20-F 1 zk1922841.htm 20-F

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington D.C. 20549
FORM 20-F

☐ | REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ______________ to _____________

☐ | SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Date of event requiring this shell company report ………………..

Commission file number: 0-16050
TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter
and translation of Registrant’s name into English)
Israel
(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
P.O. Box 80, Gedera 7075002, Israel
(Address of principal executive offices)
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Name of each exchange on which registered
Ordinary Shares, NIS 0.90 Par Value | NASDAQ Global Market

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None
Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or Common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report:
Ordinary Shares, par value NIS 0.90 per share…………… 8,874,696
(as of December 31, 2018)
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
Yes ☐ No ☒
If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer ☐ | Accelerated filer ☐ | Non-accelerated filer ☒

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP ☒ | International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ☐ | Other ☐

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow:
Item 17 ☐ Item 18 ☐
If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes ☐ No ☒

TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page
INTRODUCTION | 1
PART I | 4
Item 1. | Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers | 4
Item 2. | Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable | 4
Item 3. | Key Information | 4
| A. Selected Financial Data | 4
| B. Capitalization and Indebtedness | 6
| C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds | 6
| D. Risk Factors | 6
Item 4. | Information on the Company | 24
| A. Business Overview | 26
| B. Government Regulations | 52
| C. Property, Plants and Equipment | 54
Item 4A. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 56
Item 5 | Operating and Financial Review and Prospects | 56
| A. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses | 85
| B. Trend Information | 85
| C. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements | 85
| D. Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations | 86
Item 6. | Directors, Senior Management and Employees | 87
| A. Directors and Senior Management | 87
| B. Board Practices | 85
| C. Employees | 110
| D. Share Ownership | 111
Item 7. | Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions | 112
| A. Major Shareholders | 112
| B. Related Party Transactions | 114
| C. Interests of Experts and Counsel | 114
Item 8. | Financial Information | 114
| A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information | 114
| B. Significant Changes | 114
Item 9. | The Offer and Listing | 115
| A. Offer and Listing Details | 115
| B. Plan of Distribution | 115
| C. Markets | 115
| D. Selling Shareholders | 115
| E. Dilution | 115
| F. Expense of the Issue | 115
Item 10. | Additional Information | 116
| A. Share Capital | 116
| B. Memorandum and Articles of Association | 116
| C. Exchange Controls | 120
| D. Taxation | 121
| E. Dividends and Paying Agents | 137
| F. Statement by Experts | 138
| G. Documents on Display | 138
| H. Subsidiary Information | 139

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Item 11. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 139
Item 12. | Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities | 139
PART II | 139
Item 13. | Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies | 139
Item 14. | Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders | 139
Item 15. | Controls and Procedures | 140
Item 16. | [Reserved] | 141
Item 16A. | Audit Committee Financial Expert | 142
Item 16B. | Code of Ethics | 142
Item 16C. | Principal Accountants Fees and Services | 142
Item 16D. | Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committee | 143
Item 16E. | Purchase of Equity Securities By Issuer and Affiliated Purchases | 143
Item 16F. | Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant | 143
Item 16G. | Corporate Governance | 144
PART III | 145
Item 17. | Financial Statements | 145
Item 18. | Financial Statements | 145
Item 19. | Exhibits | 145

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INTRODUCTION
TAT Technologies Ltd. is a leading provider of solutions and services to the aerospace and defense industries, focused mainly on two product areas and services: Thermal Management and Power and Actuation. The Company operates four business segments: (i) original equipment manufacturing (“OEM”) of heat transfer solutions and aviation accessories through its Gedera facility; (ii) maintenance repair and overhaul (“MRO”) services for heat transfer components and OEM of heat transfer solutions through its Limco subsidiary; (iii) MRO services for aviation components through its Piedmont subsidiary; and (iv) overhaul and coating of jet engine components through its Turbochrome subsidiary.
TAT targets the commercial aerospace (serving a wide range of types and sizes of commercial and business jets), military aerospace and ground defense sectors. TAT has a global presence with over 500 customers worldwide, including tier one players in their respective markets such as Boeing, Embraer, Lockheed Martin, United Technologies, Pratt & Whitney (a division of United Technologies), the U.S. Armed Forces, and service centers of airlines such as KLM, Lufthansa and others. TAT enjoys a strong reputation among its customers for quality and service-oriented approach.
As a leading provider in its market, TAT’s business is supported by an extensive number of certifications, including from the American, European, British and Chinese civil aviation authorities, as well as leading manufactures such as Boeing and Honeywell International.
TAT employs 598 people and operates in four locations: its largest facility and headquarters in Gedera, Israel (“Gedera”); Limco Airepair Inc. (“Limco”) in Tulsa, Oklahoma; Piedmont Aviation Component Services LLC (“Piedmont”) in Greensboro, North Carolina; and Turbochrome Ltd. (“Turbochrome”) in Kiryat Gat, Israel.
Through its Gedera facility, TAT is an OEM of a broad range of heat transfer solutions, air conditioning systems and other cooling systems used in mechanical and electronic systems on board military and commercial aircraft as well as in ground systems. The Gedera facility is also an OEM for a wide range of aviation accessories and provides limited MRO services for military and commercial customers, mainly for aviation accessories. Gedera is a repair station certified by the Federal Aviation Administration (“FAA”).

Through its Limco subsidiary, TAT provides MRO services for airlines, air cargo carriers, maintenance service centers and the military, primarily for heat transfer components. Limco is a repair station certified by the Federal Aviation Administration (“FAA”) and European Aviation Safety Agency ("EASA"). Limco is also an OEM of heat transfer solutions.
Through its Piedmont subsidiary, TAT provides MRO services for aviation components in the area of landing gears, APUs and Machining and Plating services (MPG). Piedmont is an FAA-certified repair station and provides its services to airlines, air cargo carriers, maintenance service centers and, to a lesser extent, the military.
Through its Turbochrome subsidiary, TAT provides MRO services in the area of jet engine overhaul, which includes the overhaul and coating of jet engine components such as turbine vanes and blades, fan blades, variable inlet guide vanes and afterburner flaps. Turbochrome is certified by the FAA and EASA.
In addition, TAT, through its Piedmont subsidiary, holds approximately 5% of the equity securities of First Aviation Services Inc.(“FAvS”).
On November 25, 2015, TAT signed an agreement with Russian-based Engineering Holding of Moscow (“Engineering”), to establish a new facility for the provision of MRO services for heat transfer components. The new company, TAT-Engineering LLC, is based in Novosibirsk’s Tolmachevo airport. 51% of TAT-Engineering LLC's shares are held by TAT and the remaining 49% are held by Engineering. The new entity was established in January 2016.
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TAT’s ordinary shares are publicly traded on the NASDAQ Global Market (“NASDAQ”) under the symbol “TATT” and on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (“TASE”) under the symbol “TAT Tech”. As used in this annual report, the terms “TAT”, “we,” “us,” and “our” mean TAT Technologies Ltd. and its subsidiaries, unless otherwise indicated.
TAT consolidated financial statements appearing in this annual report are prepared in U.S. dollars and in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). All references in this annual report to “dollars” or “$” are to U.S. dollars and all references in this annual report to “NIS” are to New Israeli Shekels.
Statements made in this annual report concerning the contents of any contract, agreement or other document are summaries of such contracts, agreements or documents and are not complete descriptions of all of their terms. If we filed any of these documents as an exhibit to this annual report or to any previous filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), you may read the document itself for a complete recitation of its terms.
Except for the historical information contained in this annual report, the statements contained in this annual report are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as amended, with respect to our business, financial condition and results of operations. Such forward-looking statements reflect our current view with respect to future events and financial results. Statements which use the terms “believe,” “expect,” “plan,” “intend,” “estimate,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We remind readers that forward-looking statements are merely predictions and therefore inherently subject to uncertainties and other factors and involve known and unknown risks that could cause the actual results, performance, levels of activity, our achievements, or industry results, to be materially different from any future results, performance, levels of activity, our achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date hereof. Except as required by applicable law, including the securities laws of the United States, we undertake no obligation to publicly release any update or revision to any forward-looking statements to reflect new information, future events or circumstances, or otherwise after the date hereof. We have attempted to identify significant uncertainties and other factors affecting forward-looking statements in the Risk Factors section that appears in Item 3D. “Key Information - Risk Factors.”
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PART I
Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers
Not applicable.
Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable
Not applicable.
Item 3. Key Information
A. Selected Financial Data
TAT’s selected historical information is derived from the audited consolidated financial statements of TAT as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 and for each of its fiscal years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, which are included elsewhere in this annual report, and have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The selected financial data as of December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 and for the years ended December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014 is derived from audited consolidated financial statements of TAT not included in this annual report, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
The selected consolidated financial data set forth below should be read in conjunction with and are qualified by reference to Item 5, “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects,” and our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this annual report.
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Income Statement Data:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |
|  | (in thousands, except share and per share data) |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Products |  | $ | 23,151 |  |  | $ | 36,053 |  |  | $ | 30,431 |  |  | $ | 31,339 |  |  | $ | 31,363 |
Services |  |  | 70,027 |  |  |  | 70,474 |  |  |  | 65,363 |  |  |  | 54,268 |  |  |  | 49,363 |
Total revenues |  |  | 93,178 |  |  |  | 106,527 |  |  |  | 95,794 |  |  |  | 85,607 |  |  |  | 80,726 |
Cost of revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Products |  |  | 23,807 |  |  |  | 28,096 |  |  |  | 23,788 |  |  |  | 24,466 |  |  |  | 23,616 |
Services |  |  | 60,980 |  |  |  | 57,987 |  |  |  | 52,969 |  |  |  | 47,476 |  |  |  | 40,906 |
Total cost of revenues |  |  | 84,787 |  |  |  | 86,083 |  |  |  | 76,757 |  |  |  | 71,942 |  |  |  | 64,522 |
Gross profit |  |  | 8,391 |  |  |  | 20,444 |  |  |  | 19,037 |  |  |  | 13,665 |  |  |  | 16,204 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development, net |  |  | 553 |  |  |  | 731 |  |  |  | 1,140 |  |  |  | 890 |  |  |  | 1,070 |
Selling and marketing |  |  | 4,913 |  |  |  | 4,974 |  |  |  | 3,876 |  |  |  | 2,903 |  |  |  | 3,203 |
General and administrative |  |  | 8,559 |  |  |  | 9,409 |  |  |  | 10,023 |  |  |  | 8,469 |  |  |  | 8,123 |
Other expenses (income) |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | (138 | ) |  |  | 631 |  |  |  | (11 | )
Gain on bargain purchase |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (4,833 | ) |  |  | - |
|  |  | 14,021 |  |  |  | 15,167 |  |  |  | 14,901 |  |  |  | 8,060 |  |  |  | 12,385 |
Operating income (loss) from continuing operations |  |  | (5,630 | ) |  |  | 5,277 |  |  |  | 4,136 |  |  |  | 5,605 |  |  |  | 3,819 |
Financial expenses, net |  |  | (102 | ) |  |  | (338 | ) |  |  | (154 | ) |  |  | (349 | ) |  |  | (1,294 | )
Income (loss) from continuing operations before taxes on income |  |  | (5,732 | ) |  |  | 4,939 |  |  |  | 3,982 |  |  |  | 5,256 |  |  |  | 2,525 |
Taxes on income (tax benefit) |  |  | (1,464 | ) |  |  | 2,333 |  |  |  | 3,865 |  |  |  | 644 |  |  |  | 1,360 |
Income (loss) from continuing operations after taxes on income (tax benefit) |  |  | (4,268 | ) |  |  | 2,606 |  |  |  | 117 |  |  |  | 4,612 |  |  |  | 1,165 |
Share in results of equity investment of affiliated companies |  |  | (140 | ) |  |  | (210 | ) |  |  | (55 | ) |  |  | 1,237 |  |  |  | 267 |
Net income (loss) from continuing operations |  |  | (4,408 | ) |  |  | 2,396 |  |  |  | 62 |  |  |  | 5,849 |  |  |  | 1,432 |
Net income (loss) attributable to TAT Technologies’ shareholders |  | $ | (4,408 | ) |  | $ | 2,396 |  |  | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | 5,849 |  |  | $ | 1,432 |
Basic and diluted net income (loss) per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) from continuing operations per share attributable to controlling interest |  |  | (0.5 | ) |  |  | 0.27 |  |  |  | 0.01 |  |  |  | 0.66 |  |  |  | 0.16 |
|  | $ | (0.5 | ) |  | $ | 0.27 |  |  | $ | 0.01 |  |  | $ | 0.66 |  |  | $ | 0.16 |
Weighted average number of shares used in computing: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic net income (loss) per share |  |  | 8,864,885 |  |  |  | 8,848,028 |  |  |  | 8,828,444 |  |  |  | 8,808,344 |  |  |  | 8,805,495 |
Diluted net income (loss) per share |  |  | 8,864,885 |  |  |  | 8,909,072 |  |  |  | 8,830,764 |  |  |  | 8,810,689 |  |  |  | 8,826,542 |
Cash dividend per share |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 0.34 |  |  | $ | 0.34 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 0.23 |

Balance Sheet Data:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |
|  | (in thousands) |
Working capital |  | $ | 62,778 |  |  | $ | 67,042 |  |  | $ | 66,683 |  |  | $ | 70,813 |  |  | $ | 70,775 |
Total assets |  |  | 103,287 |  |  |  | 111,995 |  |  |  | 111,977 |  |  |  | 109,583 |  |  |  | 99,176 |
Long-term liabilities, excluding current maturities |  |  | 4,312 |  |  |  | 5,742 |  |  |  | 5,083 |  |  |  | 3,322 |  |  |  | 2,689 |
Shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 84,294 |  |  | $ | 88,574 |  |  | $ | 88,652 |  |  | $ | 91,424 |  |  | $ | 85,541 |

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B. Capitalization and Indebtedness
Not applicable.
C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds
Not applicable.
D. Risk Factors
Investing in our ordinary shares involves certain risks and uncertainties. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below before investing in our ordinary shares. Our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected due to any of the following risks. In that case, the value of our ordinary shares could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment.
Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry
The aerospace industry is subject to significant regulation and oversight, and TAT and its subsidiaries may incur significant fines, penalties and costs if TAT and its subsidiaries do not comply with these regulations.
The aerospace industry is highly regulated in the United States and elsewhere. To manufacture, sell and service parts used in aircrafts, TAT and its subsidiaries must be certified or accepted by the FAA, EASA, the United States Department of Defense and comparable agencies in other countries and by leading original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”). If any of our material certifications, authorizations or approvals are revoked or suspended, then the operations of TAT or its subsidiaries, as the case may be, will be significantly curtailed and TAT and its subsidiaries could be subjected to significant fines and penalties. In the future, new and more demanding government regulations may be adopted or industry oversight may be increased. TAT and its subsidiaries may have to incur significant additional costs to achieve compliance with new regulations or to reacquire a revoked or suspended license or approval, which could materially reduce profitability.
TAT competes with a number of established companies in all aspects of TAT’s business, many of which have significantly greater resources or capabilities than TAT.
TAT’s major competitors in the area of OEM of heat transfer solutions and aviation accessories, are other OEMs who manufacture heat transfer solutions. These include:

| (i) | Manufacturers based in the United States, such as the Hughes-Treitler division of Ametek Inc., Lytron Inc., Niagara Thermal, Hamilton Sundstrand, Honeywell International, and Triumph Thermal Systems;

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| (ii) | Manufacturers based in Europe such as I.M.I. Marston Ltd., a subsidiary of Hamilton Sundstrand and Liebherr-Aerospace Toulouse S.A.; and

| (iii) | Manufacturers based in Asia such as Sumitomo Precision Products from Japan.

Many of TAT’s competitors are far larger, have substantially greater resources than TAT, including technical, financial, research and development, marketing and distribution capabilities, and enjoy greater market recognition. These competitors may be able to achieve greater economies of scale and may be less vulnerable to price competition than TAT. In addition, some of those companies are considered to be tier one suppliers offering customers a wider range of systems and products, in addition to heat transfer solutions, as a bundle. TAT may not be able to offer its products as part of integrated systems to the same extent as its competitors or successfully develop or introduce new products that are more cost effective or offer better performance than those of its competitors. Failure to do so could adversely affect TAT’s business, financial condition and results of operations.
TAT’s major competitors in the area of MRO services for heat transfer components are the service divisions of OEMs, including Honeywell-Lori, Honeywell Secan, Honeywell Singapore, Hamilton Malaysia, Hamilton Maastricht, and Liebherr Aerospace Saline, in addition to the in-house maintenance services of various commercial airlines and other independent service providers, including Triumph Accessory Services, Drake Air – Ametek, American Cooler Service – Aviation Technical Services, Lufthansa Technik and Elite Aerospace – Meggitt.
TAT’s major competitors in the area of MRO services for aviation components, landing gears and APUs, are the service divisions of OEMs, the in-house maintenance services of various commercial airlines and other independent service providers, including Standard Aero Group Inc., Aerotech International Inc., Honeywell International, AAR Corp., Safran, Liebherr, Turbine Aero, Hawker Pacific and APRO.
TAT’s major competitors in the area of overhaul and coating of jet engine components are the service divisions of OEMs, the in-house maintenance services of various commercial airlines and other independent service providers, including Safran, General Electric, GKN, PAS and others. With respect to masking materials, TAT's major competitors are APV Coatings, Praxair and others.
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Competition in the MRO market is based on price, quality, engineering solutions, breadth of services, and the ability to perform repairs and overhauls rapidly. A number of our competitors have inherent competitive advantages. For example, we compete with the service divisions of large OEMs which are able to derive significant brand recognition from their OEM manufacturing activities. We also compete with the in-house service divisions of large commercial airlines where there is a strong incentive for an airline to fully-utilize the services of its maintenance employees and facilities.
Further, TAT’s competitors may have additional competitive advantages, such as:
· The ability to adapt faster to changes in customer requirements and industry conditions or trends;
· Greater access to capital;
· Stronger relationships with customers and suppliers;
· Greater name recognition;
· Access to superior technology and greater marketing resources;
· The ability to offer complete systems in addition to components; and
· The ability to bundle heat transfer components and solutions and other aircraft components.
If TAT is unable to overcome these competitive disadvantages, then TAT’s business, financial condition and results of operations would be adversely affected.
TAT derives a material share of its revenues from few major customers. If TAT loses any of these customers or they reduce the amount of business they do with TAT, TAT’s revenues may be seriously affected.
Five customers accounted for approximately 18.2%, 19.7% and 20.2% of TAT’s revenues for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. TAT’s major customers may not maintain the same volume of business with TAT in the future. If TAT loses any of these customers or they reduce the amount of business they do with TAT, TAT’s revenues may be seriously affected.
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A part of the revenues of TAT and its subsidiaries are from contracts with the U.S. and Israeli governments and are subject to special risks. A loss of all, or a major portion, of these revenues from government contracts could have a material adverse effect on TAT’s operations.
A portion of the revenues of TAT and its subsidiaries are from contracts with the U.S. and Israeli governments. Sales to the U.S. and Israeli governments accounted for approximately 4.1%, 5.4% and 6.9% of TAT’s revenues on a consolidated basis for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Business with the U.S. and Israeli governments, as well as with the governments of other countries, is subject to unique risks which do not exist when doing business with other private parties. These risks include the ability of the governmental authorities to unilaterally:

| · | Suspend TAT or any of its subsidiaries from receiving new contracts pending resolution of alleged violations of procurement laws or regulations;

· Terminate existing contracts, with or without cause, at any time;
· Condition the receipt of new contracts on conditions which are beyond the control of TAT;
· Reduce the value of existing contracts;

| · | Audit the contract-related costs and fees of TAT and its subsidiaries, including allocated indirect costs; and

· Control or prohibit the export of products of TAT and its subsidiaries.
Also, military and defense budget cuts may result in reduced demand for the products and manufacturing services of TAT and its subsidiaries. Smaller budgets could result in reduction in the business revenues of TAT and its subsidiaries.
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If TAT and its subsidiaries do not receive the governmental approvals necessary for the export of their products, TAT’s revenues may decrease. Similarly, if TAT’s suppliers and partners do not receive their government approvals necessary to export their products or designs to TAT, TAT’s revenues may decrease.
Under Israeli law, the export of certain products and know-how of TAT and its subsidiaries is subject to approval by the Israeli Ministry of Defense. Prior to initiating sales proposals for the export of these products and know-how and to the actual shipment of such products or know-how, TAT and its subsidiaries must obtain permits from the Ministry of Defense. TAT and its subsidiaries may not be able to receive in a timely manner, or at all, all the required permits for which they may apply in the future.
Similarly, many countries have laws according to which the export of certain military products, technical designs and spare parts require the prior approval of, or export license from, their governments. This process also applies to our partners and suppliers. If TAT and its subsidiaries or its partners and suppliers are unable to receive all the required permits and/or licenses in a timely manner, or at all, TAT’s revenues may decrease.
TAT depends on a limited number of suppliers of components for certain of its products and if TAT or any of its subsidiaries are unable to obtain these components when needed, they would experience delays in manufacturing their products and TAT’s financial results could be adversely affected.
TAT relies on a limited number of key suppliers for parts for certain of its OEM activities and MRO services. Some of these suppliers are currently the sole source of one or more components upon which TAT is dependent. For example, Honeywell International Inc. is a key supplier to TAT of APU spare parts and of certain other components used by TAT and its subsidiaries for OEM activities and in the provision of MRO services. TAT's subsidiary, Piedmont, is a Honeywell licensed Authorized Repair Center for APUs under two separate agreements, for military and commercial applications. The military agreement with Honeywell expired on December 15, 2018 and was extended until March 31, 2019. The parties have yet to reach an understanding on extending the agreement.
The commercial agreement with Honeywell is due to expire on December 15, 2019. At this stage, it is too early to estimate if such agreement will be extended.
Also, Piedmont is a provider of services on Safran and Liebherr Landing Gear systems, to do so, Piedmont is dependent on these OEM’s to provide parts and engineering support.
Suppliers of some of these components require TAT to place orders with significant lead time to assure supply in accordance with TAT’s requirements. A delay in the supply of these components can significantly delay the delivery of our products and services. If TAT were to engage in a commercial dispute with or be unable to obtain adequate supplies of parts from these suppliers at commercially reasonable prices or required lead time, TAT could experience delays in manufacturing and its financial results could be adversely affected. Increased costs associated with supplied materials or components could increase TAT’s costs and reduce TAT’s profitability if TAT is unable to pass these cost increases on to its customers.
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TAT may face increased costs and a reduced supply of raw materials. TAT may not be able to recoup future increases in the cost of raw materials required for its operations through price increases for its products.
In recent years, the cost of raw materials and components used by TAT has fluctuated significantly due to market and industry conditions. TAT may not be able to recoup future increases in the cost of raw materials or component cost through price increases for its products and services. If TAT is unable to obtain the raw materials required for its operation, TAT could experience delays or disruptions in the provision of its services and its financial results could be adversely affected.
TAT may face significant risks in the management of its inventory, while failure to effectively manage its inventory levels may result in supply imbalances that could harm its business
We maintain an inventory of exchangeable units of heat transfer solutions, aviation accessories, aviation components, APUs, landing gears, engine blades and coating materials and other spare parts related to our products and services in various locations, including with third party logistics providers. Due to the long lead time of our suppliers and manufacturing cycles, we need to forecast demand and commit significant resources towards these inventories. As such, we are subject to significant risks in managing the inventory needs of our business, including estimates of the appropriate demand across our products. Should actual market conditions differ from our estimates, our future results of operations could be materially adversely affected. In the future, we may be required to record write-downs of finished products and materials on-hand as a result of future changes in our sales forecasts.
Our backlog of projects under contract is subject to unexpected adjustments, delays in payments and cancellations.
Our backlog includes purchase orders received from our customers for our products or services and our estimation of the maximum potential revenues that are expected to be derived from frame agreements with our customers. There is no legal obligation from the customer to purchase our products or services under those frame agreements. In addition, we use estimations to evaluate the potential revenue from these agreements. From time to time, for reasons beyond our control, projects are delayed, scaled back, suspended or cancelled, or the customer delays making payments, which may adversely affect the revenue, profit and cash flow that we ultimately receive from contracts reflected in our backlog.
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TAT faces special risks from international sales operations which may have a material adverse effect on TAT’s business, operating results and financial condition.
In the years ending December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, approximately 93%, 91% and 92% of TAT’s sales, respectively, resulted from TAT’s operations out of Israel. This revenue concentration is subject to various risks, including:
· Governmental embargoes or foreign trade restrictions;
· Changes in U.S. and foreign governmental regulations;
· Changes in foreign exchange rates;
· Tariffs;
· Other trade barriers;
· Political, economic and social instability; and
· Difficulties collecting accounts receivable.
Accordingly, TAT and its subsidiaries may encounter significant difficulties in connection with the sale of their products in international markets.
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TAT may engage in future acquisitions that could dilute TAT’s shareholders’ equity and harm TAT’s business, results of operations and financial condition.
TAT has pursued, and will continue to pursue, growth opportunities through organic growth as well as acquisition of businesses, products and technologies. For example, in October 2015, TAT completed the acquisition of Turbochrome for approximately $3.5 million, and an additional earn-out payment of $ 0.5 million during 2016.
TAT is unable to predict whether or when any prospective acquisition will be completed. TAT may not be able to successfully identify suitable acquisition candidates, complete acquisitions, integrate the acquired businesses into its operations, or expand into new markets. The process of integrating an acquired business may be prolonged due to unforeseen difficulties and may require a disproportionate amount of TAT’s resources, including management attention. Furthermore, once integrated, acquisitions may not achieve comparable levels of revenues, profitability or productivity as TAT’s existing business or otherwise perform as expected. The occurrence of any of these events could harm TAT’s business, financial condition or results of operations. Future acquisitions may require substantial capital resources, which may require TAT to seek additional debt or equity financing.
Future acquisitions by TAT could result in the following, any of which could materially harm TAT’s results of operations or the price of TAT’s ordinary shares:
· Issuance of equity securities that would dilute TAT’s shareholders’ percentages of ownership;
· Large one-time write-offs;
· The incurrence of debt and contingent liabilities;

| · | Difficulties in the assimilation and integration of operations, personnel, technologies, products and information systems of the acquired companies;

· Diversion of management’s attention from other business activities and concerns;
· Contractual disputes;

| · | Risks of entering geographic and business markets in which TAT has no or only limited prior experience; and

· Potential loss of key employees of acquired organizations.
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Our strategic partnerships and relationships carry inherent business risks.
We may participate in strategic partnerships and joint ventures in a number of countries. For example, in November 2015, we signed a joint venture agreement with Russian-based Engineering, to establish a new facility for the provision of MRO services for heat transfer components in Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States (“CIS”). The new company, TAT-Engineering LLC, is based in Novosibirsk’s Tolmachevo airport.
Our actions with respect to these affiliated companies may be restricted to some degree by shareholder agreements entered into with our strategic partners. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be materially harmed if disagreements develop with our partners. Our ability to withdraw funds and dividends from these entities may depend on the consent of partners. If one of our strategic partners becomes subject to investigation, sanctions or liability, TAT might be adversely affected. Furthermore, strategic partnerships in emerging markets are accompanied by risks inherent to those markets, such as an increased probability of a partner defaulting on obligations or losing a partner with important insights in that region. Strategic partnerships in emerging markets are subject to greater risks than strategic partnerships in more developed markets, including significant political, legal and economic risks and risks related to fluctuations in currencies. For example, the value of the Russian currency, has declined significantly in response to political and economic issues since December 31, 2013, and may continue to decline. The significant depreciation of the Russian ruble against the U.S. dollar may negatively impact our results of operations related to our joint venture in Russia.
Rapid technological changes may adversely affect the market acceptance of TAT's products.
The aerospace and defense markets in which TAT competes are subject to technological changes, introduction of new products, changes in customer demands and evolving industry standards. For example, new materials, new structures and 3D printing – a technology based on the principle of joining thin layers of materials, in horizontal cross-section, to build up a real, three-dimensional object from a digital model – may enable the manufacturing of high-quality and new characterization heat exchangers in serial production with a better return of value. The future success of TAT will depend upon its ability to keep pace with technological developments and to timely address the increasingly sophisticated needs of its customers by supporting existing and new technologies and by developing enhancements to its current products and by introducing new ones.
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TAT has fixed-price contracts with some of its customers and TAT bears the risk of costs in excess of its estimates. In addition, TAT may not be able to pass on increased costs to its customers.
TAT has entered into multi-year, fixed-price contracts with some of its MRO and OEM customers. Pursuant to these contracts, TAT realizes all the benefits or costs resulting from any increases or decreases in the cost of providing services and products to these customers. Several of TAT’s contracts do not allow TAT to recover for increases in raw material prices, taxes or labor costs, while other contracts may permit, to a limited extent, periodic price adjustments. Any increase in these costs could increase the cost of operating our business and reduce our profitability. Factors such as inaccurate pricing and increases in the cost of labor, materials or overhead may result in cost over-runs and losses on those agreements. TAT may not succeed in obtaining customer approval to re-price a particular product and may not be able to recoup previous losses resulting from incomplete or inaccurate engineering data. In addition, as costs increase, TAT may not be able to pass on such increased costs to other customers. This could materially impact TAT’s profitability.
TAT depends on its key executives; it may not be able to hire and retain additional key employees or successfully integrate new members of its team; the loss of key employees could have a material adverse effect on TAT’s business.
TAT’s success depends to a large extent on the experience and expertise of its senior management. Any member of TAT’s senior management may choose to end his or her employment with TAT and seek employment with others for any reason. The loss of the expertise of TAT’s senior management through death, disability or an employee’s decision to end his or her employment could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. TAT is not the beneficiary of life or disability insurance covering any of its senior management, key employees or other personnel.
TAT depends on its manufacturing and MRO facilities and any material damage to these facilities may adversely impact TAT’s operations.
TAT’s results of operations depend in large part on its ability to provide prompt and efficient service to its customers upon receipt of orders, either the manufacture and delivery of OEM products or the provision of MRO services. As a result, any material disruption of TAT’s day-to-day operations could have a material adverse effect on its business, customer relations and profitability. TAT relies on its Gedera and Kiryat Gat, Israel, Kernersville and Greensboro, North Carolina and Tulsa, Oklahoma facilities for the manufacture of its OEM products and provision of its MRO services. A war or terrorist act, fire, flood, earthquake or other disaster or condition that significantly damaged or destroyed any of these facilities would have a material adverse effect on the operations of TAT.
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TAT uses equipment that is not easily repaired or replaced, and therefore material equipment failures could cause TAT or its subsidiaries to be unable to meet quality or delivery expectations of its customers.
Many of TAT’s service and manufacturing processes are dependent on equipment that is not easily repaired or replaced. As a result, unexpected equipment failures could result in production delays or the manufacture of defective products. TAT’s ability to meet its customers’ expectations with respect to on-time delivery of repaired components or quality OEM products is critical. Failure by TAT to meet the quality or delivery expectations of its customers could lead to the loss of one or more of its significant customers.
TAT may fail to maintain effective internal controls in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 imposes certain duties on TAT and its executives and directors. TAT’s efforts to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“SOX”) governing internal controls and procedures for financial reporting have resulted in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management time and attention. TAT expects these efforts to require the continued commitment of significant resources. TAT may identify material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in its assessments of its internal controls over financial reporting. Failure to maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting could result in investigation or sanctions by regulatory authorities and could have a material adverse effect on TAT’s operating results, investor confidence in TAT’s reported financial information and the market price of TAT’s ordinary shares. Our independent registered public accounting firm is not required to and has not performed an audit of our internal controls over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018.
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TAT has potential exposure to liabilities arising under environmental laws and regulations.
TAT’s business operations and facilities are subject to various federal, state, and local laws and regulations related to the environment, including, but not limited to, regulations that govern the discharge of pollutants and hazardous substances into the air and water and the handling, storage and disposal of such materials. Compliance with such laws as they relate to the handling, storage and disposal of hazardous substances is a significant obligation for TAT at each of its facilities. If it fails to comply with these and other environmental-related laws and regulations, TAT would be subject to serious consequences, including fines and other sanctions, and limitations on its operations due to changes to, or revocations of, the environmental permits applicable to its facilities. The adoption of new laws and regulations, stricter enforcement of existing laws and regulations, the discovery of previously unknown contamination or the imposition of new cleanup requirements could require TAT to incur costs and become subject to new or increased liabilities that could increase TAT’s operating costs and adversely affect the manner in which we conduct our business.
Under certain environmental laws, liability associated with an investigation or remediation of hazardous substances can arise from a broad range of properties, including properties currently or formerly operated by TAT or any of its predecessors, as well as properties to which TAT sent hazardous substances or wastes for treatment, storage, or disposal. Costs and other obligations can arise from claims for toxic torts, natural resource and other damages, as well as the investigation and clean-up of contamination at such properties. Under certain environmental laws, such liability may be imposed jointly and severally, so TAT may be responsible for more than its proportionate share and may even be responsible for the entire liability at issue. The extent of any such liability can be difficult to predict.
TAT is exposed to potential liabilities arising from product liability and warranty claims.
TAT is exposed to potential liabilities for personal injury or death as a result of the failure of an aircraft component that was designed, manufactured, serviced or supplied by TAT. TAT believes that, in an effort to improve operating margins, some customers have delayed the replacement of parts beyond their recommended lifetime, which may undermine aircraft safety and increase the risk of liability of TAT and its subsidiaries.
If any of our products are defective, we could be required to redesign or recall those products or pay substantial damages or warranty claims. Such an event could result in significant expenses, disrupt sales and damage our reputation and that of our products and services. There can be no assurance that TAT will not experience material product liability losses in the future, that it will not incur significant costs to defend such claims, that, although TAT maintains product liability insurance, its insurance coverage will be adequate if claims were to arise or that it would be able to maintain insurance coverage in the future at an acceptable cost. A successful claim brought against TAT or its subsidiaries in excess of its available insurance coverage may have a material adverse effect on TAT’s business.
In addition, contractual disputes over warranties can arise in the ordinary course of business. TAT may be subject to requests from customers for cost sharing or pricing adjustments as a part of their commercial relationships, even though the customers had previously agreed to bear these risks.
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Significant disruptions of our information technology systems or breaches of our data security could adversely affect our business.
A significant invasion, interruption, destruction or breakdown of our information technology, or IT, systems and/or infrastructure by persons with authorized or unauthorized access could negatively impact our business and operations. We could also experience business interruption, information theft and/or reputational damage from cyber-attacks, which may compromise our systems and lead to data leakage either internally or at our third-party providers. Both data that has been inputted into our main IT platform, which covers records of transactions, financial data and other data reflected in our results of operations, as well as data related to our proprietary rights (such as research and development, and other intellectual property-related data), are subject to material cyber security risks. To date, we are not aware that we have experienced any loss of, or disruption to, material information as a result of any such malware or cyber-attack.
TAT’s activity in Israel may be adversely affected by a change in the exchange rate of the NIS against the dollar. Because exchange rates between the NIS and the dollar fluctuate continuously, exchange rate fluctuations, particularly larger periodic devaluations, may have an impact on TAT’s profitability and period to period comparisons of TAT’s results.
TAT’s financial statements are stated in dollars, while a portion of TAT’s expenses in Israel, primarily labor expenses, are incurred in NIS and a portion of its revenues are quoted in NIS and in Euro. Additionally, certain assets, as well as a portion of TAT’s liabilities, are denominated in NIS. Because exchange rates between the NIS and the dollar fluctuate continuously, exchange rate fluctuations, particularly larger periodic devaluations, may have an impact on TAT’s profitability and period to period comparisons of TAT’s results. TAT’s results may be adversely affected by the devaluation of the NIS in relation to the dollar (or if such devaluation is on a lagging basis), if TAT’s revenues in NIS are higher than TAT’s expenses in NIS and/ or the value of TAT’s assets in NIS are higher than TAT’s liabilities in NIS. Alternatively, TAT’s results may be adversely affected by an appreciation of the NIS in relation to the dollar (or if such appreciation is on a lagging basis), if TAT’s expenses in NIS are higher than TAT’s revenues in NIS and/or TAT’s liabilities in NIS are higher than TAT’s assets in NIS. From time to time, we enter into hedging transactions to attempt to limit the impact of foreign currency fluctuations. However, the protection provided by such hedging transactions may be partial and leave certain exchange rate-related losses and risks uncovered. Therefore, our business and profitability may be harmed by such exchange rate fluctuations.
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Risk Factors Related to Our Ordinary Shares
TAT’s share price has been volatile in the past and may decline in the future.
TAT’s ordinary shares have experienced significant market price and volume fluctuations in the past and may experience significant market price and volume fluctuations in the future, in response to factors such as the following, some of which are beyond TAT’s control:
· Quarterly variations in TAT’s operating results;
· Operating results that vary from the expectations of securities analysts and investors;

| · | Changes in expectations as to TAT’s future financial performance, including financial estimates by securities analysts and investors;

· Announcements of technological innovations or new products by TAT or TAT’s competitors;

| · | Announcements by TAT or TAT’s competitors of significant contracts, acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments;

