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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 20-F
(Mark One)

| ☐ | REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

| ☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023
OR

| ☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

| ☐ | SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report..........................................
For the transition period from ____________ to ____________
Commission File Number 001-33129
ALLOT LTD
(Exact Name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
N/A
(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)
ISRAEL
(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
22 Hanagar Street
Neve Ne’eman Industrial Zone B
Hod-Hasharon 4501317
Israel
(Address of principal executive offices)
Rael Kolevsohn, Adv.
VP Legal Affairs & General Counsel
Allot Ltd
22 Hanagar Street
Neve Ne’eman Industrial Zone B
Hod-Hasharon 4501317, Israel
Tel/Fax: +972 (9) 762-8419
(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Ordinary Shares, par value ILS 0.10 per share | ALLT | The Nasdaq Stock Market, LLC

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None
Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital stock or ordinary shares as of December 31, 2023:
38,376,939 ordinary shares, ILS 0.10 par value per share

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
Yes ☐No☒
If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
Yes ☐No☒
Note - Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 from their obligations under those Sections.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes ☒   No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Yes ☒   No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐ | Accelerated filer ☒ | Non-accelerated filer ☐
| Emerging growth company ☐ |

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on the attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive- based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP ☒ | International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ☐ | Other ☐

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.
Item 17 ☐   Item 18 ☐
If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes ☐   No☒

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I | 4
ITEM 1: Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers | 4
ITEM 2: Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable | 4
ITEM 3: Key Information | 4
A. [Reserved] | 4
B. Capitalization and Indebtedness | 4
C. Reasons for Offer and Use of Proceeds | 4
D. Risk Factors | 4
ITEM 4: Information on Allot | 30
A. History and Development of Allot | 30
B. Business Overview | 30
C. Organizational Structure | 40
D. Property, Plant and Equipment | 41
ITEM 4A: Unresolved Staff Comments | 41
ITEM 5: Operating and Financial Review and Prospects | 41
A. Operating Results | 41
B. Liquidity and Capital Resources | 47
C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses | 49
D. Trend Information | 50
E. Critical Accounting Estimates | 50
ITEM 6: Directors, Senior Management and Employees | 55
A. Directors and Senior Management | 55
B. Compensation of Officers and Directors | 59
C. Board Practices | 62
D. Employees | 69
E. Share Ownership | 70
ITEM 7: Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions | 73
A. Major Shareholders | 73
B. Record Holders | 73
C. Related Party Transactions | 74
D. Interests of Experts and Counsel | 74
ITEM 8: Financial Information | 74
A. Consolidated Financial Statements and Other Financial Information. | 74
B. Significant Changes | 75
ITEM 9: The Offer and Listing | 75
ITEM 10: Additional Information | 75
A. Share Capital | 75
B. Memorandum and Articles of Association | 75
C. Material Contracts | 80
D. Exchange Controls | 80
E. Taxation | 80
F. Dividends and Paying Agents | 91
G. Statement by Experts | 91
H. Documents on Display | 91
I. Subsidiary Information | 91
ITEM 11: Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 92
ITEM 12: Description of Securities Other Than Equity Securities | 93

1

PART II | 93
ITEM 13: Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies | 93
ITEM 14: Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds | 93
A. Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders | 93
B. Use of Proceeds | 93
ITEM 15: Controls and Procedures | 93
ITEM 16: Reserved | 94
ITEM 16A: Audit Committee Financial Expert | 94
ITEM 16B: Code of Ethics | 94
ITEM 16C: Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 95
ITEM 16D: Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees | 95
ITEM 16E: Purchase of Equity Securities by the Company and Affiliated Purchasers | 95
ITEM 16F: Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant | 96
ITEM 16G: Corporate Governance | 96
ITEM 16H: Mine Safety Disclosure | 96
ITEM 16I: Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections | 96
ITEM 16J: Insider Trading Policies | 96
ITEM 16K: Cybersecurity | 97
PART III | 98
ITEM 17: Financial Statements | 98
ITEM 18: Financial Statements | 98
ITEM 19: Exhibits | 98

2

PRELIMINARY NOTES
Terms
As used herein, and unless the context suggests otherwise, the terms “Allot,” “Company,” “we,” “us” or “ours” refer to Allot Ltd.
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
In addition to historical facts, this annual report on Form 20-F contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), Section 21E of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and the safe harbor provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events. Forward-looking statements include information concerning our possible or assumed future results of operations, business strategies, financing plans, competitive position, industry environment, potential growth opportunities, potential market opportunities and the effects of competition. Forward-looking statements include all statements that are not historical facts and can be identified by terms such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “could,” “seeks,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “may,” “plans,” “potential,” “predicts,” “projects,” “should,” “will,” “would” or similar expressions that convey uncertainty of future events or outcomes and the negatives of those terms. These statements include but are not limited to:

| • | statements regarding projections of capital expenditures;

| • | statements regarding competitive pressures;

| • | statements regarding expected revenue growth;

| • | statements regarding the expected growth in demand of our products;

| • | statements regarding trends in mobile networks, including the development of a digital lifestyle, over-the-top applications, the need to manage mobile network traffic and cloud computing, among others;

| • | statements regarding our ability to develop technologies to meet our customer demands and expand our product and service offerings;

| • | statements regarding the acceptance and growth of our services by our customers;

| • | statements regarding the expected growth in the use of particular broadband applications;

| • | statements as to our ability to meet anticipated cash needs based on our current business plan;

| • | statements as to the impact of the rate of inflation and the political and security situation on our business;

| • | statements regarding the price and market liquidity of our ordinary shares;

| • | statements as to our ability to retain our current suppliers and subcontractors; and

| • | statements regarding our future performance, sales, gross margins, expenses (including share-based compensation expenses) and cost of revenues.

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These statements may be found in the sections of this annual report on Form 20-F entitled “ITEM 3: Key Information-Risk Factors,” “ITEM 4: Information on Allot,” “ITEM 5: Operating and Financial Review and Prospects,” “ITEM 10: Additional Information-Taxation-United States Federal Income Taxation-Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations” and elsewhere in this annual report, including the section of this annual report entitled “ITEM 4: Information on Allot-Business Overview-Overview” and “ITEM 4: Information on Allot-Business Overview-Industry Background,” which contain information obtained from independent industry sources. Actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements due to various factors, including all the risks discussed in “ITEM 3: Key Information-Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report.
All forward-looking statements in this annual report reflect our current views about future events and are based on assumptions and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Many of these factors are beyond our ability to control or predict. You should not put undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. Unless we are required to do so under U.S. federal securities laws or other applicable laws, we do not intend to update or revise any forward-looking statements.
PART I
ITEM 1: Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers
Not applicable.
ITEM 2: Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable
Not applicable.
ITEM 3: Key Information
A. [Reserved]
B. Capitalization and Indebtedness
Not applicable.
C. Reasons for Offer and Use of Proceeds
Not applicable.
D. Risk Factors
Summary of Risk Factors
Our business involves a high degree of risk. You should consider carefully the risks and uncertainties described below, together with the financial and other information contained in this annual report and our other filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations would suffer. In this case, the trading price of our ordinary shares would likely decline and you might lose all or part of your investment. This report also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our results of operations could materially differ from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, as a result of certain factors including the risks described below and elsewhere in this report and our other filings with the SEC. These risks are not the only ones we face. Additional risks that we currently do not know about or that we currently believe to be immaterial may also impair our business operations.
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Below is a high-level overview of the risks that we and those in our industry face, and is intended to enhance the readability and accessibility of our disclosures. These risks include, but are not limited to:

• | general economic and business conditions, including fluctuations of interest and inflation rates, which may affect demand for our technology and solutions;

• | the effects of fluctuations in currency on our results of operation and financial condition;

• | our ability to achieve profitability, such as through keeping pace with advances in technology and achieving market acceptance and increasing the functionality of our products and offering additional features and products;

• | the impact of the telco operator’s Go To Market strategy and implementation efforts, on the success of a Revenue Share deal of our Security-as-a-service (“SECaaS”) Solution;

• | the impacts of new market and technology trends on our enterprise market;

• | our reliance on our network intelligence solutions for significant revenues;

• | impacts to our revenues and operational risk as a result of making sales to large service providers;

• | technological risks, including network encryption, live network failures and software or hardware errors;

• | our ability to retain and recruit key personnel and maintain satisfactory labor relations;

• | supply chain interruption and the ability, and lead time, of our suppliers to provide certain hardware due to the global semiconductor shortage;

• | our dependence on third parties for products that make up a material portion of our business;

• | the ability of our suppliers to provide, or refusal of our customers to implement, the single or limited sources from which certain hardware and software components for our products are made;

• | sales disruptions or costs arising from a loss of rights to use the third-party solutions we integrate with our products;

• | our ability to increase sales of Allot Secure products;

• | our ability to comply with international regulatory regimes wherever we conduct business, including governmental requirements and initiatives related to the telecommunication industry and data privacy;

• | potential misuse of our products by governmental or law enforcement customers;

• | risks related to our proprietary rights and information, including our ability to protect the intellectual property embodied in our technology, to defend against third-party infringement claims, and protect our IT systems from disruptions;

• | risks related to our ordinary shares, including volatile share prices and tax consequences for U.S. shareholders;

• | our status as a foreign private issuer and related exemptions with respect thereto;

• | exposure to unexpected or uncertain tax liabilities or consequences as a result of changes to fiscal and tax policies;

• | conditions and requirements as a result of being incorporated in Israel, including economic volatility and obligations to perform military service;

• | costs and business impacts of complying with the requirements of the Israeli government grants received for research and development expenditures;

• | costs and business impacts of litigation and other legal and regulatory proceedings encountered in the course of business;

• | our ability to successfully identify, manage and integrate acquisitions; and

• | other factors as described in the section below.

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Economic and External Risks
Unfavorable or unstable economic conditions in the markets in which we operate could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or operating results.
In recent years, economies worldwide have demonstrated instability. Negative economic conditions in the global economy or certain regions such as the European Market, from which we derived 43% of our revenues in 2023, could cause a decrease in spending on the types of products and services that we offer.
Additionally, if the worldwide economy remains unstable or further deteriorates, enterprises, telecommunication carriers and service providers in affected regions may significantly reduce or postpone capital investments, which could result in reductions in sales of our products or services, longer sales cycles, slower adoption of new technologies and increased price competition in such regions. Such circumstances would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and cash flows.
Further, because a substantial portion of our operating expenses consists of salaries, we may not be able to reduce our operating expenses in line with any reduction in revenues and, therefore, may not be able to continue to generate increased revenues and manage our costs to achieve profitability.
The global semiconductor chip shortage could delay or disrupt the ability of our suppliers to manufacture and deliver certain hardware that is necessary to our operations.
The global semiconductor chip supply shortage has had, and continues to have, wide-ranging effects across our industry. The shortage has been reported since early 2021 and has caused challenges in the manufacturing industry and impacted our supply chain and production as well. While the semiconductor chip shortage has begun to improve, we still face uncertainties and our ability to source the components that use semiconductor chips may be adversely affected in the future. Component delivery lead times are expected to increase, which may cause delays in our production and increase the cost to obtain components with available semiconductor chips. To the extent this semiconductor chip shortage continues, we may experience delays, increased costs, and an inability to fulfill engineering design changes or customer demand, each of which could adversely impact our results of operations.
Our international operations expose us to the risk of fluctuations in currency exchange rates.
Our revenues are generated primarily in U.S. dollars and a major portion of our expenses are denominated in U.S. dollars. As a result, we consider the U.S. dollar to be our functional currency. A significant portion of our revenues are also generated in Euros. Other significant portions of our expenses are denominated in Israeli shekel (ILS) and, to a lesser extent, in Euros and other currencies. Our ILS-denominated expenses consist principally of salaries and related personnel expenses. We anticipate that a material portion of our expenses will continue to be denominated in ILS. In the past years, we have experienced material fluctuations between the ILS and the U.S. dollar and we anticipate that the ILS will continue to fluctuate against the U.S dollar in the future. In 2023, the ILS depreciated by approximately 3% against the U.S. dollar, while in 2022 the ILS depreciated by approximately 11.6% against the U.S. dollar. In 2023, the Euro depreciated by approximately 3.7% against the U.S. dollar, and in 2022 the Euro appreciated by approximately 5.8% against the U.S. dollar. As the U.S dollar weakens against the ILS, we are exposed to negative impact on our results of operations. Moreover, if the U.S. dollar strengthens against the Euro, our results of operations generated by revenue in the EUR may be negatively impacted.
We translate sales and other results denominated in foreign currency into U.S. dollars for our financial statements. During periods of a strengthening dollar, our reported international sales and earnings have been, and could continue to be, reduced because foreign currencies may translate into fewer U.S. dollars.
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We use derivative financial instruments, such as foreign exchange forward contracts, in an effort to mitigate the risk of changes in foreign exchange rates on forecasted cash flows. We may not purchase derivative instruments adequately to insulate ourselves from foreign currency exchange risks. Volatility in the foreign currency markets may make hedging our foreign currency exposures challenging. In addition, because a portion of our revenue is not earned in U.S. dollars, fluctuations in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and the currencies in which such revenue is earned may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. We could be adversely affected when the U.S. dollar strengthens relative to the local currency between the time of a sale and the time we receive payment, which would be collected in the devalued local currency. Accordingly, if there is an adverse movement in one or more exchange rates, we might suffer significant losses and our results of operations may otherwise be adversely affected. Uncertainty in global market conditions has resulted in and may continue to cause significant volatility in foreign currency exchange rates which could increase these risks. As our international operations expand, our exposure to these risks also increases.
The invasion of Ukraine by Russia, and the related disruptions to the global economy and financial markets, has affected and could continue to adversely affect our operations in Ukraine and with our service provider in Poland, as well as our business, financial condition and results of operations as a whole.
We are currently engaged with two subcontractors in Ukraine and Poland to support our research and development activities. The Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 and sanctions on Belarus have had a minimal impact on the operations of our subcontractors thus far. However, we may experience interruptions or delays in the services that the Polish company provide to us in the future due to them employing Belarus employees.
In response to the conflict, the United States, the European Union, Japan and the United Kingdom, among others, have announced targeted economic sanctions on Russia, the regions of Donetsk and Luhansk, certain Russian citizens and enterprises, including financial measures such as freezing Russia’s central bank assets and limiting its ability to access its dollar reserves. The continuation of the conflict may trigger a series of additional economic and other sanctions enacted by the United States and other countries, as well as counter responses by the governments of Russia or other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect the global financial markets generally, levels of economic activity, and increase financial markets volatility. The potential impact of bans, sanction programs and boycotts on our business is uncertain at the current time due to the fluid nature of the military conflict and international responses to it, but it could result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, the potential impacts include supply chain and logistics disruptions, financial impacts including volatility in commodity prices, foreign exchange rates and interest rates, inflationary pressures on raw materials and energy, heightened cybersecurity threats and other restrictions.
Risks Related to our Business and Results of Operations
We have a history of losses and may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability in the future.
We have a history of net losses in the last ten years. We had a net loss of $63 million in 2023 and $32 million in 2022. In the future, we intend to continue to invest significantly in research and development and sales and marketing, which we believe will contribute to our future growth. We can provide no assurance that we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability, and we may incur losses in the future if we do not generate sufficient revenues.
Our inability to streamline operations and improve cost efficiencies could result in the contraction of our business and the implementation of significant cost cutting measures.
We have undertaken, and may continue to undertake, efforts to streamline operations and improve cost efficiencies. We may not realize, in full or in part, the anticipated benefits, savings and improvements in our operating results from these efforts due to unforeseen difficulties, delays or unexpected costs. If we are unable to realize the expected operational efficiencies and cost savings, our operating results and financial condition would be adversely affected. We also cannot guarantee that we will not have to undertake additional workforce reductions in the future. Furthermore, our workforce reductions may be further disruptive to our operations. For example, our workforce reductions could yield unanticipated consequences, such as adversely impacting our ability to perform our contractual obligations in a timely manner and at required level of quality, attrition beyond planned staff reductions, increased difficulties in our day-to-day operations and reduced employee morale. In addition, while positions have been eliminated, certain functions necessary to our reduced operations remain, and we may be unsuccessful in distributing the duties and obligations of departed employees among our remaining employees. We may also discover that the reductions in workforce and cost cutting measures will make it difficult for us to pursue new opportunities and initiatives and require us to hire qualified replacement personnel, which may require us to incur additional and unanticipated costs and expenses. Moreover, there is no assurance we will be successful in our efforts. Our failure to successfully accomplish any of the above activities and goals may have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
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Our future growth and prospects depend significantly on our ability to grow revenues from the recurring revenue share Security-as-a-service offering.
We generated 11% of our revenues in 2023, 6% of our revenues in 2022 and 3% of our revenues in 2021 from our SECaaS offering. While we continue to forecast significant future expansion of our SECaas business, the growth of our SECaaS recurring revenue model has been slower than originally anticipated. We will need to expand the number of recurring security revenue deals and the end user penetration within existing customers to achieve the goals that we have set for our business. This will involve a number of steps. Initially, we need to persuade Communication Service Providers (CSPs) as to the benefits that Allot Secure can offer them in terms of driving additional revenue. Those CSPs, with our support, will then need to persuade their customers, consumers and small and medium-sized businesses, to subscribe for security services. We expect that we will need to demonstrate the value that our services offer and add new features to both (i) retain customers in the face of competition and (ii) to capitalize on opportunities where CSPs currently using our competitors’ products are considering a change. We face significant challenges in growing our security business and our failure to do so would adversely impact our future growth and prospects.
Our revenues and business may be adversely affected if we do not effectively compete in the markets in which we operate, or expand into new markets.
We compete against large companies in a rapidly evolving and highly competitive sector of the networking technology and security markets, which offer, or may offer in the future, competing technologies, including partial or alternative solutions to operators’ and enterprises’ challenges, and which, similarly to us, intensely pursue the largest service providers (referred to as Tier 1 operators) as well as large enterprises. Our ability to effectively compete in these markets may be limited since our competitors may have greater financial resources, significant market share and established relationships with operators and distribution channels.
Our Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) technology enabled offerings face significant competition from router and switch infrastructure companies that integrate functionalities into their platforms, addressing some of the same types of issues that our products are designed to address.
Our security products are offered to operators and are deployed in their networks, enabling them to provide security services to their end customers. Such products face significant competition from companies that directly offer to end customers security applications to be installed on their devices; companies that approach that directly offer cloud security products to the business enterprise sector through distribution channels; and companies that offer security products bundled with other products. By offering our security products to operators that provide security services to both business enterprises and individual end customers, we aim to expand the reach of our products. However, this business model may prove to be slower to market or less effective than our competitors’ models, in which case our business and growth prospects may be harmed.
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Certain of our current direct competitors are substantially larger than we are and have significantly greater financial, sales and marketing, technical, manufacturing and other resources. As the intelligent broadband solutions market has grown, including the markets for DPI enabled solutions for mobile networks and for security products, new competitors have entered and may continue to enter the market. This competition has contributed to a slowing growth of DPI bids for CSPs. Furthermore, our market is subject to industry consolidation, as companies attempt to maintain or strengthen their positions in our evolving industry. Some of our current and potential competitors have made acquisitions or have announced new strategic alliances designed to position them to provide many of the same products and services that we provide to both the service provider and enterprise markets, such as Procera’s acquisition of Sandvine.
If our competitors announce new products, services or enhancements that better meet the needs of customers or changing industry requirements, offer alternative methods to achieve customer objectives or implement faster go to market strategies, if our business model proves less effective than those of our competitors, if new competitors enter the market, or if industry consolidation results in stronger competitors with wider range of product offerings and greater financial resources, our ability to effectively compete may be harmed, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
In addition to enhancing our presence in existing markets, we will need to continue to expand our global reach to enter new markets and build local delivery and support teams to serve customers in new territories.
Our revenues and business will be harmed if we do not keep pace with changes in broadband applications, network security threats and with advances in technology, or if we do not achieve widespread market acceptance, including through significant investments.
We will need to invest heavily in the continued development of our technology in order to keep pace with rapid changes in applications, increased broadband network speeds, network security threats and with our competitors’ efforts to advance their technology. Our ability to develop and deliver effective product offerings depends on many factors, including identifying our customers’ needs, technical implementation of new services and integration of our products with our customers’ existing network infrastructure. While we plan to continue introducing innovative products, we cannot provide any assurance that new products we introduce will achieve the level of market acceptance that we target. Designers of broadband applications and distributors of various network security threats that our products identify, manage or mitigate are using increasingly sophisticated methods to avoid detection and management and/or mitigation by network operators.
Even if our products successfully identify a particular application, it is sometimes necessary to distinguish between different types of traffic belonging to a single application. Accordingly, we face significant challenges in ensuring that we identify new applications and new versions of current applications as they are introduced, without impacting network performance, especially as networks become faster. This challenge is increased as we seek to expand sales of our products to new geographic territories because the applications vary from country to country and region to region.
The network equipment market is characterized by rapid technological progress, frequent new product introductions, changes in customer requirements and evolving industry standards. To compete, we need to achieve widespread market acceptance. Alternative technologies could achieve widespread market acceptance and displace the technology on which we have based our product architecture. Our business and revenues will be adversely affected if we fail to develop enhancements to our products, in order to keep pace with changes in broadband applications, network security threats and advances in technology. We can give no assurance that our technological approach will achieve broad market acceptance or that other technology or devices will not supersede our technology and products.
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Additionally, as the adoption of 5G continues to expand, we will need to adapt the functionality of our products to comply with the design and standards prescribed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (the 3GPP Organization), which is responsible for the industry standardization effort and requires significant investment. Our business may be affected if we are unable to adapt our existing products in a quick and timely manner or successfully develop and introduce solutions supporting 5G networks. In addition, in 4G/LTE networks, Allot provides a Traffic Detection Function (TDF) element of the core network. According to the recent network design specifications, published by the 3GPP Organization, in 5G networks this TDF function will be merged within the User Plane Function (UPF), which is provided by major NEP (Network Equipment Provider) competitors. This change in network architecture may jeopardize Allot’s ability to sell a standalone TDF function, which may have a material adverse impact on our business and financial results.
Our revenues and business from the enterprise market may be adversely affected by new market and technology trends, including public cloud adoption and the transition to 5G networks.
Our business from the enterprise market may depend on new market and technology trends. For example, some enterprises are implementing a new network architecture, transitioning their datacenter infrastructure to public clouds (such as AWS, Azure, and Google), in which most of the data traffic is sent directly to and from the public cloud. In such designs, Allot’s products deployed at the central location of the enterprise datacenter will have less traffic capacity to manage and will provide only partial visibility into the enterprise’s traffic. This may erode the value provided by Allot’s solutions and reduce amount of revenues derived from the enterprise market. Additionally, some enterprises might decide to outsource their network operation to a public cloud, which would diminish the need for Allot’s products. Due to these factors, we do not anticipate additional growth in the enterprise market.
Our revenues and business may be adversely affected due to decline in revenues and profits of CSPs.
A substantial amount of our revenues are currently generated from CSPs. Many of these CSPs are facing declining revenues and profits due to commoditization of the voice and data services they provide and limited success in introduction of the new services for the consumers. In addition, many CSPs are seeing a rise in operational expenses due to the global energy crisis, which may affect their budget allocation for new projects. This might impact their ability to continue to purchase our products and services for the prices we charge or will be unable to purchase these products and services entirely. The outcome of such could result in a decline in our revenues and profits and adversely affect our business.
The growth of aging receivables and a deterioration in the collectability of these accounts could materially and adversely affect our results of operations.
We provide for doubtful debts principally based upon the aging of accounts receivable, in addition to the collectability of specific customer accounts, our history of doubtful debts, and the general condition of the industry. In 2023, we booked a credit loss of $14 million related to sales that we made to resellers in African countries. Most of the revenue related to those sales was recognized in 2022 upon signing the agreement with resellers and delivery of the products. We subsequently learned that the cash flows of some of these resellers were impacted by a failure to receive payments from end customers which in turn affected their ability to meet the payment terms to which they agreed with us. In addition, in 2023 we booked a credit loss provision of $9 million related to customers in the Americas. Recognition of the credit losses in 2023 adversely impacted our results of operations and share price and any such outcome with respect to our currently past-due receivables could have a similar material adverse impact on us.
We depend on our network intelligence solutions for the substantial majority of our revenues.
In the past few years, we have increased sales of our security products. However, sales of our network intelligence solutions, which provide service providers and governmental customers with visibility and control of their networks, continue to account for a major portion of our revenues, and accounted for 77% of our total revenue in 2023. If we are unable to increase these sales, or compensate for them by sales of security products, our business will suffer. In addition, service providers may choose embedded or integrated solutions using routers and switches from larger networking vendors over a standalone solution that we offer. Any factor adversely affecting our ability to sell, or the pricing of or demand for, our network intelligence solutions would severely harm our ability to generate revenues and could have a material adverse effect on our business.
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We depend on one or more significant customers and the loss of any such significant customer or a significant decrease in business from any such customer could harm our results of operations.
In 2023, we derived 15% of our total revenue from our largest customer and 9% of our total revenue from our second largest customer. In 2022, we derived 8% of our total revenue from our largest customer and 7% of our total revenue from our second largest customer. The loss of any significant customer or a significant decrease in business from any such customer could have a material adverse effect on our revenues, results of operations and financial condition.
Sales of our products to large service providers can involve a lengthy sales cycle, which may impact the timing of our revenues and result in us expending significant resources without making any sales.
We may incur significant expenses without generating any sales. As of December 31, 2023, only 59% of our SECaaS sales contracts signed by customers had generated revenues. Our management views realization of revenue from signed contracts as a primary challenge for our current business model and failure to do so could adversely affect our profitability.
Beginning in late 2022 and throughout 2023 we shifted our primary sales strategy to target large, strategic accounts, while implementing minimum revenue thresholds or customer assurances for our small to medium sized accounts. While we believe this strategy will generate greater revenue and help us achieve profitability sooner, it may decrease our market share. Additionally, there is inherent risk in implementing a new business plan successfully. If we are unable to secure large, strategic accounts, the economic harm to our business will be exacerbated due to this strategic shift.
Our sales cycles to large service providers, including carriers, mobile operators and cable operators, are generally lengthy because these end-customers consider our products to be critical equipment and undertake significant testing to assess the performance of our products within their networks. In particular, beginning in 2022, DPI deals took longer to close than in the past, at least in part due to macroeconomic conditions and tighter expense controls by CSPs. Furthermore, many of our product and service arrangements with our customers provide that the final acceptance of a product or service may be specified by the customer. As a result, we often invest significant time from initial contact with a large service provider until it decides to incorporate our products into its network, and we may not be able to recognize the revenue from a customer until the acceptance criteria have been satisfied. We have in the past, and may in the future, cancelled certain contracts that we later anticipate are unlikely to launch projects and generate revenues.
We may also expend significant resources in attempting to persuade large service providers to incorporate our products into their networks without success. Even after deciding to purchase our products, the initial network deployment of our products by a large service provider may last up to one year and in certain exceptional instances up to two years. If a competitor succeeds in convincing a large service provider to adopt that competitor’s product, it may be difficult for us to displace the competitor because of the cost, time, effort and perceived risk to network stability involved in changing solutions.
In addition, in our deals based on a revenue share model (and determined by the number of end subscribers using our solution), the cycle from the upfront investments by our company and the revenues stream, is very long.
The complexity and scope of the solutions we provide to larger service providers are increasing, and such larger projects entail greater operational risk and an increased chance of failure.
The complexity and scope of the solutions and services we provide to larger service providers are increasing. The larger and more complex such projects are, the greater the operational risks associated with them. These risks include, but are not limited to, the failure to meet all the requirements of service providers, the failure to fully integrate our products into the service provider’s network or with third-party products, our dependence on subcontractors and partners and on effective cooperation with third-party vendors for the successful and timely completion of such projects. If we encounter any of these risks, we may incur higher costs in order to complete the project and may be subject to contractual penalties resulting in lower profitability. In addition, the project may demand more of our management’s time than was originally planned, and our reputation may be adversely impacted.
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Continued salary increases of research and development personnel could adversely affect our ability to recruit such employees and could have an adverse effect on our business and revenues.
The current ongoing increase in salaries of research and development personnel could have an adverse effect on our ability to recruit such suitable individuals as well as adversely affect our ability to meet the ongoing research and development related requirements of the market and our customers.
Risks Related to Our Technology and Products
Our technology faces challenges due to increased network encryption.
Our DPI, analytics and security products rely on the ability to read, understand and analyze the nature of Internet traffic. Due to an increase in network encryption, including the meta-data of the network data packets, our ability to read, understand and analyze the traffic transmitted becomes impaired and may reduce or eliminate our ability to provide our customers with the classification and categorization of the traffic and the necessary tools, capabilities and values that they might require. We will need to invest significant research and development resources into this domain so that similar value can be provided to the customers; however, we cannot guarantee success of these activities.
We need to continue to increase the functionality of our products and offer additional features and products to maintain or increase our profitability.
The commoditization of DPI technology and the introduction of competitive features and services may result in a decrease of the average sale prices of our DPI technology enabled products.
The market in which we operate is highly competitive and unless we continue to enhance the functionality of our products, add additional features and offer additional products, our competitiveness may be harmed.
We seek to offset this risk by enhancing our products by offering higher system speeds, additional features, such as advanced Quality of Experience (QoE) management functionality, and support for additional applications and enhanced reporting tools. We also continuously endeavor to assure our solutions comply with contemporary network and software architectures such as, but not limited to, virtualized network services (NFV), containerized deployments and 5G networks compliance.
Our products offer customers additional tools to increase the efficiency of their networks or to help them offer additional services to their end customers and derive additional revenues from their end customers. The industry and market for our products are still developing and are affected, among others, by trends and changes in internet broadband traffic, including changes in methods used by various content providers and broadband applications and evolution of network security threats.
We cannot provide any assurance that demand for our additional features and products will continue or grow, or that we will be able to generate revenues from such sales at the levels we anticipate or at all. Any inability to sell or maintain our additional features and products may lead to commercial disputes with our customers and increased spending on technical solutions, any of which may negatively impact our results of operations.
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A failure of our products may adversely affect the operation of our customers’ live networks or the quality and scope of service to our customers and their end users, including, specifically with regard to security protection which could harm our reputation, brand position, and financial condition.
Our products are, generally, installed in line as part of our customers’ networks and provide a wide range of services that our customers may offer to their own customers. We endeavor to avoid any interruption to the regular operation of our customers’ networks, any reduction of quality of services or failure to provide the quality and/or scope of services to users, including, by performing certain tasks during predetermined maintenance windows, and implementing a system bypass, in the event of malfunctions. In addition, we offer security protection services offered by our customers to their end users at a certain level and terms of performance. However, in certain cases, a failure of our products or failure of our products to perform in accordance with the performance levels to which we may be committed, may result in our customers experiencing loss of functionality, denial of service and access, interruption of live traffic on our customers’ networks, loss of security protection or inability to provide similar services to our customers’ end users. Such failure of our products, may cause disputes with our customers, adversely affect our reputation, lead to loss of revenues and potential legal exposure.
Our products are highly technical and any undetected software or hardware errors in our products could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.
Our products are complex and are incorporated into broadband networks, which are a major source of revenue for service providers and support critical applications for subscribers and enterprises. Due to the highly technical nature of our products and variations among customers’ network environments, we may not detect product defects until our products have been fully deployed in our customers’ networks. Regardless of whether warranty coverage exists for a product, we may be required to dedicate significant technical resources to repair any defects. If we encounter significant errors, we could experience, among other things, loss of major customers, cancellation of orders, increased costs, delay in recognizing revenues and damage to our reputation. We could also face claims for product liability, tort or breach of warranty. Defending a lawsuit, regardless of its merit, is costly and may divert management’s attention. In addition, if our business liability insurance is inadequate or future coverage is unavailable on acceptable terms or at all, our financial condition could be harmed.
Demand for our DPI technology enabled products depends, in part, on the rate of adoption of bandwidth-intensive broadband applications, and the impact multiple applications may have on network speed.
Our DPI technology enabled products are used by service providers and enterprises to monitor and manage bandwidth-intensive applications that cause congestion in broadband networks and impact the quality of experience for users. Demand for our products is driven particularly by growth in applications, which are highly sensitive to network delays and therefore require efficient network management. If the rapid growth in the adoption of such applications does not continue, the demand for our products may be adversely impacted.
Demand for our security products depends, in part, on continued evolution of on-line threats as well as on operators’ interest in providing security services to their end customers.
Our security products are used by service providers to offer security services to their end customers, comprising both business enterprises as well as individual end customers. The demand for these services depends highly on continued evolution and increase of online threats. In the event that such threats decrease, that end customers are unwilling to incur the costs of security services and/or that ISPs do not continue to pursue security services to their end customers as a revenue source, demand for our security products may be materially adversely impacted.
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Risks Related to Our Dependence on Third Parties
We depend on third parties to market, sell, and install our products and to provide initial technical support for our products for a material portion of our business.
We depend on third-party channel partners, such as distributors, resellers, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), and system integrators, to market and sell a material portion of our products to end-customers. In 2023, approximately 42% of our revenues were derived from channel partners. In some cases, our channel partners are also responsible for installing and providing initial customer support for our products, with our continuous technical assistance. In the majority of the cases, the partners are responsible for the initial customer support (Tier 1 support), while we act as the escalation level. As a result, we depend on the ability of our channel partners to successfully market and sell our products to these end-customers. We can give no assurance that our channel partners will market our products effectively, receive and fulfill customer orders for our products on a timely basis or continue to devote the resources necessary to provide us with effective sales, marketing and technical support. In addition, our channel partners may experience disruptions in, or be prevented from, conducting business activities as a result of macroeconomic factors, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. Any failure by our channel partners to provide adequate initial support to end-customers could result in customer dissatisfaction with us or our products, which could result in a loss of customers, harm our reputation and delay or limit market acceptance of our products. Our products are complex and it takes time for a new channel partner to gain experience in the operation and installation of these products. Therefore, it may take a long period of time before a new channel partner can successfully market, sell and support our products if an existing channel partner ceases to sell our products. Additionally, our agreements with channel partners are generally not exclusive and our channel partners may market and sell products that compete with our products. Our agreements with our distributors and resellers are usually for an initial one-year term and following the expiration of this term, are usually automatically renewed for additional one year periods, unless terminated by either party. We can give no assurance that these agreements will continue to remain in effect. If we are unable to maintain our relationships with existing channel partners and to develop relationships with new channel partners in key markets our profitability and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.
We integrate into or bundle various third-party solutions with our products and may integrate or offer additional third-party solutions in the future. If we lose the right to use such solutions, our sales could be disrupted and we would have to spend additional capital to replace such components.
We integrate various third-party solutions into our products and offer third-party solutions bundled with our products. We may integrate or offer additional third-party solutions in the future. Sales of our products could be disrupted if such third-party solutions were either no longer available to us or no longer offered to us on commercially reasonable terms. In either case, we would be required to spend additional capital to either source alternative third-party solutions, redesign our products to function with alternate third-party solutions or develop substitute components ourselves. As a result, our sales may be delayed and/or adversely affected and we might be forced to limit the features available in our current or future product offerings, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.
We currently depend on a limited number of subcontractors to integrate, assemble, store and service, as well as provide hardware and warranty support for, our Service Gateway platform. If any one of these subcontractors experiences delays, disruptions, quality control problems or a loss in capacity, our operating results could be adversely affected.
We currently depend on a limited number of subcontractors, such as Flex (Israel) Ltd. (previously Flextronics (Israel) Ltd.), Malam Team and Arrow Electronics, to integrate, assemble, test, store, package and prepare for shipment our various Service Gateway, Network Management and Enterprise platforms. If any of these subcontractors experience delays, disruptions or quality control problems in manufacturing or integrating our products or if we fail to effectively manage our relationships with them, product shipments may be delayed and our ability to deliver certain products to customers could be adversely affected.
Certain hardware and software components for our products come from single or limited sources and we could lose sales if these sources fail to satisfy our supply requirements or if our customers refuse to implement components from certain sources.
We obtain certain hardware components used in our products from single or limited sources.
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Although such hardware components are off-the-shelf items, because our systems have been designed to incorporate these specific hardware components, any change to these components due to an interruption in supply chains or our inability to obtain such components on a timely basis may require engineering changes to our products before substitute hardware components could be incorporated. Such changes could be costly and could result in lost sales particularly to our traffic management systems. The agreements with our suppliers do not contain any minimum supply commitments. If we or our contract manufacturers fail to obtain components in sufficient quantities when required, our business could be harmed.
We obtain certain software components of our security products from a few limited sources, depending primarily on our customers’ preferences. In the event that we are no longer able to source such software components from a particular source, and our customers refuse to implement components from our alternative sources, we may be required to identify an alternative source from which we do not currently acquire such software or develop such software ourselves. This may result in disputes with our customers and/or cancellation or delay of orders, which may materially adversely affect our business.
Our suppliers also sell products to our competitors and may enter into exclusive arrangements with our competitors, stop selling their products or components to us at commercially reasonable prices or refuse to sell their products or components to us at any price. Our inability to obtain sufficient quantities of single-source or limited-sourced components or to develop alternative sources for components or products would harm our ability to maintain and expand our business.
Legal, Regulatory and Compliance Risks
We are subject to certain regulatory regimes that may affect the way that we conduct business internationally, and our failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations could materially adversely affect our reputation and result in penalties and increased costs.
We are subject to a complex system of laws and regulations related to international trade, including economic sanctions and export control laws and regulations. We also depend on our distributors and agents outside of Israel for compliance and adherence to local laws and regulations in the markets in which they operate. It is our policy not to make direct or indirect prohibited sales of our products, including into countries sanctioned under laws to which we are subject, and to contractually limit the territories into which our channel partners may sell our products. None of our contracts with channel partners authorize or contemplate any activities with sanctioned countries, and we do not intend to authorize any channel partner to engage in activities with those countries in the future. Nevertheless, over ten years ago one of our channel partners sold certain of our products (designed for the enterprise market) outside of its contractually designated territory, including into a sanctioned country, and we subsequently determined that our contract management protocol for authorizing channel partner sales was not adequately followed in that instance. Although we are not aware of any channel partner making indirect sales to entities or individuals in sanctioned countries in 2023, there is no guarantee that our channel partners will not make such indirect sales in the future, which could result in material adverse impact on our reputation and lead to penalties and increased costs. Though we have not had a material impact to date, we can provide no assurance that new or existing measures will not have a material impact in the future.
We are also subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and may be subject to similar worldwide anti-bribery laws that generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to government officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. Some of the countries in which we operate have experienced governmental corruption to some degree and, in certain circumstances, strict compliance with anti-bribery laws may conflict with local customs and practices. Despite our compliance and training programs, we cannot be certain that our procedures will be sufficient to ensure consistent compliance with all applicable international trade and anti-corruption laws, or that our employees or channel partners will strictly follow all policies and requirements to which we subject them. Any alleged or actual violations of these laws may subject us to government scrutiny, investigation, debarment, and civil and criminal penalties, which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and reputation.
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As with many DPI products, some of our products may be used by governmental or law enforcement customers in a manner that is, or that is perceived to be, incompatible with human rights.
We cannot always verify whether our customers are using our products in a lawful or ethical manner. It is possible that some of our governmental or law enforcement customers have used our products in a manner that is incompatible with, or that is perceived to be incompatible with, human rights. In some circumstances, governmental customers may desire to surveil their citizenry and may use our products to achieve those ends. For example, some foreign governments use internet infrastructure to undermine democratic values through surveillance of and control over online communications between political activists. Any misuse of our products by our governmental or law enforcement customers, or allegations of misuse, may damage our reputation, business and results of operations.
Demand for our products may be impacted by government regulation of the internet and telecommunications industry.
Service providers are subject to government regulation in a number of jurisdictions in which we sell our products. There are several existing regulations and proposals in the United States, Europe and elsewhere for regulating service providers’ ability to prioritize applications in their networks. Some advocates for regulating this industry claim that collecting premium fees from certain “preferred” applications would distort the market for Internet applications in favor of larger and better-funded content providers. They also claim that this would impact end-users who already purchased broadband access only to experience response times that differ based on content provider. Some opponents believe that content providers who support bandwidth-intensive applications should be required to pay service providers a premium in order to support further network investments.
On December 14, 2017, the United States Federal Communications Commission (the “FCC”) announced that it voted to repeal the Open Internet Report and Order on Remand, Declaratory Ruling, and Order (the Open Internet Order). The Open Internet Order was issued by the FCC and went into effect on June 12, 2015. The Open Internet Order set forth rules, grounded, among others, on Title II of the Communications Act of 1934; the Open Internet Order regulated both fixed and mobile Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and prohibited them, subject to reasonable network management, from blocking and/or throttling of lawful content, applications, services, or non-harmful devices, and from unreasonably interfering or disadvantaging of (i) end users’ ability to select, access service of the lawful Internet content, applications, services, or devices of their choice or (ii) edge providers’ ability to make lawful content, applications, services, or devices available to end users. The Open Internet Order also prohibited paid prioritization of content. The repeal largely reversed the Open Internet Order, including the classification of broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service, which is subject to certain common carrier regulations, and restored the regulatory framework that preceded the Open Internet Order. Because our products allow ISPs to identify network traffic and facilitate traffic management, the reinstatement of this traditional regulatory framework has not, to date, affected but may in the future affect ISP’s demand for certain of our products. The repeal of the Open Internet Order was upheld by a federal appeals court in October 2019, however, the repeal does not preclude state and local governments from enacting their own net neutrality rules and certain U.S. states have already implemented net neutrality protections which could impact our operations.
On April 30, 2016, Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 of the European Parliament and of the Council came into effect, setting forth the first EU-wide Net Neutrality (“Open Internet”) rules. Under these rules, blocking, throttling and discrimination of internet traffic by ISPs is prohibited in the EU, with three exceptions: (i) compliance with legal obligations; (ii) integrity of the network; and (iii) congestion management in exceptional and temporary situations. Outside these exceptions, there can be no prioritization of traffic within an internet access service. However, equal treatment permits reasonable day-to-day traffic management according to objectively justified technical requirements, and which must be independent of the origin or destination of the traffic and of any commercial considerations. These rules also allow internet access providers, as well as content and applications providers, to offer special services with specific quality requirements (provided the Open Internet is not negatively affected by the provision of these services). Such specialized services cannot be a substitute to internet access services can only be provided if there is sufficient network capacity to provide them in addition to any internet access service and must not be to the detriment of the availability or general quality of internet access services for end-users.
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Such regulation of both fixed and mobile ISPs, in European Economic Area (EEA) Member States, may limit ISPs’ ability to manage, prioritize and monetize their network. Additionally, these regulations may attract growing public debate and attention of regulators in other jurisdictions we operate in. Demand from service providers, in affected jurisdictions, for the traffic management and subscriber management features of our products may be adversely affected by such regulations. To date, we have not experienced any material decrease in demand for these features; however, a decrease in demand in the future could adversely impact sales of our products and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Our failure to comply with data privacy laws may expose us to reputational harm and potential regulatory actions and fines.
Strict data privacy laws regulating the collection, transmission, storage and use of employee data and consumers’ personally-identifying information applicable to ISPs are evolving in the US, European Union and other jurisdictions in which we sell our products. For example, in the US, legislation has in recent years been proposed regarding restrictions on the use of geolocation information collected by mobile devices without consumer consent and California’s California Consumer Privacy Act, which grants expanded rights to access and delete personal information and opt out of certain personal information sharing, among other things, became effective on January 1, 2020. Similarly, the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), enforcement of which began on May 25, 2018, creates a range of new compliance obligations, increases financial penalties for non-compliance and extends the scope of the EU data protection law to all companies established in the EEA, and all companies established outside the EEA that either: (a) offer goods or services to individuals in the EEA; or (b) monitor the behavior of individuals in the EEA. The GDPR imposes a strict data protection compliance regime and includes enhanced rights for individuals. It applies to the collection, use, retention, security, processing, transfer and deletion of personally identifiable information of individuals, and creates a range of new compliance obligations. Implementation of, and compliance with, the GDPR has increased, and could continue to increase, our cost of doing business. In addition, the GDPR may be interpreted or applied in a manner that is unforeseen by, or adverse to, us. Violations of the GDPR may result in significant fines (up to four percent of worldwide annual turnover or EUR 20.0 million, whichever is greater) and reputational harm. Such regulations have increased our compliance and administrative burden significantly and require us to invest resources and management attention in order to update our IT systems to meet the new requirements, including those related to recordkeeping of personal identifiable information and segregation of duties.
The GDPR and other privacy and data protection laws may be interpreted and applied differently from country to country and may create inconsistent or conflicting requirements. Such regulations increase our customers’ compliance and administrative burden significantly and may require us to adapt certain of our products, as well as our support and maintenance services, if necessary, to different requirements in EEA Member States, as well as in the US, in order to allow our customers in such jurisdictions, to comply with such regulations. There is also no assurance that we will be able to adapt our products and/or our support and maintenance services sufficiently in order to allow our customers in various jurisdictions to comply with such regulatory requirements in each jurisdiction.
As data protection and privacy-related laws and regulations continue to evolve, these changes may result in increased regulatory and public scrutiny, escalating levels of enforcement and sanctions and increased costs of compliance. Therefore, we may be required to modify the features and functionalities of certain of our products, in a manner that is less attractive to customers. Such adjustments of our products, if required, may require extensive financial investments and may take long periods of time, leading to delay in sales cycles, deployment of our products and recognition of related revenues. Furthermore, we may be required to adjust the geographical and operational structure of our Customer Success department, if required, and this may entail extensive financial investments in providing support and maintenance services.
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Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property and Proprietary Information
If we are unable to successfully protect the intellectual property embodied in our technology, our business could be materially adversely affected.
Know-how relating to networking protocols, building carrier-grade systems, identifying applications and developing and maintaining security products is an important aspect of our intellectual property. It is our practice to have our employees sign appropriate non-compete agreements when permitted under applicable law. These agreements prohibit our employees who cease working for us from competing directly with us or working for our competitors for a limited period of time. The enforceability of non-compete clauses in certain jurisdictions in which we operate may be limited. Under the current laws of some jurisdictions in which we operate, we may be unable to enforce these agreements and it may thereby be difficult for us to restrict our competitors from gaining the expertise our former employees gained while working for us.
Further, to protect our know-how, we customarily require our employees, distributors, resellers, software testers and contractors to execute confidentiality agreements or agree to confidentiality undertakings when their relationship with us begins. Typically, our employment contracts also include clauses regarding assignment of intellectual property rights for all inventions developed by employees and non-disclosure of all confidential information. We cannot provide any assurance that the terms of these agreements are being observed and will be observed in the future. Because our product designs and software are stored electronically and thus are highly portable, we attempt to reduce the portability of our designs and software by physically protecting our servers through the use of closed networks, which prevent external access to our servers. We cannot be certain, however, that such protection will adequately deter individuals or groups from wrongfully accessing our technology. Monitoring unauthorized use of intellectual property is difficult and some foreign laws do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. We cannot be certain that the steps we have taken to protect our proprietary information will be sufficient. In addition, to protect our intellectual property, we may become involved in litigation, which could result in substantial expenses, divert the attention of management, or materially disrupt our business, all of which could adversely affect our revenue, financial condition and results of operations.
We also aim to protect our intellectual property with patent protection. As of December 31, 2023, we had a patent portfolio consisting of 29 patent families, including 35 issued U.S. patents, 4 reissued U.S. patents 3 pending U.S. patent applications, and 40 patents issued in Canada, Israel and other jurisdictions. There can be no assurance that:

| • | current or future U.S. or foreign patents applications will be approved;

| • | our issued patents will protect our intellectual property and not be held invalid or unenforceable if challenged by third-parties;

| • | we will succeed in protecting our technology adequately in all key jurisdictions in which we or our competitors operate;

| • | the patents of others will not have an adverse effect on our ability to do business; or

| • | others will not independently develop similar or competing products or methods or design around any patents that may be issued to us.

