information on dividend payment restrictions.
In March 2010, Ambac Assurance established a segregated account pursuant to Wisc. Stat. §611.24(2) (the “Segregated Account”) to segregate certain segments of Ambac Assurance’s liabilities. As of March 31, 2014, insurance liabilities for policies allocated to the Segregated Account were $5,931.2 million. These insurance liabilities include loss reserves and loss expense reserves, gross of remediation and reinsurance recoveries. In March 2010, the Office of the Commissioner of Insurance for the State of Wisconsin (“OCI” (which term shall be understood to refer to such office as regulator of Ambac Assurance and to the Commissioner of Insurance for the State of Wisconsin as rehabilitator of the Segregated Account (the “Rehabilitator”), as the context requires)) commenced rehabilitation proceedings with respect to the Segregated Account (the “Segregated Account Rehabilitation Proceedings”) in order to permit the OCI to facilitate an orderly run-off and/or settlement of the liabilities allocated to the Segregated Account pursuant to the provisions of the Wisconsin Insurers Rehabilitation and Liquidation Act. Refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of Ambac’s 2013 Form 10-K and to Note 1 to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item I of this Form 10-Q for further discussion of the Segregated Account.
Ambac’s financial services segment is operated by subsidiaries of Ambac Assurance. This segment provides financial and investment products, including investment agreements, funding conduits, and interest rate swaps, principally to the clients of its financial guarantee business. Ambac Assurance insures all of the obligations of its financial services subsidiaries. The financial services businesses are in active runoff, which is being effectuated by means of transaction terminations, settlements, assignments and scheduled amortization of contracts.
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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES
Ambac’s Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), which require the use of estimates and assumptions. For a discussion of Ambac’s critical accounting policies and estimates, see “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” in Part II, Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in Ambac’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013.
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FINANCIAL GUARANTEES IN FORCE
Financial guarantee products were sold in three principal markets: the U.S. public finance market, the U.S. structured finance and asset-backed market and the international finance market. The following table provides a breakdown of guaranteed net par outstanding by market sector at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013. Guaranteed net par outstanding includes the exposures of policies that insure variable interest entities (“VIEs”) consolidated in accordance with the Consolidation Topic of the ASC, Consolidation. Guaranteed net par outstanding excludes the exposures of policies that insure bonds which have been refunded or pre-refunded:

| Successor Ambac
($ in millions) | March 31, 2014 |  | December 31, 2013
Public Finance (1) (2) | $ | 112,325 |  |  | $ | 116,062 |
Structured Finance | 30,479 |  |  | 31,412 |
International Finance | 30,682 |  |  | 31,618 |
Total net par outstanding (3) | $ | 173,486 |  |  | $ | 179,092 |

(1) | Includes $6,154 and $6,165 of Military Housing net par outstanding at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively.

(2) | Includes $2,485 of Puerto Rico net par outstanding at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013.

(3) Included in the above net par exposures at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013 are $2,491 and $2,776, respectively, of exposures that were executed in credit derivatives form.
Ratings Distribution
The following tables provide a rating distribution of guaranteed total net par outstanding based upon internal Ambac Assurance credit ratings at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013 and a distribution by bond type of Ambac Assurance’s below investment grade net par exposures at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013. Below investment grade is defined as those exposures with a credit rating below BBB-:
Percentage of Guaranteed Portfolio

| Successor Ambac
Ambac Rating (1) | March 31, 2014 |  | December 31, 2013
AAA | <1% |  |  | <1% |
AA | 20 |  |  | 20 |
A | 42 |  |  | 43 |
BBB | 21 |  |  | 20 |
Below investment grade | 17 |  |  | 17 |
Total | 100 | % |  | 100 | %

(1) | Internal credit ratings are provided solely to indicate the underlying credit quality of guaranteed obligations based on the view of Ambac Assurance, and for Ambac UK related transactions, based on the view of Ambac UK. In cases where Ambac Assurance or Ambac UK has insured multiple tranches of an issue with varying internal ratings, or more than one obligation of an issuer with varying internal ratings, a weighted average rating is used. Ambac Assurance and Ambac UK credit ratings are subject to revision at any time and do not constitute investment advice.

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Summary of Below Investment Grade Exposure

Bond Type | Successor Ambac
($ in millions) | March 31, 2014 |  | December 31, 2013
Public Finance: |  |  |
Tax-backed (1) | $ | 1,886 |  |  | $ | 1,887 |
Housing (2) | 844 |  |  | 732 |
Transportation | 499 |  |  | 519 |
General obligation | 359 |  |  | 363 |
Health care | 30 |  |  | 30 |
Other | 1,351 |  |  | 1,291 |
Total Public Finance | 4,969 |  |  | 4,822 |
Structured Finance: |  |  |
Residential mortgage-backed and home equity—first lien | 7,833 |  |  | 8,092 |
Residential mortgage-backed and home equity—second lien | 6,235 |  |  | 6,440 |
Student loans | 4,130 |  |  | 4,223 |
Structured Insurance | 1,648 |  |  | 1,648 |
Mortgage-backed and home equity—other | 336 |  |  | 346 |
Other | 547 |  |  | 547 |
Total Structured Finance | 20,729 |  |  | 21,296 |
International Finance: |  |  |
Other | 3,679 |  |  | 3,702 |
Total International Finance | 3,679 |  |  | 3,702 |
Total | $ | 29,377 |  |  | $ | 29,820 |

(1) | Includes $1,430 of Puerto Rico net par at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013.

(2) | Includes $611 and $486 of military housing net par at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively.

The slight decrease in below investment grade exposures is primarily due to (i) reductions to residential mortgage-backed securities during the year as a result of both voluntary prepayments by issuers and claims presented to Ambac Assurance and (ii) principal payments on student loans, partially offset by an increase due to deterioration in certain military housing and higher education exposures.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
We followed the accounting prescribed by the Reorganizations Topic of the ASC while Ambac was in reorganization proceedings under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. On April 30, 2013, Ambac executed a closing agreement with the United States Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) to conclude the settlement of a dispute (“IRS Settlement). On May 1, 2013 (the “Effective Date”), the Reorganization Plan became effective and Ambac emerged from bankruptcy. The IRS Settlement represented the final material contingency under the Reorganization Plan required for the adoption of fresh start financial statement reporting under the Reorganizations Topic of the ASC. As such, fresh start financial statement reporting ("Fresh Start") was adopted by the Company on April 30, 2013 (“Fresh Start Reporting Date”), incorporating, among other things, the discharge of debt obligations, issuance of new common stock, and fair value adjustments. The financial results of the Company for the periods from May 1, 2013 are referred to as “Successor Ambac” and the financial results for the periods through April 30, 2013 are referred to as “Predecessor Ambac.” The 2013 Successor Period and the 2013 Predecessor Period are distinct reporting periods. The effects of the reorganization and Fresh Start adjustments were recorded in Predecessor Ambac’s Consolidated Statement of Total Comprehensive Income on the Fresh Start Reporting Date. The effects of emergence and Fresh Start had a material impact on the comparability of our results of operations between these periods, as discussed below. The significant Fresh Start items impacting comparability are as follows:
Investment Income: As required under Fresh Start, the amortized cost basis of Ambac’s fixed income securities were adjusted to fair value as of the Fresh Start Reporting Date. This resulted in an overall increase in the amortized cost of fixed income securities and offsetting decrease in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income of $826.6 million. Premiums and discounts are amortized or accreted over the remaining term of the securities using the effective interest method. As a result of Fresh Start, the net unamortized
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discount in the portfolio decreased on the Fresh Start Reporting Date by the amount of the increase to amortized cost described above, which impacted the amount of premium amortization and discount accretion reflected in net investment income of Successor Ambac.
Interest Expenses: As required under Fresh Start, surplus notes issued by Ambac Assurance and the Segregated Account and the related accrued interest on such notes were adjusted to fair value as of the Fresh Start Reporting Date. This resulted in an overall increase in the carrying value of debt and accrued interest by $767.9 million. Discounts to the face value of debt are accreted through interest expense based on the projected cash flows of the instruments using the effective interest method. As a result of Fresh Start, the unamortized discounts on surplus notes have decreased and the future cash flows have been re-projected, both of which impacted the amount of discount accretion recognized in interest expense for Successor Ambac.
Operating Expenses—Deferred Acquisition Costs: As required under Fresh Start, deferred acquisition costs have been written off as of the Fresh Start Reporting Date and accordingly amortization of such costs will not be reflected in Successor Ambac’s net income.
Insurance Intangible Amortization: At the Fresh Start Reporting Date, an insurance intangible asset was recorded which represented the difference between the fair value and aggregate carrying value of the financial guarantee insurance and reinsurance assets and liabilities. The carrying value of our financial guarantee insurance and reinsurance contracts will continue to be reported and measured in accordance with existing accounting policies; these line items primarily comprise premiums receivable, reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses, unearned premiums, deferred ceded premium, subrogation recoverable, losses and loss expense reserve, and ceded premiums payable. Subsequent to the Fresh Start Reporting Date, the insurance intangible asset is amortized into expense on a basis consistent with the satisfaction of financial guarantee insurance or reinsurance obligations.
Goodwill: Represents the excess of the reorganization value over the fair value of identified tangible and intangible assets of Successor Ambac. Goodwill will be assessed for impairment on an annual basis, and more frequently if certain indicators of impairment exist. Refer Note 2 and Note 3 of Ambac's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013 for a discussion on how goodwill was determined and for the factors that are considered in the impairment assessment process.
A summary of our financial results is shown below:

| Successor Ambac – |  |  | Predecessor Ambac –
Quarterly Information ($ in millions) | Three Months Ended March 31, 2014 |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2013
Revenues: |  |  |  |
Net premiums earned | $ | 82.5 |  |  |  | $ | 100.3 |
Net investment income | 70.8 |  |  |  | 84.5 |
Net other-than-temporary impairment losses | (10.4 | ) |  |  | — |
Net realized investment (losses) gains | 16.3 |  |  |  | 46.1 |
Change in fair value of credit derivatives | 7.4 |  |  |  | 12.8 |
Derivative product revenues | (53.8 | ) |  |  | (0.6 | )
Other income | 1.9 |  |  |  | 9.5 |
(Loss) income on variable interest entities | (5.5 | ) |  |  | 38.3 |
Expenses: |  |  |  |
Loss and loss expenses (benefit) | (140.0 | ) |  |  | (51.1 | )
Insurance intangible amortization | 31.7 |  |  |  | — |
Underwriting and operating expenses | 25.8 |  |  |  | 33.9 |
Interest expense | 32.3 |  |  |  | 23.2 |
Reorganization items | — |  |  |  | 2.0 |
Provision for income taxes | 3.3 |  |  |  | 0.7 |
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to the Noncontrolling interest | 0.1 |  |  |  | — |
Net income (attributable to common shareholders) | $ | 155.9 |  |  |  | $ | 282.3 |

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The following paragraphs describe the consolidated results of operations of Ambac and subsidiaries for all periods in the three months ended March 31, 2014 and 2013 and its financial condition as of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013.
Net Premiums Earned. Net premiums earned primarily represent the amortization into income of collected insurance premiums. We present accelerated premiums, which result from calls and other accelerations of insured obligations separate from other net premiums earned, herein referred to as normal net premiums earned. Ambac recognizes negative accelerations on policies when the GAAP premiums receivable for the policy exceeds the policy’s unearned premium reserve at termination. Normal net premiums earned have been negatively impacted by the runoff of the insured portfolio either via transaction terminations, calls, pre-refundings and scheduled maturities.
As noted above, as a result of Fresh Start, insurance and reinsurance assets and liabilities are measured using the same accounting policies for both Successor and Predecessor periods. Net premiums earned for the three months ended March 31, 2014 were $82.5 million as compared to $100.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2013. Normal net premiums earned and accelerated premiums are reconciled to total net premiums earned in the table below and are included in the Financial Guarantee segment. The following table provides a breakdown of net premiums earned by market sector:

| Successor Ambac – |  |  | Predecessor Ambac –
($ in millions) | Three Months Ended March 31, 2014 |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2013
Public Finance | $ | 27.3 |  |  |  | $ | 36.1 |
Structured Finance | 10.4 |  |  |  | 15.7 |
International Finance | 19.7 |  |  |  | 19.1 |
Total normal premiums earned | 57.4 |  |  |  | 70.9 |
Accelerated earnings | 25.1 |  |  |  | 29.4 |
Total net premiums earned | $ | 82.5 |  |  |  | $ | 100.3 |

The following table provides a breakdown of accelerated earnings by market sector:

| Successor Ambac – |  |  | Predecessor Ambac –
($ in millions) | Three Months Ended March 31, 2014 |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2013
Public Finance | $ | 18.8 |  |  |  | $ | 26.0 |
Structured Finance | 0.3 |  |  |  | 3.4 |
International Finance | 6.0 |  |  |  | — |
Total accelerated earnings | 25.1 |  |  |  | 29.4 |

Net Investment Income. As noted above, as a result of Fresh Start, the amount of premium amortization and discount accretion reflected in net investment income for Successor Ambac have been impacted by the resetting of the amortized cost basis for fixed income securities to fair value at the Fresh Start Reporting Date. Fresh Start adjustments increased the overall amortized cost basis and decreased the effective yield of the portfolio for Successor Ambac. The following table provides details of net investment income by segment for the periods presented:

| Successor Ambac – |  |  | Predecessor Ambac –
($ in millions) | Three Months Ended March 31, 2014 |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2013
Financial Guarantee | $ | 70.4 |  |  |  | $ | 83.3 |
Financial Services | 0.4 |  |  |  | 1.2 |
Corporate | — |  |  |  | — |
Total net investment income | 70.8 |  |  |  | 84.5 |