· Announcements by third parties of significant claims or proceedings against us;
· Additions or departures of key personnel;
· Future sales of TAT’s ordinary shares (by our controlling shareholders or others);
· De-listing of TAT’s shares from NASDAQ and/or from the TASE;
· Stock market price and volume fluctuation;
· Legal proceedings against TAT’s controlling shareholders; and
· Regulatory actions by securities authorities which impacts TAT’s interaction with securities analysts and institutional investors.
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Equity stock markets can undergo extreme price and volume fluctuations. Market fluctuations, as well as political and economic conditions, such as a recession, interest rate or currency rate fluctuations and political events or hostilities in or surrounding Israel, could adversely affect the market price of TAT’s ordinary shares.
In the past, securities class action litigation has often been brought against companies following periods of volatility in the market price of their securities. TAT may be the target of similar litigation in the future. Securities litigation could result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention and resources both of which could have a material adverse effect on TAT’s business and results of operations.
Substantial future sales of TAT’s ordinary shares by TAT’s principal shareholders may depress TAT’s share price.
TAT’s principal shareholders, FIMI Israel Opportunity FIVE, Limited Partnership and FIMI Opportunity V, L.P. (“FIMI” or the “FIMI Funds”), beneficially own together 59.21% of TAT’s outstanding shares. If FIMI sells a substantial number of TAT’s ordinary shares or if the perception exists that FIMI may sell a substantial number of TAT’s ordinary shares, the market price of TAT’s ordinary shares may fall. Any substantial sales of TAT’s shares in the public market may also impede our ability to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time, in a place and on terms TAT deems appropriate.
Risks Relating to Our Location in Israel
Because TAT has significant operations in Israel, TAT may be subject to political, economic and other conditions affecting Israel that could increase TAT’s operating expenses and disrupt TAT’s business.
TAT is incorporated under the laws of the State of Israel. TAT’s executive offices, its research and development facilities and main manufacturing plant are also located in Israel. As a result, political, economic and military conditions affecting Israel directly influence TAT. Any major hostilities involving Israel, a full or partial mobilization of reserve forces of the Israeli army, the interruption or curtailment of trade between Israel and its present trading partners, or a significant downturn in the economic or financial condition of Israel could have a material adverse effect on TAT’s business, financial condition and results of operations.
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Since its establishment in 1948, Israel and its Arab neighbors have engaged in a number of armed conflicts. A state of hostility, varying from time to time in intensity and degree, has led to security and economic challenges for Israel. Major hostilities between Israel and its neighbors may hinder Israel’s international trade and lead to economic downturn. This, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on TAT’s operations and business. In recent years, there has been an escalation in violence among Israel, Hamas (which controls the Gaza Strip), the Palestinian Authority (which controls in the West Bank) and other groups, as well as extensive hostilities along Israel’s border with the Gaza Strip such as the missiles fired from the Gaza Strip into Israel during the summer of 2014. Ongoing violence between Israel and the Palestinians as well as tension between Israel and its Arab neighbors and Iran may have a material adverse effect on TAT’s business, financial conditions and results of operations.
Furthermore, there are a number of countries, primarily Arab and Muslim countries, that restrict or frown upon business with Israel or Israeli companies, and TAT is precluded from marketing its products to these countries. Restrictive laws or policies directed towards Israel or Israeli companies may have an adverse impact on TAT’s operations, TAT’s financial results or the expansion of TAT’s business.
TAT’s results of operations may be negatively affected by the obligation of its personnel to perform military service.
Many of TAT’s employees and some of TAT’s directors and senior management based in Israel are obligated to perform annual reserve duty in the Israel Defense Forces (“IDF”) and may be called for active duty under emergency circumstances at any time. If a military conflict or war arises, these individuals could be required to serve in the military for extended periods of time. TAT’s operations could be disrupted by the absence of one or more of its senior management, key employees or a significant number of other employees for a significant period due to military service. Any such disruption in TAT’s operations could adversely affect TAT’s business.
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Your rights and responsibilities as a shareholder are governed by Israeli law and may differ in some respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders under U.S. law.
TAT is incorporated under Israeli law. The rights and responsibilities of holders of TAT’s ordinary shares are governed by TAT’s memorandum of association, articles of association and by Israeli law. These rights and responsibilities differ in some respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders in typical U.S. corporations. In particular, each shareholder of an Israeli company has a duty to act in good faith and in a customary manner in exercising his or her rights and fulfilling his or her obligations toward the company and other shareholders and to refrain from abusing his power in the company, including, among other things, in voting at the general meeting of shareholders on certain matters. Israeli law provides that these duties are applicable in shareholder votes on, among other things, amendments to a company’s articles of association, increases in a company’s authorized share capital, mergers and interested party transactions requiring shareholder approval. In addition, a controlling shareholder of an Israeli company, or a shareholder who knows that he or she possesses the power to determine the outcome of a shareholder vote or who has the power to appoint or prevent the appointment of a director or officer in the company, has a duty of fairness toward the company. However, Israeli law currently does not define the substance of this duty of fairness. Because Israeli corporate law has undergone extensive revision in recent years, there is relatively little case law available to assist in understanding the implications of these provisions that govern shareholder behavior.
Israeli law may delay, prevent or make difficult an acquisition of TAT, which could prevent a change of control and, therefore, depresses the price of TAT’s shares.
Israeli corporate law regulates mergers, requires tender offers for acquisitions of shares above specified thresholds, requires special approvals for transactions involving directors, officers or significant shareholders and regulates other matters that may be relevant to these types of transactions. Furthermore, Israeli tax considerations may make potential transactions unappealing to TAT or to some of TAT’s shareholders. These provisions of Israeli law may delay, prevent or make difficult an acquisition of TAT, which could prevent a change of control and therefore depress the price of TAT’s shares.
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Investors and TAT’s shareholders generally may have difficulties enforcing a U.S. judgment against TAT, TAT’s executive officers and directors or asserting U.S. securities laws claims in Israel.
TAT is incorporated in Israel and the majority of TAT’s executive officers and directors reside outside the United States. Service of process upon them may be difficult to effect within the United States. Furthermore, many of TAT’s assets and most of the assets of TAT’s executive officers and directors are located outside the United States. Therefore, a judgment obtained against TAT or certain of its executive officers and directors in the United States, including one based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws, may not be collectible in the United States and may not be enforced by an Israeli court. It also may be difficult for you to assert U.S. securities law claims in original actions instituted in Israel. However, subject to certain time limitations and other conditions, Israeli courts may enforce final judgments of U.S. courts for liquidated amounts in civil matters, including judgments based upon the civil liability provisions of those and similar acts.
As a foreign private issuer whose shares are listed on NASDAQ, TAT may follow certain home country corporate governance practices instead of certain NASDAQ requirements.
As a foreign private issuer whose shares are listed on NASDAQ, TAT is permitted to follow certain home country corporate governance practices instead of certain requirements of the NASDAQ Marketplace Rules. A foreign private issuer that elects to follow a home country practice instead of such requirements must submit to NASDAQ in advance a written statement from an independent counsel in such issuer’s home country certifying that the issuer’s practices are not prohibited by the home country’s laws. In addition, a foreign private issuer must disclose in its annual reports filed with the SEC or on its website each such requirement that it does not follow and describe the home country practice followed by the issuer instead of any such requirement. For example, Israel’s corporate governance or laws require that TAT obtain shareholder approval for certain dilutive events, such as for the establishment or amendment of certain equity-based compensation plans, an issuance that will result in a change of control of TAT, certain transactions other than a public offering involving issuances of a 20% or more interest in TAT and certain acquisitions of the stock or assets of another company, which are not required by NASDAQ.
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Item 4. Information on the Company
History and Development of TAT
TAT was incorporated under the laws of the State of Israel in April 1985 under the name Galaxy Graphics Ltd. TAT changed its name to Galagraph Ltd. in August 1986 and to TAT Technologies Ltd. in May 1992. TAT is a public limited liability company under the Israeli Companies Law 1999-5759, (“Israeli Companies Law”), and operates under this law and associated legislation. TAT’s registered offices and principal place of business are located at Re’em Industrial Park, Neta Boulevard, Bnei Ayish, Gedera 70750002 Israel and its telephone number is +972-8-826-8500. TAT’s website is www.tat-technologies.com. The information on TAT’S website is not incorporated by reference into this annual report.
TAT was founded in 1985 to develop the computerized systems business of its then parent company, TAT Industries Ltd. (“TAT Industries”), a publicly-held Israeli corporation then engaged in the manufacture and sale of aeronautical equipment. In December 1991, TAT acquired the heat exchange operations of TAT Industries and in 2000, TAT purchased the remaining operations of TAT Industries relating to the manufacture and maintenance of aviation accessories and leased certain of its properties.
In March 1987, TAT completed the initial public offering of its securities in the United States. TAT was listed on the NASDAQ Global Market (then known as the NASDAQ National Market) from its initial public offering until July 1998 when the listing of TAT’s ordinary shares was transferred to the NASDAQ Capital Market. On June 24, 2009, TAT’s ordinary shares resumed trading on the NASDAQ Global Market. Since August 2005 TAT’s shares have been traded also on the TASE.
Today TAT is a provider of a variety of solutions and services to the commercial and military aerospace and ground defense industries through its Gedera facility, as well as through its subsidiaries, Limco and Piedmont in the U.S. (Limco and Piedmont are held by TAT through Limco-Piedmont, Inc. (“Limco-Piedmont”)) and Turbochrome in Kiryat Gat, Israel.
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In 1993, TAT acquired Limco Airepair, Inc. (“Limco”). Located in Tulsa, Oklahoma, Limco’s FAA-certified repair station provides MRO services for airlines, air cargo carriers, maintenance service centers and the military, especially for heat transfer components. In addition to its MRO services, Limco is an OEM of heat transfer solutions for aircraft and system manufacturers and other selected related products.
In 2005, Limco acquired Piedmont, a company certified by the FAA to perform MRO services of APUs and landing gears. Located in Greensboro, North Carolina, Piedmont’s FAA-certified repair station provides MRO services for airlines, air cargo carriers, maintenance service centers and the military, especially for landing gears and APUs.
In July 2007, Limco-Piedmont completed an initial public offering of its common stock and Limco-Piedmont’s shares were listed on the NASDAQ Global Market (symbol: LIMC) until July 2, 2009, when TAT acquired all of the publicly held shares of Limco-Piedmont (approximately 32% of Limco-Piedmont’s total shares) in a stock for stock merger. As a result of such merger, Limco-Piedmont again became a wholly-owned subsidiary of TAT.
Following a series of transactions occurring between March 2008 and March 2009, TAT acquired 70% control of Bental Industries Ltd. In February 2014, TAT sold its entire interest in Bental Industries Ltd to Bental Investments Agshah Ltd. for an aggregate consideration of $5 million.
On December 4, 2009, TAT, through its subsidiary Piedmont, signed an investment agreement with FAvS. According to the agreement, Piedmont was issued 288,334 shares of Class B common stock of FAvS, representing 37% of FAvS' then share capital (total number of shares acquired was subsequently adjusted as result of a 1 for 20 reverse stock split) and $750,000 of FAvS preferred shares (entitled to cash dividends at an annual rate of 12% payable quarterly or to additional preferred shares at an annual rate of 15%) in return for Piedmont's propeller and parts businesses.
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On March 11, 2015, Piedmont sold 237,932 shares of Class B common stock of FAvS representing 23.18% of FAvS' share capital and its entire holdings (16,253) of FAvS' Series A preferred stock for an insignificant amount. As of December 31, 2018, TAT owns approximately 5% of FAvS’ issued and outstanding share capital.
In October 2015, TAT acquired Turbochrome, a company certified by the FAA and EASA to perform overhaul and coating of jet engine components, including turbine vanes and blades and fan blades.
In November 2015, TAT entered into an agreement with Engineering to establish a new MRO facility in Russia. The new company, TAT-Engineering LLC, is based in Novosibirsk’s Tolmachevo airport and is providing services of minor repair, overhaul and recore for heat transfer components in Russia and the CIS. According to the joint venture agreement, TAT owns 51% of TAT-Engineering's shares and the remaining 49% are held by Engineering.
A. Business Overview
Overview
TAT Technologies Ltd. is a leading provider of solutions and services to the commercial and military aerospace and ground defense industries focused mainly on two product areas and services: Thermal Management and Power and Actuation. TAT operates under four segments: (i) OEM of heat transfer solutions and aviation accessories through its Gedera facility; (ii) MRO services for heat transfer components and OEM of heat transfer solutions through its Limco subsidiary; (iii) MRO services for aviation components through its Piedmont subsidiary; and (iv) overhaul and coating of jet engine components through its Turbochrome subsidiary.
TAT’s activities in the area of OEM of heat transfer solutions and aviation accessories through its Gedera facility primarily include the design, development and manufacture of (i) a broad range of heat transfer solutions, such as pre-coolers heat exchangers and oil/fuel hydraulic heat exchangers, used in mechanical and electronic systems on board commercial, military and business aircraft; (ii) environmental control and power electronics cooling systems installed on board aircraft and ground applications; and (iii) a variety of other mechanical aircraft accessories and systems such as pumps, valves, and turbine power units.
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TAT’s activities in the area of MRO and OEM of heat transfer solutions include the MRO of heat transfer components and to a lesser extent, the manufacturing of certain heat transfer solutions. TAT’s Limco subsidiary operates an FAA-certified repair station, which provides heat transfer MRO services for airlines, air cargo carriers, maintenance service centers and the military.
TAT’s activities in the area of MRO services for aviation components include the MRO of APUs, landing gears and other aircraft components. TAT’s Piedmont subsidiary operates an FAA-certified repair station, which provides aircraft component MRO services for airlines, air cargo carriers, maintenance service centers and the military.
TAT’s activities in the area of jet engine overhaul through its Turbochrome facility includes the overhaul and coating of jet engine components, including turbine vanes and blades, fan blades, variable inlet guide vanes and afterburner flaps.
OEM of Heat Transfer Solutions and Aviation Accessories (Gedera)
TAT is an OEM of heat transfer solutions and aviation accessories to the commercial and military aerospace and ground defense industries, primarily through its Gedera facility. The main OEM activity at our Gedera facility is the design and manufacture of a comprehensive line of heat exchangers and cold plates. Heat transfer solutions facilitate removal and dissipation of heat generated during the operation of mechanical and electronic systems. Gedera’s heat transfer solutions are generally integrated into complete cooling systems. Using proprietary technological expertise, we design each heat transfer product to meet the specific space, power, performance and other needs of our customers. Gedera’s heat transfer solutions are marketed worldwide for applications in commercial and military aircraft and electronic systems, the primary users of such equipment. Gedera’s customers include, Liebherr-Aerospace Toulouse S.A. (“Liebherr”), Boeing Aircraft Company (“Boeing”), Israel Aerospace Industries, (“IAI”), Cessna Aircraft Company (“Cessna”), Pilatus Aircraft Ltd (“Pilatus”), Embraer Empresa Brasileira de Aeronáutica S.A. (“Embraer”), Eaton Aerospace LLC (“Eaton”), Parker Hannifin Corporation (“Parker”), Bell Helicopter, as well as the U.S. Air Force, U.S. Army, and U.S. Navy and other air forces from around the world. Such supply contracts are generally long-term engagements that may have terms of ten years or more.
As part of its OEM activities, Gedera is also engaged in the design, development and manufacture of complete cooling systems. This product line principally includes cooling systems for electronic systems (used in airborne military platforms) and ground cooling systems (used in military facilities, tents, vehicles and other military applications).
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In addition, Gedera designs, develops and manufactures aviation flow control accessories. These accessories include components, such as valves and pumps. Customers for Gedera’s aviation accessories include Lockheed Martin Corporation (“Lockheed Martin”), Boeing, Continental Motors (“Continental”), the Israel Air Force (“IAF”), IAI, Elbit Systems (“Elbit”), Rafael Advanced Defense Systems (“Rafael”), as well as the U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy and other air forces from around the world.
Gedera also provides limited MRO services to military customers, mainly for aviation accessories as well as for certain heat transfer solutions. Gedera currently overhauls emergency power units, hydrazine tanks, jet fuel starters, cooling turbines and various valves for the F-16 fighter aircraft. In addition, Gedera overhauls anti-icing valves and starters for the Blackhawk and Apache helicopters. The customers for Gedera’s MRO services include the IAF, IAI, various NATO countries, as well as the U.S. Air Force, U.S. Army and U.S. Navy.
Gedera relies on highly qualified personnel and strong engineering, development and manufacturing capabilities that enable it to support its customers from the early program development phase to prototype delivery.
TAT estimates the size of the markets in which Gedera operates to be significant based on the scope of development projects and purchasing processes of its customers. Many of the projects Gedera is engaged in are lengthy and complex, which account for its long-term supplier relationships and the customer loyalty it enjoys. TAT plans to expand its Gedera operations in the OEM segment, among other things, by increasing the scope of work with its existing strategic customers, establishing relationships with new customers, increasing its capabilities in complete systems/subsystems manufacturing, and by targeting strategic territories with high commercial potential.
MRO Services for Heat Transfer Components and OEM of Heat Transfer Solutions (Limco)
Through its Limco subsidiary TAT provides MRO services and OEM services to the aerospace and ground defense industries in the field of heat transfer. Limco’s FAA-certified repair station provides aircraft component MRO services for airlines, OEMs, air cargo carriers, maintenance service centers and the military. Limco is also certified by the EASA, the Civil Aviation Administration of Thailand (“DCA”), the Civil Aviation Administration of Indonesia (“DGCA”), and the Civil Aviation Administration of China (“CAAC”). Limco has also recently attained NADCAP certification for dye penetrant testing and welding. Limco specializes in MRO services for components of aircraft, such as heat transfer components and ozone converters. Generally, manufacturer specifications, government regulations and military maintenance regimens require that aircraft components undergo MRO servicing at regular intervals or as necessary. Aircraft heat transfer components typically require MRO services, including repairs and installation of replacement units, after two to five years of service or sooner if required. Aircraft manufacturers typically provide warranties on new aircraft and their components and subsystems, which may range from one to five years depending on the bargaining power of the purchaser. Warranty claims are generally the responsibility of the OEM during the warranty period. Limco’s business opportunity usually begins upon the conclusion of the warranty period for these components and subsystems. Limco’s customers include major U.S. domestic and international airlines, air cargo carriers, maintenance service centers, OEMs such as commercial and military aircraft manufacturers and defense contractors, and the U.S. Armed Forces (Army, Air Force, Navy and Coast Guard). MRO contracts with these types of customers are generally long-term engagements and may have terms of one to five years or more.
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Limco enjoys a strong reputation among customers for its competitive pricing and fast turnaround time. It is recognized by leading OEMs of aerospace products to provide MRO services for their heat transfer solutions. For example, Limco is a well-recognized Collins Aerospace (Hamilton Sundstrand) repair center, providing MRO services for many of its heat transfer solutions.
In addition to its MRO services, Limco also manufactures, on an OEM basis, heat transfer solutions used in commercial, regional, business and military aviation platforms. Customers for Limco’s heat transfer solutions include Boeing, the Defense Supply Center, Parker Hannifin, Raytheon Company (“Raytheon”), BAE Systems, Bell Helicopter, Triumph Aerostructures, Vought Aircraft Division, Cobham plc, Northrop Grumman Corporation and Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation.
TAT estimates the size of the markets in which Limco operates to be significant based on the number of aircraft requiring MRO services provided by Limco along with the customer loyalty Limco enjoys. TAT plans to expand its Limco operations, among other things, by developing OEM and MRO capabilities for additional types of heat transfer products with significant commercial potential.
MRO Services for Aviation Components (Piedmont)
Through its subsidiary Piedmont, TAT provides MRO services for aviation components to the aerospace industry. Piedmont’s FAA- and EASA-certified repair station provides aircraft component MRO services for commercial airlines, business jets, air cargo carriers, maintenance service providers as well as governments and military forces worldwide. Piedmont specializes in MRO services for aircraft components, including APUs, landing gears and Machining and Plating services (MPG). Generally, manufacturer specifications, government regulations and military maintenance regimens require that aircraft components undergo MRO servicing at regular intervals or as necessary. Aircraft components typically require MRO services, including repairs and installation of replacement units, after three to ten years of service or sooner if required. Aircraft manufacturers typically provide warranties on new aircraft and their components and subsystems, which may range from one to five years. Warranty claims are generally the responsibility of the OEM during the warranty period. Piedmont’s business opportunity usually begins upon the conclusion of the warranty period for these components and subsystems. Piedmont’s customers include U.S. domestic and international airlines, air cargo carriers and maintenance service providers. MRO contracts with these types of customers are generally long-term engagements that may have terms of one to ten years or more.
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Piedmont is licensed by Honeywell as an authorized repair center to provide MRO services for several types of its APU models. Piedmont has excellent working relationships with the major landing gear manufacturers as well.
TAT estimates the size of the markets in which Piedmont operates to be significant based on the number of aircraft requiring MRO services provided by Piedmont. TAT plans to expand its Piedmont operations in the MRO segment by using Piedmont’s experience and reputation to develop MRO capabilities for additional types of APU and landing gears applications as well as other aircraft systems/components with significant commercial potential and by offering additional supplementary services such as machining, plating and grinding (“MPG”).
Piedmont’s extensive experience in the repair and overhaul of APUs and landing systems includes a comprehensive involvement in the industry supply chain. In addition to its MRO services, Piedmont is active worldwide in the exchange, lease and individual component parts supply of its APU and landing gear products. Through a network of industry partners and well-known aerospace parts distributors, Piedmont’s activity in the sale of parts is a robust element of its business. Piedmont’s quality systems are AS9110 and NADCAP for non-destructive testing.
Overhaul and Coating of Jet Engine Components (Turbochrome)
Through its subsidiary Turbochrome, TAT provides MRO services for jet engine components to the aerospace industry. Turbochrome’s FAA- and EASA-certified repair station provides its services mainly to maintenance service centers, airlines and the military. Turbochrome specializes in MRO services for engine components such as turbine vanes and blades, compressor vanes and blades, fan blades and after burner flaps. Generally, manufacturer specifications, government regulations and military maintenance regimens require that engine components undergo MRO servicing at regular intervals or as necessary. Commercial engine components typically require MRO services after three to five years of service or sooner if required. Engine manufacturers typically provide warranties on new engines and their components and subsystems, which may range from one to five years depending on the bargaining power of the purchaser. Warranty claims are generally the responsibility of the OEM during the warranty period. Turbochrome’s business opportunity usually begins upon the conclusion of the warranty period for these components. Turbochrome’s customers include domestic and international airlines, maintenance service centers and the military.
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Turbochrome also specializes in the manufacturing of coating powders (for pack cementation aluminide coatings) and masking materials (for the prevention of coating in defined areas) used in the aviation industry. Turbochrome provides these materials to OEMs and to maintenance service centers.
TAT estimates the size of the markets in which Turbochrome operates to be significant based on the number of jet engines requiring MRO services provided by Turbochrome. Turbochrome plans to expand its operations in the MRO segment by using Turbochrome’s experience and reputation to develop MRO capabilities for additional types of jet engine components with significant commercial potential.
Turbochrome’s quality system complies with ISO 9001 and AS9100, and with EASA part 145 and FAA FAR 145 for the civil parts.
TAT-Engineering LLC
In November 2015, we signed an agreement with Russian-based Engineering Holdings Ltd of Moscow (“Engineering”), to establish a new facility for the provision of MRO services for heat transfer components. The new company, TAT-Engineering LLC, is based in Novosibirsk’s Tolmachevo airport. The new entity was established in January 2016 and is currently operating under FAA certifications and obtained FAA high-level repair approvals. Current efforts are focused on marketing initiatives targeting the major Russian and CIS airlines and maintenance stations.
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Business Strategy
TAT aims to be the trusted partner to its strategic customers, delivering differentiated products and services in selected, high barrier-to-entry, markets. This will enable TAT to develop the long-term high-value relationships it strives to have with its customers to effectively complete and continue grow business and improve profitability. Currently, TAT’s focus is on two main markets: thermal management solutions and services and Power and Actuation solutions and services.
Execution of TAT’s strategy is based on the following principles:

| · | Enhancing OEM capabilities — capitalizing on our technical expertise, experience and reputation in the market of heat transfer solutions to expand the scope of our OEM offerings to new aircrafts or to new platforms in the existing aircrafts.

| · | Expand the scope of MRO services — leveraging our technical expertise, engineering resources and facilities to broaden MRO services to additional types of aircraft and additional aircraft systems, subsystems and components while developing the required technical expertise to provide these additional MRO services.

| · | Increasing market share — continuing aggressive marketing efforts to win new customers as well as to expand activities with existing customers, partly by focusing on cross selling opportunities between our different businesses. As part of our efforts, we also intend to expand our marketing presence in existing territories, like the United States and Western Europe as well as new territories, where TAT currently has a smaller presence and fewer customers, such as Eastern Europe, Latin America and Asia.

| · | Effective synergy among group members — enhancing the synergies between our various businesses. For example, by supplying Limco with heat transfer components manufactured in Gedera, we enable Limco to offer a superior product and more competitive pricing on its MRO services, thereby improving Limco's overall competitive position in the market.

| · | Organic growth and M&A — in addition to growing our existing businesses organically as detailed above, we intend to evaluate complementary acquisition opportunities.

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Products and Services
OEM of Heat Transfer Solutions and Aviation Accessories
Through its Gedera facility, TAT manufactures a wide range of heat transfer solutions used on board aircraft, air conditioning systems, environmental control systems and cooling systems for electronics for military use. These solutions are manufactured in compliance with all of the stringent quality assurance standards that apply to the manufacture of aircraft parts. Gedera’s quality system complies with ISO 9001, AS9100, Boeing quality systems approval D6-82479 and FAR 21.303 (the FAA standard for Parts Manufacturer Approval) and NADCAP for non-destructive testing and welding.
Heat Transfer Solutions
We manufacture a wide range of heat transfer solutions in our Gedera facility. Gedera specializes in the design and manufacture of highly efficient, compact and reliable heat transfer solutions that are designed to meet stringent constraints such as size, weight and environmental conditions. Heat transfer solutions, such as heat exchangers and cold plates, are integral components of a wide variety of environmental control, mechanical and engine systems, as well as a wide range of electronic systems. These systems generate heat during operation that must be removed and dissipated. Heat transfer solutions facilitate the exchange of heat created through the operation of these systems by transmitting the heat from a hot medium (air, oil or other fluids) to a cold medium for disposal.
In the aerospace industry, there is a constant need for improvements in performance, weight, cost and reliability. In addition, as electronic systems become smaller and more densely packed, the need for sophisticated and efficient heat transfer components used to provide the cooling functions becomes more critical. Using Gedera’s technological expertise, TAT believes it is well positioned to respond to these industry demands through continued new product development and product improvements.
Gedera’s principal heat transfer solutions include heat exchangers and cold plates. Typically, air-to-air heat exchangers cool a jet engine’s bleed air which, when cooled, is then used in the aircraft’s air conditioning, pressurization and pneumatic systems. The liquid-to-air heat exchangers cool liquids such as engine oil, hydraulic oil and others used in other systems.
Gedera provides a one-stop-shop for all types of heat transfer solutions. Gedera’s heat exchangers are generally priced between approximately $2,000 and $45,000 per unit. A significant portion of Gedera’s heat transfer solutions are sold to customers in connection with the original manufacture or retrofitting of particular aircraft equipment. Gedera generally enters into long-term supply contracts with its customers, which require Gedera to supply heat transfer products as part of a larger project.
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Gedera also manufactures other heat transfer solutions, such as cooling chassis, heat sinks and cold plates (which may be air-to-air, liquid-to-air or liquid-to-liquid), to control and dispose heat emitted by the operation of various electronic systems. Such products are currently utilized mainly in radar systems, avionics, electronic warfare systems and various pods for targeting, navigation and night vision.
As a result of the specialized nature of the systems in which Gedera’s parts are included, spare and replacement parts for the original heat transfer solutions are also usually provided by Gedera.
Aviation Flow Control Accessories
Gedera is also engaged in the design, development, manufacture and MRO services for aviation flow control accessories. These accessories include components such as valves and pumps.
Cooling and Air Conditioning Systems
Gedera is also engaged in the design, development and manufacture of complete environmental control systems and cooling systems. This product line includes ground cooling systems mainly for military applications such as mobile command and control units, command and control vehicles, armored vehicles, mobile broadcast units, mobile hospitals, etc. In addition, Gedera designs, develops and manufactures power electronics cooling systems based on customer specifications, while providing a complete engineering solution in compliance with strict civil aviation standards. Gedera’s systems are used globally and are tested under strict standards.
MRO Services for Heat Transfer Components and OEM of Heat Transfer Solutions
MRO Services for Heat Transfer Components
Through its Limco subsidiary in the U.S., TAT provides MRO services for heat transfer components. The demand for MRO services is driven by the size and age of the aircraft fleet, aircraft utilization and regulations set OR promulgated by the FAA and other governmental authorities.
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Due to the increased maintenance costs of their aging fleets many carriers are seeking ways to reduce costs, minimize down-time, increase aircraft reliability and extend time between overhauls. One way to accomplish this goal is through the outsourcing of more of their maintenance and support functions to reliable third parties. Furthermore, we believe that commercial carriers making the decision to outsource their MRO requirements are searching for MRO service providers with a wide-range of service capabilities. Such MRO service providers allow the carriers to concentrate their outsourcing of MRO services to a select group of third party providers. The global military aircraft fleet also presents similar opportunities for MRO service providers. We believe that an aging military fleet and the increased use of upgrade programs aimed at extending the useful life of military aircraft will provide continued MRO growth opportunities.
Limco specializes in the repair and overhaul of heat transfer components. These components include heat exchangers, oil coolers, precoolers, reheaters, condensers, water separators, fuel heaters, evaporators and ozone converters.
Limco is continually expanding its MRO capabilities based on market need and/or customer request. Limco’s capabilities include heat transfer components used in aircraft and systems manufactured by Airbus, Boeing, Bombardier, Cessna, Embraer, Lockheed Martin, Fokker, Liebherr-Aerospace, Collins Aerospace, Honeywell Aerospace and others.
One of Limco’s operational strengths and competitive advantages is the close cooperation with TAT’s Gedera facility. Through Gedera’s core manufacturing capabilities and engineering expertise, Limco enjoys a constant supply source of cores of the highest quality necessary in order to perform its MRO services for heat transfer components. In addition, Limco benefits from Gedera’s varied engineering and development capabilities relevant to Limco’s services in the field of heat transfer components.
Limco performs MRO services at its repair station in Tulsa, Oklahoma which has ISO9001, AS9110 and AS9100 certification, NADCAP certification for Dye Penetrant Testing and Welding, and is licensed to provide MRO services by the FAA and EASA, as well as by the civil aviation Administrations of Thailand, Indonesia and China.
Limco offers different OR various MRO services for heat transfer components. If the damage is significant, Limco will remanufacture the unit, which generally entails replacing the core matrix of the damaged or old heat transfer component in lieu of replacing the entire unit with a new one. Limco designs and develops these customized remanufactured units as a cost-effective alternative to new part replacement. In the event of less severe damage, Limco will either overhaul or repair the unit as necessary. Re-manufactured units carry warranties which are often equal or better than those provided to new units.
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OEM Authorizations and Licenses
Limco believes that establishing and maintaining relationships with OEMs of aircraft systems and components is an important factor in achieving sustainable success as an independent MRO service provider. OEMs grant independent MRO service providers authorization to perform repair and overhaul services on their behalf. OEMs generally grant very few authorizations and maintain tight controls over their authorized MRO service providers in order to maintain high quality of service to their customers. Obtaining OEM authorization requires sophisticated technological capabilities, experience-based industry knowledge and substantial capital investment. Furthermore, Limco believes that service providers that have OEM authorization gain a competitive advantage as they typically receive discounts on parts, technical information and OEM warranty support. Limco is an independent MRO service provider that is a well-recognized repair center of Collins Aerospace (Hamilton Sundstrand), one of the largest heat transfer solutions manufacturers in North America OR in the United States.
OEM of Heat Transfer Solutions
In addition to its MRO services, Limco also acts as an OEM manufacturer of heat transfer solutions used mainly in military aircraft and other ground applications and to a lesser extent, in commercial, regional and business aircraft. Limco specializes in the design and manufacture of highly efficient heat transfer solutions, which are designed to meet stringent constraints such as size, weight and applicable environmental conditions. These units include heat exchangers, oil coolers, precoolers, reheaters, condensers, fuel heaters and evaporators.
Limco also manufactures demineralizer systems for U.S. Navy vessels, including ships and nuclear submarines. Limco currently offers tens of OEM parts to the aerospace and ground defense industries. These parts are manufactured in compliance with the stringent quality assurance standards that apply to the manufacture of aircraft and military parts.
Limco’s quality systems are ISO9001, AS9110, AS9100 and NADCAP for non-destructive testing and welding and FAR 21.303 (the FAA standard for Parts Manufacturer Approval).
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MRO Services for Aviation Components
Through its Piedmont subsidiary, TAT provides MRO services for aviation components, including APUs and landing gear. As previously mentioned, the demand for MRO services is driven by the size and age of the aircraft fleet, aircraft utilization and regulations by the FAA and other governmental authorities.
Due to increased maintenance costs of their aging fleets many carriers are seeking ways to reduce costs, minimize down-time, increase aircraft reliability and extend time between overhauls. One way to accomplish this goal is through the outsourcing of more of their maintenance and support functions to reliable third parties. Furthermore, we also believe that commercial carriers making the decision to outsource their MRO requirements are searching for MRO service providers that offer a wide-range of service capabilities. These MRO service providers allow the carriers to concentrate their outsourcing of MRO services to a select group of third party providers. The global military aircraft fleet also presents similar opportunities for MRO service providers. We believe that an aging military fleet and the increased use of upgrade programs aimed at extending the useful life of aircrafts will provide continued MRO growth opportunities.
Piedmont specializes in the repair and overhaul of APUs and landing gears. APUs are relatively small, self-contained generators used to start jet engines, usually with compressed air, and to provide electricity, hydraulic pressure and air conditioning while an aircraft is on the ground. In many aircraft, an APU can also provide electrical power during in-flight emergency situations. Landing gears are the structure that support an aircraft on the ground and allow it to taxi, takeoff and land.
Piedmont performs MRO services at its repair station in Greensboro, North Carolina, which is licensed by the FAA and EASA. Piedmont specializes in providing comprehensive repair and overhaul services for APU models manufactured by both Honeywell and Hamilton Sundstrand, two leading OEMs in the United States. In addition, Piedmont provides full repair, overhaul, machining, plating and grinding services for landing gear systems for commercial and military aircraft. Piedmont has a long history in providing landing gear MRO services for regional airliners, including aircraft manufactured by Bombardier (CRJ 100/200/Dash8), the French-Italian ATR (42/72), Gulfstream (G4), Lockheed martin (P3/C130) and the Brazilian Embraer (E170/E190).
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OEM Authorizations and Licenses
Piedmont believes that establishing and maintaining relationships with OEMs of aircraft systems and components is an important factor in achieving sustainable success as an independent MRO service provider. OEMs grant independent MRO service providers authorizations or licenses to perform repair and overhaul services on the equipment they manufacture. OEMs generally grant few authorizations or licenses and maintain tight controls over their authorized and licensed MRO service providers, in order to maintain high quality of service to their customers. Obtaining OEM authorizations requires sophisticated technological capabilities, experience-based industry knowledge and substantial capital investment. Piedmont believes that service providers that have OEM authorizations and licenses gain a competitive advantage as they typically receive discounts on parts, technical information, OEM warranty support and use of the OEM name in marketing. Piedmont is an authorized repair station licensed by Honeywell, the largest manufacturer of APUs, for several of its APU models.
Machining, Plating and Grinding, or MPG Services
Piedmont has extended its services to include the provision of MPG services, either as supplementary to its traditional MRO services or as stand-alone services. We believe that establishing and maintaining customer relationships with our MPG shop is an important factor in achieving sustainable success as an independent MRO service provider and creates a competitive advantage.
Overhaul and Coating of Jet Engine Components
Through its subsidiary, Turbochrome, TAT provides MRO services for jet engine components to the aerospace industry. Turbochrome’s FAA- and EASA-certified repair station provides its services mainly to maintenance service centers, airlines and the military. Turbochrome specializes in MRO services for engine components such as turbine vanes and blades, compressor vanes and blades, fan blades and after burner flaps. Generally, manufacturer specifications, government regulations and military maintenance regimens require that engine components undergo MRO servicing at regular intervals or as necessary. Commercial engine components typically require MRO services after three to five years of service or sooner if required. Engine manufacturers typically provide warranties on new engines and their components and subsystems, which may range from one to five years depending on the bargaining power of the purchaser. Engine manufacturers may also offer extended warranty agreements for 10 to 15 years for the engines. Warranty claims are generally the responsibility of the OEM during the warranty period. Turbochrome’s business opportunity usually begins upon the conclusion of the warranty period for these components. Turbochrome offers its customers DER (Designated Engineering Representatives) and DOA (Design Organization Approval) repairs approved by the FAA and EASA. Turbochrome’s customers include U.S. domestic and international airlines, maintenance service centers and the military.
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TAT estimates the size of the markets in which Turbochrome operates to be significant based on the number of jet engines requiring MRO services provided by Turbochrome. Turbochrome plans to expand its operations in the MRO segment by using Turbochrome’s experience and reputation to develop MRO capabilities for additional types of jet engine components with significant commercial potential.
Turbochrome’s quality system complies with ISO 9001 and AS9100, and with EASA part 145, FAA FAR 145 for the civil parts, the Israel Laboratory Accreditation Authority under ISO/IEC 17025:20 and NADCAP for 3 manufacturing procedures.
Manufacturing of masking and coating materials
Through its Turbochrome facility, TAT manufactures a wide range of masking and coating materials for the aviation industry. These products are manufactured in compliance with all of the stringent quality assurance standards that apply to the maintenance of aircraft engine components.
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Customers
General
TAT targets a broad range of customers within the commercial and military aerospace and ground defense industries. Our customers include commercial manufacturers of military equipment, commercial airlines, aircraft manufacturers, military forces, the defense industry, and other manufacturers of electronic systems, aviation units and machinery in the United States, Europe, CIS, Asia, Latin America and Israel. During 2018, TAT had revenues generated by more than 650 customers worldwide.
Major Customers
OEM Customers
TAT, primarily through its Gedera facility, sells its OEM solutions and systems to commercial and military aircraft manufacturers and defense contractors and to the U.S. and Israeli governments.
Partial lists of OEM customers are set in the following table:

Aircraft manufacturers | Boeing, Cessna, Pilatus, Embraer, Lockheed Martin, Honda Aircraft, Cirrus, IAI, Parker.
System manufacturers/integrators and defense contractors | Liebherr, Wuhan Hangda, Thales, Rafael, Elbit, IAI, Lockheed Martin, Eaton Aerospace, Parker Hannifin Corporation, Safran (Snecma).

The development projects and purchasing processes of many of TAT’s OEM customers are lengthy and complex and accordingly, with some customers, TAT enters into frame agreements that determine certain legal conditions, but under which the customer is not obligated to purchase any quantity of products. Typically, customers issue purchase orders with the required supply quantity, price, lead times and other related terms.
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MRO Customers
TAT services MRO customers primarily through Limco, Piedmont and Turbochrome, including major U.S. domestic and international airlines, air cargo carriers, maintenance service centers, the U.S. Armed Forces and other air forces from around the world.
TAT’s partial list of MRO customers is set forth in the following table:

U.S. Domestic and international airlines and air cargo carriers | Air France-KLM, FedEx, SAS, Swiss, EL AL, Delta Airlines, United, Air Canada Jazz, Republic Airways, DHL, Austrian Airlines, TAM, Thai, Korean Air, Air India, Swiftair, Allegiant Air, Empire Airlines, Mountain Air Cargo, Alliance Airlines.
Maintenance service centers | Fokker, Honeywell International, Kellstrom Commercial, Aero Kool, Lufthansa Technik, UTAS-Hamilton Sundstrand, SR Technics, Evergreen Aviation Component Services, Turkish Technic, Delta Tech Ops, ST Aerospace Engineering, , Gulfstream, IAI, Aerothrust, Summit Aviation, Haeco Americas, Jet Engine Technologies, Turbine Engine Solution, Turbine Engine Center and Cargolux.
Governments and military air forces | U.S. Army, U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy; Israeli Ministry of Defense, IAF; Belgium Air Force, Polish Air Force, Portuguese Air Force

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Military Contracts
Sales to the U.S. government, our largest government customer, accounted for approximately 2.4% of TAT’s revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018, approximately 4.7% of our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017 and approximately 5.6% of our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2016.
Many of TAT’s military contracts are awarded on a competitive basis based on technical merit, personnel qualifications, experience and price. TAT also receives some contract awards involving special technical capabilities on a negotiated, noncompetitive basis due to TAT’s technical capabilities.
TAT provides products under government contracts that usually require performance over a period of several months to several years. Long-term contracts for the U.S. military may be conditioned upon continued availability of congressional appropriations. Variances between anticipated budget and congressional appropriations may result in a delay, modification of scope or termination of these contracts.
The vast majority of the governmental contracts to which TAT is party to are fixed-price contracts, some of which contain fixed-price escalation mechanism. Under these contracts, TAT agrees to perform specific work for a fixed price and, accordingly, realizes the benefit or detriment to the extent that the actual cost of performing the work differs from the contract price. The allowable government contract costs and fees of TAT are subject to audit and may result in non-reimbursement of some contract costs and fees. While governments reserve the right to conduct further audits, audits conducted for periods through fiscal year 2018 have resulted in no material cost recovery disallowances for TAT.
TAT’s eligibility to perform under its government contracts requires us to maintain adequate security measures. TAT has implemented security procedures that it believes adequately satisfies the requirements of its current government contracts.
Backlog and Long-Term Agreements
Our backlog includes the following: (i) actual purchase orders, and (ii) the maximum estimated sales we expect to generate from long-term agreements for which we do not have actual purchase orders. It should be noted that under these long-term agreements there is no legal obligation from the customer to purchase our products or services, yet typically our customers would not sign such an agreement unless there is a specific business opportunity. As such, backlog information may not necessarily be indicative of future sales.
As of December 31, 2018, our backlog included: (i) outstanding purchase orders representing an aggregate amount of $47 million, and (ii) sales that we expect to generate from long-term agreements (the longest of which is until 2038) for which we have not yet received actual purchase orders in an aggregate amount of $214 million.
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Product and Service Warranties
TAT provides warranties for its products and services ranging from one to three years, depending on the nature of the specific product. To date, TAT’s warranty costs have not been substantial. As of December 31, 2018, the combined warranty reserve for TAT was $0.3 million.
Competitive Environment
OEM of Heat Transfer Solutions and Aviation Accessories
The aerospace and defense OEM industries in general and specifically, the commercial and military aviation markets, are characterized by intense competition and the need to constantly be in the forefront of technological innovations in order to be able to offer technologically-advanced and attractive products. Competition in these OEM markets is also based on price, quality and on time delivery. TAT estimates the market size of heat transfer solutions to be significant based on the scope of development projects and purchasing processes of the potential customers. TAT estimates that there is a small number of competing suppliers in the aerospace and defense OEM markets due to the high barriers to entry to these markets, which include the need for highly qualified and trained personnel, technologically advanced facilities and the need to obtain appropriate governmental approvals. The nature of the projects in the commercial and military aviation OEM industry, which are often time consuming and complex, also require long-term supplier relationships and customer loyalty in order to succeed.
TAT’s competitors in the global OEM aerospace and defense industries can be divided into two main groups:

| · | Complete system manufacturers that either independently or through subcontractors, design, develop and manufacture complete systems (such as a manufacturer of aircraft hydraulic systems) directly for the platform manufacturer (i.e., for business jets). These companies will typically compete on bids for complete systems and/or projects where the components/products TAT develops are part of the complete system. In such cases, it is very likely that these companies will subcontract to companies such as TAT the design and manufacturing of one or a few components in the system. Although some of these companies have the capabilities to design and manufacture each standalone component in a complete system (i.e., a heat exchanger integrated in hydraulic systems) they usually do not compete with TAT in projects where there is a specific requirement for a stand-alone component.