Any failure to obtain patents, inability to obtain patents with claims of a scope necessary to cover our technology or the invalidation of our patents may weaken our competitive position and may adversely affect our revenues.
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We use certain “open source” software tools that may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims, the assertion of which could impair our product development plans, interfere with our ability to support our clients or require us to pay licensing fees
Certain of our products contain open source code, and we may use more open source code in the future. Open source code is the type of code that is covered by a license agreement that permits the user to copy, modify and distribute the software without cost, provided that users and modifiers abide by certain licensing requirements. The original developers of the open source code provide no warranties on such code. As a result of our use of open source software, we could be subject to suits by parties claiming ownership of what we believe to be open source code, and we may incur expenses in defending claims that we did not abide by the open source code license. If we are not successful in defending against such claims, we may be subject to monetary damages or be required to remove the open source code from our products. Such events could disrupt our operations and the sales of our products, which would negatively impact our revenues and cash flow. In addition, under certain conditions, the use of open source code to create derivative code may obligate us to make the resulting derivative code available to others at no cost. If we are required to publicly disclose the source code for such derivative products or to license our derivative products that use an open source license, our previously proprietary software products would be available to others, including our customers and competitors without charge. While we endeavor to ensure that no open source software is used in a way which may require us to disclose the source code to our related product, such use could inadvertently occur. If we were required to make our software source code freely available, our business could be seriously harmed. The use of such open source code may ultimately subject some of our products to unintended conditions so that we are required to take remedial action that may divert resources away from our development efforts.
Disruption to our IT systems could adversely affect our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
Risks related to cybersecurity and privacy, including the activities of criminal hackers, hacktivists, state-sponsored intrusions, industrial espionage, employee malfeasance and human or technological error, are constantly evolving. Computer hackers and others routinely attempt to breach the security of companies, governmental agencies, technology products, services and systems.
Our IT systems contain personal, financial and other information that is entrusted to us by our customers and employees as well as financial, proprietary and other confidential information related to our business, and we rely on said systems to manage our business, operations and research and development. If these IT systems are compromised as a result of cyber-attacks or cyber-related incidents, it could result in the loss or misappropriation of sensitive data or other disruption to our operations. Although we have a cybersecurity program designed to protect and preserve the integrity of our information technology systems, we have experienced and expect to continue to experience cyber-attacks of our IT systems or networks (such as limited phishing, ransomware and malware activities identified by us in the past, which were mitigated). Although none of these cyber-attacks nor breaches that have been of a minor nature, has had a material effect on our operations or financial condition, due to our security measures and awareness, we cannot guarantee that any such incidents would not materially harm our business in the future.
If our IT systems are compromised as a result of cyber-attacks or cyber-related incidents, it could result in the loss or misappropriation of sensitive data or other disruption to our operations. It could also disrupt our electronic communications systems and thus our ability to conduct our business operations, our ability to process customer orders and electronically deliver products and services and our distribution channels.
Additionally, as a provider of network intelligence and security solutions for mobile and fixed service providers, an actual or perceived cyber-attack, breach of security or theft of personal data store by us, regardless of whether the cyber-attack, breach or theft is attributable to the failure of our products, could adversely affect the market’s perception of the efficacy of our solutions, and current or potential customers may look to our competitors for alternative solutions. A breach of our systems may also lead defects and security vulnerabilities to be introduced into our software, thereby damaging the reputation and perceived reliability and security of our products and services and potentially making the data systems of our customers vulnerable to further data loss and cyber incidents.
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Despite our investments in risk prevention and contingencies, data protection, prevention of intrusions, access control systems and other security measures, we can provide no assurance that our current IT systems are fully protected against third-party intrusions, viruses, hacker attacks, information or data theft or other similar threats. Any such security breach, whether actual or alleged, could result in system disruptions or shutdowns and/or destruction, alteration, theft or unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. Even when an actual or attempted security breach is detected, the full extent of the breach may not be determined for some time. An increasing number of companies have disclosed security breaches of their IT systems and networks, some of which have involved sophisticated and highly targeted attacks. We believe such incidents are likely to continue, and we are unable to predict the direct or indirect impact of these future attacks on our business.
We may be subject to claims of intellectual property infringement by third parties that, regardless of merit, could result in litigation and our business, operating results or financial condition could be materially adversely affected.
There can be no assurance that we will not receive communications from third parties asserting that our products and other intellectual property infringe, or may infringe their proprietary rights. We are not currently subject to any proceedings for infringement of patents or other intellectual property rights and are not aware of any parties that intend to pursue such claims against us except for an initial approach from a competitor asserting a potential infringement which we strongly refute. Any such claim, regardless of merit, could result in litigation, which could result in substantial expenses, divert the attention of management, cause significant delays and materially disrupt the conduct of our business. As a consequence of such claims, we could be required to pay substantial damage awards, develop non-infringing technology, enter into royalty-bearing licensing agreements, stop selling our products or re-brand our products. If it appears necessary, we may seek to license intellectual property that we are alleged to infringe. Such licensing agreements may not be available on terms acceptable to us or at all. Litigation is inherently uncertain and any adverse decision could result in a loss of our proprietary rights, subject us to significant liabilities, require us to seek licenses from others and otherwise negatively affect our business. In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us and our failure or inability to develop non-infringing technology or license the infringed or similar technology, our business, operating results or financial condition could be materially adversely affected.
Risks Related to Our Ordinary Shares
The share price of our ordinary shares has been and may continue to be volatile.
The market price of our ordinary shares has been volatile in the past and may continue to be volatile. Our quarterly financial performance is likely to vary in the future, and may not meet our expectations or the expectations of analysts or investors, which may lead to additional volatility in our share price. Many factors could cause the market price of ordinary shares to fluctuate substantially, including, but not limited to:

| • | announcements or introductions of technological innovations, new products, product enhancements or pricing policies by us or our competitors;

| • | winning or losing contracts with service providers;

| • | disputes or other developments with respect to our or our competitors’ intellectual property rights;

| • | announcements of strategic partnerships, joint ventures, acquisitions or other agreements by us or our competitors;

| • | recruitment or departure of key personnel;

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| • | regulatory developments in the markets in which we sell our products;

| • | our future repurchases, if any, of our ordinary shares pursuant to our current share repurchase program and/or any other share repurchase program which may be approved in the future;

| • | our sale of ordinary shares or other securities;

| • | changes in the estimation of the future size and growth of our markets;

| • | market conditions in our industry, the industries of our customers and the economy as a whole;

| • | a failure to meet publicly announced guidance or other expectations; or

| • | equity awards to our directors, officers and employees.

Share price fluctuations may be exaggerated if the trading volume of our ordinary shares is too low. The lack of a trading market may result in the loss of research coverage by securities analysts. Moreover, we can provide no assurance that any securities analysts will initiate or maintain research coverage of our company and our ordinary shares. If our future quarterly operating results are below the expectations of securities analysts or investors, the price of our ordinary shares would likely decline. Securities class action litigation has often been brought against companies following periods of volatility.
Our shareholders do not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of a U.S. company because we have elected to use certain exemptions available to foreign private issuers from certain corporate governance requirements of the Nasdaq Stock Market (“Nasdaq”).
As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted under Nasdaq Rule 5615(a)(3) to follow Israeli corporate governance practices instead of Nasdaq requirements that apply to U.S. companies. As a condition to following Israeli corporate governance practices, we must disclose which requirements we are not following and describe the equivalent Israeli law requirement. We must also provide Nasdaq with a letter from our Israeli outside counsel, certifying that our corporate governance practices are not prohibited by Israeli law. As a result of these exemptions, our shareholders do not have the same protections as are afforded to shareholders of a U.S. company.
We currently follow Israeli home country practices with regard to the quorum requirement for shareholder meetings and shareholder approval of equity compensation plans requirements. As permitted under the Israeli Companies Law, 5759-1999, or the Companies Law, our articles of association provide that the quorum for any meeting of shareholders shall be the presence of at least two shareholders present in person or by proxy who hold at least 25% of the voting power of our shares instead of 33% of our issued share capital (as prescribed by Nasdaq’s rules). We do not seek shareholder approval for (i) equity compensation plans in accordance with the requirements of the Companies Law, which does not reflect the requirements of Rule 5635(c), (ii) the issuance of securities that would result in a change of control, which does not reflect the requirements of Rule 5635(b), and (iii) certain private issuances of securities representing more than 20% of our outstanding shares or voting power at below market prices, which does not reflect the requirements of Rule 5635(b).
In the future, we may also choose to follow Israeli corporate governance practices instead of Nasdaq requirements with regard to, among other things, the composition of our board of directors, compensation of officers, director nomination procedures and quorum requirements at shareholders’ meetings. In addition, we may choose to follow Israeli corporate governance practice instead of Nasdaq requirements to obtain shareholder approval for certain dilutive events. Accordingly, our shareholders may not be afforded the same protection as provided under Nasdaq corporate governance rules. Following our home country governance practices, as opposed to the requirements that would otherwise apply to a U.S. company listed on Nasdaq, may provide less protection than is accorded to investors of domestic issuers. See “ITEM 16G: Corporate Governance.”
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As a foreign private issuer, we are not subject to the provisions of Regulation FD or U.S. proxy rules and are exempt from filing certain Exchange Act reports.
As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules and regulations under the Exchange Act related to the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we are not required under the Exchange Act to file annual and current reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. domestic companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act. We are permitted to disclose limited compensation information for our executive officers on an individual basis and we are generally exempt from filing quarterly reports with the SEC under the Exchange Act. Moreover, we are not required to comply with Regulation FD, which restricts the selective disclosure of material nonpublic information to, among others, broker-dealers and holders of a company’s securities under circumstances in which it is reasonably foreseeable that the holder will trade in the company’s securities on the basis of the information. These exemptions and leniencies reduce the frequency and scope of information and protections to which you may otherwise have been eligible in relation to a U.S. domestic issuer.
We would lose our foreign private issuer status if (a) a majority of our outstanding voting securities were either directly or indirectly owned of record by residents of the United States and (b) either (i) a majority of our executive officers or directors were United States citizens or residents, (ii) more than 50% of our assets were located in the United States or (iii) our business were administered principally in the United States. Our loss of foreign private issuer status would make U.S. regulatory provisions mandatory. The regulatory and compliance costs to us under U.S. securities laws as a U.S. domestic issuer may be significantly higher. If we are not a foreign private issuer, we will be required to file periodic reports and registration statements on U.S. domestic issuer forms with the SEC, which are more detailed and extensive than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. We would also be required to follow U.S. proxy disclosure requirements, including the requirement to disclose, under U.S. law, more detailed information about the compensation of our senior executive officers on an individual basis. We may also be required to modify certain of our policies to comply with accepted governance practices associated with U.S. domestic issuers. Such conversion and modifications will involve additional costs. In addition, we would lose our ability to rely upon exemptions from certain Nasdaq corporate governance requirements that are available to foreign private issuers.
Certain U.S. holders of our ordinary shares may suffer adverse tax consequences if we or any of our non-US subsidiaries are characterized as a “controlled foreign corporation,” or a CFC, under Section 957(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”).
A non-U.S. corporation is considered a CFC if more than 50% of (1) the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of such corporation entitled to vote, or (2) the total value of the stock of such corporation, is owned, or is considered as owned by applying certain constructive ownership rules, including certain downward attribution rules by United States shareholders who each own stock representing 10% or more of the vote or 10% or more of the value on any day during the taxable year of such non-U.S. corporation (“10% U.S. Shareholder”). Because our group includes one or more U.S. subsidiaries, certain of our non-U.S. subsidiaries will be treated as CFCs (regardless of whether or not we are treated as a CFC). Generally, 10% U.S. Shareholders of a CFC are required to report annually and include currently in its U.S. taxable income such 10% U.S. Shareholder’s pro rata share of the CFC’s “Subpart F income,” “global intangible low-taxed income,” and investments in U.S. property by CFCs, regardless of whether we make an actual distribution to such shareholders. “Subpart F income” includes, among other things, certain passive income (such as income from dividends, interests, royalties, rents and annuities or gain from the sale of property that produces such types of income) and certain sales and services income arising in connection with transactions between the CFC and a person related to the CFC.
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Any individual that is a 10% U.S. Shareholder with respect to a CFC generally would not be allowed certain tax deductions or foreign tax credits that would be allowed to a 10% U.S. Shareholder that is a U.S. corporation. Failure to comply with these reporting obligations may subject a 10% U.S. Shareholder to significant monetary penalties and may prevent the statute of limitations with respect to such shareholder’s U.S. federal income tax return for the year for which reporting was due from starting. We cannot provide any assurances that we will assist investors in determining whether any of our non-U.S. subsidiaries is treated as a CFC or whether any investor is treated as a 10% U.S. Shareholder with respect to any such CFC or furnish to any 10% United States shareholders information that may be necessary to comply with the aforementioned reporting and tax payment obligations. A United States investor should consult its tax advisors regarding the potential application of these rules to an investment in our ordinary shares.
Your percentage ownership in the Company may be diluted in the future because of equity awards that have been, or may be, granted to our directors, officers and employees.
We have adopted equity compensation plans that provide for the grant of equity-based awards, including restricted units and share options to our directors, officers, and other employees. As of March 31, 2024, we had 3,955,755 options and restricted units outstanding to employees and directors of the Company, and there were 252,847 shares available for future awards under our equity compensation plans. The vesting of restricted units and granting of share options are generally contingent upon performance and/or service conditions. Vesting of those shares of restricted units and share would dilute the ownership interest of existing shareholders. Equity awards will continue to be a source of compensation for employees and directors going forward.
We may fail to meet our publicly announced guidance or other expectations about our business, which could cause our share price to decline.
We may provide from time to time guidance regarding our expected financial and business performance. Correctly identifying key factors affecting business conditions and predicting future events is inherently an uncertain process, and our guidance may not ultimately be accurate and has in the past been inaccurate in certain respects. Our guidance is based on certain assumptions such as those relating to anticipated production and sales volumes (which generally are not linear throughout a given period), average sales prices, and supplier and commodity costs. If our guidance varies from actual results due to our assumptions not being met or the impact on our financial performance that could occur as a result of various risks and uncertainties, the market value of our ordinary shares could decline significantly.
Risks Relating to our Indebtedness and Capital Structure
The issuance of ordinary shares upon conversion of the Note (as defined below) could substantially dilute your investment and could impede our ability to obtain additional financing.
On February 18, 2022, we issued to Lynrock Lake Master Fund LP a senior unsecured promissory note in an aggregate principal amount of $40 million (the “Note”). The Note is convertible into our ordinary shares at an initial conversion rate of 97.0874 ordinary shares per $1,000 of the principal amount being converted (based on an initial conversion price equal to $10.30 per ordinary share). The conversion price decreases by up to two $1 increments if we elect to extend the maturity of the Note by up to two successive years following the initial maturity date of February 14, 2025. Conversion of the Note would result in dilution to the equity interests of our other shareholders. We have no control over whether or when the holder will exercise its right to convert the Note. We cannot predict the market price of our ordinary shares at any future date, and therefore cannot predict whether the Note will be converted. The existence and potentially dilutive impact of the conversion of the Note may prevent us from obtaining additional financing in the future on acceptable terms, or at all.
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Our indebtedness and liabilities could limit the cash flow available for our operations, expose us to risks that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, restrict our ability to incur additional indebtedness and impair our ability to satisfy our obligations under the Note.
Our indebtedness could have material adverse consequences for our security holders and our business, results of operations and financial condition by, among other things:

| • | increasing our vulnerability to adverse economic and industry conditions;

| • | limiting our ability to obtain additional financing;

| • | limiting our flexibility to plan for, or react to, changes in our business;

| • | diluting the interests of our existing shareholders as a result of issuing ordinary shares upon conversion of the Note; and

| • | placing us at a possible competitive disadvantage with competitors that are less leveraged than us or have better access to capital.

The Note includes financially restrictive covenants that, among other things, limit our ability to incur additional debt. Without the consent of the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Note, we may not create, incur, assume or be liable for any indebtedness for borrowed money unless the aggregate principal amount of such indebtedness does not exceed $5 million.
The Note matures on February 14, 2025, subject to our right to extend it for two successive years. At maturity, unless converted or redeemed, we will need to repay the principal amount under the Note. Our business may not generate sufficient funds, and we may otherwise be unable to maintain sufficient cash reserves, to pay amounts due under our indebtedness, including the Note, and our cash needs may increase in the future.
We may be unable to raise the funds necessary to repurchase the Note for cash following a change of control, or to pay any cash amounts due upon redemption or conversion, and our other indebtedness may limit our ability to repurchase the Note or pay cash upon its conversion.
In the event of a change of control, the holder of the Note has the right to require us to convert all or a portion of the Note to ordinary shares or redeem all (but not less than all) of the outstanding principal amount of the Note. In the event of such conversion or redemption in connection with a change of control, we will also be required to pay to the holder an amount in cash equal to 6% per annum of the then-outstanding principal amount of the Note. We may not have enough available cash or be able to obtain financing at the time we are required to redeem the Note or pay the cash amounts due upon conversion or redemption. In addition, applicable law, regulatory authorities and the agreements governing any future indebtedness may restrict our ability to repurchase the Note or pay the cash amounts due upon conversion or redemption. Our failure to repurchase the Note or to pay the cash amounts due upon conversion or redemption when required will constitute a default under the Note. A default under the Note could also lead to a default under agreements governing any future indebtedness, which may result in that other indebtedness becoming immediately payable in full. We may not have sufficient funds to satisfy all amounts due under such other indebtedness and the Note.
Provisions in the Note could delay or prevent an otherwise beneficial takeover of us.
Certain provisions in the Note could make a third-party attempt to acquire us more difficult or expensive. For example, if a takeover constitutes a change of control, then the noteholder will have the right to convert all or a portion of the Note or redeem all (but not less than all) of the outstanding principal amount of the Note. In this case, and in other cases, our obligations under the Note could increase the cost of acquiring us or otherwise discourage a third party from acquiring us, including in a transaction that holders of our ordinary shares may view as favorable.
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Risks Relating to our Location in Israel
Conditions in Israel could adversely affect our business.
We are incorporated under Israeli law and our principal offices, research and development division and manufacturing facilities are located in Israel. Accordingly, political, economic and military conditions in Israel directly affect our business. Since the State of Israel was established in 1948, a number of armed conflicts have occurred between Israel and its Arab neighbors. Although Israel has entered into various agreements with Egypt, Jordan and the Palestinian Authority, there has been an increase in unrest and terrorist activity, which began in September 2000 and continued with varying levels of severity throughout 2023.
On October 7, 2023, terrorists from Hamas and other terrorist organizations infiltrated Israel’s southern border from the Gaza Strip and conducted a series of attacks on civilian and military targets, including widespread killings and kidnappings. They also launched extensive rocket attacks on the Israeli civilian population. Shortly following the attack, Israel declared war against Hamas. Furthermore, following Hamas’ attack on Israel and Israel’s security cabinet declaration of war against Hamas, the Houthi movement, which controls parts of Yemen, launched a number of attacks on marine vessels traversing the Red Sea, which marine vessels were thought to either be in route towards Israel or to be partly owned by Israeli businessmen. There has also been increased fighting along Israel’s northern border with Lebanon. The south of Lebanon is occupied by Hezbollah, a paramilitary organization backed by Iran. In addition, Iran has threatened to attack Israel and has been developing a nuclear program.
To date, none of our facilities or infrastructure have been damaged nor have our supply chains been significantly impacted since the war broke out. However, a prolonged war could adversely impact our supply chain and our ability to ship products from Israel, which could disrupt our operations. Our commercial insurance does not cover losses that may occur as a result of events associated with war and terrorism. Although the Israeli government currently covers the reinstatement value of direct damages that are caused by terrorist attacks or acts of war, we cannot assure you that this government coverage will be maintained or that it will sufficiently cover our potential damages. Any losses or damages incurred by us could have a material adverse effect on our business.
In the past, the State of Israel and Israeli companies have been subjected to economic boycotts. Several countries still restrict business with the State of Israel and with Israeli companies. These restrictive laws and policies may have an adverse impact on our operating results, financial condition or the expansion of our business. A campaign of boycotts, divestment and sanctions has been undertaken against Israel, which could also adversely impact our business.
Our operations may be disrupted by the obligations of personnel to perform military service.
As of December 31, 2023, we employed 559 Employees, of whom 222 were based in Israel. Some of our employees in Israel are obligated to perform annual military reserve duty in the Israel Defense Forces, depending on their age and position in the army. Additionally, they may be called to active reserve duty at any time under emergency circumstances for extended periods of time. Our operations could be disrupted by the absence of one or more of our executive officers or key employees for a significant period due to military service and any significant disruption in our operations could harm our business. The full impact on our workforce or business if some of our executive officers and employees are called upon to perform military service, especially in times of national emergency, is difficult to predict.
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The tax benefits that are available to us require us to meet several conditions and may be terminated or reduced in the future, which would increase our costs and taxes.
Our investment program in equipment at our facility in Hod-Hasharon, Israel, has been granted Approved Enterprise status and we are therefore eligible for tax benefits under the Israeli Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959, referred to as the Investments Law. We have also been granted benefited enterprise status in prior years, but beginning in 2021, this status is no longer applicable to us. We expect that the Approved Enterprise tax benefits will be available to us after we utilize our net operating loss carry forwards As of December 31, 2023, our net operating loss carry forwards for Israeli tax purposes amounted to approximately $119 million. To remain eligible for these tax benefits, we must continue to meet certain conditions stipulated in the Investments Law and its regulations and the criteria set forth in the specific certificate of approval. If we do not meet these requirements, the tax benefits would be canceled and we could be required to refund any tax benefits and investment grants that we received in the past. Further, in the future these tax benefits may be reduced or discontinued. If these tax benefits are cancelled, our Israeli taxable income would be subject to regular Israeli corporate tax rates. The standard corporate tax rate in Israel since the 2018 tax year is 23%.
Effective January 1, 2011, the Investments Law was amended (the “2011 Amendment”) to revise the criteria for receiving tax benefits. Under the transition provisions of the 2011 Amendment, a company may decide to irrevocably implement the 2011 Amendment while waiving benefits provided under the Investments Law’s prior benefits programs or to remain subject to the Investments Law’s prior benefits programs. We have opted not to apply the benefits under the 2011 Amendment, however, in the future, we may not be eligible to receive additional tax benefits as were made available under the Investments Law prior to the 2011 Amendment. The termination or reduction of these tax benefits would increase our tax liability, which would reduce our profits. Finally, in the event of a distribution of a dividend from the abovementioned tax-exempt income, we would also be subject to income tax on the amount distributed in accordance with the effective corporate tax rate which would have been applied had we not enjoyed the exemption. See “ITEM 10: Additional Information-Taxation-Israeli Tax Considerations and Government Programs.”
No assurance can be given that we will be eligible to receive additional tax benefits under the Investments Law in the future. The termination or reduction of these tax benefits would increase our tax liability in the future, which would reduce our profits or increase our losses. Additionally, if we increase our activities outside of Israel, for example, by future acquisitions, our increased activities may not be eligible for inclusion in Israeli tax benefit programs.
The government grants we have received for research and development expenditures require us to satisfy specified conditions and restrict our ability to manufacture products and transfer technologies outside of Israel. If we fail to comply with these conditions or such restrictions, we may be required to refund grants previously received together with interest and penalties and may be subject to criminal charges.
We have received grants from the Israel Innovation Authority (formerly known as the Office of the Chief Scientist of the Ministry of Economy) for the financing of a portion of our research and development expenditures in Israel, pursuant to the provisions of The Encouragement of Research, Development and Innovation in Industry Law, 1984, referred to as the Research and Development Law. In the future we may not receive grants or we may receive significantly smaller grants from the Israel Innovation Authority, and our failure to receive grants in the future could adversely affect our profitability. In 2022, we recognized non-royalty-bearing grants totaling $0.5 million, representing 1% of our gross research and development expenditures. In 2023, we recognized non-royalty-bearing grants totaling $0.6 million, representing 1% of our gross research and development expenditures. In each of the years 2023 and 2022, we qualified to participate in one non-royalty-bearing research and development program, funded by the Israel Innovation Authority to develop generic technology relevant to the development of our products. Such programs are approved pursuant to special provisions of the Research and Development Law. In the past three years, we were eligible to receive grants constituting of up to 53% of certain research and development expenses relating to these programs. Although the grants under these programs are not required to be repaid by way of royalties, the restrictions of the Research and Development Law described below apply to these programs.
The provisions of the Research and Development Law and the terms of the Israel Innovation Authority grants prohibit us from transferring manufacturing products which we originally planned to manufacture in Israel outside of Israel if they incorporate technologies funded by the Israel Innovation Authority, and from transferring intellectual property rights in technologies developed using these grants, without special approvals from the Israel Innovation Authority.
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Even if we receive approval to manufacture our products outside of Israel, we may be required to pay an increased total amount of royalties, which may be up to 150% of the grant amount plus interest, depending on our manufacturing volume outside Israel. This restriction may impair our ability to outsource manufacturing or engage in similar arrangements for those products or technologies. Know-how developed under an approved research and development program may not be transferred to any third-parties, except in certain circumstances and subject to prior approval. Similarly, even if we receive approval to transfer intellectual property rights in technologies developed using these grants, we may be required to repay up to 6 times of the original grants plus LIBOR interest to the Israel Innovation Authority. In addition, if we fail to comply with any of the conditions and restrictions imposed by the Research and Development Law or by the specific terms under which we received the grants, we may be required to refund any grants previously received together with interest and penalties, and we may be subject to criminal charges.
It may be difficult to enforce a U.S. judgment against us, our officers and directors, or our auditors in Israel or the United States, or to assert U.S. securities laws claims in Israel or serve process on our officers and directors or our auditors.
We are incorporated in Israel. The majority of our executive officers and directors, and our auditors are not residents of the U.S., and the majority of our assets and the assets of these persons are located outside the U.S. Therefore, it may be difficult for an investor, or any other person or entity, to enforce a U.S. court judgment based upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws against us or any of these persons in a U.S. or Israeli court, or to effect service of process upon these persons in the United States. Additionally, it may be difficult for an investor, or any other person or entity, to assert U.S. securities law claims in original actions instituted in Israel. Israeli courts may refuse to hear a claim based on a violation of U.S. securities laws on the grounds that Israel is not the most appropriate forum in which to bring such a claim. Even if an Israeli court agrees to hear a claim, it may determine that Israeli law and not U.S. law is applicable to the claim. If U.S. law is found to be applicable, the content of applicable U.S. law must be proved as a fact which can be a time-consuming and costly process. Certain matters of procedure will also be governed by Israeli law. There is little binding case law in Israel addressing the matters described above.
Provisions of Israeli law and our articles of association may delay, prevent or make undesirable an acquisition of all or a significant portion of our shares or assets.
Our articles of association contain certain provisions that may delay or prevent a change of control, including a classified board of directors. In addition, Israeli corporate law regulates acquisitions of shares through tender offers and mergers, requires special approvals for transactions involving significant shareholders and regulates other matters that may be relevant to these types of transactions. These provisions of Israeli law could delay or prevent a change in control and may make it more difficult for third-parties to acquire us, even if doing so would be beneficial to our shareholders, and may limit the price that investors may be willing to pay for our ordinary shares in the future. Furthermore, Israeli tax considerations may make potential transactions undesirable to us or to some of our shareholders. See “ITEM 10: Additional Information-Memorandum and Articles of Association-Acquisitions under Israeli Law” and “-Anti-Takeover Measures.”
General Risk Factors
Our financial results may differ materially from any guidance we may publish from time to time.
We may, from time to time, voluntarily publish guidance regarding our future performance that represents our management’s estimates as of the date of relevant release. Any such guidance is based upon a number of assumptions and estimates that, while presented with numerical specificity, is inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control and are based upon specific assumptions with respect to future business decisions, some of which will change. The principal reason that we may release this data is to provide a basis for our management to discuss our business outlook with analysts and investors. We do not accept any responsibility for any projections or reports published by any such persons. Guidance is necessarily speculative in nature, and it can be expected that some or all of the assumptions of the guidance furnished by us will not materialize or will vary significantly from actual results. Further, our sales during any given quarter tend to be unevenly distributed as individual orders tend to close in greater numbers immediately prior to the relevant quarter end and further. Our revenues from individual customers may also fluctuate from time to time based on the timing and the terms under which further orders are received and the duration of the delivery and implementation of such orders. Therefore, if our projected sales do not close before the end of the relevant quarter, our actual results may be inconsistent with our published guidance. Accordingly, our guidance is only an estimate of what management believes is realizable as of the date of release. Actual results will vary from the guidance and the variations may be material. Investors should also recognize that the reliability of any forecasted financial data diminishes the farther in the future that the data is forecast. In light of the foregoing, investors are urged to consider any guidance we may publish in context and not to place undue reliance on it.
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Our financial condition and results of operations may be harmed by political events and regulatory developments that could have a material adverse effect on global economic condition.
Significant political or regulatory developments in the jurisdictions in which we sell our products, such as those stemming from the recent change in the presidential administration in the U.S. or the U.K.’s exit from the E.U., are difficult to predict and may have a material adverse effect on us. For example, in the United States, tariffs have recently been imposed on imports from China, Mexico, Canada and other countries, and there may be further restrictions on free trade and has increased tariffs on goods imported into the United States. Changes in U.S. political, regulatory and economic conditions or in its policies governing international trade and foreign manufacturing and investment in the U.S. could materially adversely affect our sales in the U.S.
In the United Kingdom, following the vote to approve an exit from the E.U., commonly referred to as “Brexit,” the government officially separated from the E.U. on January 31, 2020. A transition period ended on December 31, 2020, during which the U.K. and the E.U. negotiated the terms of the U.K.’s relationship with the E.U. going forward. With the implementation of the E.U.-U.K. Trade and Cooperation Agreement beginning on January 1, 2021, it is still unclear how the deal will impact relationships within the U.K. and between the U.K. and other countries on many aspects of fiscal policy, cross-border trade and international relations. The Trade and Cooperation Agreement could potentially disrupt the free movement of goods, services and people between the U.K. and the E.U., undermine bilateral cooperation in key geographic areas and significantly disrupt trade between the U.K. and the E.U. or other nations as the U.K. pursues independent trade relations. Because this is an unprecedented event, it is unclear what long-term economic, financial, trade, tax and legal implications Brexit would have and how it would affect the regulation applicable to our business globally and in the region. The impact on us will depend, in part, on the outcome of tariff, trade, regulatory and other negotiations. Brexit could also lead to legal uncertainty and potentially divergent national laws and regulations as the U.K. determines which E.U. laws to replace or replicate. In addition, Brexit may lead other E.U. member countries to consider referendums regarding their European Union membership. Any of these developments, along with any political, economic and regulatory changes that may occur, could cause political and economic uncertainty in Europe and internationally and could materially adversely affect our sales in Europe.
We may expand our business or enhance our technology through acquisitions that could result in diversion of resources and extra expenses. This could disrupt our business and adversely affect our financial condition.
Part of our strategy is to selectively pursue partnerships and acquisitions. We have acquired a number of companies in the past. The negotiation of acquisitions, investments or joint ventures, as well as the integration of acquired or jointly developed businesses or technologies, could divert our management’s time and resources. Acquired businesses, technologies or joint ventures may not be successfully integrated with our products and operations and we may not realize the intended benefits of these acquisitions. We may also incur future losses from any acquisition, investment or joint venture. In addition, acquisitions could result in:

| • | substantial cash expenditures;

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| • | potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities;

| • | the incurrence of debt and contingent liabilities;

| • | a decrease in our profit margins; and

| • | amortization of intangibles and potential impairment of goodwill.

Our business may be materially affected by changes to fiscal and tax policies. Potentially negative or unexpected tax consequences of these policies, or the uncertainty surrounding their potential effects, could adversely affect our results of operations and share price.
As we operate in the global market, we are subject to taxation in Israel and various jurisdictions in which we conduct our business. Our tax expenses include the impact of tax exposures in certain jurisdictions, and may also be affected by adverse changes in the underlying profitability and financial outlook of our operations or changes in tax laws, including introduction of unilateral taxation such as digital services taxes in certain countries, international tax treaties, guidelines such as the OECD inclusive framework on BEPS, proposed regimes informally known as Pillar 2 which apply to large multinational corporations, or EU ATAD I and II, all of which could lead to an increase in our effective tax rate or to changes in our valuation allowances against deferred tax assets on our consolidated balance sheets. Furthermore, we are subject to tax audits by governmental authorities everywhere we do business. If we experience unfavorable results from one or more such tax audits, there could be an adverse effect on our tax rate and therefore on our net income. Our results of operations may also be affected by changes in tax laws, tax rates or double tax treaties.
London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) and other interest rates that are indices deemed to be “benchmarks” are the subject of recent and ongoing national, international and other regulatory guidance and proposals for reform. Some of these reforms are already effective, while others are still to be implemented. These reforms may cause such benchmarks to perform differently than in the past, or to disappear entirely as in the case of LIBOR, or have other consequences that cannot be predicted. Any such consequence could have a material adverse effect on our future debt linked to such a “benchmark” and our ability to service debt that bears interest at floating rates of interest.
If the price of our ordinary shares declines, we may be more vulnerable to an unsolicited or hostile acquisition bid.
We do not have a controlling shareholder. Notwithstanding provisions of our articles of association and Israeli law, a decline in the price of our ordinary shares may result in us becoming subject to an unsolicited or hostile acquisition bid. In the event that such a bid is publicly disclosed, it may result in increased speculation regarding our company and volatility in our share price even if our board of directors decides not to pursue a transaction. If our board of directors does pursue a transaction, there can be no assurance that it will be consummated successfully or that the price paid will represent a premium above the original price paid for our shares by all of our shareholders.
Additionally, in recent years, U.S. and non-U.S. companies listed on securities exchanges in the United States have been faced with governance-related demands from activist shareholders, unsolicited tender offers and proxy contests. Although as a foreign private issuer we are not subject to U.S. proxy rules, responding to any action of this type by activist shareholders could be costly and time-consuming, disrupting our operations and diverting the attention of management and our employees. Such activities could interfere with our ability to execute our strategic plans. In addition, a proxy contest for the election of directors at our annual meeting would require us to incur significant legal fees and proxy solicitation expenses and require significant time and attention by management and our board of directors. The perceived uncertainties due to such actions of activist shareholders also could affect the market price of our securities.
Adverse resolution of litigation may harm our operating results or financial condition.
We are a party to lawsuits in the normal course of our business. Litigation can be expensive, lengthy, and disruptive to normal business operations. Moreover, the results of complex legal proceedings are difficult to predict. Unfavorable resolution of lawsuits could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, or financial condition.
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ITEM 4: Information on Allot
A. History and Development of Allot
Our History
Our legal and commercial name is Allot Ltd. We were incorporated on November 12, 1996. We are a company limited by shares organized under the laws of the State of Israel. Our principal executive offices are located at 22 Hanagar Street, Neve Ne’eman Industrial Zone B, Hod-Hasharon 4501317, Israel, and our telephone number is +972 (9) 761-9200. We have irrevocably appointed Allot Communications Inc. as our agent to receive service of process in any action against us in any United States federal or state court. The address of Allot Communications Inc. is 1500 District Avenue, Burlington, MA 01803.
Our website address is www.allot.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website does not constitute a part of this annual report and is not incorporated by reference herein. We have included our website address in this annual report solely for informational purposes. Our SEC filings are available to you on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov, which contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The information on that website is not part of this annual report and is not incorporated by reference herein.
B. Business Overview
Overview
We are a provider of leading innovative security solutions and network intelligence solutions for mobile, fixed and cloud service providers as well as enterprises worldwide. For 25 years, our solutions have been deployed globally for network-based security, including mobile security, distributed denial of service (“DDoS”) protection and Internet of Things (“IoT”) security, network and application analytics, traffic control and shaping, and more. More recently, we have cultivated a strategic focus on the expansion and advancement of our SECaaS product offerings.
The Company delivers a unified security service for individual consumers and small and medium-sized businesses (“SMBs”), at home, at work and on the go, with the Allot Secure product family. Our Allot Security Management product is, to our knowledge, the only platform that unifies security services for mobile, fixed and 5G converged networks.
Our industry-leading network-based SECaaS solution has previously achieved up to 50% penetration with some service providers and is already used by over 20 million subscribers globally. Our multi-service platforms (AllotSmart) are deployed by over 500 mobile, fixed and cloud service providers and over 1,000 enterprises.
We have a global and diverse customer base composed of mobile and fixed broadband service providers, cable operators, satellite service providers, private networks, data centers, governments, and enterprises such as financial and educational institutions. We have a strong backlog representing customers’ orders for products and services not yet recognized as revenues. Backlog is subject to delivery delays or program cancellations, which are beyond our control.
With over 20 years of experience empowering service providers and enterprises to get more out of their networks and to manage them better, we enable network operators and enterprises to detect security breaches, to protect their own networks and their users from attacks, to clearly see and understand their networks from within, to optimize, innovate and capitalize on every opportunity, to learn about users and network behaviors, and to improve Quality of Service (“QoS”) and reduce costs, all while increasing value to customers and deploying new services faster.
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Through our combination of innovative technology, proven know-how and collaborative approach to industry standards and partnerships, we deliver solutions that equip service providers with the capabilities to elevate their role as premier digital services providers and to expand into new business opportunities. We offer our customers market leading, proprietary technologies that are powerful, diverse and scalable. In addition, we have developed significant industry know-how and expertise through our experience in designing and implementing use cases with our large customer base.
We generated total revenues of $93 million in the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of 24% over the prior year. In 2023, 23% of our revenues were attributable to security solutions, and 77% of our revenues were attributable to network intelligence solutions.
Industry Overview
Security Solutions
As the number of networks, applications and network-connected devices has increased, consumers and SMBs have become increasingly vulnerable to cyber threats and crime, and communication service providers (“CSPs”) have begun to encounter complex operational challenges requiring nuanced solutions.

| • | Network Security Threats: As reliance on the Internet has grown, service providers and enterprise networks have become increasingly vulnerable to a wide range of security threats, including DDoS attacks, spambots, malware and other threats. These attacks are designed to flood the network with traffic that consumes all available bandwidth, impeding operators’ ability to provide high quality broadband access to subscribers or preventing enterprises from using mission-critical applications. These threats also compromise network and data integrity. We believe service providers and enterprises can better protect against such attacks by detecting and neutralizing malicious traffic at very early stages, before such threats can compromise network integrity and services.

| • | End-User Security Threats: Broadband devices and mobile devices have also become increasingly vulnerable to online threats, such as malware, ransomware and phishing. Broadband and mobile device users have limited cyber-security expertise and therefore present easy targets for cybercriminals. In recent years, we have seen a growing demand from large and mid-size operators to offer such security services to their customers-both individual consumers and small and mid-size businesses. We believe few consumers download security applications to all of their personal devices, but CSPs are well positioned to provide security services because they are the sole providers of access to the network for their consumers, are capable of blocking attacks before they reach the consumer and have multiple touch points with consumers as trusted brands, through ongoing customer support and frequent communication. Research conducted in partnership with Coleman Parkes Research in 2022 revealed that 84% of consumers believe that security solutions should already be on the device or the responsibility of the devise manufacturer or CSPs. Further, data provided and developed by Coleman Parkes Research in a separate research study of consumers’ attitudes toward cybersecurity revealed that 68% of mobile users are willing to pay an additional $3 per month for a security service, and that 64% of fixed broadband users are willing to pay an additional $6 per month for broadband a security service.