For the Successor Ambac three month period ended March 31, 2014, Financial Guarantee net investment income generally reflects recent market yields for securities in the portfolio, given that the amortized cost bases of securities were reset to fair value at the Fresh Start Reporting Date. Portfolio yields for Predecessor Ambac in 2013 benefited from the continued shift toward higher
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yielding assets, including Ambac-wrapped securities purchased as part of the company’s loss remediation strategy during periods of generally higher market spreads than were prevalent at the Fresh Start Reporting Date.
Financial Services investment income continues to decline, driven primarily by a smaller portfolio of investments in the investment agreement business. The investment portfolio continues to decrease as investment agreements runoff, or when intercompany loans from Ambac Assurance are repaid.
Corporate investment income relates to the investments from Ambac’s investment portfolio.
Net Other-Than-Temporary Impairment Losses. Net other-than-temporary impairment losses recorded in earnings include only the credit related impairment amounts to the extent management does not intend to sell and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell before recovery of the amortized cost basis. Non-credit related impairment amounts are recorded in other comprehensive income. Alternatively, the non-credit related impairment is reported through earnings as part of net other-than-temporary impairment losses if management intends to sell the securities or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell before recovery of amortized cost less any current period credit impairment.
Successor Ambac’s net other-than-temporary impairments relate to credit losses on certain Ambac-wrapped securities and the company’s intent to sell certain securities that are in an unrealized loss position as of March 31, 2014. Since commencement of the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Proceedings, changes in the estimated effective date of the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan and the resumption of claim payments with respect to Segregated Account policies have periodically resulted in adverse changes in projected cash flows on certain impaired Ambac-wrapped securities. The Segregated Account has been making Interim Payments in amounts equal to 25% of permitted Segregated Account policy claims since September 2012 (plus, in certain cases, Supplemental Payments as described in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of Ambac's 2013 Annual Report on Form 10-K). As described in Note 1 to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q, if the proposed amendments to the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan sought by the Rehabilitator are approved, the Rehabilitator intends to increase the percentage of permitted policy claims to be paid from 25% to 45%, and to make certain payments on Deferred Amounts, together with interest thereon, and to early redeem a portion of the Segregated Account surplus notes (including accrued and unpaid interest thereon). The redemption of any Segregated Account surplus notes will result in a proportionate redemption of the General Account surplus notes (including accrued and unpaid interest thereon). Our evaluation of other-than-temporary impairments as of March 31, 2014, particularly with respect to Ambac's ability to hold securities that are in an unrealized loss position, considered the impact of increased cash outflow that would result in 2014 from the increased claim payment percentage, payment on Deferred Amounts and surplus note redemptions. Declines in the fair value of investment securities or changes in management's intent to sell securities to fund these increased cash payments could result in future recognition of other-than-temporary impairments. Additionally, modifications to the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan, or orders from the Rehabilitation Court or actions by the Rehabilitator, with respect to the form, amount and timing of satisfying permitted policy claims, or making payments on Deferred Amounts or surplus notes may have a material effect on the fair value of Ambac-wrapped securities and future recognition of other-than-temporary impairments.
Net Realized Investment Gains. The following table provides a breakdown of net realized (losses) gains for the periods presented:

($ in millions) | Financial Guarantee |  | Financial Services |  | Corporate |  | Total
Successor Ambac—Three Months Ended March 31, 2014: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net gains on securities sold or called | $ | 18.4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18.4 |
Foreign exchange (losses) | (2.1 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2.1 | )
Total net realized gains | $ | 16.3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16.3 |
Predecessor Ambac—Three months ended March 31, 2013: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net gains on securities sold or called | $ | 1.3 |  |  | $ | 40.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 41.3 |
Foreign exchange (losses) | 4.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4.8 |
Total net realized gains | $ | 6.1 |  |  | $ | 40.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 46.1 |

Net gains during the three months ended March 31, 2014 arose primarily from the sale of assets received pursuant to Ambac's remediation activities, gains on securities sold in connection with investment portfolio reallocation and net foreign exchange losses. The net gains during the three months ended March 31, 2013 were primarily the result of recoveries from the settlement of litigation associated with investment securities that were previously written-off.
Change in Fair Value of Credit Derivatives. The valuation of credit derivative liabilities is impacted by the market’s view of Ambac Assurance’s credit quality. We reflect Ambac’s own credit quality in the fair value of such liabilities by including a credit valuation adjustment (“CVA”) in the determination of fair value. The gain from change in fair value of credit derivatives for the
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three months ended March 31, 2014 was $7.4 million as compared to the gain of $12.8 million reported for the three months ended March 31, 2013. The change in fair value of credit derivatives for each of the periods presented included improvement in reference obligation prices, gains associated with runoff of the portfolio and credit derivative fees earned, net of the impact of incorporating the Ambac CVA. The CVA changes each period are based on observed changes in the fair value of Ambac Assurance’s direct and guaranteed obligations. Reductions to the CVA resulted in losses within the overall change in fair value of credit derivative liabilities of $9.8 million and $69.5 million the three months ended March 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively.
Realized gains and other settlements on credit derivative contracts represent premiums received and accrued on such contracts. The declines over time are due to reduced premium receipts resulting from continued runoff of the credit derivative portfolio. There were no loss or settlement payments in the periods presented.
Unrealized gains (losses) on credit derivative contracts reflect the impact of all other factors of the overall change in fair value of credit derivatives noted above. See Note 7 to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements located in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for a further description of Ambac’s methodology for determining the fair value of credit derivatives. The table below indicates the impact of incorporating Ambac’s own credit risk into the fair value of credit derivatives as of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013:

| Successor Ambac – |  |  | Successor Ambac –
($ in millions) | March 31, 2014 |  |  | December 31, 2013
Mark-to-market liability of credit derivatives, excluding CVA | $ | 116.9 |  |  |  | $ | 133.3 |
CVA on credit derivatives | (29.2 | ) |  |  | (39.0 | )
Net credit derivative liability at fair value | $ | 87.7 |  |  |  | $ | 94.3 |

Derivative Product Revenues. The derivative products portfolio is positioned to benefit from rising rates as an economic hedge against interest rate exposure in the financial guarantee portfolio. Net losses reported in derivative product revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2014 were $53.8 million as compared to a net loss of $0.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2013. For the three month periods ended March 31, 2014 and 2013, results in derivative product revenues were driven by mark-to-market (losses) gains in the portfolio caused by (falling) rising interest rates during the periods, net of the impact of credit valuation adjustments as discussed below.
The fair value of derivatives includes a valuation adjustment to reflect Ambac’s own credit risk when appropriate. Within the financial services derivatives portfolio, an Ambac CVA is generally applicable for uncollateralized derivative liabilities that may not be offset by derivative assets under a master netting agreement. Inclusion of an Ambac CVA in the valuation of financial services derivatives resulted in gains (losses) within derivative products revenues of $5.4 million and $(30.1) million for the three months ended March 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The impact of changes to the CVA reflects the market’s view of Ambac Assurance’s credit quality as well as the amount of underlying liabilities, which generally decline as interest rates increase. The market's view of Ambac Assurance's credit quality improved during both periods presented, but more significantly during the three months ended March 31, 2013. The table below indicates the impact of incorporating Ambac’s own credit risk into the fair value of the derivative products portfolio (excludes credit derivatives) as of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013:

| Successor Ambac – |  |  | Successor Ambac –
($ in millions) | March 31, 2014 |  |  | December 31, 2013
Derivative products mark-to-market liability, excluding CVA | $ | 185.0 |  |  |  | $ | 130.3 |
CVA on derivative products portfolio | (53.8 | ) |  |  | (48.4 | )
Net derivative products portfolio liability at fair value | $ | 131.2 |  |  |  | $ | 81.9 |

Other Income. Other income is primarily comprised of non-investment related foreign exchange gains and losses, deal structuring, commitment, consent and waiver fees. Other income for the three months ended March 31, 2014 was $1.9 million, as compared to $9.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2013. Other income for the three months ended March 31, 2014 primarily resulted from deal related fees. Other income for the three months ended March 31, 2013 primarily resulted from foreign exchange gains in addition to deal related fees.
(Loss) Income on Variable Interest Entities. Included within (Loss) income on variable interest entities are income statement amounts relating to VIEs consolidated under the Consolidation Topic of the ASC, including gains or losses attributable to consolidating or deconsolidating VIEs during the periods reported. Generally, the Company’s consolidated VIEs are entities for which Ambac has provided financial guarantees on its assets or liabilities. In consolidation, most assets and liabilities of the VIEs are reported at fair value and the related insurance assets and liabilities are eliminated. However, the amount of VIE net assets (liabilities) that remain in consolidation generally result from the net positive (negative) present value of projected cash flows from (to) the VIEs which are attributable to Ambac’s insurance subsidiaries in the form of financial guarantee insurance premiums
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and fees and losses. In the case of VIEs with net negative projected cash flows, the net liability is generally to be funded by Ambac’s insurance subsidiaries through insurance claim payments. Differences between the net carrying value of the insurance accounts under the Financial Services—Insurance Topic of the ASC and the carrying value of the consolidated VIE’s net assets or liabilities are recorded through income at the time of consolidation or deconsolidation.
(Loss) income on variable interest entities was $(5.5) million and $38.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Results for the three months ended March 31, 2014 reflect decreases to the fair value of net assets related primarily due to a decrease in the CVA applied to certain VIE note liabilities that include significant projected financial guarantee claims. Income on variable interest entities for the three months ended March 31, 2013 includes gains associated with longer estimated lives of certain transactions and the resultant increase in projected positive net cash flows from the VIEs to Ambac in the form of financial guarantee premiums. Refer to Note 3 to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for further information on the accounting for VIEs.
Losses and Loss Expenses. Losses and loss expenses are based upon estimates of the aggregate losses inherent in the non-derivative financial guarantee portfolio for insurance policies issued to beneficiaries, including unconsolidated VIEs. Losses and loss expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2014 were a benefit of $140.0 million as compared to a benefit of $51.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2013. The following provides details for losses incurred for the periods presented:

| Successor Ambac – |  |  | Predecessor Ambac –
($ in millions) | Three Months Ended March 31, 2014 |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2013
RMBS | $ | (102.9 | ) |  |  | $ | (156.3 | )
Student Loans | (82.9 | ) |  |  | 34.5 |
Domestic Public Finance | 7.0 |  |  |  | (15.8 | )
Ambac UK | 37.3 |  |  |  | 78.1 |
All other credits | 0.6 |  |  |  | 2.0 |
Loss Expenses | 0.9 |  |  |  | 6.4 |
Totals | $ | (140.0 | ) |  |  | $ | (51.1 | )

The following table provides details of net claims recorded, net of reinsurance for the affected periods:

| Successor Ambac – |  |  | Predecessor Ambac –
($ in millions) | Three Months Ended March 31, 2014 |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2013
Claims recorded (1) | $ | 124.8 |  |  |  | $ | 312.5 |
Subrogation Received | (69.7 | ) |  |  | (127.8 | )
Net Claims Recorded | $ | 55.1 |  |  |  | $ | 184.7 |

(1) | Claims recorded include (i) claims paid and (ii) changes to claims presented and unpresented through the balance sheet date for policies which were allocated to the Segregated Account. Item (ii) includes permitted policy claims for policies allocated to the Segregated Account that were presented but not paid through to the balance sheet date and approved by the Rehabilitator of the Segregated Account in accordance with the Policy Claim Rules as discussed in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of Ambac’s 2013 Form 10-K . Amounts recorded for claims not yet presented and/or permitted are based on management’s judgment.

As of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively, $3,962.5 million and $3,904.3 million of Segregated Account claims remain unpaid.
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Underwriting and Operating Expenses. Underwriting and operating expenses consist of gross operating expenses plus the amortization of previously deferred insurance acquisition costs. The amortization of previously deferred underwriting expenses is included in Financial Guarantee segment results. As noted above, all deferred acquisition costs were written of in Fresh Start and accordingly no amortization is reported in Successor Ambac. The following table provides details of underwriting and operating expenses for the periods presented:

| Successor Ambac – |  |  | Predecessor Ambac –
($ in millions) | Three Months Ended March 31, 2014 |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2013
Underwriting and operating: |  |  |  |
Gross Operating Expenses | 25.9 |  |  |  | 28.4 |
Reinsurance commissions, net | (0.1 | ) |  |  | 0.2 |
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs | — |  |  |  | 5.3 |
Total | 25.8 |  |  |  | 33.9 |

Gross underwriting and operating expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2014 were $25.9 million as compared to $28.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2013. The decrease is primarily due to lower compensation, consulting and legal costs, partially offset by higher director fees and premium taxes.
As a consequence of the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Proceedings, the Rehabilitator retains operational control and decision-making authority with respect to all matters related to the Segregated Account, including the hiring of advisers. During the three months ended March 31, 2014 and 2013 expenses incurred in connection with legal and consulting services provided for the benefit of OCI amounted to $0.9 million and $1.4 million, respectively. Future expenses may include advisory costs for the benefit of OCI that are outside the control of Ambac’s management.
Interest Expense. Interest expense includes accrued interest on investment agreements, a secured borrowing transaction and surplus notes issued by Ambac Assurance and the Segregated Account. Additionally, interest expense includes discount accretion on surplus notes as their carrying value is at a discount to par. As noted above, as a result of Fresh Start, the unamortized discounts on surplus notes have decreased by resetting the carrying value to fair value at the Fresh Start Reporting Date and future cash flows on the surplus notes have been re-projected. Both of these items have impacted the amount of discount accretion recognized in interest expense for Successor Ambac. Accretion of surplus note discounts included within overall interest expense was $12.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2014, as compared to $3.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2013.
The following table provides details by type of obligation for the periods presented:

| Successor Ambac – |  |  | Predecessor Ambac –
($ in millions) | Three Months Ended March 31, 2014 |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2013
Interest expense: |  |  |  |
Surplus notes | $ | 31.9 |  |  |  | $ | 22.0 |
Investment agreements | 0.4 |  |  |  | 1.0 |
Secured borrowing | — |  |  |  | 0.2 |
Total | $ | 32.3 |  |  |  | $ | 23.2 |