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| · | Component manufacturers, such as TAT, for which the design and manufacture of components (such as heat exchangers or other types of heat transfer solutions) is the main business (and which are normally situated in the “value chain” one tier below the system manufacturers, such as a manufacturer of an aircraft’s hydraulic system and two tiers below the platform manufacturer, such as a manufacturer of a new aircraft). These companies typically compete in projects where there is a specific requirement for a standalone aviation component (such as a heat exchanger or other types of heat transfer solutions) and in tenders by manufacturers of complete systems or products for sub-contractors. Although some of the component manufacturers have the capabilities to design, develop and manufacture a complete system (i.e., environmental control system for a business jet) for a certain platform, these companies usually do not compete on projects for complete systems in which their manufactured component constitutes a small part of the complete system, mainly due to the high barriers to entry and to the difficulty to move up the “value chain” from a component supplier to a whole system manufacturer.

The major competitors of TAT in the area of OEM of heat transfer solutions and aviation accessories include manufacturers in the United States such as the Hughes-Treitler division of Ametek, Lytron, Niagara Thermal, Hamilton Sundstrand, Honeywell International and Triumph Thermal Systems; manufacturers based in Europe such as I.M.I. Marston, a subsidiary of Hamilton Sundstrand, Safran and Liebherr; and manufacturers based in Asia such as Sumitomo Precision Products from Japan. These competitors may enjoy competitive advantages over Gedera, such as:
· The ability to adapt faster to changes in customer requirements and industry conditions or trends;
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· Greater access to capital;
· Stronger relationships with customers and suppliers;
· Greater name recognition;
· Access to superior technology and greater marketing resources;
· Ability to offer complete systems in addition to components; and
· The ability to bundle heat transfer solutions and other aircraft components.
MRO Services for Heat Transfer Components
The market for MRO services in the field of heat transfer components is highly competitive. Competition in this market is based on price, turnaround time, quality and breadth of services. TAT’s global competitors in the field of servicing heat transfer components can be divided into two main groups:

| · | Service divisions of OEMs – generally, each OEM of products in the heat transfer solutions segment has the necessary capabilities to provide MRO services for products it designs and manufactures throughout its lifetime, commencing with the initial warranty period and through the after-market period. Service divisions of OEMs may also acquire capabilities to service products of other OEMs to further expand their MRO services.

| · | Service centers – which often provide MRO services for a broad range of components and systems. These service centers can be either the in-house maintenance services of commercial airlines or other independent service providers, such as TAT OR Limco.

For heat transfer MRO services, TAT’s major competitors are Triumph Thermal Systems, Lori Heat Transfer Center of Honeywell, Drake Air – Ametek, Liebherr-Aerospace, American Cooler Service, Hamilton Malaysia, Lufthansa Technik, Meggitt (Elite) and others.
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As an independent MRO service provider, Limco’s competitors have inherent competitive advantages. For example, Limco competes with the service divisions of large OEMs which in some cases have design authority with respect to their OEM solutions and are able to derive significant pricing advantages from their OEM manufacturing activities. Limco also competes with the in-house service divisions of large commercial airlines where there is a strong incentive for an airline to fully utilize the services of its maintenance employees and facilities. Further, Limco’s competitors may have additional competitive advantages, such as:
· Ability to bundle heat transfer and other aircraft components;
· Access to greater marketing resources;
· Access to superior technology; and
· Greater resources which allows for better turnaround time.
MRO Services for Aviation Components
The market for MRO services in which Piedmont operates is highly competitive. Competition in this market is based on quality, price, turnaround time and breadth of services. Piedmont’s primary MRO services competitors are the service divisions of OEMs, the in-house maintenance services of various commercial airlines and other independent service providers, such as TAT OR Piedmont. For APU and landing gear MRO services Piedmont’s major competitors are Standard Aero Group., Aerotech International, Honeywell International, Chase Aerospace, Professional Aviation, Messier-Dowty Aerospace (MD), AAR, Hawker Pacific, APRO and others.
A number of Piedmont’s competitors have inherent competitive advantages. For example, Piedmont competes with the service divisions of large OEMs which in some cases have design authority with respect to their OEM products and are able to derive significant brand recognition from their OEM manufacturing activities. Piedmont also competes with the in-house service divisions of large commercial airlines where there is a strong incentive for an airline to fully utilize the services of its maintenance employees and facilities. Further, Piedmont’s competitors may have additional competitive advantages, such as:
· Better name recognition;
· Ability to bundle aviation and other aircraft components;
· Stronger relationships with customers and suppliers;
· Lower cost structure;
· Regional support near customers’ location;
· Access to greater marketing resources;
· Access to superior technology
· Greater access to capital; and
· Greater resources which allows for better turnaround time.
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Overhaul and Coating of Jet Engine Components
The market for MRO services in which Turbochrome operates is highly competitive. Competition in this market is based on quality, price, level of service and turnaround time. Turbochrome’s primary MRO services competitors are the service divisions of OEMs, the in-house maintenance services of various commercial airlines and other independent service providers, including Safran (Snecma), General Electric, GKN, PAS, Chromalloy Southwest, MCT Japan and others. With respect to coating and masking materials, Turbochrome's competitor is APV Coatings.
A number of Turbochrome’s competitors have inherent competitive advantages. For example, Turbochrome competes with the service divisions of large OEMs which may have design authority with respect to their OEM products and are able to derive significant brand recognition from their OEM manufacturing activities. Turbochrome also competes with the in-house service divisions of large commercial airlines and there is a strong incentive for an airline to fully utilize the services of its maintenance employees and facilities. Further, Turbochrome’s competitors may have additional competitive advantages, such as:
· The ability to adapt faster to changes in customer requirements and industry conditions or trends;
· Better name recognition;
· Ability to bundle jet engine and other aircraft components;
· Stronger relationships with customers, OEMs and suppliers;
· Lower cost structure;
· Regional support near customers’ location;
· Access to greater marketing resources;
· Access to superior technology;
· Greater access to capital; and
· Greater resources which allows for better turnaround time
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Competitive Strengths
We believe that TAT’s success can be attributed to several critical factors, including the following:

| · | Engaging in active efforts to preserve its customer base in existing projects, while working to broaden and increase its involvement with such clients.

| · | Conducting marketing activities aimed at penetrating new geographical markets and winning new customers, while taking advantage of the unique knowledge and expertise that TAT and its subsidiaries have gained in various areas.

| · | Entering into additional related operating segments that will enable TAT and its subsidiaries to fulfill their growth potential.

| · | Providing customers with the best value, including competitive prices, by tailoring comprehensive service packages that combine the design and planning of an OEM component, the manufacture of such component, and the provision of maintenance services.

| · | Extending MRO capabilities in order to establish a ‘one-stop-shop’ center for comprehensive MRO services for the types of aircraft Limco and/or Piedmont and/or Turbochrome target.

| · | Enhancing our engineering capabilities in order to support customer needs related to new projects and in order to certify MRO services that differ from processes previously approved by the FAA, EASA or other regulatory authorities. This allows shortening the long and complex approval process, streamlining the design and certification process and reducing costs.

| · | Leveraging operational efficiencies to achieve shorter delivery times and reduce costs.

| · | Investing in new technologies and manufacturing techniques in the heat transfer solutions product line.

| · | Investing in innovations and improvements aimed at enhancing the quality and performance of our existing solutions and services as well as the development of new products in an effort to strengthen our market position and enter into more advanced platforms.

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Engineering
We believe that our engineering capabilities is a strategic core competency and key competitive advantage, which allows us to effectively compete in the market with companies which, in many cases, have better name recognition and greater resources than we do. Our strong engineering capabilities enable us to meet our customers’ increasingly complex demands to deliver high-quality and cost-effective solutions while maintaining efficient development cycles. These capabilities are based on proprietary technological expertise and know-how developed by highly-experienced multi-disciplinary teams over the years. We believe that this proprietary knowledge coupled with our innovative and problem-solving approach allows us to provide our customers with an overall superior solution – in both manufacturing and MRO services – in terms of quality, cost and turnaround time. Our strong engineering capabilities are a key factor in preserving customer loyalty as well as supporting our efforts to expand our services to new areas of growth.
Gedera’s engineering staff has extensive knowledge and experience in designing heat transfer solutions. In general, Gedera has manufacturing capabilities for most heat transfer solutions. Gedera manufactures the necessary tools, fixtures, test equipment and special jigs which are required to manufacture, assemble and test these products. Gedera developed proprietary design and analysis techniques which assist in the mechanical and thermal design of its products. All of Gedera’s products are inspected and tested by trained inspectors using highly sophisticated test equipment in accordance with its customer requirements.
Limco’s engineering department enhances its ability to provide its customers with high-end top-quality MRO services, supports the development of MRO services for new products with commercial potential and supports its OEM activity. Limco’s engineering department employs certified mechanical and aerospace engineers. Limco’s multi-disciplinary team of engineers specializes in, among others, heat transfer solutions and components and supports all processes of thermal and structural analysis, mechanical and metallurgical research and development for manufacturing design. Limco’s engineers have direct experience with aerospace component repair and with obtaining supplemental type certificates from the FAA. Limco’s engineering department supports the development of new repairs capabilities that extend beyond the limits of the component maintenance manual and utilizes DER to obtain the necessary FAA approvals.
Piedmont’s engineering department employs experienced mechanical and aerospace engineers with repair station and manufacturing experience in both engineering and quality. Piedmont also has an FAA-certified DER on staff with delegations in Power plant (APUs) & Mechanical Systems and with special delegation to manage and approve repair specifications. In addition to developing quality major repairs, Piedmont’s engineers have experience in obtaining supplemental type certificates and parts manufacturer approvals while working directly with the FAA Aircraft Certification Office.
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Turbochrome’s engineering department enhances its ability to provide its customers with high-end top-quality MRO services. Turbochrome’s engineering department employs several certified mechanical and metallurgical engineers. Turbochrome’s multi-disciplinary team of engineers specializes in, among other things, turbine components and supports all processes of thermal and structural analysis and mechanical and metallurgical research and development. Turbochrome’s engineers have substantial experience with aerospace component repair and with obtaining DER and DOA certificates from the FAA and EASA.
Research and Development
The technological developments in TAT’s markets drive the need to constantly examine the use of new materials and technologies in an effort to improve both the physical characteristics of the products (size, weight), as well as their performance (optimal heat transfer, higher reliability and increased lifespan). TAT also develops new products and enhanced functionalities for its existing products based on customer demands and in response to the competitive environment and market potential. TAT invests resources to attain such technological and product improvements in cooperation with its customers.
Source and Availability of Raw Materials and Spare Parts
TAT and its subsidiaries acquire most of the components for the manufacture of their products and provision of their services from a limited number of suppliers and subcontractors, the majority located in Israel and the United States. Some of these suppliers are currently the sole source of one or more components upon which TAT and its subsidiaries are dependent. Since many of TAT's and its subsidiaries’ purchases require long lead times, a delay in the supply of an item can significantly delay the delivery of a product. Generally, TAT and its subsidiaries have not experienced significant difficulty in obtaining timely deliveries of necessary components; however, if they are unable to obtain these components when needed, they would experience delays in manufacturing their products and their financial results could be adversely affected.
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The raw materials used in manufacturing programs are generally readily available metals and alloys. TAT and its subsidiaries have not had any significant difficulty in obtaining such materials in the past.
TAT and its subsidiaries select their suppliers primarily based on their ability to ensure that their parts are serviceable and traceable to OEM-approved sources, their delivery performance and their ability to help reduce the total cost of procuring those parts. For quality control, cost and efficiency reasons, TAT and its subsidiaries generally purchase supplies only from vendors with who they have ongoing relationships or who their customers have previously approved.
Authorizations from OEMs often require that TAT purchase component parts that are needed for its MRO services from the OEM or its designated distributors.
Wherever possible, TAT and its subsidiaries have made and continue to make an effort to qualify second sources or have identified alternate sources for many of their parts needs.
Israeli Export Policy
Exports of military related products are subject to the military export policy of the State of Israel. Currently the Israeli government encourages exports to approved customers, provided that such exports do not run counter to Israeli policy or national security considerations. Gedera must obtain a permit prior to initiating a sales proposal and ultimately an export license for the transaction is required. Israeli law also regulates the export of “dual use” items (items that are typically sold for civilian uses OR purposes but that may also have military purposes).
While we have been successful in obtaining export permits in the past, we may not be able to obtain the necessary export permits or licenses in the future. In addition, governmental policy with respect to military exports (or dual use items) may be altered.
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U.S. Export Regulations
Export of defense products, military technical data and technical services by our U.S. subsidiaries to Israel and other countries is subject to applicable approvals by the U.S. government under the U.S. International Traffic in Arms Regulations (“ITAR”). Such approvals are typically in the form of an export license or a technical assistance agreement (“TAA”). Other U.S. companies wishing to export defense products or military-related services and technology to our Israeli and other non-U.S. entities are also required to obtain such export licenses and TAAs. An application for an export license or a TAA requires disclosure of the intended end user and the use of the technology. Pursuant to recent export control reform initiatives in the United States, a greater part of our U.S. subsidiaries’ and our U.S. suppliers' activities are becoming subject to control under the Export Administration Act "dual use" regulations. The U.S. government may deny an export authorization if it determines that a transaction is counter to U.S. policy or national security.
Proprietary Rights
At the present time, TAT and its subsidiaries do not own any patents. TAT and its subsidiaries rely on laws protecting trade secrets, and consider such items proprietary; however, we believe that our success depends less on the ownership of such proprietary rights than on our innovative skills, technical competences, marketing and engineering abilities. TAT and its subsidiaries have no material registered trademarks.
B. Government Regulations
Aerospace and Safety Regulations
The commercial aerospace industry is highly regulated by the FAA in the United States, EASA in Europe, and other governmental authorities elsewhere in the world, while the military aerospace industry is governed by military quality specifications established by the U.S. Department of Defense for the manufacturing and repair industries and ISO-9000. TAT is required to be certified by one or more of these entities and, in some cases, by individual OEMs. TAT must also satisfy the requirements of its customers, including OEMs and airlines that are subject to FAA regulations and to evolving industry standards, and provide these customers with products that comply with the government regulations applicable to commercial flight operations. TAT believes it currently satisfies or exceeds these FAA maintenance standards in its repair and overhaul activities. Our active OR operating repair stations in Israel and the United States are approved by the FAA (while TAT-Engineering, our joint venture in Russia, is currently pursuing such certification OR is currently in process of pursuing such certification). TAT also believes it currently satisfies all industry standards in its facilities.
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TAT’s operations are also subject to a variety of worker and community safety laws including the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, known as OSHA, which mandates general requirements for safe workplaces for all U.S. employees. In addition, OSHA provides special procedures and measures for the handling of certain hazardous and toxic substances. TAT believes that its operations are in compliance with OSHA’s requirements.
TAT believes that it is in material compliance with U.S., European and other governmental regulations affecting the aerospace and defense industries.
Israeli Regulations
TAT’s operations in Israel are subject to supervision by the Israeli Ministry of Defense and Civil Aviation Administration of Israel. Gedera is certified by the IAF and the Israeli Ministry of Defense for both manufacturing and maintenance. Gedera is also licensed as a repair station for certain components by the Civil Aviation Administration of Israel. In addition, Gedera’s export of certain products and/or know-how is subject to approval by the Defense Export Controls Agency (“DECA”) of the Israeli Ministry of Defense. DECA permits are required prior to submitting sales proposals with regard to such exports, as well as for the actual export of such products.
Environmental Matters
TAT’s operations are subject to a number of stringent federal, state and local environmental laws in the United States and Israel, as well as to regulation set OR promulgated by government agencies, including the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Among other matters, these regulatory authorities impose requirements that regulate the emission, discharge, generation, management, transportation and disposal of pollutants and hazardous substances. These authorities may require TAT to initiate actions to remediate the effects of hazardous substances which may be or have been released into the environment and require TAT to obtain and maintain permits in connection with TAT’s operations. This extensive regulatory framework imposes significant compliance burdens and risks.
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Although TAT seeks to maintain its operations and facilities in compliance with applicable environmental laws, there can be no assurance that TAT has no violations, or that change in such laws, regulations or interpretations of such laws, will not require TAT to make significant additional expenditures to ensure compliance in the future. Currently, TAT does not believe that it will have to make material capital expenditures for its operations to comply with environmental laws or regulations, or to incur material costs for environmental remediation during the 2019 fiscal year.
TAT has received no material third party environmental claims relating to its facilities, and TAT believes that it has all material licenses and certifications that are required in the jurisdictions in which it operates.
C. Property, Plants and Equipment
The Gedera facility is located in Park Re’em near Gedera. This facility is approximately 348,000 square feet and houses TAT’s executive offices, Gedera’s research and development and manufacturing operations. The land of this facility is leased by TAT Industries from the Israel Land Authority (“ILA”). Approximately 26,000 square feet of the facility are sub-leased to TAT from 1991 until 2020 and the lease from the ILA is expected to expire in 2020. TAT sub-leases the remaining 322,000 square feet of the facility from TAT Industries pursuant to an agreement TAT entered into in connection with the purchase of the operations relating to the manufacture of aviation accessories of TAT Industries in February 2000. The lease agreement expires at the end of 2024. In 2015, the rental fee was reviewed by a real estate appraiser who determined that the rental fee would be $656 thousand per year with an additional incremental payment of 2% per year. Total rental payments TAT paid to TAT Industries during 2018, 2017 and 2016 were $767, $740 and $683 thousand, respectively.
Limco owns and operates a 55,000 square feet manufacturing plant in Tulsa, Oklahoma which has historically supported all its business, including its aftermarket heat transfer component repair station. This facility also has housed Limco’s administration, engineering, quality control and support services. Limco also leases building #2, building #3 and building #4. Building #2 lease is effective from July 1, 2017 to May 31, 2022 and any time after March 31, 2019 lessee or lessor may terminate this lease by giving lessee or lessor six months’ written notice. The rent for building #2 is $4,000 per month plus the percentage increase in the consumer price index annually. Building #3 lease expired on January 31, 2014. The lease has renewed automatically from year to year since that date. Either party has the right to cancel the lease with 30 days’ notice prior to the expiration or anniversary date of the term and is in full force and effect. The rent for building #3 is $1,452 per month plus the percentage increase in the consumer price index. Building #4 lease is effective from April 1, 2017 to March 31, 2030. The early termination option on Building #4 states that at any time after March 31, 2019, the lessee or the lessor may terminate this lease by giving the lessee or lessor 6 months’ written notice. The rent is $2,800.00 per month for building #4 plus the percentage increase in the consumer price index. In 2018, 2017 and 2016, the rental expense for this property was $92, $72 and $51 thousand, respectively, for each one of these years.
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In the second half of 2015, Piedmont leased approximately 82,000 square feet in Greensboro, North Carolina, for its new landing gear component and overhaul repair station as well as the MPG operation. The lease expires on June 30, 2025. In 2018, 2017 and 2016 the rental expense was $324, $324 and $297 thousand, respectively, for each one of these years. In addition, Piedmont leases approximately 56,000 square feet space for its facility in Kernersville, North Carolina to support its APU component and overhaul repair station. during 2018, Piedmont vacated the first floor of the facility while continue to lease the second floor space, approximately 28,000 square feet. In 2018, 2017 and 2016, the rental expense for this property was $78, $78 and $60 thousand for each one of these years. The lease expired in October 31, 2016, and is now extended month to month. Moreover, during 2016, Piedmont also leased approximately 32,000 square feet for its facility in Winston-Salem, North Carolina to support its former landing gear component and overhaul repair station as well as the MPG operation. In 2016 the rental expense for this property was $38 thousand. This lease expired in June 2016 and Piedmont moved to the new facilities. Starting in 2014, Piedmont also leased approximately 10,000 square feet of storage space in Winston-Salem (near its previous main facility in Winston-Salem), on a month to month lease. The lease ended during 2016. In 2016 Piedmont’s expense for this property was $8 thousand.
Turbochrome operates a 135,000 square feet facility in Kiryat Gat, Israel, which supports all its business. The land on which the facility is located is leased from the ILA. The leasehold rights are for a period ending in 2045 and are recorded in Turbochrome's name. Turbochrome paid the entire lease payments due until 2045 in a one-time payment (discounted to present value).
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Item 4A. Unresolved Staff Comments
Not applicable.
Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects Operating Results
The following discussion of our results of operations should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes, which appear elsewhere in this annual report. The following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our current plans, estimates and beliefs and involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this annual report.
Overview
TAT is reliant on the robustness of the commercial and military aerospace and ground defense industries. Any downturn in these industries could weaken demand for its solutions and services and negatively impact its financial results. The commercial airline industry is cyclical and has historically been subject to fluctuations due to general economic and political conditions, such as fuel and labor costs, price competition, downturns in the global economy and national and international events.
TAT’s cost of revenues for OEM operations and MRO services consists of component and material costs, direct labor costs, quality assurance costs, shipping expenses, royalties, overhead related to manufacturing and depreciation of manufacturing equipment. TAT’s gross margin is affected by the proportion of its revenues generated from each of its operational segments.
The principal factors that affect the operating income of TAT’s four segments, in addition to their gross profit, is the expenditure on selling and marketing expenses and general and administrative expenses. While TAT closely monitors its operating expenses to prevent unnecessary spending, we believe that these operating expenses may increase in the future in accordance with our plans to grow the business.
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TAT’s research and development expenses are related to new products and technologies or significant improvement of existing products and technologies.
TAT’s selling and marketing expenses are related to commission payments, compensation and related expenses of TAT’s sales teams, participation in trade shows, travel expenses, advertising expenses and related costs for facilities and equipment.
TAT’s general and administrative expenses are related to compensation and related expenses for executive, finance and administrative personnel, professional fees such as legal, audit, SOX, internal audit, other general corporate expenses and related costs for facilities and equipment.
Sources of Revenues
TAT, directly and through its subsidiaries, provides a variety of solutions and services to the commercial and military aerospace and ground defense industries, including:

| (i) | OEM of heat transfer solutions and aviation components, such as heat exchangers, pre-coolers and oil/fuel hydraulic coolers (through our Gedera facility);

| (ii) | MRO services for heat transfer components and OEM of heat transfer solutions (through our Limco subsidiary);

| (iii) | MRO services for aviation components (through our Piedmont subsidiary); and

| (iv) | Overhaul and coating of jet engine components (through our Turbochrome subsidiary).

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TAT’s revenues from its four operational segments for the three years ended December 31, 2018 were as follows:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
|  | Revenues in Thousands |  |  | % of Total Revenues |  |  | Revenues in Thousands |  |  | % of Total Revenues |  |  | Revenues in Thousands |  |  | % of Total Revenues |
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
OEM of heat transfer solutions and aviation components |  | $ | 24,707 |  |  |  | 26.5 | % |  | $ | 31,237 |  |  |  | 29.3 | % |  | $ | 28,255 |  |  |  | 29.5 | %
MRO services for heat transfer components and OEM of heat transfer solutions |  |  | 31,344 |  |  |  | 33.6 | % |  |  | 34,812 |  |  |  | 32.7 | % |  |  | 32,429 |  |  |  | 33.9 | %
MRO services for aviation components |  |  | 32,487 |  |  |  | 34.9 | % |  |  | 33,009 |  |  |  | 31.0 | % |  |  | 31,630 |  |  |  | 33 | %
Overhaul and coating of jet engine components |  |  | 9,697 |  |  |  | 10.4 | % |  |  | 11,005 |  |  |  | 10.3 | % |  |  | 9,209 |  |  |  | 9.6 | %
Eliminations |  |  | (5,057 | ) |  |  | (5.4 | )% |  |  | (3,536 | ) |  |  | (3.3 | )% |  |  | (5,729 | ) |  |  | (6 | )%
Total Revenues |  | $ | 93,178 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 106,527 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 95,794 |  |  |  | 100 | %

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The following table reflects the geographic breakdown of TAT’s revenues for each of the three years ended December 31, 2018:

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
|  | Revenues in Thousands |  |  | % of Total Revenues |  |  | Revenues in Thousands |  |  | % of Total Revenues |  |  | Revenues in Thousands |  |  | % of Total Revenues |
United States |  | $ | 54,032 |  |  |  | 58.0 | % |  | $ | 59,051 |  |  |  | 55.4 | % |  | $ | 57,946 |  |  |  | 60.5 | %
Israel |  |  | 6,924 |  |  |  | 7.4 | % |  |  | 9,993 |  |  |  | 9.4 | % |  |  | 7,670 |  |  |  | 8.0 | %
Other |  |  | 32,222 |  |  |  | 34.6 | % |  |  | 37,483 |  |  |  | 35.2 | % |  |  | 30,178 |  |  |  | 31.5 | %
Total |  | $ | 93,178 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 106,527 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 95,794 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %

Costs and Expenses
Cost of revenues. TAT’s cost of revenues for OEM operations and MRO services consist of component and material costs, direct labor costs, quality assurance costs, royalties, shipping expenses, overhead related to manufacturing and depreciation of manufacturing equipment.
TAT’s gross margin was affected by the proportion of TAT’s revenues generated from OEM operations and MRO services in each of the reported years.
Research and development expenses, net. Research and development expenses, net are related to new products and technologies or to a significant improvement of products and technologies, net of grants and participations received.
Selling and marketing expenses. Selling and marketing expenses consist primarily of commission payments, compensation and related expenses of TAT’s sales teams, participation in trade shows, travel expenses, advertising expenses and related costs for facilities and equipment.
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General and administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses consist of compensation and related expenses for executive, finance and administrative personnel, professional fees such as legal, audit, SOX, internal audit, other general corporate expenses and related costs for facilities and equipment.
Other income (expense). Other income (expense) results from capital gain on sale of property and equipment and onetime expenses.
Gain on bargain purchase. Gain on bargain purchase is related to the acquisition of Turbochrome and represents the excess of the estimated fair value of the assets and liabilities acquired over the purchase price.
Financial income (expense), net. Financial income (expense), net consists of exchange rate and interest income or expense. Interest income or expense relates to the interest received from or paid to banks and changes in the rate of the NIS or other currencies against the U.S. dollar.
Tax expense (income). Tax expense consists of Israeli and U.S. federal and state taxes on the income of TAT’s business and changes in deferred tax assets or liabilities.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
TAT’s consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. These accounting principles require management to make certain estimates, judgments and assumptions based upon information available at the time that they are made, historical experience and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates, judgments and assumptions can affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the periods presented. While all the accounting policies impact the financial statements, certain policies may be viewed to be critical. These policies are those that are both most important to the portrayal of TAT’s financial condition and results of operations and require management’s most difficult, subjective and complex judgments and estimates. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
In many cases, the accounting treatment of a particular transaction is specifically dictated by U.S. GAAP and does not require management’s judgment in its application. There are also areas in which management’s judgment in selecting among available alternatives would not produce a materially different result. Management has reviewed these critical accounting policies and related disclosures with TAT’s audit committee.
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TAT’s management believes the significant accounting policies which affect management’s more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of TAT’s consolidated financial statements and which are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating the reported financial results include the following:

| · | Revenue recognition

| · | Inventory valuation

| · | Income taxes

| · | Allowance for doubtful accounts

Revenue Recognition
The TAT Group generates its revenues from the sale of OEM products and systems, providing MRO services (remanufacture, maintenance, repair and overhaul services and long - term service contracts) and parts services.
In May 2014, FASB issued Accounting Standards Update "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" (Topic 606). According to the standard, an entity recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration that the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that an entity determines are within the scope of Topic 606, the entity performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied.
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Other major provisions include capitalization of certain contract costs, consideration of the time value of money in the transaction price, and allowing estimates of variable consideration to be recognized before contingencies are resolved in certain circumstances.
The guidance permitted the use of either a retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. The Company has implemented the new standard on its effective date (January 1, 2018) to uncompleted contracts as of that date, in accordance with the transitional directive which allows recognition of the cumulative effect of the initial application as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings as of January 1, 2018. The adoption of ASC 606 did not impact the Company’s balance sheet or opening balance of retained earnings. The Company did not provide the effects in the current reporting period of the standard as compared to the guidance that was in effect before the change, since these effects were immaterial.
The company has adopted the following exemptions and accounting policies:
a. The Company has chosen to account for shipping as a fulfillment costs, in cases in which the shipping occurs after the customer has obtained control of a good.
b. The Company has chosen not to adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component, in cases in which the Company expects, at contract inception, that the period between when the Company transfers a promised good or service to the customer and when the customer pays for that good or service will be one year or less.
c. The Company has chosen to present all sales taxes collected from customers on a net basis.
The group recognizes revenues from the sale of OEM products when it satisfies a performance obligation, i.e. when or as the customer obtains control upon product shipment. The Group does not grant a right of return.
The group recognizes revenues from MRO services over time as it satisfies performance obligations.
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Revenues from maintenance contracts are recognized over the contract period in proportion to the costs expected to be incurred in performing services under the contract. The Group estimates the costs that are expected to be incurred based on its historical experience. The costs incurred related to the maintenance contracts are not incurred on a straight-line basis, as the timing to provide the maintenance services is dependent on when parts under these contracts require maintenance. Therefore, the Group accrues revenue as costs are incurred. These contracts are reviewed on a timely basis and adjusted (if required) based on total expected cost.
Prior to January 1, 2018 and before the adoption of ASC 606, revenues from multi-year, fixed price contracts for OEM customers were recognized when a product was shipped (and title passed) to the customer.
Revenues from MRO services were generally recognized when services were completed. In cases in which contracts required exchanging a defective landing gear for a restored gear, the non-refundable minimum amounts from these contracts were recognized on the exchange date (delivery of the product has occurred), and any additional amounts billed to the customer for excess hours of repair, were recognized when the customer approved the price for these additional services.
Revenues from maintenance contracts were recognized over the contract period in proportion to the costs expected to be incurred in performing services under the contract. The Group estimated the costs that were expected to be incurred based on its historical experience. The costs incurred related to the maintenance contracts were not incurred on a straight-line basis, as the timing to provide the maintenance services is dependent on when parts under these contracts require maintenance. Therefore, the Group accrued revenue as costs were incurred. These contracts were reviewed on a timely basis and adjusted (if required) based on total expected cost.
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Inventory valuation
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost of raw material and parts is determined using the moving average basis. Cost of work in progress and finished products is calculated based on actual costs and the capitalized production costs, mainly labor and overhead and is determined based on the average basis. TAT’s policy for valuation of inventory and commitments to purchase inventory, including the determination of obsolete or excess inventory, requires it to perform a detailed assessment of inventory at each balance sheet date which includes a review of, among other factors, an estimate of future demand for products within specific time frames, valuation of existing inventory, as well as product lifecycle and product development plans. The business environment in which TAT operates, the wide range of products that TAT offers and the relatively short sales cycles TAT experiences, all contribute to the exercise of judgment relating to maintaining and writing-off of inventory levels. The estimates of future demand that TAT uses in the valuation of inventory are the basis for its revenue forecast, which is also consistent with its short-term manufacturing plan. Inventory reserves are also provided to cover risks arising from slow-moving items. Inventory management remains an area of management focus as TAT balances the need to maintain strategic inventory levels to ensure competitive lead times against the risk of inventory obsolescence due to changing technology and customer requirements. TAT writes down obsolete or slow-moving inventory in an amount equal to the difference between the cost of inventory and the net realizable value based upon assumptions about future demand, market conditions and sale forecasts.
If actual market conditions are less favorable than TAT anticipates, additional inventory write-downs may be required.
Income Taxes
TAT operates within multiple tax jurisdictions and is subject to audits in these jurisdictions. These audits can involve complex issues, which may require an extended period of time to resolve. In management’s opinion, adequate provisions for income taxes have been made for all years. Although management believes that its estimates are reasonable, no assurance can be given that the final tax outcome of these issues will not be different than those reflected in its historical income tax provisions.
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TAT uses the liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on temporary differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities and net operating loss and credit carry forwards using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established when it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. To the extent that TAT’s decisions and assumptions and historical reporting are determined not to be compliant with applicable tax laws, TAT may be subject to adjustments in its reported income for tax purposes as well as interest and penalties.
According to an acceptable interpretation that prescribes a minimum recognition threshold a tax position is required to meet before being recognized in the financial statements. The interpretation also provides guidance on de-recognition of tax positions, classification on the balance sheet, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition. In addition, the interpretation requires significant judgment with respect to determining what constitutes an individual tax position as well as assessing the outcome of each tax position. Changes in judgment as to recognition or measurement of tax positions can materially affect the estimate of the effective tax rate and consequently, affect our operating results.
U.S. subsidiaries are taxed based on federal and state tax laws. The statutory tax rate for 2017 and 2016 was 38%.
On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the“Act”) was enacted into law. The new legislation represents fundamental and dramatic modifications to the U.S. tax system. The Act contains several key tax provisions that impacted the Company's U.S. subsidiaries, including the reduction of the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate from an effective rate of 35% to a flat rate of 21%, effective January 1, 2018. Other significant changes under the Act include, among others, a one-time repatriation tax on accumulated foreign earnings, a limitation of net operating loss deduction to 80% of taxable income, and indefinite carryover of post-2017 net operating losses. The Act also repeals the corporate alternative minimum tax for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017. Losses generated prior to January 1, 2018 will still be subject to the 20-year carryforward limitation and the alternative minimum tax. Other potential impacts due to the Act include the repeal of the domestic manufacturing deduction, modification of taxation of controlled foreign corporations, a base erosion anti-abuse tax, modification of interest expense limitation rules, modification of limitation on deductibility of excessive executive compensation, and taxation of global intangible low-taxed income.
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Allowances for Doubtful Accounts
TAT performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers’ financial condition and requires collateral as deemed necessary. Allowances for doubtful accounts are maintained for estimated losses resulting from the inability of TAT’s customers to make payments. In judging the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts, TAT considers multiple factors including the aging of receivables, historical bad debt experience and the general economic environment. Management applies considerable judgment in assessing the realization of receivables, including assessing the probability of collection and the current credit worthiness of each customer. If the financial condition of TAT’s customers were to deteriorate, resulting in an impairment of their ability to make payments, additional allowances may be required.
Key Indicators
TAT’s management evaluates its performance by focusing on key performance indicators, which are revenues, sources of revenues, gross profit and operating income. These key performance indicators are primarily affected by the competitive landscape in which TAT operates and its ability to meet the challenges posed.
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The following table presents, for the periods indicated, information concerning TAT’s results of operations:

|  | Year Ended December 31 |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
|  | (in thousands) |
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
OEM of heat transfer solutions and aviation components |  | $ | 24,707 |  |  |  | 31,237 |  |  |  | 28,255 |
MRO services for heat transfer components and OEM of heat transfer solutions |  |  | 31,344 |  |  |  | 34,812 |  |  |  | 32,429 |
MRO services for aviation components |  |  | 32,487 |  |  |  | 33,009 |  |  |  | 31,630 |
Overhaul and coating of jet engine components |  |  | 9,697 |  |  |  | 11,005 |  |  |  | 9,209 |
Eliminations |  |  | (5,057 | ) |  |  | (3,536 | ) |  |  | (5,729 | )
Total revenues |  |  | 93,178 |  |  |  | 106,527 |  |  |  | 95,794 |
Cost of revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
OEM of heat transfer solutions and aviation components |  |  | 25,612 |  |  |  | 25,535 |  |  |  | 24,028 |
MRO services for heat transfer components and OEM of heat transfer solutions |  |  | 27,659 |  |  |  | 26,085 |  |  |  | 23,440 |
MRO services for aviation components |  |  | 28,561 |  |  |  | 29,026 |  |  |  | 27,423 |
Overhaul and coating of jet engine components |  |  | 8,298 |  |  |  | 9,057 |  |  |  | 7,610 |
Eliminations |  |  | (5,343 | ) |  |  | (3,620 | ) |  |  | (5,744 | )
Total cost of revenues |  |  | 84,787 |  |  |  | 86,083 |  |  |  | 76,757 |
Gross profit |  |  | 8,391 |  |  |  | 20,444 |  |  |  | 19,037 |
Research and development costs, net |  |  | 553 |  |  |  | 731 |  |  |  | 1,140 |
Selling and marketing |  |  | 4,913 |  |  |  | 4,974 |  |  |  | 3,876 |
General and administrative |  |  | 8,559 |  |  |  | 9,409 |  |  |  | 10,023 |
Other expenses (income) |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | (138 | )
|  |  | 14,021 |  |  |  | 15,167 |  |  |  | 14,901 |
Operating income (loss) |  |  | (5,630 | ) |  |  | 5,277 |  |  |  | 4,136 |
Financial expense, net |  |  | (102 | ) |  |  | (338 | ) |  |  | (154 | )
Income (loss) before taxes on income (tax benefit) |  |  | (5,732 | ) |  |  | 4,939 |  |  |  | 3,982 |
Taxes on income (tax benefit) |  |  | (1,464 | ) |  |  | 2,333 |  |  |  | 3,865 |
income (loss) before equity investment |  |  | (4,268 | ) |  |  | 2,606 |  |  |  | 117 |
Share in results of affiliated company and impairment of share in affiliated companies |  |  | (140 | ) |  |  | (210 | ) |  |  | (55 | )
Net income (loss) |  | $ | (4,408 | ) |  | $ | 2,396 |  |  | $ | 62 |

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The following table presents, for the periods indicated, information concerning TAT’s results of operations as a percentage of revenues:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
OEM of heat transfer solutions and aviation components |  |  | 26.5 | % |  |  | 29.3 | % |  |  | 29.5 | %
MRO services for heat transfer components and OEM of heat transfer solutions |  |  | 33.6 |  |  |  | 32.7 |  |  |  | 33.9 |
MRO services for aviation components |  |  | 34.9 |  |  |  | 31.0 |  |  |  | 33.0 |
Overhaul and coating of jet engine components |  |  | 10.4 |  |  |  | 10.3 |  |  |  | 9.6 |
Eliminations |  |  | (5.4 | ) |  |  | (3.3 | ) |  |  | (6 | )
Total revenues |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |
Cost of revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
OEM of heat transfer solutions and aviation components |  |  | 27.5 |  |  |  | 24.0 |  |  |  | 25.1 |
MRO services for heat transfer components and OEM of heat transfer solutions |  |  | 29.7 |  |  |  | 24.5 |  |  |  | 24.5 |
MRO services for aviation components |  |  | 30.6 |  |  |  | 27.2 |  |  |  | 28.6 |
Overhaul and coating of jet engine components |  |  | 8.9 |  |  |  | 8.5 |  |  |  | 7.9 |
Eliminations |  |  | (5.7 | ) |  |  | (3.4 | ) |  |  | (6 | )
Cost of revenues |  |  | 91 |  |  |  | 80.8 |  |  |  | 80.1 |
Gross profit |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 19.2 |  |  |  | 19.9 |
Research and development costs, net |  |  | 0.6 |  |  |  | 0.7 |  |  |  | 1.2 |
Selling and marketing |  |  | 5.3 |  |  |  | 4.7 |  |  |  | 4 |
General and administrative |  |  | 9.2 |  |  |  | 8.8 |  |  |  | 10.5 |
Other income |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | (0.1 | )
|  |  | 15.1 |  |  |  | 14.2 |  |  |  | 15.6 |
Operating income (loss) |  |  | (6.1 | ) |  |  | 5.0 |  |  |  | 4.3 |
Financial expense, net |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  |  | (0.3 | ) |  |  | (0.2 | )
Income (loss) before taxes on income (tax benefit) |  |  | (6.2 | ) |  |  | 4.7 |  |  |  | 4.1 |
Taxes on income (tax benefit) |  |  | (1.6 | ) |  |  | 2.2 |  |  |  | 4.0 |
income (loss) before equity investment |  |  | (4.6 | ) |  |  | 2.5 |  |  |  | 0.1 |
Share in results of affiliated company and impairment of share in affiliated companies |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  |  | * |
Net income (loss) |  |  | (4.7 | )% |  |  | 2.3 | % |  |  | 0.1 | %