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Network Visibility and Traffic Management Solutions
The rapid proliferation of broadband networks in recent years has been driven largely by demand from users for faster and more reliable access to the Internet and by the increased number and complexity of broadband applications, as well as the proliferation of mobile smartphones, tablets and other Internet-connected devices. As a result of this rapid proliferation, service providers have been forced to invest heavily in network infrastructure upgrades and customer support services to maintain the quality of experience for subscribers. Further, the cost of increasing the bandwidth in mobile networks is significantly higher than that in wireline networks, and mobile operators require intelligent bandwidth management solutions to handle increased data traffic and the requirement for continuous low-latency transmission. Moreover, to offset the increased investment and operational costs, CSPs need to be able to offer premium services to consumers. To offer premium services, to guarantee high-quality delivery of content and user experience, to optimize bandwidth utilization and to reduce operational costs, CSPs need enhanced visibility into and control of network traffic, including visibility into the type of applications used on the network and levels of traffic generated by different subscribers.
Our Security Solutions
Our Security-as-a-Service Market Opportunity
For CSPs offering the Allot solutions as security services to their subscribers, the Allot SECaaS solutions are offered to the CSPs on a revenue sharing basis, in which both Allot and the operator share the revenue generated from the operator’s subscribers for the use of Allot security services, or offered for a fixed yearly fee or a fixed fee up to an agreed number of subscribers.
Our Products
Allot provides a comprehensive security solution, referred to as Allot Secure 360, to protect network customers, network service integrity and brand reputation. Allot’s SECaaS solutions enable operators to secure subscribers against online threats and harmful content by providing network-based SECaaS to their customers. Allot Secure 360 provides consumers with a 360-degree security architecture-complete, end-to-end protection anywhere, against any cyber threat, and on any device.
Protection for Consumers and SMBs - 360-Degree Security

| • | Allot Secure Management (ASM): The Allot Secure Management platform creates a unified security experience for Allot security consumers by providing an end-to-end security management infrastructure that seamlessly communicates with and integrates each enforcement point-NetworkSecure, HomeSecure, DNSecure, IoTSecure, EndpointSecure, and BusinessSecure. On-net coverage is provided through NetworkSecure, HomeSecure, DNSecure, and IoTSecure, and off-net coverage through EndPoint Secure, and the ASM solution creates a flexible security architecture of advanced threat detection technologies in-network, at the consumer-premises equipment and at the endpoint device with network intelligence solutions, machine learning and comprehensive personalization capabilities. The ASM solution delivers a scalable platform that simplifies security service activation, system awareness, new enforcement point integration, threat event reporting and handling, operation and management by the consumer regardless of which enforcement point is active.

| • | Allot NetworkSecure: A multi-tenant solution that allows the service provider to offer opt-in security services that allow subscribers to define and enforce safe-browsing limits (Parental Control) and to prevent incoming malware from infecting their devices (Anti-Malware). Services are enforced at the network level, requiring no device involvement or battery consumption.

| • | Allot HomeSecure: A multi-tenant solution that allows the service provider to offer opt-in security services that allow subscribers to define and enforce safe-browsing limits (Parental Control) and to prevent incoming malware from infecting their devices (Anti-Malware). Services are enforced at the home router & network level.

| • | Allot DNSecure: A multi-tenant solution that allows the service provider to offer opt-in security services that allow subscribers to define and enforce safe-browsing limits (Parental Control) and to prevent incoming malware from infecting their devices (Anti-Malware). Services are enforced at the network DNS requests level, requiring no device involvement or battery consumption.

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| • | Allot IoTSecure: A multi-tenant solution that enables CSPs to grant each of its enterprise customers a dedicated management console for monitoring and securing their mobile IoT deployments on the CSP network.

| • | Allot BusinessSecure: A multi-tenant solution that provides a simple, reliable and secure network for the connected business achieved through a small firmware agent installed on the business router, supported by the Allot Secure cloud, and a mobile application. These elements, working in concert, provide visibility into the network and block both external and internal attacks.

| • | EndPoint Secure: A multi-tenant solution that functions as an extension of NetworkSecure, securing the subscribers’ devices while off the Internet, producing seamless customer protection using market leading malware protection and controls.

| • | Allot Secure Cloud: The Allot Secure cloud provides to each enforcement point in the security architecture up-to-date threat intelligence, web categorization and device fingerprint data. The Allot Secure cloud uses machine learning and Artificial Intelligence technologies to identify connected devices, create device-specific profiles and provide anti-virus screening.

Protection for the Carriers

| • | Allot DDoS Secure: A solution that provides attack detection and mitigation services that protect commercial networks against inbound and outbound Denial of Service (“DoS”) and DDoS attacks, Zero Day attacks, worms, zombie and spambot behavior.

Integrated Network Visibility and Traffic Management Solutions
In addition to our comprehensive and sophisticated security offerings, our integrated network visibility and traffic management solutions, together called AllotSmart, provide network visibility and control and allow mobile, fixed and enterprise operators to elevate their role in the digital lifestyle ecosystem and expand into new business opportunities. AllotSmart provides our customers with the potential to increase their revenues by monetizing network usage through value-added products and services, implementing value-based charging and reducing costs by optimizing the delivery and performance of OTT content and cloud computing services. AllotSmart also promotes improved customer loyalty by enabling service providers to offer a selection of service tiers and digital lifestyle options, empowering customers to personalize their network experience. In addition, AllotSmart enables telecommunication providers to comply with a wide range of regulatory requirements aimed to assist governments with securing the public. Our products enable both CSPs and our governmental and law enforcement customers to monitor the content of internet traffic in order to oversee compliance with legal and law enforcement requirements.
Allot Smart offering includes the following solutions:

| • | Smart5G: Deliver granular visibility and control of 5G network and application performance to help CSPs meet customer expectations from eMBB, mMTC, and URLLC.

| • | SmartVisibility: Access accurate usage data and analytics to improve network performance and deliver the services subscribers want. Make informed business decisions based on granular insights.

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| • | SmartTraffic QoE: Leverage SmartVisibility to reap the benefits of automated congestion management and QoE optimization. Get the most out of deployed infrastructure and defer expansion.

| • | SmartPCC: Innovate and grow revenue by rolling out personalized service plans that cater to the unique and dynamic needs of prepaid, postpaid, and business customers.

| • | SmartSentinel: Navigate the regulatory landscape with flexibility and precision. Comply with URL filtering, data retention and GDPR regulations efficiently and cost effectively.

| • | Smart NetProtect: Allot’s multi-layer approach provides protection from multi-vector attacks against network infrastructure, subscribers, and applications. It is composed of multiple protection capabilities: Anti-DDoS, Anti-Botnet, Firewall and QoE protection.

Centralized Management
The Allot NetXplorer is the management umbrella for our devices, platforms and solutions, providing a central access point for network-wide monitoring, reporting, analytics, troubleshooting, accounting and Quality of Service policy provisioning. Its user-friendly interface provides our customers with a comprehensive overview of the application, user, device and network topology traffic, while its wide variety of reports provide accessible, detailed analyses of granular traffic data.
Customers
We derive a significant and growing portion of our revenue from direct sales to large mobile and fixed-line service providers, as well as government and law enforcement entities. We generate the remainder of our revenue through a select and well-developed network of channel partners, generally consisting of distributors, resellers, OEMs and system integrators. We also endeavor to increase our sales to enterprises and have adapted the structure of our sales organization to this end. In 2023, we derived 43% of our revenues from Europe, 18% from the Americas, 22% from Asia and Oceania and 17% from the Middle East and Africa. A breakdown of total revenues by geographic location for 2021, 2022 and 2023 is set forth in the following table.
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|  | Revenues by Location |
|  | ($ in thousands) |
|  | 2023 |  |  | % Revenues |  |  | 2022 |  |  | % Revenues |  |  | 2021 |  |  | % Revenues |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Europe |  | $ | 39,945 |  |  |  | 43 | % |  | $ | 41,773 |  |  |  | 34 | % |  | $ | 58,414 |  |  |  | 40 | %
Asia and Oceania |  |  | 20,547 |  |  |  | 22 | % |  |  | 29,888 |  |  |  | 24 | % |  |  | 44,227 |  |  |  | 30 | %
Middle East and Africa |  |  | 16,116 |  |  |  | 17 | % |  |  | 29,285 |  |  |  | 24 | % |  |  | 23,568 |  |  |  | 16 | %
Americas |  |  | 16,542 |  |  |  | 18 | % |  |  | 21,791 |  |  |  | 18 | % |  |  | 19,391 |  |  |  | 14 | %
Total Revenues |  | $ | 93,150 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 122,737 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 145,600 |  |  |  | 100 | %

(*) As of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, 1% represent revenues in Israel
Channel Partners
We market and sell our products to end-customers both by direct sales and through channel partners, which include distributors, resellers, OEMs and system integrators. A significant portion of our sales occur through our channel partners. In 2023, approximately 42% of our revenues were derived from channel partners. In some cases, our channel partners are also responsible for installing and providing initial customer support for our products, with our continuous technical assistance. In the majority of the cases, the partners are responsible for the initial customer support (Tier 1 support), while we act as the escalation level. Our channel partners are located around the world and address most major markets. Our channel partners target a range of end-users, including carriers, alternative carriers, cable operators, private networks, data centers and enterprises in a wide range of industries, including government, financial institutions and education. Our agreements with channel partners that are distributors or resellers are generally non-exclusive, for an initial term of one year and automatically renew for successive one-year terms unless terminated. After the first year, such agreements may typically be terminated by either party upon ninety days prior notice.
We offer support to our channel partners. This support includes the generation of leads through marketing events, seminars and web-based leads and incentive programs as well as technical and sales training.
Sales and Marketing
Our product sales cycle varies based on the intended use by the end-customer. The sales cycle for initial network deployment may generally last between twelve and twenty-four months for large and medium service providers, six to twelve months for small service providers, and one to six months for enterprises. Follow-on orders and additional deployment of our products usually require shorter cycles. Large and medium service providers generally take longer to plan the integration of our solutions into their existing networks and to set goals for the implementation of the technology.
Beginning in late 2022, we changed our SECaaS sales strategy to target strategic accounts that have high revenue potential, while ensuring small to medium sized deals have customer assurances or minimum revenue threshold. Moving forward, the number of our SECaaS deals will likely drop, but we anticipate the total sales potential will remain the same as was expected under the prior SECaaS sales strategy, and we believe the emphasis on larger customers with a minimum guaranteed revenues will help us achieve profitability sooner.
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We focus our marketing efforts on product positioning, increasing brand awareness, communicating product advantages and generating qualified leads for our sales organization. We rely on a variety of marketing communications channels, including our website, trade shows, industry research and professional publications, the press and special events to gain wider market exposure, as well as an internal cyber marketing team.
We have organized our worldwide sales efforts into the following regions: North America, South America, Europe, the Middle East and Africa; and Asia and Oceania. We have regional offices in Spain, Italy, France, Singapore, India, Kazakhstan, Japan, Colombia and Israel. As of December 31, 2023, our sales and marketing staff, including product management and business development functions, consisted of 116 Employees.
Service and Technical Support
We believe our technical support and professional services capabilities are a key element of our sales strategy. Our technical staff provides project management, delivery, training, support and professional services, as well as assists in presale activities and advises channel partners on the integration of our solutions into end-customer networks. Our basic warranty to end-customers (directly or through our partners) is three months for software and twelve months for hardware. Generally, end-customers are also offered a choice of one year or multi-year customer support programs when they purchase our products. These customer support programs can be renewed at the end of their terms. Our end-customer support plans generally offer the following features:

| • | unlimited 24/7 access to our global support organization, via phone, email and online support system, provided by regional support centers;

| • | expedited replacement units in the event of a warranty claim;

| • | software updates and upgrades offering new features and protocols and addressing new and changing network applications; and

| • | periodic updates of solution documentation, technical information and training.

Our support plans are designed to maximize network up-time and minimize operating costs. Our customers, including partners and their end-customers, are entitled to take advantage of our around-the-clock technical support, which we provide through our seven support centers located in France, Israel, Singapore, India, Colombia, Spain and the United States. We also offer our customers 24-hour access to an external web-based technical knowledge base, which provides technical support information and, in the case of our channel partners, enables them to support their customers independently and obtain follow up and support from us.
We also offer particular professional services, such as network audit, solution design, project management, business intelligence reports, customer project documentation, integration services, interoperability testing and training.
The expenditures associated with the technical support staff are allocated in our statements of comprehensive loss between sale and marketing expenses and cost of goods sold, based on the roles of and tasks performed by personnel.
As of December 31, 2023, our technical staff consisted of 147 Employees, including 57 technical support persons, 79 deployment and professional services engineers, 11 documentation and training persons, and 1 Management.
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Research and Development
Our research and development activities take place primarily in Israel. We also have research and development activities in Spain and India. In addition, since 2020 we have been using subcontractors in Ukraine, Israel and Belarus to source research and development engineers. We devote a significant amount of our resources towards research and development in order to introduce new products and continuously enhance existing products and to support our growth strategy. We have assembled a core team of experienced engineers, many of whom are leaders in their particular field or discipline and have technical degrees from top universities and have experience working for leading Israeli or international networking companies. These engineers are involved in advancing our core technologies, as well as in applying these core technologies to our product development activities. In previous years, our research and development efforts have benefited from non-royalty-bearing grants from the Israel Innovation Authority. As of December 31, 2023, there are no outstanding royalties due from us to the Israel Innovation Authority. In 2023, we received additional grants from the Israel Innovation Authority; however, these grants do not bear royalties. Under the terms of those grants, we are required to perform our manufacturing activities within the state of Israel, as a condition to maintaining these benefits. The State of Israel does not own any proprietary rights in technology developed with the Innovation Authority funding and there is no restriction related to the Israel Innovation Authority on the export of products manufactured using technology developed with the Israel Innovation Authority funding (other limitations on export apply under applicable law). In addition, we have received during 2023 grants from the Spain Tax Authority. For a description of restrictions on the transfer of the technology and with respect to manufacturing rights, please see “ITEM 3: Key Information-Risk Factors-The government grants we have received for research and development expenditures require us to satisfy specified conditions and restrict our ability to manufacture products and transfer technologies outside of Israel. If we fail to comply with these conditions or such restrictions, we may be required to refund grants previously received together with interest and penalties and may be subject to criminal charges.”
Subcontracting
We subcontract the integration of our software products with off-the-shelf hardware platforms provided mainly by Lenovo and Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE). Based on verbal understandings, Arrow ocs (Israel) performs the integration of the software product with HPE servers, while Malam-Team (Israel) performs the integration of such software with Lenovo Servers. Such hardware components are manufactured in accordance with the design of our products.
Some of the hardware components of our products are obtained from single or limited sources. Since our products have been designed to incorporate these specific components, any change in these components due to an interruption in supply or our inability to obtain such components on a timely basis may require engineering changes to our products before we could incorporate substitute components. The global semiconductor shortage could increase the possibility of making such engineering changes, or taking other remedial measures, as many of our suppliers use semiconductors in the products we require.
We also purchase off-the-shelf hardware components from single or limited sources for our security and Traffic Management products. We carry approximately three to nine months of inventory of key components. We also work closely with our suppliers to monitor the end-of-life of the product cycle for integral components, and believe that in the event that they announce end of life, we will be able to increase our inventory to allow enough time for replacing such components. The agreements with our suppliers do not contain any minimum purchase or supply commitments. Product testing and quality assurance is performed by our integrators using tests and automated testing equipment and according to controlled test documentation we specify. We also use inspection testing and statistical process controls to assure the quality and reliability of our products.
Competition
We compete against large companies in a rapidly evolving and highly competitive sector of the networking technology market, which offer, or may offer in the future, competing technologies, including partial or alternative solutions to operators’ and enterprises’ challenges, and which, similarly to us, intensely pursue the largest service providers (referred to as Tier 1 operators) as well as large enterprises. Our DPI technology enabled offerings face significant competition from router and switch infrastructure companies that integrate functionalities into their platforms addressing some of the same types of issues that our products are designed to address. This competition is expected to intensify as expansion of 5G networks progresses. We do not anticipate growth in our DPI segment for the 2024 fiscal year.
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Our security products, which are offered to operators and are deployed in their networks for the purpose of enabling them to provide security services to their end customers, are subject to competition from companies which offer security products, based on different technology and marketing and sales approaches. Primarily we compete by providing a network native architecture that allows zero touch operation by the end-user. Additionally, we compete on the basis of product performance, ease of use and installation, customer support, ability to integrate multiple solutions over our management system and price.
Our security product offerings face significant competition from companies that directly approach end customers and offer them security applications to be installed on their devices; companies that approach the business enterprise sector through distribution channels and offer cloud security products; and companies that offer security products bundled with other products. By offering our security products to operators that provide security services to both small and medium size business and individual end customers, we aim to expand the reach of our products.
See “ITEM 3: Key Information-Risk Factors-Our revenues and business may be adversely affected if we do not effectively compete in the markets in which we operate.”
Intellectual Property
Our intellectual property rights are very important to our business. We believe that the complexity of our products and the know-how incorporated into them makes it difficult to copy them or replicate their features. We rely on a combination of confidentiality and other protective clauses in our agreements, copyright and trade secrets to protect our know-how. We also restrict access to our servers physically and through closed networks since our product designs and software are stored electronically and thus are highly portable.
We customarily require our employees, subcontractors, customers, distributors, resellers, software testers, technology partners and contractors to execute confidentiality agreements or agree to confidentiality undertakings when their relationship with us begins. Typically, our employment contracts also include assignment of intellectual property rights for all inventions developed by employees, non-disclosure of all confidential information, and non-compete clauses, which generally restrict the employee for six months following termination of employment. The enforceability of non-compete clauses in certain jurisdictions in which we operate may be limited. See “ITEM 3: Key Information-Risk Factors-If we are unable to successfully protect the intellectual property embodied in our technology, our business could be harmed significantly.”
The communications equipment industry is characterized by constant product changes resulting from new technological developments, performance improvements and lower hardware costs. We believe that our future growth depends to a large extent on our ability to be an innovator in the development and application of hardware and software technology. As we develop the next generation products, we initiated and continuously pursue patent protection for our core technologies in the telecommunications market. We have and plan to continue to seek patent protection in our largest markets and our competitors’ markets, for example in the United States and Europe. As we continue to spread our business into additional markets, such as Japan and Australia, we will evaluate how best to protect our technologies in those markets. We intend to vigorously prosecute and defend the rights of our intellectual property.
As of December 31, 2023, we had 35 issued U.S. patents, 4 U.S. reissued patents, and 3pending U.S. patent applications. We expect to formalize our evaluation process for determining which inventions to protect by patents or other means. We cannot be certain that patents will be issued as a result of the patent applications we have filed.
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Government Regulation
Due to the industry and geographic diversity of our operations and services, our operations are subject to a variety of rules and regulations, and several government agencies in the United States, the E.U. and other countries regulate various aspects of our business. See the following risk factors in “ITEM 3. Key Information-D. Risk Factors” for more information on regulation material to our business, financial condition and results of operations:

| • | Legal, Regulatory and Compliance Risks - We are subject to certain regulatory regimes that may affect the way that we conduct business internationally, and our failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations could materially adversely affect our reputation and result in penalties and increased costs.

| • | Legal, Regulatory and Compliance Risks - As with many DPI products, some of our products may be used by governmental or law enforcement customers in a manner that is, or that is perceived to be, incompatible with human rights.

| • | Legal, Regulatory and Compliance Risks - Demand for our products may be impacted by government regulation of the internet and telecommunications industry.

| • | Legal, Regulatory and Compliance Risks - Our failure to comply with data privacy laws may expose us to reputational harm and potential regulatory actions and fines.

| • | Risks Related to our Ordinary Shares - Our shareholders do not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of a U.S. company because we have elected to use certain exemptions available to foreign private issuers from certain corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq.

| • | Risks Related to our Ordinary Shares - As a foreign private issuer, we are not subject to the provisions of Regulation FD or U.S. proxy rules and are exempt from filing certain Exchange Act reports.

| • | Risks Related to our Ordinary Shares - Certain U.S. holders of our ordinary shares may suffer adverse tax consequences if we or any of our non-U.S. subsidiaries are characterized as a “controlled foreign corporation,” or a CFC, under Section 957(a) of the Code.

| • | Risks Related to our Location in Israel - The tax benefits that are available to us require us to meet several conditions and may be terminated or reduced in the future, which would increase our costs and taxes.

| • | Risks Related to our Location in Israel - The government grants we have received for research and development expenditures require us to satisfy specified conditions and restrict our ability to manufacture products and transfer technologies outside of Israel. If we fail to comply with these conditions or such restrictions, we may be required to refund grants previously received together with interest and penalties and may be subject to criminal charges.

| • | General Risks - Our business may be materially affected by changes to fiscal and tax policies. Potentially negative or unexpected tax consequences of these policies, or the uncertainty surrounding their potential effects, could adversely affect our results of operations and share price.

Additionally, see “ITEM 5: Overview-Government Grants” for a description of grants received from the Israel Innovation Authority of the Ministry of Economy and “ITEM 10: Additional Information-Taxation-United States Federal Income Taxation-Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations” for a description of classification as a “passive foreign investment company,” or a PFIC, for United States federal income tax purposes.
Internal Cybersecurity
As a provider of innovative network intelligence and security solutions for mobile and fixed service providers, we are particularly sensitive about the possibility of cyber-attacks and data theft. A breach of our system could provide data information about us and the customers that our solutions protect. Further, we may be targeted by cyber-terrorists because we are an Israeli company. We are also aware of the material impact that an actual or perceived breach of our network may have on the market perception of our products and services and on our potential liability. In 2022, we believe we have successfully prevented all cyber-attack and breach attempts, with no impact on our ongoing operations.
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We are focused on instituting new technologies and solutions to assist in the prevention of potential and attempted cyber-attacks, as well as protective measures and contingency plans in the event of an existing attack. For instance, in our internal IT systems, we employ identity and access controls, next-gen endpoint protection and other security measures that we believe make our infrastructure less susceptible to cyber-attacks. We also continuously monitor our IT networks and systems for intrusions and regularly maintain our backup and protective systems. We have made certain updates to our IT infrastructure to enhance our ability to prevent and respond to such threats and we routinely test the infrastructure for vulnerabilities.
We conduct periodic trainings for our employees in this respect on phishing, malware and other cybersecurity risks to the Company. We also have mechanisms in place designed to ensure prompt internal reporting of potential or actual cybersecurity breaches, and maintain compliance programs to address the potential applicability of restrictions on trading while in possession of material, nonpublic information generally and in connection with a cybersecurity breach. Finally, our agreements with third parties also typically contain provisions that reduce or limit our exposure to liability.
C. Organizational Structure
As of December 31, 2023, we held directly and indirectly the percentage indicated of the outstanding capital of the following subsidiaries:

Company |  | Jurisdiction of Incorporation |  | Percentage Ownership |
Allot Communications Inc. |  | United States |  |  | 100 | %
Allot Communications Europe SARL |  | France |  |  | 100 | %
Allot Communications (Asia Pacific) Pte. Limited |  | Singapore |  |  | 100 | %
Allot Communications (UK) Limited (with branches in Italy and Germany) |  | United Kingdom |  |  | 100 | %
Allot Communications Japan K.K. |  | Japan |  |  | 100 | %
Allot Communications Africa (PTY) Ltd |  | South Africa |  |  | 100 | %
Allot Communications India Private Ltd |  | India |  |  | 100 | %
Allot Communications Spain, S.L. Sociedad Unipersonal |  | Spain |  |  | 100 | %
Allot Communications (Colombia) S.A.S |  | Colombia |  |  | 100 | %
Allot MexSub |  | Mexico |  |  | 100 | %
Allot Turkey Komunikasion Hizmeleri limited |  | Turkey |  |  | 100 | %
Allot Australia (PTY) LTD |  | Australia |  |  | 100 | %

* Allot Ltd also holds a branch in Colombia.
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D. Property, Plant and Equipment
Our principal administrative and research and development activities are located in our approximately 57,048 square foot (5,300 square meter) facilities in Hod-Hasharon, Israel. The leases for our facilities vary in dates and terms, with the main facility’s non-stabilized lease expiring in February 2025.
We also lease a total of 7,664 square feet (712 square meters) in two facilities in Spain, mainly for our sales and research and development operations in Spain, pursuant to lease agreements. The lease agreement of our main site in Spain was renewed for three years in 2023 till 2026.
ITEM 4A: Unresolved Staff Comments
Not applicable.
ITEM 5: Operating and Financial Review and Prospects
The information contained in this section should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023 and related notes and the information contained elsewhere in this annual report. Our financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). This discussion contains forward-looking statements that are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties. As a result of many factors, such as those set forth under “ITEM 3.D: Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements.
A. Operating Results
Overview
We are a leading provider of innovative network intelligence and security solutions that enable service providers and enterprises to protect and personalize the digital experience and monetize on their networks. Our flexible and highly scalable service delivery framework leverages the intelligence in data networks, enabling service providers to get closer to their customers, safeguard network assets and users, and accelerate time-to-revenue for value-added services. Our customers use our solutions to create sophisticated policies to monitor network applications, enforce quality of service policies that guarantee mission-critical application performance, mitigate security risks and leverage network infrastructure investments.
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We market and sell our products through a variety of channels, including direct sales and through our channel partners, which include distributors, resellers, OEMs and system integrators. We have a diversified end-customer base consisting primarily of service providers, enterprises, government and law enforcement entities. The resulting intelligent, content-aware broadband networks enable our customers to accurately monitor and manage network traffic per application, subscriber, network topology and device.
In 2023, the primary drivers of our revenues were the mobile and fixed markets.
Key measures of our performance
Revenues
We generate revenues from two sources: (1) sales of our network traffic management systems, our network management application solutions and platforms, and our security solution to telecom providers and (2) the provision of maintenance and support services and professional services, including installation and training. We generally provide maintenance and support services pursuant to a maintenance and support program, which may be purchased by customers at the time of product purchase or on a renewal basis.
We recognize revenue under the core principle that transfer of control of our products or services to our customers should be reflected by an amount that represents the consideration we expect to receive in revenue. As such, we identify a contract with a customer, identify the performance obligations in the contract, determine the transaction price, allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation in the contract and recognize revenues when (or as) we satisfy each performance obligation. Apart from our Security-as-a-Service deals, we typically grant a one-year hardware and three-month software warranty on all of our products, or one-year hardware and software warranty to customers that purchase annual maintenance and support. As part of our Security-as-a-Service offering, the maintenance and support services are inherent to the security service fee. Typically, our support contracts with our customers provide hot line support, warranty, and software updates and upgrades if and when available. We record a provision for warranty at the time the product’s revenue is recognized. We estimate the liability of possible warranty claims based on our historical experience. Warranty claims have to date been immaterial to our results of operations. Maintenance and support revenues are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the applicable maintenance and support agreement. See “-Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates-Revenue Recognition” below.
Geographical breakdown. See “-Operating Results-Results of Operations-Revenues.” for the geographic breakdown of our revenues by percentage for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023.
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Cost of revenues and gross margins
Our products’ cost of revenues consists primarily of costs of materials, manufacturing services and overhead, warehousing and product testing. Our services’ cost of revenues consists primarily of salaries and related personnel costs for our customer success staff. In 2023 our gross margin decreased compared to 2022 due to decrease of revenues. In 2022, our gross margin decreased compared to 2021 due to a decrease in revenues mainly attributable to delays in a number of our large projects.
We believe that measuring our products’ cost of revenues and gross margins is helpful to understand our financial statements and results of operations because it enables the investors to evaluate the company’s effectiveness in its operations. In addition, our management team uses these metrics to monitor the company’s performance.
Operating expenses
Research and development. Our research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries and related personnel costs, costs for subcontractor services, depreciation, rent and costs of materials consumed in connection with the design and development of our products. We expense all of our research and development costs as they are incurred. Our net research and development expenses are comprised of gross research and development expenses offset by financing through grants from the Israel Innovation Authority and Spain Tax Authority. Such participation grants are recognized at the time at which we are entitled to such grants on the basis of the costs incurred and included as a deduction of research and development expenses (see “-Government Grants” below). We believe that significant investment in research and development, including hiring high quality research and development personnel, is essential to our future success.
Sales and marketing. Our sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of salaries and related personnel costs, travel expenses, costs associated with promotional activities such as public relations, conventions and exhibitions, rental expenses, depreciation and commissions paid to third parties, promote our brand, establish new marketing channels and expand our presence worldwide.
General and administrative. Our general and administrative expenses consist of salaries and related personnel costs, rental expenses, costs for professional services, credit loss expenses and depreciation. General and administrative expenses also include costs associated with corporate governance, VAT and other tax expenses and regulatory compliance, compliance with the rules implemented by the SEC, Nasdaq and the TASE and premiums for our director and officer liability insurance.
Approved Enterprise
Our facilities in Hod-Hasharon, Israel have been granted Approved Enterprise status under the Encouragement of Capital Investments Law, 1959, and enjoy certain tax benefits under this program. We intend to utilize these tax benefits after we utilize our net operating loss carry forwards. As of December 31, 2023, our net operating loss carry forwards for Israeli tax purposes totaled approximately $119 million. Income derived from other sources, other than through our “Approved Enterprise” status, during the benefit period will be subject to the regular corporate tax rate.
Government Grants
Our research and development efforts have been financed, in part, through grants from the Israel Innovation Authority under our approved plans in accordance with the Research and Development Law. In 2022 and 2023, we received grants from the Israel Innovation Authority through non-royalty bearing programs. In addition, during 2021, 2022 and 2023, we received non-royalty bearing grants from the Spain Tax Authority.
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Factors Affecting Our Performance
Our business, financial position and results of operations, as well as the period-to-period comparability of our financial results, are significantly affected by a number of factors, some of which are beyond our control, including:
Customer concentration. The revenues derived from our largest customer in each of the past three years were 15%, 8% and 11% of our total revenues in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The revenues derived from our second largest customer amounted to 9%, 7% and 9% of our total revenues for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. While we have some visibility into the likely scope of the customers’ projects, our relationships are conducted solely on a purchase order basis and we do not have any commitment for future purchase orders from these customers. The loss of any of such third parties could harm our results of operations and financial condition.
Size of end-customers and sales cycles. We have a global, diversified end-customer base consisting primarily of service providers, enterprises, government and law enforcement entities. The deployment of our products by small and midsize enterprises and service providers can be completed relatively quickly. Large service providers take longer to plan the integration of our solutions into their existing networks and to set goals for the implementation of the technology. Sales to large service providers are therefore more complicated as they involve a relatively larger number of network elements and solutions. We are seeking to obtain further significant customers in the large service provider market that would positively impact our future performance, but could decrease our market share. The longer sales cycles associated with the increased sales to large service providers of our platforms may increase the unpredictability of the timing of our sales and may cause our quarterly and annual operating results to fluctuate if a significant customer delays its purchasing decision and/or defers an order. Furthermore, longer sales cycles may result in delays from the time we increase our operating expenses and make investments in inventory to the time that we generate revenue from related product sales.
Average selling prices. Our performance is affected by the selling prices of our products. We price our products based on several factors, including manufacturing costs, the stage of the product’s life cycle, competition, technical complexity of the product, and discounts given to channel partners in certain territories. We typically are able to charge the highest price for a product when it is first introduced to the market. We expect that the average selling prices for our products will decrease over each product’s life cycle as our competitors introduce new products. In order to maintain or increase our current prices, we expect that we will need to enhance the functionality of our existing products by offering higher system speeds, additional products and features, such as additional security functions, supporting additional applications and providing enhanced reporting tools. We also from time to time introduce enhanced products, typically higher-end models that include new architecture and design and new capabilities that will be offered for an additional charge. Such enhanced products typically increase our average selling price. To further offset such declines, we sell maintenance and support programs for our products, and as our customer base and number of field installations grow, our related service revenues are expected to increase.
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Cost of revenues and cost reductions. Our cost of revenues as a percentage of total revenues was 43.4% for 2023 and 32.5% for 2022. Our products use off-the-shelf components and typically the prices of such components decline over time. However, the introduction and sale of new or enhanced products and services may result in an increase in our cost of revenues. We make a continuous effort to identify cheaper components of comparable performance and quality. We also seek improvements in engineering and manufacturing efficiency to reduce costs. Our products incorporate features that are purchased from third parties. In addition, new products usually have higher costs during the initial introduction period. We generally expect such costs to decline as the product matures and sales volume increases. The introduction of new products may also involve a significant decrease in demand for older products. Such a decrease may result in a devaluation or write-off of such older products and their respective components. The growth of our customer base is usually coupled with increased service revenues primarily resulting from increased maintenance and support. In addition, the growth of our installed base with large service providers may result in increased demand for professional services, such as training and installation services. An increase in demand for such services may require us to hire additional personnel and incur other expenditures. However, these additional expenses, handled efficiently, may be utilized to further support the growth of our customer base and increase service revenues. In 2023, our cost of revenues increased due to cost of services revenue that increased mainly attributed to assets impairment in 2023. In 2022, our cost of revenues decreased due to a decrease in revenues mainly attributable to delays in a number of our large projects.
Currency exposure. A majority of our revenues in previous years and a substantial portion of our expenses are denominated in the U.S. dollar. However, a significant portion of our revenues is incurred in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, for example in Euros. In addition, a significant portion of our expenses, associated with our global operations, including personnel and facilities-related expenses, are incurred in currencies other than the U.S. dollar; this is the case primarily in Israel and to a lesser extent in other countries in Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America. Consequently, a decrease in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to local currencies will increase the dollar cost of our operations in these countries. A relative decrease in the value of the U.S. dollar would be partially offset to the extent that we generate revenues in such currencies. In order to partially mitigate this exposure, we have decided in the past and may decide from time to time in the future to enter into hedging transactions. We may discontinue hedging activities at any time. As such decisions involve substantial judgment and assessments primarily regarding future trends in foreign exchange markets, which are very volatile, as well as our future level and timing of cash flows of these currencies, we cannot provide any assurance that such hedging transactions will not affect our results of operations when they are realized. See Note 5 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report for further information. Also see “ITEM 11: Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk.”
Interest rate exposure. We have a significant amount of cash that is currently invested primarily in interest bearing vehicles, such as bank time deposits and available for sale marketable securities. These investments expose us to risks associated with interest rate fluctuations See “ITEM 11: Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk.”
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Results of Operations
The following table sets forth our statements of operations as a percentage of revenues for the periods indicated:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |
Products |  |  | 49.7 |  |  |  | 40.4 |
Services |  |  | 50.3 |  |  |  | 59.6 |
Total revenues |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |
Cost of revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Products |  |  | 17.4 |  |  |  | 17.9 |
Services |  |  | 15.1 |  |  |  | 25.5 |
Total cost of revenues |  |  | 32.5 |  |  |  | 43.4 |
Gross profit |  |  | 67.5 |  |  |  | 56.6 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development, net |  |  | 40.6 |  |  |  | 42 |
Sales and marketing |  |  | 40.2 |  |  |  | 47.1 |
General and administrative |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 37.2 |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 93.8 |  |  |  | 126.3 |
Operating loss |  |  | 26.2 |  |  |  | 69.7 |
Financing income, net |  |  | 1.7 |  |  |  | 3.45 |
Loss before income tax expense |  |  | 24.5 |  |  |  | 66.26 |
tax expense |  |  | 1.5 |  |  |  | 1.16 |
Net loss |  |  | 26.1 |  |  |  | 67.4 |

Revenues
See “ITEM 4B: Information on Allot-Business Overview-Customers” for the geographic breakdown of our revenues by percentage for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023.
Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2022
Products. Product revenues decreased by $23.4 million, or 38%, to $37.6 million in 2023 from $61 million in 2022. The decrease in revenues in 2023 was mainly attributable to decrease in the numbers of new deals.
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Services. Service revenues decreased by $6.2 million, or 10%, to $55.6 million in 2023 from $61.8 million in 2022. The decrease was mainly attributed to a decrease in the numbers of new professional services deals.
Product revenues comprised 40.4% of our total revenues in 2023, a decrease of 9.3% compared to 2022 while the services revenues portion of total revenues comprised 59.6% of our total revenues in 2023, an increase by 9.3%.
Cost of revenues and gross margin
Products. Cost of product revenues decreased by $4.6 million, or 21.6%, to $16.7 million in 2023 from $21.3 million in 2022. Product gross margin decreased to 55.6% in 2023 from 65% in 2022. The decrease was mainly attributed to a decrease in revenues in 2023.
Services. Cost of services revenues increased by $5.3 million, or 28.6%, to $23.8 million in 2023 from $18.5 million in 2022. Services gross margin decreased to 57.2% in 2023 from 70.1% in 2022. This increase is mainly attributed to assets impairment in 2023.
Total gross margin decreased from 67.5% in 2022 to 56.6% in 2023.
Operating expenses
Research and development. Gross research and development expenses decreased by $8.4 million, or 16.6%, to $42.2 million in 2023 from $50.6 million in 2022. The decrease in our research and development expenses is mainly attributable to reduction in workforce carried out in 2023. Gross research and development expenses as a percentage of total revenues increased to 45.3% (42%, net) in 2023 from 41.3% (40.6%, net) in 2022.
Sales and marketing. Sales and marketing expenses decreased by 5.5 million, or 11.1%, to $43.9 million in 2023 from $49.4 million in 2022. The decrease is primarily attributable to reduction in workforce carried out in 2023. Sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of total revenues increased to 47.1% in 2023 from 40.2% in 2022.
General and administrative. General and administrative expenses increased by $18.7 million, or 116.9%, to $34.7 million in 2023 from $16 million in 2022. The increase is primarily attributable to an increase in credit loss expenses. General and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues increased to 37.2% in 2023 from 13% in 2022.
Financial income, net. In 2023 we had $3.2 million financial income, net. In 2022, we had $2.1 million financial income, net. The change in 2023 was mainly attributed to an increase in interest income as well as income from discount amortization on marketable securities.
Income tax expense. In 2023 we had $1 million Income tax expense. In 2022 we had $1.9 million Income tax expense. The change in 2023 was mainly attributed to the decrease in revenue.
For a discussion of our operating results for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, see “ITEM 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects-Operating Results” of our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, which was filed with the SEC on March 28, 2023.
B. Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of December 31, 2023, we had $14.2 million in cash and cash equivalents, $28.9 million available for sale marketable securities, and $10 million in short-term deposits and $1.7 million restricted deposits. As of December 31, 2023, our working capital, which we calculate by subtracting our current liabilities from our current assets, was $50.5 million.
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Based on our current business plan, we believe that our existing cash balances will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs for working capital and capital expenditures for at least the next twelve months. If our estimates of revenues, expense or capital or liquidity requirements change or are inaccurate and are insufficient to satisfy our liquidity requirements, we may seek to sell additional equity or arrange additional debt financing. In addition, we may seek to sell additional equity or arrange debt financing to give us financial flexibility to pursue attractive acquisitions or investment opportunities that may arise in the future.
Operating Activities
Net cash used in operating activities in 2023 was $29.7 million. Net cash used in operating activities consisted mainly of a net loss of $62.8 million, depreciation, amortization and impairment of intangible assets of $8.1 million, $8.8 million of share-based compensation expense, a decrease of $1.4 million in inventory, a decrease of $1.6 million in employees and payroll accruals, a decrease of $34.3 million in trade receivables, a decrease of $10.7 million in trade payables, a decrease of $1.1 million in other payables and accrued expenses, a decrease of $0.5 million in other receivables and prepaid expenses, a decrease of $5.8 million in deferred revenues and a decrease of $1 million related to other operating activities. The change in employees and payroll accruals, trade payables and other receivables and prepaid expenses was mainly due to advanced payments to suppliers and payroll-related items occurring in 2022.
During 2022, we had $32.6 million in cash and cash equivalents from operating activities. Net cash used in operating activities consisted mainly of a net loss of $32 million, depreciation, amortization and impairment of intangible assets of $7.4 million, $9.2 million of share-based compensation expense, a decrease of $2.2 million in inventory, a decrease of $0.4 million in employees and payroll accruals, an increase of $11.6 million in trade receivables, an increase of $7.7 million in trade payables, a decrease of $1.7 in other payables and accrued expenses, an increase of $0.1 million in other receivables and prepaid expenses, a decrease of $10 million in deferred revenues and $1.1 million related to other operating activities. The change in employees and payroll accruals, trade payables and other receivables and prepaid expenses was mainly due to advanced payments to suppliers and payroll-related items.
Investing Activities
Net cash provided for investing activities in 2023 was $31.6 million, primarily attributable to proceeds from maturities of short-term deposits of $74.7 million, the purchase of short-term deposits of $15.9 million, the purchase of property and equipment of $2.5 million, investment in available-for sale marketable securities $46 and other activities. The above changes were partially offset by the redemption or sale of marketable securities of $23 million and an increase in restricted deposits of $0.8 million.
Net cash used by investing activities in 2022 was $6.5 million, primarily attributable to proceeds from maturities of short-term deposits of $122.2 million, the purchase of short-term deposits of $130 million, the purchase of property and equipment of $5.6 million and an increase in restricted deposits of $0.5 million. The above changes were partially offset by the redemption or sale of marketable securities of $7 million and a decrease in restricted deposits of $0.4 million.
We expect that our capital expenditure will total approximately $2.1 million in 2024. We anticipate that these capital expenditures will be primarily related to purchase of equipment of SECaaS deals and to further investments in lab equipment for research and development and customer success as well as IT infrastructure.
Financing Activities
There is no Net cash provided by financing activities in 2023. Net cash provided by financing activities in 2022 was $39.7 million, which was mainly attributable to the issuance of convertible debt in February 2022.
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For a discussion of our liquidity and capital resources for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, see “ITEM 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects-Liquidity and Capital Resources” of our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, which was filed with the SEC on March 28, 2023.
On February 18, 2022, we issued to Lynrock Lake Master Fund LP a senior unsecured promissory note, convertible into our ordinary shares, with an aggregate principal amount of $40 million. The note will mature on February 14, 2025, subject to the Company’s option to extend the maturity date by one year up to two times. The closing balance of the convertible note as of December 31, 2023 was $39.8 million (calculated by subtracting the $0.4 million issuance expense from the gross principal amount of $40 million).
Material Cash Requirements
Our material cash requirements as of December 31, 2023, and any subsequent interim period, primarily include our capital expenditures, lease obligations and purchase obligations.
Our capital expenditures primarily consist of purchases of lab equipment, computers and peripheral equipment, office furniture and equipment, leasehold improvements and SECaaS equipment. Our capital expenditures were $7.6 million in 2021, $5.6 million in 2022 and $2.5 million in 2023. We will continue to make capital expenditures to meet the expected growth of our business.
Our lease obligations consist of the commitments under the lease agreements for our group facilities and motor vehicles. The group facilities are leased under several lease agreements with various expiration dates. Our leasing expenses were $3.1 million in 2021, $3.8 million in 2022 and $3.6 million in 2023.
As of December 31, 2023, we had fixed future minimum lease payments of $2.1 million related to offices and car leases arrangements, of which $0.7 million is due in the next twelve months, and that we cannot early terminate or where we would be required to pay a termination fee in the event of early termination.
Our purchase obligations consist primarily of commitments for our operating activities. Our operating expenses were $115 million in 2021, $115 million in 2022 and $118 million in 2023. More than 70% of the Company’s operating expenses are attributable to salary expenses.
We intend to fund our existing and future material cash requirements with our existing cash balance. We will continue to make cash commitments, including capital expenditures, to support the growth of our business.
Other than as discussed above, we did not have any significant capital and other commitments or long-term obligations as of December 31, 2023.
C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses
In 2021, 2022 and 2023, we received non-royalty bearing grants from the Israel Innovation Authority. However, the terms of the grants require us to comply with the IIA’s restrictions and obligations as set out below.

| • | Local Manufacturing Obligation. We must manufacture the products developed with these grants in Israel. We may manufacture the products outside Israel only if we receive prior approval from the IIA (such approval is not required for the transfer of up to 10% of the manufacturing capacity in the aggregate, in which case a notice must be provided to the IIA and not objected to by the IIA within 30 days of such notice).

| • | Know-How Transfer Limitation. We have certain limitations on our ability to transfer know-how funded by the IIA. Approval of any transfer of IIA funded know-how to another Israeli company will be granted only if the recipient abides by the provisions of the Innovation Law and related regulations. Transfer of IIA funded know-how outside of Israel requires prior approval of the IIA and may be subject to payments to the IIA.