Ambac Assurance and the Segregated Account have not paid any interest on surplus notes since their issuance. Surplus note interest payments require the approval of OCI. Annually from 2011 through 2014, OCI issued its disapproval of the requests of Ambac Assurance and the Rehabilitator of the Segregated Account, acting for and on behalf of the Segregated Account, to pay interest on outstanding surplus notes issued by Ambac and the Segregated Account on the annual scheduled interest payment date of June 7th. As a result of this disapproval, total unapproved interest for surplus notes outstanding to third parties (excluding junior surplus notes) will be $277.7 million at the scheduled interest payment date of June 7, 2014. OCI has also not approved any payment on any junior surplus notes since their issuance.
The disapproved interest was accrued for and Ambac is accruing interest on these additional amounts following each scheduled interest payment date. As described in Note 1 to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q, if the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan is amended in the form proposed by the Rehabilitator, the
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Rehabilitator intends to redeem certain Segregated Account surplus notes (other than junior surplus notes) at a redemption price that would include an amount equal to accrued interest on such redeemed surplus notes. Any such payment would also trigger similar proportionate redemption payments on Ambac Assurance's surplus notes. Settlement of these liabilities will occur subsequent to approval of the amendments by the Rehabilitation Court. The redemption of surplus notes would result in a charge representing the accelerated recognition of the unamortized discount on the redeemed surplus notes. As of March 31, 2014, the unamortized discount on the portion of Segregated Account and General Account surplus notes expected to be redeemed is $82.4 million.
Reorganization Items. Reorganization items are primarily expenses directly attributed to our Chapter 11 reorganization process. Reorganization items in three months ended March 31, 2014 and 2013 were $0.0 million and $2.1 million, respectively, primarily relating to professional advisory fees.
Provision for Income Taxes. The provision for income taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2014 was $3.2 million as compared to $0.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2013. The income tax for the three months ended March 31, 2014 includes a provision of $2.6 million for Federal alternative minimum tax obligations. For both periods, the income tax expense also includes a provision for pre-tax profits in Ambac UK’s Italian branch, which cannot be offset by losses in other jurisdictions.
At March 31, 2014 the Company had $5.2 billion of U.S. Federal net operating loss carryforwards, including $1.4 billion at Ambac Financial Group and $3.8 billion at Ambac Assurance.
Ambac Assurance Statutory Basis Financial Results
Ambac Assurance’s and the Segregated Account’s statutory financial statements are prepared on the basis of accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the OCI. OCI recognizes only statutory accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the State of Wisconsin (“SAP”) for determining and reporting the financial condition and results of operations of an insurance company for determining its solvency under Wisconsin Insurance Law. The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) Accounting Practices and Procedures manual (“NAIC SAP”) has been adopted as a component of prescribed practices by the State of Wisconsin. OCI has prescribed or permitted additional accounting practices for Ambac Assurance and the Segregated Account which are described in Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of Ambac’s 2013 Form 10-K. During 2014, Ambac received clarification from OCI that its prescribed practice relating to other than temporarily impaired investment securities shall remain effective until the proposed amendments to the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan are approved by the Rehabilitation Court. Refer to Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Ambac's 2013 Form 10-K for additional information on the significant differences between U.S. GAAP and SAP.
The total assets, total liabilities, and total surplus of the Segregated Account are reported as discrete components of Ambac Assurance’s assets, liabilities, and surplus within Ambac Assurance’s statutory basis financial statements. Accordingly, Ambac Assurance’s statutory financial statements include the results of Ambac Assurance’s general account and, to the extent allowable under a prescribed accounting practice by OCI, the Segregated Account. Pursuant to this prescribed practice, the results of the Segregated Account are not fully included in Ambac Assurance’s statutory financial statements if Ambac Assurance’s surplus is (or would be) less than $100 million (“Minimum Surplus Amount”). Maintaining the Minimum Surplus Amount will result in a reduction in the liabilities assumed by Ambac Assurance from the Segregated Account. Please refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of Ambac’s 2013 Form 10-K for additional information on the establishment of the Segregated Account as well as the operative documents between Ambac Assurance and the Segregated Account.
Ambac Assurance’s statutory policyholder surplus and qualified statutory capital (defined as the sum of policyholders surplus and mandatory contingency reserves) were $1,007.6 million and $1,093.3 million at March 31, 2014, respectively, as compared to $840.3 million and $905.1 million at December 31, 2013, respectively. The Segregated Account’s statutory policyholder surplus amount, which is included in Ambac Assurance’s policyholder surplus, was $442.4 million and $442.6 million as of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively. In the event that Ambac Assurance does not maintain surplus in excess of the Minimum Surplus Amount, the Segregated Account would experience a shortfall in funds available to pay its liabilities to the extent that such liabilities exceed amounts available under the Secured Note (as defined in Note 1 to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q) and Reinsurance Agreement (as defined in Note 1 to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q). Any such shortfall would be a consideration for the Rehabilitator in the determination of whether any changes to the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan and/or the amount of partial policy claim payments are necessary or appropriate or whether to institute general rehabilitation proceedings against Ambac Assurance. Ambac Assurance’s increase in policyholder surplus was primarily due to statutory net income partially offset by contributions to contingency reserves.
Ambac Assurance’s statutory policyholder surplus includes $1,641.9 million surplus notes and junior surplus notes issued to various parties (including $350 million of junior surplus notes held by Ambac). These surplus notes and junior surplus notes,
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as well as preferred stock issued by Ambac Assurance, are obligations of Ambac Assurance that must be satisfied prior to Ambac realizing residual value from Ambac Assurance.
Ambac Assurance’s statutory surplus is sensitive to multiple factors, including: (i) loss reserve development (inclusive of Segregated Account reserves), (ii) approval by the Rehabilitation Court of the proposed amendments to the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan that require interest accruals on deferred amounts on policies allocated to the Segregated Account, (iii) approval by OCI of interest payments on existing surplus notes issued by Ambac Assurance or the Segregated Account, (iv) deterioration in the financial position of Ambac Assurance subsidiaries that have their obligations guaranteed by Ambac Assurance, (v) first time payment defaults of insured obligations, which increases statutory loss reserves, (vi) commutations of insurance policies or credit derivative contracts at amounts that differ from the amount of liabilities recorded, (vii) reinsurance contract terminations at amounts that differ from net assets recorded, (viii) changes to the fair value of investments carried at fair value, (iv) settlements of representation and warranty breach claims at amounts that differ from amounts recorded, including failures to collect such amounts, (v) realized gains and losses, including losses arising from other than temporary impairments of investment securities, and (vi) prescribed SAP practices by the OCI.
Ambac UK Financial Results under UK Accounting Principles
Ambac UK is required to prepare financial statements under the provisions of The Large and Medium-sized Companies and Groups (Accounts and Reports) Regulations 2008 relating to insurance companies, and in accordance with the Statement of Recommended Practice on Accounting for Insurance Business issued by the Association of British Insurers dated December 2005 (as amended in December 2006) (collectively referred to as “UK GAAP”). Ambac UK is also required to prepare financial statements pursuant to the Accounts and Statements Rules set out in Part I and Part IV of Chapter 9 to IPRU(INS) the Interim Prudential Sourcebook for Insurers, GENPRU the General Prudential Sourcebook and INSPRU the Insurance Prudential Sourcebook (“the Rules”) made by the Prudential Regulatory Authority under section 138 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (“UK Regulatory”). Refer to Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Ambac's 2013 Form 10-K for additional information on the significant differences between these accounting bases and U.S. GAAP.
The deficit in Ambac UK’s shareholder funds under UK GAAP was £148.1 million at March 31, 2014 as compared to a deficit of £165.4 million at December 31, 2013. Ambac UK’s improvement in shareholders’ funds was primarily due to premiums earned due to the continued runoff of the insured portfolio. Notwithstanding the deficit in shareholders’ funds, the directors remain satisfied that Ambac UK has adequate resources to meet its obligations as they fall due and that Ambac UK remains a going concern. At March 31, 2014, the carrying value of cash and investments was £309.5 million, an increase from £297.2 million at December 31, 2013. The increase in cash and investments is due to the continued receipt of premium income and investment coupons from Ambac UK's investment portfolio. The deficit in Ambac UK’s shareholder funds under UK Regulatory was £448.2 million at March 31, 2014 as compared to a deficit of £458.4 million at December 31, 2013. These amounts are in comparison to a regulatory capital requirement of £21.6 million for both periods whereby Ambac UK is deficient in terms of compliance with applicable regulatory capital requirements with a regulatory capital shortfall of £469.8 million and £480.0 million at March 31, 2014 and December 2013, respectively. The regulators are aware of this deficiency and dialogue between Ambac UK management and its regulators remains ongoing with respect to options for addressing the shortcoming, although such options remain few.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Ambac Financial Group, Inc. Liquidity. Ambac’s liquidity is dependent on its current cash and investments, expense sharing and other arrangements with Ambac Assurance as described below and value to be realized from Junior Surplus Notes issued to Ambac by the Segregated Account of Ambac Assurance. Pursuant to the Mediation Agreement, Amended TSA and Cost Allocation Agreement (as each such term is defined in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of Ambac’s 2013 Form 10-K), Ambac Assurance is required, under certain circumstances, to make payments to Ambac with respect to the utilization of net operating loss carry-forwards (“NOLs”) and to reimburse certain costs and expenses. Any expected receipts with regards to the utilization of NOLs will only occur after Ambac Assurance utilizes NOLs generated after September 30, 2011, which amount to approximately $148.8 million and $270.3 million as of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively. It is also uncertain whether and to what extent Ambac will realize value from the junior surplus note issued to it by the Segregated Account. See Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of Ambac's Form 10-K for descriptions of the Mediation Agreement, the Amended TSA, the Cost Allocation Agreement and the junior surplus note. It is highly unlikely that Ambac Assurance will be able to make dividend payments to Ambac for the foreseeable future and therefore the aforementioned payments will be Ambac’s
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principal source of funds in the near term. Refer to Part I, Item 1, “Insurance Regulatory Matters - Dividend Restrictions, Including Contractual Restrictions” and Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements located in Part II, Item 8, of Ambac's 2013 Form 10-K for more information on dividend payment restrictions. The principal use of liquidity is the payment of operating expenses. Contingencies could cause material liquidity strains.
Ambac Assurance Liquidity. Ambac Assurance’s liquidity is dependent on the balance of liquid investments and, over time, the net impact of sources and uses of funds. The principal sources of Ambac Assurance’s liquidity are gross installment premiums on insurance and credit default swap contracts, principal and interest payments from investments, sales of investments, proceeds from repayment of affiliate loans, recoveries on claim payments or other losses and reinsurance recoveries. Termination of installment premium policies on an accelerated basis may adversely impact Ambac Assurance’s liquidity. The principal uses of Ambac Assurance’s liquidity are the payment of operating expenses, claim and commutation payments on both insurance and credit derivative contracts, ceded reinsurance premiums, surplus note principal and interest payments and additional loans to affiliates. Interest and principal payments on surplus notes are subject to the approval of OCI, which has full discretion over deferral of payments regardless of the liquidity position of Ambac Assurance. The level of claims paid by the Segregated Account is subject to the sole discretion of the Rehabilitator, subject to any required approval of the Rehabilitation Court.
Ambac Assurance manages its liquidity risk by maintaining a comprehensive analysis of projected cash flows. Additionally, the financial guarantee business maintains a specified level of cash and short-term investments at all times.
Pursuant to the injunctions issued by the Rehabilitation Court, claims on policies allocated to the Segregated Account were not paid from the commencement of the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Proceedings until the third quarter of 2012. As further described in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of Ambac's 2013 Form 10-K, on or about September 20, 2012, the Segregated Account commenced paying 25% of each permitted policy claim that arose since the commencement of the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Proceedings. The Segregated Account will continue to make cash payments of 25% of each policy claim submitted and permitted in accordance with such Policy Claim Rules, subject to any further orders of the Rehabilitation Court, including any order made pursuant to the motion submitted by the Rehabilitator to the Rehabilitation Court on April 21, 2014 seeking approval to amend the Rehabilitation Plan, which would authorize the Rehabilitator to increase the Interim Payment percentage, as further described in Note 1 to the Unaudited Financial Statements in Part 1, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.
In addition, as described in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of Ambac's 2013 Form 10-K and in Note 1 to the Unaudited Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q, the Rehabilitator has sought and received approval from the Rehabilitation Court to make Supplemental Payments and Special Policy Payments with respect to certain insured securities. During the period ended March 31, 2014, the Segregated Account made total cash payments of $67.1 million related to permitted policy claims. Policy claims, including unpaid claims of the Segregated Account and interest thereon, will be material uses of future liquidity.
As described in Note 1, the Rehabilitator is seeking to implement amendments to the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan whereby surplus notes would not be issued with respect to the unpaid balance of permitted policy claims, but such unpaid balances would instead be recorded by the Segregated Account as Deferred Amounts that would accrue interest from the first distribution date (under the transaction documents for the relevant bond) after the date on which an Interim Payment is or was paid until such outstanding policy obligations are paid in full. The proposed amendments provide that interest on the Deferred Amounts be accrued generally at an effective rate of 5.1%, compounded annually. In the case of insured bonds whose outstanding principal balance is not reduced by the unpaid portion of permitted policy claims (such bonds, “Undercollateralized Bonds”), the 5.1% effective annual interest rate on the Deferred Amount will be reduced by the bond interest rate applicable to such Undercollateralized Bonds (adjusted from time to time in accordance with the provisions of the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan, but in no circumstances to be less than zero). Without consideration of reductions applicable to Undercollateralized Bonds, assuming a 5.1% interest rate on Deferred Amounts, the Segregated Account would be responsible for accrued interest of approximately $277 million through March 31, 2014. Furthermore, as more fully described in Note 1, if the amendments are approved, the Rehabilitator has indicated that he intends to increase the percentage of permitted policy claims to be paid from 25% to 45%, to make equalizing payments of 26.67% of Deferred Amounts outstanding as of the date of the increase to the Interim Payment percentage and to early redeem a portion of the surplus notes issued by the Segregated Account, together with interest thereon, which will result in a proportionate redemption by Ambac Assurance of its surplus notes. Payments on Deferred Amounts and surplus notes will be material uses of future liquidity.
In addition, as described in Note 1 to the Unaudited Financial Statements in Part 1, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q, if the Rehabilitator’s proposed amendments to the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan are approved, the Segregated Account will establish Junior Deferred Amounts in respect of general claims, instead of issuing junior surplus notes as originally contemplated. Junior Deferred Amounts will generally accrue and compound interest at an annual effective rate of 5.1% and will be payable, as
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and when determined by the Rehabilitator, in his sole and absolute discretion. If approved by the Rehabilitator, payment of these Junior Deferred Amounts, together with interest thereon, will be a use of future liquidity.
Ambac Assurance is limited in its ability to pay dividends pursuant to the terms of its Auction Market Preferred Shares (“AMPS”), which state that dividends may not be paid on the common stock of Ambac Assurance unless all accrued and unpaid dividends on the AMPS for the then current dividend period have been paid, provided that dividends on the common stock may be made at all times for the purpose of, and only in such amounts as are necessary for enabling Ambac (i) to service its indebtedness for borrowed money as such payments become due or (ii) to pay its operating expenses. If dividends are paid on the common stock for such purpose[s], dividends on the AMPS become cumulative until the date that all accumulated and unpaid dividends have been paid on the AMPS. Ambac Assurance has not paid dividends on the AMPS since 2010. Refer to Part I, Item 1, “Insurance Regulatory Matters - Dividend Restrictions, Including Contractual Restrictions” and Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements located in Part II, Item 8, of Ambac's 2013 Form 10-K for more information on dividend payment restrictions.
Our ability to recover RMBS subrogation recoveries and other subrogation recoveries is subject to significant uncertainty, including risks inherent in litigation, collectability of such amounts from counterparties (and/or their respective parents and affiliates), timing of receipt of any such recoveries, regulatory intervention which could impede our ability to take actions required to realize such recoveries, and uncertainty inherent in the assumptions used in estimating such recoveries. The amount of these subrogation recoveries is significant and if we are unable to recover any amounts our future available liquidity to pay claims would be reduced materially. Ambac Assurance received subrogation of $70.2 million during the quarter ended March 31, 2014.
A wholly-owned subsidiary of Ambac Assurance is a party to credit default swaps (“CDS”) with various commercial counterparties. Ambac Assurance guarantees its subsidiary’s payment obligations under such CDS. The terms of such CDS include events of default or termination events based on the occurrence of certain events, or the existence of certain circumstances, relating to the financial condition of Ambac Assurance, including the commencement of an insolvency, rehabilitation or like proceeding. If such an event of default or termination event were to occur, the CDS counterparties could claim the contractual right to terminate the CDS and require Ambac Assurance, as financial guarantor, to make termination payments. Ambac Assurance estimates that such potential termination payments amount to $204.9 million as of March 31, 2014. However, the Rehabilitation Court has issued an injunction barring the early termination of contracts based on the occurrence of events or the existence of circumstances like those described above. As a result, Ambac Assurance does not expect to make early termination payments in respect of CDS where such amounts are claimed based on the occurrence of events, or the existence of circumstances, relating to the financial condition of Ambac Assurance.
Financial Services Liquidity. The principal uses of liquidity by Financial Services subsidiaries are payments on investment agreement obligations, payments on intercompany loans, payments under derivative contracts (primarily interest rate swaps and US Treasury futures), collateral posting and operating expenses. Management believes that its Financial Services’ short and long-term liquidity needs can be funded from net investment coupon receipts; the maturity of invested assets; sales of invested assets; intercompany loans from Ambac Assurance; and receipts from derivative contracts.
While meaningful progress has been made in unwinding the Financial Services businesses, multiple sources of risk continue to exist. These include deterioration in investment security market values, additional unexpected draws on outstanding investment agreements, the settlement of potential swap terminations and the inability to replace or establish new hedge positions and interest rate volatility.
Investment agreements subject Ambac to liquidity risk associated with unanticipated withdrawals of principal as allowed by the terms of contingent withdrawal provisions within all remaining outstanding investment agreements. Investment agreements outstanding as of March 31, 2014 were issued in connection with either municipal bonds or structured credit-linked notes (“CLNs”). The investment agreements contain contingent withdrawal risk in the event of either an early redemption of the related bond issue or certain credit events pertaining to the underlying borrower. As of March 31, 2014, Ambac had $314.3 million of contingent withdrawal investment agreements related to CLNs and $45.7 million related to municipal bonds. The investment agreement business manages liquidity risk by closely matching the maturity schedules of its invested assets with the maturity schedules of its investment agreement liabilities. Additionally, management performs regular surveillance of the related transactions. This surveillance process is customized for each investment agreement transaction and includes a review of past activity, recently issued trustee reports, reference name performance characteristics and third party tools to analyze early withdrawal risk.
Liquidity risk also exists in the derivative contract and investment agreement portfolios due to contract provisions which may require collateral posting or early termination of contracts. Both the investment agreement and swap businesses borrow cash and securities from Ambac Assurance to meet liquidity needs when such borrowing is determined to be most economically beneficial to Ambac Assurance. Intercompany loans are made under established lending agreements with defined borrowing limits that have received non-disapproval from OCI.
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Cash Flow Statement Discussion. Net cash provided by operating activities was $38.5 million and $77.3 million during the three months ended March 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The principal sources of Ambac's operating cash flows are gross installment premiums on insurance contracts and fees on credit default swap contracts, claim and reinsurance recoveries and RMBS subrogation recoveries. The principal uses of Ambac's liquidity are the payment of operating expenses, claim and commutation payments on both insurance and credit derivative contracts, ceded reinsurance premiums and tax payments. During the three months ended March 31, 2014, Ambac had net loss and loss expense payments of $9 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2013, Ambac had net loss and loss expense recoveries of $12 million. In addition, premium collection and credit derivative receipts by Ambac were down approximately $4 million.
Future operating cash flows will primarily be impacted by the level of premium collections surplus note principal and interest payments (subject to approval by OCI) and claim payments (including the ultimate payment of presented but unpaid claims), including payments under credit default swap contracts. As discussed in Note 1 to the Unaudited Financial Statements located Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q, the Rehabilitator has proposed to amend the Rehabilitation Plan which will have adverse consequences to Ambac's cash flows as:
•The Rehabilitator intends to increase the percentage of the initial cash Interim Payment for permitted policy claims from 25% to 45% with effect from July 20, 2014 or, if the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan, as amended, is not effective as of such date, the first payment date (the 20th of the month) specified by the Rehabilitator following the amended Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan effective date. As with previously permitted policy claims, the remaining portion of the unpaid permitted policy claims (in this case, 55%) will remain outstanding as Deferred Amounts and, subject to the exception for Undercollateralized Bonds, will accrue interest at 5.1% per annum. These Deferred Amounts, together with interest thereon, may be paid from time to time in the future at the sole discretion of the Rehabilitator.
•The Rehabilitator intends to effectuate a payment of certain Deferred Amounts (together with interest thereon) after the first reconciliation of Deferred Amounts in accordance with the amended Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan so that those policyholders that received 25% cash Interim Payments will receive an equalizing payment in cash of 26.67% of their Deferred Amounts (including accrued interest thereon) outstanding as of the date on which the Interim Payment percentage was increased (the “Reconciliation Date”). The payment of such portion of the Deferred Amounts is expected to occur after the first reconciliation process for Deferred Amounts is completed under the amended Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan, but in any event no earlier than November 20, 2014.
•The Segregated Account will be required, pursuant to the terms of the amended Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan, to early redeem a portion of its surplus notes (excluding junior surplus notes), as and when payments are made on the Deferred Amounts. The cash amount available for redemption of the Segregated Account surplus notes will be equal to 26.67% of the sum of par and accrued and unpaid interest on such Segregated Account surplus notes, in each case, outstanding as at the Reconciliation Date. Pursuant to the terms of the Settlement Agreement, dated as of June 7, 2010 (the “Settlement Agreement”), by and among Ambac Assurance, Ambac Credit Products LLC (“ACP”), Ambac and counterparties to credit default swaps with ACP that were guaranteed by Ambac Assurance, Ambac Assurance is also required to make a proportionate redemption of its surplus notes if the Segregated Account makes a redemption of the Segregated Account surplus notes (excluding junior surplus notes). Therefore, if the equalizing 26.67% payment of the Deferred Amounts specified above is made, the Segregated Account and Ambac Assurance will be required to make proportionate redemptions of the surplus notes (excluding any junior surplus notes). Such payments will not be made earlier than November 20, 2014.
Total net cash outflows associated with the payment of Deferred Amounts and the redemption of surplus notes specified above are expected to exceed $1.5 billion in 2014.
Net cash used in financing activities was $0.0 million and ($4.1) million during the three months ended March 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2013 included paydowns on variable interest entity secured borrowing.
Net cash used in investing activities was $84.2 million and $64.0 million during the three months ended March 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively.
Credit Ratings and Collateral. Ambac Assurance is no longer rated by Moody’s and S&P, which resulted in the triggering of required cure provisions in nearly all of the investment agreements issued. In many cases, Ambac chose to terminate investment agreements, particularly when it was able to do so at levels that resulted in meaningful discounts to book value. In addition, at March 31, 2014 Ambac posted collateral of $372.7 million in connection with its outstanding investment agreements.
Ambac Financial Services (“AFS”) provided interest rate and currency swaps for states, municipalities, asset-backed issuers and other entities in connection with their financings. AFS hedges its interest rate risk of these instruments, as well as a portion
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of the interest rate risk in the financial guarantee portfolio, with standardized derivative contracts, including financial futures contracts, which contain collateral or margin requirements. Under these hedge agreements, AFS is required to post collateral or margin to its counterparties and futures commission merchants to cover unrealized losses. In addition, AFS is required to post independent amounts of collateral or margin in excess of the amounts needed to cover unrealized losses. All AFS derivative contracts containing ratings-based downgrade triggers that could result in collateral or margin posting or a termination have been triggered. If terminations were to occur, AFS would be required to make termination payments but would also receive a return of collateral or margin in the form of cash, U.S. Treasury or U.S. government agency obligations with market values equal to or in excess of market values of the swaps and futures contracts. In most cases, AFS will look to re-establish hedge positions that are terminated early. This may result in additional collateral or margin obligations. The amount of additional collateral or margin posted on derivatives contracts will depend on several variables including the degree to which counterparties exercise their termination rights (or agreements terminate automatically) and the terms on which hedges can be replaced. All collateral and margin obligations are currently met. Collateral and margin posted by AFS totaled a net amount of $125.1 million, including independent amounts, under these contracts at March 31, 2014.
Ambac Credit Products (“ACP”) entered into credit derivative contracts. ACP is not required to post collateral under any of its contracts.
BALANCE SHEET
Fresh start accounting prescribed by the Reorganizations Topic of the ASC was adopted upon our emergence from Chapter 11 proceedings on April 30, 2013 (the "Effective Date"). As a result of the application of fresh start accounting, Successor Ambac remeasured all tangible and intangible assets and all liabilities, other than deferred taxes and liabilities associated with post-retirement benefits, at fair value, and recorded goodwill representing the excess of reorganization value of Successor Ambac over the fair value of net assets being re-measured. Thus, the post-emergence consolidated financial statements reflect the new basis of accounting.
Total assets increased by approximately $21.8 million from December 31, 2013 to $27.1 billion at March 31, 2014, primarily due to an increase in the non-VIE investment portfolio, partially offset by a decrease in VIE assets. Total liabilities decreased by approximately $228.6 million from December 31, 2013 to $25.9 billion as of March 31, 2014 , primarily as a result of (i) lower variable interest entity liabilities; (ii) lower loss and loss expense reserves and (iii) lower unearned premium reserves, partially offset by (i) an increase in payable for securities purchased and (ii) higher derivative liabilities.
As of March 31, 2014 total stockholders’ equity was $1,228.8 million, compared with total stockholders’ equity of $978.4 million at December 31, 2013. This increase was primarily due comprehensive income earned during the period.
Investment Portfolio. Ambac Assurance’s non-VIE investment objective is to achieve the highest after-tax yield on a diversified portfolio of primarily fixed income investments while employing asset/liability management practices to satisfy all operating and strategic liquidity needs. Ambac Assurance’s investment portfolio is subject to internal investment guidelines and is subject to limits on types and quality of investments imposed by the insurance laws and regulations of the States of Wisconsin and New York. Such guidelines set forth minimum credit rating requirements and credit risk concentration limits. Within these guidelines, Ambac Assurance opportunistically purchases Ambac Assurance insured securities in the open market given their relative risk/reward characteristics and to mitigate the effect of potential future adverse development in the insured portfolio. Ambac Assurance’s investment policies are subject to oversight by the Rehabilitator of the Segregated Account pursuant to contracts entered into between Ambac Assurance and the Segregated Account.
Ambac UK’s non-VIE investment policy is designed with the primary objective of ensuring that Ambac UK is able to meet its financial obligations as they fall due, in particular with respect to policy holders and meeting their claims. Ambac UK’s investment portfolio is primarily fixed income investments and pooled investment funds with diversified holdings. The portfolio is subject to internal investment guidelines and may be subject to limits on types and quality of investments imposed by the PRA as regulator of Ambac UK. Ambac UK’s investment policy sets forth minimum credit rating requirements and concentration limits, among other restrictions. The Board of Directors of Ambac UK approves any changes or exceptions to Ambac UK’s investment policy.
The Financial Services non-VIE investment portfolio consists primarily of assets funded with proceeds from the issuance of investment agreement liabilities. The primary investment objective is to invest in a diversified portfolio of high-grade securities that produce sufficient cash flow to satisfy all investment agreement liabilities and their collateral requirements. The investment portfolio is subject to internal investment guidelines. Such guidelines set forth minimum credit rating requirements and credit risk concentration limits.
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The following table summarizes the composition of Ambac’s investment portfolio, excluding VIE investments, at fair value by segment at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013:

($ in millions) | Financial Guarantee |  | Financial Services |  | Corporate |  | Total
Successor Ambac—March 31, 2014: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Municipal obligations (1) | $ | 1,185.3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,185.3 |
Corporate obligations | 1,647.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,647.6 |
Foreign obligations | 142.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 142.0 |
U.S. government obligations | 68.8 |  |  | 38.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 107.0 |
U.S. agency obligations | 31.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 31.8 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities (2) | 1,645.3 |  |  | 10.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,655.7 |
Collateralized debt obligations | 170.1 |  |  | 7.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 177.3 |
Other asset-backed securities | 876.0 |  |  | 316.6 |  |  | 29.4 |  |  | 1,222.0 |
| 5,766.9 |  |  | 372.4 |  |  | 29.4 |  |  | 6,168.7 |
Short-term (1) | 200.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 15.0 |  |  | 215.1 |
Other investments | 240.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 240.5 |
| 6,207.5 |  |  | 372.4 |  |  | 44.4 |  |  | 6,624.3 |
Fixed income securities pledged as collateral: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government obligations | 125.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 125.1 |
| 125.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 125.1 |
Total investments | $ | 6,332.6 |  |  | $ | 372.4 |  |  | $ | 44.4 |  |  | $ | 6,749.4 |
Percent total | 93.8 | % |  | 5.5 | % |  | 0.7 | % |  | 100 | %

($ in millions) | Financial Guarantee |  | Financial Services |  | Corporate |  | Total
Successor Ambac—December 31, 2013: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Municipal obligations (1) | $ | 1,377.7 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,377.7 |
Corporate obligations | 1,489.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,489.4 |
Foreign obligations | 124.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 124.9 |
U.S. government obligations | 89.1 |  |  | 37.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 126.3 |
U.S. agency obligations | 32.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 32.1 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities (2) | 1,547.8 |  |  | 10.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,558.6 |
Collateralized debt obligations | 176.2 |  |  | 7.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 183.9 |
Other asset-backed securities | 649.9 |  |  | 314.4 |  |  | 28.1 |  |  | 992.4 |
| 5,487.1 |  |  | 370.1 |  |  | 28.1 |  |  | 5,885.3 |
Short-term (1) | 262.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 8.8 |  |  | 271.1 |
Other investments | 241.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 241.1 |
| 5,990.5 |  |  | 370.1 |  |  | 36.9 |  |  | 6,397.5 |
Fixed income securities pledged as collateral: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government obligations | 126.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 126.2 |
| 126.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 126.2 |
Total investments | $ | 6,116.7 |  |  | $ | 370.1 |  |  | $ | 36.9 |  |  | $ | 6,523.7 |
Percent total | 93.7 | % |  | 5.7 | % |  | 0.6 | % |  | 100.0 | %

(1) | Includes taxable and tax exempt securities.