________________________
* Less than 0.1 percent
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Year ended December 31, 2018 compared with Year ended December 31, 2017
Revenues. Total revenues were $93.2 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018, compared to $106.5 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017, a decrease of 12.5%This reflects (i) the decrease in revenues in the OEM of heat transfer solutions and aviation accessories segment; (ii) the decrease in revenues in the MRO services for heat transfer components and OEM of heat transfer solutions segment; (iii) the decrease in revenues in the MRO services for aviation components segment; and (iv) the decrease in in revenue in the overhaul and coating of jet engine components segment.
Revenues from OEM of heat transfer solutions and aviation components. Revenues from this operating segment decreased to $24.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from $31.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, a decrease of 20.9% mainly due to delay in order intake
Revenues from MRO services for heat transfer components and OEM of heat transfer solutions. Revenues from the MRO services for heat transfer components and OEM of heat transfer solutions operating segment decreased to $31.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, from $34.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, a decrease of 10%, mainly due to decline in demand for maintenance services among existing customers.
Revenues from MRO services for aviation components. Revenues from MRO services for aviation components operating segment decreased to $32.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, from $33.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, a decrease of 1.6%, mainly due to decline in demand for maintenance services among existing customers.
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Revenues from overhaul and coating of jet engine components. Revenues from overhaul and coating of jet engine components segment decreased to $9.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, from $11.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 a decrease of 11.9%, mainly due to lower demand for overhaul and coating of jet engine components.
Cost of revenues. Cost of revenues was $84.8 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018, compared to the $86.0 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017, a decrease of 1.5%. This is primarily due to the decrease in revenue.
Cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues was 91% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018, compared to 80.8% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017.
Cost of revenues for OEM of heat transfer solutions and aviation accessories. Cost of revenues for this operating segment was $25.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, with no significant change from $25.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017..
Cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues in this segment increased to 103.7% in the year ended December 31, 2018, from 81.7% for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase is primarily the result of lower sales compared to 2017 and a change in product mix in which more products with lower margins were sold during 2018.
Cost of revenues for MRO services for heat transfer components and OEM of heat transfer solutions. Cost of revenues for the MRO services for heat transfer components and OEM of heat transfer solutions operating segment increased to $27.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from $26.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, an increase of 6%. The increase is primarily attributable to the increase in labor and material costs.
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Cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues in this segment increased to 88.2% in the year ended December 31, 2018 from 74.9% for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase is primarily the result of lower sales compared to 2017 and the increase in labor and material costs.
Cost of revenues for MRO services for aviation components. Cost of revenues for MRO services for aviation components operating segment decreased to $28.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from $29.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, a decrease of 1.6%. The decrease is primarily attributable to lower sales compared to 2017.
Cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues in this segment estimated at 87.9% in the year ended December 31, 2018 unchanged from the year ended December 31, 2017.
Cost of revenues for overhaul and coating of jet engine components. Cost of revenues for the overhaul and coating of jet engine components segment decreased to $8.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from $9.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The decrease is primarily attributable to lower sales compared to 2017.
Cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues in this segment increased to 85.6% in the year ended December 31, 2018 from 82.3% in the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase is primarily the result of lower sales compared to 2017 and a change in product mix in which more products with lower margins being sold during 2018..
Research and development, net. Research and development expenses were $0.6 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018, compared to $0.7 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017.
Research and development expenses as a percentage of revenues were 0.6% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018 compared to 0.7% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017. TAT expects to invest in the future additional resources in research and development activities, and accordingly will continue to incur and record additional research and development expenses in the coming years.
Selling and marketing. Selling and marketing expenses were $5.0 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018, with no change from $5.0 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017.
Selling and marketing expenses as a percentage of revenues were 5.3% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018, compared to 4.7% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017, mainly due to the decrease in sales during 2018 compared to 2017. TAT expects to invest additional resources in selling and marketing activities in the coming years.
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General and administrative. General and administrative expenses were $8.6 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018, compared to $9.4 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017, a decrease of 9%. The decrease in general and administrative expenses was mainly attributable to decrease in labor costs and direct expenses.
General and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues were 9.2% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018, compared to 8.8% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017, mainly due to the decrease in sales during 2018 compared to 2017.
Financial expenses, net. Financial expenses, net for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018 were $0.1 million, compared to $0.3 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017.
Taxes on income (tax benefit). Tax benefit for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018, amounted to $1.5 million, compared to $2.3 million taxes on income for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017
Share in results of equity investment of affiliated companies. Share in results of equity investment of affiliated companies for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018, amounted to a loss of $ 0.1 million during 2018 compared to a loss of $0.2 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017.
Year ended December 31, 2017 compared with Year ended December 31, 2016
Revenues. Total revenues were $106.5 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017, compared to $95.8 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2016, an increase of11.2% all of which was organic growth. This reflects (i) the increase in revenues in the OEM of heat transfer solutions and aviation accessories segment; (ii) the increase in revenues in the MRO services for heat transfer components and OEM of heat transfer solutions segment; (iii) the increase in revenues in the MRO services for aviation components segment; and (iv) the increase in in revenue in the overhaul and coating of jet engine components segment.
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Revenues from OEM of heat transfer solutions and aviation components. Revenues from this operating segment increased to $31.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from $28.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, an increase of 10.6% mainly due to increase in sales of heat transfer solutions.
Revenues from MRO services for heat transfer components and OEM of heat transfer solutions. Revenues from the MRO services for heat transfer components and OEM of heat transfer solutions operating segment increased to $34.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, from $32.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, an increase of 7.3%, mainly due to higher demand for MRO services for heat transfer components and OEM of heat transfer solutions.
Revenues from MRO services for aviation components. Revenues from MRO services for aviation components operating segment increased to $33.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, from $31.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, an increase of 4.4%, mainly due to higher demand for MRO services for aviation components.
Revenues from overhaul and coating of jet engine components. Revenues from overhaul and coating of jet engine components segment increased to $11.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, from $9.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 an increase of 19.5%, mainly due to higher demand for overhaul and coating of jet engine components.
Cost of revenues. Cost of revenues was $86.0 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017, compared to the $76.8 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2016, an increase of 12.2%. This is primarily attributable to the increase in revenue.
Cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues was 80.8% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017, compared to 80.1% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2016.
Cost of revenues for OEM of heat transfer solutions and aviation accessories. Cost of revenues for this operating segment increased to $25.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, from $24.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, an increase of 6.3%. The increase is primarily attributable to higher sales compared to 2016.
Cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues in this segment decreased to 81.7% in the year ended December 31, 2017, from 85.0% for the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease is primarily the result of a change in product mix in which more products with higher margins being sold during 2017.
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Cost of revenues for MRO services for heat transfer components and OEM of heat transfer solutions. Cost of revenues for the MRO services for heat transfer components and OEM of heat transfer solutions operating segment increased to $26.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from $23.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, an increase of 11.3%. The increase is primarily attributable to higher sales compared to 2016.
Cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues in this segment increased to 74.9% in the year ended December 31, 2017 from 72.3% for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase is primarily the result of a change in product mix in which more products with lower margins being sold during 2017.
Cost of revenues for MRO services for aviation components. Cost of revenues for MRO services for aviation components operating segment increased to $29.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from $27.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, an increase of 5.8%. The increase is primarily attributable to higher sales compared to 2016.
Cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues in this segment increased to 87.9% in the year ended December 31, 2017 from 86.7% for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase is primarily the result of a change in product mix in which more products with lower margins being sold during 2017.
Cost of revenues for overhaul and coating of jet engine components. Cost of revenues for the overhaul and coating of jet engine components segment increased to $9.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from $7.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase is primarily attributable to higher sales compared to 2016.
Cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues in this segment decreased to 82.3% in the year ended December 31, 2017 from 82.6% in the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease is primarily the result of a change in product mix in which more products with higher margins being sold during 2017.
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Research and development, net. Research and development expenses were $0.7 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017, compared to $1.1 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2016.
Research and development expenses as a percentage of revenues were 0.7% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017 compared to 1.2% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2016.
Selling and marketing. Selling and marketing expenses were $5.0 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017, compared to $3.9 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2016, an increase of 28.3% mainly due to an increase in labor and direct expenses.
Selling and marketing expenses as a percentage of revenues were 4.7% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017, compared to 4.0% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2016. TAT expects to invest additional resources in selling and marketing activities in the coming years.
General and administrative. General and administrative expenses were $9.4 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017, compared to $10.0 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2016, a decrease of 6.1%. The decrease in general and administrative expenses was mainly attributable to decrease in labor and direct expenses.
General and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues were 8.8% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017, compared to 10.6% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2016.
Other expenses (income). Other expenses were $0.1 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017, compared to an income of $0.1 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2016. Other expenses in 2017 are mainly attributed to the sale of fixed assets and other income in 2016 is mainly attributable to acquisition expenses related to the Turbochrome acquisition.
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Financial expenses, net. Financial expenses, net for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017 were $0.3 million, compared to $0.2 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2016.
Taxes on income. Taxes on income for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017, amounted to $2.3 million, compared to $3.9 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2016. The decrease is mainly attributed to the fact that 2016 includes a deferred tax liability of $2.7 million in 2016 resulting from actual distribution of earnings from TAT’s U.S.-based subsidiaries and the possibility of future distribution of earnings from such U.S. subsidiaries. 2017 is including an adjustment for deferred tax assets of $0.4 million (expenses) related to The U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the Tax Act) that was enacted on December 22, 2017 and introduces significant changes to U.S. income tax law. Effective in 2018, the Tax Act reduces the U.S. statutory tax rate from 35% to 21%.
Share in results of equity investment of affiliated companies. Share in results of equity investment of affiliated companies for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017, amounted to a loss of $ 0.2 million during 2017 compared to $0.1 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2016.
Conditions in Israel
TAT is incorporated under the laws of the State of Israel, and its principal executive offices and manufacturing and research and development facilities are located in Israel. See “RISK FACTORS” for a description of governmental, economic, fiscal, monetary or political policies or factors that have materially affected or could materially affect TAT’s operations.
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Trade Relations
Israel is a member of the United Nations, the International Monetary Fund, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Finance Corporation. Israel is a member of the World Trade Organization and is a signatory to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. In addition, Israel has been granted preferences under the Generalized System of Preferences from the United States, Australia, Canada and Japan. These preferences allow Israel to export the products covered by such programs either duty-free or at reduced tariffs.
Israel and the European Union Community, known now as the “European Union,” concluded a Free Trade Agreement in July 1975 that confers some advantages with respect to Israeli exports to most European countries and obligates Israel to lower its tariffs with respect to imports from these countries over a number of years. In 1985, Israel and the United States entered into an agreement to establish a Free Trade Area. The Free Trade Area has eliminated all tariff and some non-tariff barriers on most trade between the two countries. On January 1, 1993, an agreement between Israel and the European Free Trade Association, known as the “EFTA,” established a free-trade zone between Israel and the EFTA nations. In November 1995, Israel entered into a new agreement with the European Union, which includes a redefinition of rules of origin and other improvements, such as allowing Israel to become a member of the Research and Technology programs of the European Union. In recent years, Israel has established commercial and trade relations with a number of other nations, including Russia, China, India, Turkey and other nations in Eastern Europe and the Asia-Pacific region.
Impact of Currency Fluctuation and of Inflation
TAT reports its financial results in dollars and receives payment primarily in dollars or dollar-linked NIS for all of its sales while it incurs a portion of its expenses, principally salaries and related personnel expenses in Israel, in NIS. Additionally, certain assets, as well as a portion of its liabilities, are denominated in NIS. Therefore, the dollar cost of its operations is influenced by the extent to which any inflation in Israel is offset on a lagging basis, or is not offset by the devaluation of the NIS in relation to the U.S. dollar. When the rate of inflation in Israel exceeds the rate of devaluation of the NIS against the U.S. dollar, the dollar cost of operations in Israel increases. If the dollar cost of operations in Israel increases, its dollar-measured results of operations will be adversely affected. It is uncertain whether TAT will be materially and adversely affected in the future if inflation in Israel exceeds the devaluation of the NIS against the dollar or if the timing of the devaluation lags behind inflation in Israel.
Because exchange rates between the NIS and the dollar fluctuate continuously, exchange rate fluctuations and especially larger periodic devaluations will have an impact on TAT’s profitability and period-to-period comparisons of its results. The effects of foreign currency re-measurements are reported in TAT’s consolidated financial statements in current operations. Although TAT hedges a portion of its exchange rate risk through the use of forward contracts and other derivative instruments, there is no certainty that future results of operations may not be materially adversely affected by currency fluctuations.
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Corporate Tax Rate
Israeli companies are generally subject to corporate tax on their taxable income (including capital gains). The regular corporate tax rate for Israel was 24% for the year ended December 31, 2017 and 23% for the year ended December 31, 2018.
However, the rate is effectively reduced for income derived from Approved and Beneficiary Enterprises, as defined by the Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959, as amended (the "Investment Law"). Until December 31, 2010, TAT elected to participate in the alternative package of tax benefits for its current Approved and Beneficiary Enterprises. Pursuant to such law, the income derived from those enterprises was exempt from Israeli corporate tax for a specified benefit period (except to the extent that dividends are distributed from tax exempt income generated from the Approved and Beneficiary Enterprises or during the tax-exemption period other than upon liquidation) and subject to reduced corporate tax rates for an additional period.
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Certain amendments to the Investment Law became effective in January 2011 (the “2011 Amendment”). Under the 2011 Amendment, income derived by ‘Preferred Companies’ from ‘Preferred Enterprises’ (both as defined in the 2011 Amendment) would be subject to a uniform reduced corporate tax rate as opposed to the incentives that are limited to income from Approved or Beneficiary Enterprises during their benefits period. According to the 2011 Amendment, the uniform tax rate on such income, referred to as ‘Preferred Income’, would be 10% in areas designated as Israel’s Development Zone A and 15% elsewhere in Israel during 2011-2012, 7% and 12.5%, respectively, in 2013-2014, and 6% and 12%, respectively, thereafter. Dividends distributed from taxable income derived from Preferred Income would be subject to a 15% tax (or lower, if so provided under an applicable tax treaty), which would generally be withheld by the distributing company. While a company may incur additional tax liability in the event of distribution of dividends from tax exempt income generated from its Approved and Beneficiary Enterprises, no additional tax liability will be incurred by the company in the event of distribution of dividends from income taxed in accordance with the 2011 Amendment.
Under the transitional provisions of the 2011 Amendment, TAT elected to irrevocably implement the 2011 Amendment with respect to its existing Approved and Beneficiary Enterprises while waiving benefits provided under the legislation prior to the 2011 Amendment.
According to a more recent amendment which was announced in August 2013 and implemented in 2014, dividends paid out of income attributed to a Preferred Enterprise will be subject to a withholding tax rate of 20% (instead of 15%). In addition, tax rates under the Preferred Enterprise were also raised effective as of January 1, 2014, to 9% in Zone A and 16% elsewhere (instead of the 6% and 12%, respectively) with respect to Preferred Income as defined in the Investment law. In 2017, following the approval of the Israeli Budget Law for 2017 and 2018 (the “Budget Law”), the tax rate under a Preferred Enterprise with respect to Preferred Income as defined in the Investment law, generated in a Development Zone A will drop effective as of January 1, 2017, to 7.5%, while the tax rate of Preferred Income derived elsewhere in Israel remains 16%.
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Certain investment income derived by TAT from investments may not be regarded by the Israeli tax authorities as income from TAT’s Preferred Enterprise and consequently may be taxed at the regular statutory rate in Israel.
Certain of TAT’s subsidiaries operate in and are subject to the tax laws of various other jurisdictions, primarily the United States. TAT’s U.S. subsidiaries are taxed based on federal and state tax laws. The statutory tax of TAT’s U.S. subsidiaries was 38% in each of the years ended December 31, 2017and 2016.
The U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the Tax Act) was enacted on December 22, 2017 and introduces significant changes to U.S. income tax law. Effective in 2018, the Tax Act reduces the U.S. statutory tax rate from 35% to 21%.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards

| (1) | In June 2016, the FASB issued guidance on financial instruments. The guidance replaces the current incurred loss impairment methodology with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. The guidance will be effective for the fiscal year beginning on January 1, 2020, including interim periods within that year. The Company is currently evaluating the potential effect of the guidance on its consolidated financial statements.

| (2) | In February 2016, the FASB which sets out the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases for both parties to a contract (i.e. lessees and lessors). The new standard requires lessees to apply a dual approach, classifying leases as either finance or operating leases based on the principle of whether or not the lease is effectively a financed purchase by the lessee. This classification will determine whether lease expense is recognized based on an effective interest method or on a straight line basis over the term of the lease, respectively. A lessee is also required to record a right-of-use (ROU) asset and a lease liability for all leases with a term of greater than 12 months regardless of their classification. Leases with a term of 12 months or less may be accounted for similar to existing guidance for operating leases today. ASC 842 supersedes the previous leases standard, ASC 840 Leases. The standard is effective on January 1, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The Company expects that adoption of the standard will result in recognition of approximately $7.3 million of lease assets and lease liabilities as of January 1, 2019 on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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| (3) | In August 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standard Update which targets improvements to accounting for hedging activities which amends and simplifies existing guidance in order to allow companies to more accurately present the economic effects of risk management activities in the financial statements. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The new standard will not have a material effect on the Company's financial statements upon adoption.

Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of December 31, 2018, TAT had cash and cash equivalents and short-term bank deposits of $16 million, compared with cash and cash equivalents and short-term bank deposits of $18 million as of December 31, 2017.
Capital expenditures for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were approximately $4.3 million, $3.5 million and $5.7 million, respectively. TAT funded these expenditures mainly from cash flows from operations. TAT expects that its available cash and cash equivalents and cash flow generated from operations will be sufficient to fund its capital expenditures.
Management believes that anticipated cash flow from operations and its current cash balances will be sufficient to meet its cash requirements for at least 12 months. TAT’s future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including its rate of revenue growth, the expansion of its selling and marketing activities, costs associated with expansion into new markets and the timing of the introduction of new products and services.
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Cash Flows
The following table summarizes TAT’s cash flows for the periods presented:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | (in thousands) |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | $ | 2,080 |  |  | $ | 2,496 |  |  | $ | 5,521 |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  |  | (3,841 | ) |  |  | (3,559 | ) |  |  | 594 |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  |  | 197 |  |  |  | (2,856 | ) |  |  | (3,370 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (1,564 | ) |  |  | (3,919 | ) |  |  | 2,745 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year |  |  | 17,514 |  |  |  | 21,433 |  |  |  | 18,688 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of the year |  | $ | 15,950 |  |  | $ | 17,514 |  |  | $ | 21,433 |

The net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2018, amounted to approximately $2 million, compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 and net cash provided by operating activities of $5.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016.
Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2018 was principally derived from the following adjustments of non-cash line items: an upwards adjustment of $4.2 million for depreciation and amortization; an upward adjustment of $6.8 million for decrease in trade accounts receivable; an upward adjustment of $0.4 million for loss from derivatives; and an upward adjustment of $0.3 million for increase in share based compensation. This was offset by $4.5 million loss; a downward adjustment of $1.6 million for increase in other account receivables; a downward adjustment of $2 million for decrease in accrued expenses; a downward adjustment of $1 million for decrease in trade accounts payable; and a downward adjustment of $0.6 million for decrease in liability in respect of employee rights upon retirement
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Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2017 was principally derived from $2.4 million of net income and from the following adjustments of non-cash line items: an upwards adjustment of $3.9 million for depreciation and amortization; an upward adjustment of $0.6 million for increase in accounts payable; an upward adjustment of $0.4 million for deferred income tax, net; an upward adjustment of $0.3 million for increase in provision for doubtful accounts; and an upward adjustment of $0.5 million for decrease in other accounts receivables. This was offset by a downward adjustment of $4.5 million for increase in trade accounts receivable; a downward adjustment of $1.5 million for decrease in accrued expenses; and a downward adjustment of $0.5 million for gain from derivatives.
Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2016 was principally derived from $0.1 million of net income and from the following adjustments of non-cash line items: an upwards adjustment of $3.6 million for depreciation and amortization; an upward adjustment of $2.5 million for increase in other accounts payable and accrued expenses; an upward adjustment of $1.7 million for deferred income tax, net; an upward adjustment of $1.5 million for decrease in other accounts receivables; and an upward adjustment of $1.2 million for increase in trade accounts payable. This was offset by a downward adjustment of $2.4 million for increase in trade accounts receivable; and a downward adjustment of $2.7 million for increase in inventory.
Net cash used in investing activities was approximately $3.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to net cash used in investing activities of $3.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 and net cash provided by investing activities of $0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016.
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Of the cash used in investing activities in the year ended December 31, 2018, approximately $4.3 million was used for purchase of property and equipment, primarily production equipment and building improvements. This was partially offset by maturities of short-term deposits in the amount of $0.5 million
Of the cash used in investing activities in the year ended December 31, 2017, approximately $3.5 million was used for purchase of property and equipment, primarily production equipment and building improvements and $0.4 million for investment in affiliated company. This was partially offset by maturities of short-term deposits in the amount of $0.5 million.
Of the cash provided by investing activities in the year ended December 31, 2016, approximately $7.2 million was provided from maturities of short-term deposits. This was partially offset by the purchase of property and equipment, primarily production equipment and building improvements, in an amount of approximately $5.7 million and $ 0.9 million from investment in affiliated company.
Net cash provided by financing activities was approximately $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to net cash used in financing activities of approximately $2.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 and net cash used in financing activities of approximately $3.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016.
In the year ended December 31, 2018, the net cash provided by financing activities was primarily attributable to exercise of options.
In the year ended December 31, 2017, the net cash used in financing activities was primarily attributable to a payment of $3.0 million of cash dividend to our shareholders.
In the year ended December 31, 2016, the net cash used in financing activities was primarily attributable to a payment of $3.0 million of cash dividend to our shareholders.
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A. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses
Not applicable.
B. Trend Information
In recent years, the aerospace industry in which we operate has been impacted by the increase in number of commercial and defense aircraft, increase in commercial passenger traffic and a corresponding increase in airlines’ revenue. There is no assurance that these trends will continue in the future. Commercial carriers remain committed to their efforts to reduce cost of MRO activities and increase efficiencies.
We have also witnessed consolidation in the aerospace industry in recent years which has affected competition. This consolidation decreased the number of competitors but increased the relative size and resources of our competitors. However, we believe in our ability to compete on the basis of our deep know-how, manufacturing expertise and long-term relationship with our customers.
C. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We are not a party to any material off-balance sheet arrangements. In addition, we have no unconsolidated special purpose financing or partnership entities that are likely to create material contingent obligations.
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D. Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations
The following table summarizes our minimum contractual obligations and commercial commitments as of December 31, 2018, and the effect we expect them to have on our liquidity and cash flow in future periods

Contractual Obligations |  | Payments due by Period (Amounts in Thousands US$) |
|  | Total |  |  | Less than 1 year |  |  | 1-3 Years |  |  | 3-5 Years |  |  | More than 5 years |
Operating lease obligations |  |  | 8,312 |  |  |  | 1,551 |  |  |  | 2,818 |  |  |  | 2,424 |  |  |  | 1,519 |
Purchase commitments |  |  | 9,482 |  |  |  | 8,532 |  |  |  | 665 |  |  |  | 285 |  |  |  | - |
Total |  | $ | 17,794 |  |  | $ | 10,083 |  |  | $ | 3,483 |  |  | $ | 2,709 |  |  | $ | 1,519 |

_________________
In addition, we have long-term liabilities for severance pay that are calculated pursuant to Israeli severance pay law generally based on the most recent salary of the employees multiplied by the number of years of employment, as of the balance sheet date. Employees are entitled to one month’s salary for each year of employment or a portion thereof. As of December 31, 2018, our severance pay liability, net was $ 395 thousand.
TAT expects to pay $1,974 thousand in future benefits to their employees during 2019 through 2028 upon their normal retirement age. The amount was determined based on the employee’s current salary rates and the number of service years that will be accumulated upon the retirement date. These amounts do not include amounts that might be paid to employees that will cease working for the Israeli company before their normal retirement age.

Year |  | Amount in thousands |
2019 |  | $ | 1,122 |
2020 |  |  | 51 |
2021 |  |  | 51 |
2022 |  |  | 9 |
2023 |  |  | 56 |
Thereafter (through 2028) |  |  | 685 |
Total |  | $ | 1,974 |

TAT also has the following guarantees as of December 31, 2018:

| · | In order to secure TAT's liability to the Israeli customs, TAT provided a bank guarantee in the amount of $116 thousand. The guarantee is linked to the consumer price index and is valid until December 2029.

| · | In order to secure TAT's liability to the lessor of its premises, TAT provided a bank guarantee in the amount of $728 thousand. The guarantee is linked to the consumer price index in Israel and is valid until June 2019.

| · | In order to secure TAT's liability for warranty to a customer, the Company provided a bank guarantee in the amount of $39 thousand. The guarantee is valid until April 2021.

In order to secure Turbochrome's liability to the Ministry of Defense, the Company provided a bank guarantee in the amount of $11 thousand.
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Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees
A. Directors and Senior Management
Set forth below are the name, age, principal position and a biographical description of each of our directors and executive officers, as of the date hereof:

Name |  | Age |  | Position |
Amos Malka |  | 66 |  | Chairman of the Board of Directors |
Igal Zamir |  | 53 |  | Chief Executive Officer and President |
Ehud Ben - Yair |  | 55 |  | Chief Financial Officer |
Liron Reshef |  | 48 |  | EVP Human Resources |
Dan Doron (*) |  | 50 |  | EVP Engineering |
Ohad Milo |  | 44 |  | President of Gedera |
Jeff Lambert (**) |  | 40 |  | President of Piedmont |
Yair Raz |  | 63 |  | President of Limco |
Michael Chen |  | 54 |  | President of Turbochrome |
Ron Ben-Haim |  | 49 |  | Director |
Amiram Boehm |  | 47 |  | Director |
Avi Shani (1)(2)(3)(4) |  | 71 |  | External Director |
Dafna Gruber (1)(3)(4) |  | 54 |  | Independent Director |
Aviram Halevi (1)(2)(3)(4) |  | 61 |  | External Director |

(1) “Independent Director” under the applicable SEC and NASDAQ Marketplace Rules
(2) “External Director” as required by the Israeli Companies Law
(3) Member of the audit committee
(4) Member of the compensation committee
(*) Mr. Doron notified the Company that he is resigning his position as EVP Technology and Engineering to pursue other opportunities. Mr. Doron was employed by the Company until February 2019. The Company has initiated a search process for a new EVP Technology and Engineering.
(**) Mr. Lambert notified the Company that he is resigning his position as President of Piedmont to pursue other opportunities. Mr. Lambert was employed by the Company until January 2019. The Company has initiated a search process for a new President of Piedmont.
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Management
Mr. Igal Zamir was appointed TAT’s Chief Executive Officer and President in April 2016. Prior to joining TAT, from 2009 until 2013, Mr. Zamir served as President at Mapco Express, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Delek US Holdings Inc., a NYSE-listed company which owns and operates 370 convenient stores and gas stations in the southeastern region of the United States. Prior to Mapco Express, from 2006 until 2009, Mr. Zamir served as CEO of Metrolight, a provider of proprietary energy saving solutions in High Intensity Discharge (HID) lighting systems. From 1998 until 2004, Mr. Zamir served as CEO of Rostam, a leading provider of private label feminine hygiene products. Mr. Zamir holds a B.Sc. in Industrial Engineering from Tel Aviv University and an MBA from Bar-Ilan University.
Mr. Ehud Ben-Yair was appointed as TAT's Chief Financial Officer in May 2018. Prior to joining TAT, Mr. Ben- Yair served as the Chief Financial Officer of SHL Telemedicine, a public company traded on the Swiss stock exchange (SIX- SHLTN) engaging in the field of digital health. Between 2012-2016, Mr. Ben Yair has served as the Chief Financial Officer of Opgal Optronics, a subsidiary of Elbit Systems (NASDAQ – ESLT), a company developing and manufacturing thermal imaging cameras for military and civilian aerospace markets. Prior to that, Mr. Ben- Yair has served for 8 years as the Chief Financial Officer of Orad Hi-Tech Systems, a public company traded on the AIM and German stock exchange (OHT), a company developing, manufacturing and selling proprietary hardware to TV stations and broadcasters. Mr. Ben Yair is a Certified Public Accountant and holds a B.A. in Economics and Accounting from the Ben-Gurion University in Israel.
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Ms. Liron Reshef was appointed as TAT’s EVP Human Resources in October 2018. Prior to joining TAT, from 2014 to 2018, Ms. Reshef served as VP Human Resources at Evogene, a bio-tech company, listed in Tel Aviv & Nasdaq). From 2012 until 2013 Ms. Reshef served as Global HR Director for Frutarom, a leading global Israeli based company specializes food industry. From 2007 until 2012 Ms. Reshef served as a VP Human Recourses in Solbar Industries, a company in the food and pharmaceutical industry (listed in Tel Aviv). Prior to that Ms. Reshef served, for over 10 years, in executive Human Resources Positions at various hi-tech companies
Ms. Reshef holds a B.A. in Economics and Political Science from Bar-Ilan University and MBA -Specialization in managing behavioral sciences from Ben-Gurion University.
Mr. Dan Doron was appointed TAT’s EVP Technology and Engineering in March 2018. Prior to joining TAT, from 2014 to 2018, Mr. Doron was with Israel Chemicals, a multi-national manufacturing concern that develops, produces and markets fertilizers, metals and other special-purpose chemical products, most recently as VP CAPEX. Prior to Israel Chemicals, between 1997 and 2014, Mr. Doron held various management and engineering positions at Intel Israel. Mr. Doron retired from the IDF in 1997 at the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel after 11 years of service in the Armored Corps. Mr. Doron served in various field command roles as well as commanded over a unit responsible for electro-optic and fire control weapons development within the Armored Corps. Mr. Doron holds a B.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering from Ben Gurion University and has completed graduate work in Mechanical Engineering at Tel Aviv University.
Mr. Ohad Milo was appointed President of TAT Gedera in October 2018. Before joining TAT, between 2012 and 2018, Mr. Milo served as CEO of 4 subsidiaries of IAI (Israeli Aerospace Industries) owned Elbatech group. Prior to Elbatech, from 2010 until 2012, Mr. Milo served as CEO of TMC Systems, a start-up company owned by Pointer Telocation Ltd. (Nasdaq CM: PNTR).
Between 2000 and 2010, Mr. Milo held various management positions at Sanmina Corporation (Nasdaq CM: SANM), most recently as VP Sales and Account Management at Sanmina's subsidiary in Israel.
Mr. Milo holds a B.Sc. in Industrial Engineering from Tel Aviv University and an MBA from the Technion - Israeli Institute of Technology.
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Mr. Jeff Lambert was appointed President of Piedmont in January 2018. Before joining TAT, from 2016 to 2017, Mr. Lambert served as Vice President and General Manager at Rockwell Collins - Interiors Systems: Composite Operations in Mexico. Prior to that, between 2014 and 2016, Mr. Lambert served as Business Unit Director at B/E Aerospace - Interior Structures: Galleys in the Philippines. Prior to B/E Aerospace, between 2012 and 2014, Mr. Lambert served as General Manager of Customer Service MRO at United Technologies - UTC Aerospace Systems. From 2000 until 2012, Mr. Lambert held various management and engineering positions at Goodrich Corporation. Mr. Lambert holds a B.S. in Industrial Engineering from Colorado State University-Pueblo.
Mr. Michael Chen was appointed President of Turbochrome in January 2018. Before joining TAT Technologies, between 2013 and 2017, Mr. Chen served as CEO of Seraphim Optronics Ltd. Prior to Seraphim, from 1999 until 2013, Mr. Chen held various management positions at Electro Optics ELOP Industries, a subsidiary of ELBIT System. Between 2007 and 2009, Mr. Chen served as VP Operations at Atlantium Ltd. Between 1996 and 1999 Mr. Chen held engineering positions at ORLITE Industries Ltd. Mr. Chen holds a B.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering from Tel Aviv University and an MBA from Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh.
Dr. Yair Raz was appointed President of Limco in November 2012, after serving as Chief Operating Officer of Piedmont for 7 months. Prior to that, from 1995 until 2012, Dr. Raz was with of Precision Components International (“PCI”), a Pratt & Whitney and Blades Technology International (“BTI”) joint venture in the United States which specialized in the manufacturing of blades for jet engines, first as VP Operations and subsequently as its CEO. Between 1983 and 1995, Dr. Raz held various management positions at Blades Technology Limited, a BTI subsidiary in Israel, most recently as Plant Manager overseeing the operations of six different facilities. Dr. Raz holds a B.Sc. degree in Mechanical Engineering and M.Sc. degree in Material Science from the Technicon – Israel Institute of Technology and an External PhD in Business Administration from La Salle University in Louisiana.
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Directors
Mr. Amos Malka was elected as Chairman of our Board of Directors in June 2016. Mr. Malka is the founder and chairman of Nyotron Information Security Ltd., a privately-held cyber security provider and of Spire Security Solutions Ltd., a security, intelligence and cyber security provider. From 2007 until 2015, Mr. Malka served as the chairman and CEO of Logic Industries Ltd. From 2007 until 2010, he also served as chairman of Plasan Sasa LTD., an armored vehicle manufacturer. From 2005 until 2007, he served as the chairman of Albar, a leading company in the Israeli automobile sector. From 2002 until 2005, Mr. Malka served as the CEO of Elul Technologies Ltd., Israel's largest aerospace and defense business development and consulting company. Mr. Malka retired from the IDF in 2002 at the rank of Major General, after 31 years of service. He served as commander of the IDF Ground Forces Command, and later as Head of the Israeli Defense Intelligence, a post he held until his retirement in 2002. Mr. Malka holds B.A. in History from Tel Aviv University, Israel. He also graduated from the IDF Staff & Command College and its National Defense Academy.
Mr. Ron Ben-Haim joined TAT’s Board of Directors in August 2013. Mr. Ben-Haim is a partner at FIMI Opportunity Fund since 2006. Mr. Ben Haim was previously with Compass Advisers, LLP, an investment banking firm with offices in New York and Tel Aviv and with the Merrill Lynch Mergers & Acquisitions group in New York. Prior to Merrill Lynch, Mr. Ben-Haim worked at Teva Pharmaceutical Industries in production management. Mr. Ben-Haim holds a B.Sc. in Industrial Engineering from Tel Aviv University and an MBA from New York University. In his capacity at FIMI, Mr. Ben-Haim currently serves on the board of directors of Tadir-Gan Precision Products, Ltd., Inrom Construction, Ltd., Nirlat Paints, Ltd., Alony, Ltd., Hadera Paper Ltd., Magal Security Systems, Ltd., Polyram Plastic Industries, Ltd., Rivulis Irrigation, Ltd., Oxygen and Argon Works, Ltd. and Overseas Commerce, Ltd.
Mr. Amiram Boehm joined TAT's Board of Directors in June 2016. Mr. Boem is a partner at FIMI Opportunity Fund since 2006. Prior to joining FIMI, from 1999 until 2004, Mr. Boehm served as Head of Research at Discount Capital Markets, the investment arm of Israel Discount Bank. In his capacity at FIMI, Mr. Boehm currently also serves as the Managing Partner and Chief Executive Officer of FITE GP (2004) as well as a director of Ham-Let (Israel-Canada) Ltd., Hadera Paper Ltd., Rekah Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Pharm-up Ltd., Galam Ltd., Delekson Ltd. and DIMAR Ltd. Mr. Boehm previously served as a director of Magal S3 Security Systems Ltd., Scope Metal Trading, Ltd., Inter Industries, Ltd., Global Wire Ltd. , Telkoor Telecom Ltd. and Solbar Industries Ltd. Mr. Boehm holds a B.A. in Economics and LL.B. from Tel Aviv University and a Joint MBA from Northwestern University and Tel Aviv University.
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Mr. Avi Shani joined TAT’s Board of Directors as an external director in 2008. In June 2017, Mr. Shani was re-elected to serve as an external director for another three-year term. From 2005 until 2008, Mr. Shani served as the CEO of TCM Mobile Ltd. Prior to that, from 2000 until 2004, he served as Executive Vice President Investments and Chief Economist of IDB Development, a leading Israeli holding company, responsible for the company’s new investments. Since 2012 until 2018 Mr. Shani served on the board of directors of Harel Sal and Ecommunity. Mr. Shani holds a B.A. in Economics and an MBA, both from Tel Aviv University.
Ms. Dafna Gruber was elected as a director by TAT’s Board of Directors in November 2013. Since February 2019 Ms. Gruber has been serving as chief financial officer of Aqua Security, a private company. from 2017 until 2018, Ms. Gruber served as chief financial officer of Landa Corporation Ltd., a private company. From 2015 until 2017, Ms. Gruber served as the chief financial officer of Clal Industries Ltd., a private holding company. From 2007 until 2015, Ms. Gruber served as the CFO of NICE Ltd., a public company traded on NASDAQ and the TASE. From 1996 until April 2007, Ms. Gruber was part of Alvarion Ltd., a company which traded on NASDAQ and the TASE, mostly as the company’s CFO. Ms. Gruber serves as an external director at Nova Measuring Systems Ltd., a public company traded on NASDAQ and the TASE. Ms. Gruber is a Certified Public Accountant (Israel) and holds a Bachelor’s degree in Accounting and Economics from Tel Aviv University, Israel.
Mr. Aviram Halevi joined TAT’s Board of Directors as an external director in November 2013. In June 2016, Mr. Halevi was re-elected to serve as an external director for another three-year term. Mr. Halevi is the founder and CEO of Intel System Ltd., a provider of business intelligence services. Prior to that, from 2007 until 2010, Mr. Halevi served as the CEO of Terrogence Ltd., a producer of intelligence data for commercial markets. Mr. Halevi holds a B.Sc. in Geology from Queens College, CUNY, and an MBA from Tel Aviv University.
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Compensation
The following table sets forth all compensation TAT paid to all of its directors and executive officers as a group for the year ended December 31, 2018.

|  | Salaries, fees, Commissions and bonuses (Amounts in Thousands US$) |  |  | Other benefits (Amounts in Thousands US$) |
All directors and executive officers as a group (14 executives) |  | $ | 2,469 |  |  | $ | 114 |

During the year ended December 31, 2018, TAT paid its directors (except for its active chairman of the Board of Directors, Mr. Amos Malka), the fixed medium amounts permitted by law to an external director (within the meaning of the Israeli Companies Law) which was a per meeting attendance fee of NIS 2,650 (approximately $707), plus an annual fee of NIS 71,110 (approximately $18,973). Pursuant to its agreement with Mr. Amos Malka, TAT's active chairman of the Board of Directors, TAT paid Mr. Malka a monthly fee of NIS 50,000 plus VAT until September 2018, and starting October 2018 TAT pays Mr. Malka a monthly fee of NIS 40,000 plus VAT. Mr. Malka had been previously granted options to purchase 50,000 ordinary shares of TAT and is not currently entitled to receive any bonus.
The table below sets forth the compensation paid to our five most highly compensated senior office holders (as defined in the Israeli Companies Law) during or with respect to the year ended December 31, 2018, in the disclosure format of Regulation 21 of the Israeli Securities Regulations (Periodic and Immediate Reports), 1970. We refer to the five individuals for whom disclosure is provided herein as our “Covered Executives.”
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For purposes of the table and the summary below, and in accordance with the above-mentioned securities regulations, “compensation” includes base salary, bonuses, equity-based compensation, retirement or termination payments, benefits and perquisites such as car, phone and social benefits and any undertaking to provide such compensation.