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| • | Change of Control. We must notify the IIA in respect of any change in the means of control in our company, including ownership of our shares. In respect of any non-Israeli citizen, resident or entity that, among other things, (i) becomes a holder of 5% or more of our share capital or voting rights, (ii) is entitled to appoint one or more of our directors or our chief executive officer or (iii) due to the change in the means of control in our company, is nominated as one of our directors or as our chief executive officer we are required to obtain an undertaking that such non-Israeli citizen, resident or entity will comply with the rules and regulations applicable to the grant programs of the IIA.

Approval to manufacture products outside of Israel or consent to the transfer of IIA funded know-how, if requested, is within the discretion of the IIA. Furthermore, the IIA may impose conditions on any arrangement under which it permits us to transfer IIA funded know-how or manufacturing out of Israel.
As of December 31, 2023, we had 35 issued U.S. patents, 4 U.S. reissued patents, and 3 pending U.S. patent applications. We expect to formalize our evaluation process for determining which inventions to protect by patents or other means. We cannot be certain that patents will be issued as a result of the patent applications we have filed.
In addition, during 2021, 2022 and 2023, we received non-royalty bearing grants from the Spain Tax Authority.
D. Trend Information
See “ITEM 5: Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” above.
E. Critical Accounting Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. These estimates and judgments are subject to an inherent degree of uncertainty and actual results may differ. Our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. Certain of our accounting policies are particularly important to the portrayal of our financial position and results of operations. In applying these critical accounting policies, our management uses its judgment to determine the appropriate assumptions to be used in making certain estimates. Those estimates are based on our historical experience, the terms of existing contracts, our observance of trends in our industry, information provided by our customers and information available from other outside sources, as appropriate. With respect to our policies on revenue recognition and warranty costs, our historical experience is based principally on our operations since we commenced selling our products in 1998. Our estimates are primarily guided by observing the following critical accounting policies:

| • | Revenue recognition;

| • | Provision for returns;

| • | Allowance for credit losses;

| • | Accounting for share-based compensation;

| • | Inventories;

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| • | Impairment of goodwill and long lived assets;

| • | Income taxes;

| • | Contingent liabilities; and

| • | Contingent Consideration.

Because each of the accounting policies listed above requires the exercise of certain judgments and the use of estimates, actual results may differ from our estimations and as a result would increase or decrease our future revenues and net income.
Revenue recognition. The Company generates revenues mainly from selling its products along with related maintenance and support services. At times, these arrangements may also include professional services, such as installation services or training. Some of the Company’s product sales are through resellers, distributors, OEMs and system integrators, all of whom are considered end-users. The Company also generates revenues from services, in which the Company provides network filtering and security services to its customers.
The Company recognizes revenue under the core principle that transfer of control to the Company’s customers should be depicted in an amount reflecting the consideration the Company expects to receive. As such, the Company identifies a contract with a customer, identifies the performance obligations in the contract, determines the transaction price, allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation in the contract and recognizes revenues when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation.
Most of the Company’s contracts usually include combinations of products and services, that are capable of being distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations.
The products are distinct as the customer can derive the economic benefit of it without any professional services, updates or technical support. The Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price out of the total consideration of the contract. For support, the Company determines the standalone selling prices based on the price at which the Company separately sells a renewal support contract on a stand-alone basis. For professional services, the Company determines the standalone selling prices based on the price at which the Company separately sells those services on a stand-alone basis. If the standalone selling price is not observable, the Company estimates the standalone selling price by taking into account available information such as geographic or regional specific factors, internal costs, profit objectives, and internally approved pricing guidelines related to the performance obligation.
Product revenue is recognized at a point in time when the performance obligation is being satisfied. Maintenance and support related revenues are deferred and recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the applicable maintenance and support agreement. Professional services are usually recognized at a point in time when the performance obligation is being satisfied.
The Company recognizes revenue under the core principle that transfer of control to the Company’s customers should be depicted in an amount reflecting the consideration the Company expects to receive. As such, the Company identifies a contract with a customer, identifies the performance obligations in the contract, determines the transaction price, allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation in the contract and recognizes revenues when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation.
The Company also enters into service contracts, in which the Company provides SECaaS solutions to operators, which the Company considers as its customers. The Company’s SECaaS solutions are offered to operators on a Revenue Share business model, where both the Company and the operator share the revenue generated from the operator’s subscribers, or offered for a fixed yearly fee or up to an agreed number of subscribers. Most of the Company’s SECaaS contracts contain a single performance obligation comprised of series of distinct goods and services satisfied over time. The contracts consideration is based on usage by the operator’s subscribers. As such, the Company allocates the variable consideration in those contracts to distinct service periods in which the service is provided and recognizes revenue for each distinct service period.
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Allowance for credit losses. Trade receivables are recorded and carried at the original invoiced amount which was recognized as revenues less an allowance for any potential uncollectible amounts. The Company makes estimates of expected credit losses for the allowance for credit losses and allowance for unbilled receivables based upon its assessment of various factors, including historical experience, the age of the trade receivable balances, credit quality of its customers, current economic conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions, and other factors that may affect its ability to collect from customers. The estimated credit losses allowance is recorded as general and administrative expenses on the Company’s consolidated statements of income (loss).
Accounting for share-based compensation. We account for share-based compensation in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification No. 718, “Compensation - Stock Compensation” (“ASC No. 718”) that requires companies to estimate the fair value of equity-based payment awards on the date of grant using an option-pricing model. The value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as an expense over the requisite service periods in our consolidated statement of comprehensive loss. We recognize compensation expense for the value of its awards granted based on the straight-line method over the requisite service period of each of the awards, net of estimated forfeitures. ASC No. 718 requires forfeitures to be estimated at the time of the grant and revised in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. The expected annual pre-vesting forfeiture rate affects the number of vested RSUs. The pre-vesting rate ranged between 0% and 30% in the years 2023, 2022 and 2021. In connection with the grant of options and RSUs, we recorded total share-based compensation expenses of $9.2 million in 2022 and $8.8 million in 2023. In 2023, $1.2 million, $3 million, $2.6 million and $2 million of our share-based compensation expense resulted from cost of revenue, research and development expenses, net, sales and marketing expenses and general and administrative expenses, respectively, based on the department in which the recipient of the option grant was employed. As of December 31, 2023, we had an aggregate of $8.1 million of unrecognized share-based compensation remaining to be recognized over a weighted average vesting period of 2 years.
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market value. Inventory write-offs are provided to cover risks arising from slow-moving items, technological obsolescence, excess inventory and discontinued products. Inventory write-off expenses in 2023 and 2022 totaled $1.6 million and $0.9 million, respectively.
Marketable securities. We account for our investments in marketable securities using Accounting Standards Codification No. 320, “Investments - Debt and Equity Securities” (“ASC No. 320”).
We determine the appropriate classification of marketable securities at the time of purchase and evaluate such designation as of each balance sheet date. We classify all of our investments in marketable securities as available for sale. Available for sale securities are carried at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses reported in “accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)” in shareholders’ equity. Realized gains and losses on sales of investments are included in earnings and are derived using the specific identification method for determining the cost of securities. The amortized cost of debt securities is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity. Such amortization together with interest and dividends on securities are included in financial income, net, if any.
As of December 31, 2023, we held available for sale marketable securities of $28.9 million.
Impairment of goodwill and long-lived assets.
ASC 350 allows an entity to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. If the qualitative assessment does not result in a more likely than not indication of impairment, no further impairment testing is required. If the Company elects not to use this option, or if the Company determines that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, then the Company prepares a quantitative analysis to determine whether the carrying value of reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value. If the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, the Company recognizes an impairment of goodwill for the amount of this excess.
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The Company operates in one operating segment, and this segment comprises its only reporting unit. The Company has performed an annual impairment analysis as of December 31, 2023 and determined that the carrying value of the reporting unit was lower than the fair value of the reporting unit. Fair value is determined using market value. During the years 2023, 2022 and 2021, no impairment losses were recorded.
We perform an annual impairment analysis of goodwill at December 31 of each year, or more often as applicable. We operate in one operating segment, and this segment comprises only one reporting unit. The provisions of ASC No. 350 require that a two-step impairment test be performed on goodwill at the level of the reporting units. In the first step, we compare the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value. If the fair value exceeds the carrying value of the net assets, goodwill is considered not impaired, and no further testing is required to be performed. If the carrying value of the net assets exceeds the fair value, then we must perform the second step of the impairment test in order to determine the implied fair value of goodwill. If the carrying value of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, then we would record an impairment loss equal to the difference.
We believe that our business activity and management structure meet the criterion of being a single reporting unit for accounting purposes. We performed an annual impairment analysis as of December 31, 2023, and determined that the carrying value of the reporting unit was lower than the fair value of the reporting unit. Fair value is determined using market value. During the years ended 2022 and 2023, no impairment losses were recorded.
Intangible assets acquired in a business combination are recorded at fair value at the date of the acquisition. Following initial recognition, intangible assets are carried at cost less any accumulated amortization and any accumulated impairment losses. The useful lives of intangible assets are assessed to be either finite or indefinite. Intangible assets that are not considered to have an indefinite useful life are amortized over their estimated useful lives. Some of the acquired intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives in proportion to the economic benefits realized. This accounting policy results in accelerated amortization of such customer relationships and backlog as compared to the straight-line method. All other intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis.
Property and equipment and intangible assets subject to amortization are reviewed for impairment in accordance with ASC No. 360, “Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets,” whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to the future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the assets. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. During the year ended 2022 no impairment losses were recorded and during the year 2023 impairment losses were recorded in the amount of $1.6 million, due to concerns regarding the recoverability of the asset's carrying value.
Income taxes. We account for income taxes in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification No. 740, “Income Taxes” (“ASC No. 740”). ASC No. 740 prescribes the use of the liability method, whereby deferred tax asset and liability account balances are determined based on differences between financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. We provide a valuation allowance, if necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to their estimated realizable value in the near future, if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
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In Israel, we have accumulated operating loss carry forwards of approximately $119 million and capital losses of approximately $27 million for tax purposes as of December 31, 2023, which may be carried forward and offset against ordinary income and capital gains respectively in the future for an indefinite period. In the United States, the accumulated losses for U.S. federal income tax return purposes were approximately $2 million and the accumulated losses for U.S. state income tax return purposes were approximately $5 million. The federal accumulated losses for tax purposes expire between 2027 and 2038. U.S. states have varying rules regarding expiration of net operating losses. We believe that because of our history of losses, and uncertainty with respect to future taxable income, it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets regarding the loss carry forwards will not be utilized in the foreseeable future, and therefore, a valuation allowance was provided to reduce deferred tax assets to nil. The valuation allowance attributed to such losses for the year ended December 31, 2023, was $50 million.
ASC No. 740 contains a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring a liability for uncertain tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that, on an evaluation of the technical merits, the tax position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement.
Contingent liabilities. We are, from time to time, involved in claims, lawsuits, government investigations, and other proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business. In making a determination regarding provisions for liability, using available information, we evaluate the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome in legal or regulatory proceedings to which we are a party to and record a loss contingency when it is probable a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. These subjective determinations are based on the status of such legal or regulatory proceedings, the merits of our defenses and consultation with legal counsel. Legal proceedings are inherently unpredictable and subject to significant uncertainties, some of which are beyond our control. Should any of these estimates and assumptions change or prove to have been incorrect, it could have a material impact on our results of operations, financial position and cash flows.
Contingent Consideration. We measure liabilities related to earn-out payments at fair value at the end of each reporting period. The fair value was estimated by utilizing the future potential cash payments discounted to arrive at a present value amount, based on our expectation. The discount rate was based on the Monte-Carlo simulation method by taking into account, forecast future revenues, expected volatility and weighted average cost of debt.
For more information regarding recently issued accounting pronouncements see Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements.
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ITEM 6: Directors, Senior Management and Employees
A. Directors and Senior Management
The following table sets forth the names, ages and positions of our directors and executive officers as of March 31, 2024:

Name |  | Age |  | Position
Directors |  |  |  |
David Reis (5) |  | 63 |  | Chairman of the Board
Efrat Makov (1)(2)(3)(4)(5) |  | 56 |  | Director
Steven D. Levy (1)(2)(4)(5) |  | 67 |  | Director
Nadav Zohar (2)(5) |  | 58 |  | Director
Cynthia L. Paul |  | 51 |  | Director
Raffi Kesten (1)(5) |  | 70 |  | Director
Executive Officers |  |  |  |
Erez Antebi |  | 65 |  | Chief Executive Officer and President
Ziv Leitman |  | 65 |  | Chief Financial Officer
Rael Kolevsohn |  | 54 |  | Vice President, Legal Affairs, General Counsel and Company Secretary
Boaz Grossmann |  | 55 |  | Senior Vice President, Cyber Security Product Unit
Assaf Eyal |  | 63 |  | Senior Vice President, Global Sales
Vered Zur |  | 60 |  | Vice President, Marketing
Mark Shteiman |  | 48 |  | Senior Vice President Allot Smart Product Unit
Sarah Warshavsky-Oberman |  | 51 |  | Chief People Officer
Noam Lila |  | 49 |  | Senior Vice President, Customer Success and Operations

_____________
(1) Member of our compensation and nomination committee.
(2) Member of our audit committee.
(3) Lead independent director.
(4) Outside director.
(5) Independent director under the rules of Nasdaq.
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Directors
David Reis has served as Chairman of our Board since September 2023. Mr. Reis has served as a director of Stratasys Ltd. (NASDAQ: SSYS) (“Stratasys”) since June 2013. During his tenure with Stratasys, he also served as vice chairman of the board of directors of Stratasys and as an executive director. Since 2017, Mr. Reis has served as Chairman at Enercon Technologies Ltd., Tuttnauer Ltd and Seed X Inc. (since 2020) and a director at Scodix Ltd (since 2021). He also served as a director of Objet Ltd. from 2003 until the closing of the Stratasys-Objet merger and as the Chief Executive Officer of Stratasys from March 2009 until July 2016 (and, prior to the Stratasys-Objet merger, as Chief Executive Officer of Objet). Previously, he served as Chief Executive Officer and President of NUR Macroprinters Ltd. (NURMF.PK), a wide format printer manufacturer that was acquired by HP, from February 2006 to March 2008. Prior to joining NUR, Mr. Reis served as the Chief Executive Officer and President of ImageID, an automatic identification and data capture solution provider, and of Scitex Vision, a developer and manufacturer of wide-format printers. Mr. Reis holds a B.A. in Economics and Management from the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology and an M.B.A. from the University of Denver. Mr. Reis is also a graduate of the Harvard Business School Advanced Management Program.
Efrat Makov has served as the lead independent director on our board since November 2021. She has served as a director of Ceragon Networks Ltd since October 2022and B Communications Ltd. (TASE: BCOM) since November 2019. Ms. Makov previously served as a director of BioLight Life Sciences Ltd. (TASE: BOLT), an emerging global ophthalmic company, from April 2011 to July 2020. Ms. Makov served as a director of Kamada Ltd. (NASDAQ: KMDA), a plasma-derived biopharmaceutical company, from December 2018 to December 2019, of Anchiano Therapeutics Ltd. (NASDAQ: ANCN) (now known as Chemomab Therapeutics Ltd. (NASDAQ: CMMB)), a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company, from September 2018 to February 2020 and of iSPAC 1 Ltd. (TASE: ISPC) from July 2021 to July 2023. Ms. Makov served as the Chief Financial Officer of Alvarion Ltd. (formerly NASDAQ; TASE: ALVR), a global provider of autonomous Wi-Fi networks, from April 2007 to December 2010. Ms. Makov served as the Chief Financial Officer of Aladdin Knowledge Systems Ltd. (formerly NASDAQ; TASE: ALDN), an information security leader specializing in authentication, software DRM and content security, from September 2005 to January 2007, where she was responsible for the finance, operations, information systems and human resources functions. Prior to that, Ms. Makov served in management positions at two Israeli-based public companies, including as Vice President of Finance at Check Point Software Technologies Ltd. (NASDAQ: CHKP), a worldwide leader in IT security, from September 2002 to August 2005. Ms. Makov served as Director of Finance for NUR Macroprinters Ltd. (formerly NASDAQ: NURM) (now known as Ellomay Capital Ltd. (NYSE; TASE: ELLO)), from August 2000 to August 2002. Prior to that, Ms. Makov spent seven years in public accounting with Arthur Andersen LLP in its New York, London and Tel Aviv offices. Ms. Makov holds a B.A. degree in Accounting and Economics from Tel Aviv University and is a certified public accountant in Israel and the United States.
Steven D. Levy has served as an outside director since 2007. Mr. Levy served as a Managing Director and Global Head of Communications Technology Research at Lehman Brothers, a global financial services firm, from 1998 to 2005. Before joining Lehman Brothers, Mr. Levy was a Director of Telecommunications Research at Salomon Brothers, an American investment bank, from 1997 to 1998, Managing Director and Head of the Communications Research Team at Oppenheimer & Co., a global full-service brokerage and investment bank from 1994 to 1997 and a senior communications analyst at Hambrecht & Quist, a California-based investment bank, from 1986 to 1994. Mr. Levy has served as a director of PCTEL, a broadband wireless technology company since 2006 and currently serves as the their Chairman and served as a director of Edison Properties, a privately held U.S. real estate company, since 2015. Mr. Levy previously served as a director of privately held GENBAND Inc., a U.S. provider of telecommunications equipment. Mr. Levy holds a B.Sc. in Materials Engineering and an M.B.A., both from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
Nadav Zohar has served as an interim director since February 2017 and as a director since April 2017. Mr. Zohar has held the position of Chairman of the LRC Group since 2018. Mr. Zohar served as the head of Business Development of Gett, an “on demand” transportation service provider from March 2015 and October 2018. Prior to joining Gett, Mr. Zohar served as Chief Operating Officer of Delek Global Real Estate PLC, company description to be added, between 2006 and 2009 and held several executive positions with Morgan Stanley, a multinational investment bank and financial services company, between 2001 and 2006, the last of which was Executive Director, Financial Sponsors Group. Prior to joining Morgan Stanley, Mr. Zohar served in executive roles at Lehman Brothers, a global financial services firm, between 1997 and 2001. Mr. Zohar serves as a board member of Matomy Media Group Ltd. (London Stock Exchange: MTMY), a digital performance-based advertising company. Mr. Zohar holds a Masters in Finance (graduated with Merit) from the London Business School and a LLB in Law (graduated with honors) from the University of Reading.
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Cynthia L. Paul, CFA, has served as a director since December 2022. She is Chief Investment Officer and Chief Executive Officer of Lynrock Lake LP, an investment management firm she founded in 2018. Ms. Paul invests across the full capital structure of public and private companies, employing a long-term, fundamentally-driven, value-oriented investment strategy, with a focus on the technology industry. She is a board member of ON24, Inc. (NYSE: ONTF), a SaaS company providing a cloud-based sales and marketing platform for digital engagement. From 2018 until the time of its acquisition in 2021, Ms. Paul served as a board member of DSP Group, a NASDAQ-listed semiconductor company. She served as chairperson of the Nomination and Corporate Governance Committee, a member of the Audit Committee, and a member of the Compensation Committee. Ms. Paul served as Chairperson of the Board of Directors of Conexant Systems, LLC, a privately-held semiconductor company, from 2013 until its acquisition in 2017. Ms. Paul is an advisory board member and former board member of AlphaSense Inc., a privately-held SaaS company providing intelligent search to enterprise customers. From 2002 to 2017, Ms. Paul was a portfolio manager at Soros Fund Management LLC (“SFM”), where she managed a portfolio across corporate credit, convertible and equity securities. Ms. Paul joined SFM in 2000 and served as a SFM representative for the Council on Foreign Relations and on SFM’s Investment Committee. Prior to joining SFM, she worked at The Palladin Group in 1999 and at JP Morgan from 1994 to 1999, most recently as Head of Convertible Research. Ms. Paul graduated from Princeton University in 1994 with an Independent Major in Statistics and Operations Research, a Certificate from the Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, and a Certificate in Engineering Management Systems.
Raffi Kesten has served as an interim director since May 2022 and as a director since December 2022. Mr. Kesten served as Chief Business Officer of Radware Ltd. (NASDAQ: RDWR) since June 2019 until February 2022, leading all customer-facing functions worldwide as well as international sales, professional services, sales engineering and business development, and international sales. Mr. Kesten has over 30 years of experience in leadership roles at various technology companies, including Intel ,Vice President of HP Indigo Division, a division of HP Inc., between 1991 and 1995, as a Chief Operating Officer and General Manager of Cisco Videoscape (formerly NDS Group - Prior acquisition) from 1996 to 2015, as Vice President Video and General Manager Israel of Cisco Videoscape from 2012 to 2015, as Silicon Process Engineer of Intel Corporation from 1982 to 1991, and as a managing partner at Jerusalem Venture Partners from 2014 to 2018. Mr. Kesten holds a B.S. in chemical engineering from Ben Gurion University and an Executive M.B.A. from The Hebrew University, Israel.
Executive Officers
Erez Antebi has served as our President and Chief Executive Officer since February 2017. Mr. Antebi served as the Chief Executive Officer of Gilat Satellite Networks (NADAQ: GILT), a satellite communications technology and services provider, between 2012 and 2015. Between 2005 and 2012, Mr. Antebi also served in several executive roles at Gilat Satellite Networks. Between 2003 and 2005, Mr. Antebi served as the Chief Executive Officer of Clariton Networks, a start-up company, providing services in cellular coverage. Prior to that Mr. Antebi has served in a variety of roles at Gilat Satellite Networks, Tadiran, a provider of radio communications for military applications and for Rafael, Israel Ministry of Defense. Mr. Antebi currently serves on the advisory boards of HiSky. Mr. Antebi holds a B. Sc., Electrical Engineering (Communications), Summa Cum Laude, and a M.Sc., Electrical Engineering (Information Theory), both from the Technion, Israel.
Ziv Leitman has served as our Chief Financial Officer since November 2019. Prior to joining Allot, Mr. Leitman served as Chief Financial Officer of Powermat Technologies, a wireless charging pioneer leader, and from 2011 to 2017 as CFO of Partner Communications, one of Israel’s leading mobile, fixed-line, Internet and TV service providers. Between 2009 to 2011, he served as Deputy Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of Paz Oil Company, and between 2002 to 2009, as CFO of Comverse Inc., a leading provider of telecommunications products. From 1989 to 2002, Mr. Leitman also held Chief Financial Officer positions at Discount Investment Corp., Lucent Technologies EIS, Kimberly-Clark Israel and Optrotech (Orbotech). Mr. Leitman is a Certified Public Accountant and holds a B.A. in Economics and Accounting and an M.B.A. in Finance & Information Systems, both from the Tel Aviv University.
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Mark Shteiman has served as our Senior Vice President Allot Smart Business Unit since December 2021. Prior to that Mr. Shteiman served as our Vice President Product Management since October 2019. Prior to that Mr. Shteiman served as our Associate Vice President Product Management from June 2018. Prior to Allot Mr. Shteiman served as Vice President Product Management at Kaminario Ltd. a leading All-flash Software-defined storage company, redefining the future of cloud-scale datacenters, between 2012 and 2015 served as Head of Product, City business unit of AGT International Ltd., between 2011 and 2013 founded Friendize Me. a SaaS Social E-commerce company and served as its Chief Executive Officer, between 2009 and 2011 as Vice President, Products at Gigafone Ltd., between 2006 and 2008 as VP Product Management NGM at Neustar, between 2000 - 2006 he held a number of positions at Followap a leading mobile instant messaging (IM) and interoperability provider for mobile telecom operators and internet service providers, during 2000 held a position in the Israeli Defense Forces and between 1996 - 1998 served as a software developer at Aitech Defense Systems. Mr. Shteiman holds a B.Sc in Computer Science from the Technion, Israel.
Rael Kolevsohn joined our company in 2014 and serves as our Vice President Legal Affairs, General Counsel, and Company Secretary. Prior to joining us, he served as Vice President and General Counsel of Radvision Ltd. from 2007 to 2014. From 1998 to 2007, Mr. Kolevsohn served as General Counsel and Vice President of Gilat Satellite Networks Ltd. after joining Gilat as Legal Counsel. From 1994 to 1998, he completed his legal internship and worked as an attorney at the Tel Aviv law firm of Yossifof, Amir Cohen & Co. Mr. Kolevsohn is a member of the Israel Bar Association and holds an LL.B. degree, with honors, from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem.
Assaf Eyal has served as our Senior Vice President, Global Sales since June 2021. Over the last 25 years, Mr. Eyal held leadership roles in sales, marketing and customer service. Most recently, he served as SVP APAC at Drivenets. Prior to Drivenets, Mr. Eyal was Executive VP, Cyber Security for Enterprise at Cognyte (NASDAQ:VRNT), President Commercial Division & Corporate VP at Gilat (NASDAQ: GILT), President & CEO at Ultrashape Medical and EVP at Nur Macroprinters. Additionally, Mr. Eyal worked at Orbotech Ltd., (NASDAQ: ORBK, now a KLA company) for over 17 years in various management positions in the United States, Hong Kong and Israel. Mr. Eyal holds an M.Sc in Management and B.Sc in Engineering.
Vered Zur has served as our Vice President, Marketing since April 2017. Prior to joining us, Ms. Zur served as Chief Marketing Officer of Electra Ltd. (TASE: ELECTRA), a leading supplier of electric appliances. Between 2011 and 2014, Ms. Zur served as VP global Sales Operations and Business enablement of Amdocs (NASDAQ: DOX), a provider of software and services to communications and media companies. Between 2005 and 2011, Ms. Zur served as VP Customer Marketing of Comverse (Xura), a company that provided telecommunications software. Prior to that Ms. Zur served in various marketing roles at telecommunications companies and advertising agencies. Ms. Zur holds a B.A. in Behavioral Science from the Ben-Gurion University and a M.B.A from the Edinburgh Business School, Heriot-Watt University.
Boaz Grossmann has served as our Senior Vice President, Cybersecurity Product Unit since January 2024. Prior to that time, Mr. Grossmann has served as our Vice President Cyber Security R&D since May 2022. Prior to that time Mr. Grossmann has served as our AVP Security Management System since October 2020. Mr. Grossmann has more than 20 years R&D and management experience in software development in multi-disciplinaries areas (ISP, Satellite, Managed Network Service and Cybersecurity) and technologies leading units and groups in different geographical locations.
Boaz holds B.Sc. in Mathematics and Computer Sciences from University of Haifa and Executive MBA from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Sarah Warshavsky-Oberman has served as our Chief People Officer since May 2022. Prior to joining Allot, Mrs. Warshavsky-Oberman served as a VP of HR for National Instruments Corp. (NASDAQ: NATI) from 2021 to 2022. Mrs. Warshavsky-Oberman served as global VP of HR for Optimalplus, a global software startup company, from 2018 until its acquisition by National Instruments Corp. in May 2020. Between 2014 and 2018, Mrs. Warshavsky-Oberman served as the Global HR strategic programs lead at Teva pharmaceuticals. From 2010 to 2014, she served in different HR roles for Micron Technology Inc. During the years 1996-2010, Mrs. Warshavsky-Oberman worked for Intel/Numonyx and served in various positions, including production and engineering roles. Mrs. Warshavsky-Oberman holds M.B.A. from Tel Aviv University.
Noam Lila has served as our Senior Vice President, Customer Success and Operations since January 2021. Prior to that time, Mr. Lila served as our Assistant Vice President, APAC Customer Success from February 2019. Prior to joining Allot, Mr. Lila accumulated over 20 years of experience in the telecommunications industry, holding various executive positions at Amdocs and Comverse. Most recently, he was Vice President of Services at Amdocs located in Australia, Vice President of APAC CS at Comverse located in Japan, VP of IT & SCM at Comverse, AVP of EMEA CS at Comverse and others. Throughout his career, Mr. Lila lead hundreds of projects deployment and transformation programs to Tier 1 customers and some with value of more than $100 million (USD) each.
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Board Diversity
The table below provides certain information regarding the diversity of our board of directors as of December 31, 2023.

Board Diversity Matrix
Country of Principal Executive Offices: | Israel
Foreign Private Issuer | Yes
Disclosure Prohibited under Home Country Law | No
Total Number of Directors | 8
| Female | Male | Non-Binary | Did Not Disclose Gender
Part I: Gender Identity |
Directors | 2 | 6 | 0 | 0
Part II: Demographic Background |
Underrepresented Individual in Home Country Jurisdiction | 0
LGBTQ+ | 0
Did Not Disclose Demographic Background | 8

B. Compensation of Officers and Directors
The aggregate compensation paid to or accrued on behalf of our directors and executive officers as a group during 2023 consisted of approximately $3.1 million in salary, fees, bonus, commissions and directors’ fees, including amounts we expended for automobiles made available to our officers, but excluding equity based compensation, dues for professional and business associations, business travel and other expenses, and other benefits commonly reimbursed or paid by companies in Israel. This amount includes approximately $0.6 million set aside or accrued to provide pension, severance, retirement or similar benefits or expenses.
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In 2023, we paid or accrued to the chairman of the board of directors, Mr. Yigal Jacoby, an annual fee of ILS 358,200 (approximately $97,284 USD). we paid or accrued to the chairman of the board of directors, Mr. David Reis, an annual fee of ILS 114,000 (approximately $29,900 USD). During such time we paid our directors, Itzhak Danziger, Nadav Zohar, Efrat Makov and Manuel Echanove ILS 71,190 (approximately $19,334 USD), ILS 92,190 (approximately $25,038 USD), ILS 120,690 (approximately $32,778 USD) and ILS 77,190 (approximately $20,964 USD), respectively, and we paid or accrued to each of our outside directors, Steven Levy, Raffi Kesten and Cynthia Paul, as permitted by the Companies Law, an annual fee of ILS 107,190 (approximately $29,112 USD), ILS 106,440 (approximately $28,908 USD), and ILS 89,190 (approximately $24,223 USD), respectively. . The above fees for each of our directors (other than Yigal Jacoby and David Reis) have included a per-meeting attendance fee of ILS 3,750 (approximately $1,018 USD) for any meeting he or she attended in person and ILS 2,250 (approximately $611 USD) for a meeting he or she attended by conference call or similar means. Our directors are also typically granted upon election a total of 20,000 equity based awards, which vest over a period of not less than three years, and 10,000 RSUs, as of every third annual general meeting following the respective director’s initial election.
During 2023, our executive officers and directors received, in the aggregate, 350,000 RSUs under our equity incentive plans.
Compensation of our Five Most Highly Compensated Office Holders
Summary Compensation Table
For so long as we qualify as a foreign private issuer, we are not required to comply with the proxy rules applicable to U.S. domestic companies, including the requirement applicable to U.S. domestic companies to disclose the compensation of certain executive officers on an individual, rather than an aggregate, basis. Nevertheless, the regulations promulgated under the Companies Law require us to disclose the annual compensation of our five most highly compensated directors and officers on an individual, rather than on an aggregate, basis.
The table and summary below outline the compensation granted to our five most highly compensated office holders during or with respect to the year ended December 31, 2023. We refer to the five individuals for whom disclosure is provided herein as our “Covered Executives.”
For purposes of the table and the summary below, “compensation” includes base salary, discretionary and non-equity incentive bonuses, equity-based compensation accrued or paid, payments accrued or paid in connection with retirement or termination of employment, and personal benefits and perquisites such as car, phone and social benefits paid to or earned by each Covered Executive during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Name and Principal Position(1) |  | Salary ($) |  |  | Bonus and Commission ($)(2) |  |  | Equity-Based Compensation ($)(3) |  |  | All Other Compensation ($)(4) |  |  | Total ($) |
Ziv Leitman, Chief Financial Officer |  |  | 260,726 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 390,285 |  |  |  | 68,340 |  |  |  | 719,352 |
Keren Rubanenko, Senior Vice President, Cyber Security Business Unit |  |  | 246,233 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 358,285 |  |  |  | 79,402 |  |  |  | 683,920 |
Assaf Eyal, Senior Vice President, Global Sales |  |  | 260,726 |  |  |  | 35,364 |  |  |  | 289,370 |  |  |  | 87,894 |  |  |  | 673,355 |
Erez Antebi, President and Chief Executive Officer |  |  | 260,726 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 330,799 |  |  |  | 68,360 |  |  |  | 659,885 |
Mark Shteiman, Senior Vice President Allot Smart Business Unit |  |  | 228,136 |  |  |  | 29,701 |  |  |  | 238,625 |  |  |  | 64,096 |  |  |  | 530,857 |

________________________

(1) | Unless otherwise indicated herein, all Covered Executives are full-time employees of Allot.

(2) | Amounts reported in this column represent annual incentive bonuses and commissions granted to the Covered Executives based on performance-metric based formulas set forth in their respective employment agreements.

(3) | Amounts reported in this column represent the grant date fair value computed in accordance with accounting guidance for share-based compensation. For a discussion of the assumptions used in reaching this valuation, see Note 12 to our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023, included herein.

(4) | Amounts reported in this column include personal benefits and perquisites, including those mandated by applicable law. Such benefits and perquisites may include, to the extent applicable to the respective Covered Executive, payments, contributions and/or allocations for savings funds (e.g., Managers Life Insurance Policy), education funds (referred to in Hebrew as “keren hishtalmut”), pension, severance, vacation, car or car allowance, medical insurances and benefits, risk insurance (e.g., life insurance or work disability insurance), telephone expense reimbursement, convalescence or recreation pay, relocation reimbursement, payments for social security, and other personal benefits and perquisites consistent with the Company’s guidelines. All amounts reported in the table represent incremental cost to the Company.

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Compensation Policy
Under the Companies Law, we are required to adopt a compensation policy, recommended by the compensation and nominating committee and approved by our board of directors and the shareholders, in that order. The shareholder approval requires a majority of the votes cast by shareholders, excluding any controlling shareholder and those who have a personal interest in the matter. In general, all directors and executive officers’ terms of compensation, including fixed remuneration, bonuses, equity compensation, retirement or termination payments, indemnification, liability insurance and the grant of an exemption from liability, must comply with the compensation policy.
In addition, the compensation terms of directors, the chief executive officer, and any employee or service provider who is considered a controlling shareholder must be approved separately by the compensation and nominating committee, the Board of Directors and the shareholders of the Company (by the same majority noted above), in that order. The compensation terms of other executive officers require the approval of the compensation and nominating committee and the Board of Directors.
We strive to provide a mix of compensation that supports a pay-for-performance culture and emphasizes long-term incentives. Our executive compensation packages have historically included equity grants, which we believe to be effective tools in aligning performance with compensation.
The compensation and nominating committee and the Board are committed to responsible management of earnings-per-share dilution, as the Company must balance the requirements associated with its equity compensation program during its growth stage with the effect on dilution. Therefore, the compensation and nominating committee and the Board continue to review the Company’s equity compensation practices to ensure that they remain in line with evolving regulatory conditions and changes in best practices. The Company remains focused on open and ongoing dialogue with its shareholders and welcomes regular feedback regarding its compensation policies.
Our compensation policy was approved by our compensation and nominating committee and by our Board of Directors, and subsequently approved by our shareholders in December 2023, and will be in effect for a period of three years following approval. Our compensation policy provides:

| • | Objectives: To attract, motivate and retain highly experienced personnel who will provide leadership for Allot’s success and enhance shareholder value, and to promote for each executive officer an opportunity to advance in a growing organization.

| • | Compensation instruments: Includes base salary; benefits and perquisites; cash bonuses; equity-based awards; and retirement and termination arrangements.

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| • | Ratio between fixed and variable compensation: Allot aims to balance the mix of fixed compensation (base salary, benefits and perquisites) and variable compensation (cash bonuses and equity-based awards) pursuant to the ranges set forth in the compensation policy in order, among other things, to tie the compensation of each executive officer to Allot’s financial and strategic achievements and enhance the alignment between the executive officer’s interests and the long-term interests of Allot and its shareholders.

| • | Internal compensation ratio: Allot will target a ratio between overall compensation of the executive officers and the average and median salary of the other employees of Allot, as set forth in the compensation policy, to ensure that levels of executive compensation will not have a negative impact on work relations in Allot.

| • | Base salary, benefits and perquisites: The compensation policy provides guidelines and criteria for determining base salary, benefits and perquisites for executive officers.

| • | Cash bonuses: Allot’s policy is to allow annual cash bonuses, which may be awarded to executive officers pursuant to the guidelines and criteria, including maximum bonus opportunities, set forth in the compensation policy.

| • | “Clawback”: In the event of an accounting restatement, Allot shall be entitled to recover from current executive officers bonus compensation in the amount of the excess over what would have been paid under the accounting restatement, with a three-year look-back.

| • | Equity-based awards: Allot’s policy is to provide equity-based awards in the form of share options, restricted share units and other forms of equity, which may be awarded to executive officers pursuant to the guidelines and criteria, including minimum vesting period, set forth in the compensation policy.

| • | Retirement and termination: The compensation policy provides guidelines and criteria for determining retirement and termination arrangements of executive officers, including limitations thereon.

| • | Exculpation, indemnification and insurance: The compensation policy provides guidelines and criteria for providing directors and executive officers with exculpation, indemnification and insurance.

| • | Directors: The compensation policy provides guidelines for the compensation of our directors in accordance with applicable regulations promulgated under the Companies Law, and for equity-based awards that may be granted to directors pursuant to the guidelines and criteria, including minimum vesting period, set forth in the compensation policy.

| • | Applicability: The compensation policy applies to all compensation agreements and arrangements approved after the date on which the compensation policy is approved by the shareholders.

| • | Review: The compensation and nominating committee and the Board of Directors of Allot shall review and reassess the adequacy of the Compensation Policy from time to time, as required by the Companies Law.

C. Board Practices
Corporate Governance Practices
As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted under Nasdaq Rule 5615(a)(3) to follow Israeli corporate governance practices instead of Nasdaq requirements applicable to the U.S. issuers, provided we disclose which requirements we are not following and describe the equivalent Israeli requirement. See “ITEM 16G: Corporate Governance Requirements” for a discussion of those ways in which our corporate governance practices differ from those required by Nasdaq for domestic companies.
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Board of Directors
Terms of Directors
Our articles of association provide that we may have not less than five directors and have up to nine directors.
Under our articles of association, our directors (other than our outside directors) are divided into three classes. Each class of directors consists, as nearly as possible, of one-third of the total number of directors constituting the entire board of directors (other than our outside directors). At each annual meeting of our shareholders, the election or reelection of directors following the expiration of the term of office of the directors of that class of directors is for a term of office that expires on the third annual meeting following such election or reelection, such that each year the term of office of one class of directors expires.
Our Class II directors, David Reis (who also serves as our chairman of the board of directors) and Raffi Kesten, will hold office until our annual meeting of shareholders to be held in 2024. Our Class I directors, Nadav Zohar and Cynthia Paul, will hold office until the 2025 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders. We currently have no Class III directors on our board. The directors (other than the outside directors) are elected by a vote of the holders of a majority of the voting power present and voting at the meeting. Each director will hold office until the annual general meeting of our shareholders for the year in which his or her term expires and until his or her successor is duly elected and qualified, unless the tenure of such director expires earlier pursuant to the Companies Law or unless he or she resigns or is removed from office.
Under the Companies Law, a director (including an outside director) must declare in writing that he or she has the required skills and the ability to dedicate the time required to serve as a director in addition to other statutory requirements. A director who ceases to meet the statutory requirements for his or her appointment must immediately notify us of the same and his or her office will become vacated upon such notice.
Under our articles of association, the approval of a special majority of the holders of at least 75% of the voting rights present and voting at a general meeting is generally required to remove any of our directors (other than the outside directors) from office. The holders of a majority of the voting power present and voting at a meeting may elect directors in their stead or fill any vacancy, however created, in our board of directors. In addition, vacancies on our board of directors, other than a vacancy in the office of an outside director, may be filled by a vote of a simple majority of the directors then in office. A director so chosen or appointed will hold office until the next annual general meeting of our shareholders, unless earlier removed by the vote of a majority of the directors then in office prior to such annual meeting. See “-Outside Directors” for a description of the procedure for election of outside directors.
Outside Directors
Qualifications of Outside Directors
The Companies Law requires companies incorporated under the laws of the State of Israel with shares listed on a stock exchange, including Nasdaq, to appoint at least two outside directors. Our outside directors are Ms. Makov and Mr. Levy. Ms. Makov also serves as the lead independent director.
Outside directors are required to meet standards of independence requirements set forth in the Companies Law and of the listing standards of Nasdaq. Among other independence qualifications, a person may not serve as an outside director if he is a relative of a controlling shareholder of a company, or if he or his affiliate (as defined in the Companies Law) has an employment, business or professional relationship or other affiliation (as defined in the Companies Law) with us.
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In addition, the Companies Law requires every outside director appointed to the board of directors of an Israeli company to qualify as a “financial and accounting expert” or as “professionally competent,” as such terms are defined in the applicable regulations under the Companies Law, and at least one outside director must qualify as a “financial and accounting expert.” If at least one of our directors meets the independence requirements of the Exchange Act and the standards of Nasdaq rules for membership on the audit committee and also has financial and accounting expertise as defined in the Companies Law, then the other outside directors are only required to meet the professional qualifications requirement. Under applicable regulations, a director with financial and accounting expertise is a director who, through his or her education, professional experience and skill, has a high level of proficiency in and understanding of business accounting matters and financial statements. He or she must be able to thoroughly comprehend the financial statements of the company and initiate debate regarding the manner in which financial information is presented.
Election of Outside Directors
Outside directors are elected by a majority vote at a shareholders’ meeting, provided that either:

• | the majority of shares voted at the meeting, including at least a majority of the shares of non-controlling shareholder(s) and shareholders who do not have a personal interest in the election of the outside director (other than a personal interest that does not result from the shareholder’s relationship with a controlling shareholder), voted at the meeting, excluding abstentions, vote in favor of the election of the outside director; or

• | the total number of shares of non-controlling shareholders and shareholders who do not have a personal interest in the election of the outside director (excluding a personal interest that does not result from the shareholder’s relationship with a controlling shareholder) voted against the election of the outside director does not exceed two percent of the aggregate voting rights in the company.