(2) | Includes RMBS insured by Ambac Assurance.

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The following table represents the fair value of mortgage and asset-backed securities at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013 by classification:

($ in millions) | Financial Guarantee |  | Financial Services |  | Corporate |  | Total
Successor Ambac—March 31, 2014: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
RMBS—Second Lien | $ | 771.7 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 771.7 |
RMBS—First-lien—Alt-A | 481.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 481.3 |
RMBS—First Lien—Sub Prime | 258.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 258.4 |
RMBS—First Lien—Prime | 92.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 92.5 |
U.S. Government Sponsored Enterprise Mortgages | 40.2 |  |  | 10.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 50.6 |
Government National Mortgage Association | 1.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.2 |
Total residential mortgage-backed securities | 1,645.3 |  |  | 10.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,655.7 |
Other asset-backed securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Military Housing | 351.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 351.8 |
Credit Cards | 30.3 |  |  | 247.3 |  |  | 5.0 |  |  | 282.6 |
Auto | 140.5 |  |  | 69.3 |  |  | 23.5 |  |  | 233.3 |
Student Loans | 206.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 206.9 |
Structured Insurance | 51.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 51.4 |
Other | 95.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | 96.0 |
Total other asset-backed securities | 876.0 |  |  | 316.6 |  |  | 29.4 |  |  | 1,222.0 |
Total | $ | 2,521.3 |  |  | $ | 327.0 |  |  | $ | 29.4 |  |  | $ | 2,877.7 |
Successor Ambac—December 31, 2013: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
RMBS—Second Lien | $ | 702.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 702.1 |
RMBS—First-lien—Alt-A | 468.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 468.8 |
RMBS—First Lien—Sub Prime | 246.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 246.0 |
RMBS—First Lien—Prime | 86.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 86.7 |
U.S. Government Sponsored Enterprise Mortgages | 42.9 |  |  | 10.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 53.7 |
Government National Mortgage Association | 1.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.3 |
Total residential mortgage-backed securities | 1,547.8 |  |  | 10.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,558.6 |
Other asset-backed securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Military Housing | 344.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 344.1 |
Credit Cards | 20.7 |  |  | 235.3 |  |  | 8.0 |  |  | 264.0 |
Auto | 122.5 |  |  | 79.1 |  |  | 17.8 |  |  | 219.4 |
Student Loans | 14.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14.0 |
Structured Insurance | 50.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 50.9 |
Other | 97.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | 100.0 |
Total other asset-backed securities | 649.9 |  |  | 314.4 |  |  | 28.1 |  |  | 992.4 |
Total | $ | 2,197.7 |  |  | $ | 325.2 |  |  | $ | 28.1 |  |  | $ | 2,551.0 |

The weighted average rating, which is based on the lower of Standard & Poor’s or Moody’s ratings, of the mortgage and asset-backed securities is CCC- and BBB- as of March 31, 2014, and CCC- and BBB+ as of December 31, 2013, respectively.
Ambac’s fixed income portfolio includes securities covered by guarantees issued by Ambac Assurance and other financial guarantors (“insured securities”). The published Moody’s and S&P ratings on these securities reflect the higher of the financial strength rating of the financial guarantor or the rating of the underlying issuer. In the event these underlying ratings are not available from the rating agencies, Ambac will assign an internal rating. Since the insurance cannot be legally separated from the underlying security, the fair value of the insured securities in the investment portfolio includes the value of any financial guarantee embedded in such securities, including guarantees written by Ambac Assurance. In addition, a hypothetical fair value assuming the absence
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of the insurance is not readily available from our independent pricing sources. Refer to Note 8 to the Unaudited Financial Statements included in Part 1, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for further details on securities insured by Ambac Assurance.
The following table provides the ratings distribution of the fixed income investment portfolio at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013 by segment:
Rating (1):

| Financial Guarantee (2) |  | Financial Services |  | Corporate |  | Combined
Successor Ambac—March 31, 2014: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
AAA | 11 | % |  | 87 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 16 | %
AA | 20 |  |  | 13 |  |  | — |  |  | 19 |
A | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17 |
BBB | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |
Below investment grade | 31 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 29 |
Not rated | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |
| 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | %
Successor Ambac—December 31, 2013: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
AAA | 12 | % |  | 87 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 16 | %
AA | 24 |  |  | 13 |  |  | — |  |  | 23 |
A | 19 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18 |
BBB | 14 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |
Below investment grade | 26 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25 |
Not rated | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |
| 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | %

(1) | Ratings are based on the lower of Moody’s or S&P ratings. If guaranteed, rating represents the higher of the underlying or guarantor’s financial strength rating.

(2) | Below investment grade insured bonds purchased as part of the loss remediation strategy represent 25% and 21% of the 2014 and 2013 Financial Guarantee portfolio, respectively.

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The following table summarizes, for all available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position as of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, the aggregate fair value and gross unrealized loss by length of time those securities have been continuously in an unrealized loss position:

| Successor Ambac – |  | Successor Ambac –
| March 31, 2014 (2) |  | December 31, 2013
($ in millions) | Estimated Fair Value (1) |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value (1) |  | Gross Unrealized Losses
Municipal obligations in continuous unrealized loss for: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 12 months | $ | 415.7 |  |  | $ | 17.0 |  |  | $ | 437.7 |  |  | $ | 28.4 |
Greater than 12 months | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| 415.7 |  |  | 17.0 |  |  | 437.7 |  |  | 28.4 |
Corporate obligations in continuous unrealized loss for: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 12 months | 738.8 |  |  | 14.2 |  |  | 877.4 |  |  | 23.9 |
Greater than 12 months | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| 738.8 |  |  | 14.2 |  |  | 877.4 |  |  | 23.9 |
Foreign government obligations in continuous unrealized loss for: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 12 months | 104.9 |  |  | 4.8 |  |  | 117.9 |  |  | 6.9 |
Greater than 12 months | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| 104.9 |  |  | 4.8 |  |  | 117.9 |  |  | 6.9 |
U.S. government obligations in continuous unrealized loss for: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 12 months | 29.8 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | 70.0 |  |  | 2.2 |
Greater than 12 months | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| 29.8 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | 70.0 |  |  | 2.2 |
U.S. agency obligations in continuous unrealized loss for: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 12 months | 31.6 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 5.8 |  |  | 0.1 |
Greater than 12 months | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| 31.6 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 5.8 |  |  | 0.1 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities in continuous unrealized loss for: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 12 months | 441.5 |  |  | 20.4 |  |  | 644.5 |  |  | 18.1 |
Greater than 12 months | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| 441.5 |  |  | 20.4 |  |  | 644.5 |  |  | 18.1 |
Collateralized debt obligations in continuous unrealized loss for: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 12 months | 129.0 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 137.7 |  |  | 0.4 |
Greater than 12 months | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| 129.0 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 137.7 |  |  | 0.4 |
Other asset-backed securities in continuous unrealized loss for: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 12 months | 440.8 |  |  | 24.6 |  |  | 630.0 |  |  | 36.6 |
Greater than 12 months | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| 440.8 |  |  | 24.6 |  |  | 630.0 |  |  | 36.6 |
Short term securities in continuous unrealized loss for: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less than 12 months | 1.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Greater than 12 months | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| 1.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 2,333.8 |  |  | $ | 83.4 |  |  | $ | 2,921.0 |  |  | $ | 116.6 |

(1) | Since the table is presented in millions, securities with market values and unrealized losses that are less than $0.1 will be shown as zero.

(2) | As a result of the implementation of Fresh Start, amortized cost for available for sale securities was set to equal fair value on April 30, 2013. Accordingly, Successor Ambac does not have any gross unrealized losses that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position for greater than 12 months.

Management has determined that the unrealized losses in available-for-sale securities at March 31, 2014 are primarily driven by the increases in interest rates and market shifts in risk and liquidity premiums demanded by fixed income investors between the Fresh Start Reporting Date of April 30, 2013 and March 31, 2014. Ambac has concluded that unrealized losses reflected in the table above are temporary in nature based upon (a) there being no unexpected principal and interest payment defaults on these securities; (b) an analysis of the creditworthiness of the issuer and financial guarantor, as applicable, and analysis of projected
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defaults on the underlying collateral; (c) management having no intent to sell these securities; and (d) it being not more likely than not that Ambac will be required to sell these debt securities before the anticipated recovery of its amortized cost basis.
The following table summarizes amortized cost and fair value for all available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position as of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, by contractual maturity date:

| Successor Ambac – |  | Successor Ambac –
| March 31, 2014 (2) |  | December 31, 2013
($ in millions) | Amortized Cost |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Estimated Fair Value
Municipal obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Due in one year or less | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Due after one year through five years | 123.0 |  |  | 120.3 |  |  | 74.8 |  |  | 73.1 |
Due after five years through ten years | 225.3 |  |  | 215.9 |  |  | 313.7 |  |  | 294.1 |
Due after ten years | 84.4 |  |  | 79.5 |  |  | 77.6 |  |  | 70.5 |
| 432.7 |  |  | 415.7 |  |  | 466.1 |  |  | 437.7 |
Corporate obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Due in one year or less | 10.3 |  |  | 10.3 |  |  | 25.5 |  |  | 25.5 |
Due after one year through five years | 281.7 |  |  | 278.5 |  |  | 357.5 |  |  | 353.7 |
Due after five years through ten years | 422.6 |  |  | 412.4 |  |  | 475.9 |  |  | 457.8 |
Due after ten years | 38.4 |  |  | 37.6 |  |  | 42.4 |  |  | 40.4 |
| 753.0 |  |  | 738.8 |  |  | 901.3 |  |  | 877.4 |
Foreign government obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Due in one year or less | 2.1 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Due after one year through five years | 40.4 |  |  | 39.5 |  |  | 51.7 |  |  | 50.4 |
Due after five years through ten years | 66.1 |  |  | 62.5 |  |  | 67.6 |  |  | 62.8 |
Due after ten years | 1.1 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | 5.5 |  |  | 4.7 |
| 109.7 |  |  | 104.9 |  |  | 124.8 |  |  | 117.9 |
U.S. government obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Due in one year or less | 0.9 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 0.4 |
Due after one year through five years | 18.9 |  |  | 18.1 |  |  | 51.3 |  |  | 50.3 |
Due after five years through ten years | 11.7 |  |  | 10.8 |  |  | 17.8 |  |  | 16.7 |
Due after ten years |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | 2.6 |
| 31.5 |  |  | 29.8 |  |  | 72.2 |  |  | 70.0 |
U.S. agency obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Due in one year or less | 27.1 |  |  | 27.1 |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | 1.3 |
Due after one year through five years | 4.6 |  |  | 4.5 |  |  | 4.6 |  |  | 4.5 |
Due after five years through ten years | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Due after ten years | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| 31.7 |  |  | 31.6 |  |  | 5.9 |  |  | 5.8 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities | 461.9 |  |  | 441.5 |  |  | 662.6 |  |  | 644.5 |
Collateralized debt obligations | 129.6 |  |  | 129.0 |  |  | 138.1 |  |  | 137.7 |
Other asset-backed securities | 465.4 |  |  | 440.8 |  |  | 666.6 |  |  | 630.0 |
Short term securities | 1.7 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 2,417.2 |  |  | $ | 2,333.8 |  |  | $ | 3,037.6 |  |  | $ | 2,921.0 |

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Reinsurance Recoverables. Ambac Assurance has reinsurance in place pursuant to surplus share treaty and facultative agreements. To minimize its exposure to losses from reinsurers, Ambac Assurance (i) monitors the financial condition of its reinsurers; (ii) is entitled to receive collateral from its reinsurance counterparties in certain reinsurance contracts; and (iii) has certain cancellation rights that can be exercised by Ambac Assurance in the event of rating agency downgrades of a reinsurer (among other events and circumstances). Ambac Assurance held letters of credit and collateral amounting to approximately $155.2 million from its reinsurers at March 31, 2014. As of March 31, 2014, the aggregate amount of insured par ceded by Ambac Assurance to reinsurers under reinsurance agreements was $18,283 million, with the largest reinsurer accounting for $16,384 million or 8.5% of gross par outstanding at March 31, 2014. The following table represents the percentage ceded to reinsurers and reinsurance recoverable at March 31, 2014 and the reinsurers’ rating levels as of May 5, 2014:

Reinsurers | Moody’s Rating |  | Moody’s Outlook |  | Percentage ceded Par |  | Net unsecured reinsurance recoverable (in thousands) (1)
Assured Guaranty Re Ltd | Baa1 |  | Negative |  | 89.6 | % |  | $ | 45,785 |
Sompo Japan Insurance Inc | A1 |  | Stable |  | 6.1 | % |  | — |
Assured Guaranty Corporation | A3 |  | Stable |  | 4.3 | % |  | 5,544 |
Total |  |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 51,329 |

(1) | Represents reinsurance recoverables on paid and unpaid losses and deferred ceded premiums, net of ceded premium payables due to reinsurers, letters of credit, and collateral posted for the benefit of the Company.