Information Regarding Covered Executives (1) (Amounts in Thousands US$) |
Name and Principal Position(2) |  | Base Salary |  |  | Benefits and Perquisites(3) |  |  | Variable Compensation(4) |  |  | Equity-Based Compensation(5) |  |  | Total |
Igal Zamir, CEO and President |  |  | 322 |  |  |  | 85 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 56 |  |  |  | 463 |
Jeff Lambert, President of Piedmont |  |  | 225 |  |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 90 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 365 |
Michael Chen, President of Turbochrome |  |  | 171 |  |  |  | 78 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 32 |  |  |  | 281 |
Yair Raz, President of Limco |  |  | 213 |  |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 263 |
Ehud Ben- Yair, CFO (*) |  |  | 138 |  |  |  | 43 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 48 |  |  |  | 230 |

(*) | For the period of 6.5 months.
(1) | All amounts reported in the table are in terms of cost to TAT, as recorded in our financial statements.
(2) | Cash compensation amounts denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar were converted into U.S. dollars at the average conversion rate for the year ended December 31, 2018.
(3) | Amounts reported in this column include benefits and perquisites, including those mandated by applicable law. Such benefits and perquisites may include, to the extent applicable to each executive, payments, contributions and/or allocations for savings funds, pension, severance, vacation, car or car allowance, medical insurance and benefits, risk insurance (e.g., life, disability, accident), convalescence pay, payments for social security, tax gross-up payments and other benefits and perquisites consistent with our guidelines.
(4) | Amounts reported in this column refer to variable compensation such as commission, incentive and bonus payments as recorded in our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018.
(5) | Amounts reported in this column represent the expense recorded in our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018 in connection with equity-based compensation granted to the Covered Executive.

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B. Board Practices
Introduction
According to the Israeli Companies Law and our articles of association, the management of our business is vested in our board of directors. The board of directors may exercise all powers and may take all actions that are not specifically granted to another organ in the Company (including our shareholders). Our executive officers are responsible for our day-to-day management. Our executive officers have individual responsibilities established by our chief executive officer and board of directors.
Election of Directors
Our articles of association provide for a board of directors consisting of such number of directors as may be determined from time to time at a general meeting of shareholders, provided that it shall be no less than two or more than eleven. Our board of directors is currently composed of six directors, including three independent directors, two of whom also qualify as external directors within the meaning of the Israeli Companies Law.
Pursuant to our articles of association and in accordance with the Israeli Companies Law, our directors (except for the external directors) are elected at our annual general meeting of shareholders by a vote of the holders of a majority of the voting power represented and voting at such meeting; in addition, directors (except for external directors) may be appointed by a vote of a majority of directors then in office. All our directors (except for external directors) hold office until the annual general meeting of shareholders succeeding their election (provided that if no directors are elected at the annual general meeting, the directors in office at the time such meeting was convened shall continue to hold their office) or until their earlier death, resignation, removal or other circumstances as set forth in the Israeli law. All the members of our board of directors (except for external directors) may be re-elected upon completion of their term of office.
The Israeli Companies Law requires the board of directors of a public company to determine a minimum number of directors with ‘‘accounting and financial expertise’’. Our board of directors determined, accordingly, that at least two directors must have ‘‘accounting and financial expertise’’ as such term is defined by regulations promulgated under the Israeli Companies Law.
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We are exempt from the requirements of the NASDAQ Marketplace Rules with regard to the nomination process of directors since we are a controlled company within the meaning of NASDAQ Marketplace Rule 5615(c)(2). See below in this Item 6. “Directors, Senior Management and Employees - Board Practices - NASDAQ Exemptions for a Controlled Company.”
External and Independent Directors
External Directors. Under the Israeli Companies Law, Israeli companies whose shares have been offered to the public or whose shares are listed in an authorized stock exchange (accordingly, such shares are considered as held by "the public") are required to appoint at least two external directors who meet the independence criteria set by the Israeli Companies Law.
A person is qualified to serve as an external director only if he or she has “accounting and financial expertise” or “professional qualifications,” as such terms are defined by the Israeli Companies Regulations (Conditions and Criteria for a Director Who Possesses Accounting Expertise and a Director Who Possesses Professional Competence), 2005. At least one of the external directors must have “accounting and financial expertise.” Each of our external directors has “accounting and financial expertise.”
External directors are elected by a majority vote at a shareholders’ meeting. In addition to the majority vote, the shareholder approval of the election of an external director must satisfy either of two additional tests:

| · | The majority includes at least a majority of the shares voted by shareholders other than controlling shareholders or shareholders who have a personal interest in the election of the external directors (excluding a personal interest that is not related to a relationship with the controlling shareholders); or

| · | The total number of shares held by non-controlling shareholders and disinterested shareholders that voted against the election of the external director does not exceed 2% of the aggregate voting rights of the company.

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In general, external directors serve for a three-year term and may be re-elected to two additional three-year terms by one of the following mechanisms: (1) the board of directors proposes the re-election of the nominee and the re-election is approved by the majority required for appointment of external directors for their initial term; or (2) a shareholder holding 1% or more of the company's voting rights proposes the re-election of the nominee, and the re-election is approved by a majority of the votes cast by the shareholders of the company, excluding the votes of controlling shareholders or those who have a personal interest in the nomination, provided that the aggregate votes cast in favor of the re-election by shareholders who are not controlling shareholders and do not have a personal interest in the nomination constitute more than 2% of the company's voting rights. Israeli companies listed on certain stock exchanges outside Israel, including The NASDAQ Global Market, such as our company, may appoint an external director for additional terms of not more than three years subject to certain conditions. Such conditions include the determination by the audit committee and board of directors, that in view of the director's professional expertise and special contribution to the company's board of directors and its committees, the appointment of the external director for an additional term is in the best interest of the company.
An external director may be removed from office at the initiative of the board of directors at a special general meeting of shareholders, if the board resolves that the statutory requirements for that person’s appointment as external director no longer exist, or that the external director has violated his or her duty of loyalty to the company. The resolution of the special general meeting of shareholders regarding the termination of office of an external director requires the same majority that is required for the election of an external director. The court may order the termination of the office of an external director on the same grounds, following a motion filed by a director or a shareholder. If an external directorship becomes vacant and as a result there are fewer than two directors who serve as external directors in the company, the board of directors is required under the Israeli Companies law to convene a shareholders meeting immediately to appoint a new external director.
Each committee of the board of directors that is authorized to exercise powers vested in the board of directors must include at least one external director and the audit committee must include all of the external directors. An external director is entitled to compensation as provided in regulations adopted under the Israeli Companies Law and is otherwise prohibited from receiving any other compensation, directly or indirectly, in connection with such service.
Until the lapse of two years from termination of office, we may not engage an external director or his spouse or child, to serve as an office holder and cannot employ or receive services from these persons, either directly or indirectly, including through a corporation controlled by that person; and with regards to a related person (to a such external director) as defined in the Israeli Companies law which is not a spouse or child – until the lapse of one year from termination of office.
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Independent Directors. As a controlled company, within the meaning of NASDAQ Marketplace Rule 5615(c)(2), we are exempt from the NASDAQ Marketplace Rule which requires that a majority of our board of directors qualify as independent directors, within the meaning of the NASDAQ Marketplace Rules. See Item 6. “Directors, Senior Management and Employees - Board Practices - NASDAQ Exemptions for a Controlled Company”.
Audit Committee
Under the Israeli Companies Law, the board of directors of any public company must establish an audit committee. In general, the audit committee must consist of at least three directors and must include all of the external directors; furthermore, a majority of the audit committee members must comply with the director independence requirements prescribed by the Israeli Companies Law. The audit committee may not include (i) the chairman of the board of directors, (ii) any director employed by the Company or by a controlling shareholder of the company (including a company which is controlled by the controlling shareholder), (iii) any director providing services to the company or to a controlling shareholder of the company (including to a company which is controlled by the controlling shareholder) on an ongoing basis, or (iv) a controlling shareholder or any of the controlling shareholder’s relatives.
In addition, the NASDAQ Marketplace Rules require us to establish an audit committee comprised of at least three members, all of whom must be independent directors, each of whom is financially literate and satisfies the respective “independence” requirements of the SEC and NASDAQ and one of whom has accounting or related financial management expertise at senior levels within a company.
Our audit committee acts also as a committee for the review and the approval of our financial statements, and as such, assists our board of directors in overseeing the accounting and financial reporting processes of our company and audits of our financial statements, including the integrity of our financial statements, compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, our independent registered public accountants’ qualifications and independence, the performance of our internal audit function and independent registered public accountants, finding any defects in the business management of our company and proposing to our board of directors ways to correct such defects, approving related-party (officers, directors, controlling shareholder, etc.) transactions with the company as required by Israeli law, examining the scope of work and the payment to our independent auditors and such other duties as may be directed by our board of directors. The audit committee may consult from time to time with our independent auditors and internal auditor with respect to matters involving financial reporting and internal accounting controls.
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Our audit committee consists of three members of our board of directors (including two external directors and one independent director) who satisfy the respective “independence” requirements of the SEC, NASDAQ and Israeli law for audit committee members. Our board of directors has determined that each member of our audit committee qualifies as an audit committee financial expert, as defined by rules of the SEC. The audit committee meets at least once each quarter.
Compensation Committee
Under the Israeli Companies Law, the board of directors of any public company must establish a compensation committee. The compensation committee must consist of at least three directors, include all of the external directors (including one external director serving as the chair of the compensation committee), and a majority of the committee members must comply with the director independence requirements prescribed by the Israeli Companies Law. Similar to the rules that apply to the audit committee, the compensation committee may not include the chairman of the board, or any director employed by us, by a controlling shareholder or by any entity controlled by a controlling shareholder, or any director providing services to us, to a controlling shareholder or to any entity controlled by a controlling shareholder on a regular basis, or any director whose primary income is dependent on a controlling shareholder, and may not include a controlling shareholder or any of its relatives. Individuals who are not permitted to be compensation committee members may not participate in the committee’s meetings other than to present a particular issue; provided, however, that an employee that is not a controlling shareholder or relative may participate in the committee’s discussions but not in any vote; other than the company’s legal counsel and corporate secretary who may participate in the committee’s discussions and votes if requested by the committee.
The compensation committee’s duties include recommending to the board of directors a compensation policy for executives and monitor its implementation, approve compensation terms of executive officers, directors and employees affiliated with controlling shareholders, make recommendations to the board of directors regarding the issuance of equity incentive awards under our equity incentive plan and exempt certain compensation arrangements from the requirement to obtain shareholder approval under the Israeli Companies Law. The compensation committee meets at least twice a year, with further meetings to occur, or actions to be taken by unanimous written consent, when deemed necessary or desirable by the committee or its chairperson.
Our compensation committee consists of our two external directors and an independent director under the respective requirements of the SEC and NASDAQ and complies with the Israeli Companies Law criteria for compensation committee members.
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Internal Audit
The Israeli Companies Law requires the board of directors of a public company to appoint an internal auditor following a recommendation by the audit committee. The role of the internal auditor is to examine, among other things, the company’s compliance with applicable law and orderly business practice. The internal auditor must meet certain statutory requirements of independence. Mr. Doron Cohen has served as our internal auditor since December 24, 2008.
Directors’ Service Contracts
There are no arrangements or understandings between us and any of our subsidiaries, on the one hand, and any of our directors, on the other hand, providing for benefits upon termination of their employment or service as directors of our company or any of our subsidiaries.
Chairman of the Board
Under the Israeli Companies Law, the general manager of a company (or a relative of the general manager) may not serve as the chairman of the board of directors, and the chairman of the board of directors (or a relative of the chairman of the board of directors) may not serve as the general manager, unless approved by the shareholders by a special majority vote prescribed by the Israeli Companies Law. The shareholder vote cannot authorize the appointment for a period of longer than three years, which period may be extended from time to time by the shareholders with a similar special majority vote. The chairman of the board of directors shall not hold any other position with the company (except as general manager if approved in accordance with the above procedure) or in any entity controlled by the company, other than as chairman of the board of directors of a controlled entity, and the company shall not delegate to the chairman duties that, directly or indirectly, make him or her subordinate to the general manager.
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Approval of Related Party Transactions under Israeli Law
Fiduciary Duties of Office Holders
The Israeli Companies Law codifies the fiduciary duties that “office holders,” including directors and executive officers, owe to a company. An office holder’s fiduciary duties consist of a duty of care and a duty of loyalty. The duty of care requires an office holder to act at a level of care that a reasonable office holder in the same position would employ under the same circumstances. This includes the duty to utilize reasonable means to obtain (i) information regarding the business feasibility of a given action brought for his approval or performed by him by virtue of his position and (ii) all other information of importance pertaining to the foregoing actions. The duty of loyalty requires that an office holder acts in good faith and for the benefit of the company, including (i) avoiding any conflict of interest between the office holder’s position in the company and any other position he holds or his personal affairs, (ii) avoiding any competition with the company’s business, (iii) avoiding exploiting any business opportunity of the company in order to receive personal gain for the office holder or others, and (iv) disclosing to the company any information or documents relating to the company’s affairs that the office holder has received by virtue of his position as an office holder.
Disclosure of Personal Interests of an Office Holder; Approval of Transactions with Office Holders
The Israeli Companies Law requires that an office holder promptly, and no later than the first board meeting at which such transaction is considered, disclose any personal interest that he or she may have and all related material information known to him or her and any documents in their position, in connection with any existing or proposed transaction by us. An office holder who did not disclose his or her personal interests will be deemed as breaching his or her fiduciary duties. In addition, if the transaction is an extraordinary transaction, that is, a transaction other than in the ordinary course of business or other than in accordance with market terms, or likely to have a material impact on the company’s profitability, assets or liabilities, the office holder must also disclose any personal interest held by the office holder’s spouse, sibling, parent, grandparent, child as well as sibling or parent of such person's spouse or the spouse of any of the above, or by any corporation in which the office holder or his relative (as defined in the Israeli Companies Law) is a 5% or greater shareholder, director or general manager or in which he or she has the right to appoint at least one director or the general manager.
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Under the Israeli Companies Law, in general, all arrangements as to compensation of office holders who are not directors (other than the Chief Executive Officer) require the approval of the compensation committee and the board of directors, including exculpation, insurance and indemnification of, or an undertaking to, indemnify an office holder who is not a director. The compensation of office holders who are directors and compensation of the Chief Executive Officer must be approved by the compensation committee, board of directors and the general meeting of shareholders.
Some transactions, actions and arrangements involving an office holder (or a third party in which an office holder has an interest) must be approved by the board of directors or as otherwise provided for in a company’s articles of association. If the transaction is an extraordinary transaction (which is defined as a transaction not in the ordinary course of business and for a material value) such a transaction must be approved by the audit committee and by the board of directors itself, and under certain circumstances shareholder approval may be required. A director who has a personal interest in a transaction that is considered at a meeting of the board of directors or the audit committee may not be present during the board of directors or audit committee discussions and may not vote on the transaction, unless the transaction is not an extraordinary transaction or the majority of the members of the board or the audit committee have a personal interest, as the case may be. In the event the majority of the members of the board of directors or the audit committee have a personal interest, then the approval of the general meeting of shareholders is also required.
Disclosure of Personal Interests of a Controlling Shareholder; Approval of Transactions with Controlling Shareholders
The disclosure requirements that apply to an office holder also apply to a transaction in which a controlling shareholder of the company has a personal interest. The Israeli Companies Law provides that an extraordinary transaction with a controlling shareholder or an extraordinary transaction with another person in whom the controlling shareholder has a personal interest or a transaction with a controlling shareholder or his relative regarding terms of service and employment, must be approved by the audit committee (or the compensation committee, as the case may be), the board of directors and the shareholders by a special majority, as follows. The shareholders’ approval must include the majority of shares voted at the meeting. In addition to the majority vote, the shareholder approval must satisfy either of two additional tests:

| · | The majority includes at least a majority of the shares voted by shareholders who have no personal interest in the transaction; or

| · | The total number of shares held by disinterested shareholders that voted against the approval of the transaction does not exceed 2% of the aggregate voting rights of our company.

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According to regulations promulgated under the Israeli Companies Law, certain extraordinary transactions between a public company and its controlling shareholder(s) do not require shareholder approval. In addition, under such regulations, directors’ compensation and employment arrangements in a public company do not require the approval of the shareholders if both the audit committee and the board of directors agree that such arrangements are solely for the benefit of the company or if the directors’ compensation does not exceed the maximum amount of compensation for external directors determined by applicable regulations. Also, employment and compensation arrangements for an office holder that is a controlling shareholder of a public company do not require shareholder approval if certain criteria are met. The foregoing exemptions from shareholder approval will not apply if one or more shareholders holding at least 1% of the issued and outstanding share capital of the company or of the company’s voting rights, objects to the use of these exemptions provided that such objection is submitted to the company in writing not later than fourteen days from the date of the filing of a report regarding the adoption of such resolution by the company. If such objection is duly and timely submitted, then the transaction or compensation arrangement of the directors will require shareholders’ approval as detailed above.
In addition, a private placement of securities that will (i) cause a person to become a controlling shareholder or (ii) increase the relative holdings of a shareholder that holds 5% or more of the company’s outstanding share capital, or (iii) will cause any person to become, as a result of the issuance, a holder of more than 5% of the company’s outstanding share capital in a private placement in which 20% or more of the company’s outstanding share capital prior to the placement are offered, the payment for which (in whole or in part) is not in cash or not under market terms, requires approval by the board of directors and the shareholders of the company.
Compensation of Executive Officers and Directors
In accordance with the Israeli Companies Law, we have adopted a compensation policy for our executive officers and directors. The purpose of the policy is to describe our overall compensation strategy for our executive officers and directors and to provide guidelines for setting their compensation, as prescribed by the Israeli Companies Law. In accordance with the Israeli Companies Law, the policy must be reviewed and readopted at least once every three years.
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Approval of the compensation committee, the board of directors and our shareholders, in that order, is required for the adoption of the compensation policy. The shareholders’ approval must include the majority of shares voted at the meeting. In addition to the majority vote, the shareholder approval must satisfy either of two additional tests:

| · | The majority includes at least a majority of the shares voted by shareholders other than our controlling shareholders or shareholders who have a personal interest in the adoption of the compensation policies; or

| · | The total number of shares held by non-controlling shareholders and disinterested shareholders that voted against the adoption of the compensation policies does not exceed 2% of the aggregate voting rights of our company.

Under the Israeli Companies Law, the compensation arrangements for officers (other than the Chief Executive Officer) who are not directors require the approval of the compensation committee and the board of directors; provided, however, that if the compensation arrangement is not in compliance with our executive compensation policy, the arrangement may only be approved by the compensation committee and the board of directors for special reasons to be noted, and the compensation arrangement shall also require a special shareholder approval. If the compensation arrangement is an immaterial amendment to an existing compensation arrangement of an officer who is not a director and is in compliance with our executive compensation policy, the approval of the compensation committee is sufficient.
Arrangements regarding the compensation of the Chief Executive Officer and directors require the approval of the compensation committee, the board of directors and our shareholders, in that order. In certain limited cases, the compensation of a new Chief Executive Officer who is not a director may be the approved without approval of the shareholders.
Variable Cash Incentive
The compensation committee and board of directors may adopt, from time to time, a cash incentive plan, which will set forth for each executive certain targets which form such executives on target cash payment (the “On Target Cash Plan”) and the rules or formula for calculation of the On Target Cash Plan payment once actual achievements are known.
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The compensation committee and board of directors may include in the On Target Cash Plan predetermined thresholds and caps to correlate an executive’s On Target Cash Plan payments with actual achievements.
The actual payment of the annual On Target Cash Plan for the active chairman of the board of directors (the “Active Chairman”), the CEO and other executives in a given year shall be capped as determined by our board of directors, but in no event shall exceed the ratio set forth in the table below.
The On Target Cash Plans may be composed based on a mix of (i) the company target; (ii) personal targets (KPIs); and (iii) personal evaluation. The weight to be assigned to each of the components per each of the executives shall be as set forth in the table below.

| Active Chairman | CEO | Other Executives
Company Target | 100% | 75% - 100% | 50%-100%
Personal KPIs | NONE | NONE | 0%-30%
Personal Evaluation | NONE | 0%-25% | 0%-20%

The company target shall be determined in accordance with all or part of pre-determined targets of the sales budget, gross profit, operating profit, EBITDA, net income and net cash from operating activities, all in accordance with TAT’s annual budget. If a company target shall apply to a Chief Executive Officer or a President of a subsidiary, such target may be applied up to 100% with respect to the financial results of the relevant subsidiary, and the remaining cash incentive with respect to the financial results of TAT and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis.
The board of directors may determine to exclude certain profits or loss items from the company target including, but not limited to, certain expenses related to acquisition of a new company, certain expenses related to distribution of dividend, certain items of revenue or any other items per the board of directors’ sole discretion.
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With regard to each one of the measurable targets, reference points shall be determined in terms of numerical values, so that compliance with the precise numerical target as determined in the On Target Cash Plan shall constitute compliance with 100% of the target, and also, numerical values shall be determined which will constitute the lower threshold for compliance with the target. The actual rate of compliance with the targets shall be calculated in accordance with the said reference points. Failure to comply with the minimum threshold of at least 75% of a specific target shall not entitle the executive to an On Target Cash Plan payment in respect of the said target. In the event of compliance at a rate of 75% or more with a specific target, the annual On Target Cash Plan shall be calculated in accordance with a key (i.e. linear, steps, etc.) which shall determine – in relation to the point of compliance with the target – the amount of the payment in terms of a percentage of the executive annual base salary, all as shall be set forth in the On Target Cash Plan. In this respect, the compensation committee and the board of directors shall have the right to determine a higher (but not lower) entitlement threshold.
The annual cash incentive shall be paid to the executive in the following manner:
- 80% of the amount of the On Target Cash Plan payment will be paid following the approval of the financial statements of the relevant year by the board of directors.
- 20% of the amount of the On Target Cash Plan payment shall be deferred by one year, and shall be paid following the approval of the financial statements of such year (“Deferred Bonus”) by the board of directors.
The executive's eligibility to the payment of the Deferred Bonus shall be subject to the following cumulative conditions: (i) TAT recorded a positive EBITDA for the following year; and (ii) TAT did not terminate its engagement with the executive for cause.
Indemnification and Insurance of Directors and Officers
Insurance of Office Holders
The Israeli Companies Law provides that a company may, if permitted by its articles of association, enter into a contract to insure an office holder for acts or omissions performed by the office holder in such capacity for:

| · | Breach of his or her duty of care to the company or to another person;

| · | Breach of his or her duty of loyalty to the company, provided that the office holder acted in good faith and had reasonable cause to assume that his act would not prejudice the company’s interests;

| · | Monetary liability imposed upon the office holder in favor of another person;

| · | A monetary obligation imposed on the office holder in favor of another person who was injured by a violation, as this term is defined in section 52(54)(a)(1)(a) of the Israeli Securities Law, 1968 (“Israeli Securities Law”); and

| · | Expenses expended by the office holder, including reasonable litigation expenses, and including attorney's fees, in respect of any proceeding under chapters 8-C, 8-D or 9-A of the Israeli Securities Law or in respect to any monetary sanction.

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Indemnification of Office Holders
The Israeli Companies Law provides that a company may, if permitted by its articles of association, indemnify an office holder for acts or omissions performed by the office holder in such capacity for:

| · | Monetary liability imposed on the office holder in favor of another person by any judgment, including a settlement or an arbitrator’s award approved by a court;

| · | Reasonable litigation expenses, including attorney’s fees, actually incurred by the office holder as a result of an investigation or proceeding instituted against him or her by a competent authority, provided that such investigation or proceeding concluded without the filing of an indictment against the office holder or the imposition of any monetary liability in lieu of criminal proceedings, or concluded without the filing of an indictment against the office holder and a monetary liability was imposed on the officer holder in lieu of criminal proceedings with respect to a criminal offense that does not require proof of criminal intent;

| · | A monetary obligation imposed on the office holder in favor of another person who was injured by a violation, as this term is defined in section 52(54)(a)(1)(a) of the Israeli Securities Law;

| · | Expenses expended by the office holder, including reasonable litigation expenses, and including attorney's fees, in respect of any proceeding under chapters 8-C, 8-D or 9-A of the Israeli Securities Law or in respect to any monetary sanction;

| · | Reasonable litigation expenses, including attorneys’ fees, incurred by such office holder or which were imposed on him by a court, in proceedings the company instituted against the office holder or that were instituted on the company’s behalf or by another person, or in a criminal charge from which the office holder was acquitted, or in a criminal proceeding in which the office holder was convicted of a crime which does not require proof of criminal intent; or

| · | Any other liability, payment or expense which the company may indemnify its office holders under the Israeli Company Law, the Israeli Securities Law or other Israeli law.

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In accordance with the Israeli Companies Law, a company’s articles of association may permit the company to:

| · | Undertake in advance to indemnify an office holder, except that with respect to a financial liability imposed on the office holder by any judgment, settlement or court-approved arbitration award, the undertaking must be limited to types of occurrences, which, in the opinion of the company’s board of directors, are, at the time of the undertaking, foreseeable due to the company’s activities and to an amount or standard that the board of directors has determined is reasonable under the circumstances; and

| · | Undertake in advance to indemnify an office holder for reasonable litigation expenses, including attorney’s fees, actually incurred by the office holder as a result of an investigation or proceeding instituted against him or her by a competent authority, provided that such investigation or proceeding concluded without the filing of an indictment against the office holder or the imposition of any monetary liability in lieu of criminal proceedings, or concluded without the filing of an indictment against the office holder and a monetary liability was imposed on the officer holder in lieu of criminal proceedings with respect to a criminal offense that does not require proof of criminal intent.

| · | Undertake in advance to indemnify an office holder for reasonable litigation expenses, including attorneys’ fees, incurred by such office holder or which were imposed on him by a court, in proceedings the company instituted against the office holder or that were instituted on the company’s behalf or by another person, or in a criminal charge from which the office holder was acquitted, or in a criminal proceeding in which the office holder was convicted of a crime which does not require proof of criminal intent.

| · | Retroactively indemnify an office holder of the company.

Limitations on Exculpation, Insurance and Indemnification
The Israeli Companies Law provides that neither a provision of the articles of association permitting the company to enter into a contract to insure the liability of an office holder, nor a provision in the articles of association or a resolution of the board of directors permitting the indemnification of an office holder, nor a provision in the articles of association exempting an office holder from duty to the company shall be valid, where such insurance, indemnification or exemption relates to any of the following:

| · | Breach by the office holder of his duty of loyalty, except with respect to insurance coverage or indemnification if the office holder acted in good faith and had reasonable grounds to assume that the act would not prejudice the company;

| · | Breach by the office holder of his duty of care if such breach was committed intentionally or recklessly, unless the breach was committed only negligently;

| · | Any act or omission committed with intent to derive an unlawful personal gain; and

| · | Any fine or forfeiture imposed on the office holder.

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Pursuant to our articles of association, the total amount of indemnification that we will pay (in addition to amounts received from an insurance company, if any) to all officers of the company, in aggregate, shall not exceed, in all circumstances, more than 25% of the company's shareholders equity as set forth in the company's recent consolidated financial statements prior to the date that the indemnity is paid. Our articles of association include provisions which allow us to insure, indemnify and exempt our office holders, subject to the provisions of the Israeli Companies Law.
We maintain a directors’ and officers’ liability insurance policy with a per claim and aggregate coverage limit of $25 million, including legal costs incurred in Israel. In addition, our audit committee, board of directors and shareholders resolved to indemnify our office holders, pursuant to a standard indemnification agreement that provides for indemnification of an office holder in an aggregate amount not to exceed 25% of our equity capital (net worth). To date, we have provided letters of indemnification to all of our officers and directors.
NASDAQ Exemptions for a Controlled Company
We are a controlled company within the meaning of NASDAQ Marketplace Rule 5615(c)(2), or Rule 5615(c)(2), because the FIMI Opportunity V, L.P. and FIMI Israel Opportunity FIVE, Limited Partnership (the “FIMI Funds”) beneficially own more than 50% of our voting shares.
Under Rule 5615(c)(2), a controlled company is exempt from the following requirements of NASDAQ Marketplace Rules 5605(b)(1), 5605(d) and 5605(e) that would otherwise require that:

| · | The majority of the company’s board of directors qualifies as independent directors, as defined under NASDAQ Marketplace Rules.

| · | The compensation of the chief financial officer and all other executive officers be determined, or recommended to the board of directors for determination, either by (i) a majority of the independent directors or (ii) a compensation committee comprised solely of independent directors.

| · | Director nominees must be selected or recommended for the board of directors, either by (a) a majority of independent directors or (b) a nominations committee comprised solely of independent directors.

We intend to continue to rely on these exemptions provided under Rule 5615(c)(2).
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C. Employees
As of December 31, 2018, TAT and its subsidiaries employed 598 employees, of whom 500 were employed in manufacturing and quality control, 30 were employed in engineering and research and development and 68 were employed in administration, sales and marketing. Of such employees, 287 were located in Israel and 311 were employed by Limco and Piedmont and located in the United States.
Employees in Israel are employed under collective or individual employment agreements. Senior employees in special positions and members of management are employed under individual agreements. Collective bargaining agreements are signed for specified terms and are renewed from time to time. In July 26, 2017 we entered into a new collective bargaining agreement in Gedera with the Union which will be in effect until March 31, 2020. The collective bargaining agreements govern certain aspects of our employer-employee relations, such as termination procedures, annual salary increases, eligibility for certain compensation terms and employee welfare.
Certain provisions of the collective bargaining agreements between the Histadrut (General Federation of Labor in Israel) and the Coordinating Bureau of Economic Organizations (including the Manufacturers Association of Israel) are applicable to our Israeli employees by order of the Israeli Ministry of Economy and Industry. These provisions concern mainly the length of the workday, minimum daily wages for professional workers, pension contributions, insurance for work-related accidents, procedures for terminating employees, determination of severance pay and other employment terms. We generally provide our employees with benefits and working conditions exceeding the required minimums. Furthermore, under the collective bargaining agreements, the wages of most of our employees are linked to the CPI in Israel, although the extent of the linkage is limited.
In addition, Israeli law generally requires severance pay upon the retirement or death of an employee or termination of employment without due cause. Furthermore, Israeli employees and employers are required to pay predetermined sums to the National Insurance Institute which is similar to the United States Social Security Administration. These payments amount to approximately 12% of wages, with the employee contributing approximately 43% and the employer approximately 56%.
We currently also generally grant senior employees based in Israel participation in a particular insurance product called “management insurance”. Management insurance provides a combination of savings plan, insurance and severance pay benefits to the employee, giving the employee a lump sum payment upon retirement (rather than receiving annuity payments) and securing his or her right to receive severance pay, if legally entitled, upon termination of employment. In general, the employee contributes an amount equal to approximately 5% to 6% of his or her wage and the employer contributes an additional amount of approximately 13-1/3% to 16% of such wage. Management insurance is not a legally mandated by Israeli law.
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Limco-Piedmont sponsors a 401(K) QACA safe harbor profit sharing plan covering substantially all of its employees in the United States. The plan requires the employer to contribute a match which is currently done on a payroll period basis, matching 100% of the first 2% and 50% of the next 3%. In addition, the plan allows for a discretionary qualified non-elective contribution for the plan year.
D. Share Ownership
Beneficial Ownership of Executive Officers and Directors
Except as set forth under ‘Stock Option Plans’ and in item 7A below, none of our directors and executive officers beneficially owns more than 1% of our outstanding shares.
Stock Option Plans
In November 2011, our audit committee and board of directors approved a stock option plan (the “Plan”), which was subsequently approved by TAT’s shareholders, on June 28, 2012. According to the Plan an aggregate of 980,000 options exercisable into up to 980,000 ordinary shares, 0.9 NIS par value, of TAT may be granted to certain members of our board of directors and certain senior executives at an exercise price not less than the fair market value of the shares covered by the option on the date of grant. In general, the options vest over a period of 4 years as follows: 25% of the options vest upon the lapse of 12 months following the date of grant and the remaining 75% vest on a quarterly basis over the remaining 3-year period. In addition, certain options that were previously granted vest over a three-year period (one-third each year) and the vesting of 50% of such options is subject, in addition, to certain minimum shareholders' equity during a period of 4 years from the date of grant. Pursuant to the Plan, any options that are cancelled or not exercised within the option period determined in the relevant option agreement will become available for future grants. Our board of directors has elected to allot options to Israeli employees under Israel’s capital gain tax treatment.
On August 30, 2018 the Company's compensation committee, followed by the Board of Directors, approved the amended and restated company's 2012 Plan. On October 4, 2018 the company's amended and restated 2012 stock plan was approved at the annual general meeting of shareholders. As part of the company's 2012 Plan’s amendments it was determined that if the Company declares a cash dividend to its shareholders, and the distribution date of such dividend will precede the exercise date of an Option, including for the avoidance of doubt, Options that have yet to become vested and Options which have been granted prior to the adoption of such amendment to the Plan, the exercise price of the option shall be reduced in the amount equal to the cash dividend per share distributed by the Company.
As of December 31, 2018, options to purchase 494,309 ordinary shares were outstanding under the Plan, exercisable at an average exercise price of $10 per share. During 2018 total of 26,668 options were exercised.
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Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions
A. Major Shareholders
The following table sets forth certain information as of December 31, 2018, regarding the beneficial ownership by all shareholders known to us to own beneficially 5% or more of our ordinary shares:

Name |  | Number of Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned(1) |  |  | Percentage of Ownership(2) |
FIMI Funds (3) |  |  | 5,254,908 |  |  |  | 59.21 | %
Yelin Lapidot Holdings Management Ltd. (4) |  |  | 583,721 |  |  |  | 6.58 | %
Excellence and The Phoenix Holdings Ltd (5) |  |  | 552,637 |  |  |  | 6.23 | %

| (1) | Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC and generally includes voting or investment power with respect to securities. Ordinary shares relating to options and warrants currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of the date of this table are deemed outstanding for computing the percentage of the person holding such securities but are not deemed outstanding for computing the percentage of any other person. Except as indicated by footnote, and subject to community property laws where applicable, the persons named in the table above have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares shown as beneficially owned by them.

| (2) | The percentages shown are based on 8,874,696 ordinary shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2018 (net of 274,473 dormant shares).

| (3) | Based on a Schedule 13D filed on August 14, 2013, and on Schedule 13D/A filed on December 12, 2016, FIMI Funds, FIMI FIVE 2012 Ltd., Shira and Ishay Davidi Management Ltd. and Mr. Ishay Davidi share voting and dispositive power with respect to the 5,254,908 ordinary shares held by the FIMI Funds. FIMI FIVE 2012 Ltd. is the managing general partner of the FIMI Funds. Shira and Ishay Davidi Management Ltd. controls FIMI FIVE 2012 Ltd. Mr. Ishay Davidi controls the Shira and Ishay Davidi Management Ltd. and is the Chief Executive Officer of all the entities listed above. The principal business address of each of the above entities and of Mr. Davidi is c/o FIMI FIVE 2012 Ltd., Electra Tower, 98 Yigal Alon St., Tel Aviv 6789141, Israel.

| (4) | This information is based on information provided in the Schedule 13G/A filed with the SEC by Dov Yelin, Yair Lapidot and Yelin Lapidot Holdings Management Ltd. (collectively, “Yelin Lapidot”) on February 11, 2019. The business address of Yelin Lapidot is 50 Dizengoff Street, Dizengoff Center, Gate 3, Top Tower, 13th floor, Tel Aviv 64332, Israel.