The initial term of an outside director is three years, and he or she may be reelected to up to two additional terms of three years each at a shareholders’ meeting, subject to the voting threshold set forth above. Thereafter, an outside director may be reelected for additional periods of up to three years each, only if the company’s audit committee and board of directors confirm that, in light of the outside director’s expertise and special contribution to the work of the board of directors and its committees, the reelection for such additional period is beneficial to the company. The terms of our outside directors, Efrat Makov and Steven Levy, will continue until November 30, 2024 and August 14, 2025, respectively, unless such office is vacated in accordance with our Articles of Association or the Israel Companies Law. Outside directors may be removed by the same voting threshold as is required for their election, or by a court, and only if the outside directors cease to meet the statutory qualifications for their appointment or if they violate their duty of loyalty to the company. The tenure of outside directors, like all directors, may also be terminated by a court under limited circumstances. If the vacancy of an outside director position causes the company to have fewer than two outside directors, a company’s board of directors is required under the Companies Law to call a special general meeting of the company’s shareholders as soon as possible to appoint a new outside director. Each committee of a company’s board of directors which is authorized to exercise the board of directors’ authorities is required to include at least one outside director, except for the audit committee and the compensation committee, which are required to include all outside directors.
An outside director is entitled to compensation and reimbursement of expenses as provided in regulations promulgated under the Companies Law, and is otherwise prohibited from receiving any other compensation, directly or indirectly, in connection with services provided as an outside director, other than indemnification, exculpation and insurance as permitted pursuant to the Companies Law.
Nasdaq Requirements
Under Nasdaq rules, a majority of directors must meet the independence requirements specified in those rules. Our board of directors consists of six members, all of whom are independent under the listing standards of Nasdaq, as determined by the board of directors. Specifically, our board has determined that Ms. Efrat Makov, Mr. David Reis, Mr. Steven Levy, Mr. Raffi Kesten, Ms. Cynthia Paul and Mr. Nadav Zohar meet the independence standards of Nasdaq rules. In reaching this conclusion, the board determined that none of these directors has a relationship that would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director. None of our directors is a member of our executive team. See “ITEM 16G. Corporate Governance” for additional information.
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Audit Committee
Companies Law Requirements
Under the Companies Law, the board of directors of any public company must appoint an audit committee comprised of at least three directors, including all of the outside directors. The following persons may not be appointed as members of the audit committee:

| • | the chairperson of the board of directors;

| • | a controlling shareholder or a relative of a controlling shareholder (as defined in the Companies Law); or

| • | any director who is engaged by, or provides services on a regular basis to the company, the company’s controlling shareholder or an entity controlled by a controlling shareholder or any director who generally relies on a controlling shareholder for his or her livelihood.

The Companies Law requires the majority of the audit committee members to be independent directors (as defined in the Companies Law), and the chairman of the audit committee is required to be an outside director. Any person disqualified from serving as a member of the audit committee may not be present at the audit committee meetings, unless the chairperson of the audit committee has determined that this person is required to be present for a particular matter. The Companies Law provides for certain other exclusions to this provision.
Nasdaq Requirements
Under Nasdaq rules, companies are required to maintain an audit committee consisting of at least three independent directors, all of whom are financially literate and one of whom has accounting or related financial management expertise. Our audit committee members are required to meet additional independence standards, including minimum standards set forth in rules of the SEC and adopted by Nasdaq.
Each of the members of our audit committee is “independent” under the relevant Nasdaq rules and as defined in Rule 10A-3(b)(1) under the Exchange Act, which is different from the general test for independence of board and committee members.
Approval of Transactions with Related Parties
The approval of the audit committee is required to effect specified actions and transactions with office holders and controlling shareholders. The term “office holder” means a general manager, chief business manager, deputy general manager, vice general manager, or any other person assuming the responsibilities of any of the foregoing positions, without regard to such person’s title, as well as any director or manager directly subordinate to the general manager. The term “controlling shareholder” means a shareholder with the ability to direct the activities of the company, other than by virtue of being an office holder. A shareholder is presumed to be a controlling shareholder if the shareholder holds 50% or more of the voting rights in a company or has the right to appoint the majority of the directors of the company or its general manager. For the purpose of approving transactions with controlling shareholders, the term also includes any shareholder that holds 25% or more of the voting rights of the company, if the company has no shareholder that owns more than 50% of its voting rights. For purposes of determining the holding percentage stated above, two or more shareholders who have a personal interest in a transaction that is brought for the company’s approval are deemed as joint holders. The audit committee may not approve an action or a transaction with a controlling shareholder or with an office holder unless all the requirements of the Companies Law regarding the structure of the committee and the persons entitled to be present at meetings are met at the time of approval.
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Audit Committee Role
Our board of directors has adopted an audit committee charter setting forth the responsibilities of the audit committee consistent with the rules of the SEC and Nasdaq, which include:

| • | retaining and terminating the company’s independent auditors, subject to shareholder ratification;

| • | pre-approval of audit and non-audit services provided by the independent auditors; and

| • | approval of transactions with office holders and controlling shareholders, as described above, and other related-party transactions.

Additionally, under the Companies Law, the audit committee is responsible for: (a) identifying deficiencies in the management of a company’s business and making recommendations to the board of directors as to how to correct them; (b) reviewing and deciding whether to approve certain related party transactions and certain transactions involving conflicts of interest; (c) deciding whether certain actions involving conflicts of interest are material actions and whether certain related party transactions are extraordinary transactions; (d) reviewing the internal auditor’s work program; (e) examining the company’s internal control structure and processes, the performance of the internal auditor and whether the internal auditor has the tools and resources required to perform his or her duties; and (f) examining the independent auditor’s scope of work as well as the independent auditor’s fees, and providing the corporate body responsible for determining the independent auditor’s fees with its recommendations. In addition, the audit committee is also responsible for implementing procedures concerning employee complaints on improprieties in the administration of the company’s business and the protection to be provided to such employees. Furthermore, in accordance with regulations promulgated under the Companies Law, the audit committee discusses the draft financial statements and presents to the board its recommendations with respect to the draft financial statements. The audit committee charter states that in fulfilling this role the committee is entitled to rely on interviews and consultations with our management, our internal auditor and our independent auditor, and is not obligated to conduct any independent investigation or verification.
Our audit committee consists of Ms. Efrat Makov, Mr. Steven Levy and Mr. Nadav Zohar. The chairperson is Ms. Makov. The financial experts on the audit committee pursuant to the definition under the relevant SEC rules and are all members of the audit committee.
Compensation and Nominating Committee
Under the Companies Law, the compensation committee of a public company must consist of at least three directors who satisfy certain independence qualifications, including the additional independence requirements of Nasdaq rules applicable to the members of compensation committees, and the chairman of the compensation committee is required to be an outside director. We have established a compensation and nominating committee which currently consists of Ms. Efrat Makov, Mr. Steven Levy, and Mr. Raffi Kesten. The chairperson is Mr. Levy. This committee oversees matters related to our compensation policy and practices. Our board of directors has adopted a compensation and nominating committee charter setting forth the responsibilities of the committee consistent with the Companies Law and Nasdaq rules, which include:

| • | approving, and recommending to the board of directors and the shareholders for their approval, the compensation of our Chief Executive Officer and other executive officers;

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| • | granting options and RSUs to our employees and the employees of our subsidiaries;

| • | recommending candidates for nomination as members of our board of directors; and

| • | developing and recommending to the board corporate governance guidelines and a code of business ethics and conduct in accordance with applicable laws.

The compensation committee is also authorized to retain and terminate compensation consultants, legal counsel or other advisors to the committee and to approve the engagement of any such consultant, counsel or advisor, to the extent it deems necessary or appropriate after specifically analyzing the independence of any such consultant retained by the committee.
On specified criteria, to review modifications to the compensation policy from time to time, to review its implementation and to approve the actual compensation terms of office holders prior to approval by the board of directors.
Internal Auditor
Under the Companies Law, the board of directors of a public company must appoint an internal auditor nominated by the audit committee. The role of the internal auditor is, among other things, to examine whether a company’s actions comply with applicable law and orderly business procedure. The internal auditor may be an employee of the company but not an interested party (as defined in the Companies Law), an office holder of the company, or a relative of an interested party or an office holder, among other restrictions. The audit committee has appointed the firm of Deloitte Brightman Almagor Zohar as the internal auditor of the Company.
Exculpation, Insurance and Indemnification of Office Holders
Under the Companies Law, a company may not exculpate an office holder from liability for a breach of the duty of loyalty. However, a company may provide certain indemnification rights as detailed below and obtain insurance for an act performed in breach of the duty of loyalty of an office holder provided that the office holder acted in good faith, the act or its approval does not harm the company, and the office holder discloses the nature of his or her personal interest in the act and all material facts and documents a reasonable time before discussion of the approval. Our articles of association, in accordance with Israeli law, allow us to exculpate an office holder, in advance, from liability to us, in whole or in part, for damages caused to us as a result of a breach of duty of care. We may not exculpate a director for liability arising out of a prohibited dividend or distribution to shareholders or prohibited purchase of its securities.
In accordance with Israeli law, our articles of association allow us to indemnify an office holder in respect of certain liabilities either in advance of an event or following an event. Under Israeli law, an undertaking provided in advance by an Israeli company to indemnify an office holder with respect to a financial liability imposed on him or her in favor of another person pursuant to a judgment, settlement or arbitrator’s award approved by a court must be limited to events which in the opinion of the board of directors can be foreseen based on the company’s activities when the undertaking to indemnify is given, and to an amount or according to criteria determined by the board of directors as reasonable under the circumstances, and such undertaking must detail the above mentioned events and amount or criteria. Our articles of association allow us to undertake in advance to indemnify an office holder for, among other costs, reasonable litigation expenses, including attorneys’ fees, and certain financial liabilities and obligations, subject to certain restrictions pursuant to the Companies Law.
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In accordance with Israeli law, our articles of association allow us to insure an office holder against certain liabilities incurred for acts performed as an office holder, including certain breaches of duty of loyalty to the company, a breach of duty of care to the company or to another person and certain financial liabilities and obligations imposed on the office holder.
We may not indemnify or insure an office holder against any of the following:

| • | a breach of duty of loyalty, except to the extent that the office holder acted in good faith and had a reasonable basis to believe that the act would not prejudice the company;

| • | a breach of duty of care committed intentionally or recklessly, excluding a breach arising out of the negligent conduct of the office holder;

| • | an act or omission committed with intent to derive illegal personal benefit; or

| • | a fine, civil fine, monetary sanction or forfeit levied against the office holder.

Under the Companies Law, exculpation, indemnification and insurance of office holders must be approved by our compensation committee and our board of directors and, in respect of our directors, the chief executive officer, and any employee or service provider who is considered a controlling shareholder, by our shareholders, provided that changes to existing arrangements may be approved by the audit committee if it approves that such changes are immaterial.
As of the date of this annual report, there are no claims for directors’ and officers’ liability insurance which have been filed in 2023 under our policies and we are not aware of any pending or threatened litigation or proceeding involving any of our directors or officers in which indemnification is sought.
We have entered into agreements with each of our directors and with certain of our office holders exculpating them, to the fullest extent permitted by law, from liability to us for damages caused to us as a result of a breach of duty of care, and undertaking to indemnify them to the fullest extent permitted by law. This indemnification is limited to events determined as foreseeable by the board of directors based on our activities, and to an amount or according to criteria determined by the board of directors as reasonable under the circumstances, and the insurance is subject to our discretion depending on its availability, effectiveness and cost. The current maximum amount set forth in such agreements is the greater of (1) with respect to indemnification in connection with a public offering of our securities, the gross proceeds raised by us and/or any selling shareholder in such public offering, and (2) with respect to all permitted indemnification, including a public offering of our securities, an amount equal to 50% of the our shareholders’ equity on a consolidated basis, based on our most recent financial statements made publicly available before the date on which the indemnity payment is made.
In the opinion of the SEC, indemnification of directors and office holders for liabilities arising under the Securities Act is against public policy and therefore unenforceable.
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D. Employees*
As of December 31, 2023, we had 559 Employees of whom 222 were based in Israel, 197 in Europe, 27 in North America, 20 in Latin America and 93 in Asia, Africa and Oceania. We have never experienced a work stoppage or a strike. The breakdown of our employees by department is as follows:

|  | December 31, |
Department |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |
Manufacturing and operations |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 12 |
Research and development |  |  | 331 |  |  |  | 328 |  |  |  | 220 |
Sales, marketing, service and support |  |  | 324 |  |  |  | 328 |  |  |  | 263 |
Management and administration |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | 78 |  |  |  | 64 |
Total |  |  | 741 |  |  |  | 749 |  |  |  | 559 |

The table below provides a breakdown of employees, permanent contractors and subcontractors employed or engaged by the Company (herein: “Personnel Employed”):

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |
Full time Employee |  |  | 508 |  |  |  | 523 |  |  |  | 401 |
Part time Employee |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | 33 |
Permanent Contractor |  |  | 33 |  |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | 32 |
Subcontractor |  |  | 162 |  |  |  | 151 |  |  |  | 93 |
Total |  |  | 741 |  |  |  | 749 |  |  |  | 559 |

* Based on the number of full time equivalent Personnel Employed, which is the product of all full time Personnel Employed, plus the ratio of the average monthly hours of part time Personnel Employed to average monthly hours of full time Personnel Employed. In the foregoing table and in each instance herein where number of employees is provided, employees include full time and part time employees, as well as subcontractors and consultants. Typically, our employees, as well as our subcontractors and consultants, are employed or engaged for indefinite periods of time and may be dismissed or terminated with or without notice, depending on the jurisdiction and contracts under which they are employed or engaged. Under applicable Israeli law, we and our employees are subject to protective labor provisions such as restrictions on working hours, minimum wages, minimum vacation, sick pay, severance pay and advance notice of termination of employment as well as equal opportunity and anti-discrimination laws. Orders issued by the Israeli Ministry of Economy make certain industry-wide collective bargaining agreements applicable to us. These agreements affect matters such as cost of living adjustments to salaries, length of working hours and week, recuperation, travel expenses, and pension rights. Except as otherwise stated hereunder, our employees are not represented by a labor union. Under Spanish Labor law, we and our employees are subject to protective labor provisions and collective bargaining agreements, governing, among others, restrictions on working hours, minimum wages, minimum vacation, sick pay, severance pay and advance notice of termination of employment as well as equal opportunity and anti-discrimination laws. Our workers in our San Sebastian office in Spain are represented by a worker’s representative, who was recently elected for a term of four years. In addition, our employees in our Madrid office in Spain are represented by five worker representatives, who were recently elected for a term of four years. Such representatives represent the employees with respect to labor health and prevention, training and equality. We provide our employees with benefits and working conditions which we believe are competitive with benefits and working conditions provided by similar companies. To foster wellbeing, we allow a hybrid mode of work to employees who attend an office. We expect employees to work in the office for 3 days each week, while in the remaining 2 days they may work remotely to allow flexibility and work life balance. In addition, starting May 2023, we have allowed a short work week (4 working days a week) once a month, for all company personnel. We have never experienced labor-related work stoppages and believe that our relations with our employees are good.
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E. Share Ownership
Beneficial Ownership of Executive Officers and Directors
The following table sets forth certain information regarding the beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares as of March 31, 2024 by (i) each of our directors, (ii) each of our executive officers and (iii) all of our executive officers and directors serving as of March 31, 2024, as a group. Unless otherwise stated, the address of each named executive officer and director is c/o Allot Ltd, 22 Hanagar Street, Neve Ne’eman Industrial Zone B, Hod-Hasharon 4501317, Israel.

Name of Beneficial Owner |  | Number of Shares Beneficially Held(1) |  |  | Percent of Class |
Directors |  |  |  |  |  |
David Reis |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
Efrat Makov |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
Manuel Echanove(2) |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
Nadav Zohar |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
Steven D. Levy |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
Yigal Jacoby(2) |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
Raffi Kesten |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
Cynthia Paul |  |  | 8,776,999 |  |  |  | 22.8 | %
Executive Officers |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
Erez Antebi |  |  | 446,666 |  |  |  | 1.2 | %
Ziv Leitman |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
Rael Kolevsohn |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
Vered Zur |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
Mark Shteiman |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
Noam Lila |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assaf Eyal |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
Sarah Warshavsky Oberman |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
Boaz Grossman |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
All directors and executive officers as a group |  |  | 10,234,587 |  |  |  | 26.6 | %

____________
* Less than one percent of the outstanding ordinary shares.

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(1) | As used in this table, “beneficial ownership” is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC and consists of either or both voting or investment power with respect to securities. For purposes of this table, a person is deemed to be the beneficial owner of securities that can be acquired within 60 days from March 31, 2024 through the exercise of any option or pursuant to vesting of RSU. Ordinary shares subject to options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of March 31, 2024 and outstanding RSUs vesting within 60 days of March 31, 2024 are deemed outstanding for computing the ownership percentage of the person holding such options or RSUs, but are not deemed outstanding for the purpose of computing the ownership percentage of any other person. Except as otherwise indicated, the persons named in the table have reported that they have sole voting and sole investment power with respect to all ordinary shares shown as beneficially owned by them. The amounts and percentages are based upon 38,441,772 ordinary shares outstanding as of March 31, 2024 pursuant to Rule 13d-3(d)(1)(i) under the Exchange Act.

(2) | Former Director, stepped down during the 2023 Fiscal Year.

Our directors and executive officers hold, in the aggregate, 1,234,587 outstanding options and RSUs. The said amount includes options currently exercisable for 360,000 ordinary shares, as of March 31, 2024. The options (excluding RSUs) have a weighted average exercise price of $5.11 per share and have expiration dates until 2025.
Share Option Plans
The following table summarizes our equity incentive plans, which have outstanding awards as of March 31, 2024:

Plan |  | Shares reserved |  |  | Option and RSU grants, net (*) |  |  | Outstanding options and RSUs |  |  | Options outstanding exercise price |  | Date of expiration |  | Options exercisable |
2016 Incentive Compensation Plan |  |  | 252,847 |  |  |  | 11,858,262 |  |  |  | 3,955,755 |  |  |  | 0.028-27.58 |  | 5/5/2023-9/6/2025 |  |  | 377,095 |

____________
(*) | “Option and RSU grants, net” is calculated by subtracting options and RSUs expired or forfeited.

As of March 31, 2024, we had 38,441,772 ordinary shares outstanding. We have adopted four share option plans. Under our share option plans, as of March 31, 2024, there were 3,955,755 outstanding options and RSUs, including options currently exercisable for 377,095 ordinary shares. As of March 31, 2024, 252,847 shares remained available for future grants under the 2016 Plan (as described below). Upon issuance, such ordinary shares may be freely sold in the public market, except for shares held by affiliates who have certain restrictions on their ability to sell. The options (excluding RSUs) have a weighted average exercise price of $5.37 per share.
We will only grant options, RSUs or other equity incentive awards under the 2016 Incentive Compensation Plan, although previously-granted options will continue to be governed by our other plans.
2016 Incentive Compensation Plan, as amended (formerly, 2006 Incentive Compensation Plan)
The Allot Ltd. 2006 Incentive Compensation Plan (the “2006 Plan”) was adopted by the Company’s board of directors on October 29, 2006 and became effective immediately prior to the effective date of the Company’s initial public offering. Effective October 28, 2016, the Board of Directors of the Company amended and restated the 2006 Plan to extend the term of the 2006 Plan by ten years and to rename the 2006 Plan as the Allot Ltd. 2016 Incentive Compensation Plan (the “2016 Plan”). The 2016 Plan will remain in effect, subject to the right of the Board of Directors to amend or terminate the 2016 Plan at any time pursuant to the terms of the 2016 Plan, until all shares reserved for issuance under the 2016 Plan shall have been delivered, and any restrictions on such shares shall have lapsed, provided that in no event may an award under the 2016 Plan be granted on or after October 27, 2026.
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The 2016 Plan is intended to further our success by increasing the ownership interest of certain of our and our subsidiaries’ employees, directors and consultants and to enhance our and our subsidiaries’ ability to attract and retain employees, directors and consultants.
The number of ordinary shares that we may issue under the 2016 Plan will increase on the first day of each fiscal year, in each case in an amount equal to the lesser of (i) 3,000,000, (ii) 3.5% of the outstanding shares on the last day of the immediately preceding year, or (iii) an amount determined by the Board; provided, however, that there may be one or more additional increases during such fiscal year, on such date or dates as may be determined by the Board of Directors provided that the aggregate amount of all increases during any fiscal year shall not exceed 3.5% of the outstanding shares on the last day of the immediately preceding year . The number of shares subject to the 2016 Plan is also subject to adjustment if particular capital changes affect our share capital. Ordinary shares subject to outstanding awards under the 2006 Plan or our 2003 plan or 1997 plans that are subsequently forfeited or terminated for any other reason before being exercised will again be available for grant under the 2016 Plan. As of March 31, 2024, there were 3,955,755 outstanding options and RSUs under the 2016 Plan and 252,847 ordinary shares remained reserved for future grants under the 2016 Plan. Israeli participants in the 2016 Plan may be granted options and/or restricted share units subject to Section 102 of the Ordinance. Section 102 of the Ordinance, allows employees, directors and officers, who are not controlling shareholders and are considered Israeli residents to receive favorable tax treatment for compensation in the form of shares or options. Our non-employees service providers and controlling shareholders may only be granted options under another section of the Ordinance, which does not provide for similar tax benefits. Section 102 includes two alternatives for tax treatment involving the issuance of options or shares to a trustee for the benefit of the grantees and also includes an additional alternative for the issuance of options or shares directly to the grantee. The most favorable tax treatment for the grantees is under Section 102(b)(2) of the Ordinance, the issuance to a trustee under the “capital gain track.” However, under this track we are not allowed to deduct an expense with respect to the issuance of the options or shares. Any share options granted under the 2016 Plan to participants in the United States will be either “incentive share options,” which may be eligible for special tax treatment under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, or options other than incentive share options (referred to as “nonqualified share options”), as determined by our compensation and nominating committee and stated in the option agreement.
Our compensation and nominating committee administers the 2016 Plan and it selects which of our and our subsidiaries’ and affiliates’ eligible employees, directors and/or consultants receive options, RSUs or other awards under the 2016 Plan and will determine the terms of the grant, including, exercise prices, method of payment, vesting schedules, acceleration of vesting and the other matters necessary in the administration of the plan.
If we undergo a change of control, as defined in the 2016 Plan, subject to any contrary law or rule, or the terms of any award agreement in effect before the change of control, (a) the compensation and nominating committee may, in its discretion, accelerate the vesting, exercisability and payment, as applicable, of outstanding options, RSUs and other awards; and (b) the compensation and nominating committee, in its discretion, may adjust outstanding awards by substituting ordinary shares or other securities of any successor or another party to the change of control transaction, or cash out outstanding options, RSUs and other awards, in any such case, generally based on the consideration received by our shareholders in the transaction.
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ITEM 7: Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions
A. Major Shareholders
The following table sets forth certain information regarding the beneficial ownership of our outstanding ordinary shares as of March 31, 2024, by each person who we know beneficially owns 5.0% or more of the outstanding ordinary shares. Each of our shareholders has identical voting rights with respect to its shares. All of the information with respect to beneficial ownership of the ordinary shares is given to the best of our knowledge.

|  | Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned(1) |  |  | Percentage of Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned |
Lynrock Lake Master Fund LP (2) |  |  | 8,768,666 |  |  |  | 22.8 | %
Clal Insurance Enterprises Holdings Ltd. (3) |  |  | 2,739,043 |  |  |  | 7.1 | %
Outerbridge Capital Management, LLC (4) |  |  | 2,735,112 |  |  |  | 7.1 | %

__________________

(1) | As used in this table, “beneficial ownership” means the sole or shared power to vote or direct the voting or to dispose or direct the disposition of any security. For purposes of this table, a person is deemed to be the beneficial owner of securities that can be acquired within 60 days from March 31, 2024 through the exercise of any option or warrant. Ordinary shares subject to options or warrants that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days are deemed outstanding for computing the ownership percentage of the person holding such options or warrants, but are not deemed outstanding for computing the ownership percentage of any other person. The amounts and percentages are based upon 38,441,772 PFIC status is an annual ordinary share outstanding as of March 31, 2024.

(2) | Based on a Schedule 13D/A filed on November 11, 2023, Lynrock Lake Master Fund LP directly holds 8,768,666 of our ordinary shares. Cynthia Paul, the Chief Investment Officer of Lynrock Lake LP (“Lynrock Lake”) and Sole Member of Lynrock Lake Partners LLC, the general partner of Lynrock Lake, may be deemed to exercise voting and investment power over securities of the Issuer held by Lynrock Lake Master Fund LP.

(3) | Based on a Schedule 13G/A filed on February 14, 2024, Clal Insurance Enterprises Holdings Ltd. (“Clal”) had shared voting and dispositive power over 2,749,041 of our shares. All of the 2,739,043 ordinary shares reported in this statement as beneficially owned by Clal are held for members of the public through, among others, provident funds and/or pension funds and/or insurance policies, which are managed by subsidiaries of Clal.

(4) | Based on a Schedule 13D/A filed on May 12, 2022, Outerbridge Capital Management, LLC (“Outerbridge”) had shared voting and dispositive power over 2,735,112 ordinary shares. The address of Outerbridge is 767 Third Avenue, 11th Floor, New York, New York 10017.

Significant Changes in the Ownership of Major Shareholders
Based on a Schedule 13D/A filed on February 11, 2022 by Outerbridge, Outerbridge became the beneficial owner of 5% or more of our ordinary shares, and is now the beneficial owner of 2,735,112, or 7.1% of our ordinary shares.
B. Record Holders
As of March 31, 2024, there were 16 record holders of ordinary shares, of which seven consisted of United States record holders holding approximately 99.5% of our outstanding ordinary shares. The actual number of shareholders is greater than this number of record holders, and includes shareholders who are beneficial owners, but whose shares are held in street name by brokers and other nominees. The United States record holders included Cede & Co., the nominee of the Depositary Trust Company.
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C. Related Party Transactions
Our policy is to enter into transactions with related parties on terms that, on the whole, are no less favorable, than those available from unaffiliated third parties. Based on our experience in the business sectors in which we operate and the terms of our transactions with unaffiliated third parties, we believe that all of the transactions described below met this policy standard at the time they occurred.
Agreements with Directors, Officers and Suppliers
Engagement of Officers. We have entered into employment agreements with each of our officers, who work for us as employees or as consultants. These agreements all contain provisions standard for a company in our industry regarding noncompetition, confidentiality of information and assignment of inventions. The enforceability of covenants not to compete in Israel may be limited. In connection with the engagement of our officers, we have granted them options pursuant to our 2016 Plan.
Exculpation, Indemnification and Insurance. Our articles of association permit us to exculpate, indemnify and insure our office holders, in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Law. We have entered into agreements with each of our directors and certain office holders, exculpating them from a breach of their duty of care to us to the fullest extent permitted by law and undertaking to indemnify them to the fullest extent permitted by law, to the extent that these liabilities are not covered by insurance. See “ITEM 6: Directors, Senior Management and Employees-Board Practices-Exculpation, Insurance and Indemnification of Office Holders.”
Engagement with Suppliers. We have entered into a service agreement with Galil Software Ltd. as a supplier. Galil Software Ltd. is owned by one of the members of the board of directors of the Company. This service agreement was approved by the board of directors of the Company.
D. Interests of Experts and Counsel
Not applicable.
ITEM 8: Financial Information
A. Consolidated Financial Statements and Other Financial Information.
Consolidated Financial Statements
For our audited consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related consolidated statements of comprehensive loss, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, please see pages F-5 to F-49 of this report.
Export Sales
See “ITEM 4: Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” under the caption “Customers” for certain details of export sales for the last three fiscal years.
Legal Proceedings
We may, from time to time in the future be involved in legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. Such matters are generally subject to many uncertainties and outcomes are not predictable with assurance. We accrue for contingencies when the loss is probable and it can reasonably estimate the amount of any such loss. Except as set forth in Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 included elsewhere in this report, we are currently not a party to any material legal or administrative proceedings for which an appropriate accrual has not been made, and is not aware of any pending or threatened material legal or administrative proceedings against us.
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Dividends
We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our ordinary shares and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our ordinary shares in the future. We currently intend to retain all future earnings to finance our operations and to expand our business. Any future determination relating to our dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on a number of factors, including future earnings, capital requirements, financial condition and future prospects and other factors our board of directors may deem relevant.
B. Significant Changes
Since the date of our audited financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report, there have not been any significant changes in our financial position.
ITEM 9: The Offer and Listing
Our ordinary shares have been quoted under the symbol “ALLT” on Nasdaq since November 16, 2006 and on the TASE since December 21, 2010.
As of March 31, 2024 the last reported sale price of our ordinary shares on Nasdaq was $2.26 per share and on the TASE was 8.7 ILS per share.
ITEM 10: Additional Information
A. Share Capital
Not applicable.
B. Memorandum and Articles of Association
Registration Number and Objectives
We are registered as a public company with the Israeli Registrar of Companies. Our registration number is 51-239477-6.
Our objectives under our memorandum of association are to engage in the business of computers, hardware and software, including without limitation research and development, marketing, consulting and the selling of knowledge, and any other activity which our board of directors shall determine.
Ordinary Shares
Our authorized share capital consists of 200,000,000 ordinary shares, par value ILS 0.10 per share. As of March 31, 2024, we had 38,441,772 ordinary shares outstanding. All outstanding ordinary shares are validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable. The rights attached to the ordinary shares are as follows:
Voting. Holders of our ordinary shares have one vote for each ordinary share held on all matters submitted to a vote of shareholders at a shareholder meeting. Shareholders may vote at shareholder meeting either in person, by proxy or by written ballot. Shareholder voting rights may be affected by the grant of any special voting rights to the holders of a class of shares with preferential rights that may be authorized in the future.
Transfer of Shares. Fully paid ordinary shares are issued in registered form and may be freely transferred under our articles of association unless the transfer is restricted or prohibited by another instrument, Israeli law or the rules of a stock exchange on which the shares are traded.
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Election of Directors. Our ordinary shares do not have cumulative voting rights for the election of directors. Rather, under our articles of association our directors are elected by the holders of a simple majority of our ordinary shares at a general shareholder meeting. As a result, the holders of our ordinary shares that represent more than 50% of the voting power represented at a shareholder meeting have the power to elect any or all of our directors whose positions are being filled at that meeting, subject to the special approval requirements for outside directors. See “ITEM 6: Directors, Senior Management and Employees-Board Practices-Outside Directors.”
Dividend and Liquidation Rights. Under the Companies Law, shareholder approval is not required for the declaration of a dividend, unless the company’s articles of association provide otherwise. Our articles of association provide that our board of directors may declare and distribute a dividend to be paid to the holders of ordinary shares without shareholder approval in proportion to the paid up capital attributable to the shares that they hold. Dividends may be paid only out of profits legally available for distribution, as defined in the Companies Law, provided that there is no reasonable concern that the payment of a dividend will prevent us from satisfying our existing and foreseeable obligations as they become due. If we do not have profits legally available for distribution, we may seek the approval of the court to distribute a dividend. The court may approve our request if it is convinced that there is no reasonable concern that a payment of a dividend will prevent us from satisfying our existing and foreseeable obligations as they become due.
In the event of our liquidation, after satisfaction of liabilities to creditors, our assets will be distributed to the holders of ordinary shares in proportion to the paid up capital attributable to the shares that they hold. Dividend and liquidation rights may be affected by the grant of preferential dividend or distribution rights to the holders of a class of shares with preferential rights that may be authorized in the future.
Shareholder Meetings
We are required to convene an annual general meeting of our shareholders once every calendar year within a period of not more than 15 months following the preceding annual general meeting. Our board of directors may convene a special general meeting of our shareholders and is required to do so at the request of two directors or one quarter of the members of our board of directors or, as we are a Nasdaq-listed company at the request of one or more holders of 10% or more of our share capital and 1% of our voting power or the holder or holders of 10% or more of our voting power. All shareholder meetings require prior notice of at least 21 days. The chairperson of our board of directors, or any other person appointed by the board of directors, presides over our general meetings. In the absence of the chairperson of the board of directors or such other person, one of the members of the board designated by a majority of the directors presides over the meeting. If no director is designated to preside as chairperson, then the shareholders present will choose one of the shareholders present to be chairperson. Subject to the provisions of the Companies Law and the regulations promulgated thereunder, shareholders entitled to participate and vote at general meetings are the shareholders of record on a date to be decided by the board of directors, which, as we are a Nasdaq-listed company, may be between four and 60 days prior to the date of the meeting.
Quorum
The quorum required for a meeting of shareholders consists of at least two shareholders present in person, by proxy or by written ballot, who hold or represent between them at least 25% of our voting power. A meeting adjourned for lack of a quorum generally is adjourned to the same day in the following week at the same time and place or any time and place as the directors designate in a notice to the shareholders. At the reconvened meeting, the required quorum consists of at least two shareholders present, in person, by proxy or by written ballot, who hold or represent between them at least 10% of our voting power, provided that if the meeting was initially called pursuant to a request by our shareholders, then the quorum required must include at least the number of shareholders entitled to call the meeting. See “-Shareholder Meetings.”
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Resolutions
An ordinary resolution requires approval by the holders of a simple majority of the voting rights represented at the meeting, in person, by proxy or by written ballot, and voting on the resolution.
Under the Companies Law, unless otherwise provided in the articles of association or applicable law, all resolutions of the shareholders require a simple majority. A resolution for the voluntary winding up of the company requires the approval by holders of at least 75% of the voting rights represented at the meeting, in person, by proxy or by written ballot, and voting on the resolution. Under our articles of association (1) certain shareholders’ resolutions require the approval of a special majority of the holders of at least 75% of the voting rights represented at the meeting, in person, by proxy or by written ballot, and voting on the resolution, and (2) certain shareholders’ resolutions require the approval of a special majority of the holders of at least two-thirds of the voting securities of the company then outstanding.
Access to Corporate Records
Under the Companies Law, all shareholders generally have the right to review minutes of our general meetings, our shareholder register, including with respect to material shareholders, our articles of association, our financial statements and any document we are required by law to file publicly with the Israeli Companies Registrar. Any shareholder who specifies the purpose of its request may request to review any document in our possession that relates to any action or transaction with a related party which requires shareholder approval under the Companies Law. We may deny a request to review a document if we determine that the request was not made in good faith, that the document contains a commercial secret or a patent or that the document’s disclosure may otherwise impair our interests.
Fiduciary Duties and Approval of Specified Related Party Transactions Under Israeli Law
Fiduciary duties of office holders
The Companies Law imposes a duty of care and a duty of loyalty on all office holders of a company.
The duty of care of an office holder requires an office holder to act with the degree of proficiency with which a reasonable office holder in the same position would have acted under the same circumstances. The duty of care includes, among other things, a duty to use reasonable means, in light of the circumstances, to obtain certain information pertaining to the proposed action before the board of directors.
The duty of loyalty incumbent on an office holder requires him or her to act in good faith and for the benefit of the company, and includes, among other things, the duty to avoid conflicts of interest with the company, to refrain from competing with the company, and to disclose to the company information disclosed to him or her as a result of being an office holder.
We may approve an act specified above which would otherwise constitute a breach of the office holder’s duty of loyalty, provided that the office holder acted in good faith, the act or its approval does not harm the company, and the office holder discloses his or her personal interest a sufficient time before the approval of such act. Any such approval is subject to the terms of the Companies Law, setting forth, among other things, the organs of the company entitled to provide such approval, and the methods of obtaining such approval.
Disclosure of personal interests of an office holder and approval of acts and transactions
The Companies Law requires that an office holder promptly disclose to the company any personal interest that he or she may have relating to any existing or proposed transaction by the company (as well as certain information or documents). Once an office holder has disclosed his or her personal interest in a transaction, the approval of the appropriate organ(s) in the company is required in order to effect the transaction. However, a company may approve such a transaction or action only if it is in the best interests of the Company.
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Disclosure of personal interests of a controlling shareholder and approval of transactions
Under the Companies Law, a controlling shareholder must also disclose any personal interest it may have in an existing or proposed transaction by the company. Transactions with controlling shareholders that are material, that are not in the ordinary course of business or that are not on market terms require approval by the audit committee, the board of directors and the shareholders of the company, and the Companies Law provides for certain quantitative requirements in respect of the voting of shareholders not having a personal interest in the applicable transaction.
Duties of shareholders
Under the Companies Law, a shareholder has a duty to refrain from abusing its power, to act in good faith and to act in an acceptable manner in exercising its rights and performing its obligations to the company and other shareholders. A shareholder also has a general duty to refrain from acting to the detriment of other shareholders.
In addition, any controlling shareholder or any shareholder having specific power with respect to a company (the power to appoint an office holder, or specific influence over a certain vote) is under a duty to act with fairness towards the company. The Companies Law does not describe the substance of this duty except to state that the remedies generally available upon a breach of contract will also apply in the event of a breach of the duty to act with fairness, taking the shareholder’s position in the company into account.
Approval of private placements
Under the Companies Law and the regulations promulgated thereunder, certain private placements of securities may require approval at a general meeting of the shareholders of a company. These include, for example, certain private placements completed in lieu of a special tender offer (See “Memorandum and Articles of Association-Acquisition under Israeli law”) or a private placement which qualifies as a related party transaction (See “Corporate governance practices-Fiduciary duties and approval of specified related party transactions under Israeli law”).
Acquisitions under Israeli Law
Full Tender Offer. A person wishing to acquire shares of a public Israeli company and who would as a result hold over 90% of the target company’s issued and outstanding share capital is required by the Companies Law to make a tender offer for the purchase of all of the issued and outstanding shares of the company. If the shareholders who do not accept the offer hold less than 5% of the issued and outstanding share capital of the company, and more than half of the offerees who do not have a personal interest in the tender offer accept the tender offer, all of the shares that the acquirer offered to purchase will be transferred to the acquirer by operation of law. Notwithstanding the above, if the shareholders who do not accept the offer hold less than 2% of the issued and outstanding share capital of the company or of the applicable class, the offer will nonetheless be accepted. However, a shareholder that had its shares so transferred may, within six months from the date of acceptance of the tender offer, petition the court to determine that the tender offer was for less than fair value and that the fair value should be paid as determined by the court. The bidder may provide in its tender offer that any accepting shareholder may not petition the court for fair value, but such condition will not be valid unless all of the information required under the Companies Law was provided prior to the acceptance date. The description above regarding a full tender offer also applies, with certain limitations, when a full tender offer for the purchase of all of the company’s securities is accepted.
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Special Tender Offer. The Companies Law provides, subject to certain exceptions, that an acquisition of shares of a public Israeli company must be made by means of a “special tender offer” if, as a result of the acquisition, the purchaser would become a holder of at least 25% of the voting rights in the company. This rule does not apply if there is already another holder of at least 25% of the voting rights in the company. Similarly, the Companies Law provides that an acquisition of shares in a public company must be made by means of a tender offer if, as a result of the acquisition, the purchaser would become a holder of more than 45% of the voting rights in the company, and there is no other shareholder of the company who holds more than 45% of the voting rights in the company. The special tender offer may be consummated subject to certain majority requirements set forth in the Companies Law, and provided further that at least 5% of the voting rights attached to the company’s outstanding shares will be acquired by the party making the offer.
Merger. The Companies Law permits merger transactions between two Israeli companies if approved by each party’s board of directors and a certain percentage of each party’s shareholders. Following the approval of the board of directors of each of the merging companies, the boards must jointly prepare a merger proposal for submission to the Israeli Registrar of Companies.
Under the Companies Law, if the approval of a general meeting of the shareholders is required, merger transactions may be approved by the holders of a simple majority of our shares present, in person, by proxy or by written ballot, at a general meeting of the shareholders and voting on the transaction. In determining whether the required majority has approved the merger, if shares of the company are held by the other party to the merger, by any person holding at least 25% of the voting rights, or 25% of the means of appointing directors or the general manager of the other party to the merger, then a vote against the merger by holders of the majority of the shares present and voting, excluding shares held by the other party or by such person, or any person or entity acting on behalf of, related to or controlled by either of them, is sufficient to reject the merger transaction. In certain circumstances, a court may still approve the merger upon the request of holders of at least 25% of the voting rights of a company, if the court holds that the merger is fair and reasonable, taking into account the value of the parties to the merger and the consideration offered to the shareholders.
The Companies Law provides for certain requirements and procedures that each of the merging companies is to fulfill. In addition, a merger may not be completed unless at least fifty days have passed from the date that a proposal for approval of the merger was filed with the Israeli Registrar of Companies and thirty days from the date that shareholder approval of both merging companies was obtained.
Anti-Takeover Measures
Undesignated preferred shares. The Companies Law allows us to create and issue shares having rights different from those attached to our ordinary shares, including shares providing certain preferred or additional rights with respect to voting, distributions or other matters and shares having preemptive rights. We do not have any authorized or issued shares other than ordinary shares. In the future, if we do create and issue a class of shares other than ordinary shares, such class of shares, depending on the specific rights that may be attached to them, may delay or prevent a takeover or otherwise prevent our shareholders from realizing a potential premium over the market value of their ordinary shares. The authorization of a new class of shares will require an amendment to our articles of association which requires the prior approval of a simple majority of our shares represented and voted at a general meeting. In addition, we undertook towards the TASE that, as long as our shares are registered for trading with the TASE we will not issue or authorize shares of any class other than the class currently registered with the TASE, unless such issuance is in accordance with certain provisions of the Israeli Securities Law determining that a company registering its shares for trade on the TASE may not have more than one class of shares for a period of one year following registration with the TASE, and following such period the company is permitted to issue preferred shares if the preference of those shares is limited to a preference in the distribution of dividends and the preferred shares have no voting rights.
Supermajority voting. Our articles of association require the approval of the holders of at least two-thirds of our combined voting power to effect certain amendments to our articles of association.
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Classified board of directors. Our articles of association provide for a classified board of directors. See “ITEM 6: Directors, Senior Management and Employees-Board Practices-Term of Directors.”
Transfer Agent and Registrar
The transfer agent and registrar for our ordinary shares is American Stock Transfer & Trust Company. Its address is 6201 15th Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11219, and its telephone number is (800) 937-5449.
C. Material Contracts
We have not been party to any material contracts within the two years prior to the date of this annual report, other than contracts entered into in the ordinary course of business, or as otherwise described below in this ITEM 10.C.