Insurance Intangible Asset. At the Fresh Start Reporting Date, an insurance intangible asset was recorded which represented the difference between the fair value and aggregate carrying value of the financial guarantee insurance and reinsurance assets and liabilities. As of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, the insurance intangible asset was $1,570 million and $1,598 million, respectively. The change in the intangible asset during the quarter ended March 31, 2014 was primarily due to amortization of $31.7 million. Accumulated amortization was equal to $133 million and $101 million at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively.
Goodwill. At the Fresh Start Reporting Date, goodwill of $515 million was recorded which represented the excess reorganization value which could not be attributed to the fair value of specific identified tangible and intangible assets. As of March 31, 2014 we concluded goodwill was not impaired and the asset remains at $515 million.
Derivative Liabilities. The valuation of derivative liabilities (credit derivatives and interest rate swaps) is impacted by the market’s view of Ambac Assurance’s credit quality. We reflect Ambac’s credit quality in the fair value of such liabilities by including a CVA in the determination of fair value, whereas a lower (higher) CVA, in isolation, would result in an increase (decrease) in the liability. Successor Ambac reduced its derivative liabilities by $83.0 million at March 31, 2014 and $87.4 million at December 31, 2013 to incorporate the market’s view of Ambac’s credit quality. The lower CVA as of March 31, 2014 is a function of (i) changes to the underlying derivative liabilities before considering Ambac credit quality and (ii) the market’s view that Ambac’s credit quality improved during the three months ended March 31, 2014.
Losses and Loss Expense Reserve. Losses and loss expenses are based upon estimates of the aggregate losses inherent in the financial guarantee portfolio for insurance policies issued to beneficiaries, including unconsolidated VIEs. The loss and loss expense reserves for financial guarantee insurance discussed herein relates only to Ambac’s non-derivative insurance business for insurance policies for which we do not consolidate the VIE. Losses and loss expenses are based upon estimates of the ultimate aggregate losses inherent in the non-derivative financial guarantee portfolio as of the reporting date. The evaluation process for determining the level of reserves is subject to certain estimates and judgments.
The losses and loss expense reserves, before reinsurance as of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013 are $5,313.9 million and $5,470.2 million, respectively. As of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively, $3,962.5 million and $3,904.3 million of Segregated Account claims remain unpaid. Reinsurance recoverables on the balance sheet as of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013 are $111.4 million and $121.2 million, respectively.
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Losses and loss expense reserves are included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as follows:

| Successor Ambac - March 31, 2014 |  | Successor Ambac - December 31, 2013
($ in millions) | Gross Loss Reserves |  | Gross Subrogation Reserves (1) |  | Gross Loss Reserves, net of Subrogation Reserves |  | Gross Loss Reserves |  | Gross Subrogation Reserves (1) |  | Gross Loss Reserves, net of Subrogation Reserves
Losses and loss expense reserve | $ | 7,630 |  |  | $ | (1,804 | ) |  | $ | 5,826 |  |  | $ | 7,767 |  |  | $ | (1,798 | ) |  | $ | 5,969 |
Subrogation recoverable | 657 |  |  | (1,169 | ) |  | (512 | ) |  | 665 |  |  | (1,164 | ) |  | (499 | )
Totals | $ | 8,287 |  |  | $ | (2,973 | ) |  | $ | 5,314 |  |  | $ | 8,432 |  |  | $ | (2,962 | ) |  | $ | 5,470 |

(1) | Gross subrogation reserves include RMBS representation and warranty recoveries of $2,224 and $2,207 at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively.

Ambac has exposure to various bond types issued in the debt capital markets. Our experience has shown that, for the majority of bond types, we have not experienced significant claims. We have observed that, with respect to certain bond types, it is reasonably possible that a material change in actual loss severities and defaults could occur over time. In the future, our experience may differ with respect to the types of guaranteed bonds affected or the magnitude of the effect. The bond types that have experienced significant claims and loss reserves are residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”) and student loan securities. These two bond types represent 94% of our ever-to-date insurance claims recorded with RMBS comprising 91% of our ever-to-date claims payments.
The table below indicates the number of credits, gross par outstanding and gross loss reserves (including loss adjustment expenses) related to policies in Ambac’s loss reserves at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013:

| Successor Ambac - March 31, 2014 |  | Successor Ambac - December 31, 2013
($ in millions) | Number of credits |  | Gross par outstanding(1) |  | Gross Loss Reserves (1)(2)(3) |  | Number of credits |  | Gross par outstanding(1) |  | Gross Loss Reserves (1)(2)(3)
RMBS | 172 |  |  | $ | 11,172 |  |  | $ | 3,211 |  |  | 179 |  |  | $ | 11,683 |  |  | $ | 3,312 |
Student Loans | 37 |  |  | 2,263 |  |  | 891 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 2,352 |  |  | 982 |
Domestic Public Finance | 142 |  |  | 5,051 |  |  | 343 |  |  | 111 |  |  | 5,019 |  |  | 338 |
All other credits | 13 |  |  | 3,524 |  |  | 769 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 3,153 |  |  | 727 |
Loss adjustment expenses | — |  |  | — |  |  | 100 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 111 |
Totals | 364 |  |  | $ | 22,010 |  |  | $ | 5,314 |  |  | 339 |  |  | $ | 22,207 |  |  | $ | 5,470 |

(1) | Ceded Par Outstanding and ceded loss and loss expense reserves at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, are $977 and $111 and $901 and $121, respectively. Ceded loss reserves are included in Reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses.

(2) | Loss reserves are included in the balance sheet as Losses and loss expense reserve or Subrogation recoverable dependent on if a policy is in a net liability or net recoverable position.

(3) | Included in Gross Loss Reserves are unpaid claims of $3,963 and $3,904 at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively, related to policies allocated to the Segregated Account.

RMBS
Ambac insures RMBS transactions collateralized by first-lien mortgages. Ambac classifies its insured first-lien RMBS exposure principally into two broad credit risk classes: mid-prime (including Alt-A, interest only, and negative amortization) and sub-prime. Mid-prime loans were typically made to borrowers who had stronger credit profiles relative to sub-prime loans, but weaker than prime loans. Compared with mid-prime loans, sub-prime loans typically had higher loan-to-value ratios, reflecting the greater difficulty that sub-prime borrowers have in making down payments and the propensity of these borrowers to extract equity during refinancing.
Ambac has also insured RMBS transactions collateralized predominantly by second-lien mortgage loans such as closed-end seconds and home equity lines of credit. A second-lien mortgage loan is a type of loan in which the borrower uses the equity
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in their home as collateral and the second-lien loan is subordinate to the first-lien loan outstanding on the home. The borrower is obligated to make monthly payments on both their first and second-lien loans. If the borrower defaults on the payments due under these loans and the property is subsequently liquidated, the liquidation proceeds are first utilized to pay off the first-lien loan (as well as costs due the servicer) and any remaining funds are applied to pay off the second-lien loan. As a result of this subordinate position to the first-lien loan, second-lien loans carry a significantly higher severity in the event of a loss, typically at or above 100% in the current housing market.
RMBS Representation and Warranty Subrogation Recoveries
Ambac records subrogation recoveries as a component of its loss reserve estimate, related to securitized loans in RMBS transactions that breached certain representations and warranties described herein. Generally, the sponsor of an RMBS transaction provided representations and warranties with respect to the securitized loans, including representations with respect to the loan characteristics, the absence of fraud or other misconduct in the origination process, and attesting to the compliance of loans with the prevailing underwriting policies. In such cases, the sponsor of the transaction is contractually obligated to repurchase, cure or substitute collateral for any loan that breaches the representations and warranties. Ambac or its counsel engaged consultants with significant mortgage underwriting experience to review the underwriting documentation for mortgage loans underlying certain insured RMBS transactions. Transactions which exhibited exceptionally poor performance were chosen for further examination of the underwriting documentation supporting the underlying loans. Factors which Ambac believes to be indicative of poor performance include (i) high levels of early payment defaults, (ii) significant number of loan liquidations or charge-offs and resulting high levels of losses, and (iii) rapid elimination of credit protections inherent in the transactions’ structures. Clause (ii), “loan liquidations,” refers to loans for which the servicer has liquidated the related collateral and the securitization has realized losses on the loan; “charge-offs” refers to loans which have been written off as uncollectible by the servicer, thereby generating no recoveries to the securitization, and may also refer to the unrecovered balance of liquidated loans. In either case, the servicer has taken actions to recover against the collateral, and the securitization has incurred losses to the extent such actions did not result in full repayment of the borrower’s obligations. Refer to Note 2 and Note 8 of the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of Ambac's 2013 Form 10-K for more information regarding the estimation process for representation and warranty subrogation recoveries.
The table below distinguishes between RMBS credits for which we have not established a representation and warranty subrogation recovery and those for which we have, providing in both cases the number of policies, gross par outstanding, gross loss reserves before subrogation recoveries, subrogation recoveries, and gross loss reserves net of subrogation for all RMBS exposures for which Ambac established reserves at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013:

| Successor Ambac - March 31, 2014
($ in millions) | Number of policies |  | Gross par outstanding |  | Gross loss reserve before representation and warranty subrogation recoveries |  | Representation and warranty subrogation recoveries |  | Gross loss reserve net of subrogation recoveries (1)
Second-lien | 19 |  |  | $ | 2,052 |  |  | $ | 506 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 506 |
First-lien Mid-prime | 52 |  |  | 2,470 |  |  | 1,513 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,513 |
First-lien Sub-prime | 39 |  |  | 1,261 |  |  | 166 |  |  | — |  |  | 166 |
Other | 14 |  |  | 255 |  |  | 164 |  |  | — |  |  | 164 |
Total Credits Without Subrogation | 124 |  |  | 6,038 |  |  | 2,349 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,349 |
Second-lien | 19 |  |  | 2,323 |  |  | 1,237 |  |  | (1,404 | ) |  | (167 | )
First-lien Mid-prime | 24 |  |  | 1,092 |  |  | 1,028 |  |  | (465 | ) |  | 563 |
First-lien Sub-prime | 5 |  |  | 1,719 |  |  | 821 |  |  | (355 | ) |  | 466 |
Total Credits With Subrogation | 48 |  |  | 5,134 |  |  | 3,086 |  |  | (2,224 | ) |  | 862 |
Total | 172 |  |  | $ | 11,172 |  |  | $ | 5,435 |  |  | $ | (2,224 | ) |  | $ | 3,211 |

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| Successor Ambac - December 31, 2013
($ in millions) | Number of policies |  | Gross par outstanding |  | Gross loss reserve before representation and warranty subrogation recoveries |  | Representation and warranty subrogation recoveries |  | Gross loss reserve net of subrogation recoveries (1)
Second-lien | 22 |  |  | $ | 2,127 |  |  | $ | 502 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 502 |
First-lien-Mid-prime | 55 |  |  | 2,590 |  |  | 1,523 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,523 |
First-lien-Sub-prime | 40 |  |  | 1,386 |  |  | 181 |  |  | — |  |  | 181 |
Other | 14 |  |  | 262 |  |  | 149 |  |  | — |  |  | 149 |
Total Credits Without Subrogation | 131 |  |  | 6,365 |  |  | 2,355 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,355 |
Second-lien | 19 |  |  | 2,408 |  |  | 1,291 |  |  | (1,411 | ) |  | (120 | )
First-lien Mid-prime | 24 |  |  | 1,139 |  |  | 1,026 |  |  | (430 | ) |  | 596 |
First-lien Sub-prime | 5 |  |  | 1,771 |  |  | 847 |  |  | (366 | ) |  | 481 |
Total Credits With Subrogation | 48 |  |  | 5,318 |  |  | 3,164 |  |  | (2,207 | ) |  | 957 |
Total | 179 |  |  | $ | 11,683 |  |  | $ | 5,519 |  |  | $ | (2,207 | ) |  | $ | 3,312 |

(1) | Included in Gross loss reserve net of subrogation recoveries are unpaid claims of $3,945 and $3,891 at March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively, related to RMBS policies allocated to the Segregated Account.