(5) This information is based on information provided in the Schedule 13G/A filed with the SEC by Itshak Sharon (Tshuva), Delek Group Ltd. And The Phoenix Holdings Ltd. on February 14, 2019. The business address of Itshak Sharon (Tshuva) and Delek Group Ltd. is 19 Abba Eban blvd, P.O.B. 2054, Herzliya, 4612001, Israel and the address of the Phoenix Holdings Ltd. is Derech Hashalom 53, Givataim, 53454, Israel.
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Significant Changes in the Ownership of Major Shareholders
On October 2012 two lenders to TAT’s then controlling shareholders, KMN Industries and TAT Industries, filed separate petitions to the court to enforce liens granted to such lenders by each of the controlling shareholders in certain collateral including KMN Industries’ holdings of an approximately 80% ownership interest in TAT Industries (which in turn owned approximately 43% of TAT's outstanding share capital) and KMN Industries’ direct holdings in TAT (which represented approximately 10% of TAT's outstanding share capital).
On December 18, 2012, the court-appointed permanent receivers on behalf of the two lenders mentioned above for the purpose of jointly enforcing the liens granted to such lenders. On March 15, 2013, the receivers of TAT’s shares announced a tender process for the sale of such shares.
On August 7, 2013, the court-appointed permanent receivers informed TAT that the FIMI Funds acquired 4,732,351 ordinary shares of TAT constituting 53.8% of TAT’s outstanding share capital as of the transaction date, after receiving all required court approvals and the transfer of the consideration by the FIMI Funds to the receivers.
On December 12, 2016, FIMI Funds acquired an additional 522,557 ordinary shares of TAT constituting 5.7% of TAT’s outstanding share capital as of the transaction date.
Major Shareholders Voting Rights
Our major shareholders do not have different voting rights.
Record Holders
Based on a review of the information provided to us by our transfer agent, as of December 31, 2018, there were 34 holders of record of our ordinary shares, of which 30 record holders holding less than 1.0% of our ordinary shares had registered addresses in the United States. These numbers are not representative of the number of beneficial holders of our shares nor is it representative of where such beneficial holders reside since many of these ordinary shares were held by brokers or other nominees including CEDE & Co., the nominee for the Depositary Trust Company (the central depositary for the U.S. brokerage community), which held approximately 69% of our outstanding ordinary shares as of such date.
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B. Related Party Transactions
Not applicable.
C. Interests of Experts and Counsel
Not applicable.
Item 8. Financial Information
A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information
See the consolidated financial statements, including the notes thereto, included in Item 18.
Legal Proceedings
We are party to ongoing litigation in the ordinary course of business and other legal proceedings. For a discussion of these matters, see Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
Dividend Distribution Policy
The Israeli Companies Law mandates that we can only distribute dividends from profits (as defined in the law), provided that there is no reasonable suspicion that the dividend distribution will prevent us from meeting our existing and future expected obligations as they come due.
B. Significant Changes
Not applicable.
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Item 9. The Offer and Listing
A. Offer and Listing Details
Not applicable.
B. Plan of Distribution
Not applicable.
C. Markets
Our ordinary shares are traded on NASDAQ under the symbol “TATT”. On August 16, 2005, we listed our shares for trade on the TASE as a dual listed company.
D. Selling Shareholders
Not applicable.
E. Dilution
Not applicable.
F. Expense of the Issue
Not applicable.
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Item 10. Additional Information
A. Share Capital
Not applicable.
B. Memorandum and Articles of Association
Set out below is a description of certain provisions of our memorandum of association, articles of association and of the Israeli Companies Law related to such provisions. This description is only a summary and does not purport to be complete and is qualified by reference to the full text of the memorandum of association and articles of association, which are incorporated by reference as exhibits to this annual report, and to Israeli law.
Purposes and Objects of the Company
We are a public company registered with the Israeli Companies Registry and have been assigned company number 52-0035791. Section 2 of our memorandum of association provides that we were established for the purpose of engaging in the business of providing services of planning, development, consultation and instruction in the electronics field. In addition, the purpose of our company is to perform various corporate activities permissible under Israeli law.
On February 1, 2000, the Israeli Companies Law came into effect and superseded most of the provisions of the Israeli Companies Ordinance (New Version), 5743-1983, except for certain provisions which relate to liens, bankruptcy, dissolution and liquidation of companies. Under the Israeli Companies Law, various provisions, some of which are detailed below, overrule the current provisions of our articles of association.
The Powers of the Directors
Under the provisions of the Israeli Companies Law which prevails over our articles of association in certain issues, a director cannot participate in a meeting nor vote on a proposal, arrangement or contract in which he or she is materially interested except in cases where a majority of the directors are materially interested in the same transaction. In addition, our directors cannot vote on compensation to themselves without the approval of our compensation committee and our shareholders at a general meeting, except for certain cases in which there is no need for the approval of the general meeting in accordance with the regulations promulgated under the Israeli Companies Law. See Item 6. “Directors, Senior Management and Employees – Board Practices – Approval of Related Party Transactions Under Israeli Law.”
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The authority of our directors to enter into borrowing arrangements on our behalf is not limited, except in the same manner as any other transaction by us.
Our articles of association do not impose any mandatory retirement or age-limit requirements on our directors and our directors are not required to own shares in our company in order to qualify to serve as directors.
Rights Attached to Shares
Our authorized share capital consists of 13,000,000 ordinary shares of a nominal value of NIS 0.90 each. All outstanding ordinary shares are validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable.
The rights attached to the ordinary shares are as follows:
Dividend rights. Holders of our ordinary shares are entitled to the full amount of any cash or share dividend subsequently declared. The board of directors may declare dividends in accordance with the provisions of the Israeli Companies Law as mentioned above. See Item 8.A. “Financial Information – Consolidated and Other Financial Information – Dividend Distribution Policy”. If after one year a dividend has been declared and it is still unclaimed, the board of directors is entitled to invest or utilize the unclaimed amount of dividend in any manner to our benefit until it is claimed. We are not obligated to pay interest or linkage differentials on an unclaimed dividend.
Voting rights. Holders of ordinary shares have one vote for each ordinary share held on all matters submitted to a vote of shareholders. Such voting rights may be affected by the grant of any special voting rights to the holders of a class of shares with preferential rights that may be authorized in the future.
The quorum required for any meeting of shareholders consists of at least two shareholders present in person or represented by proxy who hold or represent, in the aggregate, at least one-third of the voting rights of the issued share capital. A meeting adjourned for lack of a quorum generally is adjourned to the same day in the following week at the same time and place or any time and place as the directors designate in a notice to the shareholders. At the reconvened meeting, the required quorum consists of any two members present in person or by proxy.
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Under our articles of association, any resolution, including resolutions amending our memorandum of association or articles of association, winding-up, authorization of a class of shares with special rights, or other changes as specified in our articles of association, requires approval of the holders of a majority of the voting rights represented at the meeting, in person, by proxy or by written ballot, and voting thereon.
Pursuant to the Israeli Companies Law and our articles of association, our directors (other than external directors) are elected at our annual general meeting of shareholders by a vote of the holders of a majority of the voting power represented and voting at such meeting and hold office until the next annual general meeting of shareholders and until their successors have been elected. All the members of our board of directors (except the external directors) may be re-elected upon completion of their term of office. For information regarding the election of external directors, see Item 6. “Directors, Senior Management and Employees – Board Practices — Election of Directors.”
Rights to share in our company’s profits. Our shareholders have the right to share in our profits distributed as a dividend and any other permitted distribution. See this Item 10B. “Additional Information – Memorandum and Articles of Association – Rights Attached to Shares – Dividend rights.”
Rights to share in surplus in the event of liquidation. In the event of our liquidation, after satisfaction of liabilities to creditors, our assets will be distributed to the holders of ordinary shares in proportion to the nominal value of their holdings. This right may be affected by the grant of preferential dividend or distribution rights to the holders of a class of shares with preferential rights that may be authorized in the future.
Liability to capital calls by our company. Under our memorandum of association and the Israeli Companies Law, the liability of our shareholders is limited to the par value of the shares held by them.
Limitations on any existing or prospective major shareholder. See Item 6. “Directors and Senior Management –Board Practices - Approval of Related Party Transactions Under Israeli Law.”
Changing Rights Attached to Shares
According to our articles of association, in order to change the rights attached to any class of shares, unless otherwise provided by the terms of the class, such change must be adopted by a general meeting of the shareholders and by a separate general meeting of the holders of the affected class with a majority of the voting rights represented at the meeting, in person, by proxy or by written ballot, and voting thereon.
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Annual and Extraordinary Meetings
Under the Israeli Companies Law a company must convene an annual meeting of shareholders at least once every calendar year and within fifteen months of the last annual meeting. The agenda of the annual meeting includes discussing the financial statements and the report of the board of directors and may also include the appointment of directors and independent auditors as well as other issues. Depending on the matter to be voted upon, notice of at least 21 days or 35 days prior to the date of the meeting is required. Our board of directors may, at its discretion, convene additional meetings as “special general meetings”. With respect to “special general meetings" notice of at least 35 days prior to the date of the meeting is required. In addition, the board of directors must convene a special general meeting upon (1) the demand of two of the directors or 25% of the nominated directors; and (2) one or more shareholders having at least 5% of the outstanding share capital and at least 1% of the voting power in the company, or one or more shareholders having at least 5% of the voting power in the company. See Item 10B. “Additional Information - Memorandum and Articles of Association - Rights Attached to Shares - Voting Rights.”
Limitations on the Rights to Own Securities in Our Company
Neither our memorandum of association or our articles of association nor the laws of the State of Israel restrict in any way the ownership or voting of shares by non-residents, except with respect to subjects of countries which are in a state of war with Israel.
Provisions Restricting Change in Control of Our Company
The Israeli Companies Law requires that mergers between Israeli companies be approved by the board of directors and general meeting of shareholders of both parties to the merger transaction. The approval of the board of directors of both companies is subject to such boards’ confirmations that there is no reasonable doubt that after the merger the surviving company will be able to fulfill its obligations towards its creditors. Each company must notify its creditors about the contemplated merger. Under the Israeli Companies Law, our articles of association are deemed to include a requirement that such merger be approved by an extraordinary resolution of the shareholders, as explained above. The approval of the merger by the general meetings of shareholders of the companies is also subject to additional approval requirements as specified in the Israeli Companies Law and regulations promulgated thereunder. See also Item 6. “Directors, Senior Management and Employees – Board Practices – Approval of Related Party Transactions Under Israeli Law.”
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Disclosure of Shareholders Ownership
The Israeli Securities Law, 5728‑1968 and regulations promulgated thereunder contain various provisions regarding the ownership threshold above which shareholders must disclose their share ownership. However, these provisions do not apply to companies, such as ours, whose shares are publicly traded in Israel as well on NASDAQ. We are required pursuant to the Israel Securities Law (“ISA”) and the regulations promulgated thereunder to submit to the Israeli Securities Authority and the TASE, through a public immediate report, among other things, all information that we receive from our shareholders regarding their shareholdings in our company, provided that such information was published or is required to be published under applicable foreign law.
Changes in Our Capital
The board of directors has the right to issue shares. Changes in our capital are subject to the approval of the shareholders at a general meeting by a majority of the voting rights represented at the meeting, in person, by proxy or by written ballot, and voting thereon.
There are no restrictions on the rights of non-resident or foreign shareholders to hold or vote our ordinary shares.
C. Exchange Controls
Israeli law and regulations do not impose any material foreign exchange restrictions on non-Israeli holders of our ordinary shares. In May 1998, a new “general permit” was issued under the Israeli Currency Control Law, 1978, which removed most of the restrictions that previously existed under such law, and enabled Israeli citizens to freely invest outside of Israel and freely convert Israeli currency into non-Israeli currencies.
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Non-residents of Israel who purchase our ordinary shares will be able to convert dividends, if any, thereon, and any amounts payable upon our dissolution, liquidation or winding up, as well as the proceeds of any sale in Israel of our ordinary shares to an Israeli resident, into freely-repatriable dollars, at the exchange rate prevailing at the time of conversion, provided that the Israeli income tax has been withheld (or paid) with respect to such amounts or an exemption has been obtained.
D. Taxation
The following is a discussion of Israeli and United States tax consequences material to our shareholders. To the extent that the discussion is based on new tax legislation which has not been subject to judicial or administrative interpretation, the views expressed in the discussion might not be accepted by the tax authorities in question. The discussion is not intended, and should not be construed, as legal or professional tax advice and does not exhaust all possible tax considerations.
You are urged to consult your own tax advisor as to the Israeli, United States and other tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares, including, in particular, the effect of any non-Israeli, state or local taxes.
Israeli Tax Considerations
The following is a summary of the principal Israeli tax laws applicable to us, of the Israeli Government programs from which we benefit and of the Income Tax Law (Inflationary Adjustments), 1985. This section also contains a discussion of material Israeli tax consequences to our shareholders who are not residents or citizens of Israel. This summary does not discuss all aspects of Israeli tax law that may be relevant to a particular investor in light of his or her personal investment circumstances, or to some types of investors subject to special treatment under Israeli law. Examples of investors subject to special treatment under Israeli law include residents of Israel, traders in securities, or persons who own, directly or indirectly, 10% or more of our outstanding voting capital, all of whom are subject to special tax regimes not covered in this discussion. Some parts of this discussion are based on new tax legislation that has not been subject to judicial or administrative interpretation. The discussion should not be construed as legal or professional tax advice and does not cover all possible tax consequences.
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General Corporate Tax Structure
Israeli companies are generally subject to corporate tax on their taxable income at the rate of 23% in 2018 and thereafter. However, the effective tax rate payable by a company that derives income from an Approved Enterprise, a Benefited Enterprise, a Preferred Enterprise or a Technology Enterprise may be considerably less. Capital Gain derived by an Israeli resident company are subject to tax at the regular corporate tax rate (23% in 2018 and thereafter).
Tax Benefits under the Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959
We have one capital investment program that has been granted “Approved Enterprise” status under the “Investment Law”, and one program that qualify as a “Benefited Enterprise” pursuant to an amendment to the Investment Law that came into effect on April 1, 2005 (the “April 2005 amendment”). These programs were waived as part of the "Preferred Enterprise" which is part of the "2011 Amendment".
Prior to the April 2005 amendment, the Investment Law provided that capital investments in a production facility (or other eligible assets), may be designated as an Approved Enterprise upon prior approval from the Investment Center of the Israel Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labor (the “Investment Center”).
The April 2005 amendment revised the criteria for investments qualified to receive tax benefits. An eligible investment program under that amendment provided for benefits as a Benefited Enterprise (rather than the previous terminology of Approved Enterprise). Among other things, the April 2005 amendment provided tax benefits to both local and foreign investors. Companies that meet the specified criteria received the tax benefits without need for prior approval and instead, a company was to claim the tax benefits offered by the Investment Law directly in its tax returns.
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The period of tax benefits for the then new beneficiary enterprise commences in the year that is the later of: (i) the year in which taxable income is first generated by a company, or (ii) a year selected by the company for commencement, on the condition that the company meets certain provisions provided by the Investment Law. The amendment does not apply to investment programs approved prior to December 31, 2004 and applies only to new investment programs. We began to generate income under the provision of the new amendment as of the beginning of 2006.
After expiration of the initial tax exemption period, the company is eligible for what was considered then a reduced corporate tax rate of 10% to 25%, depending on the extent of foreign investment in the company, for the following five to eight years, depending on the geographic location of the Benefited Enterprise within Israel. The benefits period was limited to 12 years from completion of the investment under the approved plan or 14 years from the date of the approval, whichever is earlier. A company in which more than 25% of the shareholders are non-residents of Israel, defined under the Investment Law as a Foreign Investors Company, may be eligible for benefits for an extended period of up to ten years.
If a company distributes dividends from tax-exempt Approved Enterprise and/or Benefited Enterprise income, the company will be taxed on the otherwise exempt income at the same reduced corporate tax rate that applies to it after the initial exemption period. Distribution of dividends derived from Approved Enterprise and Benefited Enterprise income that was taxed at reduced rates, but not tax exempt, does not result in additional tax consequences to the company. Shareholders who receive dividends derived from approved enterprise and Benefited Enterprise income were generally taxed at a rate of 15% which was withheld and paid by the company paying the dividend, if the dividend was distributed during the benefits period or within the following 12 years.
The benefits available to an Approved Enterprise and Benefited Enterprise were conditioned upon terms stipulated in the Investment Law and the related regulations (which include making specified investments in property and equipment, and financing a percentage of these investments with share capital), and, for an Approved Enterprise, the conditions contained in the certificate of approval from the Investment Center. If we do not fulfill these conditions, in whole or in part, the benefits can be cancelled and we may be required to refund the amount of the benefits, linked to the CPI in Israel plus interest. We believe that our Approved Enterprise and Benefited Enterprise programs were operated in compliance with all applicable conditions and criteria.
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We had derived a material portion of our operating income from our Approved Enterprise and Benefited Enterprise facilities. We were therefore eligible for a tax exemption for a limited period on undistributed Approved Enterprise and Benefited Enterprise income. We intend to reinvest the entire amount of our tax-exempt income and not to distribute this income as a dividend
Until December 31, 2010, TAT and Turbochrome have elected to participate in the alternative package of tax benefits for their Approved and Benefited Enterprise under the law.
Pursuant to such Law, the income derived from those enterprises will be exempt from Israeli corporate tax for a specified benefit period (except to the extent that dividends are distributed during the tax-exemption period other than upon liquidation) and subject to reduced corporate tax rates for an additional period.
In the event of distribution of a dividend from income which was tax exempt as above, the company would have to pay a regular corporate tax rate in respect of the amount distributed.
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Tax Benefits under the 2011 Amendment
Under the transitional provisions of the 2011 Amendment, the company elected to irrevocably implement the 2011 Amendment with respect to its existing Approved and Beneficiary Enterprises while waiving benefits provided under the legislation prior to the 2011 Amendment.
Dividends paid out of income attributed to a Preferred Enterprise will be subject to a withholding tax at the source at the rate of 20%, or such lower rate as may be provided in an applicable tax treaty. However, if such dividends are paid to an Israeli company, no tax is required to be withheld (although, if the funds are subsequently distributed to individuals or to non-Israeli residents (individuals and corporations), the withholding tax would apply).
As of January 1, 2014, a Preferred Company is entitled to a reduced corporate tax rate of 16% with respect to its income derived from its Preferred Enterprise, unless the Preferred Enterprise is located in development area A, in which case the tax rate as of January 1, 2017 was 7.5% (our operations are currently not located in development area A). Income which is not derived from Preferred Enterprise is subject to the regular corporate tax rate (24% in tax year 2017 and 23% as of January 1, 2018).
TAT is located in an area in Israel that is designated as elsewhere and as such is entitled to reduce tax rates of 16% (as of 2014).
Turbochrome is located in an area in Israel that is designated as Zone A and as such entitled to reduce tax rates of 7.5% (as of 2017).
Tax Benefits under the 2017 Amendment
An amendment to the Investment Law, which became effective as of January 1, 2017, provides new tax benefit to Preferred companies for two types of "Technology Enterprise", as described below, and is in addition to the other existing tax beneficial programs under the Investment Law.
The new incentives regime will apply to "Preferred Technological Enterprises" that meet certain conditions, as detailed in the 2017 amendment. Preferred Technological Enterprises will be subject to a corporate tax rate of 12% unless the Preferred Technological Enterprise is located in development zone A, in which case the rate will be 7.5% with respect to the portion of income derived from intellectual property developed in Israel. The withholding tax on dividends from income derived from intellectual property of the Preferred Technological Enterprises will be 4% for dividends paid to a foreign parent company holding at least 90% of the shares of the distributing company. For other dividend distributions, the withholding tax rate will be 20% (or a lower rate under a tax treaty, if applicable).
We cannot assure you that we will continue to qualify as an Industrial Company or that the benefits described above will be available to us in the future.
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Tax Benefits and Grants for Research and Development
Israeli tax law allows, under specific conditions, a tax deduction in the year incurred for expenditures, including capital expenditures, relating to scientific research and development projects, if the expenditures are approved by the relevant Israeli government ministry, determined by the field of research, and the research and development is for the promotion of the company and is carried out by or on behalf of the company seeking such deduction. Expenditures not so approved are deductible over a three-year period. However, expenditures from proceeds made available to us through government grants are not deductible according to Israeli law.
Tax Benefits under the Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 1969
According to the Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 1969 (the “Industry Encouragement Law”), an ‘Industrial Company’ is an Israeli resident company, with at least 90% of the income of which, in a given tax year, (exclusive of income from some government loans) is derived from an Industrial Enterprise owned by it and located in Israel or in the "Area", in accordance with the definition in the section 3a of the Ordinance. An ‘Industrial Enterprise‘ is defined as an enterprise whose major activity in a given tax year is industrial production activity.
Under the Industry Encouragement Law, Industrial Companies are entitled to the following tax benefits:

| · | Amortization of purchases of acquired technology and patents over an eight-year period for tax purposes;

| · | Amortization of specified expenses incurred in connection with a public issuance of securities over a three-year period for tax purposes;

| · | Right to elect, under specified conditions, to file a consolidated tax return with additional related Israeli Industrial Companies; and

| · | Accelerated depreciation rates on equipment and buildings.

Eligibility for benefits under the Industry Encouragement Law is not subject to receipt of prior approval from any governmental authority.
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Special Provisions Relating to Taxation under Inflationary Conditions
The Income Tax Law (Inflationary Adjustments), 1985, referred to as the Inflationary Adjustments Law, attempts to overcome the problems presented to a traditional tax system by an economy undergoing rapid inflation. The Inflationary Adjustments Law is highly complex.
On February 26, 2008, the Israeli Parliament (the Knesset) enacted the Income Tax Law (Inflationary Adjustments) (Amendment No. 20) (Restriction of Effective Period), 2008 (the “Inflationary Adjustments Amendment”). In accordance with the Inflationary Adjustments Amendment, the effective period of the Inflationary Adjustments Law will cease at the end of the 2007 tax year and as of the 2008 tax year the provisions of the law shall no longer apply, other than the transitional provisions intended at preventing distortions in the tax calculations. In accordance with the Inflationary Adjustments Amendment, commencing the 2008 tax year, income for tax purposes will no longer be adjusted to a real (net of inflation) measurement basis. Furthermore, the depreciation of inflation immune assets and carried forward tax losses will no longer be linked to the CPI in Israel.
Taxation of Dividends Paid on our Ordinary Shares
Taxation of Israeli Shareholders
A distribution of dividends from income, which is not attributed to an Approved Enterprise/ Benefited Enterprise/ Preferred Enterprise to an Israeli resident individual, will generally be subject to Israeli income tax, at the rate of 25%, or 30% for a recipient that is a "Controlling Shareholder" (within the meaning of the Israeli Income Tax Ordinance) at the time of distribution or at any time during the 12-month period preceding such distribution.
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However, dividends distributed from taxable income accrued during the benefits period of a Benefited Enterprise, subject to certain time limitations, are generally subject to Israeli income tax at the reduced rate of 15%. Dividends paid out of income attributed to a Preferred Enterprise are generally subject to Israeli income tax at the source at the rate of 20%.
Generally, Israeli resident corporations are exempt from Israeli corporate tax on the receipt of dividends paid on shares of Israeli resident corporations, unless the dividends are distributed from taxable income that has accrued during the benefits period of Approved Enterprise of Benefited Enterprise, in which case they are taxable at the rate of 15% (if the distributing company did not elect until June 30, 2015 to irrevocably implement the 2011 Amendment with respect to its existing Approved and Beneficiary Enterprises).
3% surtax will apply with respect to individuals on top of the aforementioned tax rates when annual taxable income exceeds NIS 641,880 (with respect to 2018). The amount is updated every year.
It should be noted that we cannot assure you that we will designate the profits that are being distributed in a way that will reduce shareholders’ tax liability to those tax rates.
Taxation of Non-Israeli Shareholders
The Ordinance generally provides that a non-Israeli resident (either individual or corporation) is subject to, an Israeli income tax at the rate of 25%, or 30% if the recipient is a "Controlling Shareholder" at the time of distribution or at any time during the 12-month period preceding such distribution, unless a different rate is provided in a treaty between Israel and the shareholder’s country of residence.
As aforesaid, dividends derived from any of our income generated by an Approved Enterprise or Benefited Enterprise, are subject to withholding tax at a rate of 15%, and dividends derived from any of our income generated by a Preferred Enterprise are subject to withholding tax at a rate of 20%.
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It should be noted that 3% surtax will apply on individuals on top of the aforementioned tax rates when annual taxable income exceeds NIS 641,880 (with respect to 2018). The amount is updated every year.
Under the United States-Israel Tax Treaty, the maximum rate of tax withheld at source in Israel on dividends paid to a holder of our ordinary shares who is a U.S. resident (for purposes of the United States-Israel Tax Treaty) is 25%. However, generally the maximum rate of withholding tax on dividends, not generated by Approved / Benefited / Preferred Enterprises, that are paid to a U.S. corporation holding at least 10% or more of our outstanding voting capital from the start of the tax year preceding the distribution of the dividend through (and including) the distribution of the dividends, is 12.5%, provided that no more than 25% of our gross income of such preceding year consists of certain types of dividends and interest if a certificate for a reduced withholding tax rate is obtained in advance from the Israeli Tax Authority. Notwithstanding the foregoing, dividends distributed from income attributed to an Approved Enterprise, Benefited Enterprise or a Preferred Enterprise are subject to withholding tax rate of 15% for such a U.S. corporation shareholder, provided that the condition related to our gross income for the previous year (as set forth in the previous sentence) is met.
The aforementioned rates under the United States-Israel Tax Treaty will not apply if the dividend income was derived through a permanent establishment of the U.S. resident in Israel.
When the amount of tax due is not fully withheld at source, such non-Israeli resident is obligated to file a tax return, report his or her Israeli income and pay the balance of the amount of tax due.
Capital gains taxes applicable to non-Israeli shareholders
Capital gains from the sale of our ordinary shares by non-Israeli shareholders are exempt from Israeli taxation, provided that the capital gain is not derived from a permanent establishment in Israel according to section 97(b2) to the Israeli income tax ordinance. In addition, the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty exempts U.S. residents who hold less than 10% of our voting rights, and who held less than 10% of our voting rights during the 12 months prior to a sale of their shares, from Israeli capital gains tax in connection with such sale.
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United States Federal Income Tax Consequences
The following discussion summarizes the material U.S. federal income tax considerations generally applicable to the purchase, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares. Unless otherwise stated, this summary deals only with shareholders that are U.S. Holders (as defined below) who hold their ordinary shares as capital assets.
As used in this section, the term “U.S. Holder” means a beneficial owner of an ordinary share who is:

| · | An individual citizen or resident of the United States or an individual treated as a U.S. citizen or resident for U.S. federal income tax purposes;

| · | A corporation or other entity taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any State or the District of Columbia;

| · | An estate, the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source; or

| · | Any trust if (A)(i) a court within the United States is able to exercise primary supervision over the administration of the trust and (ii) one or more United States persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust, or (B) such trust validly elects to be treated as a United States person.

The term “Non-U.S. Holder” means a beneficial owner of an ordinary share that is an individual, corporation, estate or trust and is not a U.S. Holder. The tax consequences to a Non-U.S. Holder may differ substantially from the tax consequences to a U.S. Holder. Certain aspects of U.S. federal income tax relevant to a Non-U.S. Holder are discussed below.
This description is based on provisions of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), existing and proposed U.S. Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder, administrative and judicial interpretations thereof, and the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty, each as in effect as of the date of this annual report. In addition, this description also relates to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“TCJA”) signed into law on December 22, 2017. These sources may change, possibly with retroactive effect, and are open to differing interpretations. This description does not discuss all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be applicable to investors in light of their particular circumstances or to investors who are subject to special treatment under U.S. federal income tax law, including:

| · | Insurance companies;

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| · | Dealers in stocks, securities or currencies;

| · | Financial institutions and financial services entities;

| · | Real estate investment trusts;

| · | Regulated investment companies;

| · | Persons that receive ordinary shares in connection with the performance of services;

| · | Tax-exempt organizations;

| · | Persons that hold ordinary shares as part of a straddle or appreciated financial position or as part of a hedging, conversion or other integrated instrument;

| · | Persons who hold the ordinary shares through partnerships or other pass-through entities;

| · | Individual retirement and other tax-deferred accounts;

| · | Expatriates of the United States and certain former long-term residents of the United States;

| · | Persons liable for the alternative minimum tax;

| · | Persons having a “functional currency” other than the U.S. dollar; and

| · | Direct, indirect or constructive owners of 10% or more, by voting power or value, of our company.

If a partnership or an entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes owns ordinary shares, the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a partner in such a partnership will generally depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. A partnership that owns ordinary shares and the partners in such partnership should consult their own tax advisors about the U.S. federal income tax consequences of holding and disposing of ordinary shares.
This discussion does not consider the possible application of U.S. federal gift or estate tax or alternative minimum tax.
All investors are urged to consult their own tax advisors as to the particular tax consequences to them of an investment in our ordinary shares, including the effect and applicability of United States federal, state, local and foreign income and other tax laws (including estate and gift tax laws) and tax treaties.
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Distributions Paid on the Ordinary Shares
Subject to the discussion below under “Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations,” a U.S. Holder generally will be required to include in his or her gross income as ordinary dividend income the amount of any distributions paid on the ordinary shares, including the amount of any Israeli taxes withheld, to the extent that those distributions are paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Subject to the discussion below under “Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations,” distributions in excess of our earnings and profits will be applied against and will reduce the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in its ordinary shares and, to the extent they exceed that tax basis, will be treated as gain from a sale or exchange of those ordinary shares. In some cases, our dividends will not qualify for the dividends-received deduction applicable to U.S. corporations.
Dividends that we pay in NIS, including the amount of any Israeli taxes withheld therefrom, will be included in your income in a U.S. dollar amount calculated by reference to the exchange rate in effect on the day such dividends are received, regardless of whether the payment is in fact converted into U.S. dollars. A U.S. Holder who receives payment in NIS and converts NIS into U.S. dollars at an exchange rate other than the rate in effect on such day will have a foreign currency exchange gain or loss that would be treated as ordinary income or loss. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors concerning the U.S. tax consequences of acquiring, holding and disposing of NIS.
Subject to certain limitations, “qualified dividend income” received by a non-corporate U.S. Holder will generally be subject to taxation in the U.S at a lower rate than ordinary income. Distributions taxable as dividends paid on the ordinary shares should qualify for lower tax rate provided that we are not a passive foreign investment company (as described below) for U.S. tax purposes and that either: (i) we are entitled to benefits under the “U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty” or (ii) the ordinary shares are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States and certain other requirements are met. We believe that we are entitled to benefits under the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty and that the ordinary shares currently will be readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States. However, no assurance can be given that the ordinary shares will remain readily tradable. The rate reduction does not apply unless certain holding period requirements are satisfied. With respect to the ordinary shares, the U.S. Holder must have held such shares for at least 61 days during the 121-day period beginning 60 days before the ex-dividend date. The rate reduction also does not apply to dividends received from passive foreign investment companies, see discussion below, or in respect of certain hedged positions or in certain other situations. The legislation enacting the reduced tax rate contains special rules for computing the foreign tax credit limitation of a taxpayer who receives dividends subject to the reduced tax rate. U.S. Holders of ordinary shares should consult their own tax advisors regarding the effect of these rules in their particular circumstances.
Subject to the discussion below under “Information Reporting and Back-up Withholding,” a Non-U.S. Holder generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income or withholding tax on dividends received on ordinary shares unless that income is effectively connected with the conduct by that Non-U.S. Holder of a trade or business in the United States, in which case a corporate Non-U.S. Holder may also be subject to the U.S. branch profits tax.
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Foreign Tax Credit
Any dividend income resulting from distributions we pay to a U.S. Holder with respect to the ordinary shares generally will be treated as foreign source income for U.S. foreign tax credit limitation purposes. For all taxable years ended until December 31, 2017, and subject to certain conditions and limitations, Israeli tax withheld on dividends may be deducted from taxable income or credited against a U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability. The limitation on foreign taxes eligible for credit is calculated separately with respect to specific classes of income. For this purpose, any dividend that we distribute generally will constitute “passive category income,” or, in the case of certain U.S. Holders, “general category income.”
Starting January 1, 2018, and with respect to our corporate U.S. Holders, the TCJA provides a 100% deduction for the foreign-source portion of dividends received after January 1, 2018 from “specified 10-percent owned foreign corporations” by U.S. corporate holders, subject to a one-year holding period. No foreign tax credit, including Israeli withholding tax (or deduction for foreign taxes paid with respect to qualifying dividends) would be permitted for foreign taxes paid or accrued with respect to a qualifying dividend. Deduction would be unavailable for “hybrid dividends.” The dividend received deduction enacted under the TCJA may not apply to dividends from a passive foreign investment company.
The rules relating to the determination of foreign source income and the foreign tax credit are complex, and the availability of a foreign tax credit depends on numerous factors. Each investor who is a U.S. Holder should consult with its own tax advisor to determine whether its income with respect to the ordinary shares would be foreign source income and whether and to what extent that investor would be entitled to a foreign tax credit.
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Disposition of Ordinary Shares
Upon the sale or other disposition of ordinary shares, subject to the discussion below under “Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations,” a U.S. Holder generally will recognize capital gain or loss equal to the difference between the amount realized on the disposition and the holder’s adjusted tax basis in the ordinary shares. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors with respect to the tax consequences of the receipt of a currency other than U.S. dollars upon such sale or other disposition.
Gain or loss upon the disposition of the ordinary shares will be treated as long-term if, at the time of the sale or disposition, the ordinary shares were held for more than one year. The deductibility of capital losses by a U.S. Holder is subject to limitations. In general, any gain or loss recognized by a U.S. Holder on the sale or other disposition of ordinary shares will be U.S. source income or loss for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors concerning the source of income for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes and the effect of the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty on the source of income.
Subject to the discussion below under “Information Reporting and Back-up Withholding,” a Non-U.S. Holder generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income or withholding tax on any gain realized on the sale or exchange of ordinary shares unless:

| · | that gain is effectively connected with the conduct by the Non-U.S. Holder of a trade or business in the United States, and, if a tax treaty applies, is attributable to a permanent establishment or fixed base of the Non-U.S. Holder in the United States; or

| · | in the case of any gain realized by an individual Non-U.S. Holder, that holder is present in the United States for 183 days or more in the taxable year of the sale or exchange, and other conditions are met.

Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations
Special U.S. federal income tax rules apply to U.S. Holders owning shares of a passive foreign investment company. A non-U.S. corporation will be considered a passive foreign investment company for any taxable year in which, after applying certain look-through rules, 75% or more of its gross income consists of specified types of passive income, or 50% or more of the average value of its assets consists of assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income. For this purpose, passive income includes dividends, interest, royalties, rents, annuities and the excess of gains over losses from the disposition of assets which produce passive income.
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If we were classified as a passive foreign investment company, a U.S. Holder could be subject to increased tax liability upon the sale or other disposition of ordinary shares or upon the receipt of amounts treated as “excess distributions.” Under these rules, the excess distribution and any gain would be allocated ratably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the ordinary shares, and the amount allocated to the current taxable year and any taxable year prior to the first taxable year in which we were a passive foreign investment company would be taxed as ordinary income. The amount allocated to each of the other taxable years would be subject to tax at the highest marginal tax rate in effect for the applicable class of taxpayer for that year, and an interest charge for the deemed deferral benefit would be imposed on the resulting tax allocated to such other taxable years. The tax liability with respect to the amount allocated to years prior to the year of the disposition, or “excess distribution,” cannot be offset by any net operating losses. In addition, holders of shares in a passive foreign investment company may not receive a “step-up” in basis on shares acquired from a decedent. If we are a passive foreign investment company in any year, a U.S. Holder would be required to file an annual return on IRS Form 8621 regarding distributions received with respect to ordinary shares and any gain realized on the disposition of ordinary shares.
Based on our current and projected income, assets and activities, we do not believe that we will be a passive foreign investment company for our current taxable year. However, because the determination of whether we are a passive foreign investment company is based upon the composition of our income and assets from time to time, we cannot be certain that we will not be considered a passive foreign investment company for the current taxable year or any future taxable year.
The passive foreign investment company tax consequences described above will not apply to a U.S. Holder if the U.S. Holder makes an election to treat us as a qualified electing fund (“QEF”). If a U.S. Holder makes a timely QEF election, the U.S. Holder would be required to include in income for each taxable year its pro rata share of our ordinary earnings as ordinary income and its pro rata share of our net capital gain as long-term capital gain, whether or not such amounts are actually distributed to the U.S. Holder. However, a U.S. Holder would not be eligible to make a QEF election unless we comply with certain applicable information reporting requirements. We will provide U.S. Holders with the information needed to report income and gain under a QEF election should we become a passive foreign investment company.
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As an alternative to making a QEF election, a U.S. Holder of passive foreign investment company stock which is publicly traded may in certain circumstances avoid certain of the tax consequences generally applicable to holders of a passive foreign investment company by electing to mark the stock to market annually and recognizing as ordinary income or loss each year an amount equal to the difference as of the close of the taxable year between the fair market value of the passive foreign investment company stock and the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the passive foreign investment company stock. Losses would be allowed only to the extent of net mark-to-market gain previously included by the U.S. Holder under the election for prior taxable years. Income recognized and deductions allowed under the mark-to-market provisions, as well as any gain or loss on the disposition of ordinary shares with respect to which the mark-to-market election is made, are generally treated as ordinary income or loss (except that loss is treated as capital loss to the extent the loss exceeds the net mark-to-market gains, if any, that a U.S. Holder included in its income with respect to such ordinary shares in prior years). However, gain or loss from the disposition of ordinary shares (as to which a “mark-to-market” election was made) in a year in which we are no longer a passive foreign investment company, will be capital gain or loss. The mark-to-market election is available for so long as our ordinary shares constitute “marketable stock,” which includes stock of a passive foreign investment company that is “regularly traded” on a “qualified exchange or other market.” Generally, a “qualified exchange or other market” includes a national securities exchange that is registered with the SEC or the national market system established pursuant to Section 11A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. A class of stock that is traded on one or more qualified exchanges or other markets is “regularly traded” on an exchange or market for any calendar year during which that class of stock is traded, other than in the minimized quantities, on at least 15 days during each calendar quarter. We believe that NASDAQ will constitute a qualified exchange or other market for this purpose. However, we cannot be certain that our ordinary shares will continue to trade on NASDAQ or that the ordinary shares will be regularly traded for this purpose.
The rules applicable to owning shares of a passive foreign investment company are complex, and each holder who is a U.S. Holder should consult with its own tax advisor regarding the consequences of investing in a passive foreign investment company.
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Medicare Tax
Certain U.S. Holders that are individuals, estates or trusts may be subject to a 3.8% Medicare tax on all or a portion of their “net investment income,” which may include all or a portion of their dividend income and net gains from the disposition of ordinary shares and warrants. Each U.S. Holder that is an individual, estate or trust is urged to consult its tax advisors regarding the applicability of the Medicare tax to its income and gains in respect of its investment in our ordinary shares and warrants.
Information Reporting and Backup Withholding
Payments in respect of ordinary shares may be subject to information reporting to the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) and to U.S. backup withholding tax at a rate equal to the fourth lowest income tax rate applicable to individuals (which, under current law, is 28%). Backup withholding will not apply, however, if you (i) are a corporation or come within certain exempt categories, and demonstrate the fact when so required, or (ii) furnish a correct taxpayer identification number and make any other required certification. U.S. Holders who are required to establish their exempt status generally must provide such certification on IRS Form W-9.
Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules may be credited against a U.S. Holder’s U.S. tax liability, and a U.S. Holder may obtain a refund of any excess amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules by filing the appropriate claim for refund with the IRS.
Any U.S. holder who holds 10% or more in vote or value of our ordinary shares will be subject to certain additional United States information reporting requirements.
U.S. Gift and Estate Tax
An individual U.S. Holder of ordinary shares will generally be subject to U.S. gift and estate taxes with respect to ordinary shares in the same manner and to the same extent as with respect to other types of personal property.
E. Dividends and Paying Agents
Not applicable.
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F. Statement by Experts
Not applicable.
G. Documents on Display
We are subject to the reporting requirements of the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as applicable to “foreign private issuers” as defined in Rule 3b-4 under the Exchange Act, and in accordance therewith, we file annual and interim reports and other information with the SEC.
As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from certain provisions of the Exchange Act. Accordingly, our proxy solicitations are not subject to the disclosure and procedural requirements of Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act and transactions in our equity securities by our officers and directors are exempt from reporting and the “short-swing” profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we are not required under the Exchange Act to file periodic reports and financial statements as frequently or as promptly as United States companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act. However, we make available on our website www.tat-technologies.com, our annual audited financial statements, which have been examined and reported on, with an opinion expressed by an independent public accounting firm, and we intend to file reports with the SEC on Form 6-K containing unaudited financial information for the first three quarters of each fiscal year.
This annual report on Form 20-F and the exhibits thereto and any other document we file pursuant to the Exchange Act may be inspected without charge and copied at prescribed rates at the following SEC public reference room at 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington, D.C. 20549; and on the SEC website (http://www.sec.gov) and on our website www.tat-technologies.com. You may obtain information on the operation of the SEC’s public reference room in Washington, D.C. by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The Exchange Act file number for our SEC filings is 0-16050.
In addition, since August 16, 2005, we are also listed on the TASE. From such date we submit copies of all our filings with the SEC to the ISA and TASE. Such copies can be retrieved electronically through the TASE internet messaging system (www.maya.tase.co.il) and, in addition, through the MAGNA distribution site of the ISA (www.magna.isa.gov.il).
The documents concerning our company which are referred to in this annual report may also be inspected at our offices located at Re’em Industrial Park Neta, Boulevard Bnei Ayish, Gedera, Israel.
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H. Subsidiary Information
Not applicable.
Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
We do not own and have not issued any market risk sensitive instruments about which disclosure is required to be provided pursuant to this Item.
Effects of Currency Exchange Fluctuations
Our financial statements are stated in dollars, while a portion of our expenses, primarily labor expenses, is incurred in NIS and a part of our revenues are quoted in NIS. Additionally, certain assets, as well as a portion of our liabilities, are denominated in NIS. As a result, our operations may be affected by fluctuations of the U.S. dollar/NIS exchange rate. We are hedging a portion of our exchange rate risk through forward transactions and the use of other derivative instruments.
Item 12. Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities
Not Applicable.
PART II
Item 13. Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies
None.
Item 14. Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders
None.
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Item 15. Controls and Procedures

| (a) | Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our chief executive officer and chief financial officer to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, conducted an evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined under Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e), as of the end of the period covered by this annual report on Form 20-F. Based upon that evaluation, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer have concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

| (b) | Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over our financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the company’s principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by the company’s board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:

| · | Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company;

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| · | Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and

| · | Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use of disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. In making this assessment, our management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013). Based on that assessment, our management concluded that as of December 31, 2018, our internal control over financial reporting is effective.

(c) | Attestation report of independent registered public accounting firm

This annual report does not include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial report. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by our independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to rules of the SEC that permit us to provide only management’s report in this annual report.

| (d) Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting |

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Item 16. [Reserved]
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Item 16A. Audit Committee Financial Expert
Our board of directors has determined that each member of our audit committee each of whom also qualifies as independent director, meets the definition of an audit committee financial expert, as defined by rules of the SEC. For a brief listing of the relevant experience of the member of our audit committee, see Item 6.A. “Directors, Senior Management and Employees — Directors and Senior Management.”
Item 16B. Code of Ethics
We have adopted a code of ethics that applies to our chief executive officer and all senior financial officers of our company, including the chief financial officer, chief accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions. The code of ethics is publicly available on our website at www.tat-technologies.com. Written copies are available upon request. If we make any substantive amendment to the code of ethics or grant any waivers, including any implicit waiver, from a provision of the codes of ethics, we will disclose the nature of such amendment or waiver on our website.
Item 16C. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
Fees Paid to Independent Public Accountant
The following table sets forth, for each of the years indicated, the fees paid to our principal independent registered public accounting firm. All of such fees were pre-approved by our audit committee.