Material Contract |  | Location
Non-Stabilized Lease Agreement |  | “ITEM 4: Information on Allot - D. Property, Plant and Equipment”

D. Exchange Controls
In 1998, Israeli currency control regulations were liberalized significantly, so that Israeli residents generally may freely deal in foreign currency and foreign assets, and non-residents may freely deal in Israeli currency and Israeli assets. There are currently no Israeli currency control restrictions on remittances of dividends on the ordinary shares or the proceeds from the sale of the shares provided that all taxes were paid or withheld; however, legislation remains in effect pursuant to which currency controls can be imposed by administrative action at any time.
Non-residents of Israel may freely hold and trade our securities. Neither our memorandum of association nor our articles of association nor the laws of the State of Israel restrict in any way the ownership or voting of ordinary shares by non-residents, except that such restrictions may exist with respect to citizens of countries which are in a state of war with Israel. Israeli residents are allowed to purchase our ordinary shares.
E. Taxation
Israeli Tax Considerations and Government Programs
The following is a general discussion only and is not exhaustive of all possible tax considerations. It is not intended, and should not be construed, as legal or professional tax advice and should not be relied upon for tax planning purposes. In addition, this discussion does not address all of the tax consequences that may be relevant to purchasers of our ordinary shares in light of their particular circumstances, or certain types of purchasers of our ordinary shares subject to special tax treatment. Examples of this kind of investor include residents of Israel and traders in securities who are subject to special tax regimes not covered in this discussion. Each individual/entity should consult its own tax or legal advisor as to the Israeli tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares.
To the extent that part of the discussion is based on new tax legislation, which has not been subject to judicial or administrative interpretation, we cannot assure that the tax authorities or the courts will accept the views expressed in this section.
The following summary describes the current tax structure applicable to companies in Israel, with special reference to its effect on us. The following also contains a discussion of the material Israeli tax consequences to holders of our ordinary shares.
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General Corporate Tax Structure in Israel
Israeli companies are generally subject to corporate tax rate of 23%. However, the effective tax rate payable by a company that derives income from an Approved Enterprise, a Benefited Enterprise, a Preferred Enterprise or a Technological Preferred Enterprise (as discussed below) may be considerably lower. Capital gains derived by an Israeli company are generally subject to the prevailing corporate tax rate.
Tax Benefits and Grants for Research and Development
Israeli tax law allows, under certain conditions, a tax deduction for expenditures, including capital expenditures, for the year in which they are incurred. Expenditures are deemed related to scientific research and development projects, if:

| • | The expenditures are approved by the relevant Israeli government ministry, determined by the field of research;

| • | The research and development must be for the promotion of the company; and

| • | The research and development is carried out by or on behalf of the company seeking such tax deduction.

The amount of such deductible expenses is reduced by the sum of any funds received through government grants for the finance of such scientific research and development projects. No deduction under these research and development deduction rules is allowed if such deduction is related to an expense invested in an asset depreciable under the general depreciation rules of the Ordinance. Expenditures for research and development not approved are deductible in equal amounts over three years, according to the Ordinance.
From time to time, we may apply the Israel Innovation Authority for approval to allow a tax deduction for all research and development expenses during the year incurred. There can be no assurance that such application will be accepted.
Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 1969
The Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 1969, generally referred to as the Industry Encouragement Law, provides several tax benefits for industrial companies. We believe that we currently qualify as an “Industrial Company” within the meaning of the Industry Encouragement Law. The Industry Encouragement Law defines “Industrial Company” as a company resident in Israel, of which 90% or more of its income in any tax year, other than of income from certain government loans, from an “Industrial Enterprise which is located in Israel” owned by it. An “Industrial Enterprise” is defined as an enterprise whose major activity in a given tax year is industrial production activity.
The following corporate tax benefits, among others, are available to Industrial Companies:

| • | Amortization of the cost of purchased know-how and patents and of rights to use a patent and know-how which are used for the development or advancement of the company, over an eight-year period;

| • | Under specified conditions, an election to file consolidated tax returns with additional related Israeli Industrial Companies; and

| • | Expenses related to a public offering in Israel and in recognized stock markets, are deductible in equal amounts over three years.

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Under certain tax laws and regulations, an “Industrial Enterprise” may be eligible for special depreciation rates for machinery, equipment and buildings. These rates differ based on various factors, including the date the operations begin and the number of work shifts. An “Industrial Company” owning an approved enterprise may choose between these special depreciation rates and the depreciation rates available to the approved enterprise.
Eligibility for the benefits under the Industry Encouragement Law is not subject to receipt of prior approval from any governmental authority. We can give no assurance that we qualify or will continue to qualify as an “Industrial Company” or that the benefits described above will be available in the future.
Tax Benefits under the Law for Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959
Tax Benefits Prior to the 2005 Amendment
The Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959, as amended, generally referred to as the Investments Law, provides that a proposed capital investment in eligible facilities may, upon application to the Investment Center of the Ministry of Industry and Commerce of the State of Israel, be designated as an “Approved Enterprise.”
The Investments Law provides that an approved enterprise is eligible for tax benefits on taxable income derived from its approved enterprise programs. The tax benefits under the Investments Law also apply to income generated by a company from the grant of a usage right with respect to know-how developed by the Approved Enterprise, income generated from royalties, and income derived from a service which is auxiliary to such usage right or royalties, provided that such income is generated within the Approved Enterprise’s ordinary course of business. The tax benefits under the Investments Law are not, generally, available with respect to income derived from products manufactured outside of Israel. In addition, the tax benefits available to an Approved Enterprise are contingent upon the fulfillment of conditions stipulated in the Investments Law and regulations and the criteria set forth in the specific certificate of approval, as described above. In the event that a company does not meet these conditions, it would be required to refund the amount of tax benefits, plus a consumer price index linkage adjustment and interest.
Should a company derive income from sources other than the Approved Enterprise during the relevant period of benefits, such income is taxable at the regular corporate tax rates.
A company may elect to receive an alternative package of benefits. Under the alternative package of benefits, a company’s undistributed income derived from the Approved Enterprise will be exempt from corporate tax for a period of between two and ten years from the first year the company derives taxable income under the program, after the commencement of production, depending on the geographic location of the Approved Enterprise within Israel, and such company will be eligible for a reduced tax rate for the remainder of the benefits period. Under certain circumstances (as detailed below regarding Foreign Investment Companies), the benefit period may extend to a maximum of ten years from the commencement of the benefit period.
A company that has elected the alternative track of benefits, such as us, that subsequently pays a dividend out of income derived from the approved enterprise(s) during the tax exemption period will be subject to corporate tax in the year the dividend is distributed in respect of the gross amount distributed, at the rate which would have been applicable had the company not elected the alternative track of benefits, (generally 10%-25%, depending on the percentage of the company’s ordinary shares held by foreign shareholders). The dividend recipient is subject to withholding tax at the reduced rate of 15% applicable to dividends from approved enterprises if the dividend is distributed during the tax exemption period or within twelve years thereafter. In the event, however, that the company qualifies as a foreign investors’ company, there is no such time limitation.
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Foreign Investors’ Company (“FIC”)
A company that has an Approved Enterprise program is eligible for further tax benefits if it qualifies as a foreign investors’ company. A foreign investors’ company is a company of which, among other criteria, more than 25% of its share capital and combined share and loan capital is owned by non-Israeli residents. A company that qualifies as a foreign investors’ company and has an approved enterprise program is eligible for tax benefits for a ten-year benefit period.
Subject to applicable provisions concerning income under the alternative package of benefits, dividends paid by a company are considered to be attributable to income received from the entire company and the company’s effective tax rate is the result of a weighted average of the various applicable tax rates, excluding any tax-exempt income. Under the Investments Law, with the exception of amendment 74, a company that has elected the alternative track of benefits is not obliged to distribute retained profits, and may generally decide from which year’s profits to declare dividends.
In 1998, the production facilities of the Company related to its computational technologies were granted the status of an “Approved Enterprise” under the Law. In 2004, an expansion program was granted the status of “Approved Enterprise.” According to the provisions of the Law, the Company has elected the alternative track of benefits and has waived Government grants in return for tax benefits.
As of December 31, 2023, the Company has not yet realized the benefits under the “Approved Enterprise” program. We believe that we met the aforementioned conditions.
Tax Benefits under the 2005 Amendment
An amendment to the Investments Law, generally referred as the 2005 Amendment, effective as of April 1, 2005 has significantly changed the provisions of the Investments Law. The amendment includes revisions to the criteria for investments qualified to receive tax benefits as an Approved Enterprise.
The 2005 Amendment simplifies the approval process for the approved enterprise. According to the 2005 Amendment, only approved enterprises receiving cash grants require the approval of the Investment Center.
A program receiving benefits under the 2005 Amendment is referred to as the Benefited Enterprise.
The duration of tax benefits is subject to a limitation of the earlier of seven to ten years from the Commencement Year, or twelve years from the first day of the Year of Election. We elected the year of 2009 as “year of election” under the Investments Law after the 2005 Amendment. The benefit period under this year of election has ended on December 31, 2020.
We believe that a portion of taxable operating income that we may realize in the future will be eligible to benefits under the Investments Law.
As of December 31, 2023, we did not generate exempt income under the provisions of the Investments Law.
Trapped Earning
Following amendment 74 to the Investment Law as part of the Law for Economic Efficiency (Legislative Amendments for Attaining the Budget Goals for Fiscal Years 2021 and 2022), which was enacted in November, 2021, any dividends distributed, or deemed as distributed under the Investment Law after August 15, 2021 by a company which earned exempt income under the Approved or Benefited Enterprise regimes (Trapped Earnings) which it did not elect to release under the terms of amendment 74, will be allocated pro-rata between exempt income and other sources and taxed accordingly. In addition, the corporate income tax claw-back will apply upon any dividend distribution, as long as the company has Trapped Earnings.
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Tax Benefits under the 2011 Amendment
As of January 1, 2011, new legislation amending the Investments Law came into effect (the “2011 Amendment”). The 2011 Amendment introduced a new status of “Preferred Company” and “Preferred Enterprise.” replacing the then existing status of “Benefited Company” and “Benefited Enterprise.” Similar to a “Benefited Company,” a Preferred Company is an industrial company owning a Preferred Enterprise which meets certain conditions (including a minimum threshold of 25% export). However, under this legislation the requirement for a minimum investment in productive assets was cancelled.
Under the 2011 Amendment, a uniform corporate tax rate applies to all qualifying income of the Preferred Company, as opposed to the former law, which was limited to income from the Approved Enterprises and Benefited Enterprise during the benefits period. As of the 2017 tax year the corporate tax rate for preferred taxable income is 7.5% in areas in Israel designated as Development Zone A and 16% elsewhere in Israel.
A dividend distributed from income which is attributed to a Preferred Enterprise will be subject to withholding tax at source at the following rates: (i) Israeli resident corporation -0%, (ii) Israeli resident individual - 20% in 2014 and onwards (iii) non-Israeli resident - 20% in 2014 and onwards, subject to a reduced tax rate under the provisions of an applicable double tax treaty.
The provisions of the 2011 Amendment also provided transitional provisions to address companies already enjoying current benefits. Under the transition provisions of the new legislation, a company may decide to irrevocably implement the 2011 Amendment while waiving benefits provided under the Investments Law prior to the 2011 Amendment; or to remain subject to the Investments Law prior to the 2011 Amendment. We have examined the possible effect, if any, of these provisions of the 2011 Amendment on our financial statements and have decided, at this time, not to opt to apply the new benefits under the 2011 Amendment.
Tax Benefits under the 2016 Amendment
In December 2016, new legislation amended the Investments Law, effective as of the 2017 tax year (the “2016 Amendment”). Under the 2016 Amendment a new status of “Technological Preferred Enterprise” was introduced to the Investments Law.
Under the 2016 Amendment, two new tracks are available:

| • | Technological Preferred Enterprise - an enterprise which is part of a consolidated group with consolidated annual revenues of less than ILS 10 billion. A Technological Preferred Enterprise which is located in areas other than Development Zone A will be subject to tax at a rate of 12% on profits derived from intellectual property, and a Technological Preferred Enterprise in Development Zone A will be subject to tax at a rate of 7.5%; and

| • | Special Technological Preferred Enterprise - an enterprise which is part of a consolidated group with consolidated annual revenues exceeding ILS 10 billion. Such an enterprise will be subject to tax at a rate of 6% on profits derived from intellectual property regardless of the enterprise’s geographical location.

Any dividends distributed to foreign companies, as defined in the Investments Law, derived from income from the Technological Preferred Enterprise will be subject to tax at a rate of 20% (with an exemption from such withholding tax applying to dividends paid to an Israeli company), or a lower rate of 4% in case 90% or more of the Preferred Technological Enterprise’s shares are held by foreign corporations. The above rates may be reduced by an applicable double tax treaty, subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the Israel Tax Authority allowing for a reduced tax rate.
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We have examined the possible effect, if any, of these provisions of the 2016 Amendment on our financial statements and have decided, at this time, not to opt to apply the new benefits under the 2016 Amendment.
Special Provisions Relating to Israeli Tax Reporting in United States Dollars
Under the Income Tax (Inflationary Adjustments) Law, 1985, results for tax purposes are measured in real terms, in accordance with the changes in the Israeli Consumer Price Index (“Israeli CPI”). Accordingly, until 2011, results for tax purposes were measured in terms of earnings in ILS after certain adjustments for increases in the Israeli CPI. Commencing in the taxable year 2012, we have elected to measure our taxable income and file our tax return in United States Dollars, under the Israeli Income Tax Regulations (Principles Regarding the Management of Books of Account of Foreign Invested Companies and Certain Partnerships and the Determination of Their Taxable Income), 1986.
Capital Gains Tax on Sales of Our Ordinary Shares
Israeli law generally imposes a capital gains tax on the sale of any capital assets by residents of Israel, as defined for Israeli tax purposes, and on the sale of assets located in Israel, including shares in Israeli companies, by both residents and non-residents of Israel, unless a specific exemption is available or a tax treaty between Israel and the shareholder’s country of residence provides otherwise. The law distinguishes between real gain and inflationary surplus. The inflationary surplus is a portion of the total capital gain which is equivalent to the increase of the relevant asset’s purchase price which is attributable to the increase in the Israeli consumer price index or, in certain circumstances, a foreign currency exchange rate, between the date of purchase and the date of sale. The real gain is the excess of the total capital gain over the inflationary surplus.
The tax rate applicable to capital gains derived from the sale of shares, whether listed on a stock market or not, is 25% for Israeli individuals, unless such shareholder claims a deduction for financing expenses in connection with such shares, in which case the gain is generally taxed at a rate of 30%. Additionally, if such shareholder is considered a “material shareholder” at any time during the 12-month period preceding such sale, i.e., such shareholder holds directly or indirectly, including with others, at least 10% of any means of control in a company, the tax rate is 30%. Israeli companies are subject to the Corporate Tax rate on capital gains derived from the sale of shares. However, the foregoing tax rates do not apply to: (i) dealers in securities; and (ii) shareholders who acquired their shares prior to an initial public offering (that may be subject to a different tax arrangement).
Individuals who are subject to tax in Israel are also subject to an additional tax at a rate of 3% on annual income exceeding a certain threshold (NIS 698,280 and NIS 721,560 for 2023 and 2024 respectively linked to the annual change in the Israeli Consumer Price Index), including, but not limited to income derived from, dividends, interest and capital gains.
Non-Israeli residents are exempt from Israeli capital gains tax on any gains derived from the sale of shares of Israeli companies publicly traded on a recognized stock exchange or regulated market outside of Israel, provided that such capital gains are not derived from a permanent establishment in Israel, and the shareholders did not acquire their shares prior to an initial public offering. However, non-Israeli corporations will not be entitled to such exemption if Israeli residents (i) have a controlling interest of more than 25% in such non-Israeli corporation, or (ii) are the beneficiaries or are entitled to 25% or more of the revenues or profits of such non-Israeli corporation, whether directly or indirectly.
In some instances where our shareholders may be liable to Israeli tax on the sale of their ordinary shares, the payment of the consideration may be subject to the withholding of Israeli tax at the source.
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Pursuant to the Convention between the government of the United States and the government of Israel with respect to taxes on income, as amended (the “U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty”), the sale, exchange or disposition of ordinary shares by a person who (i) holds the ordinary shares as a capital asset, (ii) qualifies as a resident of the United States within the meaning of the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty and (iii) is entitled to claim the benefits afforded to such person by the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty, generally, will not be subject to the Israeli capital gains tax. Such exemption will not apply if (i) the capital gain arising from such sale, exchange or disposition is attributed to real estate located in Israel, (ii) the capital gain arising from such sale, exchange or disposition is attributed to royalties, (iii) such U.S. resident holds, directly or indirectly, shares representing 10% or more of our voting power during any part of the 12-month period preceding such sale, exchange or disposition, subject to certain conditions, (iv) the capital gains from such sale, exchange or disposition can be allocated to a permanent establishment in Israel, or (v) such U.S. resident is an individual and was present in Israel for 183 days or more during the relevant taxable year. In such case, the sale, exchange or disposition of ordinary shares would be subject to Israeli tax, to the extent applicable; however, under the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty, such U.S. resident would be permitted to claim a credit for such taxes against the U.S. federal income tax imposed with respect to such sale, exchange or disposition, subject to the limitations in U.S. laws applicable to foreign tax credits. The U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty does not relate to U.S. state or local taxes.
Taxation of Dividends paid to Non-Resident Holders of Shares
Non-residents of Israel are subject to income tax on income accrued or derived from sources in Israel. Such sources of income include passive income such as dividends. On distributions of dividends other than bonus shares, or stock dividends, income tax is applicable at the rate of 25%, or 30% for a shareholder that is considered a “material shareholder” at any time during the 12-month period preceding such distribution, which tax will be withheld at source, unless a different rate is provided in a treaty between Israel and the shareholder’s country of residence. However, under the Investments Law, dividends generated by an Approved Enterprise, Benefited Enterprise, Preferred Enterprise or Technological Preferred Enterprise may be are taxed at a different rate as discussed above.
Under the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty, the maximum tax on dividends paid to a holder of ordinary shares that is a Treaty U.S. Resident is 25%. However, if the income out of which the dividend is paid is not generated by an Approved Enterprise, Benefited Enterprise, Preferred Enterprise or Technological Preferred Enterprise, and not more than 25% of our gross income consists of interest or dividends (and certain other conditions are met), dividends paid to a U.S. corporation holding at least 10% of our issued voting power during the part of the tax year which precedes the date of payment of the dividend and during the whole of its prior tax year are generally taxed at a rate of 12.5%. If the aforementioned conditions are met and the income out of which the dividend is paid is generated by an Approved Enterprise, Benefited Enterprise, Preferred Enterprise or Technological Preferred Enterprise, then the tax rate will be 15%. If the dividend is partly attributable to income derived from an Approved Enterprise, Benefited Enterprise, Preferred Enterprise or Technological Preferred Enterprise, and partly to other sources of income, the withholding rate will be a blended rate reflecting the relative portions of the two types of income. We cannot assure you that we will designate the profits that we may distribute in a way that will reduce shareholders’ tax liability.
United States Federal Income Taxation
The following is a description of the material United States federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders (defined below) of the ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares, but does not purport to be a comprehensive discussion of all tax considerations that may be relevant to a particular person’s decision to acquire our ordinary shares. This description addresses only the United States federal income tax considerations of holders that hold such ordinary shares as capital assets for U.S. federal income tax purposes. This description does not address tax considerations applicable to holders that may be subject to special tax rules, including:

| • | financial institutions or insurance companies;

| • | real estate investment trusts, regulated investment companies or grantor trusts;

| • | dealers or traders in securities or currencies;

| • | tax-exempt entities;

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| • | certain former citizens or long-term residents of the United States;

| • | persons that will hold our shares through a partnership or other pass-through entity or arrangement;

| • | persons that received our shares as compensation for the performance of services;

| • | persons that will hold our shares as part of a “hedging,” “conversion,” “wash sale,” or other integrated transaction or as a position in a “straddle” for United States federal income tax purposes;

| • | persons whose “functional currency” for U.S. federal income tax purposes is not the United States dollar;

| • | persons owning ordinary shares in connection with a trade or business conducted outside the United States;

| • | certain U.S. expatriates;

| • | persons subject to special tax accounting rules as a result of any item of gross income with respect to our ordinary shares being taken into account in an applicable financial statement; or

| • | holders that own directly, indirectly or through attribution 10.0% or more of the voting power or value of our shares.

Moreover, this description does not address any U.S. state, local or non-U.S. tax law, the Medicare tax on net investment income, the United States federal estate and gift or alternative minimum tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares, and, except as expressly described herein, this description does not address the U.S. federal income tax consequences that may apply to U.S. Holders under the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty.
This description is based on the Code, existing, proposed and temporary United States Treasury Regulations and judicial and administrative interpretations thereof, in each case as in effect and available on the date hereof. All of the foregoing are subject to change, which change could apply retroactively and could affect the tax consequences described below.
For purposes of this description, a “U.S. Holder” is a beneficial owner of our ordinary shares that, for United States federal income tax purposes, is:

| • | a citizen or individual resident of the United States;

| • | corporation, or other entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof, or the District of Columbia;

| • | an estate the income of which is subject to United States federal income taxation regardless of its source; or

| • | a trust if such trust has validly elected to be treated as a United States person for United States federal income tax purposes or if (1) a court within the United States is able to exercise primary supervision over its administration and (2) one or more United States persons have the authority to control all of the substantial decisions of such trust.

If a partnership (or any other entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for United States federal income tax purposes) holds our ordinary shares, the tax treatment of a partner in such partnership will generally depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Such a partner or partnership should consult its tax advisor as to its tax consequences.
You should consult your tax advisor with respect to the United States federal, state, local and foreign tax consequences of owning and disposing of our ordinary shares.
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Distributions
Subject to the discussion below under “Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations,” for United States federal income tax purposes, the gross amount of any distribution made to you, with respect to our ordinary shares before reduction of any Israeli taxes withheld therefrom, other than certain distributions, if any, of our ordinary shares distributed pro rata to all our shareholders, will be includible in your income as dividend income to the extent such distribution is paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits as determined under United States federal income tax principles. Subject to the discussion below under “Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations,” to the extent, if any, that the amount of any distribution by us exceeds our current and accumulated earnings and profits as determined under United States federal income tax principles, it will be treated first as a tax-free return of your adjusted tax basis in our ordinary shares and thereafter as capital gain. We do not expect to maintain calculations of our earnings and profits under United States federal income tax principles and, therefore, if you are a U.S. Holder you should expect that the entire amount of any distribution generally will be reported as dividend income to you.
Subject to the discussion below under “Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations,” dividends paid to non-corporate U.S. Holders will be taxed at the lower capital gains rate applicable to “qualified dividend income,” provided that (i) we are eligible for the benefits of the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty, (ii) we are not a PFIC (as discussed below under “Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations”) for the taxable year in which the dividend is paid and the preceding taxable year, and (iii) certain holding period and other requirements are met. However, such dividends will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction generally allowed to corporate U.S. Holders.
If you are a U.S. Holder, dividends paid to you with respect to your ordinary shares will be treated as foreign source income, which may be relevant in calculating your foreign tax credit limitation. Subject to certain conditions and limitations, Israeli tax withheld on dividends at a rate not exceeding the rate provided in the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty (if applicable) may be deducted from your taxable income or credited against your United States federal income tax liability. The limitation on foreign taxes eligible for credit is calculated separately with respect to specific classes of income. For this purpose, dividends that we distribute generally should constitute “passive category income,” or, in the case of certain U.S. Holders, “general category income.” A foreign tax credit for foreign taxes imposed on distributions may be denied when you do not satisfy certain minimum holding period requirements. In addition, for periods in which we are a “United Stated-owned foreign corporation,” a portion of dividends paid by us may be treated as U.S. source solely for purposes of the foreign tax credit. We would be treated as a United States-owned foreign corporation if 50% or more of the total value or total voting power of our shares is owned, directly, indirectly or by attribution, by United States persons. Furthermore, Treasury Regulations that apply to taxable years beginning on or after December 28, 2021 may in some circumstances prohibit a U.S. Holder from claiming a foreign tax credit unless the taxes are creditable under the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty and the holder is eligible for benefits under the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty and elects its application. However, a recent notice from the IRS indicates that the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the IRS are considering proposing amendments to such Treasury Regulations and allows, subject to certain conditions, taxpayers to defer the application of many aspects of such Treasury Regulations for taxable years beginning on or after December 28, 2021 and ending before the date that a notice or other guidance withdrawing or modifying the temporary relief is issued (or any later date specified in such notice or other guidance). The rules relating to the determination of the foreign tax credit are complex, and you should consult your personal tax advisors to determine whether and to what extent you would be entitled to this credit.
Sales Exchange or other Disposition of Ordinary Shares
Subject to the discussion below under “Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations,” if you are a U.S. Holder, you generally will recognize gain or loss on the sale, exchange or other disposition of our ordinary shares equal to the difference between the amount realized on such sale, exchange or other disposition and your adjusted tax basis in our ordinary shares. Such gain or loss will be capital gain or loss. If you are a non-corporate U.S. Holder, capital gain from the sale, exchange or other disposition of ordinary shares is eligible for the preferential rate of taxation applicable to long-term capital gains if your holding period for such ordinary shares exceeds one year (that is, such gain is long-term capital gain). Gain or loss, if any, recognized by you generally will be treated as United States source income or loss for United States foreign tax credit purposes. The deductibility of capital losses for U.S. federal income tax purposes is subject to limitations.
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Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations
A non-U.S. corporation will be classified as a “passive foreign investment company,” or a PFIC, for United States federal income tax purposes in any taxable year in which, after applying certain look-through rules, either:

| • | at least 75 percent of its gross income is “passive income;” or

| • | at least 50 percent of the average value of its gross assets (generally based on the quarterly value of such gross assets, or in certain cases, adjusted basis) is attributable to assets that produce “passive income” or are held for the production of passive income.

Passive income for this purpose generally includes dividends, interest, royalties, rents, gains from commodities and securities transactions and the excess of gains over losses from the disposition of assets which produce passive income.
PFIC status is an annual determination that is based on tests which are factual in nature and our status in future years will depend on our income, assets and activities in each of those years. Therefore, there can be no assurance that we will not be considered a PFIC for any taxable year. As a public company, the market capitalization method was employed to value our assets for PFIC purposes. In previous years, we obtained an independent valuation of our company which employed an approach other than the market capitalization approach. For the 2023 tax year, based on the analysis of our U.S. tax advisor, the market capitalization method was determined to be appropriate for determining our PFIC status. On that basis, we believe that we were not a PFIC for the 2023 tax year. However, there can be no certainty that the IRS will not challenge such a position and determine that based on the IRS’s interpretation of the asset test, we were a PFIC for the 2023 tax year. However, because PFIC status is based on our income, assets and activities for the entire taxable year, it is not possible to determine whether we will be characterized as a PFIC for the 2024 taxable year until after the close of the year. Moreover, we must determine our PFIC status annually based on tests which are factual in nature, and our status in future years will depend on our income, assets, market capitalization and activities in each of those years. Because the market price of our ordinary shares is likely to fluctuate and the market price of the shares of technology companies has been especially volatile, and because that market price may affect the determination of whether we will be considered a PFIC, we cannot assure you that we will not be considered a PFIC for any taxable year. If we were a PFIC, and you are a U.S. Holder, you generally would be subject to ordinary income tax rates, imputed interest charges and other disadvantageous tax treatment (including the denial of the taxation of such dividends at the lower rates applicable to long-term capital gains, as discussed above under “-Distributions”) with respect to any gain from the sale, exchange or other disposition of, and certain distributions with respect to, your ordinary shares. A U.S. Holder should consult his, her or its own tax advisor with respect to the potential application of the PFIC rules in his, her or its particular circumstances.
Under the PFIC rules, unless a U.S. Holder makes one of the elections described in the next paragraphs, a special tax regime will apply to both (a) any “excess distribution” by us (generally, the U.S. Holder’s ratable portion of distributions in any year which are greater than 125% of the average annual distribution received by such U.S. Holder in the shorter of the three preceding years or the U.S. Holder’s holding period) and (b) any gain realized on the sale or other disposition of the ordinary shares. Under this regime, any excess distribution and realized gain will be treated as ordinary income and will be subject to tax as if (a) the excess distribution or gain had been realized ratably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period, (b) the amount deemed realized had been subject to tax in each year of that holding period, and (c) the interest charge generally applicable to underpayments of tax had been imposed on the taxes deemed to have been payable in those years. In addition, dividend distributions made to you will not qualify for the lower rates of taxation applicable to long term capital gains discussed above under “Distributions.”
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Certain elections are available to U.S. Holders of shares that may serve to alleviate some of the adverse tax consequences of PFIC status. If we agreed to provide the necessary information, you could avoid the interest charge imposed by the PFIC rules by making a qualified electing fund, or a QEF election, which election may be made retroactively under certain circumstances, in which case you generally would be required to include in income on a current basis your pro rata share of our ordinary earnings as ordinary income and your pro rata share of our net capital gains as long-term capital gain. We do not expect to provide to U.S. Holders the information needed to report income and gain pursuant to a QEF election, and we make no undertaking to provide such information in the event that we are a PFIC.
Under an alternative tax regime, you may also avoid certain adverse tax consequences relating to PFIC status discussed above by making a mark-to-market election with respect to our ordinary shares annually, provided that the shares are “marketable.” Shares will be marketable if they are regularly traded on certain U.S. stock exchanges (including Nasdaq) or on certain non-U.S. stock exchanges. For these purposes, the shares will generally be considered regularly traded during any calendar year during which they are traded, other than in negligible quantities, on at least fifteen days during each calendar quarter.
If you choose to make a mark-to-market election, you would recognize as ordinary income or loss each year an amount equal to the difference as of the close of the taxable year between the fair market value of the PFIC shares and your adjusted tax basis in the PFIC shares. Losses would be allowed only to the extent of net mark-to-market gain previously included by you under the election for prior taxable years. If the mark-to-market election were made, then the PFIC rules set forth above relating to excess distributions and realized gains would not apply for periods covered by the election. If you make a mark-to-market election after the beginning of your holding period of our ordinary shares, you would be subject to interest charges with respect to the inclusion of ordinary income attributable to the period before the effective date of such election.
We may invest in stock of non-U.S. corporations that are PFICs, or if we are a PFIC, U.S. Holders will be deemed to own their proportionate share of our PFIC subsidiaries. In such a case, provided that we are classified as a PFIC, a U.S. Holder would be treated as owning its pro rata share of the stock of the PFIC owned by us. Such a U.S. Holder would be subject to the rules generally applicable to shareholders of PFICs discussed above with respect to distributions received by us from such a PFIC and dispositions by us of the stock of such a PFIC (even though the U.S. Holder may not have received the proceeds of such distribution or disposition). Assuming we receive the necessary information from the PFIC in which we own stock, certain U.S. Holders may make the QEF election discussed above with respect to the stock of the PFIC owned by us, with the consequences discussed above. However, no assurance can be given that we will be able to provide U.S. Holders with such information. A. U.S. Holder generally would not be able to make the mark-to-market election described above with respect to the stock of any PFIC owned by us.
If we were a PFIC, a holder of ordinary shares that is a U.S. Holder must file United States Internal Revenue Service Form 8621 for each tax year in which the U.S. Holder owns the ordinary shares.
You should consult your own tax advisor regarding our potential status as a PFIC and the tax consequences and filing requirements that would arise if we were treated as a PFIC.
Foreign Asset Reporting
Certain U.S. Holders who are individuals (and certain specified entities) are required to report information relating to an interest in ordinary shares, subject to certain exceptions (including an exception for securities held in certain accounts maintained by financial institutions). U.S. Holders are encouraged to consult their own tax advisers regarding the effect of this reporting requirement on their ownership and disposition of ordinary shares.
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Backup Withholding Tax and Information Reporting Requirements
United States backup withholding tax and information reporting requirements generally apply to certain payments to certain non-corporate U.S. Holders of shares. Information reporting generally will apply to payments of dividends on, and to proceeds from the sale or redemption of, ordinary shares made within the United States, or by a United States payor or United States middleman, to a U.S. Holder of ordinary shares, other than an exempt recipient (including a corporation, a payee that is not a United States person that provides an appropriate certification and certain other persons). A payor will be required to withhold backup withholding tax from any payments of dividends on, or the proceeds from the sale or redemption of, ordinary shares within the United States, or by a United States payor or United States middleman, to a U.S. Holder, other than an exempt recipient, if such holder fails to furnish its correct taxpayer identification number or otherwise fails to comply with, or establish an exemption from, such backup withholding tax requirements.
Any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules will be allowed as a refund or credit against the beneficial owner’s United States federal income tax liability, if any, provided that the required information is furnished to the IRS.
The above description is not intended to constitute a complete analysis of all tax consequences relating to ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares. You should consult your tax advisor concerning the tax consequences of your particular situation.
F. Dividends and Paying Agents
Not applicable.
G. Statement by Experts
Not applicable.
H. Documents on Display
We are currently subject to the information and periodic reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, and file periodic reports and other information with the SEC through its electronic data gathering, analysis and retrieval (EDGAR) system. The SEC maintains a website at http:/www.sec.gov containing reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. Our securities filings, including this annual report and the exhibits thereto, are available on the SEC’s website, the TASE’s website at http://maya.tase.co.il and the Israeli Securities Authority’s website at http://www.magna.isa.gov.il. As permitted under Nasdaq Rule 5250(d)(1)(C), we will also post our annual reports filed with the SEC on our website at http://www.allot.com. The information contained on our website is not part of this or any other report filed with or furnished to the SEC. We will furnish hard copies of such reports to our shareholders upon written request free of charge. The information contained on our website is not part of this or any other report filed with or furnished to the SEC.
As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act relating to the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we are not required under the Exchange Act to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as United States companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act. However, we are required to file with the SEC, within 120 days after the end of each subsequent fiscal year, an annual report on Form 20-F containing financial statements which will be examined and reported on, with an opinion expressed, by an independent public accounting firm. We also furnish to the SEC reports on Form 6-K containing quarterly unaudited financial information.
I. Subsidiary Information
Not applicable.
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ITEM 11: Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
We are exposed to a variety of market risks, including foreign currency exchange fluctuations, changes in interest rates and inflation. We regularly assess currency, interest rate and inflation risks to minimize any adverse effects on our business as a result of those factors.
Risk of Interest Rate Fluctuation
The primary objectives of our investment activities are to preserve principal, support liquidity requirements, and maximize income without significantly increasing risk. Our investments are subject to market risk due to changes in interest rates, which may affect our interest income and fair market value of our investments.
To minimize this risk, we maintain our portfolio of cash, cash equivalents and short and long-term investments in a variety of securities, including U.S. government and agency securities, and corporate debt securities. We do not have any long-term borrowings. We have a significant amount of cash that is currently invested primarily in interest bearing investment such as bank time deposits, money market funds and available for sale marketable securities. These investments expose us to risks related to changes in interest rates. If interest rates decline, our results of operations may be adversely affected due to lower interest income from these investments. We do not believe that a 10% increase or decrease in interest rates would have a material impact on our operating results, cash flows or the fair value of our portfolio. The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve principal while maximizing the income that we receive from our investments without significantly increasing risk and loss. Our investments are exposed to market risk due to fluctuation in interest rates, which may affect our interest income and the fair market value of our investments. We manage this exposure by performing ongoing evaluations of our investments. Due to the short- and medium-term maturities nature of our investments to date, their carrying value approximates the fair value. We generally hold investments to maturity in order to limit our exposure to interest rate fluctuations.
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
Our foreign currency exposures give rise to market risk associated with exchange rate movements of the U.S. dollar, our functional and reporting currency, mainly against the ILS. In 2023, we derived substantial part of our revenues in U.S. dollars and also a substantial portion in Euros and other currencies. Although a substantial part of our expenses were denominated in U.S. dollars, a significant portion of our expenses were denominated in ILS and to a lesser extent in Euros and other currencies. Our ILS-denominated expenses consist principally of salaries and related personnel expenses. We monitor foreign currency exposure and, from time to time, may use various instruments to preserve the value of sales transactions and commitments; however, this cannot assure our protection against risks of currency fluctuations. Any strengthening or weakening in the value of the ILS against the U.S. dollar is being partially mitigated using hedging transactions and therefore, though we cannot provide any assurance that such transaction will fully mitigate the effect on our net income, it is not likely that such effect will be material in the upcoming year.
In the event of a 10% hypothetical strengthening or weakening in the value of the Euro against the U.S. dollar, we may be able to mitigate the effect of such currency exchange fluctuation by adapting our pricing. However, in the event that market conditions will limit our ability to adjust our pricing, we might not be able to fully mitigate the adverse effect of such currency fluctuation. We estimate that in such event, the impact on our net income in 2023 did not exceed $2 million. For more information regarding foreign currency related risks, see “ITEM 3: Key Information-Risk Factors-Our international operations expose us to the risk of fluctuations in currency exchange rates.”
We use currency derivatives contracts primarily to hedge payments in ILS, EUR, AUD and CAD against USD. These transactions constitute a future cash flow hedge. As of December 31, 2023, we had outstanding derivatives contracts in the amount of $4.4 million, net. These transactions were for a period of up to twelve months. As of December 31, 2023, the fair value of the above-mentioned foreign currency derivative contracts was $0.5 million.
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ITEM 12: Description of Securities Other Than Equity Securities
Not applicable.
PART II
ITEM 13: Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies
None.
ITEM 14: Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds
A. Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders
None.
B. Use of Proceeds
Not applicable.
ITEM 15: Controls and Procedures
(a) Disclosure Controls and Procedures. As of the end of the period covered by this report, our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2023. Based upon, and as of the date of, such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of December 31, 2023, our disclosures controls and procedures were effective such that the information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
(b) Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

| • | pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets;

| • | provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and

| • | provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

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Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023.
In making this assessment, our management used the criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Our management has concluded, based on its assessment, that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023 to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
(c) Attestation Report of the Registered Independent Public Accounting Firm. Our independent auditors, Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer, A Member of EY Global, have audited the consolidated financial statements included in this annual report on Form 20-F, and as part of its audit, have issued an unqualified audit report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. The report is included in pages F-2 and F-3 of this annual report on Form 20-F and is incorporated herein by reference.
(d) Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting. During the period covered by this report, no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) have occurred that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
ITEM 16: Reserved
ITEM 16A: Audit Committee Financial Expert
The board of directors has determined that Ms. Efrat Makov is an “audit committee financial expert” as defined under the U.S. federal securities laws and is independent under the rules of Nasdaq. The board of directors has also determined that Ms. Makov is independent, as such term is defined by Nasdaq Rule 5605(a)(2) and Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act.
ITEM 16B: Code of Ethics
We have adopted a code of ethics applicable to our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, principal accounting officer or controller and persons performing similar functions. This code has been posted on our website, www.allot.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website does not constitute a part of this annual report and is not incorporated by reference herein. Waivers of our code of ethics may only be granted by the board of directors. Under Item 16B of Form 20-F, if a waiver or amendment of the code of ethics applies to the persons specified in Item 16B(a) of the Form 20-F and relates to standards promoting any of the values described in Item 16B(b) of Form 20-F, we will disclose such waiver or amendment (i) on our website within five business days following the date of amendment or waiver in accordance with the requirements of Instruction 4 to such Item 16B or (ii) through the filing of a Form 6-K. We granted no waivers under our code of ethics in 2023.
94

ITEM 16C: Principal Accountant Fees and Services
Fees paid to the Auditors
The following table sets forth, for each of the years indicated, the fees expensed by our independent registered public accounting firm.

|  | Year ended December, 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | (in thousands of U.S. dollars) |
Audit Fees(1) |  | $ | 445 |  |  | $ | 489 |
Audit-Related Fees(2) |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 5 |
Tax Fees(3) |  |  | 60 |  |  |  | 70 |
Other |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | - |
Total |  | $ | 545 |  |  | $ | 564 |

__________________ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) | “Audit fees” include fees for services performed by our independent public accounting firm in connection with our annual audit for 2022 and 2023, certain procedures regarding our quarterly financial results submitted on Form 6-K and consultation concerning financial accounting and reporting standards.
(2) | “Audit-Related fees” relate to assurance and associated services that are traditionally performed by the independent auditor, including: accounting consultation and consultation concerning financial accounting, reporting standards and due diligence investigations.
(3) | “Tax fees” include fees for professional services rendered by our independent registered public accounting firm for tax compliance, transfer pricing and tax advice on actual or contemplated transactions.

Audit Committee’s Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures
Our audit committee has adopted a pre-approval policy for the engagement of our independent accountant to perform certain audit and non-audit services. Pursuant to this policy, which is designed to assure that such engagements do not impair the independence of our auditors, the audit committee pre-approves annually a catalog of specific audit and non-audit services in the categories of audit service, audit-related service and tax services that may be performed by our independent accountants.
Our audit committee pre-approved all audit and non-audit services provided to us and to our subsidiaries during the periods listed above.
ITEM 16D: Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees
Not applicable.
ITEM 16E: Purchase of Equity Securities by the Company and Affiliated Purchasers
On August 2015, the Board of Directors approved a program for the Company to repurchase up to $15 million of its outstanding ordinary shares, which program was thereafter approved by the Israeli court, pursuant to Israeli law on November 26, 2015. Share purchases will take place in open market transactions or in privately negotiated transactions and may be made from time to time depending on market conditions, share price, trading volume and other factors. Such purchases will be made in accordance with all applicable securities laws and regulations. The repurchase program does not require Allot to acquire a specific number of shares, and may be suspended from time to time or discontinued. The court approvals previously granted were each valid for a period of six months. During 2021, 2022 and 2023 we did not repurchase any outstanding ordinary shares under this program.
95

ITEM 16F: Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant
None.
ITEM 16G: Corporate Governance
As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted under Nasdaq Rule 5615(a)(3) to follow Israeli corporate governance practices instead of Nasdaq requirements, provided we disclose which requirements we are not following and describe the equivalent Israeli requirement. We must also provide Nasdaq with a letter from outside counsel in our home country, Israel, certifying that our corporate governance practices are not prohibited by Israeli law.
We rely on this “foreign private issuer exemption” with respect to the following items:

| • | We follow the requirements of Israeli law with respect to the quorum requirement for meetings of our shareholders, which are different from the requirements of Rule 5620(c). Under our articles of association, the quorum required for an ordinary meeting of shareholders consists of at least two shareholders present in person, by proxy or by written ballot, who hold or represent between them at least 25% of the voting power of our shares, instead of the issued share capital provided by under Nasdaq requirements. This quorum requirement is based on the default requirement set forth in the Companies Law.

| • | We do not seek shareholder approval for equity compensation plans a practice which complies with the requirements of the Companies Law, but does not reflect the requirements of Rule 5635(c). Under Israeli law, we may amend our 2016 Plan by the approval of our board of directors, and without shareholder approval as is generally required under Rule 5635(c). Under Israeli law, the adoption and amendment of equity compensation plans, including changes to the reserved shares, do not require shareholder approval.

| • | We follow Section 274 of the Companies Law, which does not require shareholder approval for (i) certain private issuance of securities that may result in a change of control, which does not reflect the requirements of Rule 5635(b), and (ii) certain private issuances of securities representing more than 20% of our outstanding shares or voting power at below market prices, which does not reflect the requirements of Rule 5635(d).