STUDENT LOANS
Our student loan portfolio consists of credits collateralized by (i) federally guaranteed loans under the Federal Family Education Loan Program (“FFELP”) and (ii) private student loans. Whereas FFELP loans are guaranteed for a minimum of 97% of defaulted principal and interest, private loans have no government guarantee and therefore are subject to credit risk. Default data has shown a significant deterioration in the performance of private student loans underlying some of our transactions. Additionally, due to the failure of the auction rate markets, the interest rates on some student loan securities have increased significantly to punitive levels pursuant to the transaction terms. Such increases have caused the collateralization ratio in these transactions to deteriorate on an accelerated basis due to negative excess spread and/or the use of principal receipts to pay current interest. Rating agency downgrades of outstanding auction rate notes have resulted in step-ups of the interest rate payable on such securities which, in certain cases, has further accelerated the erosion of the trust estate.
Total student loan gross loss reserves and related gross par outstanding on Ambac insured obligations were as follows:

| Successor Ambac - March 31, 2014 |  | Successor Ambac - December 31, 2013
Issuer Type ($ in millions) | Gross Par Outstanding |  | Gross Loss Reserves |  | Gross Par Outstanding |  | Gross Loss Reserves
For-Profit Issuers | $ | 1,915 |  |  | $ | 811 |  |  | $ | 1,951 |  |  | $ | 921 |
Not-For-Profit Issuers | 348 |  |  | 80 |  |  | 401 |  |  | 61 |
Total | $ | 2,263 |  |  | $ | 891 |  |  | $ | 2,352 |  |  | $ | 982 |

Collateral for the For-Profit Issuers consists of private loans which do not have any federal guarantee as to defaulted principal and interest. Collateral for the Not-For-Profit Issuers consists of both FFELP and private student loans. Approximately 30% of the collateral backing the Not-For-Profit Issuers consists of FFELP loans while the remaining 70% consists of private loans. Private loan defaults have been on the rise since the credit crisis in 2008 began. Elevated unemployment rates, combined with high student loan debt levels will continue to put pressure on borrower’s ability to pay their loans.
REASONABLY POSSIBLE ADDITIONAL LOSSES
Ambac’s management believes that the reserves for losses and loss expenses and unearned premium reserves are adequate to cover the ultimate net cost of claims, but reserves for losses and loss expenses are based on estimates and there can be no assurance that the ultimate liability for losses will not exceed such estimates. Accordingly, it is possible that our loss estimate assumptions for insurance policies discussed above could be understated. We have attempted to identify reasonably possible additional losses using more stressful assumptions. The reasonably possible scenario considers the highest stress scenario that was utilized in the development of our probability-weighted expected loss at March 31, 2014 and assumes an inability to execute commutation transactions with issuers and/or investors. Although we do not believe it is reasonably possible to have worst case
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outcomes in all cases, it is reasonably possible we could have worst case outcomes in some or even many cases. Similarly, it is also reasonably possible we will achieve better outcomes than our recorded probability weighted loss reserve.
RMBS
Changes to assumptions that could make our reserves under-estimated include deterioration in housing prices, poor servicing, the effects of a weakened economy marked by growing unemployment and wage pressures, and/or illiquidity of the mortgage market. Additionally, our actual subrogation recoveries could be significantly lower than our estimate of $2.2 billion as of March 31, 2014 if the sponsors of these transactions: (i) fail to honor their obligations to repurchase the mortgage loans, (ii) successfully dispute our breach findings, or (iii) no longer have the financial means to fully satisfy their obligations under the transaction documents.
In the case of both first and second-lien exposures, the reasonably possible stress case assumes a significantly harsher HPA projection, which in turn drives higher defaults and severities. Using this approach, the reasonably possible increase in loss reserves for RMBS credits for which we have an estimate of expected loss at March 31, 2014 could be approximately $182 million.
Student Loans
Changes to assumptions that could make our reserves under-estimated include but are not limited to the interest rate environment, an increase in default rates and loss severities on the collateral due to economic factors, as well as a failure of issuers to refinance insured bonds which have a failed debt structure, such as auction rate securities. For student loan credits for which we have an estimate of expected loss at March 31, 2014, the reasonably possible increase in loss reserves could be approximately $741 million.
Public Finance
It is possible our loss reserves for public finance credits may be materially under-estimated because most credits and the portfolio as a whole have possible outcomes more adverse than our recorded loss reserves. For public finance credits with loss reserves at March 31, 2014, the sum of all losses in the highest stress case used in our current loss reserving process is $1,646 million greater than the current probability weighted loss reserve. Such stress case losses are developed based on management’s view about all possible outcomes. In arriving at such view, management makes considerable judgments about the possibility of various future events. Such judgments may not conform to outcomes considered possible by others.
In our experience, losses in the public finance portfolio have been contained, with most of our adversely classified credits resolving without loss to Ambac. However, future experience may differ from our past experience. Recently, a number of municipalities have filed for bankruptcy under Chapter 9 of the Bankruptcy Code. Ambac has exposure to four such municipalities in bankruptcy. Outcomes in municipal bankruptcies are challenging to project given their complexity and long duration, as well as their relative infrequency and the uniqueness of each case. In one case, the City of Detroit has suggested general obligation creditors, such as Ambac, may suffer losses of as much as 90% of their exposure. Should Detroit succeed in delivering high severities, other stressed municipalities may be encouraged to similarly resolve their liabilities by including their debt, in bankruptcy. High severity outcomes are unprecedented, would represent a paradigm shift in the municipal bond market and have not been factored into our current loss reserves in most cases. Ambac continues to evaluate the impact of Detroit’s bankruptcy and other developments in the municipal credit markets on our public finance portfolio. Another potentially adverse development that could cause the loss reserves on our public finance credits to be underestimated is deterioration in the municipal bond market that deprives issuers’ access to funding necessary to avoid defaulting on their obligations, including debt service. While our loss reserves consider our judgment regarding issuers’ financial flexibility to adapt to adverse markets, they may not adequately capture sudden, unexpected, or protracted market volatility that closes markets.
Other Credits
It is possible our loss reserves on other types of credits may be materially under-estimated because most credits have possible outcomes more adverse than the recorded loss reserve. For all other credits for which we have an expected loss, the sum of all the highest stress case loss scenarios is $852 million greater than the current loss reserve at March 31, 2014.
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SPECIAL PURPOSE AND VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES
Please refer to Note 3, “Special Purpose Entities, Including Variable Interest Entities” of the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements, located in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q, for information regarding special purpose and variable interest entities.
ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
Please refer to Note 13 of the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements located in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for a discussion of the impact of recent accounting pronouncements on Ambac’s financial condition and results of operations.
NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
In addition to reporting the Company’s quarterly financial results in accordance with GAAP, the Company reports two non-GAAP financial measures: Operating Earnings and Adjusted Book Value. A non-GAAP financial measure is a numerical measure of financial performance or financial position that excludes (or includes) amounts that are included in (or excluded from) the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP. We are presenting these non-GAAP financial measures because they provide greater transparency and enhanced visibility into the underlying profitability drivers of our business and the impact of certain items that the Company believes will reverse from GAAP book value over time through the GAAP statements of comprehensive income. Operating Earnings and Adjusted Book Value are not substitutes for the Company’s GAAP reporting, should not be viewed in isolation and may differ from similar reporting provided by other companies, which may define non-GAAP measures differently.
The following paragraphs define each non-GAAP financial measure and describe why it is useful. A reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measure and the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure is also presented below.
Operating Earnings. Operating Earnings eliminates the impact of certain GAAP accounting requirements and includes certain items that the Company has realized or expects to realize in the future, but that are not reported under GAAP. Operating earnings is defined as net income attributable to common shareholders, as reported under GAAP, adjusted on an after-tax basis for the following:

• | Elimination of the non-credit impairment fair value gains (losses) on credit derivatives, which is the amount in excess of the present value of the expected estimated credit losses. Such fair value adjustments are heavily affected by, and in part fluctuate with, changes in market factors such as interest rates and credit spreads, including the market’s perception of Ambac’s credit risk (“Ambac CVA”), and are not expected to result in an economic gain or loss. These adjustments allow for all financial guarantee segment contracts to be accounted for consistent with the Financial Services – Insurance Topic of ASC, whether or not they are subject to derivative accounting rules.

• | Elimination of the effects of VIEs that were consolidated as a result of being insured by Ambac. These adjustments eliminate the VIE consolidation and ensure that all financial guarantee segment contracts are accounted for consistent with the provisions of the Financial Services – Insurance Topic of the ASC, whether or not they are subject to consolidation accounting rules.

• | Elimination of the amortization of the financial guarantee insurance intangible asset and impairment of goodwill that arose as a result of Ambac’s emergence from bankruptcy and the implementation of Fresh Start reporting. The amount reported in net income attributable to common shareholders represents the amortization of Fresh Start adjustments relating to financial guarantee contracts. These adjustments ensure that all financial guarantee segment contracts are accounted for consistent with the provisions of the Financial Services – Insurance Topic of the ASC.

• | Elimination of the foreign exchange gains (losses) on re-measurement of net premium receivables and loss and loss expense reserves. Long-duration receivables constitute a significant portion of the net premium receivable balance and represent the present value of future contractual or expected collections. Therefore, the current period’s foreign exchange re-measurement gains (losses) are not necessarily indicative of the total foreign exchange gains (losses) that Ambac will ultimately recognize.

• | Elimination of the gains (losses) relating to Ambac’s CVA on derivative contracts other than credit derivatives. Similar to credit derivatives, fair values include the market’s perception of Ambac’s credit risk and this adjustment only allows for such gain or loss when realized.

• | Elimination of the gains (losses) on call options on certain surplus notes of Ambac Assurance. Under GAAP accounting, Ambac recorded only a portion of its call options as derivatives. This adjustment allows for all such call options to be accounted for consistently. All call options were either exercised or expired in June 2012. Gains (losses) on call option exercises are not being adjusted for within operating earnings, consistent with other gains and losses.

• | Elimination of non-recurring GAAP Fresh Start reporting adjustments.

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The following table reconciles net income attributable to common shareholders to the non-GAAP measure, Operating Earnings, for all periods presented:

| Successor Ambac – |  |  | Predecessor Ambac –
(Dollars in Millions) | Three Months Ended March 31, 2014 |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2013
Net income attributable to common shareholders | $ | 155.9 |  |  |  | $ | 282.3 |
Adjustments: |  |  |  |
Non-credit impairment fair value loss (gain) on credit derivatives | (4.2 | ) |  |  | (5.9 | )
Effect of consolidating financial guarantee VIEs | 0.3 |  |  |  | (27.0 | )
Insurance intangible amortization | 31.7 |  |  |  | — |
Foreign exchange (gain) loss from re-measurement of premium receivables and loss and loss expense reserves | (1.7 | ) |  |  | 17.9 |
Fair value (gain) loss on derivatives from Ambac CVA | (5.4 | ) |  |  | 30.1 |
Operating Earnings | $ | 176.6 |  |  |  | $ | 297.4 |

The effects of Ambac’s emergence from bankruptcy and Fresh Start had a material impact on the comparability of Operating Earnings between the periods presented. Refer above for discussion of the significant Fresh Start items impacting comparability.
Adjusted Book Value. Adjusted Book Value eliminates the impact of certain GAAP accounting requirements and includes the addition of certain items that the Company has realized or expects to realize in the future, but that are not reported under GAAP. Adjusted Book Value is defined as Total Ambac Financial Group, Inc. stockholders’ equity as reported under GAAP, adjusted for after-tax impact of the following:

• | Elimination of the non-credit impairment fair value loss on credit derivatives, which is the amount in excess of the present value of the expected estimated economic credit loss. GAAP Fair values are heavily affected by, and in part fluctuate with, changes in market factors such as interest rates, credit spreads, including Ambac’s CVA that are not expected to result in an economic gain or loss. These adjustments allow for all financial guarantee segment contracts to be accounted for within Adjusted Book Value consistent with the provisions of the Financial Services—Insurance Topic of the ASC, whether or not they are subject to derivative accounting rules.

• | Elimination of the effects of VIEs that were consolidated as a result of being insured by Ambac. These adjustments eliminate VIE consolidation and ensure that all financial guarantee segment contracts are accounted for within Adjusted Book Value consistent with the provisions of the Financial Services—Insurance Topic of the ASC, whether or not they are subject to consolidation accounting rules.

• | Elimination of the financial guarantee insurance intangible asset and goodwill that arose as a result of Ambac’s emergence from bankruptcy and the implementation of Fresh Start reporting. These adjustments ensure that all financial guarantee segment contracts are accounted for within Adjusted Book Value consistent with the provisions of the Financial Services—Insurance Topic of the ASC.

• | Elimination of the gain relating to Ambac’s CVA embedded in the fair value of derivative contracts other than credit derivatives. Similar to credit derivatives, fair values include the market’s perception of Ambac’s credit risk and this adjustment only allows for such gain when realized.

• | Addition of the value of the unearned premium reserve on financial guarantee contracts and fees on credit derivative contracts in excess of expected loss to be expensed, net of reinsurance. This amount represents the expected future net earned premiums and credit derivative fees, net of expected losses to be expensed, which are not reflected in GAAP equity.

• | Elimination of the unrealized gains and losses on the Company’s investments that are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”). The AOCI component of the fair value adjustment on the investment portfolio will differ materially from realized gains and losses ultimately recognized by the Company based on the Company’s investment strategy. This adjustment only allows for such gains and losses in Adjusted Book Value when realized.

Ambac has a significant tax net operating loss (“NOL”) that is offset by a full valuation allowance in the GAAP consolidated financial statements. As a result, for purposes of Adjusted Book Value, we utilized a 0% effective tax rate. We maintain a full valuation allowance against our deferred tax asset and recognition of the value of the NOL would be reflected in Adjusted Book Value considering all the facts and circumstances as of the relevant reporting date.
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The following table reconciles Total Ambac Financial Group, Inc. stockholders’ equity (deficit) to the non-GAAP measure Adjusted Book Value for all periods presented:

| Successor Ambac – |  | Successor Ambac –
(Dollars in Millions) | March 31, 2014 |  |  | December 31, 2013
Total Ambac Financial Group, Inc. stockholders’ equity (deficit) | $ | 953.2 |  |  |  | $ | 703.0 |
Adjustments: |  |  |  |
Non-credit impairment fair value losses on credit derivatives | 68.6 |  |  |  | 72.8 |
Effect of consolidating financial guarantee variable interest entities | (373.4 | ) |  |  | (372.7 | )
Insurance intangible asset and goodwill | (2,084.6 | ) |  |  | (2,112.5 | )
Ambac CVA on derivative product liabilities (excluding credit derivatives) | (53.8 | ) |  |  | (48.4 | )
Net unearned premiums and fees in excess of expected losses | 1,349.6 |  |  |  | 1,435.2 |
Net unrealized investment (gains) losses in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | (46.8 | ) |  |  | 41.9 |
Adjusted Book Value | $ | (187.2 | ) |  |  | $ | (280.7 | )