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
Services Rendered |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Audit (1) |  | $ | 226,950 |  |  | $ | 219,000 |
Tax (2) |  |  | 44,005 |  |  |  | 78,000 |
Total |  | $ | 270,955 |  |  | $ | 297,000 |

| (1) | Audit fees are for audit services for each of the years shown in the table, including fees associated with the annual audit and reviews of our quarterly financial results, consultations on various accounting issues and audit services provided in connection with other statutory or regulatory filings.

| (2) | Tax fees relate to professional services rendered for tax compliance and tax advice. These services include assistance regarding international and Israeli taxation.

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Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures
Our audit committee has adopted a policy and procedures for the pre-approval of audit and non-audit services rendered by our independent registered public accounting firm Kesselman & Kesselman, a member of PricewaterhouseCoopers International Ltd. Pre-approval of an audit or non-audit service may be given as a general pre-approval, as part of the audit committee’s approval of the scope of the engagement of our independent auditor, or on an individual basis. Any proposed services exceeding general pre-approved levels also require specific pre-approval by our audit committee. The policy prohibits retention of the independent public accountants to perform the prohibited non-audit functions defined in Section 201 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act or the rules of the SEC, and also requires the audit committee to consider whether proposed services are compatible with the independence of the public accountants.
Item 16D. Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committee
Not Applicable.
Item 16E. Purchase of Equity Securities By The Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
Not Applicable.
Item 16F. Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant.
Not Applicable.
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Item 16G. Corporate Governance
The following are the significant ways in which our corporate governance practices differ from those followed by United States companies under Nasdaq rules:
Shareholder Approval. Although Nasdaq rules generally require shareholder approval of equity compensation plans and material amendments thereto, we follow Israeli Companies Law, which is to have such plans and amendments approved only by the board of directors, unless such arrangements are for the compensation of directors, Chief Executive Officer or a transaction with the controlling shareholder, in which case they also require the approval of the compensation committee and the shareholders.
In addition, rather than follow Nasdaq rules requiring shareholder approval for the issuance of securities in certain circumstances, we follow Israeli law, under which a private placement of securities requires approval by our board of directors and shareholders if it will cause a person to become a controlling shareholder (generally presumed at 25% ownership) or if:

| o | The securities issued amount to 20% or more of our outstanding voting rights before the issuance;

| o | Some or all of the consideration is other than cash or listed securities or the transaction is not in accordance with market terms; and

| o | The transaction will increase the relative holdings of a shareholder that holds 5% or more of our outstanding share capital or voting rights or that it will cause any person to become, as a result of the issuance, a holder of more than 5% of our outstanding share capital or voting rights.

Annual Reports. While NASDAQ rules generally require that companies send an annual report to shareholders prior to the annual general meeting, we follow the generally accepted business practice for companies in Israel. Specifically, we file annual reports on Form 20-F, which contain financial statements audited by an independent registered public accounting firm, electronically with the SEC and post a copy on our website.
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PART III
Item 17. Financial Statements
We have elected to furnish financial statements and related information specified in Item 18.
Item 18. Financial Statements

Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company |
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets | F-3-F-4
Consolidated Statements of Operations | F-5-F-6
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | F-7
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders Equity | F-8
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | F-9
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | F-11

Item 19. Exhibits
The following exhibits are filed as a part of this Annual Report:

1.1 | Memorandum of Association of the Registrant (1)

1.2 | Articles of Association of the Registrant (filed herewith) (8)

2.1 | Specimen Certificate for Ordinary Shares (1)

4.1 | 2012 Stock Option Plan (7)

4.2 | Agreement dated February 10, 2000, by and between the Registrant and TAT Industries Ltd. (English summary translation) (2)

4.3 | English translation of Share Sales Agreement, dated March 27, 2008, by and between the Registrant and Bental Investments Cooperative Agricultures Society Ltd. (5)

4.4 | English translation of Shareholders’ Agreement, dated May 21, 2008, by and between the Registrant, Tat Industries Ltd. and Bental Investments Cooperative Agricultures Society Ltd. (5)

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4.5 | English translation of Amendment to the Share Sales and Options Agreement and the Shareholders’ Agreement, dated May 21, 2008, by and between the Registrant, Tat Industries Ltd. and Bental Investments Cooperative Agricultures Society Ltd. (5)

4.6 | English translation of Share Sales Agreement dated April 15, 2008, by and between the Registrant and Mivtach Shamir Investments (1993) Ltd. (5)

4.7 | Agreement and Plan of Merger dated April 3, 2009 by and between the Registrant, Limco-Piedmont, Inc. and LIMCO Acquisition Company (4)

4.8 | TAT's Executive and Directors Compensation Policy (8)

4.9 | Form of Officers Indemnification Undertaking (8)

8 | List of Subsidiaries of the Registrant

12.1 | Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act, as amended

12.2 | Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act, as amended

13.1 | Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

13.2 | Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

14.1 | Consent of independent registered public accounting firm

_________________

(1) | Filed as an exhibit to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 1992, and incorporated herein by reference.

(2) | Incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 1999, and incorporated herein by reference.

(3) | Incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2006, and incorporated herein by reference.

(4) | Filed as an exhibit to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form F-4 filed on May 7, 2009 and incorporated herein by reference.

(5) | Filed as an exhibit to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference.

(6) | Filed as an exhibit to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2010, and incorporated herein by reference.

(7) | Filed as an exhibit to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2012, and incorporated herein by reference.

(8) | Filed as an exhibit to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference.

(8) | Filed as an exhibit to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference.

146

SIGNATURES
The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

| TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD.
| By: | /s/ Ehud Ben-Yair
|  | Ehud Ben-Yair
|  | Chief Financial Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)
Date: March 27, 2019 |  |

147

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD.
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2018

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD.
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2018
INDEX

| Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets | F-3-F-4
Consolidated Statements of Operations | F-5-F-6
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | F-7
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity | F-8
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | F-9-F10
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | F-11

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the shareholders and the board of directors of
TAT Technologies Ltd.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of TAT Technologies Ltd. and its subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Tel-Aviv, Israel | /s/ Kesselman & Kesselman
March 27, 2019 | Certified Public Accountants (lsr.)
| A member firm of PricewaterhouseCoopers International Limited

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2009.

Kesselman & Kesselman, Trade Tower, 25 Hamered Street, Tel-Aviv 6812508, Israel, P.O Box 50005 Tel-Aviv 6150001 Telephone: +972 -3- 7954555, Fax:+972 -3- 7954556, www.pwc.com/il

F - 2

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

U.S dollars in thousands

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
CURRENT ASSETS: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 15,950 |  |  | $ | 17,514 |
Short-term bank deposits |  |  | - |  |  |  | 470 |
Accounts receivable, net |  |  | 19,277 |  |  |  | 25,744 |
Other current assets and prepaid expenses |  |  | 3,627 |  |  |  | 2,363 |
Inventory, net |  |  | 38,605 |  |  |  | 38,630 |
Total current assets |  |  | 77,459 |  |  |  | 84,721 |
NON-CURRENT ASSETS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment in affiliates |  |  | 1,078 |  |  |  | 1,192 |
Funds in respect of employee rights upon retirement |  |  | 2,253 |  |  |  | 2,779 |
Deferred income taxes |  |  | 162 |  |  |  | 937 |
Intangible assets, net |  |  | 911 |  |  |  | 1,045 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  |  | 21,424 |  |  |  | 21,321 |
Total non-current assets |  |  | 25,828 |  |  |  | 27, 274 |
Total assets |  | $ | 103,287 |  |  | $ | 111,995 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
F - 3

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

U.S dollars in thousands, except share data

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |
CURRENT LIABILITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 8,270 |  |  | $ | 9,348 |
Accrued expenses |  |  | 6,411 |  |  |  | 8,331 |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 14,681 |  |  |  | 17,679 |
NON CURRENT LIABILITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other long-term liabilities |  |  | 180 |  |  |  | 146 |
Liability in respect of employee rights upon retirement |  |  | 2,648 |  |  |  | 3,235 |
Deferred income taxes |  |  | 1,484 |  |  |  | 2,361 |
Total non-current liabilities |  |  | 4,312 |  |  |  | 5,742 |
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES (NOTE 10) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities |  |  | 18,993 |  |  |  | 23,421 |
EQUITY: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ordinary shares of NIS 0.9 par value: Authorized: 13,000,000 shares at December 31, 2018 and 10,000,000 shares at December 2017; Issued: 9,149,169 shares at December 31, 2018 and 9,122,501 shares at December 31, 2017; Outstanding: 8,874,696 shares at December 31, 2018 and 8,848,028 shares at December 31, 2017 |  |  | 2,809 |  |  |  | 2,802 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 65,535 |  |  |  | 65,073 |
Treasury shares, at cost, 274,473 shares at December 31, 2018 and 2017 |  |  | (2,088 | ) |  |  | (2,088 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | (206 | ) |  |  | 135 |
Retained earnings |  |  | 18,244 |  |  |  | 22,652 |
Total shareholders' equity |  |  | 84,294 |  |  |  | 88,574 |
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity |  | $ | 103,287 |  |  | $ | 111,995 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
F - 4

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

U.S dollars in thousands

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Products |  | $ | 23,151 |  |  | $ | 36,053 |  |  | $ | 30,431 |
Services |  |  | 70,027 |  |  |  | 70,474 |  |  |  | 65,363 |
|  |  | 93,178 |  |  |  | 106,527 |  |  |  | 95,794 |
Cost of revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Products |  |  | 23,807 |  |  |  | 28,096 |  |  |  | 23,788 |
Services |  |  | 60,980 |  |  |  | 57,987 |  |  |  | 52,969 |
|  |  | 84,787 |  |  |  | 86,083 |  |  |  | 76,757 |
Gross profit |  |  | 8,391 |  |  |  | 20,444 |  |  |  | 19,037 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development, net |  |  | 553 |  |  |  | 731 |  |  |  | 1,140 |
Selling and marketing |  |  | 4,913 |  |  |  | 4,974 |  |  |  | 3,876 |
General and administrative |  |  | 8,559 |  |  |  | 9,409 |  |  |  | 10,023 |
Other expenses (income) |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | (138 | )
|  |  | 14,021 |  |  |  | 15,167 |  |  |  | 14,901 |
Operating income (loss) |  |  | (5,630 | ) |  |  | 5,277 |  |  |  | 4,136 |
Financial expenses |  |  | (1,569 | ) |  |  | (1,132 | ) |  |  | (1,139 | )
Financial income |  |  | 1,467 |  |  |  | 794 |  |  |  | 985 |
Income (loss) before taxes on income (tax benefit) |  |  | (5,732 | ) |  |  | 4,939 |  |  |  | 3,982 |
Taxes on income (tax benefit) |  |  | (1,464 | ) |  |  | 2,333 |  |  |  | 3,865 |
Income (loss) before equity investment |  |  | (4,268 | ) |  |  | 2,606 |  |  |  | 117 |
Share in results of equity investment of affiliated companies |  |  | (140 | ) |  |  | (210 | ) |  |  | (55 | )
Net income (loss) |  | $ | (4,408 | ) |  | $ | 2,396 |  |  | $ | 62 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
F - 5

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

U.S dollars in thousands, except share and per share data

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Net income (loss) per share basic and diluted |  | $ | (0.5 | ) |  | $ | 0.27 |  |  | $ | 0.01 |
Weighted average number of shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  | 8,864,885 |  |  |  | 8,848,028 |  |  |  | 8,828,444 |
Diluted |  |  | 8,864,885 |  |  |  | 8,909,072 |  |  |  | 8,830,764 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
F - 6

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

U.S dollars in thousands

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | (4,408 | ) |  | $ | 2,396 |  |  | $ | 62 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized gains (losses) from derivatives |  |  | (672 | ) |  |  | (686 | ) |  |  | 174 |
Reclassification adjustments for gains from derivatives included in net income |  |  | 331 |  |  |  | 894 |  |  |  | (243 | )
Total other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | (341 | ) |  |  | 208 |  |  |  | (69 | )
Total comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | (4,749 | ) |  | $ | 2,604 |  |  | $ | (7 | )

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
F - 7

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS EQUITY

U.S dollars in thousands, except share data

|  | Share capital |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Number of shares issued |  |  | Amount |  |  | Additional paid-in capital |  |  | other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | Treasury shares |  |  | Retained earnings |  |  | Total equity |
BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2015 |  |  | 9,082,817 |  |  | $ | 2,793 |  |  | $ | 64,529 |  |  | $ | (4 | ) |  | $ | (2,088 | ) |  | $ | 26,194 |  |  | $ | 91,424 |
CHANGES DURING THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2016: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (69 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 62 |  |  |  | (7 | )
Share based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 105 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 105 |
Exercise of options |  |  | 20,100 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 126 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 130 |
Dividend distributed |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3,000 | ) |  |  | (3,000 | )
BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2016 |  |  | 9,102,917 |  |  | $ | 2,797 |  |  | $ | 64,760 |  |  | $ | (73 | ) |  | $ | (2,088 | ) |  | $ | 23,256 |  |  | $ | 88,652 |
CHANGES DURING THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Comprehensive income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 208 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,396 |  |  |  | 2,604 |
Share based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 174 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 174 |
Exercise of options |  |  | 19,584 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 139 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 144 |
Dividend distributed |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3,000 | ) |  |  | (3,000 | )
BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2017 |  |  | 9,122,501 |  |  | $ | 2,802 |  |  | $ | 65,073 |  |  | $ | 135 |  |  | $ | (2,088 | ) |  | $ | 22,652 |  |  | $ | 88,574 |
CHANGES DURING THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Comprehensive loss |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (341 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (4,408 | ) |  |  | (4,749 | )
Share based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 272 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 272 |
Exercise of options |  |  | 26,668 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 190 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 197 |
BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2018 |  |  | 9,149,169 |  |  | $ | 2,809 |  |  | $ | 65,535 |  |  | $ | (206 | ) |  | $ | (2,088 | ) |  | $ | 18,244 |  |  | $ | 84,294 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
F - 8

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

U.S. dollars in thousands

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | (4,408 | ) |  | $ | 2,396 |  |  | $ | 62 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 4,185 |  |  |  | 3,941 |  |  |  | 3,636 |
Loss on sale of property, plant and equipment |  |  | - |  |  |  | 54 |  |  |  | 12 |
Loss (gain) from change in fair value of derivatives |  |  | 382 |  |  |  | (490 | ) |  |  | (152 | )
Interest from short-term bank deposits and restricted deposits |  |  | - |  |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | (24 | )
Change in provision for doubtful accounts |  |  | (347 | ) |  |  | 321 |  |  |  | (29 | )
Share in results of affiliated companies |  |  | 140 |  |  |  | 210 |  |  |  | 55 |
Share based compensation |  |  | 272 |  |  |  | 174 |  |  |  | 105 |
Liability in respect of employee rights upon retirement |  |  | (587 | ) |  |  | 241 |  |  |  | 123 |
Deferred income taxes, net |  |  | (102 | ) |  |  | 382 |  |  |  | 1,670 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Decrease (increase) in trade accounts receivable |  |  | 6,814 |  |  |  | (4,493 | ) |  |  | (2,392 | )
Decrease (increase) in other current assets and prepaid expenses |  |  | (1,575 | ) |  |  | 488 |  |  |  | 1,487 |
Decrease (increase) in inventory |  |  | 161 |  |  |  | 210 |  |  |  | (2,707 | )
Increase (decrease) in trade accounts payable |  |  | (969 | ) |  |  | 578 |  |  |  | 1,192 |
Increase (decrease) in accrued expenses |  |  | (1,920 | ) |  |  | (1,505 | ) |  |  | 2,521 |
Increase (decrease) in other long-term liabilities |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | (38 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | $ | 2,080 |  |  | $ | 2,496 |  |  | $ | 5,521 |
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment in affiliated company |  |  | (26 | ) |  |  | (383 | ) |  |  | (905 | )
Funds in respect of employee rights upon retirement |  |  | (22 | ) |  |  | (156 | ) |  |  | 2 |
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 17 |
Purchase of property and equipment |  |  | (4,270 | ) |  |  | (3,520 | ) |  |  | (5,702 | )
Maturities of short-term deposits |  |  | 470 |  |  |  | 500 |  |  |  | 7,182 |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  | $ | (3,841 | ) |  | $ | (3,559 | ) |  | $ | 594 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
F - 9

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

U.S. dollars in thousands

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dividend paid |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3,000 | ) |  |  | (3,000 | )
Payment of contingent consideration |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (500 | )
Exercise of options |  |  | 197 |  |  |  | 144 |  |  |  | 130 |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  |  | 197 |  |  |  | (2,856 | ) |  |  | (3,370 | )
NET INCREASE (DECREASE) IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS |  |  | (1,564 | ) |  |  | (3,919 | ) |  |  | 2,745 |
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT BEGINNING OF YEAR |  |  | 17,514 |  |  |  | 21,433 |  |  |  | 18,688 |
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT END OF YEAR |  | $ | 15,950 |  |  | $ | 17,514 |  |  | $ | 21,433 |
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION ON INVESTING ACTIVITIES NOT INVOLVING CASH FLOW: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchase of property, plant and equipment on credit |  | $ | 523 |  |  | $ | 632 |  |  | $ | 268 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest paid |  | $ | (10 | ) |  | $ | (35 | ) |  | $ | (2 | )
Income taxes paid |  | $ | (1,087 | ) |  | $ | (2,397 | ) |  | $ | (1,473 | )

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
F - 10

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands

NOTE 1 - | GENERAL

| a. | TAT Technologies Ltd., (“TAT” or the “Company”) an Israeli corporation, incorporated in 1985, is a leading provider of solutions and services to the aerospace and defense industries, focused mainly on the following four segments: (i) original equipment manufacturing (“OEM”) of heat transfer solutions and aviation accessories through our Gedera facility; (ii) MRO services for heat transfer components and OEM of heat transfer solutions through our Limco subsidiary; (iii) MRO services for aviation components through our Piedmont subsidiary; and (iv) overhaul and coating of jet engine components through our Turbochrome subsidiary. TAT targets the commercial aerospace (serving a wide range of types and sizes of commercial and business jets), military aerospace and ground defense sectors. TAT’s shares are listed on both the NASDAQ (TATT) and Tel-Aviv Stock Exchange.

| b. | TAT has the following wholly-owned subsidiaries: Limco-Piedmont Inc. (“Limco-Piedmont”), and Turbochrome Ltd. (“Turbochrome”). Additionally, the Company holds 51% of TAT-Engineering LLC (“TAT-Engineering”), hereinafter collectively referred to as the “Group”.

| c. | On November 25, 2015, the Company signed an agreement with Russian-based Engineering Holding of Moscow (“Engineering”), to establish a new facility for the provision of services for heat transfer products. The new company, TAT-Engineering LLC, is based in Novosibirsk’s Tolmachevo airport. TAT-Engineering, LLC shall provide services for heat transfer products. 51% of TAT-Engineering LLC's shares are held by TAT and the remaining 49% are held by Engineering. The accounting treatment of the joint venture is based on the equity method due to variable participating rights granted to Engineering. The new entity was established in January 2016.

F - 11

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands
NOTE 2 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

| a. | Basis of Presentation

The Group's financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States ("U.S. GAAP").

| b. | Use of estimates in the preparation of financial statement

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclose the nature of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting years. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
As applicable to these financial statements, the most significant estimates and assumptions relate to: recoverability of inventory, provision for doubtful accounts, income taxes, and revenue recognition generated from long-term maintenance contracts.

| c. | Functional currency

The majority of the Group revenue are generated in U.S. dollars ("dollars") and a substantial portion of the Group costs are incurred in dollars. Accordingly, the dollar is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Group operates and accordingly its functional and reporting currency is the dollar.
Transactions and balances originally denominated in dollars are presented at their original amounts. Balances in currencies other than the U.S. dollar are translated into dollars using historical and current exchange rates for non-monetary and monetary balances, respectively. For non-dollar transactions and other items in the statements of income (indicated below), the following exchange rates are used: (i) for transactions – exchange rates at transaction dates or average rates; and (ii) for other items (derived from non-monetary balance sheet items such as depreciation and amortization, etc.) – historical exchange rates. Currency transaction gains and losses are carried to financial income or expenses, as appropriate.
F - 12

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands

NOTE 2 - | SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONT)

| d. | Principles of consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of TAT and its subsidiaries.
Intercompany balances and transactions, including profits from intercompany sales not yet realized outside the Group, have been eliminated upon consolidation.
e. Cash and Cash equivalents
All highly liquid investments, which include short-term bank deposits, that are not restricted as to withdrawal or use, and short-term debentures, the period to maturity of which do not exceed three months at the time of investment, are considered to be cash equivalents.

| f. | Short-term bank deposits

Bank deposits with maturities of more than three months but less than one year are included in short-term deposits. Such short-term deposits bear interest at an average annual rate of approximately 0.6% in 2017.

| g. | Accounts receivable, net

The Group’s accounts receivable balances are due from customers primarily in the airline and defense industries. Credit is extended based on evaluation of a customer’s financial condition and generally, collateral is not required. Trade accounts receivable from sales of services and products are typically due from customers within 30 - 90 days. Trade accounts receivable balances are stated at amounts due from customers net of a provision for doubtful accounts. Accounts outstanding longer than their original contractual payment terms are considered past due. The Group determines its allowance by considering a number of factors, including the length of time accounts receivable are past due, the Group’s previous loss history from such customers, the customer’s current ability to pay its obligation to TAT and the condition of the general economy and the industry as a whole. The Group writes-off accounts receivable when they become uncollectible. Payments subsequently received on such receivables are credited against earnings. The provision for doubtful accounts is determined with respect to specific debts that are doubtful of collection.
F - 13

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands

NOTE 2 - | SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONT)

| h. | Inventory

Inventory is measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value.
Inventories include raw materials, parts, work in progress and finished products.
Cost of raw material and parts is determined using the “moving average” basis. Cost of work in progress and finished products is calculated based on actual costs. Capitalized production costs components, mainly labor and overhead, are determined on average basis over the production period.
If actual market prices are less favorable than those projected by management, inventory write-downs may be required. Once written-down, a new lower cost basis for that inventory is established.
Since the Group sells products and services related to airplane accessories for airplanes that can be in service for 20 to 50 years, it must keep a supply of such products and parts on hand while the airplanes are in use. The Group writes down its inventory for estimated obsolescence and unmarketable inventory equal to the difference between the cost of inventory and estimated market value based upon assumptions for future demand and market conditions.

| i. | Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost, after deduction of the related investment grants, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, as follows:

|  | Years
Buildings and leasehold improvements |  | 7 - 39
Machinery and equipment |  | 3 - 17
Motor vehicles |  | 6 - 7
Office furniture and equipment |  | 3 - 17
Software |  | 3-5

Leasehold improvements are included in buildings and amortized using the straight line method over the period of the lease contract, or the estimated useful life of the asset, whichever is shorter.

| j. | Grants from Israel Innovation Authority (IIA):

Grants received from the IIA for approved research and development projects are recognized at the time the Company is entitled to such grants, on the basis of the costs incurred and included as a deduction from research and development expenses. Due the fact that the Company is defined as a "Traditional Industry Company", under the IIA regulations, the majority of grants are non-royalty bearing.
F - 14

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands

NOTE 2 - | SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONT)

| k. | Investment in companies accounted for using the Equity Method

Investment in which the Group exercises significant influence and which is not considered a subsidiary ("affiliate") is accounted for using the equity method, whereby the Group recognizes its proportionate share of the affiliated company's net income or loss after the date of investment.
The Group reviews those investments for impairment whenever events indicate the carrying amount may not be recoverable. See notes 1(c).

| l. | Identified intangible assets

Identifiable intangible assets are comprised of definite lived intangible assets - customer relationships, which are amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated period of useful life as determined by identifying the period in which substantially all of the cash flows are expected to be generated. Amortization of customer relationships is recorded under selling and marketing expenses.

| m. | Impairment of long-lived assets

Long-lived assets, including property, plant and equipment and definite life intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets (or asset group) may not be recoverable. In the event that the sum of the expected future cash flows (undiscounted and without interest charges) of the long-lived assets (or asset group) is less than the carrying amount of such assets, an impairment charge would be recognized and the assets (or asset group) would be written down to their estimated fair values (see also notes 5 and 6).

| n. | Treasury Shares

Company shares held by the Company are presented as a reduction of equity at their cost to the Company.
F - 15

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands

NOTE 2 - | SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONT)

| o. | Revenue recognition

The Group generates its revenues from the sale of OEM products and systems, providing MRO services (remanufacture, maintenance, repair and overhaul services and long - term service contracts) and parts services.
In May 2014, FASB issued Accounting Standards Update "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" (Topic 606). To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that an entity determines are within the scope of Topic 606, the entity performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied.
Other major provisions include capitalization of certain contract costs, consideration of the time value of money in the transaction price, and allowing estimates of variable consideration to be recognized before contingencies are resolved in certain circumstances.
The guidance permitted the use of either a retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. The Company has implemented the new standard on its effective date (January 1, 2018) to uncompleted contracts as of that date, in accordance with the transitional directive which allows recognition of the cumulative effect of the initial application as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings as of January 1, 2018. The adoption of ASC 606 did not impact the Company’s balance sheet or opening balance of retained earnings. The Company did not provide the effects in the current reporting period of the standard as compared to the guidance that was in effect before the change, since these effects were immaterial.
The company has adopted the following exemptions and accounting policies:
a. The Company has chosen to account for shipping as a fulfillment costs, in cases in which the shipping occurs after the customer has obtained control of a good.
b. The Company has chosen not to adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component, in cases in which the Company expects, at contract inception, that the period between when the Company transfers a promised good or service to the customer and when the customer pays for that good or service will be one year or less.
F - 16

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands
NOTE 2 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONT)

| o. | Revenue recognition (cont)

c. The Company has chosen to present all sales taxes collected from customers on a net basis.
The group recognizes revenues from the sale of OEM products when it satisfies a performance obligation, i.e. when or as the customer obtains control upon product shipment. The Group does not grant a right of return.
The group recognizes revenues from MRO services over time as it satisfies performance obligations.
Revenues from maintenance contracts are recognized over the contract period in proportion to the costs expected to be incurred in performing services under the contract. The Group estimates the costs that are expected to be incurred based on its historical experience. The costs incurred related to the maintenance contracts are not incurred on a straight-line basis, as the timing to provide the maintenance services is dependent on when parts under these contracts require maintenance. Therefore, the Group accrues revenue as costs are incurred. These contracts are reviewed on a timely basis and adjusted (if required) based on total expected cost.
Prior to January 1, 2018 and before the adoption of ASC 606, revenues from multi-year, fixed price contracts for OEM customers were recognized when a product was shipped (and title passed) to the customer.
Revenues from MRO services were generally recognized when services were completed. In cases in which contracts required exchanging a defective landing gear for a restored gear, the non-refundable minimum amounts from these contracts were recognized on the exchange date (delivery of the product has occurred), and any additional amounts billed to the customer for excess hours of repair, were recognized when the customer approved the price for these additional services.
Revenues from maintenance contracts were recognized over the contract period in proportion to the costs expected to be incurred in performing services under the contract. The Group estimated the costs that were expected to be incurred based on its historical experience. The costs incurred related to the maintenance contracts were not incurred on a straight-line basis, as the timing to provide the maintenance services is dependent on when parts under these contracts require maintenance. Therefore, the Group accrued revenue as costs were incurred. These contracts were reviewed on a timely basis and adjusted (if required) based on total expected cost.
F - 17

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands
NOTE 2 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONT)

| p. | Warranty costs

The Group provides warranties for its products and services ranging from one to three years, which vary with respect to each contract and in accordance with the nature of each specific product.
The Group estimates the costs that may be incurred under its warranty and records a liability in the amount of such costs at the time revenue is recognized. The Group periodically assesses the adequacy of its recorded warranty liabilities and adjusts the amounts as necessary.

| q. | Research and development

Research and development costs, net of grants, are charged to expenses as incurred.

| r. | Fair value measurement

The Group measures fair value and discloses fair value measurements for financial assets and liabilities. Fair value is based on the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.
The accounting standard establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes observable and unobservable inputs used to measure fair value into three broad levels, which are described below:
Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical assets or liabilities. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to Level 1 inputs.
Level 2: Observable prices that are based on inputs not quoted on active markets, but corroborated by market data or active market data for similar but not identical assets or liabilities.
Level 3: Unobservable inputs are used when little or no market data is available. The fair value hierarchy gives the lowest priority to Level 3 inputs.
In determining fair value, the Group utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible and considers credit risk in its assessment of fair value.
F - 18

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands
NOTE 2 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONT)

| s. | Concentrations of credit risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Group to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, derivatives and accounts receivable.
Cash and cash equivalents are deposited with major banks in Israel and the United States. Such deposits in the United States may be in excess of insured limits and are not insured in other jurisdictions. Management believes that the financial institutions that hold the Group's cash and cash equivalents are financially sound. Accordingly, minimal credit risk exists with respect to these financial instruments.
The Group's accounts receivable are derived mainly from sales to customers in the United States, Israel and Europe. The Group generally does not require collateral; however, in certain circumstances the Group may require letters of credit. Management believes that credit risks relating to accounts receivable are minimal since the majority of the Group's customers are world-leading manufacturers of aviation systems and aircrafts, international airlines, governments and air-forces, and world-leading manufacturers and integrators of defense and ground systems. In addition, the Group has relatively a large number of customers with wide geographic spread which mitigates the credit risk. The Group performs ongoing credit evaluation of its customers' financial condition.
F - 19

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands

NOTE 2 - | SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONT)

| t. | Income taxes

Income taxes are accounted for in accordance with ASC 740 "Income Taxes". This statement prescribes the use of the asset and liability method, whereby deferred tax assets and liabilities account balances are determined based on temporary differences between financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities and for tax loss carry-forwards. Deferred taxes are measured using the enacted laws and tax rates that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. The Group provides a valuation allowance, if necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to their estimated realizable value, see note 13(k).
Taxes which would apply in the event of disposal of investments in foreign subsidiaries have not been taken into account in computing the deferred taxes, when the Group’s intention is to hold, and not to realize the investments.
The Group did not provide for deferred taxes attributable to dividend distribution out of retained tax-exempt earnings from "Approved/Benefited Enterprise" plans (see note 13(a)), since it intends to permanently reinvest them and has no intention to declare dividends out of such tax exempt income in the foreseeable future. Management considers such retained earnings to be essentially permanent in duration. The payment of dividend in 2017 and 2016 was paid from foreign subsidiaries earnings of the Company and earnings from regular income of the Israeli company, respectively.
Results for tax purposes for TAT’s Israeli subsidiaries are measured and reflected in NIS and for TAT’s U.S. subsidiaries are measured and reflected in U.S. dollars. As explained in (c) above, the consolidated financial statements are measured and presented in U.S. dollars. In accordance with ASC 740, TAT has not provided deferred income taxes on the differences resulting from changes in exchange rate and indexation.
The Group follows a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate resolution. The Group’s policy is to include interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within financial income (expense). Such liabilities are classified as long-term, unless the liability is expected to be resolved within twelve months from the balance sheet date.
F - 20

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands

NOTE 2 - | SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONT)

| u. | Earnings per share

Basic earnings (loss) per share are computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of shares of the Company's Ordinary Shares, par value NIS 0.9 per share outstanding for each period.
Diluted earnings (loss) per share are calculated by dividing the net income by the fully-diluted weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding during each period. Potentially dilutive shares include outstanding options granted to employees and directors.

| v. | Share-based compensation

The Group applies ASC 718 "Stock Based Compensation" with respect to employees and directors’ options, which requires awards classified as equity awards to be accounted for using the grant-date fair value method. The fair value of share-based awards is estimated using the Black-Scholes valuation model, the payment transaction is recognized as expense over the requisite service period, net of estimated forfeitures. Until December 31, 2016, the Company estimated forfeitures based on historical experience and anticipated future conditions. The Company has adopted the guidance related to share-based compensation accounting as of January 1, 2017, and as of that date has elected to recognize forfeitures as they occur.
The Group recognizes compensation cost for an award with only service conditions that has a graded vesting schedule using the accelerated method over the requisite service period for the entire award.

| w. | Comprehensive income

Comprehensive income in 2018 and 2017 includes, in addition to net income or loss, gains and losses of derivatives (net of related taxes where applicable).
Reclassification adjustments for gain or loss of derivatives are included in the relevant line item in the statement of income. See also note 2 (z).
F - 21

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands
NOTE 2 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONT)

| x. | Business Combinations

When the Company acquires a business, the purchase price is allocated based on the fair value of tangible assets and identifiable intangible assets acquired, and liabilities assumed. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. Goodwill as of the acquisition date is measured as the residual of the excess of the consideration transferred, plus the fair value of any non-controlling interest in the acquire at the acquisition date, over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired. If the fair value of the net assets acquired exceeds the purchase price, the resulting bargain purchase is recognized as a gain in the consolidated statement of operations. The Company generally engages independent, third-party appraisal firms to assist in determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Such a valuation requires management to make significant estimates, especially with respect to intangible assets. These estimates are based on historical experience and information obtained from the management of the acquired companies. These estimates are inherently uncertain. For all acquisitions, operating results are included in the consolidated statement of operations from the date of acquisition.

| y. | Contingencies

Certain conditions may exist as of the date the financial statements are issued, which may result in a loss to the Group but which will only be resolved when one or more future events occur or fail to occur. The Group’s management assesses such contingent liabilities and estimated legal fees, if any, and accrues for these costs. Such assessment inherently involves an exercise of judgment. In assessing loss contingencies related to legal proceedings that are pending against the Group or unasserted claims that may result in such proceedings, the Group’s management evaluates the perceived merits of any legal proceedings or unasserted claims as well as the perceived merits of the amount of relief sought or expected to be sought.
Management applies the guidance in ASC 450-20-25 when assessing losses resulting from contingencies. If the assessment of a contingency indicates that it is probable that a material loss has been incurred and the amount of the liability can be estimated, then the estimated liability is recorded as accrued expenses in the Company’s financial statements. If the assessment indicates that a potential material loss contingency is not probable but is reasonably possible, or is probable but cannot be estimated, then the nature of the contingent liability, together with an estimate of the range of possible loss if determinable and material are disclosed.
Loss contingencies considered to be remote by management are generally not disclosed unless they involve guarantees, in which case the guarantee would be disclosed.
F - 22

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands
NOTE 2 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONT)

| z. | Derivatives and hedging

The Company carries out transactions involving foreign currency exchange derivative financial instruments. The transactions are designed to hedge the Company’s exposure in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. The Company recognizes derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities and measures those instruments at fair value. For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as a cash-flow hedge, the effective portion of the gain or loss on the derivative instrument is reported as a component of other comprehensive income and reclassified into earnings in the same line item associated with the anticipated transaction in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. The ineffective portion of a derivative designated as a cash flow hedge is recognized in "financial expense (income), net". If a derivative does not meet the definition of a cash flow hedge, the changes in the fair value are included in "financial expense (income), net".

| aa. | Recently Issued Accounting Principles:

| (1) | In June 2016, the FASB issued guidance on financial instruments. The guidance replaces the current incurred loss impairment methodology with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. The guidance will be effective for the fiscal year beginning on January 1, 2020, including interim periods within that year. The Company is currently evaluating the potential effect of the guidance on its consolidated financial statements.

| (2) | In February 2016, the FASB which sets out the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases for both parties to a contract (i.e. lessees and lessors). The new standard requires lessees to apply a dual approach, classifying leases as either finance or operating leases based on the principle of whether or not the lease is effectively a financed purchase by the lessee. This classification will determine whether lease expense is recognized based on an effective interest method or on a straight line basis over the term of the lease, respectively. A lessee is also required to record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all leases with a term of greater than 12 months regardless of their classification. Leases with a term of 12 months or less may be accounted for similar to existing guidance for operating leases today. ASC 842 supersedes the previous leases standard, ASC 840 Leases. The standard is effective on January 1, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of the standard will result in recognition of approximately $7.3 million of lease assets and lease liabilities as of January 1, 2019 on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

| (3) | In August 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standard Update which targets improvements to accounting for hedging activities which amends and simplifies existing guidance in order to allow companies to more accurately present the economic effects of risk management activities in the financial statements. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The new standard will not have a material effect on the Company's financial statements upon adoption.

F - 23

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands
NOTE 3 - FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT
Recurring Fair Value Measurements
The Group measures fair value and discloses fair value measurements for financial assets and liabilities. Fair value is based on the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.
The Company's financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, consisted of the following types of instruments:

|  | December 31, 2018 |
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial instruments |  |  | - |  |  | $ | 210 |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | 210 |

|  | December 31, 2017 |
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial instruments |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 159 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 159 |

| a. | Derivative financial instruments: The company hedges the foreign currency risk arising from probable forecasted Israeli Shekel ("ILS") expenses as part of its risk management policy. The risk management objective is to hedge the foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations associated with ILS denominated forecasted probable expenses according to the company's hedging policy. The majority of the ILS exposure arises from expected related salary expenses. The company enters into contracts for derivative financial instruments forward contracts in order to execute its policy. Such derivatives are recognized at fair value. The fair value of forward contracts is calculated as the difference between the forward rate on valuation date and the forward rate on the original forward contract, multiplied by the transaction's notional amount. At the inception of a hedge relationship, the Company formally designates and documents the hedge relationship to which the Company wishes to apply hedge accounting and the risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge. The hedge effectiveness is assessed at the end of each reporting period. The effective portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument is recognized as other comprehensive income (loss), while any ineffective portion is recognized immediately in profit or loss through finance income (expenses), net. Amounts recognized as other comprehensive income (loss) are reclassified to profit or loss when the hedged transaction affects profit or loss, such as when the hedged expense is recognized. If the forecast expense is no longer expected to occur, amounts previously recognized in equity are reclassified to profit or loss. If the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised, or if its designation as a hedge is revoked, amounts previously recognized in equity remain in equity until the forecast expense occurs. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the company has open forward contracts with a notional total amount of $10,332 and $8,101, respectively. The carrying amounts of financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, short-term bank deposits, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate fair value because of their short maturities.