We are subject to additional Israeli corporate governance requirements applicable to companies incorporated in Israel whose securities are listed for trading on a stock exchange outside of Israel.
We may in the future provide Nasdaq with an additional letter or letters notifying Nasdaq that we are following our home country practices, consistent with the Companies Law and practices, in lieu of other requirements of Rule 5600.
ITEM 16H: Mine Safety Disclosure
Not applicable.
ITEM 16I: Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
Not applicable.
ITEM 16J: Insider Trading Policies
Not applicable.
96

ITEM 16K: Cybersecurity
Risk management and strategy
We prioritize the management of cybersecurity risk and the protection of information across our enterprise by embedding risk-based data protection and cybersecurity risk management in our operations. Our processes for assessing, identifying, and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats have been integrated into our overall risk management system and processes.
As a foundation for this approach, we have implemented a layered governance structure to help assess, identify and manage cybersecurity risks. Our cybersecurity risk management program includes conducting surveys related to the processes we apply with regards to our assets, classifying the risks, and implementing corrective and preventive actions in accordance with industry best practice. We undergo annual external evaluation by third party consultants, whose work includes the performance of cybersecurity risk management process reviews, penetration testing, and security surveys. We are ISO27001 and ISO22301 certified and undergo annual SOX audits by our external auditors.
Our privacy and cybersecurity policies encompass incident response procedures, information security policies and vendor management standards. In order to help develop these policies and procedures, we monitor the privacy and cybersecurity laws, regulations and guidance applicable to us in the regions where we do business. Our cybersecurity risk management program is modeled on industry standards and best practices, as well as the requirements of applicable privacy and cybersecurity laws and regulations.
With respect to third party service providers, we require our vendors to adhere to privacy and cybersecurity standards, and we perform risk assessments of vendors, including evaluating their ability to protect data from unauthorized access. We maintain an experienced information technology team who are tasked with implementing our privacy and cybersecurity program and support the CISO in carrying out reporting, security and mitigation functions. We also hold employee trainings on privacy and cybersecurity, records and information management, conduct phishing tests and generally seek to promote awareness of cybersecurity risk through communication and education of our employee population.
As described in Item 3.D “Risk Factors,” our operations rely on the secure processing, storage and transmission of confidential and other information in our computer systems and networks. Computer viruses, hackers, employee or vendor misconduct, and other external hazards could expose our information systems and those of our vendors to security breaches, cybersecurity incidents or other disruptions, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business, by way of disclosing our confidential business and financial information and/or affecting our platforms’ availabilities (affecting our ability to provide services and support to our customers) and/or affecting our data integrity. We are not aware that we have experienced a material cybersecurity incident during the 2023 fiscal year.
The sophistication of cybersecurity threats, including through the use of artificial intelligence, continues to increase, and the controls and preventative actions we take to reduce the risk of cybersecurity incidents and protect our systems, including the regular testing of our cybersecurity incident response plan, may be insufficient. In addition, new technology that could result in greater operational efficiency such as use of artificial intelligence may further expose our computer systems to the risk of cybersecurity incidents.
Governance
As part of our overall risk management approach, we prioritize the identification and management of cybersecurity risk at several levels, including Board oversight, executive commitment, IT management team. Our Audit Committee, comprised of independent directors from our Board, oversees the Board’s responsibilities relating to the operational risk affairs of the Company (including information systems (IT), business continuity and data security risks). This is also supported by an annual Risk Assessment Survey Validation, presented to the Board, by our external auditors, where the main risk exposures are assessed, quantified and ranked.
Our CISO, who has been a chief information security officer for 20 years and worked in banking and hi-tech industries, oversees the implementation and compliance of our information security standards and mitigation of information security related risks. The IT Steering Committee, which includes our group Chief Information Officer and members of executive leadership, oversees IT initiatives while considering cybersecurity risk mitigation with respect to these initiatives.
The IT Steering Committee reports regularly to the company’s management of the security risks. According to our Incident Response procedures, the CISO is responsible for supervising cybersecurity alerts and incidents, investigating them, and escalating them, through the company’s management to the Board, if and when necessary.
97

PART III
ITEM 17: Financial Statements
Not applicable.
ITEM 18: Financial Statements
See Financial Statements included at the end of this report.
ITEM 19: Exhibits
See exhibit index incorporated herein by reference.
98

SIGNATURES
The registrant certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and has duly caused this annual report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| Allot Ltd |
| By: | /s/ Erez Antebi |
|  | Erez Antebi |
|  | Chief Executive Officer and President |

Dated: April 9, 2024
99

ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 20-F
INDEX OF EXHIBITS

Number |  | Description
1.1 |  | Articles of Association of the Registrant (2)
1.2 |  | Certificate of Name Change (9)
1.3 |  | Memorandum of Association of the Registrant (10)
2.1 |  | Specimen share certificate (1)
2.2 |  | Description of Registrant’s Securities
4.1 |  | Non-Stabilized Lease Agreement, dated February 13, 2006 (as amended from time to time), by and among, Aderet Hod Hasharon Ltd., Miritz, Inc., Leah and Israel Ruben Assets Ltd., Tamar and Moshe Cohen Assets Ltd., Drish Assets Ltd., S. L. A. A. Assets and Consulting Ltd., Iris Katz Ltd., Y. A. Groder Investments Ltd., Ginotel Hod Hasharon 2000 Ltd. and Allot Ltd (1)
4.2 |  | 2016 Incentive Compensation Plan, as amended and restated (6)
4.3 |  | Israeli Subplan (Appendix A) of the 2016 Incentive Compensation Plan, as amended and restated (7)
4.4 |  | US Subplan (Appendix B) of the 2016 Incentive Compensation Plan, as amended and restated (8)
4.5 |  | Amendment No. 1, dated September 1, 2012, to the Manufacturing Agreement, dated July 19, 2007, by and between Flextronics (Israel) Ltd. and the Registrant (11)
4.6 |  | Compensation Policy for Executive Officers and Directors (5)
4.7 |  | Securities Purchase Agreement, dated February 14, 2022, between the Registrant and Lynrock Lake Master Fund LP (12)
4.8 |  | Convertible Promissory Note, dated February 17, 2022 between the Registrant and Lynrock Lake Master Fund LP
4.9 |  | Registration Rights Agreement, dated February 17, 2022 between the Registrant and Lynrock Lake Master Fund LP
4.10 |  | Cooperation Agreement, dated May 11, 2022, between the Registrant and Outerbridge Special Opportunities Fund II, LP (13)

8.1 |  | List of Subsidiaries of the Registrant
12.1 |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) (Section 302 Certifications)
12.2 |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) (Section 302 Certifications)
13.1 |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer required by Rule 13a-14(b) and Rule 15d-14(b) (Section 906 Certifications), furnished herewith
15.1 |  | Consent of Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer
97.1 |  | Policy for the Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation
101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

___________________
(1) | Previously filed with the SEC on October 31, 2006 pursuant to a registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-138313) and incorporated by reference herein.
(2) | Previously included in Exhibit 99.3 to the report of foreign private issuer on Form 6-K furnished to the SEC on November 1, 2018 and incorporated by reference herein.
(3) | Previously filed with the SEC on March 26, 2015 as Exhibit 4.8 to the annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2014 and incorporated by reference herein.
(4) | Previously filed with the SEC on March 28, 2016 as Exhibit 5.1 to the annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2015 and incorporated by reference herein.
(5) | Previously included as Exhibit A-1 to the proxy statement included in Exhibit 99.1 to the report of foreign private issuer on Form 6-K furnished to the SEC on November 17, 2022 and incorporated by reference herein.
(6) | Previously filed with the SEC on March 23, 2017 as Exhibit 4.2 to the annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2016 and amended as set forth in Exhibit 99.1 to the report of foreign private issuer on Form 6-K furnished to the Commission on November 16, 2023, each of which are incorporated by reference herein.
(7) | Previously filed with the SEC on March 23, 2017 as Exhibit 4.3 to the annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2016 and incorporated by reference herein.
(8) | Previously filed with the SEC on March 23, 2017 as Exhibit 4.4 to the annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2016 and incorporated by reference herein.
(9) | Previously included in Exhibit 99.1 to the report of foreign private issuer on Form 6-K furnished to the SEC on November 1, 2018 and incorporated by reference herein.
(10) | Previously included in Exhibit 99.2 to the report of foreign private issuer on Form 6-K furnished to the SEC on November 1, 2018 and incorporated by reference herein.
(11) | Previously filed with the SEC on March 22, 2018 as Exhibit 4.6 to the annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2017 and incorporated by reference herein.
(12) | Previously included in Exhibit 4.1 to the report of foreign private issuer on Form 6-K furnished to the SEC on February 15, 2022 and incorporated by reference herein.
(13) | Previously included in Exhibit 4.1 to the report of foreign private issuer on Form 6-K furnished to the SEC on May 12, 2022 and incorporated by reference herein.

100

ALLOT LTD.
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023
U.S. DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS

ALLOT LTD.
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023
U.S. DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS
INDEX

| Page
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID No. 1281) | F - 2 - F - 4
Consolidated Balance Sheets | F - 5 - F - 6
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss | F - 7
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity | F - 8
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | F - 9 – F - 10
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | F - 11 - F - 48

| Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer 144 Menahem Begin Road, Building A Tel-Aviv 6492102, Israel | Tel: +972-3-6232525 Fax: +972-3-5622555 ey.com

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of ALLOT LTD.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Allot Ltd. (the "Company") as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive loss, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated April 10, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
F - 2

|  | Revenue Recognition
Description of the Matter |  | As described in Note 2m to the consolidated financial statements, the Company derives its revenues mainly from sales of products, related maintenance and support services and professional services. The Company’s contracts with customers often contain multiple performance obligations which are accounted for separately when they are distinct. The Company allocates the transaction price to the distinct performance obligations on a relative standalone selling price basis and recognizes revenue when control is transferred. Product revenues are recognized at the point in time when the product has been delivered. The Company recognizes revenues from maintenance and support services ratably over the term of the applicable maintenance and support agreement. Revenues from professional services are recognized, when the services are provided or once the service term has expired. Auditing the Company’s revenue recognition was complex due to the subjectivity of the assumptions that were used in developing the stand-alone selling price of distinct performance obligations.
How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit |  | We obtained an understanding, evaluated design and tested the operating effectiveness of internal controls related to the determination of the stand-alone selling prices. To test management’s determination of stand-alone selling price for each performance obligation, we performed procedures to evaluate the methodology applied. We evaluated the Company's analysis of stand-alone selling price, including reading sample of executed contracts to understand and evaluate management’s identification of significant terms, tested the accuracy of the underlying data and calculations and the application of that methodology to the sampled contracts. We also tested the mathematical accuracy of management’s calculations of revenue and the associated timing of revenue recognized in the financial statements. Finally, we assessed the appropriateness of the related disclosures in the consolidated financial statements.

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2006. |
Tel-Aviv, Israel | /s/ KOST FORER GABBAY & KASIERER
April 10, 2024 | A Member of EY Global

F - 3

| Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer 144 Menahem Begin Road, Building A Tel-Aviv 6492102, Israel | Tel: +972-3-6232525 Fax: +972-3-5622555 ey.com

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of ALLOT LTD.
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited Allot Ltd. internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Allot Ltd. (the "Company") maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on the COSO criteria.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive loss, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes and our report dated April 10, 2024, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Tel-Aviv, Israel | /s/ KOST FORER GABBAY & KASIERER
April 10, 2024 | A Member of EY Global

F - 4

ALLOT LTD.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

U.S. dollars in thousands

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
CURRENT ASSETS: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 14,192 |  |  | $ | 12,295 |
Restricted deposits |  |  | 1,728 |  |  |  | 1,050 |
Short-term bank deposits |  |  | 10,000 |  |  |  | 68,765 |
Available-for-sale marketable securities |  |  | 28,853 |  |  |  | 4,293 |
Trade receivables, net (net of allowance for credit losses of $ 25,253 and $ 2,908 on December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively) |  |  | 14,828 |  |  |  | 44,167 |
Other receivables and prepaid expenses |  |  | 8,437 |  |  |  | 7,985 |
Inventories |  |  | 11,874 |  |  |  | 13,262 |
Total current assets |  |  | 89,912 |  |  |  | 151,817 |
NON-CURRENT ASSETS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Severance pay fund |  |  | 395 |  |  |  | 371 |
Restricted deposit |  |  | 158 |  |  |  | - |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  |  | 3,057 |  |  |  | 5,387 |
Trade receivables, net |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,934 |
Other assets |  |  | 704 |  |  |  | 864 |
Property and equipment, net |  |  | 11,189 |  |  |  | 14,236 |
Intangible assets, net |  |  | 915 |  |  |  | 3,511 |
Goodwill |  |  | 31,833 |  |  |  | 31,833 |
Total non-current assets |  |  | 48,251 |  |  |  | 61,136 |
Total assets |  | $ | 138,163 |  |  | $ | 212,953 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

F - 5

ALLOT LTD.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |
CURRENT LIABILITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade payables |  | $ | 969 |  |  | $ | 11,661 |
Employees and payroll accruals |  |  | 12,566 |  |  |  | 14,149 |
Deferred revenues |  |  | 14,892 |  |  |  | 20,825 |
Short-term operating lease liabilities |  |  | 1,453 |  |  |  | 2,542 |
Other payables and accrued expenses |  |  | 9,528 |  |  |  | 11,424 |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 39,408 |  |  |  | 60,601 |
LONG-TERM LIABILITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred revenues |  |  | 7,437 |  |  |  | 7,285 |
Long-term operating lease liabilities |  |  | 702 |  |  |  | 2,579 |
Accrued severance pay |  |  | 1,080 |  |  |  | 940 |
Convertible debt |  |  | 39,773 |  |  |  | 39,575 |
Total long-term liabilities |  |  | 48,992 |  |  |  | 50,379 |
SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Share capital - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ordinary shares of NIS 0.1 par value - Authorized: 200,000,000 shares at December 31, 2023 and 2022; Issued: 39,192,939 and 38,186,043 shares at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively; Outstanding: 38,376,939 and 37,370,043 shares at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively |  |  | 981 |  |  |  | 954 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 312,128 |  |  |  | 303,298 |
Treasury share at cost - 816,000 shares at December 31, 2023 and 2022. |  |  | (3,998 | ) |  |  | (3,998 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive income |  |  | 483 |  |  |  | (1,254 | )
Accumulated deficit |  |  | (259,831 | ) |  |  | (197,027 | )
Total shareholders' equity |  |  | 49,763 |  |  |  | 101,973 |
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity |  | $ | 138,163 |  |  | $ | 212,953 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

F - 6

ALLOT LTD.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Products |  | $ | 37,599 |  |  | $ | 60,980 |  |  | $ | 88,229 |
Services |  |  | 55,551 |  |  |  | 61,757 |  |  |  | 57,371 |
Total revenues |  |  | 93,150 |  |  |  | 122,737 |  |  |  | 145,600 |
Cost of revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Products |  |  | 16,693 |  |  |  | 21,345 |  |  |  | 31,603 |
Services |  |  | 23,771 |  |  |  | 18,486 |  |  |  | 12,950 |
Total cost of revenues |  |  | 40,464 |  |  |  | 39,831 |  |  |  | 44,553 |
Gross profit |  |  | 52,686 |  |  |  | 82,906 |  |  |  | 101,047 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development (net of grant participations of $ 3,129, $ 825 and $ 167 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively) |  |  | 39,115 |  |  |  | 49,800 |  |  |  | 47,093 |
Sales and marketing |  |  | 43,850 |  |  |  | 49,393 |  |  |  | 52,337 |
General and administrative |  |  | 34,656 |  |  |  | 15,982 |  |  |  | 15,145 |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 117,621 |  |  |  | 115,175 |  |  |  | 114,575 |
Operating loss |  |  | (64,935 | ) |  |  | (32,269 | ) |  |  | (13,528 | )
Financial income, net |  |  | 3,215 |  |  |  | 2,134 |  |  |  | 339 |
Loss before income tax expense |  |  | (61,720 | ) |  |  | (30,135 | ) |  |  | (13,189 | )
Income tax expense |  |  | 1,084 |  |  |  | 1,895 |  |  |  | 1,851 |
Net loss |  | $ | (62,804 | ) |  | $ | (32,030 | ) |  | $ | (15,040 | )
Net loss per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic and diluted |  | $ | (1.66 | ) |  | $ | (0.87 | ) |  | $ | (0.42 | )
Weighted average number of shares used in per share computations of net loss: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic and diluted |  |  | 37,911,214 |  |  |  | 36,975,424 |  |  |  | 36,050,540 |
Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale marketable securities |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | (140 | ) |  |  | (359 | )
Net amount reclassified to earnings from available-for-sale marketable securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | (15 | )
Total comprehensive gain (loss) from available-for-sale marketable securities |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | (138 | ) |  |  | (374 | )
Unrealized gain (loss) on foreign currency cash flow hedges transactions |  |  | (960 | ) |  |  | (5,562 | ) |  |  | 1,269 |
Net amount reclassified to earnings from hedging transactions |  |  | 2,656 |  |  |  | 4,175 |  |  |  | (770 | )
Total comprehensive gain (loss) from hedge transactions |  |  | 1,696 |  |  |  | (1,387 | ) |  |  | 499 |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | 1,737 |  |  |  | (1,525 | ) |  |  | 125 |
Total comprehensive loss |  | $ | (61,067 | ) |  | $ | (33,555 | ) |  | $ | (14,915 | )

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

F - 7

ALLOT LTD.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share data

|  | Ordinary shares |  |  | Additional paid-in capital |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  | Total shareholders' equity |
|  | Outstanding shares |  |  | Amount |  |  |  |  | Treasury share |  |  |  |  | Accumulated deficit |  |  |
Balance as of January 1, 2021 |  |  | 35,382,638 |  |  |  | 896 |  |  |  | 283,065 |  |  |  | (3,998 | ) |  |  | 146 |  |  |  | (149,957 | ) |  |  | 130,152 |
Exercise of share options and restricted share units |  |  | 1,108,842 |  |  |  | 33 |  |  |  | 2,778 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,811 |
Share-based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7,960 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7,960 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 125 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 125 |
Net loss |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (15,040 | ) |  |  | (15,040 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2021 |  |  | 36,491,480 |  |  |  | 929 |  |  |  | 293,803 |  |  |  | (3,998 | ) |  |  | 271 |  |  |  | (164,997 | ) |  |  | 126,008 |
Exercise of share options and restricted share units |  |  | 878,563 |  |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | 226 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 251 |
Share-based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9,269 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9,269 |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,525 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,525 | )
Net loss |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (32,030 | ) |  |  | (32,030 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2022 |  |  | 37,370,043 |  |  |  | 954 |  |  |  | 303,298 |  |  |  | (3,998 | ) |  |  | (1,254 | ) |  |  | (197,027 | ) |  |  | 101,973 |
Exercise of share options and restricted share units |  |  | 1,006,896 |  |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | (27 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Share-based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,857 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,857 |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,737 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,737 |
Net loss |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (62,804 | ) |  |  | (62,804 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2023 |  |  | 38,376,939 |  |  |  | 981 |  |  |  | 312,128 |  |  |  | (3,998 | ) |  |  | 483 |  |  |  | (259,831 | ) |  |  | 49,763 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

F - 8

ALLOT LTD.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

U.S. dollars in thousands

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (62,804 | ) |  | $ | (32,030 | ) |  | $ | (15,040 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation, amortization and impairment |  |  | 8,132 |  |  |  | 7,352 |  |  |  | 5,575 |
Share-based compensation |  |  | 8,845 |  |  |  | 9,165 |  |  |  | 8,000 |
Amortization of issuance costs of Convertible debt |  |  | 198 |  |  |  | 171 |  |  |  | - |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Increase (decrease) in severance pay, net |  |  | 116 |  |  |  | 92 |  |  |  | (58 | )
Decrease in other assets, other receivables and prepaid expenses |  |  | 621 |  |  |  | 720 |  |  |  | 5,908 |
Decrease (increase) in accrued interest and amortization of premium on available-for sale marketable securities |  |  | (712 | ) |  |  | 71 |  |  |  | 182 |
Decrease (increase) in operating lease right-of-use asset |  |  | 2,686 |  |  |  | 3,126 |  |  |  | (4,055 | )
Increase (decrease) in operating leases liability |  |  | (3,322 | ) |  |  | (3,131 | ) |  |  | 3,604 |
Decrease (increase) in trade receivables |  |  | 34,273 |  |  |  | (11,629 | ) |  |  | (16,787 | )
Decrease (increase) in inventories |  |  | 1,388 |  |  |  | (2,170 | ) |  |  | 1,494 |
Decrease in long-term deferred taxes, net |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 420 |
Increase (decrease) in trade payables |  |  | (10,692 | ) |  |  | 7,721 |  |  |  | 1,848 |
Increase (decrease) in employees and payroll accruals |  |  | (1,571 | ) |  |  | (385 | ) |  |  | 458 |
Increase (decrease) in deferred revenues |  |  | (5,781 | ) |  |  | (9,970 | ) |  |  | 1,640 |
Decrease in other payables and accrued expenses |  |  | (1,113 | ) |  |  | (1,668 | ) |  |  | (1,559 | )
Net cash used in operating activities |  |  | (29,736 | ) |  |  | (32,565 | ) |  |  | (8,370 | )
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Decrease (increase) in restricted deposits |  |  | (836 | ) |  |  | 430 |  |  |  | (280 | )
Investment in short-term bank deposits |  |  | (15,900 | ) |  |  | (130,050 | ) |  |  | (82,220 | )
Withdrawal of short-term bank deposits |  |  | 74,665 |  |  |  | 122,220 |  |  |  | 68,725 |
Purchase of property and equipment |  |  | (2,489 | ) |  |  | (5,642 | ) |  |  | (7,642 | )
Investment in available-for sale marketable securities |  |  | (46,742 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Proceeds from sales and maturity of available-for sale marketable securities |  |  | 22,935 |  |  |  | 7,030 |  |  |  | 15,094 |
Acquisition |  |  | - |  |  |  | (500 | ) |  |  | - |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  |  | 31,633 |  |  |  | (6,512 | ) |  |  | (6,323 | )

F - 9

ALLOT LTD.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

U.S. dollars in thousands

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from exercise of share options |  |  | - |  |  |  | 251 |  |  |  | 2,811 |
Issuance of convertible debt |  |  | - |  |  |  | 39,404 |  |  |  | - |
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 39,655 |  |  |  | 2,811 |
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 1,897 |  |  |  | 578 |  |  |  | (11,882 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year |  |  | 12,295 |  |  |  | 11,717 |  |  |  | 23,599 |
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year |  | $ | 14,192 |  |  | $ | 12,295 |  |  | $ | 11,717 |
Supplementary cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid during the year for: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxes |  | $ | 385 |  |  | $ | 413 |  |  | $ | 633 |
Non-cash activity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Right-of-use assets obtained in the exchange for operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 356 |  |  | $ | 196 |  |  | $ | 6,746 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

F - 10

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 1: - | GENERAL

| a. | Allot Ltd. (the "Company") was incorporated in November 1996 under the laws of the State of Israel. The Company is engaged in developing, selling and marketing of leading innovative network intelligence (“Allot Smart”) and security solutions (“Allot Secure”) for mobile and fixed service providers as well as enterprises worldwide. Our solutions are deployed globally for network and application analytics, traffic control and shaping, network-based security including mobile security, distributed denial of service (DDoS) protection, IoT security, and more. Allot Smart generates insightful intelligence that allows CSPs to analyze every packet of network, user, application and security data, CSPs can see, control and secure their networks, optimizing performance, minimizing costs and maximizing end-user QoE. Allot Secure provides security service for the mass market and SMB at home, at work and on the go for mobile, fixed and 5G converged networks. Allot Secure enables customers to detect security breaches and protect networks and network users from attacks.

The Company's Ordinary Shares are listed in the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol "ALLT" from its initial public offering in November 2006. Since November 2010, the Company's Ordinary Shares have been listed for trading in the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange as well.
The Company holds twelve wholly-owned subsidiaries (the Company together with its subsidiaries shall collectively be referred to as "Allot"): Allot Communications, Inc. in Burlington, Massachusetts, United-States (the "U.S. subsidiary"), which was incorporated in 1997 under the laws of the State of California, Allot Communication Europe SARL, France (the "European subsidiary"), which was incorporated in 1998 under the laws of France, Allot Communications Japan K.K. in Tokyo, Japan (the "Japanese subsidiary"), which was incorporated in 2004 under the laws of Japan, Allot Communication (UK) Limited (the "UK subsidiary"), which was incorporated in 2006 under the laws of England and Wales, Allot Communications (Asia Pacific) Pte. Ltd. ("the Singaporean subsidiary"), which was incorporated in 2006 under the laws of Singapore, Allot India Private Limited. (the "Indian subsidiary”), which was incorporated in 2012 under the laws of India and commenced its activity in 2013, Allot Communications Africa (PTY) Ltd. (the "African subsidiary”), which was incorporated in 2013 under the laws of South Africa, Allot Communications Spain, S.L. Sociedad Unipersonal (the "Spanish subsidiary”), which was incorporated in 2015 under the laws of Spain, Allot Communications (Colombia) S.A.S (the "Colombian subsidiary”), which was incorporated in 2015 under the laws of Colombia and Allot MexSub (the "Mexican subsidiary"), which was incorporated in 2015 under the laws of Mexico, Allot Turkey Komunikasion Hizmeleri limited (the “Turkish subsidiary”), which was incorporated in 2018 under laws of Turkey, Allot Australia (PTY) LTD (the “Australian subsidiary”), which was incorporated in 2018 under the laws of Australia.

The European, Singaporean, Indian, Colombian, U.S, Japanese, African and Turkish subsidiaries are engaged in sales and marketing, technical support services and other services of the Company's products. The UK and Australian subsidiaries are engaged in sales and marketing and other services.

F - 11

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 1: - | GENERAL (Cont.)

The Spanish and Mexican subsidiaries commenced operations in 2015 and are engaged in the sales and marketing, technical support and development activities of one of the Company's product lines.

| b. | Acquisitions:

|  | a. | On January 14, 2018 (the "Netonomy acquisition date"), the Company entered into a purchase agreement with the shareholders of Netonomy LTD ("Netonomy"), a developer of software-based cybersecurity solutions for the connected home.

The total consideration for the acquisition was $ 3,765, which consisted of $ 3,180 paid in cash, holdback amount summing to $ 303 and additional contingent consideration at a fair value of $ 282 at the Netonomy acquisition date. As of December 31, 2021, the contingent consideration is estimated at a fair value of $ 834, The change in fair value of the contingent consideration was recorded to operating expenses.
According to the agreement, the holdback amount (“Holdback Amount”) summing to $ 1,100 would be held to partially satisfy any claims for indemnification. Such amount shall be paid in three installments consisting 40%, 40% and 20% of the Holdback amount following the first, second and 30-months anniversaries of the Closing Date, respectively. Notwithstanding the aforementioned, a sum of $ 797 out of the Holdback amount shall be paid provided that certain employees keep working in the Company during the here mentioned periods (“the Restricted Holdback Amount”). As of December 31, 2023 the Company has no Holdback liability.
In this agreement, the contingent consideration was payable over a two-and-a-half-year term, starting April 1, 2018 and ending September 30, 2020 ("Contingent Consideration Period") depending on the Company’s revenues from Netonomy’s technology, and has payments cap of $ 1,100. A maximum sum of $ 797 out of the contingent consideration amount shall be paid provided that certain employees keep working in the Company during the mentioned period. The obligations in respect of the holdback amount and the contingent consideration are presented under other payables and accrued expenses.
As of December 31, 2023, the Contingent Consideration Period ended however, part of Contingent Consideration was not settled yet. See Note 12b.

F - 12

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 1: - | GENERAL (Cont.)

|  | b. | On December 18, 2022 (the "Keepers acquisition date"), the Company entered into an Bussines combination (the "Keepers PPA") with the shareholders of Keepers Child Safety Ltd. ("Keepers") a private company which has a business of developing and marketing software to protect children from digital online threats.

The total consideration for the acquisition was $ 1,152, which consisted of $ 500 paid in cash and an additional contingent consideration estimated at fair value of $ 652 at the Keepers acquisition date. As of December 31, 2023, the contingent consideration is estimated at fair value of $ 0.
The contingent consideration consists of two components: (a) $ 1,000 paid against actual income. (b) All expected revenues exceeding $ 1,000 multiplied by 3.0% limited for the period of 10 years as of Valuation Date.
The acquisition was accounted for using the purchase method of accounting in accordance with ASC No. 805, “Business Combinations” ("ASC No. 805"). Accordingly, the purchase price was allocated according to the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and the excess of the purchase price over the net tangible and identified intangible assets was assigned to goodwill.
The following table summarizes the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date:

|  | Fair value |
Technology |  | $ | 1,002 |
Goodwill |  |  | 150 |
Net assets acquired |  | $ | 1,152 |

During 2023, the Company reassess it’s research and development projects in order to focuse it’s available resources. As a result of this assessment, management decided to stop further development of the Keepers technology and abandon the technology. As a result, the Company recorded an impairment for the year ended December 31, 2023, in the amount of $870.

Since the Company abandon the technology, management estimate that as of December 31, 2023, the contingent consideration relating with the acquisition of Keppers has fair value of $0.

Unaudited pro forma condensed results of operations:
Pro forma results of operations related to this acquisition have not been prepared because they are not material to the Company’s consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss.

F - 13

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 2: - | SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP").

| a. | Use of estimates:

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions. The Company's management believes that the estimates, judgments and assumptions used are reasonable based upon information available at the time they are made. These estimates, judgments and assumptions can affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

| b. | Financial statements in U.S. dollars:

The majority operation of the Company and its subsidiaries are generated in U.S. dollars ("dollar") or linked to the dollar. The Company's management believes that the dollar is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Company and its subsidiaries operate. Thus, the functional and reporting currency of the Company and its subsidiaries is the dollar.
Accordingly, monetary accounts maintained in currencies other than the dollar are remeasured into U.S. dollars in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification No. 830, "Foreign Currency Matters" ("ASC No. 830"). All transactions gains and losses from the remeasurement of monetary balance sheet items are reflected in the statements of operations as financial income or expenses as appropriate. Financial gains and (losses) related to exchange rate differences in connection with revaluation of assets and liabilities in non-dollar denominated currencies for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 amounted to $ 378, $ 442 and $ (454), respectively.

| c. | Principles of consolidation:

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation.

| d. | Cash and cash equivalents:

The Company considers all unrestricted highly liquid investments which are readily convertible into cash, with a maturity of three months or less at the date of acquisition, to be cash equivalents.

F - 14

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 2: - | SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.)

| e. | Restricted deposits:

Restricted deposits consists of depoisits used as security for the company’s transactions with customers, hedging transactions and lease agreements. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, restricted deposits were mainly denominated in U.S. dollars, amounted to $ 1,886 and $1,050, respectively, and bore a weighted average interest rate of 4.77% and 5.55%, respectively.

| f. | Short-term bank deposits:

Short-term bank deposits are deposits with maturities of more than three months but less than one year at the balance sheet date. The deposits are in dollars and bear interest at an annual weighted average rate of 6.58% and 4.05% on December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

| g. | Trade Receivable and Allowances:

Trade receivables are recorded and carried at the original invoiced amount which was recognized as revenues less an allowance for any potential uncollectible amounts. The Company makes estimates of expected credit losses for the allowance for credit losses and allowance for unbilled receivables based upon its assessment of various factors, including historical experience, the age of the trade receivable balances, credit quality of its customers, current economic conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions, and other factors that may affect its ability to collect from customers. The estimated credit loss allowance is recorded as general and administrative expenses on the Company’s consolidated statements of income (loss).
The following table displays a rollforward of the total allowance for credit losses for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Total allowance for credit losses – January 1 |  |  | 2,908 |  |  |  | 2,398 |  |  |  | 2,309 |
Current-period provision for expected credit losses |  |  | 22,563 |  |  |  | 823 |  |  |  | 293 |
Write-offs |  |  | (145 | ) |  |  | (64 | ) |  |  | (9 | )
Recoveries collected |  |  | (73 | ) |  |  | (249 | ) |  |  | (195 | )
Total allowance for credit losses – December 31 |  |  | 25,253 |  |  |  | 2,908 |  |  |  | 2,398 |

During 2023, the Company recognized $ 22,563 increase in the credit losses provision. This increase was primarily due to management’s estimation regarding the deterioration in the economic conditions of four customers, mainly in Africa, during 2023 and their ability to repay their outstanding debt.

F - 15

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 2: - | SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.)

| h. | Marketable securities:

Marketable securities consist mainly of government bonds. The Company determines the appropriate classification of marketable securities at the time of purchase and re-evaluates such designation at each balance sheet date. In accordance with FASB ASC No. 320 “Investments- Debt and Equity Securities,” the Company classifies marketable securities as available-for-sale. Available-for-sale securities are stated at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), a separate component of shareholders’ equity, net of taxes. Realized gains and losses on sales of marketable securities, as determined on a specific identification basis, are included in financial income, net. The amortized cost of marketable securities is adjusted for amortization of premium and accretion of discount to maturity, both of which, together with interest, are included in financial income, net. The Company has classified all marketable securities as short-term, even though the stated maturity date may be one year or more beyond the current balance sheet date, because it is probable that the Company will sell these securities prior to maturity to meet liquidity needs or as part of risk versus reward objectives.
Available-for-sale debt securities with an amortized cost basis in excess of estimated fair value are assessed to determine what amount of that difference, if any, is caused by expected credit losses.
The Company periodically evaluates its available-for-sale debt securities for impairment. If the amortized cost of an individual security exceeds its fair value, the Company considers its intent to sell the security or whether it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized basis. If either of these criteria are met, the Company writes down the security to its fair value and records the impairment charge in interest and other income, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. If neither of these criteria are met, the Company determines whether credit loss exists.
Expected credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities are recognized in interest and other income (expense), net, on the Company’s consolidated statements of income (loss), and any remaining unrealized losses, net of taxes, are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in Shareholder's equity. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, no credit loss impairment was recorded regarding the available for sale marketable securities.

F - 16

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 2: - | SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.)

| i. | Inventories:

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Inventory write-offs are provided to cover risks arising primarily from end of life products and from slow-moving items, technological obsolescence, and excess inventory. Inventory net write-offs during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 amounted to $ 1,558, $ 905 and $ 4,593, respectively, and were recorded in cost of revenues.
Provision for slow moving inventory as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 amounted to $ 8,895 and $ 8,862, respectively.
Inventory cost is determined using the weighted average cost method.

| j. | Property and equipment, net:

Property and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated by the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets at the following annual rates:

|  | %
Lab equipment |  | 16 - 25
Computers and peripheral equipment |  | 33
Office furniture |  | 6
SECaaS equipment * |  | 16
Leasehold improvements |  | Over the shorter of the term of the lease or the useful life of the asset

* SECaaS equipment – the equipment used for SECaaS revenues

| k. | Goodwill:

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets of purchased businesses. Under Accounting Standards Codification No. 350, "Intangibles-Goodwill and Other" ("ASC No. 350"), goodwill is not amortized, but rather subject to an annual impairment test, or more often if there are indicators of impairment present. In accordance with ASC No. 350 the Company performs an annual impairment test at December 31 each year.
ASC 350 allows an entity to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. If the qualitative assessment does not result in a more likely than not indication of impairment, no further impairment testing is required. If the Company elects not to use this option, or if the Company determines that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, then the Company prepares a quantitative analysis to determine whether the carrying value of reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value. If the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, the Company recognizes an impairment of goodwill for the amount of this excess.

F - 17

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 2: - | SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.)

The Company operates in one operating segment, and this segment comprises its only reporting unit. The Company has performed an annual impairment analysis as of December 31, 2023 and determined that the carrying value of the reporting unit was lower than the fair value of the reporting unit. Fair value is determined using market value. During the years 2023, 2022 and 2021, no impairment losses were recorded.

| l. | Impairment of long-lived assets, Right-of-use assets, and intangible assets subject to amortization:

Property and equipment, Right-of-use assets, and intangible assets subject to amortization are reviewed for impairment in accordance with ASC No. 360, "Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets," whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to the future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the assets. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets.
Intangible assets acquired in a business combination are recorded at fair value at the date of acquisition. Following initial recognition, intangible assets are carried at cost less any accumulated amortization and any accumulated impairment losses. The useful lives of intangible assets are assessed to be either finite or indefinite. Intangible assets that are not considered to have an indefinite useful life are amortized over their estimated useful lives.
Some of the acquired intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives in proportion to the economic benefits realized. This accounting policy results in accelerated amortization of such customer relationships as compared to the straight-line method. All other intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis.
The Company has performed an annual impairment analysis as of December 31, 2023 and determined that there were circumstances indicating the asset’s carrying value may not be recoverable. During the year 2023, impairment losses were recorded in the amount of $ 1,614. During the years 2022 and 2021, no impairment losses were recorded.

| m. | Revenue recognition:

The Company generates revenues mainly from selling its products along with related maintenance and support services. At times, these arrangements may also include professional services, such as installation services or training. Some of the Company’s product sales are through resellers, distributors, OEMs and system integrators, all of whom are considered end-users. The Company also generates revenues from services, in which the Company provides network filtering and security services to its customers.

F - 18

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 2: - | SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.)

The Company recognizes revenue under the core principle that transfer of control to the Company’s customers should be depicted in an amount reflecting the consideration the Company expects to receive. As such, the Company identifies a contract with a customer, identifies the performance obligations in the contract, determines the transaction price, allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation in the contract and recognizes revenues when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation.
Some of the Company's contracts usually include combinations of products and services, that are capable of being distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations. The products are distinct as the customer can derive the economic benefit of it without any professional services, updates or technical support. The Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price out of the total consideration of the contract. For support, the Company determines the standalone selling prices based on the price at which the Company separately sells a renewal support contract on a stand-alone basis. For professional services, the Company determines the standalone selling prices based on the price at which the Company separately sells those services on a stand-alone basis. If the standalone selling price is not observable, the Company estimates the standalone selling price by taking into account available information such as geographic or regional specific factors, internal costs, profit objectives, and internally approved pricing guidelines related to the performance obligation.
Product revenue is recognized at a point in time when the performance obligation is being satisfied. Maintenance and support related revenues are deferred and recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the applicable maintenance and support agreement. Professional services are usually recognized at a point in time when the performance obligation is being satisfied.
The Company elected the practical expedient to not assess whether a contract has a significant financing component if the expectation at contract inception is such that the period between payment by the customer and the transfer of the promised goods or services to the customer will be one year or less.
In certain contracts, the Company provides the customer with financing for a period exceeding the regular credit terms for customers. In such circumstances, the Company recognizes revenue based on the amount that reflects the price that would have been paid by the customer in cash on the date of receipt of the goods or services, and the balance is recognized in finance income.
The Company also enters service contracts, in which the Company provides security as a service (SECaaS) solution to operators, which the Company considers as its customers. The Company's security as a service solution is offered to operators on a Revenue Share business model, where both the Company and the operator share the revenue generated from the operator's subscribers or a monthly fee per user. Most of the Company's security as a service contracts contain a single performance obligation comprised of series of distinct goods and services satisfied over time. The contracts consideration is based on usage by the operator's subscribers. As such, the Company allocates the variable consideration in those contracts to distinct service periods in which the service is provided and recognizes revenue for each distinct service period.

F - 19

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 2: - | SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.)

Deferred revenue includes amounts received from customers for which revenue has not yet been recognized. Deferred revenues are classified as short and long-term based on their contractual term and recognized as (or when) the Company performs under the contract.
The portion of the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations represents contracts that have not yet been recognized that include deferred revenue and amounts not yet received that will be recognized as revenue in future periods. As of December 31, 2023, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations that the Company expects to recognize is $ 59 million of which approximately $ 39 million is estimated to be recognized before December 31, 2024 and approximately $ 20 million is estimated to be recognized after December 31, 2024.
The Company pays sales commissions to sales and marketing personnel based on their certain predetermined sales goals. The company evaluates its commission and capitalize only incremental commissions costs which are considered recoverable costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. These capitalized sales commissions costs are amortized over a period of benefit which is typically over the term of the customer contracts as initial commission rates are commensurate with the renewal commission rates. Amortization expenses related to these costs are included in sales and marketing expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. For the year ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 , the deferred commission was $1,572 and $1,863 accordingly. The amortization of deferred commission for 2023, 2022 and 2021 were $1,239, $1,296 and $1,394. The Company uses the practical expedient and does not assess the existence of a significant financing component when the difference between payment and revenue recognition is a year or less.
The Company estimated variable consideration related to product returns based on its experience with historical product returns and other known factors. Such provisions amounted to $90 and $90 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, this provision was recorded as part of other payables and accrued expenses.
The Company recognizes term-based license agreements at the point in time when control transfers and the associated maintenance revenues over the contract period.

| n. | Cost of revenues:

Cost of revenues consists primarily of costs of materials and the cost of maintenance and services, resulting from costs associated with support, customer success and professional services.

F - 20

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 2: - | SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.)

| o. | Research and development costs:

Accounting Standards Codification No. 985-20, requires capitalization of certain software development costs subsequent to the establishment of technological feasibility.
Based on the Company's product development process, technological feasibility is established upon the completion of a working model. The Company does not incur material costs between the completion of a working model and the point at which the products are ready for general release. Therefore, research and development costs are charged to the consolidated statement of comprehensive loss as incurred.

| p. | Severance pay:

The liability in Israel for substantially all of the Company`s employees in respect of severance pay liability is calculated in accordance with Section 14 of the Severance Pay Law -1963 (herein- "Section 14"). Section 14 states that Company's contributions for severance pay shall be in line of severance compensation and upon release of the policy to the employee, no additional obligations shall be conducted between the parties regarding the matter of severance pay and no additional payments shall be made by the Company to the employee.
Furthermore, the related obligation and amounts deposited on behalf of such obligation under Section 14, are not stated on the balance sheet, because pursuant to the current ruling, they are legally released from the obligation to employees once the deposits have been paid.
There are a limited number of employees in Israel, for whom the Company is liable for severance pay. The Company's liability for severance pay for its Israeli employees was calculated pursuant to Section 14, based on the most recent monthly salary of its Israeli employees multiplied by the number of years of employment as of the balance sheet date for such employees.
The Company's liability was partly provided by monthly deposits with severance pay funds and insurance policies and the remainder by an accrual.
Severance expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, amounted to $ 6,057, $ 3,516 and $ 2,456, respectively. During 2023, the Company implemented a cost reduction plan which included separation of employees which derived the 2023 severance exepenses.