The Adjusted Book Value increase from December 31, 2013 to March 31, 2014 of $93.5 million was driven by Operating Earnings, partially offset by reductions in unearned premiums in excess of expected losses previously recognized in Adjusted Book Value. The reductions in unearned premiums in excess of expected losses recognized in Adjusted Book Value primarily occurred due to premiums earned in three months ended March 31, 2014.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Market risk represents the potential for losses that may result from changes in the value of a financial instrument as a result of changes in market conditions. The primary market risks that would impact the value of Ambac’s financial instruments are interest rate risk, spread risk, and foreign currency exchange risk. Below we discuss each of these risks and the specific types of financial instruments impacted. Senior managers are responsible for developing and applying methods to measure risk. The estimation of potential losses arising from adverse changes in market conditions is a key element in managing market risk. Ambac utilizes various systems, models and Sensitivity scenarios to monitor and manage market risk. This process includes frequent analysis of both parallel and non-parallel shifts in benchmark interest rates and “Value-at-Risk” (“VaR”) measures. These models include estimates, made by management, which utilize current and historical market information. The valuation results from these models could differ materially from amounts that would actually be realized in the market.
Interest Rate Risk:
Financial instruments for which fair value may be affected by changes in interest rates consist primarily of fixed income investment securities, loans, investment agreements, long-term debt and interest rate derivatives. Fixed income investment securities that are guaranteed by Ambac and were purchased as part of Ambac's loss remediation strategy are held for the purpose of reducing future financial guarantee claims payments. Accordingly, such securities are excluded from the company's interest rate sensitivity measures. The following table summarizes the estimated change in fair value (based primarily on the valuation methodology discussed in Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements located in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q) on these financial instruments, assuming immediate changes in interest rates at specified levels at March 31, 2014:
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Change in Interest Rates ($ in millions) | Estimated Change in Net Fair Value |  | Estimated Net Fair Value
300 basis point rise | $ | (35 | ) |  | $ | 3,331 |
200 basis point rise | (12 | ) |  | 3,354 |
100 basis point rise | 2 |  |  | 3,368 |
Base scenario | — |  |  | 3,366 |
100 basis point decline (1) | (35 | ) |  | 3,331 |
200 basis point decline (1) | (127 | ) |  | 3,239 |

(1) | Incorporates an interest rate floor of 0%

Due to the low interest rate environment as of March 31, 2014, stress scenarios involving interest rate declines greater than 200 basis points are not meaningful to Ambac's portfolios.
Changes in fair value resulting from changes in interest rates are driven primarily by the impact of interest rate shifts on the investment portfolio (which declines in value as rates increase) and the interest rate swap portfolio (which is generally positioned to increase in value as rates increase). Interest rate increases would also have a negative economic impact on expected future claim payments on the financial guarantee portfolio.
The interest rate derivatives portfolio is managed with the goal of retaining some interest rate sensitivity as an economic hedge against the effects of rising interest rates elsewhere in the Company, including on Ambac’s financial guarantee exposures (the “macro-hedge”). The incremental interest rate sensitivity of the interest rate swap portfolio attributable to the macro-hedge position would produce mark-to-market gains or losses of approximately $0.8 million for a 1 basis point parallel shift in USD swap rates up or down at March 31, 2014.
The estimation of potential losses arising from adverse changes in market relationships, known as VaR, is a consideration in management’s monitoring of interest rate risk for the interest rate swap portfolio. Ambac has developed a VaR methodology to estimate potential losses using a one day time horizon and a 99% confidence level. This means that Ambac would expect to incur losses due to changes in interest rates greater than that predicted by VaR estimates only once in every 100 trading days, or about 2.5 times a year. Ambac’s methodology estimates VaR using a 300-day historical “look back” period. This means that changes in market values are simulated using market inputs from the past 300 days. For the three months ended March 31, 2014, Ambac’s VaR, for its interest rate derivative portfolio averaged approximately $15.4 million, and ranged from a high of $15.4 million to a low of $15.3 million. These VaR measures are intended to focus on the impact of observable market rates and therefore exclude fair value adjustments made by management to incorporate Ambac or counterparty credit risk. Ambac supplements its VaR methodology, which it believes is a good risk management tool in normal markets, by performing scenario testing to measure the potential for losses in volatile markets. These scenario tests include parallel and non-parallel shifts in the benchmark interest rate curve.
Credit Spread Risk:
Financial instruments that may be adversely affected by changes in spreads include Ambac’s outstanding credit derivative contracts, certain interest rate swap contracts, and investment assets. Changes in spreads are generally caused by changes in the market’s perception of the credit quality of the underlying obligor. Market liquidity and prevailing risk premiums demanded by market participants are also reflected in spreads and impact valuations.
The following table summarizes the estimated change in fair values on Successor Ambac’s credit derivative contracts assuming immediate parallel shifts in reference obligation spreads at March 31, 2014:

Change in Underlying Spreads ($ in millions) | Estimated Change in Fair Value |  | Fair Value
250 basis point widening | $ | (37 | ) |  | $ | (125 | )
50 basis point widening | (7 | ) |  | (95 | )
Base scenario | — |  |  | (88 | )
50 basis point narrowing | 7 |  |  | (81 | )
250 basis point narrowing | 24 |  |  | (64 | )

Also included in the fair value of credit derivative liabilities is the effect of Ambac’s creditworthiness, which reflects market perception of Ambac’s ability to meet its obligations. Incorporating estimates of Ambac’s credit valuation adjustment into the determination of fair value has resulted in a $29.2 million reduction to the credit derivatives liability as of March 31, 2014. At
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March 31, 2014 the credit valuation adjustment resulted in a 25.0% reduction of the credit derivative liability as measured before considering Ambac credit risk. Refer to Note 7 to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements located in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for further information on measurement of the credit valuation adjustment.
The fair value of interest rate swaps may be affected by changes to the credit valuation adjustment attributable to the risk of counterparty or Ambac non-performance. Generally, the need for a counterparty (or Ambac) credit valuation adjustment is mitigated by the existence of collateral posting agreements under which adequate collateral has been posted. Derivative contracts entered into with financial guarantee customers are not typically subject to collateral posting agreements. Valuation adjustments for counterparty credit risk were not significant as of March 31, 2014. Estimates of Ambac’s credit valuation adjustment included in the fair value of interest rate swaps reduced the derivative liability fair value by $53.8 million as of March 31, 2014.
The following table summarizes the estimated change in fair values on Successor Ambac's credit derivative and interest rate swap liabilities assuming immediate shifts in Ambac credit spreads used to determine the CVA at March 31, 2014:

Change in Ambac Credit Spreads ($ in millions) | Estimated Change in Fair Value |  | Fair Value
250 basis point widening | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | (200 | )
50 basis point widening | 5 |  |  | (215 | )
Base scenario | — |  |  | (220 | )
50 basis point narrowing | (4 | ) |  | (224 | )
250 basis point narrowing | (24 | ) |  | (244 | )

Ambac’s fixed income investment portfolio contains securities with different sensitivities to and volatility of spreads. Fixed income securities that are guaranteed by Ambac and were purchased as part of Ambac's loss remediation strategy are held for the purposes of reducing future financial guarantee claim payments. Accordingly, such securities are excluded from the company's spread sensitivity measures. The following table summarizes the estimated change in fair values of Successor Ambac’s fixed income investment portfolio assuming immediate shifts in credit spreads across all holdings at March 31, 2014. It is more likely that actual changes in credit spreads will vary be security:

Change in Spreads ($ in millions) | Estimated Change in Fair Value |  | Fair Value
250 basis point widening | (456 | ) |  | $ | 4,423 |
50 basis point widening | (94 | ) |  | 4,785 |
Base scenario | — |  |  | 4,879 |
50 basis point narrowing | 95 |  |  | 4,974 |
250 basis point narrowing | 503 |  |  | 5,382 |

Foreign Exchange Risk:
Ambac has financial instruments denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, primarily pounds sterling and euros. These financial instruments are primarily invested assets, and assets and liabilities of Ambac UK and Ambac’s consolidated VIEs. The following table summarizes the estimated net change in fair value of these financial instruments assuming immediate shifts in foreign exchange rates as of March 31, 2014.

($ in millions) | Change in Foreign Exchange Rates Against U.S. Dollar
| 20% Decrease |  | 10% Decrease |  | 10% Increase |  | 20% Increase
Estimated change in fair value | $ | (86.5 | ) |  | $ | (43.3 | ) |  | $ | 43.3 |  |  | $ | 86.5 |

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.
In connection with the preparation of this First Quarter Form 10-Q, an evaluation was carried out by Ambac’s management, with the participation of Ambac’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of Ambac’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Exchange Act)) as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.
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Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that the information required to be disclosed in reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. Ambac management is committed to maintaining an effective internal control environment over financial reporting. Based on its evaluation, Ambac’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of March 31, 2014, Ambac’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
There was no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period ended March 31, 2014 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Part II Other Information
Item 1. Legal Proceedings.
Please refer to Note 11 “Commitments and Contingencies” of the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements located in Part I, Item 1 in this Form 10-Q, and Note 18 “Commitments and Contingencies” in Part II, Item 8 of Ambac’s 2013 Form 10-K for a discussion on legal proceedings against Ambac and its subsidiaries.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
You should carefully consider the risk factors set forth in the “Risk Factors” section, Item 1A to Part I in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013, which are hereby incorporated by reference, as well as the additional risk factor information appearing below in this section and elsewhere in this report. These important factors may cause our actual results to differ materially from those indicated by our forward-looking statements, including those contained in this report. Please also see the section entitled “Cautionary Statement Pursuant to the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995” in the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section of this quarterly report on Form 10-Q. Other than as set forth below, there have been no material changes to the risk factors we have disclosed in the “Risk Factors” section of our aforementioned Annual Report on Form 10-K.
We are exploring new business opportunities which may not be consummated, or if consummated, may not create value and may negatively impact our financial results.
We are exploring new business opportunities for the Company, which may involve the acquisition of assets or existing businesses or the development of businesses through new or existing subsidiaries. It is not possible at this time to predict the future prospects or other characteristics of any such new business. Our efforts to pursue new business opportunities may be unsuccessful or require significant financial or other resources, which could have a negative impact on our financial condition. No assurance can be given that we will be able to complete the acquisition or development of any business or, if acquired or developed, generate any earnings or be able to successfully integrate such business into our current operating structure.
Moreover, Ambac’s ability to enter new businesses, including new businesses apart from Ambac Assurance, is also subject to significant doubt, given the condition and circumstances of Ambac Assurance, the difficulty of leveraging or monetizing its other assets, and the uncertainty of its ability to raise capital. Due to these factors, as well as those described below and those relating to Ambac Assurance as described in the “Risk Factors” section, Item 1A to Part I in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013, the value of our securities is highly speculative.
The issuance of new common stock may dilute current shareholder value.
If we raise capital through the issuance of additional shares of common stock, whether for a new business, general corporate purposes, or in exchange for other securities, the value of our current shareholders’ interests may be diluted.
Actions of the Rehabilitator could adversely affect Ambac, including impacting our ability to realize our remediation recoveries.
As a consequence of the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Proceedings, the Rehabilitator retains operational control and decision-making authority with respect to all matters related to the Segregated Account, including surveillance, remediation, loss mitigation and efforts to recover losses in the Segregated Account, including recovery efforts in respect of breaches of representations and warranties by sponsors of Ambac-insured RMBS. Similarly, by virtue of the contracts executed between Ambac Assurance and the Segregated Account in connection with the establishment, and subsequent rehabilitation, of the Segregated Account, the Rehabilitator retains the discretion to oversee and approve certain actions taken by Ambac Assurance in respect of
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assets and liabilities that remain in Ambac Assurance. Moreover, the Rehabilitator retains the sole discretion to adjust claim payments, make payments on Deferred Amounts and, with regulatory approval, to make payments on Segregated Account surplus notes (which would require Ambac Assurance to make proportionate payments on its surplus notes). As a result, certain efforts to remediate losses, and certain other actions taken by Ambac Assurance, are subject to the approval of the Rehabilitator, as are decisions about the timing of payments of significant liabilities of the Segregated Account. In exercising such authority, the Rehabilitator will act for the benefit of policyholders, and will not take into account the interests of securityholders of Ambac. Decisions made by the Rehabilitator for the benefit of policyholders may result in material adverse consequences for Ambac’s securityholders. In addition, we are not able to predict the impact such oversight will have on the remediation of losses, and, in particular, on our efforts to recover losses attributable to breaches of representations and warranties by sponsors of Ambac-insured RMBS and our ability to commute outstanding policies and repurchase Surplus Notes, and how vigorously the Rehabilitator will pursue such remediation. We are similarly unable to predict the decisions of the Rehabilitator as to claims payments or payments on Deferred Amounts or, with regulatory approval, Segregated Account surplus notes, the timing and impact of which may negatively affect our financial condition or results of operations. Furthermore, any negative consequences resulting from payments on Segregated Account surplus notes would be magnified due to the fact that the Rehabilitator’s decision to make such payments would require Ambac Assurance to make proportionate payments on its surplus notes.
In addition, the Rehabilitator may propose amendments to the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan that could have a significant impact on our financial condition or results of operations, including amendments that could have the effect of minimizing NOL usage payments to Ambac pursuant to the Amended TSA.
The Rehabilitator has proposed amendments to the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan that could have a material impact on our operating and internal control environment, accounting, financial condition and results of operations.
As further described in Note 1 to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements in Part 1 of this Form 10-Q, the proposed amendments to the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan provide that interest on Deferred Amounts be accrued generally at an effective rate of 5.1%, compounded annually. Based on a 5.1% interest rate on such Deferred Amounts (assuming no adjustments in respect of Undercollateralized Bonds), the Segregated Account would be responsible for accrued interest of approximately $277 million through March 31, 2014. This accrued interest amount is not currently reflected in the Company’s financial results. Additionally, the Rehabilitator has stated his intent to effectuate a partial payment of Deferred Amounts as well as redemptions of Segregated Account surplus notes. As a consequence of any such surplus note redemption, Ambac Assurance will also be required to redeem a portion of its surplus notes. If the proposed amendments are approved, Ambac may recognize material changes to its financial condition relating to interest on Deferred Amounts, loss reserves, and the redemption of surplus notes at amounts that differ from their carrying value.
Furthermore, new policies, procedures, and accounting and reporting systems are required to properly calculate, monitor and report Deferred Amounts and interest thereon at the individual CUSIP level, as contemplated by the proposed amendments to the Segregated Account Rehabilitation Plan. These policies, procedures, and systems need to be operable prior to the implementation of any amendments by the Rehabilitator. Because of (i) differences in mechanics among the hundreds of CUSIPs to be tracked, differences in interest accrual periods, rates and conventions, and other operational challenges and (ii) the amount of time required to implement such changes, there is a risk of operational failure in the calculation, monitoring and reporting of Deferred Amounts and interest thereon.
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Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.
None.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information.
None.
Item 6. Exhibits.

Exhibit Number | Description
31.1+ | Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) Promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
31.2+ | Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) Promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
32.1++ | Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2++ | Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS | XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.

+ | Filed herewith.
| Furnished herewith.

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| AMBAC FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
Dated: May 12, 2014 | By: | /S/ D AVID T RICK
| Name: | David Trick
| Title: | Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (Duly Authorized Officer and Principal Financial Officer)

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