F - 24

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands

NOTE 4 - | INVENTORY

Inventory is composed of the following:

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  |  | 2017(*) |
Raw materials and components |  | $ | 10,758 |  |  | $ | 9,578 |
Work in progress |  |  | 7,297 |  |  |  | 7,657 |
Spare parts |  |  | 19,557 |  |  |  | 20,544 |
Finished goods |  |  | 993 |  |  |  | 851 |
Total inventory (**) |  | $ | 38,605 |  |  | $ | 38,630 |

(*) reclassified
(**) The total amount of Rotables included in the company spare parts inventory for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were $8,284 and $8,615, respectively.
Slow inventory expenses amounted to $691, $964 and $1,138 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
The company maintains a wide range of exchangeable units and other spare parts related to its products and services in various locations. Due to the long lead time of its suppliers and manufacturing cycles, the company needs to forecast demand and commit significant resources towards these inventories. As such, the company is subject to significant risks including excess inventory no longer relevant.
NOTE 5 - PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, NET
Composition of assets, grouped by major classifications, is as follows:

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Cost: |  |  |  |  |  |
Land and buildings |  | $ | 13,077 |  |  | $ | 12,385 |
Machinery and equipment |  |  | 51,017 |  |  |  | 48,848 |
Motor vehicles |  |  | 410 |  |  |  | 472 |
Office furniture and equipment |  |  | 1,802 |  |  |  | 2,039 |
Software |  |  | 1,248 |  |  |  | 1,419 |
|  |  | 67,554 |  |  |  | 65,163 |
Less: Accumulated depreciation |  |  | 46,130 |  |  |  | 43,842 |
Depreciated cost |  | $ | 21,424 |  |  | $ | 21,321 |

Depreciation expenses amounted to $4,051, $3,807 and $3,501 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
F - 25

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands
NOTE 6 - INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Intangible assets:

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Customer relationships |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost |  | $ | 1,342 |  |  | $ | 1,342 |
Accumulated amortization |  |  | (431 | ) |  |  | (297 | )
Amortized cost |  | $ | 911 |  |  | $ | 1,045 |

NOTE 7 - OTHER BALANCE SHEETS SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION
Accrued expenses:

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Employees and payroll accruals |  | $ | 2,869 |  |  | $ | 3,814 |
Accrued expenses |  |  | 840 |  |  |  | 711 |
Authorities |  |  | 677 |  |  |  | 957 |
Advances from customers |  |  | 386 |  |  |  | 863 |
Deferred income |  |  | 97 |  |  |  | 254 |
Warranty provision |  |  | 285 |  |  |  | 306 |
Accrued royalties |  |  | 966 |  |  |  | 1,180 |
Other |  |  | 291 |  |  |  | 246 |
|  | $ | 6,411 |  |  | $ | 8,331 |

NOTE 8 - RELATED PARTIES’ TRANSACTIONS AND BALANCES
Transactions:

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Income - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales to related-party company (*) |  | $ | 1,251 |  |  | $ | 959 |  |  | $ | 54 |
Cost and expenses - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Supplies from related party (*) |  | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | - |

F - 26

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands
NOTE 8 - RELATED PARTIES’ TRANSACTIONS AND BALANCES (CONT)
Balances:

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Trade receivables and other receivables (*) |  | $ | 699 |  |  | $ | 930 |

(*) includes mainly transactions with affiliated companies.

| NOTE 9 - | LONG-TERM EMPLOYEE-RELATED OBLIGATIONS

Severance pay:
The Company and its Israeli subsidiary are required to make severance payments upon dismissal of an employee or upon termination of employment in certain circumstances. The severance payment liability to the employees (based upon length of service and the latest monthly salary - one month’s salary for each year employed) is recorded on the Company’s balance sheet under “Liability for employee rights upon retirement.” The liability is recorded as if it were payable at each balance sheet date on an undiscounted basis.
According to Section 14 of the Israeli Severance Pay Law, the Israeli company’s liability for certain employees, according to their employment agreements, make regular deposits with certain insurance companies for accounts controlled by each applicable employee in order to secure the employee’s retirement benefit obligation. The Company and its Israeli subsidiary are fully relieved from any severance pay liability with respect to each such employee after it makes the payments on behalf of the employee. The liability accrued in respect of these employees and the amounts funded, as of the respective agreement dates, are not reflected in the Company balance sheet, as the amounts funded are not under the control and management of the Company and the pension or severance pay risks have been irrevocably transferred to the applicable insurance companies (the “Contribution Plan”).
With regard to the employees that are not under the “Contribution Plan”, the liability is funded in part from the purchase of insurance policies or by the establishment of pension funds with dedicated deposits in the funds. The amounts used to fund these liabilities are included in the balance sheets under “Funds in respect of employee rights upon retirement.” These policies are the Company’s assets.
F - 27

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands

| NOTE 9 - | LONG-TERM EMPLOYEE-RELATED OBLIGATIONS (CONT)

Severance pay (cont.):
In the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 the Company deposited $968, $910 and $777 respectively, with pension funds and insurance companies in connection with its severance payment obligations.
Limco-Piedmont sponsors a 401(K) safe harbor profit sharing plan covering substantially all of its employees. The plan requires the employer to contribute a match which is currently done on a payroll period basis, matching 100% of the first 2% and 50% of the next three percent. In addition, the plan allows for a discretionary qualified non-elective contribution for the plan year. Contributions to the plan by Limco-Piedmont were $385, $350 and $344 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
The Group expects to contribute approximately $950 in 2019 to the pension funds and insurance companies in respect of their severance and pension pay obligations.
The amounts of severance payments, actually paid to retired employees, by TAT were $400, $96 and $230 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.
TAT expects to pay $1,974 in future benefits to their employees during 2019 through 2028 upon their normal retirement age. The amount was determined based on the employee’s current salary rates and the number of service years that will be accumulated upon the retirement date. These amounts do not include amounts that might be paid to employees that will cease working for the Israeli company before their normal retirement age.

Year |  | Amount |
2019 |  | $ | 1,122 |
2020 |  |  | 51 |
2021 |  |  | 51 |
2022 |  |  | 9 |
2023 |  |  | 56 |
Thereafter (through 2028) |  |  | 685 |
Total |  | $ | 1,974 |

F - 28

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands
NOTE 10 - COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES

| a. | Commissions arrangements: The Group is committed to pay marketing commissions ranging 1% to 10% to sale agents of total sales contracts. Commission expenses were $411, $664 and $774 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The commissions were recorded as part of the selling and marketing expenses.

| b. | Royalty commitments:

| (1) | TAT is committed to pay royalties to third parties, ranging from 12% to 17% of sales of products developed by the third parties. Royalty expenses were $148, $25 and $216 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The royalties were recorded as part of the cost of revenues.

| (2) | Piedmont is committed to pay royalties to a third party, ranging 5% to 13% of sales of products purchased from the third party. That third party is the exclusive manufacturer of the products for which Piedmont provides MRO services. In addition, Piedmont is committed to pay said third party royalties of 20%, on parts reclaimed to use in MRO services or sold to our customers when they are manufactured by the third party. Royalty expenses were $1,689, $1,885 and $1,561 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The royalties were recorded as part of the cost of revenues.

| c. | Lease commitments: Limco-Piedmont leases some of its operating and office facilities for various terms under long-term, non-cancelable operating lease agreements. The leases expire at various dates through 2029. Certain leases contain renewal options as defined in the agreements. Lease expense totaled $494, $474 and $416 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 respectively. TAT leases its factory from TAT Industries until the end of 2024. Lease expense totaled $767, $740 and $683 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 respectively. The Company entered into several three-year leases for vehicles. The current monthly lease fees aggregate approximately $37. As of December 31, 2018, future minimum rental payments under non-cancelable operating leases are as follows:

Year |  | Amount |
2019 |  | $ | 1,551 |
2020 |  |  | 1,488 |
2021 |  |  | 1,330 |
2022 |  |  | 1,224 |
2023 and after |  |  | 2,719 |
Total |  | $ | 8,312 |

F - 29

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands
NOTE 10 - COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES (CONT)

| d. | Guarantees:

| (1) | In order to secure TAT's liability to the Israeli customs, the Company provided a bank guarantee in the amount of $116. The guarantee is linked to the consumer price index and is valid until December 2029.

| (2) | In order to secure TAT's liability to the lessor of its premises, the Company provided a bank guarantee in the amount of $728. The guarantee is linked to the consumer price index in Israel and is valid until June 2019.

| (3) | In order to secure TAT's liability for warranty to a customer, the Company provided a bank guarantee in the amount of $39. The guarantee is valid until April 2021.

| (4) | In order to secure Turbochrome liability to the Ministry of Defense, the Company provided a bank guarantee in the amount of $11.

F - 30

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands
NOTE 11 - SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

| a. | TAT's Ordinary shares confer upon their holders voting rights, the right to receive dividends, if declared, and any amounts payable upon the dissolution, liquidation or winding up of the affairs of TAT.

| b. | Stock option plans:

Following the approval of TAT's Audit Committee and Board of Directors, on June 28, 2012, the Company’s shareholders approved the 2012 stock option plan (the “2012 Plan”) to grant up to 380,000 options to purchase Ordinary shares, 0.9 NIS par value, of the Company to senior executives and certain members of the Board of Directors, at an exercise price as determined in the stock option plan. The option pool was increased in 2016 by 300,000 to an aggregate option pool of 680,000 options following the approvals of the Company's Audit Committee, Board of Directors and shareholders. In general, the Options vest over a period of 4 years as follows: 25% of the Options vest upon the lapse of 12 months following the date of grant and the remaining 75% vest on a quarterly basis over the remaining 3-year period. In addition, certain Options that were previously granted vest over a three-year period (one-third each year) and the vesting of 50% of such Options is subject, in addition, to certain minimum shareholders' equity during a period of 4 years from the grant date. The grant of options to Israeli employees under the Plan is subject to the terms stipulated by Sections 102 and 102A of the Israeli Income Tax Ordinance. Each option grant is subject to the track chosen by the Company, either Section 102 or Section 102A of the Israeli Income Tax Ordinance, and pursuant to the terms thereof, the Company is not allowed to claim as an expense for tax purposes the amounts credited to employees as benefits, including amounts recorded as salary benefits in the Company’s accounts, in respect of options granted to employees under the Plan, with the exception of the work income benefit component, if any, determined on grant date. For nonemployees and for non-Israeli employees, the share option plan is subject to Section 3(i) of the Israeli Income Tax Ordinance.
On August 30, 2018 the Company's compensation committee, followed by the Board of Directors, approved the amended and restated company's 2012 Plan. On October 4, 2018 the company's amended and restated 2012 stock plan was approved at the annual general meeting of shareholders.
As part of the company's 2012 Plan’s amendments it was determined that if the Company declares a cash dividend to its shareholders, and the distribution date of such dividend will precede the exercise date of an Option, including for the avoidance of doubt, Options that have yet to become vested and Options which have been granted prior to the adoption of such amendment to the plan, the exercise price of the Option shall be reduced in the amount equal to the cash dividend per share distributed by the Company. The result of the modification was an incremental cost of $74 in the financial statement for 2018.
During 2018 the option pool was increased by 300,000 to an aggregate option pool of 980,000 options following the approvals of the Company's Audit Committee, Board of Directors and shareholders of the company.
F - 31

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands
NOTE 11 - SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (CONT)

| b. | Stock option plans (cont):

| (1) | On March 29, 2016, pursuant to the 2012 Plan, TAT’s Board of Directors approved the grant of 40,000 Options, at an exercise price of $7.63 per share, to senior executives.

| (2) | On June 23, 2016, pursuant to the 2012 Plan, TAT’s Shares Holders meeting approved the grant of 100,000 Options, at an exercise price of $7.54 per share, to senior executives.

| (3) | On November 3, 2016, pursuant to the 2012 Plan, TAT’s Shares Holders meeting approved the grant of 50,000 Options, at an exercise price of $7.34 per share, to the chairman of the board.

| (4) | On December 28, 2016, pursuant to the 2012 Plan, TAT’s Board of Directors approved the grant of 60,000 Options, at an exercise price of $10 per share, to senior executives.

| (5) | On March 6, 2017, pursuant to the 2012 Plan, TAT’s Board of Directors approved the grant of 30,000 Options, at an exercise price of $8.9 per share, to senior executive.

| (6) | On August 10, 2017, pursuant to the 2012 Plan, TAT’s Board of Directors approved the grant of 45,000 Options, at an exercise price of $11.39 per share, to senior executive.

| (7) | On October 30, 2017, pursuant to the 2012 Plan, TAT’s Board of Directors approved the grant of 80,000 Options, at an exercise price of $11.54 per share, to senior executives, which were granted on January 2, 2018.

| (8) | On February 6, 2018, pursuant to the 2012 Plan, TAT’s Board of Directors approved the grant of 3,893 Options, at an exercise price of $11.11 per share, to senior executives.

| (9) | On February 28, 2018, pursuant to the 2012 Plan, TAT’s Board of Directors approved the grant of 50,000 Options, at an exercise price of $10.74 per share, to senior executive.

| (10) | On May 13, 2018, pursuant to the 2012 Plan, TAT’s Board of Directors approved the grant of 70,000 Options, at an exercise price of $9.12 per share, to senior executive.

| (11) | On November 22, 2018, pursuant to the 2012 Plan, TAT’s Board of Directors approved the grant of 70,000 Options, at an exercise price of $7.35 per share, to senior executives.

F - 32

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands
NOTE 11 - SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (CONT)

| b. | Stock option plans (cont): The fair value of the Company’s stock options granted under the 2012 plan for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was estimated using the following assumptions:

|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Expected stock price volatility |  | 32.6% – 40.8% |  | 33.3% – 40.5% |  | 37.7% – 40.3%
Expected option life (in years) |  | 3.5-5.5 |  | 4 – 5.5 |  | 3 – 5.5
Risk free interest rate |  | 1.71% – 2.87% |  | 1.49% – 1.81% |  | 0.92% – 1.79%
Dividend yield |  | 0% - 5% |  | 5% |  | 5%

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the weighted average fair value of options. The volatility factor used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model is based on historical stock price fluctuations. The expected term of options is based on the simplified method. The Company is able to use the simplified method as the options qualify as “plain vanilla” options as defined by ASC 718-10-S99 and since the Company does not have sufficient historical exercise data to provide a reasonable basis to estimate expected term. Expected dividend yield is based upon historical and projected dividend activity and the risk-free interest rate assumption is based on observed interest rates appropriate for the expected term of the stock options granted. Following the company's amended and restated 2012 stock plan related to the adjustment of the exercise price in respect of dividend distribution, the dividend yield was amended to 0%.
F - 33

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands
NOTE 11 - SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (CONT)

| b. | Stock option plans (cont.):

| (12) | The following table is a summary of the activity of TAT's Stock Option plan:

|  | Year ended December 31, |  |  | Year ended December 31, |  |  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
|  | Number of options |  |  | Weighted average exercise price |  |  | Number of options |  |  | Weighted average exercise price |  |  | Number of options |  |  | Weighted average exercise price |
Outstanding at the beginning of the year |  |  | 331,042 |  |  | $ | 9.03 |  |  |  | 330,000 |  |  | $ | 7.97 |  |  |  | 277,500 |  |  | $ | 7.60 |
Granted |  |  | 273,893 |  |  |  | 9.70 |  |  |  | 75,000 |  |  |  | 10.39 |  |  |  | 250,000 |  |  |  | 8.10 |
Forfeited |  |  | (83,958 | ) |  |  | 9.21 |  |  |  | (54,375 | ) |  |  | 8.35 |  |  |  | (177,400 | ) |  |  | 7.56 |
Exercised |  |  | (26,668 | ) |  |  | 7.15 |  |  |  | (19,583 | ) |  |  | 7.3 |  |  |  | (20,100 | ) |  |  | 6.50 |
Outstanding at the end of the year |  |  | 494,309 |  |  |  | 10.01 |  |  |  | 331,042 |  |  | $ | 9.03 |  |  |  | 330,000 |  |  | $ | 7.97 |
Exercisable at the end of the year |  |  | 163,438 |  |  | $ | 8.34 |  |  |  | 120,417 |  |  | $ | 7.95 |  |  |  | 20,000 |  |  | $ | 7.15 |

The weighted-average grant-date fair value of options granted was $1.83 in 2018, $1.74 in 2017 and $1.42 in 2016. The aggregate intrinsic value for the options outstanding as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $0, $737 and $332, respectively.
As of December 31, 2018 total unrecognized compensation cost was $343 and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.04 years.

| c. | Dividends

| (1) | On June 28, 2016, TAT’s Board declared a cash dividend in the total amount of $3 million (approximately NIS 11.5 million), or $0.34 per share (approximately NIS 1.3 per share), for all of the shareholders of TAT. The dividend was paid on August 9, 2016 to shareholders of record on July 28, 2016.

| (2) | On May 17, 2017, TAT’s Board declared a cash dividend in the total amount of $3 million (approximately NIS 10.8 million), or $0.34 per share (approximately NIS 1.2 per share), for all of the shareholders of TAT. The dividend was paid on June 21, 2017 to shareholders of record on June 7, 2017.

F - 34

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands
NOTE 12 - EARNINGS PER SHARE (“EPS”)
Basic and diluted earnings per share are based on the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding. Diluted EPS is based on those shares used in basic EPS plus shares that would have been outstanding assuming issuance of ordinary shares for all dilutive potential ordinary shares outstanding.

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Numerator for EPS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | (4,408 | ) |  | $ | 2,396 |  |  | $ | 62 |
Denominator for EPS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares outstanding – basic |  |  | 8,864,885 |  |  |  | 8,848,028 |  |  |  | 8,828,444 |
Dilutive shares |  |  | - |  |  |  | 61,044 |  |  |  | 2,320 |
Weighted average shares outstanding – diluted |  |  | 8,864,885 |  |  |  | 8,909,072 |  |  |  | 8,830,764 |
EPS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic and diluted |  | $ | (0.5 | ) |  | $ | 0.27 |  |  | $ | 0.01 |

Diluted income per share does not include 306,151, 105,000 and 220,000 options, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 respectively because the options are anti-dilutive.
Dilutive shares are calculated using the treasury stock method and include dilutive shares from share-based employee compensation plans.
F - 35

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands

NOTE 13 - | TAXES ON INCOME

| a. | Tax benefits under the Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959 ("the Law"):

Until December 31, 2010, TAT and Turbochrome has elected to participate in the alternative package of tax benefits for its approved and benefited enterprise under the law.
Pursuant to such Law, the income derived from those enterprises will be exempt from Israeli corporate tax for a specified benefit period (except to the extent that dividends are distributed during the tax-exemption period other than upon liquidation) and subject to reduced corporate tax rates for an additional period.
In the event of distribution of a dividend from income which was tax exempt as above, the company would have to pay a regular corporate tax rate in respect of the amount distributed.
Preferred Enterprises
Additional amendments to the Law became effective in January 2011 (the “2011 Amendment”). Under the 2011 Amendment, income derived by ‘Preferred Companies’ from ‘Preferred Enterprises’ (both as defined in the 2011 Amendment) would be subject to a uniform rate of corporate tax as opposed to the current incentives that are limited to income from Approved or Benefiting Enterprises during their benefits period. According to the 2011 Amendment, the uniform tax rate on such income, referred to as ‘Preferred Income’, would be 10% in areas in Israel that are designated as Development Zone A and 15% elsewhere in Israel during 2011-2012, 7% and 12.5%, respectively, in 2013-2014, and 6% and 12%, respectively,
Thereafter. Dividends distributed from taxable income derived from Preferred Enterprise would be subject to a 15% tax (or lower, if so provided under an applicable tax treaty), which would generally be withheld by the distributing company .While the Company may incur additional tax liability in the event of distribution of dividends from tax exempt income generated from its Approved and Benefiting Enterprises, no additional tax liability will be incurred by the Company in the event of distribution of dividends from income taxed in accordance with the 2011 Amendment.
Under the transitional provisions of the 2011 Amendment, the Company elected to irrevocably implement the 2011 Amendment, commencing 2011 and thereafter, and be regarded as a "Preferred Enterprise" with respect to its existing Approved and Benefited Enterprises while waiving benefits provided under the legislation prior to the 2011 Amendment.
F - 36

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands

NOTE 13- | TAXES ON INCOME (CONT)

| b. | Tax benefits under the Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959 ("the Law") (cont.):

Under a recent amendment, announced in August 2013, beginning in 2014, dividends paid out of income attributed to a Preferred Enterprise will be subject to a withholding tax rate of 20% (instead of 15%). In addition, tax rates under the Preferred Enterprise were also raised effective as of January 1, 2014 to 9% in Zone A and 16% elsewhere (instead of the 6% and 12%, respectively).
The uniform tax rate for Development Zone A, as of January 1, 2017, is 7.5% (as part of changes enacted in Amendment 73).
TAT is located in an area in Israel that is designated as elsewhere and as such entitled to reduce tax rates of 15% during 2011-2012, 12.5% in 2013, and 16% in 2014 and thereafter.
Turbochrome is located in an area in Israel that is designated as Zone A and as such entitled to reduce tax rates of 10% during 2011-2012, 7% in 2013, and 9% in 2014, 2015 and 2016, and 7.5% in 2017 and thereafter.

| c. | Corporate tax rate in Israel

In January 2016, the Law for the Amendment of the Income Tax Ordinance (No.216) was published, enacting a reduction of corporate tax rate beginning in 2016 and thereafter, from 26.5% to 25%. In December 2016, additional legislation was enacted, reducing the corporate tax rate to 24% for 2017 and to 23% for 2018 and thereafter. There is no impact on the financial statements of the Company as a result of the changes in the Israeli corporate tax rate.
Capital gain is subject to capital gain tax according to corporate tax rate in the year which the assets are sold.

| d. | U.S. subsidiaries

U.S. subsidiaries are taxed based on federal and state tax laws. The statutory tax rate for 2017 and 2016 was 38%.
On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the“Act”) was enacted into law. The new legislation represents fundamental and dramatic modifications to the U.S. tax system. The Act contains several key tax provisions that impact the Company's U.S. subsidiaries, including the reduction of the maximum U.S. federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, effective January 1, 2018. As a result of the change in the statutory tax rate the Company reduced the deferred tax assets by $414 for the year ended December 31, 2017. The Act had no impact on the valuation allowance assessment of the U.S. subsidiaries.

| e. | Tax assessments

TAT’s income tax assessments are considered final through 2015.
Turbochrome income tax assessments are considered final through 2013.
Limco-Piedmont income tax assessments are considered final through 2014.
F - 37

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands

NOTE 13- | TAXES ON INCOME (CONT)

| g. | Income tax reconciliation:

A reconciliation of the theoretical tax expense assuming all income is taxed at the statutory rate to taxes on income (tax benefit) as reported in the statements of income:

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Income (loss) before taxes on income (tax benefit) as reported in the statements of income |  | $ | (5,732 | ) |  | $ | 4,939 |  |  | $ | 3,982 |
Statutory tax rate in Israel |  |  | 23 | % |  |  | 24 | % |  |  | 25 | %
Theoretical taxes on income (tax benefit) |  | $ | (1,318 | ) |  | $ | 1,185 |  |  | $ | 996 |
Increase (decrease) in taxes on income resulting from: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tax adjustment for foreign subsidiaries subject to a different tax rate |  |  | (9 | ) |  |  | 518 |  |  |  | 618 |
Reduced tax rate on income derived from "Preferred Enterprises" plans |  |  | 421 |  |  |  | (111 | ) |  |  | 75 |
Earnings from foreign subsidiaries (1) |  |  | (338 | ) |  |  | 371 |  |  |  | 2,685 |
Valuation allowance |  |  | (42 | ) |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | (40 | )
Change in tax rate |  |  | - |  |  |  | 414 |  |  |  | - |
Tax in respect of prior years |  |  | (481 | ) |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | (151 | )
Temporary differences for which no deferred taxes were recorded |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Permanent differences |  |  | 245 |  |  |  | (104 | ) |  |  | (118 | )
Other adjustments |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | (200 | )
Taxes on income as reported in the statements of income |  | $ | (1,464 | ) |  | $ | 2,333 |  |  | $ | 3,865 |

| (1) | During 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company recorded an accrual that related to a tax liability due to actual distribution of earnings from foreign subsidiaries of the Company and due to the possibility of future distribution of earnings from such foreign subsidiaries.

F - 38

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands

NOTE 13 - | TAXES ON INCOME (CONT)

| h. | Income (loss) before taxes on income (tax benefit) is comprised as follows:

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Domestic (Israel) |  | $ | (5,261 | ) |  | $ | 1,337 |  |  | $ | (650 | )
Foreign (United States) |  |  | (471 | ) |  |  | 3,602 |  |  |  | 4,632 |
|  | $ | (5,732 | ) |  | $ | 4,939 |  |  | $ | 3,982 |

| i. | Taxes on income (tax benefit) included in the statements of income:

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Current: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic (Israel) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 431 |  |  | $ | 334 |
Foreign (United States) |  |  | (881 | ) |  |  | 1,937 |  |  |  | 1,792 |
|  |  | (881 | ) |  |  | 2,368 |  |  |  | 2,126 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic (Israel) |  |  | (813 | ) |  |  | 210 |  |  |  | 2,135 |
Foreign (United States) |  |  | 711 |  |  |  | (252 | ) |  |  | (245 | )
|  |  | (102 | ) |  |  | (42 | ) |  |  | 1,890 |
Previous years: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign (United States) |  |  | (481 | ) |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | (151 | )
|  |  | (481 | ) |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | (151 | )
|  | $ | (1,464 | ) |  | $ | 2,333 |  |  | $ | 3,865 |

F - 39

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands
NOTE 13 - TAXES ON INCOME (CONT)

| j. | Deferred income taxes:

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of TAT's deferred tax liabilities and assets are as follows:

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for doubtful accounts |  | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | 160 |
Unrealized gains |  |  | - |  |  |  | 124 |
Provisions for employee benefits |  |  | 267 |  |  |  | 369 |
Inventory |  |  | 975 |  |  |  | 1,397 |
Goodwill and intangible assets |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 156 |
Tax credits carryforward |  |  | - |  |  |  | 75 |
Capital and state tax losses carryforward |  |  | 3,375 |  |  |  | 3,417 |
Net operating losses carryforward |  |  | 1,102 |  |  |  | 509 |
Other |  |  | 288 |  |  |  | 246 |
Deferred tax assets, before valuation allowance |  | $ | 6,166 |  |  | $ | 6,453 |
Valuation allowance |  |  | (3,375 | ) |  |  | (3,417 | )
Deferred tax assets, net |  | $ | 2,791 |  |  | $ | 3,036 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment and intangible assets |  |  | (2,085 | ) |  |  | (2,120 | )
Earnings from foreign subsidiaries (1) |  |  | (1,862 | ) |  |  | (2,200 | )
Other temporary differences deferred tax liabilities |  |  | (166 | ) |  |  | (140 | )
Deferred tax liabilities |  | $ | (4,113 | ) |  | $ | (4,460 | )
Net |  | $ | (1,322 | ) |  | $ | (1,424 | )

| (1) | The Company record an accrual that related to a deferred tax liability due to the possibility of future distribution of earnings from foreign subsidiaries of the company.

F - 40

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands

NOTE 13 - | TAXES ON INCOME (CONT)

| k. | Deferred income taxes (cont.):

The following table summarizes the changes in the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets:

Balance, December 31, 2015 |  | $ | 3,449 |
Deductions during the year |  |  | (40 | )
Balance, December 31,2016 |  |  | 3,409 |
Deductions during the year |  |  | 8 |
Balance, December 31,2017 |  |  | 3,417 |
Additions during the year |  |  | (42 | )
Balance, December 31,2018 |  | $ | 3,375 |

Valuation allowance are mainly related to (i) U.S. subsidiary for which valuation allowance was provided in respect of deferred tax assets resulting from carryforward of State tax losses in the amount of $ 1,513. That amount is expected to expire gradually starting from 2024 and (ii) Capital losses attributed to the company in the amount of $ 1,420.
TAT does not intend to distribute tax-exempt earnings deriving from its Approved Enterprise aggregating approximately $1,936 as of December 31, 2018, and accordingly, no deferred tax liability has been established related to these earnings. If such tax-exempt income is distributed, it would be taxed at the reduced corporate tax rate applicable to such profits (23%) and an income tax liability of up to approximately $445 would be incurred as of December 31, 2018.
F - 41

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands

NOTE 14 - | SEGMENT INFORMATION

| a. | Segment Activities Disclosure:

TAT operates under four segments: (i) Original equipment manufacturing (“OEM”) of heat transfer solutions and aviation accessories through its Gedera facility; (ii) MRO services for heat transfer components and OEM of heat transfer solutions through its Limco subsidiary; (iii) MRO services for aviation components through its Piedmont subsidiary; and (iv) Overhaul and coating of jet engine components through its Turbochrome subsidiary.

| - | OEM of heat transfer solutions and aviation accessories primarily include the design, development and manufacture of (i) broad range of heat transfer solutions, such as pre-coolers heat exchangers and oil/fuel hydraulic heat exchangers, used in mechanical and electronic systems on board commercial, military and business aircraft; (ii) environmental control and power electronics cooling systems installed on board aircraft in and ground applications; and (iii) a variety of other mechanical aircraft accessories and systems such as pumps, valves, and turbine power units.

| - | MRO Services for heat transfer components and OEM of heat transfer solutions primarily include the MRO of heat transfer components and to a lesser extent, the manufacturing of certain heat transfer solutions. TAT’s Limco subsidiary operates an FAA-certified repair station, which provides heat transfer MRO services for airlines, air cargo carriers, maintenance service centers and the military.

| - | MRO services for aviation components include the MRO of APUs, landing gears and other aircraft components. TAT’s Piedmont subsidiary operates an FAA-certified repair station, which provides aircraft component MRO services for airlines, air cargo carriers, maintenance service centers and the military.

| - | TAT’s activities in the area of overhaul and coating of jet engine components includes the overhaul and coating of jet engine components, including turbine vanes and blades, fan blades, variable inlet guide vanes and afterburner flaps. This operating segment started operating in 2015 with the Turbochrome acquisition.

The Group’s chief operating decision-maker (CEO of the Company) evaluates performance, makes operating decisions and allocates resources based on financial data, consistent with the presentation in the accompanying financial statements. CODM reviews revenue, gross profit, operating income and the following assets: Cash, accounts receivable and inventory.
F - 42

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands

NOTE 14 - | SEGMENT INFORMATION (CONT)

| b. | Segments statement operations disclosure:

The following financial information is the information that management uses for analyzing the segment results. The figures are presented in consolidated method as presented to management.
The following financial information is a summary of the operating income of each operational segment:

|  | Year ended December 31, 2018 |
|  | OEM of Heat Transfer Solutions and Aviation Accessories |  |  | MRO Services for heat transfer components and OEM of heat transfer solutions |  |  | MRO services for Aviation Components |  |  | Overhaul and coating of jet engine components |  |  | Elimination of inter-company sales |  |  | Consolidated |
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sale of products and services |  | $ | 20,065 |  |  | $ | 30,929 |  |  | $ | 32,487 |  |  | $ | 9,697 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 93,178 |
Intersegment revenues |  |  | 4,642 |  |  |  | 415 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (5,057 | ) |  |  | - |
Total revenues |  |  | 24,707 |  |  |  | 31,344 |  |  |  | 32,487 |  |  |  | 9,697 |  |  |  | (5,057 | ) |  |  | 93,178 |
Cost of revenues |  |  | 25,612 |  |  |  | 27,659 |  |  |  | 28,561 |  |  |  | 8,298 |  |  |  | (5,343 | ) |  |  | 84,787 |
Gross profit (loss) |  |  | (905 | ) |  |  | 3,685 |  |  |  | 3,926 |  |  |  | 1,399 |  |  |  | 286 |  |  |  | 8,391 |
Research and development |  |  | 287 |  |  |  | 98 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 168 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 553 |
Selling and marketing |  |  | 1,512 |  |  |  | 1,660 |  |  |  | 1,324 |  |  |  | 417 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,913 |
General and administrative |  |  | 2,384 |  |  |  | 2,375 |  |  |  | 2,631 |  |  |  | 1,169 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,559 |
Other income |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (4 | )
Operating income (loss) |  | $ | (5,086 | ) |  | $ | (448 | ) |  | $ | (27 | ) |  | $ | (355 | ) |  | $ | 286 |  |  | $ | (5,630 | )
Financial expenses, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 102 |
Income (loss) before taxes on income (tax benefit) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (5,732 | )

F - 43

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands
NOTE 14 - SEGMENT INFORMATION (CONT)

| b. | Segments statement operations disclosure (cont.)

|  | Year ended December 31, 2017 |
|  | OEM of Heat Transfer Solutions and Aviation Accessories |  |  | MRO Services for heat transfer components and OEM of heat transfer solutions |  |  | MRO services for Aviation Components |  |  | Overhaul and coating of jet engine components |  |  | Elimination of inter-company sales |  |  | Consolidated |
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sale of products and services |  | $ | 27,898 |  |  | $ | 34,615 |  |  | $ | 33,009 |  |  | $ | 11,005 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 106,527 |
Intersegment revenues |  |  | 3,339 |  |  |  | 197 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3,536 | ) |  |  | - |
Total revenues |  |  | 31,237 |  |  |  | 34,812 |  |  |  | 33,009 |  |  |  | 11,005 |  |  |  | (3,536 | ) |  |  | 106,527 |
Cost of revenues |  |  | 25,535 |  |  |  | 26,085 |  |  |  | 29,026 |  |  |  | 9,057 |  |  |  | (3,620 | ) |  |  | 86,083 |
Gross profit |  |  | 5,702 |  |  |  | 8,727 |  |  |  | 3,983 |  |  |  | 1,948 |  |  |  | 84 |  |  |  | 20,444 |
Research and development |  |  | 398 |  |  |  | 169 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 164 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 731 |
Selling and marketing |  |  | 1,968 |  |  |  | 1,358 |  |  |  | 1,213 |  |  |  | 435 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,974 |
General and administrative |  |  | 2,072 |  |  |  | 3,182 |  |  |  | 3,049 |  |  |  | 1,106 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9,409 |
Other expenses |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 53 |
Operating income (loss) |  | $ | 1,264 |  |  | $ | 4,018 |  |  | $ | (332 | ) |  | $ | 243 |  |  | $ | 84 |  |  | $ | 5,277 |
Financial expenses, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 338 |
Income before taxes on income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,939 |

F - 44

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands

NOTE 14 - | SEGMENT INFORMATION (CONT)

| b. | Segments statement operations disclosure (cont.)

|  | Year ended December 31, 2016 |
|  | OEM of Heat Transfer Solutions and Aviation Accessories |  |  | MRO Services for heat transfer components and OEM of heat transfer solutions |  |  | MRO services for Aviation Components |  |  | Overhaul and coating of jet engine components |  |  | Other |  |  | Elimination of inter-company sales |  |  | Consolidated |
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sale of products and services |  | $ | 23,515 |  |  | $ | 31,440 |  |  | $ | 31,630 |  |  | $ | 9,209 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 95,794 |
Intersegment revenues |  |  | 4,740 |  |  |  | 989 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (5,729 | ) |  |  | - |
Total revenues |  |  | 28,255 |  |  |  | 32,429 |  |  |  | 31,630 |  |  |  | 9,209 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (5,729 | ) |  |  | 95,794 |
Cost of revenues |  |  | 24,028 |  |  |  | 23,440 |  |  |  | 27,423 |  |  |  | 7,610 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (5,744 | ) |  |  | 76,757 |
Gross profit |  |  | 4,227 |  |  |  | 8,989 |  |  |  | 4,207 |  |  |  | 1,599 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 19,037 |
Research and development |  |  | 758 |  |  |  | 210 |  |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | 143 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,140 |
Selling and marketing |  |  | 1,544 |  |  |  | 1,105 |  |  |  | 792 |  |  |  | 435 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,876 |
General and administrative |  |  | 2,539 |  |  |  | 2,915 |  |  |  | 3,473 |  |  |  | 1,096 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 10,023 |
Other expenses (income) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (138 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (138 | )
Operating income (loss) |  | $ | (614 | ) |  | $ | 4,759 |  |  | $ | (87 | ) |  | $ | (75 | ) |  | $ | 138 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 4,136 |
Financial expenses, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 154 |
Income before taxes on income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,982 |

F - 45

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands

NOTE 14 - | SEGMENT INFORMATION (CONT)

| c. | The following financial information identifies the assets, depreciation and amortization, and capital expenditures to segments:

|  | Year ended December 31, 2018 |
|  | OEM of Heat Transfer Solutions and Aviation Accessories |  |  | MRO Services for heat transfer components and OEM of heat transfer solutions |  |  | MRO services for Aviation Components |  |  | Overhaul and coating of jet engine components |  |  | Amounts not allocated to segments |  |  | Consolidated |
Total assets |  |  | 26,171 |  |  |  | 33,794 |  |  |  | 27,687 |  |  |  | 11,100 |  |  |  | 4,535 |  |  |  | 103,287 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 1,476 |  |  |  | 1,044 |  |  |  | 705 |  |  |  | 960 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,185 |
Expenditure for segment assets |  |  | 2,665 |  |  |  | 588 |  |  |  | 764 |  |  |  | 144 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,161 |
|  | Year ended December 31, 2017 |
|  | OEM of Heat Transfer Solutions and Aviation Accessories |  |  | MRO Services for heat transfer components and OEM of heat transfer solutions |  |  | MRO services for Aviation Components |  |  | Overhaul and coating of jet engine components |  |  | Amounts not allocated to segments |  |  | Consolidated |
Total assets |  |  | 29,411 |  |  |  | 35,067 |  |  |  | 27,276 |  |  |  | 11,915 |  |  |  | 8,326 |  |  |  | 111,995 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 1,299 |  |  |  | 1,029 |  |  |  | 653 |  |  |  | 960 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,941 |
Expenditure for segment assets |  |  | 1,769 |  |  |  | 866 |  |  |  | 847 |  |  |  | 402 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,884 |
|  | Year ended December 31, 2016 |
|  | OEM of Heat Transfer Solutions and Aviation Accessories |  |  | MRO Services for heat transfer components and OEM of heat transfer solutions |  |  | MRO services for Aviation Components |  |  | Overhaul and coating of jet engine components |  |  | Amounts not allocated to segments |  |  | Consolidated |
Total assets |  |  | 28,885 |  |  |  | 34,729 |  |  |  | 27,246 |  |  |  | 11,616 |  |  |  | 9,500 |  |  |  | 111,976 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 1,199 |  |  |  | 898 |  |  |  | 542 |  |  |  | 997 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,636 |
Expenditure for segment assets |  |  | 1,437 |  |  |  | 1,266 |  |  |  | 2,686 |  |  |  | 505 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,894 |

F - 46

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands

NOTE 15 - | ENTITY-WIDE DISCLOSURE

| a. | Total revenues - by geographical location were attributed according to customer residential country as follows:

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
|  | Total revenues |  |  | Total revenues |  |  | Total revenues |
Sale of products |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Israel |  | $ | 2,893 |  |  | $ | 6,289 |  |  | $ | 5,005 |
United states |  |  | 13,013 |  |  |  | 19,004 |  |  |  | 18,350 |
Other |  |  | 7,245 |  |  |  | 10,760 |  |  |  | 7,076 |
|  | $ | 23,151 |  |  | $ | 36,053 |  |  | $ | 30,431 |

|  | Year ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
|  | Total revenues |  |  | Total revenues |  |  | Total revenues |
Sale of Services |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Israel |  | $ | 4,031 |  |  | $ | 3,704 |  |  | $ | 2,665 |
United states |  |  | 41,019 |  |  |  | 40,047 |  |  |  | 39,596 |
Other |  |  | 24,977 |  |  |  | 26,723 |  |  |  | 23,102 |
|  | $ | 70,027 |  |  | $ | 70,474 |  |  | $ | 65 ,363 |

| b. | Total long-lived assets - by geographical location were as follows:

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Israel |  | $ | 12,894 |  |  | $ | 12,395 |
United states |  |  | 8,530 |  |  |  | 8,926 |
Total |  | $ | 21,424 |  |  | $ | 21,321 |

| c. | Major Customers

No single customer accounted for 10% or more of Group's total net revenue in any year presented.
F - 47

TAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

U.S. dollars in thousands
NOTE 16 - SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS INFORMATION

|  | Warranty provision |  |  | Provision for doubtful Accounts |
Balance, as of December 31, 2015 |  | $ | 324 |  |  | $ | 331 |
Additions |  |  | 216 |  |  |  | 112 |
Deductions |  |  | (202 | ) |  |  | (141 | )
Balance, as of December 31, 2016 |  |  | 338 |  |  |  | 302 |
Additions |  |  | 154 |  |  |  | 361 |
Deductions |  |  | (186 | ) |  |  | (40 | )
Balance, as of December 31, 2017 |  |  | 306 |  |  |  | 623 |
Additions |  |  | 214 |  |  |  | 135 |
Deductions |  |  | (235 | ) |  |  | (482 | )
Balance, as of December 31, 2018 |  | $ | 285 |  |  | $ | 276 |

F - 48