F - 21

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 2: - | SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.)

| q. | Accounting for share-based compensation:

The Company accounts for share-based compensation in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification No. 718, "Compensation - Stock Compensation" ("ASC No. 718") that requires companies to estimate the fair value of equity-based payment awards on the date of grant using an option-pricing model. The value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as an expense over the requisite service periods in the Company's consolidated statement of comprehensive loss. For graded vesting with only service condition the Company recognizes compensation expenses for the value of its awards based on the straight-line method over the requisite service period of each of the awards, net of estimated forfeitures.
A modification to the terms of an award should be treated as an exchange of the original award for a new award with total compensation cost equal to the grant-date fair value of the original award plus the incremental value measured at the same date. Under ASC 718, the calculation of the incremental value is based on the excess of the fair value of the new (modified) award based on current circumstances over the fair value of the original award measured immediately before its terms are modified based on current circumstances.
The Company estimated the forfeiture rate based on historical forfeitures of equity awards and adjusted the rate to reflect changes in facts and circumstances if any.
The following table sets forth the total share-based compensation expense resulting from share options, restricted share units and Phantoms granted to employees included in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Cost of revenues |  | $ | 1,219 |  |  | $ | 1,133 |  |  | $ | 581 |
Research and development |  |  | 3,010 |  |  |  | 3,168 |  |  |  | 2,499 |
Sales and marketing |  |  | 2,651 |  |  |  | 2,943 |  |  |  | 3,212 |
General and administrative |  |  | 1,965 |  |  |  | 1,921 |  |  |  | 1,708 |
Total share-based compensation expense |  | $ | 8,845 |  |  | $ | 9,165 |  |  | $ | 8,000 |

During 2023, 2022 and 2021 no options were granted by the Company.
The computations of expected volatility and suboptimal exercise multiple is based on the average of the Company's realized historical share price. The computation of the suboptimal exercise multiple and the forfeiture rates are based on the grantee's expected exercise prior and post vesting termination behavior. The interest rate for a period within the contractual life of the award is based on the U.S. Treasury Bills yield curve in effect at the time of grant.

F - 22

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 2: - | SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.)

The Company currently has no plans to distribute dividends and intends to retain future earnings to finance the development of its business.
The expected life of the share options represents the weighted-average period the share options are expected to remain outstanding and is a derived output of the binomial model. The expected life of the share options is impacted by all of the underlying assumptions used in the Company's model.
The option pricing model of the of restricted share units ("RSUs") is based on the closing market value of the underlying shares at the date of grant.
The expected annual pre-vesting forfeiture rate affects the number of vested RSUs. Based on the Company's historical experience, the pre-vesting is in the range of 0%-30% in the years 2023, 2022 and 2021.

| r. | Treasury share:

In the past, the Company repurchased its Ordinary shares on the open market and holds such shares as treasury share. The Company presents the cost to repurchase treasury share as a reduction of shareholders' equity.

| s. | Concentration of credit risks:

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, short-term bank deposits, trade receivables and derivative instruments.
The majority of cash and cash equivalents and short-term deposits of the Company are invested in dollar deposits in major U.S. and Israeli banks. Such investments in the United States may be in excess of insured limits and are not insured in other jurisdictions. Generally, the cash and cash equivalents and short-term bank deposits may be redeemed upon demand, and therefore, bear minimal risk.
Marketable securities include investments in Dollar linked corporate and government bonds. Marketable securities consist of highly liquid debt instruments with high credit standing. The Company’s investment policy, approved by the Board of Directors, limits the amount the Group may invest in any one type of investment or issuer, thereby reducing credit risk concentrations. Management believes that the portfolio is well diversified and, accordingly, minimal credit risk exists with respect to these marketable debt securities.
The Company's trade receivables are derived from sales to customers located in EMEA, as well as in APAC, Latin America and the United States. Concentration of credit risk with respect to trade receivables is limited by credit limits, ongoing credit evaluation and account monitoring procedures. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers and establishes an allowance for credit losses on a specific basis. Allowance for credit losses amounted to $ 25,253 and $ 2,908 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. See note 2g above.

F - 23

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 2: - | SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.)

As of 31.12.2023 we have past due of $2 million.
The Company utilizes foreign currency forward contracts to protect against risk of overall changes in exchange rates for some of its currencies exposure. The derivative instruments hedge a portion of the Company's non-dollar currency exposure. Counterparties to the Company’s derivative instruments are all major financial institutions and its exposure is limited to the amount of any asset resulting from the forward contracts.

| t. | Government grants:

Grants from the Israel Innovation Authority (IIA):
Participation grants from the Israel Innovation Authority (Previously known as the Office of the Chief Scientist) for research and development activity are recognized at the time the Company is entitled to such grants on the basis of the costs incurred and included as a deduction of research and development costs. Research and development non royalty bearing grants recognized amounted to $ 552, $ 539 and $ (42) in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Grants from the Spain Tax Authorities:
Participation grants from the Spain Tax Authorities for research and development activity are recognized at the time the Company is entitled to such grants on the basis of the costs incurred and included as a deduction of research and development costs. Research and development non royalty bearing grants recognized amounted to $ 2,577 and $ 286 in 2023 ,2022 respectively.

| u. | Income taxes:

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification No. 740, "Income Taxes" ("ASC No. 740"). ASC No. 740 prescribes the use of the liability method, whereby deferred tax asset and liability account balances are determined based on differences between financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse.
The Company provides a valuation allowance, if necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to their estimated realizable value if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified to non-current assets and liabilities, respectively.

F - 24

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 2: - | SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.)

ASC No. 740 contains a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring a liability for uncertain tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that, on an evaluation of the technical merits, the tax position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company classifies interest related to unrecognized tax benefits in taxes on income.

| v. | Basic and diluted net income (loss) per share:

Basic net income (loss) per share is computed based on the weighted average number of Ordinary Shares outstanding during each year. Diluted net income (loss) per share is computed based on the weighted average number of Ordinary Shares outstanding during each year, plus dilutive potential Ordinary Shares considered outstanding during the year, in accordance with FASB ASC 260 "Earnings Per Share".
For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, all outstanding options and RSUs have been excluded from the calculation of the diluted net loss per share since their effect was anti-dilutive. The amount of those options and RSU’s was: 2,665,194, 2,735,125, 2,613,894 respectively.

| w. | Comprehensive loss:

The Company accounts for comprehensive loss in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification No. 220, "Comprehensive Income" ("ASC No. 220"). This statement establishes standards for the reporting and display of comprehensive loss and its components in a full set of general purpose financial statements. Comprehensive loss represents all changes in shareholders' equity during the period except those resulting from investments by, or distributions to shareholders. The Company determined that its items of other comprehensive loss relate to unrealized gains and losses on hedging derivative instruments and unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale marketable securities.

F - 25

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 2: - | SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.)

The following table shows the components and the effects on net loss of amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss as of December 31, 2023:

|  | Year ended December 31, 2023 |
|  | Unrealized gain (losses) on marketable securities |  |  | Unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges |  |  | Total |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 |  | $ | (40 | ) |  | $ | (1,214 | ) |  | $ | (1,254 | )
Changes in other comprehensive loss before reclassifications |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | (960 | ) |  |  | (919 | )
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenues |  |  | - |  |  |  | 475 |  |  |  | 475 |
Research and development |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,198 |  |  |  | 1,198 |
Sales and marketing |  |  | - |  |  |  | 542 |  |  |  | 542 |
General and administrative |  |  | - |  |  |  | 441 |  |  |  | 441 |
Net current-period other comprehensive loss |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | 1,696 |  |  |  | 1,737 |
Balance as of December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 482 |  |  | $ | 483 |

There was no income tax expense or benefit allocated to other comprehensive income, including reclassification adjustments for the year ended December 31, 2023.

| x. | Fair value of financial instruments:

The carrying amounts of short-term bank deposits, trade receivables, other receivables, trade payables and other payables approximate their fair value due to the short-term maturities of such instruments.
The Company measures its cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, derivative instruments and earn-out considerations at fair value. Fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received if the Company were to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability.
The Company uses a three-tier value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in the valuation methodologies in measuring fair value:

| Level 1 - | Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

F - 26

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 2: - | SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.)

| Level 2 - | Include other inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace, other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets with insufficient volume or infrequent transactions, or other inputs that are observable (model-derived valuations in which significant inputs are observable), or can be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data; and

| Level 3 - | Unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity.

The Company categorized each of its fair value measurements in one of those three levels of hierarchy. The fair value hierarchy also requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value.
The Company measures its marketable securities and foreign currency derivative contracts at fair value. Marketable securities and foreign currency derivative contracts are classified within Level 2 as the valuation inputs are based on quoted prices and market observable data of similar instruments.
The Company's earn-out considerations were classified within Level 3. This year, the valuation methodology used by the Company to calculate the fair value consideration is the discounted cash flow using purchase method by taking into account, forecast future revenues. According to the management there are no estimation for future revenues and therefore the earn-out fair value measurement is nil. As of December 31, 2022 the fair value of the earn-out was $ 656.

| y. | Derivatives and hedging:

The Company accounts for derivatives and hedging based on Accounting Standards Codification No. 815, "Derivatives and Hedging" ("ASC No. 815").
The Company accounts for its derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities and carries them at fair value. Derivative instruments that are not designated and qualified as hedging instruments must be adjusted to fair value through earnings. For highly effective derivative instruments that hedge the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows that are designated as cash flow hedges. Gain or loss on the derivative instrument is reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in shareholders' equity and reclassified into earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings.

F - 27

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 2: - | SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.)

| z. | Business combinations:

The Company accounts for business combinations in accordance with ASC No. 805. ASC No. 805 requires recognition of assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and any non-controlling interest at the acquisition date, measured at their fair values as of that date. Any excess of the fair value of net assets acquired over the purchase price is recorded as goodwill and any subsequent changes in estimated contingencies are to be recorded in earnings. In addition, changes in valuation allowance related to acquired deferred tax assets and acquired income tax positions are to be recognized in earnings.

| aa. | Lease:

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease and the classification of that lease at inception based on: (1) whether the contract involves the use of an identified asset, (2) whether the Company obtains the right to substantially all the economic benefits from the use of the asset throughout lease period, and (3) whether the Company has a right to direct the use of the asset. The Company elected to not recognize a lease liability and a right-of-use (“ROU”) asset for leases with a term of twelve months or less. The Company also elected the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components for its leases.
ROU assets represent the right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the obligation to make minimum lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets are initially measured at amounts, which represents the discounted present value of the lease payments over the lease, plus any initial direct costs incurred. The lease liability is initially measured at lease commencement date based on the discounted present value of minimum lease payments over the lease term. The implicit rate within the company's operating leases is generally not determinable, therefore the Company uses it’s Incremental Borrowing Rate (“IBR”) based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The Company’s IBR is estimated to approximate the interest rate for collateralized borrowing with similar terms and payments and in economic environments where the leased asset is located. Certain leases include options to extend or terminate the lease.
An option to extend the lease is considered in connection with determining the ROU asset and lease liability when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. An option to terminate is considered unless it is reasonably certain that the Company will not exercise the option.
Payments under our lease arrangements are primarily fixed, however, certain lease agreements include rental payments that are adjusted periodically for the consumer price index ("CPI"). The ROU and lease liability were calculated using the CPI as of the commencement date and will not be subsequently adjusted, unless the liability is reassessed for other reasons. Other variable lease payments are primarily comprised of payments affected by common area maintenance and utility charges.

F - 28

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 2: - | SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.)

| ab. | Warranty costs:

The Company generally provides three months software and a one-year hardware assurance for its products. A provision is recorded for estimated warranty costs at the time revenues are recognized based on the Company's experience. Warranty expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were immaterial.

| ac. | Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements:

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The amendments in this update improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. Specifically, the new guidance requires disclosure, on an annual and interim basis, of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker, and an amount for other segment items by reportable segment, with a description of its composition. In addition, the amendments enhance interim disclosure requirements, clarify circumstances in which an entity can disclose multiple segment measures of profit or loss, and provide new segment disclosure requirements for entities with a single reportable segment. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the amendments to its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The amendments in this update require entities to disclose specific categories in the effective tax rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items where the effect of those reconciling items is equal to or greater than 5% of the amount computed by multiplying pretax income/loss by the applicable statutory income tax rate. In addition, entities are required to disclose the year-to-date amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by jurisdictions. This ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of these amendments on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

F - 29

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 3: - | AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE MARKETABLE SECURITIES

The following is a summary of available-for-sale marketable securities:

|  | December 31, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
|  | Amortized cost |  |  | Gross unrealized gain |  |  | Gross unrealized loss |  |  | Fair value |  |  | Amortized cost |  |  | Gross unrealized gain |  |  | Gross unrealized loss |  |  | Fair value |
Available-for-sale - matures within one year: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Governmental debentures |  | $ | 28,495 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 28,504 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Corporate debentures |  |  | 357 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | 349 |  |  |  | 4,029 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (37 | ) |  |  | 3,992 |
|  |  | 28,852 |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | 28,853 |  |  |  | 4,029 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (37 | ) |  |  | 3,992 |
Available-for-sale - matures after one year through three years: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Governmental debentures |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Corporate debentures |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 304 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | 301 |
|  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 304 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | 301 |
|  | $ | 28,852 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | (8 | ) |  | $ | 28,853 |  |  | $ | 4,333 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (40 | ) |  | $ | 4,293 |

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had no investments with a significant unrealized loss for more than 12 months.
As of December 31,2023, no credit loss impairment was recorded regarding the available for sale marketable securities.

NOTE 4: - | FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

In accordance with ASC No. 820, the Company measures its marketable securities and foreign currency derivative instruments at fair value. Cash equivalents and available for sale marketable securities are classified within Level 1 or Level 2. This is because these assets are valued using quoted market prices or alternative pricing sources and models utilizing market observable inputs.
This year, the earn-out liability related to the acquisitions of Keepers are classified within Level 3 because these liabilities were based on present value calculations and an external valuation model whose inputs include market interest rates, estimated operational capitalization rates and volatilities. The fair value of the consideration was determined according to discounted cash flow.

F - 30

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 4: - | FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (Cont.)

The Company's financial net assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis, including accrued interest components, consisted of the following types of instruments as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively:

|  | As of December 31, 2023 |
|  | Fair value measurements using input type |
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale marketable securities |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 28,853 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 28,853 |
Foreign currency derivative contracts |  |  | - |  |  |  | 650 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 650 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Earn-out liability |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Foreign currency derivative contracts |  |  | - |  |  |  | (106 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (106 | )
Total financial net assets |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 29,397 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 29,397 |

|  | As of December 31, 2022 |
|  | Fair value measurements using input type |
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale marketable securities |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 4,293 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 4,293 |
Foreign currency derivative contracts |  |  | - |  |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 23 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Earn-out liability |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (656 | ) |  |  | (656 | )
Foreign currency derivative contracts |  |  | - |  |  |  | (901 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (901 | )
Total financial net assets |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 3,415 |  |  | $ | (656 | ) |  | $ | 2,759 |

Fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):

Balance at January 1, 2023 |  | $ | 656 |
Earn Out liability – Keepers |  |  | (656 | )
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  | $ | - |

F - 31

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 5: - | DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS

The Company enters into hedge transactions with a major financial institution, using derivative instruments, primarily forward contracts and options to purchase and sell foreign currencies, in order to reduce the net currency exposure associated with anticipated expenses (primarily salaries and related expenses that are designated as cash flow hedges), trade receivables and forecasted revenues denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollar.
The Company currently hedges such future exposures for a maximum period of two years. However, the Company may choose not to hedge certain foreign currency exchange exposures for a variety of reasons, including but not limited to immateriality, accounting considerations and the prohibitive economic cost of hedging particular exposures. There can be no assurance the hedges will offset more than a portion of the financial impact resulting from movements in foreign currency exchange rates.
The Company records all derivatives on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value in accordance with ASC No. 820 at Level 2. Cash flow hedges are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) until the hedged item is recognized in earnings. The Company does not enter into derivative transactions for trading purposes. The net income (loss) recognized in "Financial income (expense), net" during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $(42), $1,520 and $1,272, respectively.
The Company had a net unrealized gain (loss) associated with cash flow hedges of $ 482 and $(1,214) recorded in other comprehensive loss as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had outstanding hedge transactions in the net amount of $ 17,245 and $ 33,711, respectively.
The fair value of the outstanding foreign exchange contracts recorded by the Company on its consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, as assets and liabilities are as follows:

Foreign exchange forward and |  |  |  | December 31, |
options contracts |  | Balance sheet |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Fair value of foreign exchange hedge transactions |  | Other receivables and prepaid expenses |  | $ | 537 |  |  | $ | 12 |
Fair value of foreign exchange hedge transactions |  | Other payables and accrued expenses |  |  | (55 | ) |  |  | (838 | )
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments |  | Other Comprehensive profit (loss) |  | $ | 482 |  |  | $ | (1,214 | )

Gain or loss on the derivative instruments, which partially offset the foreign currency impact from the underlying exposures, reclassified from other comprehensive loss to cost of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 were $ (474) and $ (503), respectively. The amount reclassified from other comprehensive loss to Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 were $ (1,196) and $ (1,955), respectively. The amount reclassified from other comprehensive loss to Sales and marketing expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 were $ (540) and $ (1,210), respectively.

F - 32

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 5: - | DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS (Cont.)

The amount reclassified from other comprehensive loss to General and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 were $ (440) and $ (509), respectively.
Non-designated hedges:
The Company also uses foreign currency forward contracts to mitigate variability in gains and losses generated from the re-measurement of certain monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies. These derivatives do not qualify for special hedge accounting treatment. These derivatives are carried at fair value with changes recorded in financial income, net. Changes in the fair value of these derivatives are largely offset by the re-measurement of the underlying assets and liabilities. The derivatives have maturities of up to twelve months.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company’s outstanding non-hedge transactions were $ 12,459 and $ 11,949, respectively.
The fair value of the outstanding non-designated foreign exchange contracts recorded by the Company on its consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, as assets and liabilities are as follows:

Foreign exchange forward and |  |  |  | December 31, |
options contracts |  | Balance sheet |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Fair value of foreign exchange non-designated hedge transactions |  | Other receivables and prepaid expenses |  | $ | 113 |  |  | $ | 11 |
Fair value of foreign exchange non-designated hedge transactions |  | Other payables and accrued expenses |  |  | (51 | ) |  |  | (63 | )
Total derivatives non-designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | (52 | )

NOTE 6: - | OTHER RECEIVABLES AND PREPAID EXPENSES

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Prepaid expenses |  | $ | 5,890 |  |  | $ | 4,560 |
Government authorities |  |  | 988 |  |  |  | 2,108 |
Accrued interest |  |  | 591 |  |  |  | 1,059 |
Foreign currency derivative contracts |  |  | 650 |  |  |  | 23 |
Short-term deposits |  |  | 145 |  |  |  | 163 |
Others |  |  | 173 |  |  |  | 72 |
|  | $ | 8,437 |  |  | $ | 7,985 |

F - 33

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 7: - | INVENTORIES

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Raw materials |  | $ | 1,656 |  |  | $ | 2,003 |
Finished goods |  |  | 10,218 |  |  |  | 11,259 |
|  | $ | 11,874 |  |  | $ | 13,262 |

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the finished products line item above includes deferral of the cost of goods sold for which revenue was not yet recognized in the amount of approximately $ 1,788 and $ 1,729, respectively.

NOTE 8: - | PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Cost: |  |  |  |  |  |
Lab equipment |  | $ | 12,750 |  |  | $ | 19,711 |
Computers and peripheral equipment |  |  | 11,353 |  |  |  | 11,856 |
Office furniture and equipment |  |  | 1,438 |  |  |  | 1,568 |
Leasehold improvements |  |  | 2,990 |  |  |  | 3,039 |
SECaaS equipment |  |  | 8,036 |  |  |  | 7,722 |
|  |  | 36,567 |  |  |  | 43,896 |
Accumulated depreciation: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Lab equipment |  |  | 9,835 |  |  |  | 16,037 |
Computers and peripheral equipment |  |  | 9,041 |  |  |  | 8,239 |
Office furniture and equipment |  |  | 535 |  |  |  | 589 |
Leasehold improvements |  |  | 1,692 |  |  |  | 1,453 |
SECaaS equipment |  |  | 4,275 |  |  |  | 3,342 |
|  |  | 25,378 |  |  |  | 29,660 |
Depreciated cost |  | $ | 11,189 |  |  | $ | 14,236 |

Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $ 5,536, $ 6,406 and $ 4,635, respectively.

F - 34

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 9: - | INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET

| a. | The following table shows the Company's intangible assets for the periods presented:

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Gross Carrying Amount: |  |  |  |  |  |
Technology |  | $ | 10,113 |  |  | $ | 10,113 |
Backlog |  |  | 1,877 |  |  |  | 1,877 |
Customer relationships |  |  | 3,592 |  |  |  | 3,592 |
Software license |  |  | 1,651 |  |  |  | 1,651 |
IP R&D |  |  | 3,659 |  |  |  | 3,659 |
|  | $ | 20,892 |  |  | $ | 20,892 |
Accumulated amortization: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Technology |  | $ | 10,113 |  |  | $ | 9,117 |
Backlog |  |  | 1,877 |  |  |  | 1,877 |
Customer relationships |  |  | 3,592 |  |  |  | 3,592 |
Software license |  |  | 1,651 |  |  |  | 660 |
IP R&D |  |  | 2,744 |  |  |  | 2,135 |
|  | $ | 19,977 |  |  | $ | 17,381 |
Net Carrying Amount: |  | $ | 915 |  |  | $ | 3,511 |

| b. | Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were $ 982, $ 946 and $ 940, respectively.

| c. | Estimated amortization expense for the years ending:

Year ending December 31, |  |  |
2024 |  | $ | 610 |
2025 |  |  | 305 |
Total |  | $ | 915 |

F - 35

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 10: - | OTHER PAYABLES AND ACCRUED EXPENSES

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Accrued expenses |  | $ | 5,964 |  |  | $ | 7,056 |
Deferred revenues from IIA |  |  | 302 |  |  |  | 110 |
Onerous contract liability |  |  | 551 |  |  |  | - |
Government authorities |  |  | 2,108 |  |  |  | 1,955 |
Foreign currency derivative contracts |  |  | 106 |  |  |  | 901 |
Holdback and contingent earnout |  |  | 299 |  |  |  | 1,216 |
Provision for returns |  |  | 90 |  |  |  | 90 |
Others |  |  | 108 |  |  |  | 96 |
|  | $ | 9,528 |  |  | $ | 11,424 |

NOTE 11: - | LEASES

The Group's facilities are leased under several lease agreements.
In addition, the Company has various operating lease agreements with respect to motor vehicles.
Lease expenses of office rent and vehicles for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were approximately $ 3,545, $ 3,784 and $ 3,141, respectively. Expenses for short- term leases in 2023 were $ 229, $ 82 and $ 92, respectively. Variable lease costs for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were $ 831, $ 813 and $732, respectively.
The following table represents the weighted-average remaining lease term and discount rate:

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Weighted average remaining lease term |  | 1.5 years |  |  | 2.1 years |
Weighted average discount rate |  | 2.10% |  |  | 1.49% |

The discount rate was determined based on the estimated collateralized borrowing rate of the Company, adjusted to the specific lease term and location of each lease.
Cash paid for amounts included in measurement of lease liabilities during the years ended 2023, 2022 and 2021 were $4,152, $2,843, and $3,253, respectively.

F - 36

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 11: - | LEASES (Cont.)

Maturities of operating lease liabilities were as follows:

Year ending December 31, |  |  |
2024 |  | $ | 1,465 |
2025 |  |  | 673 |
2026 |  |  | 64 |
Total lease payments |  |  | 2,202 |
Less - imputed interest |  |  | (47 | )
Present value of lease liabilities |  | $ | 2,155 |

The Company elected to not recognize a lease liability and a right-of-use (“ROU”) asset for leases with a term of twelve months or less During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 the short-term maturities of operating lease liabilities with a term of twelve months or less were $ 195, $ 126 and $ 116.

NOTE 12: - | COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES

| a. | Liens and guarantees:

As of December 31, 2023, the Company has provided bank guarantees in respect of performance obligation to customers in an aggregate amount of approximately $ 903, in addition to bank guarantees in favor of leases agreements in an aggregate amount of approximately $ 398.

| b. | Litigations:

On November 2, 2021 two founders and six employees of Netonomy Ltd., a company acquired by Allot in January, 2018, filed a civil claim against Allot (the “plaintiffs”), alleging that Allot breached certain clauses of the share acquisition agreement claiming damages in the amount of app. $ 834. Allot has filed its defense statement refuting all claims and denying any breach and obligation to compensate. As of December 31, 2022, the results of this claim were uncertain. On March 6, 2023 the Company signed a settlement agreement with the two founders according to which the Company paid both founders an amount of $ 260 and the founders waived their claim.
There are ongoing legal proceedings against the rest.

F - 37

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 13: - | SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

| a. | Company's shares:

As of December 31, 2023, the Company's authorized share capital consists of NIS 20,000,000 divided into 200,000,000 Ordinary Shares, par value NIS 0.1 per share. Ordinary Shares confer on their holders the right to receive notice to participate and vote in general meetings of the Company, the right to a share in the excess of assets upon liquidation of the Company, and the right to receive dividends if declared.

| b. | Share option plan:

A summary of the Company's share option activity, pertaining to its option plans for employees and related information is as follows:

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
|  | Number of shares upon exercise |  |  | Weighted average exercise price |  |  | Number of shares upon exercise |  |  | Weighted average exercise price |  |  | Number of shares upon exercise |  |  | Weighted average exercise price |
Outstanding at beginning of year |  |  | 487,839 |  |  | $ | 5.96 |  |  |  | 675,986 |  |  | $ | 7.99 |  |  |  | 1,134,256 |  |  | $ | 7.68 |
Forfeited |  |  | (72,480 | ) |  | $ | 9.04 |  |  |  | (139,494 | ) |  | $ | 16.08 |  |  |  | (30,861 | ) |  | $ | 16.78 |
Exercised |  |  | (1,364 | ) |  | $ | 0.03 |  |  |  | (48,653 | ) |  | $ | 5.01 |  |  |  | (427,409 | ) |  | $ | 6.54 |
Outstanding at end of year |  |  | 413,995 |  |  | $ | 5.44 |  |  |  | 487,839 |  |  | $ | 5.96 |  |  |  | 675,986 |  |  | $ | 7.99 |
Exercisable at end of year |  |  | 413,995 |  |  | $ | 5.44 |  |  |  | 487,839 |  |  | $ | 5.96 |  |  |  | 660,986 |  |  | $ | 8.04 |
Vested and expected to vest |  |  | 413,995 |  |  | $ | 5.44 |  |  |  | 487,839 |  |  | $ | 5.96 |  |  |  | 675,584 |  |  | $ | 7.99 |

The aggregate intrinsic value represents the total intrinsic value (the difference between the Company's closing share price on the last trading day of the fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021 and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money options) that would have been received by the option holders if all option holders exercised their options on December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. This amount may change based on the fair market value of the Company's share. The total intrinsic value of options outstanding as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, were $ 0, $ 10 and $ 3,481, respectively.
The total intrinsic value of exercisable options as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, were approximately $ 1, $ 10 and $ 3,392 , respectively. The total intrinsic value of options vested and expected to vest as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, were approximately $ 0, $ 10 and $ 3,479, respectively. The total intrinsic value of options outstanding as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, were approximately $ 0, $ 10 and $ 3,481, respectively.

F - 38

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 13: - | SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (Cont.)

The total intrinsic value (the difference between the Company's closing share price on the exercise date and the exercise price) of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were approximately $ 93, $ 93 and $ 4,113 , respectively. The number of options vested during the year ended December 31, 2023, was 0. The weighted-average remaining contractual life of the outstanding options as of December 31, 2023, is 0.51 years. The weighted-average remaining contractual life of exercisable options as of December 31, 2023, is 0.51 years.
The following provides a summary of the restricted share unit activity for the Company for the two years ended December 31, 2023:

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
|  | Number of shares upon exercise |  |  | Weighted average share price |  |  | Number of shares upon exercise |  |  | Weighted average share price |
Outstanding at beginning of year |  |  | 2,255,620 |  |  | $ | 8.52 |  |  |  | 1,937,908 |  |  | $ | 12.92 |
Granted |  |  | 1,330,500 |  |  | $ | 2.47 |  |  |  | 1,473,400 |  |  | $ | 5.22 |
Vested |  |  | (1,005,532 | ) |  | $ | 2.19 |  |  |  | (829,910 | ) |  | $ | 15.82 |
Forfeited |  |  | (316,889 | ) |  | $ | 2.38 |  |  |  | (325,778 | ) |  | $ | 5.78 |
Unvested at end of year |  |  | 2,263,699 |  |  | $ | 4.95 |  |  |  | 2,255,620 |  |  | $ | 8.52 |

As of December 31, 2023, $ 8,134,803 unrecognized compensation cost related to RSUs is expected to be recognized over a weighted average vesting period of 1.62 years.
Under the terms of the above option plans, options may be granted to employees, officers, directors and various service providers of the Company and its subsidiaries. The options vest over a four-year period, subject to the continued employment of the employee. The options generally expire no later than ten years from the date of the grant. The exercise price of the options at the date of grant under the plans may not be less than the nominal value of the shares into which such options are exercised, any options, which are forfeited or cancelled before expiration, become available for future grants. As of December 31, 2023, 252,548 Ordinary shares are available for future issuance under the option plans.
The Company granted 1,330,500 and 1,473,400 RSUs in 2023 and 2022, respectively under the 2016 option plan. RSUs vest over a period of between three to four years, subject to the continued employment of the employee. RSUs that are cancelled or forfeited become available for future grants.

NOTE 14: - | TAXES ON INCOME

| a. | Corporate tax rates:

The Israeli corporate income tax rate was 23% in 2023, 2022 and 2021.

F - 39

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 14: - | TAXES ON INCOME (Cont.)

| b. | Foreign Exchange Regulations:

Commencing in taxable year 2012, the Company has elected to measure its taxable income and file its tax return under the Israeli Income Tax Regulations (Principles Regarding the Management of Books of Account of Foreign Invested Companies and Certain Partnerships and the Determination of Their Taxable Income) 1986 ("Foreign Exchange Regulations"). Under the Foreign Exchange Regulations, an Israeli company must calculate its tax liability in U.S. Dollars according to certain rules. The tax liability, as calculated in U.S. Dollars is translated into NIS according to the exchange rate as of December 31st of each year.

| c. | Pre-tax income (loss) is comprised as follows:

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Domestic |  | $ | (64,360 | ) |  | $ | (32,826 | ) |  | $ | (15,419 | )
Foreign |  |  | 2,640 |  |  |  | 2,691 |  |  |  | 2,230 |
|  | $ | (61,720 | ) |  | $ | (30,135 | ) |  | $ | (13,189 | )

F - 40

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 14: - | TAXES ON INCOME (Cont.)

| d. | A reconciliation of the theoretical tax expenses, assuming all income is taxed at the statutory tax rate applicable to the income of the Company and the actual tax expenses is as follows:

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Loss before taxes on income |  | $ | (61,720 | ) |  | $ | (30,135 | ) |  | $ | (13,189 | )
Theoretical tax income computed at the Israeli statutory tax rate (23% for the years 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively) |  | $ | (14,196 | ) |  | $ | (6,931 | ) |  | $ | (3,034 | )
Changes in valuation allowance |  |  | 13,131 |  |  |  | 4,116 |  |  |  | 2,604 |
Write off of prepaid and withholding taxes |  |  | 749 |  |  |  | 1,388 |  |  |  | 875 |
Foreign tax rates differences related to subsidiaries |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 46 |  |  |  | 14 |
Non-deductible expenses and exempt income |  |  | (269 | ) |  |  | 512 |  |  |  | 71 |
Capital note and inter-company balances release taxes |  |  | - |  |  |  | 544 |  |  |  | 100 |
Other expenses and Exchange rate differences |  |  | (37 | ) |  |  | 195 |  |  |  | 488 |
Non-deductible share-based compensation expense |  |  | 1,586 |  |  |  | 1,925 |  |  |  | 633 |
Change in uncertain tax positions |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |
Actual tax expense |  | $ | 1,084 |  |  | $ | 1,895 |  |  | $ | 1,851 |

F - 41

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 14: - | TAXES ON INCOME (Cont.)

| e. | Taxes on income

Income tax expense is comprised as follows:

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Current taxes |  | $ | 248 |  |  | $ | 391 |  |  | $ | 334 |
Deferred taxes expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 420 |
Taxes in respect of previous years |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 122 |
Write off of prepaid and withholding taxes |  |  | 749 |  |  |  | 1,388 |  |  |  | 875 |
Change in expense associated with tax positions for current year |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |
|  | $ | 1,084 |  |  | $ | 1,895 |  |  | $ | 1,851 |

Taxes on income by jurisdiction were as follows:

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Domestic |  | $ | 822 |  |  | $ | 1,129 |  |  | $ | 973 |
Foreign |  |  | 262 |  |  |  | 766 |  |  |  | 878 |
Total |  | $ | 1,084 |  |  | $ | 1,895 |  |  | $ | 1,851 |

Domestic |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxes in respect of previous years |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (20 | ) |  | $ | 37 |
Write off of prepaid and withholding taxes |  |  | 822 |  |  |  | 1,149 |  |  |  | 936 |
Total Domestic |  | $ | 822 |  |  | $ | 1,129 |  |  | $ | 973 |

Foreign |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current taxes |  | $ | 248 |  |  | $ | 391 |  |  | $ | 334 |
Deferred taxes expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 420 |
Taxes in respect of previous years |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | 85 |
Write off of prepaid and withholding taxes |  |  | (73 | ) |  |  | 239 |  |  |  | (61 | )
Change in expense associated with tax positions for current year |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |
Total foreign |  | $ | 262 |  |  | $ | 766 |  |  | $ | 878 |
Total income tax expense (benefit) |  | $ | 1,084 |  |  | $ | 1,895 |  |  | $ | 1,851 |

F - 42

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 14: - | TAXES ON INCOME (Cont.)

| f. | Net operating losses carry forward:

The Company has accumulated net operating losses for Israeli tax purposes as of December 31, 2023, in the amount of approximately $ 118,905, which may be carried forward and offset against taxable income in the future for an indefinite period. As of December 31, 2023, the Company recorded a full valuation allowance with respect to its net deferred tax assets in Allot Ltd. and wrote-off prepaid and withholding taxes of $ 6,297 as the Company does not expect to utilize these tax assets in the near future. In addition, the Company has accumulated capital losses for tax purposes as of December 31, 2023, of approximately $ 27,191, which may be carried forward and offset against taxable capital gains in the future for an indefinite period. Management currently believes that since the Company has a history of losses, and uncertainty with respect to future taxable income, it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets regarding the loss carry forwards will not be utilized in the foreseeable future. Thus, a valuation allowance was provided to reduce deferred tax assets to their realizable value.
The U.S. subsidiary has accumulated losses for U.S. federal income tax return purposes of approximately $ 1,615 and $ 5,414 for state taxes. The federal accumulated losses for tax purposes expire between 2027 and 2038. As of December 31, 2023, the Company recorded a valuation allowance with respect to its deferred tax assets in the US Subsidiary.
A portion of the losses are subject to limitations of Internal Revenue Code, Section 382, which in general provides that utilization of net operating losses is subject to an annual limitation if an ownership change results from transactions increasing the ownership of certain shareholders or public groups in the share of a corporation by more than 50 percentage points over a three-year period. The annual limitations may result in the expiration of losses before utilization.

F - 43

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 14: - | TAXES ON INCOME (Cont.)

| g. | Deferred income taxes:

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of the Company's deferred income taxes are as follows:

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating and capital loss carryforwards |  | $ | 34,420 |  |  | $ | 25,962 |
Research and development |  |  | 8,423 |  |  |  | 10,260 |
Employee benefits |  |  | 1,522 |  |  |  | 1,286 |
Intangible assets |  |  | 353 |  |  |  | 77 |
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | 496 |  |  |  | 1,178 |
Stock based compensation expenses |  |  | 1,733 |  |  |  | 1,481 |
Onerous contract |  |  | 127 |  |  |  | - |
Prepaid and withholding taxes |  |  | 6,297 |  |  |  | 5,702 |
Other temporary differences |  |  | 543 |  |  |  | 563 |
Deferred tax asset before valuation allowance |  |  | 53,914 |  |  |  | 46,509 |
Valuation allowance |  |  | (49,928 | ) |  |  | (41,917 | )
Deferred tax asset net of valuation allowance |  |  | 3,986 |  |  |  | 4,592 |
Deferred tax liability: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Intangible assets |  |  | 3,284 |  |  |  | 3,354 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  |  | 702 |  |  |  | 1,239 |
Net deferred tax asset |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |

A s of December 31, 2023, the Company has provided a valuation allowance of approximately $50 million in respect of the Company’s deferred tax assets resulting from tax loss carryforwards and other temporary differences. Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon future earnings, if any, the time and amount of which are uncertain. As the Company has accumulated net operating losses for Israeli tax purposes as of December 31, 2023, in the amount of approximately $118,905, so it is more likely than not that sufficient taxable income will not be available for the tax losses to be utilized in the future. Therefore, a valuation allowance was recorded to reduce the deferred tax assets to nil.
Non-Israeli subsidiaries are taxed according to the tax laws in their respective countries of residence. Deferred taxes were not provided for undistributed earnings of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries. Currently, the Company does not intend to distribute any amounts of its undistributed earnings as dividends. Accordingly, no deferred income taxes have been provided in respect of these subsidiaries. If these earnings were distributed to Israel in the form of dividends or otherwise, the Company would be subject to additional Israeli income taxes (subject to an adjustment for foreign tax credits) and foreign withholding taxes.

F - 44

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 14: - | TAXES ON INCOME (Cont.)

As of December 31, 2023, $ 5,220 of undistributed earnings held by the Company’s foreign subsidiaries are designated as indefinitely reinvested. If these earnings were re-patriated to Israel, they would be subject to income taxes and to an adjustment for foreign tax credits and foreign withholding taxes in the amount of $771. The Company did not recognize deferred taxes liabilities on undistributed earnings of its foreign subsidiaries, as the Company intends to indefinitely reinvest those earnings.

| h. | As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company have an outstanding provision for uncertain tax position in the amount of $ 1,043 and $ 943, respectively.

The Company conducts business globally and, as a result, the Company or one or more of its subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various states and foreign jurisdictions. In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to examination by taxing authorities throughout the world, including such major jurisdictions as Israel, France, Spain, Japan and the United States. With a few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to Israeli tax assessment through the year 2020 and the Spanish and U.S. subsidiaries have final tax assessments through 2018 and 2019, respectively.

NOTE 15: - | GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

Allot operates in a single reportable segment. Revenues are based on the location of the Company's channel partners which are considered as end customers, as well as direct customers of the Company:

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Europe |  | $ | 39,945 |  |  | $ | 41,773 |  |  | $ | 58,414 |
Asia and Oceania |  |  | 20,547 |  |  |  | 29,888 |  |  |  | 44,227 |
Americas |  |  | 16,542 |  |  |  | 21,791 |  |  |  | 19,391 |
Middle East and Africa (*) |  |  | 16,116 |  |  |  | 29,285 |  |  |  | 23,568 |
|  | $ | 93,150 |  |  | $ | 122,737 |  |  | $ | 145,600 |

(*) As of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, 1% from total revenues represent revenues in Israel

F - 45

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 15: - | GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION (Cont.)

The following table sets forth the customers that represented 10% or more of the Company’s total revenues in each of the periods set forth below:

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
1st Customer |  |  | 15 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | 11 | %
|  |  | 15 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | 11 | %

A total percentage of 77%, 77% and 72% of the Company’s revenues for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively are attributed to network intelligence solutions, while 23%, 23% and 28% are attributed to security solutions for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
The following presents total long-lived assets, including right-of-use assts, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Long-lived assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Israel |  | $ | 13,431 |  |  | $ | 18,472 |
Other |  |  | 815 |  |  |  | 1,151 |
|  | $ | 14,246 |  |  | $ | 19,623 |

NOTE 16: - | FINANCIAL INCOME (EXPENSES), NET

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Financial income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  | $ | 2,341 |  |  | $ | 1,880 |  |  | $ | 1,045 |
Amortization/accretion of premium/discount on marketable securities, net |  |  | 732 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Exchange rate differences and other |  |  | 214 |  |  |  | 292 |  |  |  | - |
Financial expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exchange rate differences and other |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 630 |
institutions interest Expenses |  |  | 72 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Amortization/accretion of premium/discount on marketable securities, net |  |  | - |  |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | 76 |
|  | $ | 3,215 |  |  | $ | 2,134 |  |  | $ | 339

F - 46

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 17: - | RELATED PARTIES BALANCES AND TRANSACTIONS

| a. | The Company acquired services from Galil Software Ltd. (“Galil”), a related party as part of a service agreement between them which was approved by the board of directors of the Company. Galil is owned by a member of the board of directors of the Company. The Company recorded expenses related to services received from Galil amounting to approximately $ 325 and $ 993 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

In addition, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had outstanding balances due to Galil in amounts of $ 24 and $ 93, respectively.these balances are presented in other payables account on the balance sheet.

| b. | Lynrock Lake Master Fund LP (“Lynrock”) is a Major Sharholder of the Company’s ordinary shares as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had an outstanding senior unsecured promissory note in an aggregate principal amount of $ 40,000 (the “Note”) issued to Linrock, see note 18 below. The Company recorded amortization expenses related to the issuance costs of the notes during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, in amountes of $ 198 and $ 171, respectively.

In addition, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had Convertible debt balances due to its Note in amounts of approximately $ 39,773 and $ 39,575, respectively.

NOTE 18: - | CONVERTIBLE NOTES

On February 14, 2022, the Company issued to Lynrock a senior unsecured promissory note in an aggregate principal amount of $ 40,000. The Note is convertible into the company's ordinary shares at an initial conversion rate of 97.0874 ordinary shares per $1,000 of the principal amount being converted (based on an initial conversion price equal to $10.30 per ordinary share). The conversion price decreases by up to two $1 increments if the company elects to extend the maturity of the Note by up to two successive years following the initial maturity date of February 14, 2025.
In event of a change of control (as defined in the note), the holder of the note has the right to require the company to convert all or a portion of the note to ordinary shares or redeem all (but not less than all) of the outstanding principal amount of the note.
In the event of such a conversion or redemption in connection with a change in control, the company will also be required to pay the holder an amount in cash equal to 6% per annum on the then-outstanding principal amount of the note from the date of such conversion or redemption trough the maturity date, as it may have been extended.

F - 47

ALLOT LTD.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

NOTE 18: - | CONVERTIBLE NOTES (Cont.)

The Convertible Notes consisted of the following as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

|  | December 31,
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Liability: |  |  |  |  |
Principal |  | $ | 40,000 |  |  | $ | 40,000 |
Unamortized issuance costs |  |  | (227 | ) |  |  | (425 | )
Net carrying amount |  | $ | 39,773 |  |  | $ | 39,575 |

As of the issuing date, the company recorded the issuance costs related to the Note in amount of $596 as a deduction of the liability which will be amortized over 3 years with an annual effective interest rate of the net liability is 0.14%.
The company recorded amortization expenses related to the issuance costs during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 in amountes of $ 198 and $ 171, respectively.

F - 48